HAIR LOSS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AM ES N. P ARK ER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hair Loss: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83600-0 1. Hair Loss-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hair loss. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HAIR LOSS ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hair Loss ....................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 17 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HAIR LOSS ....................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hair Loss...................................................................................... 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 49 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HAIR LOSS ................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HAIR LOSS ............................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Recent Trials on Hair Loss........................................................................................................... 65 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HAIR LOSS ............................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patents on Hair Loss.................................................................................................................... 69 Patent Applications on Hair Loss .............................................................................................. 107 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 120 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HAIR LOSS ............................................................................................... 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 121 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 122 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 124 Chapters on Hair Loss................................................................................................................ 124 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON HAIR LOSS .................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 127 Bibliography: Multimedia on Hair Loss..................................................................................... 128 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HAIR LOSS ................................................................. 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 129 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 132 Academic Periodicals covering Hair Loss .................................................................................. 133 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 137 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 139 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 141 The Genome Project and Hair Loss............................................................................................ 141 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 147 Associations and Hair Loss........................................................................................................ 155
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Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 155 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 157 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 157 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 157 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 163 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 165 HAIR LOSS DICTIONARY ......................................................................................................... 167 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 229
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hair loss is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hair loss, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hair loss, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hair loss. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hair loss, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hair loss. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HAIR LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hair loss.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hair loss, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Hair Density, Hair Diameter and the Prevalence of Female Pattern Hair Loss Source: British Journal of Dermatology. 144(2): 297-304. February 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a study that reassessed the prevalence of female pattern hair loss and related the clinical findings to hair density and hair diameter. The study population consisted of 377 women, aged 18 to 99 years, who presented to a general dermatology clinic with complaints unrelated to hair growth. A second group of 47 women referred with typical female pattern hair loss was included in analyses of the relationships between hair density, hair diameter, and the clinical diagnosis. Hair density was measured using a photographic method. In each subject, the major and minor axis diameters were measured in a random sample of 50 hairs. The study found that 6 percent of women aged under 50 years had female pattern hair loss, increasing to 38 percent in subjects
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aged 70 years and over. Hair density showed a normal distribution in the unselected sample. Most women classified as having female pattern hair loss had hair densities within the lower half of the normal distribution. The perception of hair loss was determined mainly by low hair density, but there was overlap in hair density between women classified as having Ludwig I hair loss and the no hair loss group, which was partly accounted for by differences in mean hair diameter. Low hair density was associated with fewer hairs of all diameters. The article concludes that hair density in women is distributed as a normal variable, indicating that it is determined as a multifactorial trait. Women with female pattern hair loss have a hair density which falls below the mean but lies within the spectrum of the normal distribution, although other factors, including hair diameter, may affect the subjective impression of hair loss. The hair diameter data suggest that low hair density is not due to progressive diminution in hair follicle size and that follicular miniaturization may occur within the space of a single hair cycle. 9 figures, 3 tables, and 15 references. (AA-M). •
Diffuse Female Hair Loss: Are Androgens Necessary? Source: British Journal of Dermatology. 141(3): 521-523. September 1999. Summary: This journal article uses a case report to provide health professionals with information on diffuse female hair loss. This condition is generally regarded as the female equivalent of male balding and is often referred to as female androgenetic alopecia. The case reported in the article involves an 18 year old woman with hypopituitarism who presented, in the absence of circulating androgens or clinical signs of postpubertal androgenization, with the clinical and histological features of female androgenetic alopecia. At the age of 11, she experienced total loss of scalp hair following radiotherapy, but her hair regrew fully within a few months. Shortly after completing radiotherapy, she developed pituitary failure and was treated with adrenal and thyroid replacement therapy. She was treated with growth hormone for 3 years from the age of 13 and attained normal adult height. Cyclical estrogen therapy was started when she was 13 years old, leading to monthly withdrawal bleeding and breast development. However, she had never grown pubic or axillary hair. On examination at age 18, she had diffuse nonscarring hair loss mainly affecting the crown and frontal scalp with retention of the frontal hairline. This case demonstrates that this pattern of hair loss is not necessarily androgen dependent. Thus, physicians should consider other mechanisms in the pathophysiology of this common condition besides a direct effect of androgens on scalp hair follicles. 3 figures and 13 references. (AA-M).
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Finasteride Cuts Hair Loss in Some Men Source: Skin and Allergy News. 28(12):6-7; December 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reports on concerns about the long-term safety of using finasteride. A one milligram (mg) formulation of finasteride is effective in reducing hair loss in some men. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a dose of five milligrams per day of finasteride for benign prostatic hypertrophy, and data indicate that this dosage is safe for older men. However, an FDA advisory panel expressed concerns about its safety in younger men, and it did not vote on whether to recommend approval of finasteride for androgenetic alopecia.
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Alopecia in Women Source: American Family Physician. 67(5): 1007-1014. March 1, 2003.
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Summary: This journal article for physicians discusses diagnosis and treatment of alopecia of the scalp in women. Alopecia can be divided into disorders in which the hair follicle is normal but the cycling of hair growth is abnormal and disorders in which the hair follicle is damaged. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss in women. Other disorders include alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, cicatricial alopecia, and traumatic alopecias. The diagnosis is usually based on a thorough history and a focused physical examination. In some patients, selected laboratory tests or punch biopsy may be necessary. Topically administered minoxidil is labeled for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women. Corticosteroids and other agents are typically used in women with alopecia areata. Telogen eflluvium is often a self-limited disorder that can be caused by physiologic conditions, stress, injury, or drugs and other substances. Because alopecia can be devastating to women, management should include an assessment for psychologic effects. 6 figures, 2 tables, and 23 references. (AAM). •
Androgenetic Alopecia in Men and Women Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 19(2): 167-178. March-April 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the histopathology, pathogenesis, and management of androgenetic alopecia in men and women. This form of alopecia is characterized by progressive, patterned hair loss from the scalp. The most striking feature seen on routine vertical sectioned scalp biopsies is the reduction in terminal anagen hairs. These hairs are replaced by secondary pseudo vellus hairs with residual angiofibrotic tracts. Although there is an apparent reduction in the number of follicles, on horizontal sections of scalp biopsies, many pseudo vellus hair follicles can be identified in the papillary dermis, indicating that follicles are miniaturized rather than destroyed. A model for the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia must account for the histological features as well as the stepwise miniaturization of hair follicles, the alteration of the hair cycle dynamics with an increased telogen to anagen hair ratio, the systemic and local effects of androgens in promoting the condition, and the familial nature of the condition. Although most men deal with hair loss without it impairing their psychosocial functioning, androgenetic alopecia is a more distressing condition for women of any age. In general, options for managing androgenetic alopecia include doing nothing, camouflaging the hair loss either with topical agents such as dyes or a wig, receiving medical treatment, or undergoing surgery. For people who choose to do nothing about their hair loss, supportive counseling and reassurance may be of great assistance in helping them cope with their hair loss. Two medical treatments approved by the Food and Drug Administration for androgenetic alopecia in men are topical minoxidil and oral finasteride. In women, topical minoxidil may be used alone or in combination with oral antiandrogen therapy with cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and flutamide. Future developments focus on second generation steroidal 5 alpha reductase inhibitors and gene therapy. 5 figures, 2 tables, and 107 references.
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Alopecia Areata: A Clinical Overview Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 107(7): 81-85,89-90. June 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of alopecia areata. This dermatologic disorder involving hair loss is a common problem seen in primary care practices. Although initial onset can occur at any time, the most common presentation is in children and young adults. The exact pathophysiology of alopecia areata has not been established, but it is generally considered to be a T cell mediated,
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organ specific, autoimmune disorder. The hair loss typically presents as patchy areas of hairlessness on various parts of the body. Severity ranges from localized hair loss to total loss of all body hair. Nail changes are sometimes seen with more extensive variants of hair loss. A punch biopsy may be useful in diagnosing alopecia areata. There is no single best treatment. One of the mainstays of treatment is intralesional and topical corticosteroids. The combination of topical anthralin and minoxidil appears to have a synergistic effect in patients who have alopecia areata. Topical anthralin used alone seems to be the most useful of the various irritants in treating alopecia areata. Treatment with topical sensitizers has proved effective for some patients. Other treatments include oral or topical cyclosporine, photochemotherapy with psoralens and ultraviolet A light, and cosmetic measures. 7 figures and 22 references. •
Alopecia Areata Update Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 42(4): 549-566. April 2000. Summary: This journal article discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, and treatment of alopecia areata. Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder causing a patchy loss of hair on the scalp or body. Genetic, immunologic, and neurologic factors play a role in the origin of AA. Clinical features of AA include abrupt hair loss, hair shedding, scalp lesions, smooth spots on the scalp, and broken or short hairs that resemble an exclamation mark. Sometimes parasthesia accompanies hair loss. The prognosis of AA is unpredictable with patients experiencing multiple episodes of hair loss and hair regrowth. Most patients will regrow their hair on their own within one year. The amount of scalp involvement and the age of the patient affect treatment. Treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injections for localized patchy AA and topical immunotherapy for extensive AA have proven successful in the majority of patients, although all treatments are palliative and do not change the prognosis of the disease. 13 figures and 170 references. (AAM).
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Acquired Scalp Alopecia. Part I: A Review Source: Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 39(4): 207-221. November 1998. Summary: This journal article, the first of a two part series, provides health professionals with information on the classification, pathogenesis, physiology, evaluation, and clinical features of acquired scalp alopecia. Alopecia is classified into the clinical subgroups of nonscarring alopecia, where follicular ostia are preserved; scarring alopecias, in which there is clinical loss of follicular ostia; and hair shaft disorders, in which hair fragility is a major cause of hair loss. Hair loss can be caused by various pathogenic mechanisms, including metabolic and hormonal factors, structural defects, and lymphocytes. The assessment of hair loss begins with information on the pattern, speed, and onset of hair loss; family history of hair loss; and grooming practices. Other aspects of assessment include examination of the scalp and hair, biopsy of the scalp, and laboratory investigations. Nonscarring alopecias include androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, acute anagen and telogen effluvium, chronic telogen effluvium, trichotillomania, traction alopecia, senescent alopecia, and loose anagen syndrome. The scarring alopecias, which cause permanent pilosebaceous follicle loss, include cicatricial alopecias, lichen planopilaris, pseudopelade, discoid lupus erythematosus, follicular mucinosis, and acne necrotica varioliformis. The article presents the clinical features and diagnostic criteria for these nonscarring and scarring forms of alopecia. A continuing medical education examination accompanies the article. 11 figures, 4 tables, and 51 references. (AA-M).
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Federally Funded Research on Hair Loss The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hair loss. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hair loss. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hair loss. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hair loss: •
Project Title: A SPLIT-SELECTABLE TRANSFORMATIONS
MARKER
FOR
MULTIGENE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Yu, Lloyd M.; Planet Biotechnology, Inc. 25571 Clawiter Rd Hayward, CA 94545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 14-DEC-2001 Summary: We will adapt fragment-complementation technology, originally developed for the investigation of protein-protein interactions, to engineer a new type of selectable marker and so facilitate selection of transformed, green plants expressing multi-subunit therapeutic proteins. With the Split Selectable Marker (SSM), which we propose to develop with the npt II gene (encoding neomycin phosphotransferase), the creation of these transgenic plants will occur more quickly, with less effort and will enhance their strategy for producing low-cost monoclonal antibodies for human and animal health. The SSM may also be disabled to yield transgenics with no functional selectable marker. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) has demonstrated pH and proteolytic stability in the mucosal environment and is tetravalent, making it the preferred antibody for passive immunotherapy. The engineering of crops for the production of antibodies represents the most inexpensive way of making large amounts of monoclonal SIgA. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The utility of the Split Selectable Market will be demonstrated during the production of the mononclonal plantibody called DoxoRx. This plantibody binds doxorubicin, as well as structurally related anthracycline-based chemotherapeutic agents. Individuals undergoing chemotherapy with these compounds often suffer hair loss and we plan to develop DoxoRx into a topically applied product to prevent this form of alopecia. When administered orally, DoxoRx may also combat mucositis, which is another side effect of anthracycline- based regimens of chemotherapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: ANTIOXIDANT INVOLVEMENT IN NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS Principal Investigator & Institution: Henderson, Donald; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, NY 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This research focuses on the relation between the cochlea's antioxidant system and resistance to noise or carboplatin. The project is a logical extension of previous research in our lab that showed (1) the ear could acquire resistance to noise by prior exposure to benign moderate level noise; (2) the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione reductase and gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthtase (GCS) are increased in concentration in both stria and organ of Corti after prophylactic noise exposures; (3) the degree of temporary and permanent hearing loss as well as hair loss from exposures to a traumatic noise could be reduced by prior treatment of R- phenylisopropyladenoisine (R-PIA). Collectively, these results suggest that high level noise exposures produce hearing loss by the mechanism of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) cytotoxicity and that prophylactic noise exposures, as well as intervention by R-PIA, can reduce both the effects of noise and cisplatin (Ryback et al., 1995). The proposed set of experiments has four specific aims: (1) What is the relation between glutathione related enzymes (specifically GCS), and susceptibility to noise? (2) Can the susceptibility to noiseinduced hearing loss be decreased with drugs that up-regulate GCS or increased with drugs that suppress GCS? (3) What is the normal anatomical distribution of glutathione (GSH) and does it change with exposure to noise? (4) Is the otoxicity of carboplatin influenced by drugs that up-regulate or down- regulate the antioxidant system? These experiments will be conducted on chinchillas. Hearing functions will be measured by evoked potentials and otoacoustic emissions. GCS levels will be assessed by our collaborator Dr. Howard Steinman at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Cochlear analysis will include cell counts from surface preparations and confocal studies of GSH distribution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOCHEM. CHARACTERIZATION /HAIRLESS ASSOCIATED PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Djabali, Karima; Dermatology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Progress has been made in understanding some genetic aspects of the human hair follicle biology with the discovery of the first two genes directly implicated in human hair growth regulation, both of which result in complete alopecia. One of these genes, the hairless gene, is one of the candidate genes for the regulation of basic hair follicle function(s). The attenuation of the hairless gene activity results in the progressive shedding of the infantile hairs, the consequence is complete hair loss in animals, which represents a phenocopy of the autosomal recessive disorder papular atrichia in humans. Furthermore, the hairless gene product is expressed in the hair follicle, the epidermis, and in the brain. Functional studies indicate that hairless may play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in the hair follicle and in the interfollicle epidermis. In this proposal, they will investigate the spatio-temporal expression of the endogenous hairless protein during the skin development and the hair follicle cycling. In addition, using primary culture of keratinocytes, they will study the possible
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involvement of hairless in regulating the balance between cell growth and differentiation. They will follow the intra-nuclear distribution in relation to any new component that will have been characterized as a hairless associated protein. Recently, different groups have generated several knockout mice for nuclear receptors such as the thyroid hormone receptors, the retinoic acid receptor and the vitamin D receptor. Because of the striking similarities of their phenotype with the hairless and rhino mice, they will investigate whether hairless acts as a cofactor for those nuclear receptors. In addition, using different biochemical approaches, they will identify the yet unknown cellular components interacting specifically with hairless protein. Collectively these studies will begin to unravel the physiological function(s) of hairless. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPUTER IMAGING TO DIMINISH ALOPECIA DISTRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Parker, B Eugene.; Barron Associates, Inc. Jordan Bldg, Ste 300 Charlottesville, VA 22901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by investigator): The goal of the research proposed herein is to develop a low-cost, user-friendly, computer-based imaging system for use by women to reduce anxiety and distress relating to alopecia (hair loss) prior to or following chemotherapy. It has been reported that 47% to 58% of women with cancer cite the likelihood of alopecia as the most disturbing anticipated aspect of receiving chemotherapy, with 8% stating that they seriously considered refusing treatment due to this possibility. Utilizing advanced graphical processing techniques, the proposed "Help for Alopecia through Image Representations" (HAIR) system will permit cancer patients of all races and ethnicities to interactively visualize, using their own image, the process of hair loss, accessorization options (e.g., wigs, head scarves, hats, etc.), and the corresponding stages of hair regrowth. "Scripting" (i.e., rehearsing) the side-effects of chemotherapy and potential patient responses will significantly reduce the anxiety caused by the prospect of alopecia. This will serve to desensitize women to alopecia, allow them to make better-informed treatment decisions, and facilitate coping when it occurs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CREATING AN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODEL OF ALOPECIA AREATA Principal Investigator & Institution: Chan, Lawrence S. Assistant Professor; Dermatology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, IL 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alopecia areata is a chronic autoimmune hair loss disorder that affects 0.2-2 % of population. Although alopecia areata is a non-fatal disease, the disease itself and the treatment complication can cause significant morbidity. Clinical and laboratory data from studying of human patients suggests that alopecia areata may be caused by autoreactive lymphocytes, particularly CD8+ T lymphocytes. Although passive transfer experiments delineated the hair loss process once the autoreactive T lymphocytes are formed, the step-by-step immunological sequence of events accounting for the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the disease remain unclear. Moreover, the antigen targeted by the autoreactive lymphocytes remains unknown. Furthermore, currently there is no active experimental animal model of alopecia areata for dissecting these step by-step events. The PI, Lawrence S. Chan,
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M.D., was trained as a fellow in Immuno-dermatology under Dr. Kevin D. Cooper, a cellular immunologist at the Univ. of Michigan. For the current proposal, the PI aims at characterizing a newly generated mouse model of hair loss disorder, induced by subcutaneous immunization of a mouse hair follicle basement membrane component. This newly generated active mouse model of hair loss disorder has clinical and histologic findings resembling the human disease alopecia areata. Some affected mice developed autoantibodies to the immunogens. The same strain of mice developed autoreactive T cell response to the self proteins. The PI proposes to authenticate this model as a mouse model for human alopecia. areata with the following specific aims: 1). Authentication of the autoimmune nature of this hair loss disorder model 2). Characterization of the effector immune cell types. If established as a model of human disease, it may shed light to the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in human patients and thereby lead to eventual target-specific immunological treatments for human patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF FINASTERIDE ON MALE PATTERN BALDNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Imperato, Julianne; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The primary aim of this study is to determine the effect of finasteride (a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor) on the progression of androgen-dependent scalp hair loss. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ELUCIDATION OF THE HR-DEPENDENT PATHWAY OF HAIR GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Panteleyev, Andrey A. Dermatology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract): Recently, progress has been achieved in the understanding of the morphogenic aspects of hair follicle (HF) biology; nevertheless, the molecular and genetic aspects of hair growth control remain largely unknown. Among these, the molecular pathways of HF catagen transformation are the least well understood despite the abnormalities of catagen progression underlie many common hair disorders in humans. Recent studies showed that catagen is an apoptosis-driven process and programmed-cell death is the major mechanism of catagen HF transformation. Previous studies indicated that ectopic and premature apoptosis in HF matrix is the major defect in the mutant hr/hr hairless mouse skin that causes the complete hair loss. These findings implicate the hairless (hr) gene as a key factor in coordinating basic cellular processes during HF catagen and programmed cell death as a possible key target of hr gene activity. In order to gain further insights into the molecular control of HF functions by hr, they propose the use of the native skin and cultured keratinocytes derived from the mutant (hrrh/hrrh) hairless mice as a model for elucidation the role of hr gene in regulation of apoptosis-driven catagen and for the identification of the downstream targets of hr gene activity. The hypothesized involvement of hr gene into apoptotic regulatory pathway will be tested using morphological methods, TUNEL and annexin V staining along with functional experiments (comparison of apoptosis-associated gene expression in hr/hr and wt start under UVB irradiation, treatment with DFMO and ICE and caspase-3 inhibitors). Using
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Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, they will test the expression patterns of presumptive downstream targets of the hr-dependent regulatory pathway in wt and hr/hr skin. The search for unknown targets of hr gene activity will be performed using hybridization arrays with nucleic acids isolated from intact mouse epidermis of both hrrh/hrrh and wt genotypes. Identified candidate target genes will be prioritized according to their known role in hair follicle physiology, and also according to data obtained from functional experiments and immunohistochemical studies. Thus, the experiments outlined in this proposal are designed to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of hair follicle catagen transformation using the hairless phenotype as an experimental model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPIDERMAL COMMITMENT
STEM
CELL
MATURATION
AND
LINEAGE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ambler, Carrie A.; Cancer Research - United Kingdom 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The epidermis is continually shed and replenished throughout life. Maintenance of the epidermis is dependent on a stem cell population found in the basal layer of the epidermis. These stem cells self-renew and contribute progenitors called transit amplifying cells. Stem cells and the subsequent transit amplifying cells contribute to multiple lineages of terminally differentiated cells including hair follicle cells, sebocytes, and interfollicular epidermal cells. Although it is clear that epidermal stem cells contribute to all three lineages, the role of transit amplifying cells in lineage commitment remains unknown and largely uninvestigated. The purpose of this proposal is to use in vitro and in vivo methods to investigate if transit amplifying cells contribute to one or multiple lineages. Specifically, the aims are to determine if human neonatal foreskin cultures can make sebocytes and hair follicle proteins, and to use this system to investigate the lineages that develop from a single transit amplifying cell. Additionally, the role of c-Myc and 13-catenin in lineage commitment of transit amplifying cells will be investigated, and using the BOLAP retroviral library, the fate of transit amplifying cells in vivo will be mapped. The process of stem cell maturation is essential to maintain the skin, and disruptions in the stem cell differentiation process have pathological implications in cancer, psoriasis, acne, and hair loss. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED HAIR LOSS Principal Investigator & Institution: Botchkarev, Vladimir A. Instructor; Dermatology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: Hair loss (alopecia) is a much-feared effect of many chemotherapy protocols and is one of the most distressing aspects of cancer therapy. Because of the rapid proliferation rate of hair matrix keratinocytes during hair shaft production, the hair follicle represents a "by-stander" target for many chemotherapeutic agents. However, molecular mechanisms that control the response of human hair follicle to chemotherapy are poorly understood. Therefore, our long-term objectives are to develop a complex of models for studying the response of human hair
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follicle to chemotherapy and to design novel approaches to prevent chemotherapyinduced hair loss. Our general strategy is to focus on the p53 transcription factor, which mediates apoptosis and growth arrest induced by chemotherapy and is essential for chemotherapy-induced hair loss in mice. p53 is mutated in over 50% of human cancers and may be considered as a target for local pharmacological suppression to prevent or reduce chemotherapy-induced hair loss in patients with p53-negative tumors. Hypothesis: p53 mediates chemotherapy-induced hair loss in human hair follicles and local temporary p53 blockade by specific antagonists would constitute an effective preventive treatment for chemotherapy-induced hair loss in patients with p53 negative tumors. Purpose: 1) Develop a complex of models for studying the response of human hair follicles to chemotherapy and: a) analyze the expression of p53 and p53 target genes in human hair follicles after application of a variety of chemotherapeutic agents, b) define the effects of synthetic antagonists that temporary inhibit p53 activity on the response of human hair follicles to chemotherapy. 2) Determine whether the local treatment by p53 inhibitors that focused on preventing chemotherapy-induced hair loss would affect anti-tumor activity of the chemotherapeutic agents. 3) Define whether local temporary inhibiting p53 function to prevent chemotherapy-induced hair loss would induce long-term genomic instability and lead to the formation of secondary skin tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the role for p53 and its target genes in the pathobiology of chemotherapy-induced hair loss would allow using their synthetic antagonists to manage this devastating side-effect of cancer treatment. Patients with many forms of p53-negative cancers treated by chemotherapy may ultimately benefit from this study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOUSE NUDE LOCUS AND EPIDERMAL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Brissette, Janice L.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of the regulation of skin development. As self-renewing structures, the epidermis and hair follicles require a balance between keratinocyte cell division and terminal differentiation for their formation and maintenance. To gain insight into this process, the applicants are studying the function of Whn (Winged-helix nude), the product of the mouse nude locus and a putative member of the winged-helix/forkhead family of transcription factors. Loss-of-function mutations in whn result in the nude phenotype, which is characterized by the failure to produce visible hair, the abnormal formation of the epidermis, and the absence of a thymus. Based on their previous studies, the applicants have constructed a model to explain Whn's role in skin morphogenesis. They find that whn expression is induced, as keratinocytes arrest growth and initiate terminal differentiation. They postulate that Whn: 1) promotes the transition from proliferation to differentiation by activating genes associated with the differentiation program; and 2) induces differentiating cells to secrete growth factors. These growth factors then stimulate neighboring keratinocytes, which lack the Whn protein, to proliferate. As a result of this paracrine mechanism, a differentiating keratinocyte is replaced as it leaves the proliferative compartment, and the balance between multiplying and differentiating cells is maintained. The aim of this proposal is to test this model and provide a basic framework for the elucidation of Whn's mechanism of action. To assess Whn's direct and paracrine effects, transgenic mice will be generated in which Whn expression is specifically targeted to either proliferating or differentiating keratinocytes. Since the
Studies 13
investigators have acquired preliminary evidence that Whn stimulates the expression of transforming growth factor-a (TGF-a), the ability of Whn to bind to the TGF-a promoter and activate transcription will be evaluated. Lastly, they and others have isolated the human homolog of whn, and find that the human and murine Whn proteins are 85 percent identical. As a first step in the characterization of this homolog, the Whn expression pattern will be examined in normal and diseased human skin. Given the pleiotropic effects of murine whn, the human homolog they believe could play a role in diseases associated with hyperproliferation, hair loss, or aberrant differentiation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION OF CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED HAIR LOSS Principal Investigator & Institution: Voellmy, Richard W. Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Miami Box 016159 Miami, FL 33101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Current chemotherapy of cancer typically employs combinations of powerful anti-neoplastic agents. Most therapeutic combinations include anti-neoplastic agents that cause loss of scalp hair (chemotherapy-induced alopecia). Particularly, frequently used alopecia-inducing anti-neoplastic agents are cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, etoposide, taxol and vincristine. Alopecia is clearly the most feared side effect of chemotherapy. Patients have been known to refuse chemotherapy treatment because of it, and it seems not unreasonable to suspect that the psychological devastation resulting from this treatment-related hair loss may impact therapy success. To date, no elective preventive treatment is available to patients. Induction of a conserved protective response, the so-called stress protein response, was shown by many laboratories to protect various types of cultured cells against killing by essentially all classes of anti-neoplastic agents currently in clinical use. The present proposal will test in animal models the hypothesis that prior localized induction of the stress protein response in mitotically active cells of (scalp) hair follicles will protect these cells against killing by cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, etoposide, taxol and vincristine, resulting in the prevention of alopecia. Localization of the induction of the stress protein response will ensure that the preventive treatment will not interfere with the cytotoxic activity of the anti-neoplastic agents in cells other than those of hair follicles, i.e., that the preventive treatment of alopecia will not diminish chemotherapy efficacy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: SEROLOGICAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF VITILIGO AND ALOPECIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi; Associate Professor; Dermatology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, NC 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Taken from the application): Autoimmune reactions to components of skin and its appendages produce a spectrum of skin diseases. Vitiligo, characterized by partial or complete loss of skin pigmentation and alopecia areata, a chronic inflammatory hair disorder are two such diseases. Interestingly, while certain autoimmune skin disorders such as bullous diseases result from reactions limited to specific components of skin, vitiligo and alopecia often manifest in association with other autoimmune diseases. This suggests that immune tolerance to self-antigens on pigment producing melanocytes and cells in the hair follicles is broken relatively easily. The molecular identity of these antigens and the role of humoral vs. cellular immune
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responses in the pathogenesis of these diseases remain unknown. Biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques employed to identify antigens recognized by autoantibodies in the sera of patients have failed to yield definitive knowledge of target antigens in these disorders. Similarly, methodological limitations in analyzing and characterizing T lymphocytes in vitro have precluded extensive studies on the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and alopecia. Recent developments in the field of human tumor immunology provide an opportunity to overcome these limitations on molecular identification of targets for immune responses in autoimmune skin disorders. First, it has been demonstrated that screening cDNA expression libraries with serum antibodies from cancer patients can be used to identify antigen targets for humoral responses. Second, this screening method, termed SEREX, also allows identification of antigens recognized by cytotoxic CD8 T cells in patients with cancer. Together with recent studies that showed the presence of HLA class II-restricted CD4 T cells to tumor antigen recognized by CD8 cells, these observations from SEREX analysis reinforce the concept of simultaneous presentation of self-antigens to humoral and cellular immune systems. This raises the possibility that SEREX analysis with sera from patients with autoimmune skin disorders could allow identification of tissue-specific antigens recognized by antibodies and T cells. Molecular identification of the array of antigens targeted for immune response in these diseases will help delineate mechanisms of their pathogenesis. We propose to generate cDNA expression libraries from pooled cultures of neonatal melanocytes obtained from different racial backgrounds and pooled hair follicles microdissected from normal scalp biopsies. These expression libraries will provide a source of unlimited supply of tissue-specific gene products to begin dissecting immune responses by SEREX analysis. It is expected that such analysis will allow identification of targets for both antibody and T cell responses in vitiligo and alopecia areata. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SHH INDUCTION OF POST-NATAL HAIR FOLLICLE/HAIR GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Crystal, Ronald G. Chief; Medicine; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) - The goal of this proposal is to understand better the factors that regulate hair loss, which is a major social concern associated with more common male-pattern baldness as well as more rare forms of alopecia and chemotherapy. To understand hair loss and to develop new therapies to prevent this condition, it is necessary to develop better understanding of the biology of the hair follicle, a unique structure that develops and matures mainly in prenatal skin, and cycles in the post-natal skin in a complex interaction of epithelium and mesenchyme. Once developed, the follicles undergo a cycle of renewal in three phases: telogen (resting), anagen (growth), and catagen (regression). This proposal focuses on the role of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway on modulation of the hairfollicle cycle after birth. Shh function is associated with a complex pathway that includes Ptc (the Shh receptor), Smo (a G-protein coupled receptor that interacts with Ptc), a variety of signaling genes that include Wnt class proteins, and transforming growth factor-b family. Based on the known upregulation of Shh expression in the anagen phase of follicle growth, and preliminary data demonstrating that transient, adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vector-mediated Shh expression induces anagen and robust hair growth in postnatal skin, the proposed studies are based on the hypothesis that transient (less than
Studies 15
a week), enhanced Shh activity functions as a biologic switch that induces resting follicles to enter the anagen growth phase of the follicle cycle, with consequent hair growth. Experiments are proposed to evaluate two hypotheses in postnatal skin: (1) Transient imbalance of the Shh pathway in favor of Shh activity induces hair follicles to enter the anagen phase with consequent hair growth; and (2) for Shh to induce anagen, the enhanced expression of Shh must be in keratinocytes, and for the resulting follicle cycle to be normal, the enhanced expression must be transient (days), not persistent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TOPICAL PROTECTOR AGAINST CHEMO/RADIOTHERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kink, John A.; Procertus Biopharm, Inc. 2800 S Fish Hatchery Rd Madison, WI 53711 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 27-SEP-2002 Summary: (Verbatim) A National Institutes of Health study has indicated that "hair loss during cancer chemotherapy is probably the most troubling aspect of cancer treatment, it is psychologically debilitating and adds to the overall trauma of the cancer diagnosis and. treatment." We have developed a topically applied pharmaceutical, called ProDermaCel, that has been >95 percent effective in preventing chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced alopecia in a rodent model. The goal here is to achieve final refinement of the technology using a rodent model to enable its use in human trials. Our proposed Aims include: i) optimize ProDermaCel dose, application schedule and carrier formulation to eliminate alopecia induced by cytoxan, cytarbine or radiation, ii) determine whether the active chemoprotector molecule in ProDermaCel achieves pharmacologically significant concentrations at organ sites distant from the application site, iii) determine whether topical ProDermaCel application also protects against the dermatitis and mucositis induced by irradiation, and iv). determine whether a newlydiscovered chemoprotector molecule, CGO9, shows any activity in a skin carcinogenesis bioassay. In the U.S. alone each year, over one million cancer patients would benefit from the alopecia protection, and several times this number of patients would also benefit from a treatment to prevent radiotherapy-associated dermatitis and mucositis. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: ProDermaCel, a topically applied pharmaceutical in development, will protect normal, healthy hair follicle cells to prevent The alopecia suffered by cancer and bone marrow transplant patients undergoing chemotherapy or cranial radiotherapy. Other applications for ProDermaCel that are anticipated include protection against dermatitis at an irradiation site, ranging from mild erythema to necrosis, and protection against oral and possibly rectal mucositis associated with radiotherapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FUNCTION OF HAIRLESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Engelhard, Andrew; Dermatology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recently much progress has been made in the understanding of hair follicle (HF) biology. The HF is a dynamic structure whose multiple compartments undergo successive rounds of complex and highly synchronized architectural reorganization during the growth (anagen), regression (catagen) and resting (telogen) phases of the hair cycle. Several genes that are thought to play a role in the catagen stage of the normal hair cycle, including hairless (hr), the vitamin D receptor
16 Hair Loss
(VDR), and the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) have been identified on the basis of mutations in these genes which cause hair loss phenotypes. In the case of hr mutations, which cause alopecia in mice and other animals and atrichia with papular lesions (APL, OMIM 209500) in humans, cellular and morphologic changes in the structure of the HF have been characterized, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms disrupted by hr mutations. Although the function of the protein coded by the hr gene (Hr) remains unknown, several lines of evidence suggest that Hr functions as a transcription factor of the zinc finger type. 1) An Hr domain shares homology with the GATA-1 zinc finger domain, which is responsible for DNA binding. 2) A point mutation in an APL patient results in the substitution of glycine for a conserved, presumably zinc-coordinating cysteine residue at amino acid 622. 3) Hr mutations result in the complete Joss of functional hair follicles, and 4) Hr localizes to the nucleus. This proposal aims to demonstrate that Hr is, in fact, a zinc finger transcription factor by identifying a unique consensus sequence to which Hr binds and by assaying the ability of this sequence to act as a transcriptional regulator or Hairless Responsive Element (HRE). The former aim will be accomplished through random oligonucleotide selection and amplification, a procedure known as CASTing. The latter aim will be accomplished by incorporating any presumed HREs into the promoter of luciferase reporter contructs and assaying transcriptional activity of various constructs in the presence and absence of hairless. Because the hairless phenotype is associated with changes in hair follicle morphology, and one possible mechanism identified is aberrant apoptosis, downstream effectors ofhaMess function might be members of a broad group of cell cycle genes regulated in a tissue-specific manner. The assignment of a role for hairless would be a first step in examining these possibilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL CO-REGULATORS IN EPIDERMIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Andersen, Bogi; Assistant Professor; Medicine; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, CA 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term goal is to understand transcriptional control mechanisms that underlie development and homeostasis of epidermis and hair follicles. Clim/Nli/Ldb transcriptional co-activators were discovered based on their ability to bind to LIM domains of LIM homeodomain factors, thus conferring transcriptional activation by this class of DNA-binding proteins. One member of this family of co-activators, Clim-2, is highly expressed in keratinocytes where it interacts with the LIM only protein, LMO-4, which is expressed in an overlapping manner in epidermis and hair follicles. Blocking Clim action in mouse epidermis leads to hair loss, abnormal hair cycling, and, in older mice, propensity to epidermal wounding. We hypothesize that Clim-2 regulates hair follicles by interacting with DNA-binding proteins by using LMO-4 as an adapter molecule. We have identified one candidate DNA-binding protein in this pathway, a novel mammalian transcription factor homologous to Drosophila NTF-1, which, when mutated in flies leads to a cuticular phenotype. The specific aims are: (1) to use a transgenic mouse model to understand how Clim co-activators regulate epidermal and hair homeostasis. Specifically, we plan to identify genes regulated by Clims and to elicit the relationship of Clim to signaling pathways known to regulate hair follicle morphogenesis; (2) to use biochemical approaches to test the hypothesis that the association of LMO-4 with mNTF-1 allows the recruitment of Clim-2 co-activators; and (3) to use transgenic mouse models and gene deletion technology to elucidate the epidermal function of the novel transcription factor,
Studies 17
mNTF-1, which was cloned based on its ability to interact with LMO-4. These studies should give insight into normal epidermal biology and how disruption of normal transcriptional control mechanisms leads to diseases such as abnormal wound healing and skin cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: WNT SIGNALS IN SKIN AND HAIR DEVELOPMENT AND HAIR GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Millar, Sarah E. Assistant Professor; Dermatology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Verbatim) Many key intercellular signals required for hair follicle morphogenesis in the embryo and cyclical hair growth in the adult remain unidentified at the molecular level. It is already well established that inappropriate activation of follicular intercellular signaling pathways can cause tumors and hair loss. Therefore identification of the signaling molecules and receptors that operate in hair follicles will provide us with a better understanding of the molecular events underlying pathogenic states in the skin and may ultimately permit the development of novel therapies. Published data and our Preliminary Studies suggest specific WNT proteins as strong candidates for several of these signals. The goals of this proposal are to test the hypothesis that WNT proteins convey information between follicular epithelial cells and between the follicular epithelium and the mesenchyme, and that this dialog is required for the normal development and function of hair follicles. To test this hypothesis we will: (1) Define the profile of WNT receptor (Frizzled) gene expression in developing and mature hair follicles; (2) Determine the effects of blocking interactions between WNT proteins and their Frizzled receptors in the epidermis in vivo; (3) Determine the effects on skin and hair development of loss of function mutations in two Wnt genes that are expressed at key stages in hair follicle development and hair growth; and (4) Determine the roles of WNT signaling in the dermal component of the hair follicle by creating a null mutation in an essential effector of WNT signaling, specifically within this compartment. Understanding the roles of these key signaling molecules in developing and mature skin will provide us with new insight into normal skin and hair follicle biology and disease states including hair loss diseases and skin cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hair loss in the PubMed Central database: •
Conditional epidermal expression of TGF[beta]1 blocks neonatal lethality but causes a reversible hyperplasia and alopecia. by Liu X, Alexander V, Vijayachandra K, Bhogte E, Diamond I, Glick A. 2001 Jul 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55386
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Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: An animal model of vitamin Ddependent rickets type II with alopecia. by Li YC, Pirro AE, Amling M, Delling G, Baron R, Bronson R, Demay MB. 1997 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23277
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hair loss, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hair loss (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A child with hair loss. Pili torti, apparently unassociated with other abnormalities. Author(s): Laub D, Horan RF, Yaffe H, Rand R, Baden HP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 August; 123(8): 1071, 1074. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3631987&dopt=Abstract
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A complication of SASP therapy: hair loss. Author(s): Codeluppi PL, Chahin NJ, Merighi A, Rigo G, Manenti F. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1987 February; 32(2): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2879718&dopt=Abstract
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Aetiology and pathophysiology of hair loss. Author(s): Dawber RP. Source: Dermatologica. 1987; 175 Suppl 2: 23-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3319730&dopt=Abstract
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Alopecia areata and relapsing polychondritis or mosaic autoimmunity? The first experience of co-trimoxazole treatment. Author(s): Rozin AP, Schapira D, Bergman R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 August; 62(8): 778-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860737&dopt=Abstract
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Alopecia neoplastica. Hair loss resembling alopecia areata caused by metastatic breast cancer. Author(s): Schorr WF, Swanson PM, Gomez F, Reyes CN. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 August 24; 213(8): 1335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4317431&dopt=Abstract
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Alopecia. III. Diffuse hair loss (nonscarring). Author(s): Jillson OF. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 May; 31(5): 465, 469, 472 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6682748&dopt=Abstract
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Amiodarone and hair loss. Author(s): Samuel LM, Davie M, Starkey IR. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 September; 68(803): 771. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1480548&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual cause of hair loss. Author(s): Rapp SE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 February; 138(2): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843650&dopt=Abstract
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Anticancer chemotherapy accelerates scalp hair loss with no androgenic involvement. Author(s): Umeki S, Niki Y, Soejima R. Source: Chemotherapy. 1989; 35(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2721290&dopt=Abstract
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Approach to hair loss reduction. Author(s): Blanchard G, Blanchard B. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1989 July; 81(7): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2754747&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of hair loss: clinical relevance of hair growth evaluation methods. Author(s): Van Neste MD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 July; 27(5): 358-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190635&dopt=Abstract
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Association between smoking and hair loss: another opportunity for health education against smoking? Author(s): Trueb RM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(3): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673073&dopt=Abstract
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Autoantibodies to hair follicles in C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata-like hair loss. Author(s): Tobin DJ, Sundberg JP, King LE Jr, Boggess D, Bystryn JC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1997 September; 109(3): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9284100&dopt=Abstract
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Autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata) transferred by T lymphocytes to human scalp explants on SCID mice. Author(s): Gilhar A, Ullmann Y, Berkutzki T, Assy B, Kalish RS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 January 1; 101(1): 62-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9421466&dopt=Abstract
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Autoimmune hair loss induced by alloantigen in C57BL/6 mice. Author(s): Zong ZP, Matsui S, Li AL, Katsuda S, Yamaguchi N. Source: Cell Structure and Function. 2003 February; 28(1): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12655155&dopt=Abstract
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Basaloid follicular hamartoma, total body hair loss and SLE. Author(s): Morton S, Stevens A, Powell RJ. Source: Lupus. 1998; 7(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9607646&dopt=Abstract
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Black-dot tinea capitis. Patchy hair loss is common in pediatric patients. Author(s): Brodell RT, Vescera G. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 April; 111(4): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985127&dopt=Abstract
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Broken hairs on the scalp. Dermatologic therapies will not treat this cause of solitary hair loss. Author(s): Levine N. Source: Geriatrics. 2002 August; 57(8): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201225&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. I don't hear nearly as much about hair loss in women as in men. But I'm 65 and have watched my hair thin considerably over the past five or six years. Is there anything I can do about it? What about Rogaine? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2003 July; 10(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888460&dopt=Abstract
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Can alopecia areata be triggered by emotional stress? An uncontrolled evaluation of 178 patients with extensive hair loss. Author(s): van der Steen P, Boezeman J, Duller P, Happle R. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992 August; 72(4): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357886&dopt=Abstract
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Can lithium cause hair loss? Author(s): Shader RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1983 April; 3(2): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6841663&dopt=Abstract
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Carbamazepine-induced hair loss. Author(s): Shuper A, Stahl B, Weitz R. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985 December; 19(12): 924-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4085351&dopt=Abstract
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Chemotherapy-induced hair loss is a profound human experience. Author(s): Nicholas B. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2000 April; 27(3): 427. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10785897&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and histopathologic features of hair loss in patients with HIV-1 infection. Author(s): Smith KJ, Skelton HG, DeRusso D, Sperling L, Yeager J, Wagner KF, Angritt P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 January; 34(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8543696&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical dose ranging studies with finasteride, a type 2 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, in men with male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Roberts JL, Fiedler V, Imperato-McGinley J, Whiting D, Olsen E, Shupack J, Stough D, DeVillez R, Rietschel R, Savin R, Bergfeld W, Swinehart J, Funicella T, Hordinsky M, Lowe N, Katz I, Lucky A, Drake L, Price VH, Weiss D, Whitmore E, Millikan L, Muller S, Gencheff C, et al. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 October; 41(4): 555-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495375&dopt=Abstract
22 Hair Loss
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Clinical hair loss: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Bertolino AP. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 October; 20(10): 604-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8277037&dopt=Abstract
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Common hair loss disorders. Author(s): Springer K, Brown M, Stulberg DL. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 July 1; 68(1): 93-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887115&dopt=Abstract
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Cosmetics and hair loss. Author(s): Gummer CL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 July; 27(5): 418-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190643&dopt=Abstract
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Crixivan side effect update - hair loss and ingrown toenails. Author(s): Fornataro K, Jefferys R. Source: Body Posit. 1999 October; 12(10): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11366875&dopt=Abstract
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Crohn's ileocolitis presenting as chronic diffuse hair loss. Author(s): Schattner A, Shanon Y. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1989 May; 82(5): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2754688&dopt=Abstract
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Current and novel methods for assessing efficacy of hair growth promoters in pattern hair loss. Author(s): Olsen EA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2): 253-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582397&dopt=Abstract
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Delusional hair loss. Author(s): Roberts JA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 October 17; 2(8): 391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7321968&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and management of the hair loss patient. Author(s): Stroud JD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1987 September; 40(3): 272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3652735&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse female hair loss: are androgens necessary? Author(s): Orme S, Cullen DR, Messenger AG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 September; 141(3): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583059&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse hair loss and oral contraceptives. Author(s): Griffiths WA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 January; 88(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4686540&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse hair loss and psychiatric disturbance. Author(s): Eckert J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1975; 55(2): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=48320&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse hair loss following multiple honeybee stings. Author(s): Sharma AK, Sharma RC, Sharma NL. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9407191&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse hair loss in women. Author(s): Bergfeld WF. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 August; 22(2): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=688766&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse hair loss in women: the psychopathology of those who complain. Author(s): Eckert J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1976 May; 53(5): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=961453&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse hair loss. Author(s): Sinclair R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 38 Suppl 1: 8-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369535&dopt=Abstract
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Direct-to-consumer advertising. Finasteride for male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Cassels A, Wright JM, Mintzes B, Jauca C. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 September; 47: 1751-5. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570300&dopt=Abstract
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Does fortune favour the bald? Psychological correlates of hair loss in males. Author(s): Wells PA, Willmoth T, Russell RJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychology. 1995 August; 86 ( Pt 3): 337-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551645&dopt=Abstract
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Does interleukin-1 induce hair loss? Author(s): Hoffmann R, Happle R. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(4): 273-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8573920&dopt=Abstract
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Doxorubicin-induced hair loss and possible modification by scalp cooling. Author(s): Edelstyn GA, MacDonald M, MacRae KD. Source: Lancet. 1977 July 30; 2(8031): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=69866&dopt=Abstract
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Drug induced hair loss. Author(s): Barth JH, Dawber PR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 March 11; 298(6674): 675. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2496809&dopt=Abstract
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Drug-induced hair loss and hair growth. Incidence, management and avoidance. Author(s): Tosi A, Misciali C, Piraccini BM, Peluso AM, Bardazzi F. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 1994 April; 10(4): 310-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8018303&dopt=Abstract
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Dry skin lesions with marked hair loss in a case of BL leprosy. A case report. Author(s): Edward VK, Edward S, Shegaonkar S. Source: Lepr Rev. 1996 June; 67(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684255&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of self-perceived hair loss in a community sample of men. Author(s): Girman CJ, Rhodes T, Lilly FR, Guo SS, Siervogel RM, Patrick DL, Chumlea WC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(3): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812025&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and tolerability of finasteride 1 mg in men aged 41 to 60 years with male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Whiting DA, Olsen EA, Savin R, Halper L, Rodgers A, Wang L, Hustad C, Palmisano J; Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2003 March-April; 13(2): 150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695131&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and tolerance of a scalp-cooling system for prevention of hair loss and the experience of breast cancer patients treated by adjuvant chemotherapy. Author(s): Protiere C, Evans K, Camerlo J, d'Ingrado MP, Macquart-Moulin G, Viens P, Maraninchi D, Genre D. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2002 October; 10(7): 529-37. Epub 2002 August 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324807&dopt=Abstract
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Erythroderma, hair loss, and sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy in a XYY-male. Author(s): Tsukahara T, Horiuchi Y, Ohkawa T, Masuzawa M, Nishiyama S, Ohida M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 January; 20(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8482752&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental induction of alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H/HeJ mice using fullthickness skin grafts. Author(s): McElwee KJ, Boggess D, King LE Jr, Sundberg JP. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 November; 111(5): 797-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804341&dopt=Abstract
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Female pattern hair loss. Author(s): Olsen EA, Hordinsky M, Roberts JL, Whiting DA; Dermatologic Consortium for Women's Health. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 November; 47(5): 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399780&dopt=Abstract
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Female pattern hair loss. Author(s): Birch MP, Lalla SC, Messenger AG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 July; 27(5): 383-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190638&dopt=Abstract
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Female pattern hair loss. Author(s): Olsen EA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 September; 45(3 Suppl): S70-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511856&dopt=Abstract
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Finasteride improves male pattern hair loss in a randomized study in identical twins. Author(s): Stough DB, Rao NA, Kaufman KD, Mitchell C. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 January-February; 12(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809593&dopt=Abstract
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Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. Author(s): Kaufman KD, Olsen EA, Whiting D, Savin R, DeVillez R, Bergfeld W, Price VH, Van Neste D, Roberts JL, Hordinsky M, Shapiro J, Binkowitz B, Gormley GJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 October; 39(4 Pt 1): 57889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777765&dopt=Abstract
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Finasteride in the treatment of men with frontal male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Leyden J, Dunlap F, Miller B, Winters P, Lebwohl M, Hecker D, Kraus S, Baldwin H, Shalita A, Draelos Z, Markou M, Thiboutot D, Rapaport M, Kang S, Kelly T, Pariser D, Webster G, Hordinsky M, Rietschel R, Katz HI, Terranella L, Best S, Round E, Waldstreicher J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 June; 40(6 Pt 1): 930-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10365924&dopt=Abstract
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Finasteride, 1 mg (Propecia), is the optimal dose for the treatment of men with male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Kaufman KD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 August; 135(8): 989-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456354&dopt=Abstract
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Finasteride: a review of its use in male pattern hair loss. Author(s): McClellan KJ, Markham A. Source: Drugs. 1999 January; 57(1): 111-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951956&dopt=Abstract
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Frictional hair loss in Iraqi patients. Author(s): Sharquie KE, Al-Rawi JR, Al-Janabi HA. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184639&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized hair loss and selenium exposure. Author(s): Srivastava AK, Gupta BN, Bihari V, Gaur JS. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1995 October; 37(5): 468-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8592839&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized hair loss induced by indinavir plus ritonavir therapy. Author(s): Ginarte M, Losada E, Prieto A, Lorenzo-Zuniga V, Toribio J. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 August 16; 16(12): 1695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172097&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic hair loss. Author(s): Happle R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 March-April; 19(2): 121-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11397589&dopt=Abstract
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Growth factor receptors and hair loss. Author(s): King LE Jr, Holbrook KA, Stoscheck C, Underwood RA, Nanney LB. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 May; 96(5): 79S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1850776&dopt=Abstract
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Hair density, hair diameter and the prevalence of female pattern hair loss. Author(s): Hutchinson PE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 146(5): 922-3; Author Reply 9234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000401&dopt=Abstract
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Hair density, hair diameter and the prevalence of female pattern hair loss. Author(s): Birch MP, Messenger JF, Messenger AG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 297-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251562&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss after immunization. Author(s): Sepkowitz S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 January 14; 279(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440660&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss after prolonged EEG/video monitoring. Author(s): Morris HH, Klem G, Gilmore-Pollak W. Source: Neurology. 1992 July; 42(7): 1401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1620354&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss after routine immunizations. Author(s): Wise RP, Kiminyo KP, Salive ME. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 October 8; 278(14): 1176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326478&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss after terbinafine treatment. Author(s): Richert B, Uhoda I, De la Brassinne M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 145(5): 842. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11736917&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss and 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas. Author(s): Kutty PK, Raman KR, Hawken K, Barrowman JA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 November; 97(5): 785-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7137750&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss and hirsutism in the elderly. Author(s): Hordinsky M, Sawaya M, Roberts JL. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2002 February; 18(1): 121-33, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913736&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss and lithium. Author(s): Mortimer PS, Dawber RP. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1984 November; 23(9): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6519870&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss as a symptom of chronic thallotoxicosis. Author(s): Hubler WR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1966 April; 59(4): 436-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5909400&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with fluoxetine but not with citalopram. Author(s): Seifritz E, Hatzinger M, Muller MJ, Hemmeter U, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1995 August; 40(6): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7585411&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with fluoxetine treatment. Author(s): Ananth J, Elmishaugh A. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 October; 36(8): 621. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1742721&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with fluoxetine use in two family members. Author(s): Mareth TR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 April; 55(4): 163. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071263&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with fluoxetine. Author(s): Gupta S, Major LF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 November; 159: 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1756373&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with fluvoxamine use. Author(s): Parameshwar E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 April; 153(4): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599419&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with lamivudine. Author(s): Fong IW. Source: Lancet. 1994 December 17; 344(8938): 1702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7996976&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with nefazodone. Author(s): Gupta S, Gilroy WR Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 January; 44(1): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010360&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with paroxetine treatment: a case report. Author(s): Zalsman G, Sever J, Munitz H. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1999 July-August; 22(4): 246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442258&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss during fluoxetine treatment. Author(s): Ogilvie AD. Source: Lancet. 1993 December 4; 342(8884): 1423. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901703&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss during lithium therapy. Author(s): Yassa R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 July; 143(7): 943. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2872827&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss during lithium treatment. Author(s): Dawber R, Mortimer P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 July; 107(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6809028&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss following kerion Celsi--a follow-up examination. Author(s): Foged EK, Voss Jepsen L. Source: Mykosen. 1984 August; 27(8): 411-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6482903&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss following lithium therapy. Author(s): Orwin A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1983 April; 108(4): 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6838778&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss following typhoid fever: a forgotten phenomenon. Author(s): Haefeli WE, Ott R, Bircher AJ, Burnens AP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 March; 20(3): 723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756509&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in a 5-year-old boy. Tinea capitis caused by Microsporum gypseum. Author(s): Burke EM, Koch SE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 September; 133(9): 1161-2, 1164-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9301597&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in a 6-month-old child. Monilethrix. Author(s): Amichai B, Metzker A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 May; 132(5): 574-5, 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624158&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in a child associated with naproxen. Author(s): Barter DA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 February 4; 298(6669): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2493923&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in children and adolescents. Author(s): Clore ER, Corey A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1991 September-October; 5(5): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1919999&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in children on long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist triptorelin treatment. Author(s): Kauschansky A, Lurie R, Ingber A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 July; 77(4): 333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228240&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in children. Author(s): Leung AK, Robson WL. Source: J R Soc Health. 1993 October; 113(5): 252-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8230078&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in children. Author(s): Chalmers RA, Bain MD. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 September; 69(3): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8215559&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in children. Author(s): Verbov J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 May; 68(5): 702-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8323345&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in children. Author(s): Stroud JD. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1983 August; 30(4): 641-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6350999&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in patients treated with carbimazole. Author(s): Papadopoulos S, Harden RM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1966 December 17; 2(528): 1502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4162880&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in psychopharmacology. Author(s): Mercke Y, Sheng H, Khan T, Lippmann S. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2000 March; 12(1): 35-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798824&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in systemic disease. Author(s): Spencer LV, Callen JP. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1987 July; 5(3): 565-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3301113&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in the course of lithium treatment: a report of two cases. Author(s): Yassa R, Ananth J. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1983 March; 28(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6404546&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in the female. Author(s): Reid RL, van Vugt DA. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1988 March; 43(3): 135-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3285259&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in women with hyperandrogenism: four cases responding to finasteride. Author(s): Shum KW, Cullen DR, Messenger AG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 November; 47(5): 733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399766&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in women. Author(s): Eckert J, Church RE, Ebling FJ, Munro DS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1967 October; 79(10): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6053969&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss in women. What to say and do to ease these patients' distress. Author(s): Parkinson RW. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 March; 91(4): 417-22, 431. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1546026&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss with minoxidil withdrawal. Author(s): Kidwai BJ, George M. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 5; 340(8819): 609-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355180&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss with rapid weight loss. Author(s): Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR, Hoag C. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 February; 113(2): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=836699&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss with ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Windsor DA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1990 May; 83(5): 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2380958&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss, depigmentation of hair, ichthyosis, and blepharoconjunctivitis produced by dixyrazine. Author(s): Poulsen J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6164229&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss. Author(s): Messenger A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 July; 27(5): 357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190634&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss. Author(s): Patel JC. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2000 March; 54(3): 106-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227614&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss. Author(s): Aldridge RD. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 October 13; 289(6450): 9859. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6435752&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss. Common congenital and acquired causes. Author(s): Phillips JH 3rd, Smith SL, Storer JS. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1986 April; 79(5): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3960800&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss. What causes it and what can be done about it. Author(s): Burke KE. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1989 May 1; 85(6): 52-8, 67-73, 77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2652126&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss: a practical approach to diagnosis. Author(s): Bergfeld WF. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 April; 21(4): 497-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=639568&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss: an overview. Author(s): Mulinari-Brenner F, Bergfeld WF. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2001 August; 13(4): 269-72, 277-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917783&dopt=Abstract
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Hair on a gene string: recent advances in understanding the molecular genetics of hair loss. Author(s): Irvine AD, Christiano AM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 January; 26(1): 59-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260183&dopt=Abstract
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Hair pain (trichodynia): frequency and relationship to hair loss and patient gender. Author(s): Willimann B, Trueb RM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(4): 374-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444334&dopt=Abstract
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Hair transplantation for men with advanced degrees of hair loss. Author(s): Epstein JS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 January; 111(1): 414-21; Discussion 4224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496614&dopt=Abstract
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Histologic and cell kinetic studies of hair loss and subsequent recovery process of human scalp hair follicles grafted onto severe combined immunodeficient mice. Author(s): Hashimoto T, Kazama T, Ito M, Urano K, Katakai Y, Yamaguchi N, Ueyama Y. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 August; 115(2): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951236&dopt=Abstract
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Hormonal parameters in androgenetic hair loss in the male. Author(s): Schmidt JB, Lindmaier A, Spona J. Source: Dermatologica. 1991; 182(4): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1832108&dopt=Abstract
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Hormonal treatment for male-pattern hair loss: implications for cancer of the prostate? Author(s): Anderson WR, Harris NM, Holmes SA. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(7): 682-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410747&dopt=Abstract
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Immunologic aspects of hair loss. Author(s): Bystryn JC, Tamesis J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 May; 96(5): 88S-89S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2022894&dopt=Abstract
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Increased hair loss as a side effect of bromocriptine treatment. Author(s): Blum I, Leiba S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 December 11; 303(24): 1418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7437092&dopt=Abstract
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Indinavir use: associated reversible hair loss and mood disturbance. Author(s): Harry TC, Matthews M, Salvary I. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 July; 11(7): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919491&dopt=Abstract
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Inflammatory bowel disease and chronic diffuse hair loss. Author(s): Marley J. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1989 December; 82(12): 776. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2614780&dopt=Abstract
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Intermittent hair loss in a child with PIBI(D)S syndrome and trichothiodystrophy with defective DNA repair-xeroderma pigmentosum group D. Author(s): Kleijer WJ, Beemer FA, Boom BW. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 August 15; 52(2): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802014&dopt=Abstract
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Is there really no clear association between low serum ferritin and chronic diffuse telogen hair loss? Author(s): Rushton DH, Dover R, Norris MJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 148(6): 1282-4; Author Reply 1284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828773&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Crash dieter's hair loss. Author(s): Odom RB, Goette DK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 February 2; 235(5): 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946095&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Hair loss after therapy with chorionic gonadotropin. Author(s): Trozak DJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 July; 112(7): 1035. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=938071&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Hair loss with rapid weight loss. Author(s): Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR, Hoag C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 July 19; 236(3): 252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=947023&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Prevention of hair loss by head-band during cytotoxic therapy. Author(s): Lyons AR. Source: Lancet. 1974 March 2; 1(7853): 354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4131192&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Profuse hair loss. Author(s): Goette DK, Odum RB. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1975 July; 111(7): 930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1147647&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium and hair loss in childhood. Author(s): Wagner KD, Teicher MH. Source: Psychosomatics. 1991 Summer; 32(3): 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1909035&dopt=Abstract
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Localized hair loss in an elderly man. Author(s): Turpie ID. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 September 15; 129(6): 537. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6883249&dopt=Abstract
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Loose anagen hair as a cause of hereditary hair loss in children. Author(s): Baden HP, Kvedar JC, Magro CM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 October; 128(10): 1349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1417022&dopt=Abstract
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Low sex-hormone binding globulin levels in young women with diffuse hair loss. Author(s): Miller JA, Darley CR, Karkavitsas K, Kirby JD, Munro DD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 March; 106(3): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7199929&dopt=Abstract
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Male pattern hair loss: current understanding. Author(s): Whiting DA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 37(8): 561-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9731996&dopt=Abstract
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Male pattern hair loss: prevention rather than regrowth. Author(s): Ramos-e-Silva M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 39(10): 728-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095188&dopt=Abstract
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Male-pattern hair loss in Norwegian men: a community-based study. Author(s): DeMuro-Mercon C, Rhodes T, Girman CJ, Vatten L. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(3): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828630&dopt=Abstract
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Management of hair loss in women. Author(s): Rushton DH. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1993 January; 11(1): 47-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8435917&dopt=Abstract
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Management of male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Sinclair RD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 July; 68(1): 35-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480145&dopt=Abstract
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Medical management of male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Messenger AG. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 39(8): 585-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971724&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular help on the horizon for hair loss? Author(s): Bradbury J. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 20; 358(9290): 1346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684222&dopt=Abstract
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Mouse models for human hair loss disorders. Author(s): Porter RM. Source: Journal of Anatomy. 2003 January; 202(1): 125-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587927&dopt=Abstract
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Mouse models for the study of human hair loss. Author(s): Sundberg JP, King LE Jr. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 October; 14(4): 619-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238321&dopt=Abstract
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My hair is thinning on the top of my head. What treatments are available for hair loss in women? Author(s): Olsen EA. Source: Health News. 2002 March; 8(3): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910844&dopt=Abstract
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Nonscarring hair loss disorders: the basis for recognition and treatment. Author(s): Herten RJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1982 October; 72(4): 231-6, 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7122353&dopt=Abstract
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Occult syringomas of scalp associated with progressive hair loss. Author(s): Shelley WB, Wood MG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 July; 116(7): 843-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7396550&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine-induced hair loss. Author(s): Leung M, Wrixon K, Remick RA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 November; 47(9): 891-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500769&dopt=Abstract
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Pathologic quiz case: unexplained hair loss--1 boy, 2 cats, and 1 dog. Author(s): Zone SE, Coffin CM, Vanderhooft SL. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 May; 127(5): 629-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708915&dopt=Abstract
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Patient hair loss. Author(s): Frazier CA. Source: N C Med J. 1992 August; 53(8): 390. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1513379&dopt=Abstract
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Possible mechanisms of miniaturization during androgenetic alopecia or pattern hair loss. Author(s): Whiting DA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 September; 45(3 Suppl): S81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511857&dopt=Abstract
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Practical management of hair loss. Author(s): Shapiro J, Wiseman M, Lui H. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2000 July; 46: 1469-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10925761&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy, hair loss, and the pill. Author(s): Dawber RP, Connor BL. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 October 23; 4(781): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5115836&dopt=Abstract
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Premature grey hair and hair loss among smokers: a new opportunity for health education? Author(s): Mosley JG, Gibbs AC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 December 21-28; 313(7072): 1616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8991008&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of male pattern hair loss in 18-49 year old men. Author(s): Rhodes T, Girman CJ, Savin RC, Kaufman KD, Guo S, Lilly FR, Siervogel RM, Chumlea WC. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 December; 24(12): 1330-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9865198&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing hair loss during adriamycin therapy. Author(s): Lovejoy NC. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1979 April; 2(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=255102&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing hair loss in mice. Author(s): Ward KA, Leish Z, Bonsing J, Nishimura N, Cam GR, Brownlee AG, Nancarrow CD. Source: Nature. 1994 October 13; 371(6498): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7935788&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention and correction of temporal hair loss in rhytidectomy. Author(s): Brennan HG, Toft KM, Dunham BP, Goode RL, Koch RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 December; 104(7): 2219-25; Discussion 2226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149791&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of doxorubicin-induced hair loss with scalp hypothermia. Author(s): Dean JC, Salmon SE, Griffith KS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 December 27; 301(26): 1427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=514322&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of doxorubicin-induced hair loss. Author(s): Presser SE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 April 17; 302(16): 921. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7360183&dopt=Abstract
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Principles of pathodynamics of hair loss. Author(s): Moretti G, Cipriani C, Rampini E, Crovato F, Rebora A, Bertamino R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1972 January-March; 11(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4258100&dopt=Abstract
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Production rates of testosterone and of dihydrotestosterone in female pattern hair loss. Author(s): Vierhapper H, Maier H, Nowotny P, Waldhausl W. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 July; 52(7): 927-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870172&dopt=Abstract
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Psoriatic alopecia: acute and chronic hair loss in 47 patients with scalp psoriasis. Author(s): Runne U, Kroneisen-Wiersma P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 185(2): 82-7. Erratum In: Dermatology 1993; 187(3): 232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1421635&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological problems with hair loss in general practice and the treatment policies of general practitioners. Author(s): de Koning EB, Passchier J, Dekker FW. Source: Psychological Reports. 1990 December; 67(3 Pt 1): 775-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2287669&dopt=Abstract
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Pulsed electrostatic fields (ETG) to reduce hair loss in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast carcinoma: a pilot study. Author(s): Benjamin B, Ziginskas D, Harman J, Meakin T. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2002 May-June; 11(3): 244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12112485&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life and maladjustment associated with hair loss in women with alopecia androgenetica. Author(s): Van Der Donk J, Hunfeld JA, Passchier J, Knegt-Junk KJ, Nieboer C. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1994 January; 38(1): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8146707&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life issues in male pattern hair loss. Author(s): Passchier J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(3): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812023&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitating hair loss in women: a critical approach. Author(s): Guarrera M, Semino MT, Rebora A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9031784&dopt=Abstract
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Recently, I heard on a TV show that anticholesterol drugs can cause hair loss. I've been taking Zocor for about 18 months now, and in the past 6 months I've noticed hair loss from the top and sides of my head. Is this common? Will my hair regrow once I stop taking the drug? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 1998 January; 5(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9600043&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of leg hair loss to arteriosclerosis. Author(s): Popkin RJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 July 6; 213(1): 130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5467967&dopt=Abstract
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Salicylate ingestion and idiopathic hair loss. Author(s): Rawnsley HM, Shelley WB. Source: Lancet. 1968 March 16; 1(7542): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4170276&dopt=Abstract
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Scalp cooling to prevent hair loss in chemotherapy. Author(s): Dougherty L. Source: Prof Nurse. 1996 May; 11(8): 507-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8718338&dopt=Abstract
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Scalp hair loss caused by octreotide in a patient with acromegaly: a case report. Author(s): Nakauchi Y, Kumon Y, Yamasaki H, Tahara K, Kurisaka M, Hashimoto K. Source: Endocr J. 1995 June; 42(3): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670568&dopt=Abstract
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Scalp hypothermia in the prevention of doxorubicin-induced hair loss. Author(s): Giaccone G, Di Giulio F, Morandini MP, Calciati A. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1988 June; 11(3): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3401852&dopt=Abstract
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Scalp hypothermia to prevent adriamycin-induced hair loss. Author(s): Hunt JM, Anderson JE, Smith IE. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1982 February; 5(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6917775&dopt=Abstract
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Severe hair loss associated with fluoxetine use. Author(s): Jenike MA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 March; 148(3): 392. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1992847&dopt=Abstract
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Shedding: how to manage a common cause of hair loss. Author(s): Bergfeld WF, Mulinari-Brenner F. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 March; 68(3): 256-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263854&dopt=Abstract
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Social and cultural dimensions of hair loss in women treated for breast cancer. Author(s): Freedman TG. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1994 August; 17(4): 334-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7525048&dopt=Abstract
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Stigma of hair loss after chemotherapy. Author(s): Reid U. Source: Paediatric Nursing. 1997 April; 9(3): 16-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306861&dopt=Abstract
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Sudden hair loss in a healthy young woman. Author(s): Squillacote D. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1986 April 15; 21(4): 138A-138E. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3082903&dopt=Abstract
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Syphilis presenting as hair loss. Author(s): Kennedy C. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 October 9; 2(6040): 854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=990722&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with urticaria and hair loss. Author(s): Walker AE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1966 November; 78(11): 611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5950861&dopt=Abstract
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Telogen effluvium: hair loss after spinal cord injury. Author(s): Dahlin PA, George J, Nerette JC. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1984 August; 65(8): 485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6431941&dopt=Abstract
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Temporary hair loss simulating alopecia areata after endovascular surgery of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a report of 3 cases. Author(s): Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Alagna G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1555-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606078&dopt=Abstract
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Temporary hair loss using the long-pulsed alexandrite laser at 20 milliseconds. Author(s): Raulin C, Greve B. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2000 March; 10(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694307&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical evaluation of pathologic hair loss with a diagnostic sign in trichotillomania. Author(s): Steck WD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1979 September; 24(3): 293-5, 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=477397&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of hair loss on quality of life. Author(s): Williamson D, Gonzalez M, Finlay AY. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 March; 15(2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495520&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of hair loss in European men: a survey in four countries. Author(s): Budd D, Himmelberger D, Rhodes T, Cash TE, Girman CJ. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2000 March; 10(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694311&dopt=Abstract
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The hairless gene mutated in congenital hair loss disorders encodes a novel nuclear receptor corepressor. Author(s): Potter GB, Beaudoin GM 3rd, DeRenzo CL, Zarach JM, Chen SH, Thompson CC. Source: Genes & Development. 2001 October 15; 15(20): 2687-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641275&dopt=Abstract
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The measurement of hair density in the diagnosis and treatment of hair loss. Author(s): Rassman WR. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994 November; 20(11): 773. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962945&dopt=Abstract
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The patient with hair loss. Author(s): Beattie PE. Source: Practitioner. 2003 February; 247(1643): 128-30, 132-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621805&dopt=Abstract
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The psychology of hair loss and its implications for patient care. Author(s): Cash TF. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 March-April; 19(2): 161-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11397595&dopt=Abstract
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The use of scalp hypothermia in the prevention of doxorubicin-induced hair loss. Author(s): Satterwhite B, Zimm S. Source: Cancer. 1984 July 1; 54(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6372986&dopt=Abstract
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There is no clear association between low serum ferritin and chronic diffuse telogen hair loss. Author(s): Sinclair R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 982-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410711&dopt=Abstract
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Toe tourniquet syndrome in association with maternal hair loss. Author(s): Strahlman RS. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 March; 111(3): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612260&dopt=Abstract
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Topical minoxidil for hair loss in women. Author(s): Hong D, Hart LL. Source: Dicp. 1990 November; 24(11): 1062-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2275230&dopt=Abstract
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Topical minoxidil for hair loss. Author(s): Morgan JP, Zappa M. Source: Ration Drug Ther. 1987 May; 21(5): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3685374&dopt=Abstract
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Toward optimal health: the experts respond to hair loss in women. Interview by Jodi Godfrey Meisler. Author(s): Price V, Haycox C. Source: Journal of Women's Health / the Official Publication of the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research. 1998 April; 7(3): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580909&dopt=Abstract
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Towards a molecular understanding of hair loss and its treatment. Author(s): Cotsarelis G, Millar SE. Source: Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2001 July; 7(7): 293-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425637&dopt=Abstract
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Treating young men with hair loss. Author(s): Shrank AB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 April 1; 298(6677): 847-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2497819&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of hair loss. Author(s): Price VH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 September 23; 341(13): 964-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10498493&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of warfarin-induced hair loss with ubidecarenone. Author(s): Nagao T, Ibayashi S, Fujii K, Sugimori H, Sadoshima S, Fujishima M. Source: Lancet. 1995 October 21; 346(8982): 1104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7564816&dopt=Abstract
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Two cases of hair loss after sertraline use. Author(s): Bourgeois JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 February; 16(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834433&dopt=Abstract
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Venlafaxine-induced hair loss. Author(s): Pitchot W, Ansseau M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 July; 158(7): 1159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431245&dopt=Abstract
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When cancer treatment causes hair loss. Author(s): Richardson EA. Source: Rn. 1986 December; 49(12): 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3642698&dopt=Abstract
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When your patient complains of hair loss. Author(s): Davidhizar R, Eshleman J. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 2002 December; 20(12): 778-82; Quiz 783. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488676&dopt=Abstract
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Why men with hair loss go to the doctor. Author(s): Passchier J, Rijpma SE, Dutree-Meulenberg RO, Verhage F, Stolz E. Source: Psychological Reports. 1989 August; 65(1): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2675157&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HAIR LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hair loss.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Hair Loss The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
48 Hair Loss
The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on hair loss: •
By the way, doctor. My hair has been thinning out for the past decade or so, but since my doctor started me on Lipitor (atorvastatin) a few months ago for high cholesterol, I swear it's been falling out much faster. My doctor discounts the possibility, but I looked in the Physicians' desk reference (PDR) and alopecia is listed under “adverse reactions.” What do you think? Source: Lee, T H Harv-Health-Lett. 2000 July; 25(9): 8 1052-1577
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hair loss” (or a synonym): •
An endocrinopathy characterized by dysfunction of the pituitary-adrenal axis and alopecia universalis: supporting the entity of a triple H syndrome. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan. Source: Ichiki, K Nakamura, T Fujita, N Honda, K Hiraga, T Ishibashi, S Ishikawa, S EurJ-Endocrinol. 2002 September; 147(3): 357-61 0804-4643
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Association between alopecia and response to aggressive chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Meir Hospital Kfar Saba and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. Source: Lishner, M Manor, Y Kitay Cohen, Y Avishay, A E Med-Hypotheses. 1999 November; 53(5): 447-9 0306-9877
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Chemotherapy-induced hair loss. Source: Tierney, A Taylor, J Nurs-Stand. 1991 June 12-18; 5(38): 29-31 0029-6570
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Current understanding of androgenetic alopecia. Part II: clinical aspects and treatment. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Philipp University, Deutsch hausstrasse 9, D35033 Marburg, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Hoffmann, R Happle, R Eur-J-Dermatol. 2000 Jul-August; 10(5): 410-7 1167-1122
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Doxorubicin-induced hair loss in the Angora rabbit: a study of treatments to protect against the hair loss. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905. Source: Powis, G Kooistra, K L Cancer-Chemother-Pharmacol. 1987; 20(4): 291-6 03445704
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Folic acid therapy for alopecia in a Charolais calf. Author(s): Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada. Source: Bouvet, A Baird, J D Basrur, P K Vet-Rec. 1988 November 19; 123(21): 533-6 00424900
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Hair loss in psychopharmacology. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky, USA. Source: Mercke, Y Sheng, H Khan, T Lippmann, S Ann-Clin-Psychiatry. 2000 March; 12(1): 35-42 1040-1237
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Lithium and hair loss in childhood. Author(s): Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550. Source: Wagner, K D Teicher, M H Psychosomatics. 1991 Summer; 32(3): 355-6 0033-3182
Nutrition 49
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Management of hair loss in women. Author(s): Kingsley Clinic, London, United Kingdom. Source: Rushton, D H Dermatol-Clin. 1993 January; 11(1): 47-53 0733-8635
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Molecular mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastr. 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Trueb, R M Exp-Gerontol. 2002 Aug-September; 37(8-9): 981-90 0531-5565
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Nutritional factors and hair loss. Author(s): School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
[email protected] Source: Rushton, D H Clin-Exp-Dermatol. 2002 July; 27(5): 396-404 0307-6938
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Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia using an effective scalp cooling system. Author(s): Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece. Source: Katsimbri, P Bamias, A Pavlidis, N Eur-J-Cancer. 2000 April; 36(6): 766-71 09598049
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Protection against cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia and inhibition of mammary tumor growth by topical 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mice. Author(s): Department of Molecular Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
[email protected] Source: Chen, G Baechle, A Nevins, T D Oh, S Harmon, C Stacey, D W Int-J-Cancer. 1998 January 19; 75(2): 303-9 0020-7136
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The effect of testosterone, cyproterone acetate, and minoxidil on hair loss in the androchronogenetic alopecia mouse. Author(s): Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc., Cold Spring-onHudson, New York. Source: Matias, J R Orentreich, N Clin-Dermatol. 1988 Oct-December; 6(4): 169-76 0738081X
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There is no clear association between low serum ferritin and chronic diffuse telogen hair loss. Author(s): University of Melbourne Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Sinclair, R Br-J-Dermatol. 2002 November; 147(5): 982-4 0007-0963
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Treatment of hair loss. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, USA. Source: Price, V H N-Engl-J-Med. 1999 September 23; 341(13): 964-73 0028-4793
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to hair loss; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html •
Minerals Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chondroitin Alternative names: chondroitin sulfate, sodium chondroitin sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HAIR LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hair loss. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hair loss and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hair loss: •
1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment of three patients with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-receptor-defect rickets and alopecia. Author(s): Takeda E, Kuroda Y, Saijo T, Naito E, Kobashi H, Yokota I, Miyao M. Source: Pediatrics. 1987 July; 80(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3037475&dopt=Abstract
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A case study: massage, relaxation, and reward for treatment of alopecia areata. Author(s): Putt SC, Weinstein L, Dzindolet MT. Source: Psychological Reports. 1994 June; 74(3 Pt 2): 1315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8084951&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Author(s): Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G.
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Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 April; 8(2): 143-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006122&dopt=Abstract •
Alopecia and sensory polyneuropathy from thallium in a Chinese herbal medication. Author(s): Schaumburg HH, Berger A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 December 23-30; 268(24): 3430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1334161&dopt=Abstract
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Alopecia areata. Author(s): Mitchell AJ, Balle MR. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1987 July; 5(3): 553-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3301112&dopt=Abstract
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Application of psychoimmunotherapy in patients with alopecia universalis. Author(s): Teshima H, Sogawa H, Mizobe K, Kuroki N, Nakagawa T. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1991; 56(4): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1801046&dopt=Abstract
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Association between alopecia and response to aggressive chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Lishner M, Manor Y, Kitay-Cohen Y, Avishay AE. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 November; 53(5): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616048&dopt=Abstract
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Bone marrow-sparing and prevention of alopecia by AS101 in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with carboplatin and etoposide. Author(s): Sredni B, Albeck M, Tichler T, Shani A, Shapira J, Bruderman I, Catane R, Kaufman B, Kalechman Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1995 September; 13(9): 2342-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7666093&dopt=Abstract
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Calcitriol and alopecia--is it the hair apparent? Author(s): Siderov J. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 May 15; 21(10): 2044-5; Author Reply 2045. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743162&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer research. Preventing hair loss from chemotherapy. Author(s): Marx J.
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Source: Science. 2001 January 5; 291(5501): 25-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191992&dopt=Abstract •
Case study of alopecia universalis and web-based news groups. Author(s): Fox J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2003 May 8-21; 12(9): 550-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746592&dopt=Abstract
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Chemotherapy-induced hair loss. Author(s): Tierney A, Taylor J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1991 June 12-18; 5(38): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1907174&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical response of alopecia, trichorrhexis nodosa, and dry, scaly skin to zinc supplementation. Author(s): Slonim AE, Sadick N, Pugliese M, Meyers-Seifer CH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 December; 121(6): 890-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1447651&dopt=Abstract
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Computerized morphometry and three-dimensional image reconstruction in the evaluation of scalp biopsy from patients with non-cicatricial alopecias. Author(s): Shum DT, Lui H, Martinka M, Bernardo O, Shapiro J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588379&dopt=Abstract
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Current understanding of androgenetic alopecia. Part II: clinical aspects and treatment. Author(s): Hoffmann R, Happle R. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2000 July-August; 10(5): 410-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10882953&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy oil content and soy-derived phytoestrogen genistein increase resistance to alopecia areata onset in C3H/HeJ mice. Author(s): McElwee KJ, Niiyama S, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Wenzel E, Kissling S, Sundberg JP, Hoffmann R. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2003 February; 12(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631244&dopt=Abstract
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Docetaxel-induced alopecia can be prevented. Author(s): Lemenager M, Genouville C, Bessa EH, Bonneterre J.
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Source: Lancet. 1995 August 5; 346(8971): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7623542&dopt=Abstract •
Effectiveness of cold cap in the prevention of docetaxel-induced alopecia. Author(s): Lemenager M, Lecomte S, Bonneterre ME, Bessa E, Dauba J, Bonneterre J. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1997 February; 33(2): 297300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135504&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of the MSC cold cap system in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Author(s): Christodoulou C, Klouvas G, Efstathiou E, Zervakis D, Papazachariou E, Plyta M, Skarlos DV. Source: Oncology. 2002; 62(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914593&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and tolerability of Hairgain in individuals with hair loss: a placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Author(s): Thom E. Source: J Int Med Res. 2001 January-February; 29(1): 2-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277343&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of RU58841 as an anti-androgen in prostate PC3 cells and a topical antialopecia agent in the bald scalp of stumptailed macaques. Author(s): Pan HJ, Wilding G, Uno H, Inui S, Goldsmith L, Messing E, Chang C. Source: Endocrine. 1998 August; 9(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798729&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of high-dose tocopherol to prevent alopecia induced by doxorubicin. Author(s): Martin-Jimenez M, Diaz-Rubio E, Gonzalez Larriba JL, Sangro B. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 October 2; 315(14): 894-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3528857&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of scalp hypothermia to prevent hair loss when cyclophosphamide is added to doxorubicin and vincristine. Author(s): Middleton J, Franks D, Buchanan RB, Hall V, Smallwood J, Williams CJ. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1985 April; 69(4): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3995509&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose alpha-tocopherol as a preventive of doxorubicin-induced alopecia. Author(s): Perez JE, Macchiavelli M, Leone BA, Romero A, Rabinovich MG, Goldar D, Vallejo C.
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Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1986 October; 70(10): 1213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3756942&dopt=Abstract •
Hypnotherapy for alopecia areata. Author(s): Harrison PV, Stepanek P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 May; 124(5): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039737&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of M50054, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis, on anti-Fas-antibodyinduced hepatitis and chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Author(s): Tsuda T, Ohmori Y, Muramatsu H, Hosaka Y, Takiguchi K, Saitoh F, Kato K, Nakayama K, Nakamura N, Nagata S, Mochizuki H. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 December 14; 433(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755132&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional factors and hair loss. Author(s): Rushton DH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 July; 27(5): 396-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190640&dopt=Abstract
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Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Sharquie KE, Al-Obaidi HK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126069&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in rats by CDK inhibitors. Author(s): Davis ST, Benson BG, Bramson HN, Chapman DE, Dickerson SH, Dold KM, Eberwein DJ, Edelstein M, Frye SV, Gampe Jr RT, Griffin RJ, Harris PA, Hassell AM, Holmes WD, Hunter RN, Knick VB, Lackey K, Lovejoy B, Luzzio MJ, Murray D, Parker P, Rocque WJ, Shewchuk L, Veal JM, Walker DH, Kuyper LF. Source: Science. 2001 January 5; 291(5501): 134-7. Retraction In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141566&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia using an effective scalp cooling system. Author(s): Katsimbri P, Bamias A, Pavlidis N. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2000 April; 36(6): 766-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762750&dopt=Abstract
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Protection against chemotherapy-induced alopecia by cyclosporin A in the newborn rat animal model. Author(s): Hussein AM, Stuart A, Peters WP.
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Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 190(3): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7599379&dopt=Abstract •
Protection from chemotherapy-induced alopecia by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Author(s): Jimenez JJ, Yunis AA. Source: Cancer Research. 1992 September 15; 52(18): 5123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1516070&dopt=Abstract
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Protection from chemotherapy-induced alopecia by docosahexaenoic acid. Author(s): Takahata K, Tada M, Yazawa K, Tamaki T. Source: Lipids. 1999; 34 Suppl: S105. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10419109&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological sequelae and alopecia among women with cancer. Author(s): McGarvey EL, Baum LD, Pinkerton RC, Rogers LM. Source: Cancer Practice. 2001 November-December; 9(6): 283-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879330&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 November; 134(11): 1349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828867&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial of aromatherapy: successful treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Kalish RS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 May; 135(5): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328210&dopt=Abstract
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Recurring chemotherapy-associated alopecia areata: case report and literature review. Author(s): Motl SE, Fausel C. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 January; 23(1): 104-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523468&dopt=Abstract
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Scalp cooling to prevent alopecia. Author(s): David J, Speechley V. Source: Nurs Times. 1987 August 12-18; 83(32): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3650881&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitization to saw palmetto and minoxidil in separate topical extemporaneous treatments for androgenetic alopecia. Author(s): Sinclair RD, Mallari RS, Tate B.
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Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 43(4): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423443&dopt=Abstract •
Seventeen cases of alopecia areata: combination of SADBE topical immunotherapy with other therapies. Author(s): Morita K, Nakamura M, Nagamachi M, Kishi T, Miyachi Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 29(10): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433000&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneously occurring alopecia areata and Hodgkin's lymphoma: complete remission of both diseases with MOPP/ABV chemotherapy. Author(s): Chan PD, Berk MA, Kucuk O, Singh S. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1992; 20(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1376855&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of scalp cooling in preventing alopecia for patients receiving epirubicin and docetaxel. Author(s): Macduff C, Mackenzie T, Hutcheon A, Melville L, Archibald H. Source: European Journal of Cancer Care. 2003 June; 12(2): 154-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787013&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of the hair-restorer “Dabao” in males with alopecia androgenetica. A clinical experiment. Author(s): Kessels AG, Cardynaals RL, Borger RL, Go MJ, Lambers JC, Knottnerus JA, Knipschild PG. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1991; 44(4-5): 439-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2010788&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of alopecia areata with acupuncture. Author(s): Ge S. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 September; 10(3): 199-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2277520&dopt=Abstract
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Treatments for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata: current options and future prospects. Author(s): Meidan VM, Touitou E. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(1): 53-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217871&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to hair loss; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parathyroid, Underactive Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html
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Chinese Medicine Gusuibu Alternative names: Fortune's Drynaria Rhizome; Rhizoma Drynariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Herbs and Supplements Androstenedione Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Androstenedione Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Cysteine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Doxorubicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Lavender Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,799,00.html Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Monophasic, Biphasic, and Triphasic Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PABA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10049,00.html Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Tetracycline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Thuja plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yucca Alternative names: Yucca schidigera , Yucca spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HAIR LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning hair loss.
Recent Trials on Hair Loss The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to hair loss.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Alopecia Areata Registry Condition(s): Alopecia Areata; Alopecia Totalis; Alopecia Universalis; Autoimmune Hair Loss; Alopecia Partialis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: Alopecia areata is the loss of hair in oval patches that can proceed to loss of all hair (alopecia totalis or universalis). The purpose of the registry is to collect patient information and blood samples from people with alopecia areata. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069589
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Phase II randomized bilateral comparison of topical targretin gel 1% in alopecia areata Condition(s): Alopecia Areata Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Ligand Pharmaceuticals
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Purpose - Excerpt: The rationale for the use of bexarotene in alopecia areata comes from the drugs' immunomodulatory effects. It has been shown to be effective in inflammatory dermatoses, many of which are known to have T-cell mediated mechanisms. Alopecia areata is an organ-specific autoimmune reaction mediated by perifollicular T lymphocytes that clear upon resolution of disease. Therefore, since bexarotene is able to reduce or clear T-cell from the skin in CTCL lesions, we hypothesize that it may be effective in alopecia areata in eliminating the T-cells around the hair follicles. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063076
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “hair loss” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HAIR LOSS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hair loss” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hair loss, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Hair Loss By performing a patent search focusing on hair loss, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hair loss: •
Androgen receptor suppressors in the therapy and diagnosis of prostate cancer, alopecia and other hyper-androgenic syndromes Inventor(s): Campion; Brian (Leucadia, CA), Douglas, III; James Gordon (San Diego, CA), Seligson; Allen L. (San Marcos, CA), Sovak; Milos (La Jolla, CA), Brown; Jason W. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Biophysica, Inc. (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 6,472,415 Date filed: February 11, 2000 Abstract: Substituted phenylalanines are provided comprising an hydantoin, urea or 2hydroxyl, 2-methylpropionyl group, dimers thereof and alkyl, polyfluoroamido and haloarylamino derivatives thereof, as well as radiolabeled derivatives thereof. The compounds bind specifically to the androgen receptor and find use in indications associated with the androgen receptor, such as cell hyperplasia dependent on androgens, hirsutism, acne and androgenetic alopecia. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention is compounds and their use in the treatment of prostate cancer and hyper-androgenic syndromes including alopecia, hirsutism and acne vulgaris. The existence of a number of pathologic syndromes depends on androgen hormones. Thus, growth of prostate cancer in early stages is androgen driven and can, at least temporarily, be stopped by androgen deprivation. Androgenic alopecia is caused by an unexplained switch from the growth promoting effect of androgens on the hair follicles to hair loss. In skin androgen mediated disorders, such as alopecia, acne vulgaris, and hirsutism, excess of the cutaneous androgens were shown to be the major nosological factor. The pathophysiology of both male and female hair loss is not yet fully understood and the therapy is unsatisfactory. Factors ranging from low scalp blood flow, deficiency of nutrients and hair-related vitamins, microbially-driven inflammatory changes, etc., have been considered. It is nevertheless, apparent that the most influential factor is the effect of the androgenic hormones (AH) on the scalp hair follicles. AH are important in the physiology of skin; they promote the growth of the beard and of the body hair throughout life. The growth of the scalp hair also depends on AH but only in early life. It is not yet explained why AH, with increasing age, switch from promoting growth of the scalp hair to its loss, inducing conditions known as an androgenic effluvium (AE) and alopecia (AGA). In hirsutism and acne vulgaris, excess of cutaneous AH was shown to be the major factor in those complex syndromes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06472415__
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Anti-alopecia composition Inventor(s): Ritter; Lawrence (Rockland, NY), Lawter; James R. (Orange, NY), Harris; Bruce J. (Markham, CA) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Co. (Stamford, CT) Patent Number: 5,055,456 Date filed: January 27, 1989
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Abstract: This invention is concerned with a composition of matter and method of applying same for use as hair grooming aid or preferably, to treat androgenetic alopecia comprising (a) an effective amount of a polysaccharide or mixtures thereof, polysaccharide derivatives or mixtures thereof, or any combination of the foregoing; and (b) a minor amount of a fatty acid ester of sorbitol and its anhydrides, or mixture of said fatty acid esters; and (c) a minor amount of a lower alkyl ester of p-hydroxy benzoic acid or mixture of said esters; and (d) water sufficient to create a composition of 100% by volume. Excerpt(s): Hair growth is not continuous but rather cyclic, with alternating periods of growth `anagen` and rest `telogen`. In the scalp, the anagen phase lasts about 6 years and the telogen phase about 4 months. The growth of scalp hair is not synchronous, and the rate of growth is about 0.4 mm per day. About 90 percent of the more than 100,000 scalp hairs are growing (anagen), so that 50 to 100 hairs are shed daily as they are pushed out at the onset of a new hair cycle. These telogen hairs are also called club hairs because their ends are surrounded by visible clumps of keratinized cells. The human skin has two kinds of hair. The terminal hairs are long, thick, and pigmented, while the vellus hairs are short, thin, and poorly pigmented. The terminal hairs can be easily seen with the unaided eye (scalp, beard, etc.) while the vellus hairs are only readily visible with magnification. Common baldness is seen in the vast majority of adult males and is considered physiologic and part of the aging process. Since the degree, intensity, and age of onset of hair loss shows marked individual variations the most severe cases require the reassurance and understanding of the physician. Although several patterns of common baldness have been described in males, the recession of the hair line in the frontal region is by far the most common early finding. Eventually, alopecia develops on the vertex and as the two borders of alopecia advance, a semilunar configuration of hair loss develops. Besides the loss of hair, the length and diameter of each hair will be reduced in the adjacent areas even though the follicles remain intact. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05055456__ •
Cap for women to conceal hair loss Inventor(s): Childs; Margaret (Northfield, IL), Costikyan; Kathryn R. (Northfield, IL) Assignee(s): Designs for Comfort, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 4,599,749 Date filed: November 25, 1985 Abstract: A cap for wear by women to conceal a partial or total hair loss. It comprises a main fabric piece with a curved top margin and a straight bottom margin with hems along both margins. A hairpiece retainer band consisting of a fabric strip is sewn at its opposite ends along the inside of the bottom hem and provides between itself and the bottom hem a space to retain a hairpiece simulating bangs. An elastic drawstring is provided in the top hem to gather the curved top margin into a tight loop creating many large folds in the top and back of the cap when worn to conceal the back of the head and give the appearance of a full head of hair while applying tension to the bottom margin and retainer band to hold the hairpiece in place in a readily adjustable manner. In one embodiment, both the main fabric piece and the retainer band are elastically stretchable only in a direction parallel to the bottom hem. In other embodiments, the main fabric piece is non-stretchable either parallel to or perpendicular to the bottom hem.
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Excerpt(s): This invention pertains generally to headware and particularly to a cap for temporary wear by women while they are recovering from a partial or total hair loss. A side effect of chemotherapy is often a substantial or total loss of hair, a condition which may persist for several weeks or months during the treatment and afterward while new hair is growing. Another side effect is that the scalp is extremely tender and overly sensitive to wigs and conventional hairpieces which may be hot, scratchy or cumbersome and require considerable care and attention which would be objectionable to a patient undergoing or recovering from therapy. Further, it is not practical for a woman with hair loss to don a wig just to meet someone at the door or to run out for a quick shopping trip. Conventional bandanas, scarves, turbans, babushkas and terry cloth head covers have been tried but they are often not very attractive and require constant attention to keep them from slipping over the ears or down the forehead. Further, they tend to conform to the scalp contour and so lack the full appearance which they would have if worn over a full head of hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04599749__ •
Cap structure for creating temperature controlled environment for reducing alopecia Inventor(s): Bowen; Mark (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Therapeutic Products, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA) Patent Number: 4,425,916 Date filed: June 1, 1979 Abstract: A cap structure for application to the head of a patient to create a cold environment around the scalp portion of the patient during cytotoxic treatment, thereby to reduce alopecia which might arise as a result of the treatment. The cap structure is comprised of a plurality of individual cap structure forming sections or panels with each panel having at least one internal chamber. A substance in each of these internal chambers is capable of being subjected to and achieving a reduced temperature, and of retaining a reduced temperature for a substantial period of time. The cap sections are connected together by flexible members in order to facilitate conforming the cap structure to the patient. The cap structure may include an upper section, two side sections and a rear section, which sections may be fastened together for use, and unfastened for cleaning and/or storage. The cap structure could also be comprised of a unitary member which may be provided with a plurality of panels separated by flexible members. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to certain new and useful improvements in cap structures for maintaining reduced temperature environments around the scalp portion of the wearer, and more particularly, to cap structures which are capable of being conformed to heads of particular wearers, and also to improved methods of reducing alopecia. It is well known that certain chemotherapeutic agents can be introduced into individuals suffering from cytotoxic cancer, and include, for example, such agents as adriamycin and other agents offered under the tradename "Cytoxan", which is a cyclophosphomide, etc. These cytotoxic agents oftentimes produce various undesirable side effects. These agents, and particularly adriamycin, while effective in arresting certain carcinomas, usually cause a loss of hair to a substantial degree. It is also well known that in an effort to reduce the effect of hair loss, blood circulation to the scalp can be reduced. In many cases, chemotherapists have attempted to apply ice packs to the scalp portion of the individual receiving the cytotoxic drug. However, in an attempt to reduce hair loss, typically referred to as alopecia, it is necessary to apply a
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cold environment to the scalp for a substantial period of time in temporal relation to the introduction of the cytotoxic agent. Consequently, a physician's aide or nurse must be present in order to help the patient with the retention of the ice packs on the scalp portion of the patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04425916__ •
Combination of minoxidil and an antiinflammatory agent for treating patterned alopecia Inventor(s): Kligman; Albert M. (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,026,691 Date filed: September 29, 1989 Abstract: This invention relates to the method for treating human baldness, including the form of alopecia commonly known as "male pattern baldness", which comprises regular topical application to the affected areas of the human scalp of minoxidil and an anti-inflammatory agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods, and compositions for treating human patterned alopecia, also called androgenic alopecia involving the use of minoxidil (or related compounds) and antiinflammatory agents. Dermatologists recognize many different types of hair loss, the most common by far being "androgenic alopecia" wherein human males begin losing scalp hair at the temples and on the crown of the head in early adult life. This type of hair loss is more common and more severe in males, hence its common name "male pattern baldness". However, similar patterned baldness occurs in women, though it progresses more slowly and does not reach the end stage of complete denudation. An effective treatment for these and related conditions has long been sought. There are two types of hair follicles which produce either "terminal hairs" or "vellus hairs". Terminal hairs are coarse, pigmented, long hairs in which the bulb of the follicle is situated deep in the skin, usually in the subcutaneous tissue. Vellus hairs, on the other hand, are fine, thin, non-pigmented short hairs whose bulbs are located superficially in the upper dermis. In patterned alopecia, follicles which produce terminal hairs are gradually converted to vellus ones through a miniaturization process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05026691__
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Combination therapy for androgenic alopecia with antisense oligonucleotides and minoxidil Inventor(s): Hoke, Jr. Glenn D. (Mount Airy, MD) Assignee(s): Dyad Pharmaceutical Corporation () Patent Number: 5,994,319 Date filed: April 14, 1997 Abstract: Minoxidil has been shown to stimulate hair growth or inhibit the loss of hair in a number of patients beginning to develop androgenic alopecia. The mechanism by which minoxidil (2,4-pyrimidinediamine, 6-(1-piperidinyl)-3-oxide) alters the hair growth cycle is uncertain, but is thought to act by increasing vascular circulation to the
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hair follicle. Inhibitors of steroid metabolism, particularly those that inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, have shown effects on hair cycles, including inhibition of hair loss. One class of enzymes targeted by these inhibitors are the steroid 5-alpha reductases. Minoxidil used in conjunction with effectors of steroid metabolism, leads to enhanced hair growth and decreased rates of hair loss. This specification relates to the use of antisense oligonucleotides targeting 5-alpha reductases used in conjunction with other hair growth enhancers and/or hair loss inhibitors. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods of reducing hair loss and promoting hair regrowth, and more particularly to methods using antisense oligonucleotides that effectively reduce the expression of 5-alpha reductase types 1 or 2 in conjunction with the use of (2,4-pyrimidinediamine, 6-(1-piperidinyl)-3-oxide) (commonly known as minoxidil) for the treatment of androgenic alopecia. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term "antisense" or "antisense therapeutic" refers to oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides or other chemical compositions that bind in a sequence specific manner to a specified gene, its pre-mRNA, or its mRNA. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term "oligonucleotide" includes both oligomers of ribonucleotides, i.e. oligoribonucleotides, and oligomers of deoxyribonucleotides, i.e., oligodeoxyribonucleotides or oligodeoxynucleotides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05994319__ •
Combinations of peroxide lipids and organosilicon compounds, cosmetic and dermatological compositions containing same, and uses thereof, in particular for treating alopecia Inventor(s): Desjonqueres; Stephane (Maisons-Laffitte, FR) Assignee(s): Laboratoires Carilene (Montesseon Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 6,001,378 Date filed: July 24, 1998 Abstract: Combinations, in particular for use as the active principle in a cosmetic or pharmaceutical and particularly dermatological composition, containing 1-6 parts by weight of peroxidised lipids per 0.01-0.1 parts by weight, based on the organic silicon, of a biologically active organosilicon derivative, are disclosed. Cosmetic or dermatological compositions containing such combinations are also disclosed. Said compositions are particularly useful for treating alopecia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel combinations of peroxidised lipids and organosilicon compounds, cosmetic and dermatological compositions containing them, as well as to their applications, especially for the treatment of alopecia. Hair loss, also known as alopecia, is a problem which is most particularly spread over the whole of the population, especially in the male population but also in the female population. endocrinological treatments in cases of androgenetic alopeciae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001378__
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Combinations of vasoactive substances with fatty acids to prevent hair loss Inventor(s): Bombardelli; Ezio (Milan, IT), Cristoni; Aldo (Milan, IT), Morazzoni; Paolo (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Indena S.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,665,335 Date filed: July 6, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel formulations useful in the preventive and curative treatment of hair loss and of seborrhea, containing coumarins such as khellin, visnadin, esculoside or alkaloids such as raubasine, vincamine and derivatives thereof, combined with unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel formulations useful in the preventive and curative treatment of hair loss, containing combinations of substances activating the microcirculation of "galea capitis" and products having antiseborrhoic and antiandrogen actions. It has surprisingly been found that formulations containing coumarins such as khellin, visnadin, esculoside, or alkaloids such as raubasine, vincamine and derivatives thereof, combined with unsaturated fatty acids such as ximenynic acid, the ethyl ester or other esters thereof, as well as acids such as lauric, myristic or isomyristic acids, are synergistically active in stimulating hair regrowth or in preventing its loss. The vasokinetic activity of some of these substances, such as visnadin and khellin, have already been described in Patent application IT-21786A/89, which evidenced the effect thereof on the increase in the volume and in the blood flow rate at the level of the capillary network, and the use of these substances in peripheral vasculopathies and in primitive and secondary alopecias had been provided. Similarly, ximenynic acid free or in the form of triglyceride and generally of esters, was found to increase the blood flow with mechanisms different from those of visnadin and khellin (Patent IT-1223290). The present invention provides a composition for the prevention and curative treatment of hair loss and seborrhea, which comprises at least one fatty acid or fatty acid ester, and at least one coumarin, alkaloid, or alkaloid derivative or a combination thereof. These active ingredients may be present in a liquid carrier, such as an alcohol, or in the form of a gel. The present invention also provides a method of preventing or curing hair loss or seborrhea, which includes forming a composition, which comprises at least one fatty acid or fatty acid ester, and at least one coumarin, alkaloid, alkaloid derivative, or a combination thereof, and topically applying a functional amount of the liquid or gel composition to a patient or subject. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05665335__
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Composition and method for topical treatment of androgenic alopecia Inventor(s): Crandall; Wilson T. (Rte. 616, Jolly Hill, Ft. Defiance, VA 24437) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,333,057 Date filed: July 16, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to the topical and oral treatment of hair loss, especially androgenic alopecia, by providing formulations that include anti-androgens, especially extracts of the saw palmetto plant, co-enzyme Q, and acetyl carnitine, and optionally
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stimulators of adenylate cyclase to stimulate hair growth, to increase the luster of hair, and to decrease hair graying. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the topical and oral treatment of hair loss, especially androgenic alopecia, by providing formulations that include anti-androgens, especially extracts of the saw palmetto plant, co-enzyme Q, and acetyl carnitine, and optionally stimulators of adenylate cyclase, to stimulate hair growth, to increase the luster of hair, and to decrease hair graying. Androgenic alopecia is an autosomal disorder which begins in puberty in genetically disposed individuals. Androgenic alopecia is also known as hereditary baldness, male pattern baldness, and seborrheic alopecia and occurs in males and females. The disorder is heterogeneous and increased circulating androgens are not the only causative factor. Historically, patients with male androgenic alopecia present with frontal recession of the hairline, especially at the temples and vertex, and androgenetic frontal hairline (incipient regression of terminal hairs into shorter thin hairs of the intermediate and vellous type). Minoxidil, available since 1988, produces a maximum of only 40% cosmetic responses in selected patients with vertex balding who are young, recently diagnosed and display small areas of alopecia. The response to minoxidil is not seen for 4 to 10 months and treatment must be maintained or the hairline regresses. Saw palmetto is a small, creeping palm (Serenoa repens) of the southeastern United States, having palmately divided leaves with one-ribbed segments and black, one-seeded fruit. It is a native American tree of South Carolina and Georgia and extracts of this tree have been used successfully to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. Extracts of saw palmetto act as a multi-site inhibitor of the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is responsible for prostatic hypertrophy. Saw palmetto blocks approximately 50% of the binding of DHT to receptors in the prostate. It also blocks the uptake of DHT into the nucleus of prostatic cells, and strongly inhibits the action of the enzyme testosterone 5 alpha-reductase which reduces the conversion of testosterone to DHT. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06333057__ •
Composition for the treatment of hair loss Inventor(s): Brown; Sandra (Southfield, MI) Assignee(s): STB Family Limited Partnership (Southfield, MI) Patent Number: 6,344,448 Date filed: July 11, 1994 Abstract: A method and compound having betamethasone dipropionate and all-transretinoic is disclosed for the treatment of hair loss. The method also includes identifying any underlying conditions causing hair loss and administration of a salve of betamethasone dipropionate and all-trans-retinoic acid to the affected areas. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a compound and method of treatment for hair loss, and more particularly, to a compound and method using a compound having all-trans-retinoic acid and betamethasone dipropionate. Restoration of human hair has been attempted for centuries. In many cases, hair loss is merely covered by wigs or toupees. Many medical treatments have been attempted over the years; however, up until now, no treatment has been found which satisfactorily stimulates hair growth for a wide variety of cases, including alopecia. Each hair extends from a tube-like depression called a hair follicle. The hair follicle extends from the surface of the skin into the dermis and may pass into the subcutaneous layer. At the base of the follicle is a group of
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epidermal cells which receive nourishment from blood vessels that occur in a projection of connective tissue at the base of the follicle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06344448__ •
Compositions for stimulating hair growth, preventing hair loss, or minimizing hair loss, and methods for preparing and using same Inventor(s): Keeney; Joseph A. (Rte. 3, Box 380, Huntington, TX 75949) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,103,272 Date filed: July 15, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed are compositions and methods for stimulating hair growth, preventing hair loss or minimizing hair loss. The compositions and methods include topical application and/or an oral administration of colloidal silver. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions, methods and products for promoting hair growth, slowing hair loss, preventing hair loss, or minimizing hair loss and to methods of using and preparing same. In another aspect, the present invention relates to compositions and products containing colloidal metals for promoting hair growth, slowing hair loss, preventing hair loss, or minimizing hair loss and to methods of using and preparing. In even another aspect the present invention relates to compositions and products administered orally or topically containing colloidal silver for promoting hair growth, slowing hair loss, preventing hair loss, or minimizing hair loss and to methods of using and preparing. Hair loss or alopecia may be caused by a variety of factors including heredity, hormonal deficiencies or imbalances, diet, stress, chemotherapy or aging. The desire to maintain or regain head hair has led to continuing efforts throughout history to discover compositions and methods for stimulating hair growth and for preventing or minimizing hair loss. Colloidal silver is a suspension of electrically charged microscopic metallic silver. It is known in the prior art as an antimicrobial agent effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens including bacteria, fungi and viruses. It has been used as an antibiotic, water purifier and food preservative. In addition to its use as an anti-microbial agent, claims of the curative properties of colloidal silver include stimulation of healing of injured tissue and bone, tissue regeneration and elimination of old or cancerous cells. Colloidal silver has been administered internally and topically, for example, by injection, as ear and eye drops, or as a topical spray or as an inhalent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06103272__
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Cosmetic formulations for the prevention and therapy of hair loss Inventor(s): Verona; Giancarlo (Via Mascheroni, 12 - Milano, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,270,752 Date filed: April 14, 2000 Abstract: Formulations for the prevention and therapy of hair loss and seborrhoea are based on essential oils obtainable through alcoholic distillation of plants which contain
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the essential oils, combined with salicylic acid and with fatty acids having 10 to 40 carbon atoms. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides new formulations useful in the prevention and therapy of hair loss, based on the combination of substances with vasokinetic, antibacterial and antiandrogenic activities. It is known from the literature and from the cosmetic practice that the hair loss is negatively influenced by a reduced periferic microcirculation in the "galea capitis", by its altered relation with the bacterial flora and by an altered local androgenic methabolism. The androgens, in particular the increased deposit of dihydrotestosterone in the hair bulb, are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of androgenic alopecia. In Japanese patent JP-8310923, the essential oils obtained by steam distillation of Citrus aurantium peels, and of Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita, Eucaliptus globulus, Artemisia princeps and Rosmarinus officinalis leaves and flowers, are considered inhibitors of testosterone 5-alpha-reductase and therefore useful in the treatment of alopecia, hirsutism and seborrhoea. European patent EP-433131A claims essential oils incorporated in lipidic material in the presence of known vasodilators like methyl nicotinate or other synthetic compounds for the prevention of hair loss or of dandruff formation, and like antiparasites. The chemical composition of these essential oils is not reported and their effects are likely mediated by other synthetic compounds present in the final formulations. Now, a mixture of monoterpenes obtained through alcoholic extraction followed by distillation of some plants alone or in combination, has surprisingly shown vasokinetic, antibacterial and antiseborrhoic activities. The antibacterial activity which was known for the essential oils, was never associated to a marked vasokinetic activity, which was demonstrated by the control of the blood flow in cutaneous areas treated before and after the application of the mixture, using Laser Doppler technique and computer videocapillary-scopy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270752__ •
Cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, especially dermatological composition, containing oxyacanthine, intended in particular for stimulating hair growth or retarding hair loss Inventor(s): Bonte; Frederic (Courbevoie, FR), Meybeck; Alain (Courbevoie, FR) Assignee(s): LVMH Recherche (Colombex Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 5,607,693 Date filed: June 1, 1995 Abstract: The invention relates to a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition which comprises oxyacanthine, one of its derivatives, one of their cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts or an extract of a plant in which it is present, such as Berberis vulgaris or barberry. One particular association is that of oxyacanthine with a saponin. This composition can be intended in particular for stimulating hair growth, retarding hair loss or combating pruritus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates essentially to a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, especially dermatological composition, containing oxyacanthine, intended in particular for stimulating hair growth or retarding hair loss. The oxyacanthine can be used as such or in the form of derivatives, in particular an acylated derivative such as the acetyl or propionyl derivative, or an alkylated derivative such as the methyl derivative, or its salts, especially its acid addition salts. In particular, the derivatives in question involve the phenolic hydroxy group of the oxyacanthine, which is generally
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numbered in the 12'-position of the oxyacanthane skeleton according to the nomenclature used in Chemical Abstracts. The oxyacanthine can be used on its own or in combination with at least one saponin. The oxyacanthine can be extracted from a plant selected especially from the following species: Berberis, Mahonia, Laurelia, Cocculus and Xanthorhiza, or can take the form of an extract of this plant. In particular, the plants of the genus Berberis are well known, especially because they are commonplace and because of the fact that they grow over the greater part of Europe, notably in England, in North Africa and in the temperate zones of Asia. It is also used as an ornamental plant in gardens. The plants of the genus Berberis are known to contain a large number of active substances and principally berberine. Of the other substances, oxyacanthine is known. Oxyacanthine has already been described in the document Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1976) vol. 24, no. 10, pages 2413-20, as having an antitumoral effect and in the document RO-63427 as being an active agent in hepatobiliary diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05607693__ •
Dermatological/cosmetic compositions comprising antifungal and antibacterial compounds and reduction of hair loss therewith Inventor(s): Saint-Leger; Didier (Courbevoie, FR) Assignee(s): Societe L'Oreal S.A. (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,919,438 Date filed: April 15, 1997 Abstract: Dermatological/cosmetic compositions for reducing or decelerating human hair loss comprise an effective hair loss-reducing amount of combinatory immixture of (a) at least one antifungal agent and (b) at least one halogenated antibacterial agent other than a macrolide or pyranoside, characteristically formulated in a topically physiologically acceptable medium therefor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel dermatological/cosmetic compositions comprising at least one antifungal agent and at least one halogenated antibacterial agent, other than those of the genera macrolide and pyranoside, and to topical applications thereof for the reduction of hair loss. It has long been known to this art that natural hair loss in humans reflects the overall equilibrium of hair follicles between the alternating growth phases (anagenic phases) and the hair loss phases (telogenic phases). The average ratio of the number of follicles in the anagenic phase to that in the telogenic phase is on the order of 9 (90/10). The percentage of follicles in the rest or quiescent phase (catagenic phase) appears to be very low. Natural hair loss may be estimated, on average, to be a few hundred hairs per day for a normal physiological state. For a pathological physiological state, this number may attain a value of several hundred per day, leading to alopecia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05919438__
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Device for retarding hair loss and for stimulating its regrowth Inventor(s): Pinna; Marco (Induno Olona, IT) Assignee(s): Biofarm S.R.L. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,595,564 Date filed: November 18, 1994 Abstract: A device for retarding hair loss and for stimulating its regrowth comprising an electrical pulse generator (3, 4) connected to at least one electrically conducting cable (2, 20) extending within a shaped structure to be applied to a person's skull. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device for retarding hair loss and for stimulating its regrowth. Devices of the aforesaid type are known comprising one or more moving members for mechanically massaging the scalp and in particular those parts of the head where hair loss is greatest. Satisfactory retarding of hair loss cannot be obtained with known devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05595564__
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Drug compositions for local treatment of alopecia areata Inventor(s): Happle; Rudolf (Schildstiege 2, D-4400 Munster, DE), Hausen; Bjorn (Wilhelmstrasse 4, D-2082 Tornesch, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,985,464 Date filed: January 22, 1985 Abstract: A drug composition for the local treatment of alopecia areata and other dermatological diseases is disclosed. The composition contains as an active ingredient an aliphatic, alkoxy or aryl substituted cyclopropenone. Diphenylcyclopropenone is a particularly preferred representative cyclopropenone useful in the context of the present invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to pharmaceutical compositions; and in particular, it relates to drug compositions for local treatment of alopecia areata and other dermatological diseases such as viral warts. Alopecia areata is a dermatogical condition of unknown etiology. The disease is manifested as circumscribed, noninflamed areas of baldness on the scalp, eyebrows and bearded areas of the face. Severe forms of the disease are called alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis. In the past, treatment of alopecia areata has involved the injection of corticosteriods, namely triamcinolone acetonide suspension, into the patches of dermatologic involvement. For more progressive disease states, the resort to systemic corticosteroid therapy has been made. For the most part, however, the above listed treatments are not warranted because of the serious side effects of corticosteroids as well as from a cost stand point unless there is serious emotional or economic impact on the patient as a result of the disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04985464__
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Hair loss prevention Inventor(s): Knowles; W. Roy (7500 San Felipe, Suite 850, Houston, TX 77003) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,420,352 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss, allowing the body to maintain normal, healthy hair growth, comprising a penetration enhancer together with a testosterone blocker or a vascular enhancer, or both. Excerpt(s): My invention relates to preparations useful for maintaining normal, healthy hair bulb function, for preventing hair loss, and for medically treating androgenic alopecia and like dermatological diseases. I will first review pertinent hair biology, then discuss prior art teachings in the field, and then describe my invention. Hair bulbs are responsible for normal, healthy hair growth and retention. Hair bulbs are located in the skin, about 3/16 of an inch below the skin surface. They are located just above the fatty layer at the very lower most position of the skin. The majority of facial and body hair growth is stimulated by androgens. However, the growth of scalp hair has been shown, in genetically programmed individuals, to be inhibited by 5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone ("DHT") in individuals who exhibit a hereditary pre-disposition to baldness. Ebling, Dermatol. Clin. S. 467 (1987); Lucky, 4 Biochem. Soc. Transc. 597 (1988); Brodland et al., 47 Cutis 173 (1991). DHT is produced by reducing testosterone with a 5.alpha.-reductase enzyme. The phenotypic expression of baldness does not occur in the absence of testosterone. Androgenic alopecia or common baldness represents 99 percent of all cases of hair loss. Broadland, id. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06420352__
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Hair loss replacement method and system Inventor(s): Jones; Dennis R. (1001 Fairway Ct., Chesapeake, VA 23320), Jones; Patricia A. (1001 Fairway Ct., Chesapeake, VA 23320) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,607,479 Date filed: February 21, 1995 Abstract: The process of replacing a person's hair loss involves a combination of medical hair transplants and a non-medical hair piece. A front natural hair line is formed by surgically transplanting hair follicles from one area of the person's head to the frontal area, with micrografts of 1 to 2 hair follicles being located along the most forward portion of the front natural hair line. The front portion or edge of a non-surgical hair piece is customized to fit precisely behind the front natural hair line and to blend into the surgically transplanted hair. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a process of replacing a man's or woman's hair loss by using a combination of medical hair transplants and a non-medical hair piece. According to the invention, hairs are surgically transplanted using any medically accepted technique (but the minigraft/micrograft techniques are preferences) from one area of the person's head to the frontal area of the person's head, to form a front natural line of hair. A non-surgical hair piece has a front portion or edge customized to fit precisely behind the front natural hair line and to blend into the
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surgically transplanted hair,and then the non-surgical hair piece is attached to the person's scalp. The medical hair transplants can be any one or a combination of minigrafts, micro-grafts, or incision grafts where hair is removed surgically from one area of the head (usually the sides and back). Slit incisions or sections of the bald scalp are removed and the transplant hair is then placed into the holes or incisions in the bald or balding area. In summary, the process of this invention gives a person who is now wearing a conventional hair piece/hair replacement the ability to still cover the top and back of the head with a hair piece but gives them a totally frontal hair line by using his own hair through transplants using mini and micro-grafts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05607479__ •
Hair loss treatment with ascorbates Inventor(s): Proctor; Peter H. (4126 SW. Freeway, Suite 1616, Houston, TX 77027) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,150,405 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A method for treating hair loss by repeated topical application of a ASCORBATES compound, a flavine or another hydroxyl radical scavenger. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of sulfhydryl compounds such as thioproline, homocysteine, cysteine and/or N-acetylcysteine for treating hair loss. Recently, several anti-alopecia agents such as minoxidil and cyoctol have gained attention. However, most of these anti-alopecia agents are only minimally effective in some cases and/or can cause adverse dermatological or systemic reactions. Thus, the search continues for new, safer and more effective anti-alopecia agents. Applicant has discovered that sulfhydryl compounds such as thioproline, homocysteine, cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine have restorative properties in the body and can be administered, for example, as a anti-alopecia agent to stimulate cosmetic hair growth or as a protectant to minimize hair loss during cancer treatments known to induce hair loss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06150405__
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Hair lotion useful for treatment of hair loss and stimulating hair growth Inventor(s): Casado Galcera; Francesc (Barcelona, ES) Assignee(s): Colomer Group Spain, S.L. (Barcelona, ES) Patent Number: 6,447,762 Date filed: January 20, 2000 Abstract: A hair lotion with improved properties in its hair protecting action and prevention of hair loss, and the reduction of external effects of androgenic alopecia and resulting hair loss, that comprises as an active ingredient a mixture consisting of: i) hop extract (Humulus lupulus), ii) rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), iii) Swertia extract (Swertia japonica) and iv) silanodiol salicylate; the remaining ingredients consisting of a cosmetically and pharmaceutically acceptable medium, in general an alcohol or hydroalcohol medium that can contain other auxiliary ingredients, such as vitamins, colorants, fragrances and similar substances.
Patents 83
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a hair lotion with properties that prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth. The peculiarity of the hair lotion object of the invention lies in the synergic effect arising from the interaction of its four active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound. Alopecia, colloquially known as baldness, strictly speaking cannot be considered as a disease but rather a biological dysfunction which produces a feeling of discomfort and/or uneasiness in the affected individual, which may even lead to serious psychological disorders. The most common form is androgenic alopecia, which, among the mammals, affects chimpanzees, orangutans, and other primates, as well as men. It is estimated that the number of hairs in man varies on average between 100,000 and 150,000, with a loss of 50 to 100 hairs a day being considered normal. It is understood that to avoid baldness it is important to maintain the average number of hairs, that is, to maintain the hair cycle, whereby the hair is formed, grows and falls out before being replaced by another new hair that appears in the same follicle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447762__ •
Hair regeneration compositions for treatment of alopecia and methods of application related thereto Inventor(s): Mann; Morris A. (21669 W. 57.sup.th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,030,948 Date filed: December 19, 1997 Abstract: Hair regeneration compositions containing T.alpha.1, T.beta.4, or a combination thereof for treating alopecia on the scalp of a patient in need thereof are disclosed. Teatment methods include (1) cleansing the scalp with a cleansing agent; (2) treating the cleansed scalp with a keratin solvent system; (3) applying a topical anesthetic (optional); (4) applying an acid peel solution; (5) applying a hyperactive urea gel formula (optional) and (6) applying a hair regeneration composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of alopecia. Alopecia has been a problem afflicting mankind and animals for thousands of years. In many individuals, alopecia causes embarrassment, psychological problems, including depression, and can affect one's self image and feelings of sexuality. Alopecia has been hypothesized to have various etiologies in males and females, many of which involve gonadal steroids. Alopecia is more common in men (e.g., male pattern baldness or androgenic alopecia) than in women (e.g., female pattern baldness). Cosmetic research has devoted millions of dollars and countless hours of research to solve this problem. In itself, hair loss is a natural phenomenon. Hair growth follows a cycle which involves the birth and development of the follicle, a stationary phase, and a final phase during which the hair is expelled. This alternation between the phases of growth (the anagenic phase), regression (the catagenic phase), and the rest (the telegenic phase) is due to the specific secretion of the hair follicle which acts as a gland, and progressively produces a mass of keratin which it eliminates and replaces after a resting period. The cycle begins the development of the hair follicle that rises up from the dermis which contains large numbers of mesenchymatous cells, resulting in the formation of a dermal papilla. In the final stage (the anagenic phase) the cells surrounding the dermic papilla divide actively every 12 hours in order to produce cells which line up, grow longer, and begin to keratinize. This is hair growth. During the catagenic phase mitosis no longer occurs and the bulb detaches itself from the papilla
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and rises towards the surface. In the telogenic phase the hair is fully keratinized and is ready to be expelled. After three to four months, another mitotic cycle begins in the germination zone of the hair and another hair follicle is formed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06030948__ •
Hairpiece for compensation of hair loss Inventor(s): Russell; Della L. (1995 N. 2000 West, Ogden, UT 84404) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,966,173 Date filed: August 30, 1989 Abstract: A hairpiece for covering areas of partial hair loss, removal or thinning on a user's head is disclosed. The hairpiece includes a band of resilient material in an arcuate shape which conforms to the user's head and biases thereagainst, and a foundation member to which hair is attached. When worn, the foundation of hair is positioned over the area of hair loss or removal to conceal the area, and the user's own hair may be combed or styled in a fashion to incorporate the hair of the hairpiece with that of the user to produce a natural look. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to hairpieces which are typically worn to enhance the wearer's appearance and to compensate for deficiencies of hair on the wearer's head. A number of hairpieces have been disclosed most of which have been directed to supplementing the length or thickness of the wearer's own hair. Such devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,634,190 (Hepner), U.S. Pat. No. 3,434,481 (Mazzocco), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,029 (Ueberschaar). In contrast, some hairpieces have been designed to give the wearer the appearance of having shorter hair. One such hairpiece is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,346,718 (Muller). Further, hairpieces have been disclosed which essentially include a band or bands of hair to connect to the wearer's entire head, or to connect to certain portions of the head. Such devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,628,546 (Ensminger), which discloses a single band of hair, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,435,832 (Ito), which discloses a series of bands intended to generally cover the entire head. French Patent No. 701,974 also discloses a modified band of hair for enhancing the wearer's own hair which can also be used as a tiara for insertion of flowers and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04966173__
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Head scarf for women with hair loss Inventor(s): Dalton; Betty J. (647 N. 16th St., Springfield, OR 97477) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,492,242 Date filed: September 9, 1983 Abstract: A scarf for wear by persons experiencing a partial hair loss and including a main outer member having a hem along its forward edge. A hair piece is removably attached to the hem to simulate bangs. A fabric retention member serves to maintain the scarf in place on the wearer's scalp. A filler member serves to space the scarf outer member from the head to simulate a scarf worn over a full head of hair.
Patents 85
Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains generally to head attire such as scarves and particularly to a scarf for wear by women experiencing a partial or total hair loss. A side effect of treating cancer by chemotherapy is partial or total hair loss which is of concern particularly to women who often must resort to the wearing of wigs and accordingly incur a certain amount of inconvenience associated with the maintaining and wearing of wigs. Conventional bandanas or scarves are unsuitable in that when worn by a person with a partial loss of hair they tend to correspond closely to the curvature of the scalp rather than assume the usual or a "full" configuration of a scarf worn over a full head of hair. For women with a hair loss the donning of a wig is not practical for shopping trips or other various outdoor excursions or activities. Further, wigs additionally are somewhat uncomfortable in warm weather. The known prior art includes a scarf disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,460,546 to which is attachable plural hair pieces secured in a detachable manner and overlying the wearer's head of hair. A fabric type closure is utilized for hair pieces securement to the three-corner scarf. The scarf and the attached hair pieces overlie the wearer's natural hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04492242__ •
Herbal composition for the treatment of alopecia Inventor(s): Niazi; Sarfaraz K. (20 Riverside Dr., Deerfield, IL 60015) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,495,174 Date filed: February 21, 2001 Abstract: Described here a composition comprising of alcoholic extracts of herbs RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS RECENS, RHIZOMA PINELLIAE, FLOS CARTHAMI, RADIX REHMANNIAE, RADIX ANGELICAE SINESIS, RADIX PAENOIAE RUBRA, CACUMEN BIOTAE, SEMEN SESAMI NIGRUM, RADIX POLYGONI MULTIFLORI, FRUCTUS MORI combined with TINCTURE CAPSICUM, TINCTURE CANTHARIDINATE, and OLEUM RICINI for direct application to scalp for the treatment of all kinds of alopecia in humans. Alternately, the herbs listed here can be used individually. Excerpt(s): Human hair is the keratin-containing threadlike outgrowth extending from hair follicles in the skin. In humans, hair generally serves protective, sensory, and sexual attractiveness functions. A mature hair shaft is composed of three, and sometimes four, basic structures. The cuticle is the thick outer protective covering consisting of flat overlapping scale-like layers. The cortex is located inside, and is surrounded by, the cuticle. The cortex contains fibrous proteins, which are aligned along the length of the hair axis. Thicker hairs often contain one or more porous regions, the medulla, located near or at the center of the hair shaft. The fourth basic component is the intercellular cement, which glues or binds the cells together and provides the main pathway for diffusion into the hair fibers. Melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for hair color, are generally contained in the cortex and the base of the bulb of the hair shaft. Essential nutrients and oxygen are carried to the growing hair through capillaries around the base of the bulb. The hair follicle cycle is a complex process and entails involvement of cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell augmentation, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling of hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual
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ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-.beta., Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. (K S Stenn and R Pauls, Physiol Rev 2001 Jan; 81(1):449-494). Normal hair follicles cycle between a growth stage (anagen), a degenerative stage (catagen), and a resting stage (telogen). The scalp hairs have a relatively long life cycle: the anagen stage ranges from two to five years, the catagen stage ranges from a few days to a few weeks, and the telogen stage is approximately three months (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, pp. 290291; Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), pp. 1-17 (1991)). Shorter hairs found elsewhere on the body have corresponding shorter anagen duration. The morphology of the hair and the hair follicle changes dramatically over the course of the life cycle of the hair. During anagen, the hair follicle is highly active metabolically (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 4 (1991)). The follicle comprises a follicular (dermal) papilla at the base of the follicle; epidermal matrix cells surrounding the follicular papilla and forming the base of a hair shaft; and the hair shaft that extends upwards from the papilla through the hair canal (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993). The matrix cells are the actively growing portions of the hair (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p.6 (1991)). At catagen, the matrix cells retract from the papilla, and other degenerative changes occur (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), pp. 13-14 (1991)). A column of epithelial cells pushes the keratinized proximal shaft of the hair upwards (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 3 (1991)), and cell death occurs within the follicle (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 291). When the hair follicle reaches the telogen stage, the existing hair has a club-shaped proximal end, and a small bud (a remnant of the epithelial column that is found in catagen) at the base of the follicle (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 3 (1991)). A telogen hair will not grow further (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 291). The pigmentary system that colors hair involves melanocytes located in the matrix area of the follicle, above the follicular papilla (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 292). Melanin pigments produced by the melanocytes flow along dendritic processes (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 292). The dendritic processes are phagocytized by the differentiating matrix cells that become part of the hair shaft; degradation of the phagocytosed material results in release of melanin granules into the cytoplasm (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 671), thus pigmenting the hair. Alterations in normal hair pigmentation or growth may be caused by age, physiologic disease conditions, or injury especially, for example, exposure to ultraviolet-irradiation. The "graying" of hair, both normal (age-associated) and abnormal, is known as canities. Graying results from a progressive decrease in pigment present in the hair shaft, caused by loss of melanocytes (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 671; Gilchrest, B. A., SKIN AND AGING PROCESSES, CRC Press, 1984, p.19). A decrease in the density of hair follicles is also associated with advancing age (Gilchrest, B. A., SKIN AND AGING PROCESSES, CRC Press, 1984, p. 20). Alopecia areata is a common disease of the hair follicle, affecting about 2% of new patients attending dermatology clinics in the United States and in Britain (Price, V. H., J.
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Invest. Dermatol., 96:685 (1991)). In alopecia areata, the hair follicle, in response to some unknown signal or injury, is suddenly precipitated into premature telogen, and then cycles in a shortened aborted cycle in which it is repeatedly arrested part way through early anagen. The follicle may remain in this arrested state but is capable of resuming normal growth after months or years. The nature of the signal or injury and the anatomical target for this abnormality are unknown. Histologically, alopecia areata is characterized by peribulbar lymphocytic infiltrate of predominantly T helper cells (Lever, W. F. and Schaumburg-Lever, G., eds., HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE SKIN, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa., 1990, pp. 223-224), strongly suggesting the involvement of the cellular immune system perhaps through a loss of discrimination of self and non-self antigens (Goldsmith, L. A., J. Invest. Dermatol., 96:985-1005 (1991)). Alternatively, an intrinsic abnormality in the follicular keratinocyte could be activated under the influence of internal or external triggers, which eventually may lead to cellular degeneration and peribulbar inflammatory infiltrate. However, to date no specific antigen has been identified to support the autoimmune theory and no specific intrinsic difference has been reported between normal bulbar and alopecia areata keratinocytes. The hair follicle is an epidermal derivative that undergoes cycles of growth, involution, and rest. The hair cycle has well-orchestrated kinetics regulated by interactions between mesenchymal and epithelial cells, although the intracellular signals remain unclear. There is suggestion that telogen-to-anagen progression required organized keratinocyte migration in response to mesenchymal stimuli. Alopecia (baldness) a deficiency of hair, either normal or abnormal, is primarily a cosmetic problem in humans. Hair loss occurs in a variety of situations. These situations include male pattern alopecia, alopecia senilis, alopecia areata, diseases accompanied by basic skin lesions or tumors, and systematic disorders such as nutritional disorder and internal secretion disorders. The mechanisms causing hair loss are very complicated, but in some instances can be attributed to aging, genetic disposition, the activation of male hormones, the loss of blood supply to hair follicles, and scalp abnormalities. It is a deficiency of terminal hair, the broad diameter, colored hair that is readily seen. However, in the so-called bald person although there is a noticeable absence of terminal hair the skin does contain vellus hair, which is a fine colorless hair, which may require microscopic examination to determine its presence. This vellus hair is a precursor to terminal hair. In both women and men, the occurrence of an increased loss of hair is accompanied by the fear of becoming totally bald-headed. Besides the medical aspect, disturbances in the hair growth thus present a great personal problem for the affected person. The rate of growth of the hair amounts to about 0.35 mm per day, the hair density is from about 80,000 to 150,000 hairs per head. A loss of 100 hairs per day constitutes already a pathological effluvium. From hair follicles that remained intact, hair is able to re-grow. However, during a multiphase, lengthy re-growth, hair follicles may shrink and lead to a gradual loss of hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495174__ •
Indolecarboxylic compounds for inducing/stimulating hair growth and/or retarding hair loss Inventor(s): Dalko; Maria (Gif S/Yvette, FR), Galey; Jean-Baptiste (Aulnay-Sous-Bois, FR), Bernard; Bruno (Neuilly sur Seine, FR) Assignee(s): Societe L'Oreal S.A. (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,541,507 Date filed: July 14, 2000
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Abstract: Indolecarboxylic acid compounds and derivatives thereof, notably 4,6dimethoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and derivatives thereof, are especially useful for inducing/stimulating mammalian hair growth and/or preventing/retarding mammalian hair loss. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the administration of an effective amount of 4,6-dimethoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid or derivative or composition comprised thereof, to induce and/or stimulate hair growth and/or to prevent hair loss. In human subjects, the growth and renewal of the hair are principally determined by the activity of the hair follicles. This activity is cyclic and essentially comprises three phases, i.e., the anagenic phase, the catagenic phase and the telogenic phase. The active anagenic phase, or growth phase, which lasts for several years and during which the hair becomes longer, is followed by a very short and transient catagenic phase which lasts a few weeks, and then a rest or quiescent phase, known as the telogenic phase, which lasts a few months. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541507__ •
Method for treating hair loss using tempo Inventor(s): Proctor; Peter H. (4126 SW. Freeway, Suite 1616, Houston, TX 77027) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,728,714 Date filed: June 5, 1995 Abstract: A method for ameliorating a cellular dysfunction of a tissue such as the cosmetic treatment of hair loss and stimulation of hair growth is disclosed. The method comprises administering substituted or unsubstituted 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1piperdinyloxyl (TEMPO) to the affected tissue. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for treating hair loss using 2,2,6,6tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPO). Several compounds have recently gained recognition for ameliorating cellular dysfunction. One type of dysfunction which has been well studied is alopecia for which anti-alopecia agents such as minoxidil and cyoctol have gained attention. However, most of these anti-alopecia agents are only minimally effective in some cases and/or can cause adverse dermatological or systemic reactions. Thus, the search continues for new, safer and more effective anti-alopecia agents as well as agents useful for treating other dysfunctionalities. Applicant has discovered that 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) can inhibit free radicals in the tissue to which it is administered. TEMPO has properties in the body for ameliorating certain cellular dysfunctions in tissue attributed, in part, to high energy oxygen and hydroxyl free radicals, and enhancing recuperation of the tissue. 2,2,6,6Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl can be administered, for example, as an anti-alopecia agent to stimulate cosmetic hair growth, or as a protectant to minimize hair loss during cancer treatments known to induce hair loss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05728714__
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Method for treatment of androgenic alopecia Inventor(s): Buck; Carol J. (30 Brooks Bend, Princeton, NJ 08540) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,609,858 Date filed: February 7, 1996 Abstract: A method of treatment for androgenic alopecia is disclosed wherein Liquor Carbonis Detergens is topically administered. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a topical lotion and method for treatment of androgenic alopecia. (iii) the resting stage known as telogen, where the hair is retained within the scalp for up to 12 weeks before the emerging new hair developing below it dislodges the telogen-phase shaft from its follicle. For reasons yet unknown, subjects evidencing androgenic alopecia experience gradual changes in the width and length of the hair shaft over time and with age, some prematurely. Men as early as their 20's and women in their 30's and 40's begin to notice their hair becoming finer and shorter. In addition, the ratio of growing hairs to hairs in the resting/shedding phase declines from as high as 9:1 to as low as 2:1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05609858__
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Method of inhibiting or treating chemotherapy-induced hair loss Inventor(s): Atwal; Karnail S. (Newtown, PA) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,458,835 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: A method for inhibiting hair loss and/or promoting hair growth in chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy patients wherein the (R)-enantiomer of 4[[(cyanoimino)-[(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)amino]methyl]amino]benzonitrile is administered prior to, simultaneous with and/or after chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for inhibiting hair loss and/or promoting hair growth in chemotherapy patients employing the (R)-enantiomer of 4[[(cyanoimino)[(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)amino]methyl]amino]benzonitrile or pharmaceutical compositions containing same. Potassium channel openers such as minoxidil (Upjohn), pinacidil (Lilly) and diazoxide (Shiseido and Schering-Plough) are known for their hair growth stimulating activity. Thus, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,596,812 and 4,139,619 disclose use of minoxidil in the treatment of male pattern baldness, alopecia areata and balding in females. U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,636 discloses pinacidil. DE 3,827,467A discloses combinations of minoxidil and hydrocortisone or retinoids. R.sub.5 is hydrogen or R.sub.1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458835__
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Method of inhibiting radiation induced weight and hair loss Inventor(s): Kennedy; Ann R. (Wynnewood, PA), Szuhaj; Bernard F. (Fort Wayne, IN) Assignee(s): Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), Central Soya Co., Inc. (Fort Wayne, IN) Patent Number: 5,376,373 Date filed: March 11, 1993 Abstract: Methods for inhibiting radiation induced weight and hair loss are provided. A Bowman Birk Inhibitor product is administered in an effective amount, preferably orally, to inhibit cutaneous manifestations of radiation and weight loss. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods of inhibiting radiation induced weight and hair loss by administration of a Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) product. Radiation induced weight and hair loss are clinical, cosmetic and psychological problems for cancer patients. Hair loss in patients receiving radiation therapy for cranial and extracranial lesions may have major psycho-social consequences for the patient. Where hair loss is due to direct radiation, it is usually irreversible. Attempts to minimize radiation dermatitis and hair loss have been directed at using topical radiation protectant agents (Kim, J. et al., Seminars in Oncology 1983, 10, 86-92; Verhey, L J and Sedlacek, R., Rad. Res. 1983, 93, 175-183); lowering skin temperature in the radiation field (Liebner, E J et al., Am. J. Roent. Rad. Ther and Nucl. Med. 1962, 88, 976-987); applying topical cortisone (Potera, M E et al., Radiology 1982, 143, 775-777); and use of local anesthetics (Ohlsen, L. et al., Acta Oncological 1987, 26, 467-476). The success of these therapies has been minimal and none are in common clinical usage. Weight loss is a well recognized problem in cancer patients treated with radiation and/or cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and has been shown to be an independent prognostic indicator of decreased survival rates. The cause of this weight loss is believed to be related to both decreased caloric intake/absorption and increased energy requirements. However, it has been found that increased caloric intake has not improved survival for patients with a variety of advanced cancers. Thus, the prevention of weight loss should be considered as an important goal to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with cancer-related therapies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05376373__
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Method of preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced alopecia Inventor(s): Yunis; Adel A. (Miami, FL), Jimenez; Joaquin J. (Miami, FL) Assignee(s): University of Miami (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 5,486,509 Date filed: May 27, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates, in general, to a method of inhibiting alopecia, or hair loss, and, in particular, to a method of inhibiting alopecia induced by chemotherapeutic agents. The invention further relates to a composition suitable for use in such a method. Active agents for use in the above method include proteinaceous growth factors, such as EGF, and/or vitamin D.sub.3 or metabolites thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to a method of preventing or treating alopecia induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Alopecia is a common and distressing side effect of many chemotherapeutic agents and for which there is currently
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no effective preventive measure. In a recent study, thirty-five of forty-six patients receiving chemotherapy ranked alopecia as more important than vomiting (Tierney et al, B. J. Cancer, 62:527-528, 1990). Recently, using the young rat model, Applicants demonstrated that ImuVert, a biologic response modifier prepared from the bacterium Serratia marcescens, protected the animals from alopecia induced by cytosine arabinoside or adriamycin (Hussein et al, Science 249: 1564-1566, 1990). In subsequent studies, similar protection from ARA-C-induced alopecia was observed from recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta (Jimenez et al FASEB J. 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05486509__ •
Method of preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced alopecia with vitamin D3 or a derivative or analog or active metabolite thereof. Inventor(s): Jimenez; Joaquin J. (621 S.W. 78th Ct., Miami, FL 33144), Yunis; Adel A. (14335 S.W. 62nd St., Miami, FL 33183) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,291,443 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A method of preventing or reducing chemotherapy-induced alopecia is disclosed which comprises administering to a host subjected to chemotherapy which induces alopecia an effective amount of vitamin D.sub.3 or derivative or analog or active metabolite thereof. The amount is sufficient to affect prevention or reduction of chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to a method of preventing or treating alopecia, and, in a specific embodiment, to a method of preventing or treating alopecia induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Alopecia is a common and distressing side effect of many chemotherapeutic agents and for which there is currently no effective preventive measure. In a recent study, thirty-five of forty-six patients receiving chemotherapy ranked alopecia as more important than vomiting (Tierney et al, B. J. Cancer, 62:527-528, 1990). Recently, using the young rat model, Applicants demonstrated that ImuVert, a biologic response modifier prepared from the bacterium Serratia marcescens, protected the animals from alopecia induced by cytosine arabinoside or adriamycin (Hussein et al, Science 249: 1564-1566, 1990). In subsequent studies, similar protection from ARA-C-induced alopecia was observed from recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta (Jimenez et al FASEB J. 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06291443__
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Method of treating alopecia Inventor(s): Oh; Hye-Sun (Raleigh, NC), Smart; Robert C. (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC) Patent Number: 6,204,258 Date filed: February 25, 1999 Abstract: A method of enhancing hair growth or treating alopecia in a subject uses topically administered estrogen receptor antagonists. Pharmaceutical formulations comprising estrogen receptor antagonists are described.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods of treating hair loss and promoting hair growth, and more particularly to a method of using estrogen receptor antagonists to promote hair growth in a subject in need of such treatment. Alopecia (baldness) is a deficiency of hair, either normal or abnormal, and is primarily a cosmetic problem in humans, although the negative psychological impact of hair loss is well known. See C. H. Mortimer et al., Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 9, 342-350 (1984). Dermatologists recognize many different types of alopecia, with androgenic alopecia being the most common cause of hair loss in both men and women. As this type of hair loss is more common and more severe in males, it is typically referred to as "male pattern baldness." However, it is thought that androgenic alopecia affects more that one third of individuals of either sex who have a strong family history of hair loss. See W. F. Bergfield, Clin. Dermatol. 6, 102107 (1988). One traditional treatment for alopecia is the method of hair transplantation. Typically, this method involves transplanting plugs of natural hair from areas of the scalp where hair is growing to bald areas. This procedure is costly, time-consuming, painful, and meets with only limited success. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06204258__ •
Method of treating alopecia Inventor(s): Pierard; Gerald E. (Angleur, BE) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutica N.v. (Beerse, BE) Patent Number: 6,482,826 Date filed: May 9, 1995 Abstract: Method of treating individuals with alopecia or having inferior quality hair, by administering to the scalp of said individuals an effective amount of ketoconazole. Novel compositions comprising as an active ingredient ketoconazole and an inert carrier. Excerpt(s): A healthy, thick and uniform hair growth on the scalp is generally considered an important aesthetic aspect of the human body. The loss of hair or any imperfection in the quality of the hair is consequently often experienced a very undesirable feature of one's physical appearance. The fact that a majority of the male population is genetically predisposed to lose progressively its hair and the knowledge that current modes of treatment are very few, with a low number of individuals effectively responding to the treatment, more than amply illustrate the scope and magnitude of the problems involved and the need for additional therapies effective in reversing, arresting or retarding loss of hair and improving the quality of hair. It has now been found that ketoconazole can effectively reverse, arrest or retard the loss of hair as experienced in alopecia and further, that ketoconazole does have a beneficial effect on the quality of hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482826__
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Method of treating androgenic alopecia with 5-.alpha. reductase inhibitors Inventor(s): Stoner; Elizabeth (Westfield, NJ), Gormley; Glenn J. (Westfield, NJ), Kaufman; Keith D. (Westfield, NJ), Waldstreicher; Joanne (Scotch Plains, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,547,957 Date filed: March 17, 1994 Abstract: The instant invention involves a method of treating and/or reversing androgenic alopecia and promoting hair growth, and methods of treating acne vulgaris, seborrhea, and female hirsutism, by administering to a patient in need of such treatment a 5.alpha.-reductase 2 inhibitor, such as finasteride, in a dosage amount under 5 mgs/day. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the treatment of androgenic alopecia, including male pattern baldness, with compounds that are 5-alpha reductase isozyme 2 inhibitors. Certain undesirable physiological manifestations, such as acne vulgaris, seborrhea, female hirsutism, androgenic alopecia which includes female and male pattern baldness, and benign prostatic hyperplasia, are the result of hyperandrogenic stimulation caused by an excessive accumulation of testosterone ("T") or similar androgenic hormones in the metabolic system. Early attempts to provide a chemotherapeutic agent to counter the undesirable results of hyperandrogenicity resulted in the discovery of several steroidal antiandrogens having undesirable hormonal activities of their own. The estrogens, for example, not only counteract the effect of the androgens but have a feminizing effect as well. Non-steroidal antiandrogens have also been developed, for example, 4'-nitro-3'trifluoromethylisobutyranilide. See Neri, et al., Endocrinol. 1972, 91 (2). However, these products, though devoid of hormonal effects, compete with all natural androgens for receptor sites, and hence have a tendency to feminize a male host or the male fetus of a female host and/or initiate feed-back effects which would cause hyperstimulation of the testes. The principal mediator of androgenic activity in some target organs, e.g. the prostate, is 5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone ("DHT"), formed locally in the target organ by the action of testosterone-5.alpha.-reductase. Inhibitors of testosterone-5.alpha.reductase will serve to prevent or lessen symptoms of hyperandrogenic stimulation in these organs. See especially U.S. Pat. No. 4,377,584 assigned to Merck & Co., Inc., issued Mar. 22, 1983. It is now known that a second 5.alpha.-reductase isozyme exists, which interacts with skin tissues, especially in scalp tissues. See, e.g., G. Harris, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89, pp. 10787-10791 (Nov. 1992). The isozyme that principally interacts in skin tissues is conventionally designated as 5.alpha.-reductase 1 (or 5.alpha.reductase type 1 ), while the isozyme that principally interacts within the prostatic tissues is designated as 5.alpha.-reductase 2 (or 5.alpha.-reductase type 2). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05547957__
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Method of treating androgenic alopecia with 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors Inventor(s): Gormley; Glenn J. (Westfield, NJ), Kaufman; Keith D. (Westfield, NJ), Stoner; Elizabeth (Westfield, NJ), Waldstreicher; Joanne (Scotch Plains, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,981,543 Date filed: June 22, 1998
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Abstract: The instant invention involves a method of treating and/or reversing androgenic alopecia and promoting hair growth, and methods of treating acne vulgaris, seborrhea, and female hirsutism, by administering to a patient in need of such treatment a 5.alpha.-reductase 2 inhibitor such as finasteride, in a dosage amount under 5 mgs/day. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the treatment of androgenic alopecia, including male pattern baldness, with compounds that are 5-alpha reductase isozyme 2 inhibitors. Certain undesirable physiological manifestations, such as acne vulgaris, seborrhea, female hirsutism, androgenic alopecia which includes female and male pattern baldness, and benign prostatic hyperplasia, are the result of hyperandrogenic stimulation caused by an excessive accumulation of testosterone ("T") or similar androgenic hormones in the metabolic system. Early attempts to provide a chemotherapeutic agent to counter the undesirable results of hyperandrogenicity resulted in the discovery of several steroidal antiandrogens having undesirable hormonal activities of their own. The estrogens, for example, not only counteract the effect of the androgens but have a feminizing effect as well. Non-steroidal antiandrogens have also been developed, for example, 4'-nitro-3'trifluoromethylisobutyranilide. See Neri, et al., Endocrinol. 1972, 91 (2). However, these products, though devoid of hormonal effects, compete with all natural androgens for receptor sites, and hence have a tendency to feminize a male host or the male fetus of a female host and/or initiate feed-back effects which would cause hyperstimulation of the testes. The principal mediator of androgenic activity in some target organs, e.g. the prostate, is 5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone ("DHT"), formed locally in the target organ by the action of testosterone-5.alpha.-reductase. Inhibitors of testosterone-5.alpha.reductase will serve to prevent or lessen symptoms of hyperandrogenic stimulation in these organs. See especially U.S. Pat. No. 4,377,584 assigned to Merck & Co., Inc., issued Mar. 22, 1983. It is now known that a second 5.alpha.-reductase isozyme exists, which interacts with skin tissues, especially in scalp tissues. See, e.g., G. Harris, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89, pp. 10787-10791 (November 1992). The isozyme that principally interacts in skin tissues is conventionally designated as 5.alpha.-reductase 1 (or 5.alpha.-reductase type 1), while the isozyme that principally interacts within the prostatic tissues is designated as 5.alpha.-reductase 2 (or 5.alpha.-reductase type 2). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05981543__ •
Method of treating androgenic alopecia with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors Inventor(s): Gormley; Glenn J. (Westfield, NJ), Kaufman; Keith D. (Westfield, NJ), Stoner; Elizabeth (Westfield, NJ), Waldstreicher; Joanne (Scotch Plains, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,824,686 Date filed: February 20, 1996 Abstract: The instant invention involves a method of treating and/or reversing androgenic alopecia and promoting hair growth, and methods of treating acne vulgaris, seborrhea, and female hirsutism, by administering to a patient in need of such treatment a 5.alpha.-reductase 2 inhibitor such as finasteride, in a dosage amount under 5 mgs/day. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the treatment of androgenic alopecia, including male pattern baldness, with compounds that are 5-alpha reductase
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isozyme 2 inhibitors. Certain undesirable physiological manifestations, such as acne vulgaris, seborrhea, female hirsutism, androgenic alopecia which includes female and male pattern baldness, and benign prostatic hyperplasia, are the result of hyperandrogenic stimulation caused by an excessive accumulation of testosterone ("T") or similar androgenic hormones in the metabolic system. Early attempts to provide a chemotherapeutic agent to counter the undesirable results of hyperandrogenicity resulted in the discovery of several steroidal antiandrogens having undesirable hormonal activities of their own. The estrogens, for example, not only counteract the effect of the androgens but have a feminizing effect as well. Non-steroidal antiandrogens have also been developed, for example, 4'-nitro-3'trifluoromethylisobutyranilide. See Neri, et al., Endocrinol. 1972, 91 (2). However, these products, though devoid of hormonal effects, compete with all natural androgens for receptor sites, and hence have a tendency to feminize a male host or the male fetus of a female host and/or initiate feed-back effects which would cause hyperstimulation of the testes. The principal mediator of androgenic activity in some target organs, e.g. the prostate, is 5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone ("DHT"), formed locally in the target organ by the action of testosterone-5.alpha.-reductase. Inhibitors of testosterone-5.alpha.reductase will serve to prevent or lessen symptoms of hyperandrogenic stimulation in these organs. See especially U.S. Pat. No. 4,377,584 assigned to Merck & Co., Inc., issued Mar. 22, 1983. It is now known that a second 5.alpha.-reductase isozyme exists, which interacts with skin tissues, especially in scalp tissues. See, e.g., G. Harris, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89, pp. 10787-10791 (November 1992). The isozyme that principally interacts in skin tissues is conventionally designated as 5.alpha.-reductase 1 (or 5.alpha.-reductase type 1), while the isozyme that principally interacts within the prostatic tissues is designated as 5.alpha.-reductase 2 (or 5.alpha.-reductase type 2). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824686__ •
Method of treating hair loss using diphenylether derivatives Inventor(s): Zhang; Lixin Lilly (Cincinnati, OH), Youngquist; Robert Scott (Mason, OH) Assignee(s): The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (Dallas, TX) Patent Number: 6,525,094 Date filed: December 8, 2000 Abstract: The present invention describes methods for treating hair loss in mammals, including arresting and/or reversing hair loss and promoting hair growth. The methods comprise administering a cardiac-sparing compound which is a derivative of diphenylether and pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for treating hair loss in mammals, including arresting and/or reversing hair loss and promoting hair growth. Hair loss is a common problem which occurs, for example, through natural processes or if often chemically promoted through the use of certain therapeutic drugs designed to alleviate conditions such as cancer. Often such hair loss is accompanied by lack of hair regrowth which causes partial or full baldness. As is well-known in the art, hair growth occurs by a cycle of activity which involves alternating periods of growth and rest. This cycle is often divided into three main stages which are known as anagen, catagen, and telogen. Anagen is the growth phase of the cycle and may be characterized by penetration of the hair follicle deep into the dermis with rapid proliferation of cells which are differentiating to form hair. The next phase is catagen, which is a transitional stage marked by the cessation of cell division, and during which the hair follicle regresses
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through the dermis and hair growth is ceased. The next phase, telogen, is often characterized as the resting stage during which the regressed follicle contains a germ with tightly packed dermal papilla cells. At telogen, the initiation of a new anagen phase is caused by rapid cell proliferation in the germ, expansion of the dermal papilla, and elaboration of basement membrane components. Wherein hair growth ceases, most of the hair follicles reside in telogen and anagen is not engaged, thus causing the onset of full or partial baldness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06525094__ •
Method of treating or preventing alopecia Inventor(s): Sredni; Benjamin (Shachal 3 Street, Kfar-Saba, IL), Albeck; Michael (8 Harel Street, Ramat-Gan, IL) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,552,089 Date filed: November 29, 1996 Abstract: The present application discloses a method of treating alopecia which is based on the use of a tellurium compound such as ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-O,Otellurate). Excerpt(s): Alopecia which is the partial or complete loss of hair may result from genetic factors, aging, antineoplastic chemotherapy or other causes. Noncicatricial alopecia occurs without scarring or gross atrophic changes. These types of alopecia include males pattern baldness, toxic alopecia, alopecia areata and trichotillomania. In recent years toxic alopecia which is by antineoplastic chemotherapy has become a more common problem as the use of chemotherapy for neoplastic diseases has expanded. This is one of the toxic effects that is seen frequently with alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, plant alkaloids, anti-tumor antibiotics and interferons is alopecia. This problem is particularly distressing to patients who are recovering from chemotherapy because it persists being after any period of hospitalization is required and causes many patients deep psychological difficulties. Male pattern baldness and other types of alopecia have been resistant to treatment and at the present time, minoxidil is the only recognized therapy for male pattern baldness. A composition obtained from the bacteria Serratia marcescens has been used to protect against the alopecia which is associated with the use of cytosine arabinoside and doxorubicin. This composition had no effect on alopecia which was induced by cyclophosphamide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06552089__
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Method to promote, stimulate and/or delay hair loss by a brady kinin antagonist Inventor(s): Gautier; Brigitte (Les Ulis, FR), Boyera; Nathalie (Paris, FR), Duranton; Albert (Paris, FR), Pruche; Francis (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Societe L'Oreal S.A. (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,468,972 Date filed: February 11, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method to promote, stimulate and/or delay hair loss by administering an effective amount of at least one bradykinin
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antagonists to promote, stimulate and/or delay hair loss to an individual in need thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use, as active principle, in a physiologically acceptable medium, in a cosmetic composition or for the preparation of a medicinal product, of an effective amount of at least one bradykinin antagonist which is intended to induce and/or stimulate hair growth and/or delay hair loss. In human beings, hair growth and its renewal are mainly determined by the activity of the hair follicles. Their activity is cyclical and comprises essentially three phases, namely the anagenic phase, the catagenic phase and the telogenic phase. The active anagenic phase or growth phase, which lasts several years and during which the hair grows longer, is followed by a very short and transitory catagenic phase, which lasts a few weeks, and then by a resting phase, known as the telegenic phase, which lasts a few months. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06468972__ •
Method to reduce hair loss and stimulate hair regrowth Inventor(s): Freund; Brian Jeffrey (1915 Spruce Hill Road, Pickering Ontario, CA), Schwartz; Marvin (944 Merritton Road, Pickering Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,299,893 Date filed: April 17, 2000 Abstract: This invention is a method for reduction of hair loss and stimulation of hair growth on the scalp of a human patient. The method comprises the step of administering a presynaptic neurotoxin into the scalp of the patient in a quantity and concentration to provide a therapeutically-effective flaccid paralysis of the muscle tissue outside of the skull of the patient. The result is a reduction in tissue tension in the desired area of hair-growth without affecting any tissue not outside the skull of the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating the scalp to reduce hair loss and stimulate hair growth on the scalp. Hair loss on the scalp is a problem that has plagued men and some women since time immemorial. Great effort and expense has been spent trying to prevent and reverse it. It is now generally appreciated that there are several discernible categories, of hair loss and, logically flowing from the distinctions of the different categories, that each category in and to itself need be separately considered if hair loss reduction or regrowth is desired by any particular person suffering from hair loss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299893__
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Methods and solutions for treating male pattern alopecia Inventor(s): Chidsey, III; Charles A. (Boulder, WY), Kahn; Guinter (Miami Beach, FL) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 4,596,812 Date filed: August 28, 1980
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Abstract: This invention relates to the method for treating the form of alopecia commonly known as "male pattern baldness" which comprises regular topical application to the affected areas of the human scalp of a composition containing as at least one of its active ingredients 6-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4piperidinopyrimidine. It also encompasses the aforesaid compound itself for use as a therapeutic agent to arrest and reverse male pattern alopecia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods, compositions and solutions for treating male pattern alopecia involving the use of a substance known as "Minoxidil". Dermatologists recognize many different types of hair loss, the most common by far being "alopecia" wherein human males begin losing scalp hair at the temples and on the crown of the head as they get older. While this type of hair loss is largely confined to males, hence its common name "male pattern baldness", it is not unknown in women. Be that as it may, no known cure has yet been found despite continuing attempts to discover one. Notwithstanding the fact that nothing heretofore has been found which is effective in preventing, yet alone reversing, male pattern baldness, a good deal is known about various types of human hair and its growth patterns on various parts of the body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04596812__ •
Methods for treating alopecia Inventor(s): Zaveri; Chanda Bhuwalka (6740 Los Verdes Dr. #8, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90275) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,376,557 Date filed: March 16, 2000 Abstract: Methods and compositions for the treatment of alopecia and the transdermal delivery of hair growth promoting agents. The compositions are formulated to be applied topically, preferably in the form of aqueous emulsions. The compositions may further include a variety of adjuvants to enhance the stability and effectiveness thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for administering a hair growth promoter useful in the treatment of alopecia, as well as compositions and methods related to the stimulation of hair growth in animals. Hair loss and baldness (alopecia) are common phenomena in mammals, including humans. (See, for example, A. G. Messenger (1993) J. Investing. Dermatol. 101:48-98; D. G. Brodland, S. A. Muller (1991) Cutis 47:173-176; J. R. Spindler, J. L. Data (1992) Dermatol. Nurs. 4:93-99; A. K. C. Leung, W. L. M. Robson (1993) J. Roy. Soc. Health 113:252-256). Hair loss is an extremely common condition in healthy adult male humans, and also occurs frequently in adult female humans. In fact, some degree of alopecia on the vertex from puberty onwards is thought to be a universal phenomenon in both men and women (R. P. R. Dawber (1987) Dermatologica 175:23-28). Hair loss may be naturally occurring (primary alopecia) or it may be induced by chemical or physical agents (secondary alopecia). (See, for example, M. B. Brodin (1987) Dermatol. Clin. 5:571-579; A. Tosti, et al. (1994) Drug Saf. 10:310-317; H. J. Carson, et al. (1994) J. Cutan. Pathol. 21:67-70). Alopecia is also frequently observed in both pre- and post-pubertal patients as a side effect of anti-cancer chemotherapy (A. M. Hussein, et al. (1990) Science 249:1564-1566; B. W. Cline (1984) Cancer Nursinz 7:221228; A. F. Hood (1986) Med. Clin. North Am. 70:187-209). Hair loss may also result from specific disease states, such as mange, or formation of scar tissue from bites and with increasing age. (D. A. Mehregan, et al. (1992) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 27:935-942; D. A.
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Slagle, T. A. Martin (1991) Am. Fam. Physician 43:2019-2024; L. V. Spencer, J. P. Callen (1987) Dermatol. Clin. 5:565-570). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06376557__ •
Methods of using butyric acid derivatives to protect against hair loss Inventor(s): Alessi; Thomas R. (Hayward, CA), Moran; S. Mark (Orinda, CA) Assignee(s): Discovery Laboratories, Inc. (Doylestown, PA) Patent Number: 5,962,523 Date filed: October 25, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of protecting against injury to hair follicles in a mammal by administering an effective amount of butyric acid or a biologically active butyric acid derivative. In particular, this invention relates to the use of cell differentiation-inducing butyric acid derivatives to protect against hair loss in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of protecting against injury to hair follicles in a mammal by administering an effective amount of butyric acid or one or more of its biologically active derivatives. In particular, this invention relates to the use of butyric acid derivatives to protect against hair loss or damage in human cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Alopecia (hair loss) is a common condition that results from diverse causes. In particular, alopecia frequently occurs in cancer patients who are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs such as cyclophosphamide (CY) and/or irradiation. Such agents damage hair follicles which contain mitotically active hair-producing cells. Such damage may cause abnormally slow growth of the hair or may lead to frank loss. While various attempts have been made to protect against alopecia or abnormal rates of hair growth during such treatments, there remains a need for an agent that prevents damage to hair follicles in a safe and effective manner. U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,553 (issued Apr. 6, 1993) describes a class of compounds referred to as carboxylic acid esters that promote antitumor or immune responses. These compounds are believed to be capable of penetrating the membranes of cells and undergoing hydrolytic cleavage intracellularly to result in butyric acid, which can induce cell differentiation and displays antineoplastic activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05962523__
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Methods, composition and solutions for treating alopecia Inventor(s): Hester, Jr. Jackson B. (Galesburg, MI), Meisheri; Kaushik D. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,643,942 Date filed: January 11, 1994 Abstract: This invention relates to the method for treating the form of alopecia commonly known as "male pattern baldness" which comprises regular topical application to the affected areas of the human scalp of a composition containing as at least one of its active ingredients of Formula I. It also encompasses the aforesaid
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compound itself for use as a therapeutic agent to arrest and reverse male pattern alopecia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods. compositions and solutions for treating human alopecia, including male pattern alopecia (androgenic alopecia) and alopecia areata, involving the use of a substance known as BRL-34915 and related 4amino and 4-amido-substituted chromans, chromenes, and chromanols of Formula I, in association with a pharmaceutical carrier adapted for topical application. European Patent Publication Nos. 76075, 91748, 93535, 95316, 107423, 120426, 120427, 126311, 126350, 126367, 138134 and 173848 describe classes of chromanols, chromenes and chromans having antihypertensive activity and that they are of potential use in the treatment of other cardiovascular disorders. Such disorders include congestive heart failure, engine, peripheral vascular disease and cerebral vascular disease. Dermatologists recognize many different types of hair loss, the most common by far being "androgenic alopecia" wherein human males begin losing scalp hair at the temples and on the crown of the head as they get older while this type of hair loss is largely confined to males, hence its common name "male pattern baldness", it is not unknown in women. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05643942__ •
Natural preparation for treatment of male pattern hair loss Inventor(s): Chizick; Stephen (220 Duncan Mills Road, Suite 206, Toronto, Ontario, CA), Delorscio; Rico (220 Duncan Mills Road, Suite 206, Toronto, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,972,345 Date filed: May 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a natural formulation for treatment of male pattern hair loss. The formulation contains a combination of Saw Palmetto extract, African Pygeum extract, stinging nettle extract, and optionally zinc, vitamin B6 and green tea extract. The various extracts are prepared according to the traditional procedures, then combined in a suitable formulation for administration to the patient for treatment of the male pattern hair loss. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a preparation for treatment of male pattern hair loss, and in particular, to a natural herbal and mineral preparation to help stop further hair loss and increase hair growth in a person having male pattern hair loss. Human hair undergoes a normal growth cycle where each hair grows continuously for approximately 2 to 4 years, and stops growing for 2 to 4 months, and then falls out. In its place, a new healthy hair begins to grow and this cycle is repeated. The hairs on the head are always in different stages of the cycle, so it is normal to loose scalp hair everyday. On average, up to about 100 hairs is lost per day. In male pattern hair loss, the normal hair growth cycle is disrupted and more than the average number of hairs are shed per day without having the old hairs replaced by new ones. Male pattern hair loss is determined by a combination of male hormones (androgens) and heredity. Men susceptible to male pattern baldness usually experience the onset sometime in their 20's and it becomes more common as they age. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common type of hair loss in men, with approximately 50% of men experiencing this hair loss to some degree by the age of 50. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972345__
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Nutrient composition for preventing hair loss Inventor(s): Dye; R. Harvey (Santa Barbara, CA) Assignee(s): Harmony Health Products, Inc. (Santa Barbara, CA) Patent Number: 5,122,369 Date filed: April 16, 1991 Abstract: An orally acceptable nutrient and mineral supplement for reducing hair loss wherein the composition contains divalent iron and pantothenic acid in a weight to weight ratio of approximately 1-3 and racemic d, 1-methionine. A particularly preferred composition contains 11.25 mg. of divalent iron as ferrous fumarate and 35 mg. of pantothenic acid as calcium pantothenate and 200 mg. of d,1-methionine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel orally acceptable vitamin and mineral composition containing pantothenic acid, methionine and iron which is effective in decreasing hair loss. A man normally in his early twenties has approximately 100,000 to 150,000 hairs on his scalp. It is normal to lose 50 to 100 hairs daily. The maintenance of this normal number of hairs depends on a cycle called the pilar cycle. The pilar cycle governs the steps in which the hair is formed, grows and falls before being replaced by a new part in the same follicle. In the course of a pilar cycle, three successive phases are observed: the anagen phase, the catagen phase and the telogen phase. During the first phase, referred to as the anagen phase, the hair passes through an active growth period associated with intense metabolic activity in the bulb region. The second phase, referred to as the catagen phase, is transitory and is marked by a slowing down of metabolic activities. During this phase, the hair undergoes an involution, the follicle atrophies and the hair's implantation in the skin appears increasingly shallow. The final phase, referred to as the telogen phase, corresponds to a rest period for the follicle and the hair finally falls out pushed by a new formed anagen hair. This constant physical renewal process undergoes a natural change during aging. The hair decreases in diameter and the pilar cycle becomes shorter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05122369__
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Saturated solution of purified sodium chloride in purified aloe vera for inducing and stimulating hair growth and for decreasing hair loss Inventor(s): Kavoussi; Howard (5353 Los Robles, Laverne, CA 91750), Kavoussi; Harold P. (5353 Los Robles, Laverne, CA 91750) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,215,760 Date filed: May 12, 1992 Abstract: Composition in the form of a solution for inducing and stimulating hairgrowth and for decreasing hair loss, said solution is a 100% saturation of purified sodium chloride fully dissolved in purified Aloe Vera. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel hair treatment composition suitable for use in accelerating the growth of hair. More specifically, it relates to a novel hair treatment composition containing, as an effective ingredient, purified Aloe Vera and Sodium Chloride. The possession of a healthy and profuse head of hair throughout life is the ambition of most human beings. Various kinds of hair dressings, including hair treatment compositions, have been used for slowing down or stopping epilation or
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depilation (i.e., the involuntary loss of hair and subsequent balding). It is considered that epilation is related with abnormalities in the capillary vessels, hair follicles, and epidermis skin due to changes in, for example, the endocrine system, autonomic nervous system, and blood circulation system. To prevent or alleviate the abovementioned abnormalities, various agents for example, skin hyperergasia agents such as female hormones, vitamins, amino acids, crude drug extracts, various bactericides, keratolysis agents, and sensitizing dyes, and peripheral nervous stimulators such as menthol have been used in hair tonic compositions. However, at present there are no truly effective agents for alleviating epilation and accelerating the growth of hair. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a novel hair treatment composition capable of effectively accelerating the growth of hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05215760__ •
System and method for hair loss reduction and re-growth Inventor(s): Knox; Jo Rodney (1543 Wildrose Dr., Minden, NV 89423-3902), Smith; Edward W. (464 Eagle Dr., Incline Village, NV 89451-8941) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,267,720 Date filed: April 19, 2000 Abstract: Removable headwear is provided for therapeutically applying a permanent magnetic field to hair follicles located in the scalp to retard hair loss and promote hair re-growth. A flexible sheet of magnetic material having a plurality of alternating northsouth poles is placed with a head covering that is in turn placed upon the head of a subject. Such head covering, while suitable for nighttime wear, may not be deemed socially acceptable for wear during the day. To enable the subject to maximize the exposure of the scalp to the magnetic fields, the head covering is configured to permit an item of conventional headwear to be placed over and cover the inner head covering. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to therapeutic devices and, more particularly, to such devices as utilize the application of a static magnetic field to stimulate the operation and repair of damaged human tissue. More specifically, the present invention relates to a head covering that includes a bipolar magnetic sheet that when worn by a user stimulates hair follicles to retard further hair loss and/or stimulate additional hair growth. Electromedicine is a type of "energy medicine" (also known as "vibrational medicine") employing electromagnetic fields that is based upon the belief that such fields control or influence all living organisms. The health benefits of electromedicine, including the use of magnets, have been touted for centuries. As early as 200 B.C. the Greek physician Galen described medical applications using "static" or "permanent" (non-time varying) magnets. Around 1000 A.D. Ali Abbas, a Persian physician, used magnetism to relieve "spasms" and "gout." (See, Buryl Payne, The Body Magnetic, 5th Edition, 1991). In 1766 Anton Mesmer wrote of the benefits and anecdotal experiences of using magnets for a wide variety of ailments. Magnetic fields are related to electric fields, as was first shown by Hans Oersted in 1819. James Clerk Maxwell later formalized this relationship between magnetic and electric forces in four elegant equations. For purposes of the present application, the most important of these relationships of Maxwell speaks to the generation of an electric current within a conductor where the conductor is moved through a static magnetic field created by a permanent magnet.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06267720__ •
Topical lotion and method for treatment of androgenic alopecia Inventor(s): Buck; Carol J. (30 Brooks Bend, Princeton, NJ 08540) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,512,275 Date filed: November 22, 1994 Abstract: A formulation and method of treatment for androgenic alopecia wherein the active ingredient is liquor carbonis detergens, in combination with spirits of camphor, castor oil, isopropyl alcohol, and optionally salicyclic acid. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a topical lotion and method for treatment of androgenic alopecia. (iii) the resting stage known as telogen, where the hair is retained within the scalp for up to 12 weeks before the emerging new hair developing below it dislodges the telogen-phase shaft from its follicle. For reasons yet unknown, subjects evidencing androgenic alopecia experience gradual changes in the width and length of the hair shaft over time and with age, some prematurely. Men as early as their 20's and women in their 30's and 40's begin to notice their hair becoming finer and shorter. In addition, the ratio of growing hairs to hairs in the resting/shedding phase declines from as high as 9:1 to as low as 2:1. Exactly how and where the growth and regenerative processes is damaged has yet to be definitively understood. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05512275__
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Topical preparation for the treatment of hair loss Inventor(s): Goodman; David S. (721 Woodhavin La., Naples, FL 34108) Assignee(s): Goodman; David S. (Naples, FL) Patent Number: 6,358,541 Date filed: May 3, 2000 Abstract: Improved preparations for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia comprise saw palmetto berry extract containing phytosterols and one or more low irritability constituents that enhance penetration of the extract into hair follicular pores. The low irritability penetration enhancer(s) may be selected from the group consisting of adapalene, tretinoin, retinaldehyde, tazarotene, salicylic acid, azelaic acid, and glycolic acid. Also provided is a method for reducing hair loss by application to the scalp of the improved preparations. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved preparation and method for treating androgenetic alopecia; and more particularly to a preparation comprising an active extract of saw palmetto berries and a compound which exhibits low irritability and enhances penetration of the extract into hair follicular pores. Human hair undergoes a normal growth cycle, known as the pilar cycle where each hair grows continuously for about 2 to 4 years, stops growing for 2 to 4 months, and then falls out. In its place, healthy new hair begins to grow, thereby restarting the cycle. Androgen receptors located in the hair follicle and sebaceous gland sensitize hair follicles to androgens. There is evidence that the pilar cycle of hair follicles on the scalp respond to higher levels of androgens by displaying shortened growth phases, and by displaying a greater
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fraction of increasingly thinner and shorter hairs. Saw palmetto (serenoa repens) is a small berry-bearing palm native to the southeast United States. Saw palmetto berry extract ("SPBE") has been shown to block 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that converts the hormone testosterone into dihydrotestosterone ("DHT"), the major androgen implicated in changes in the pilar cycle. This enzyme also blocks the binding of DHT to androgen receptors. Thus, in treating the balding scalp, SPBE may act by blocking the formation of DHT, by inhibiting binding of DHT to the androgen receptors, or both. The use of SPBE in reducing hair loss is well known and has been cited for example in "The Green Pharmacy", pp. 78-79, Rodale Press, Emmaus, Penn., 1996. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358541__ •
Topical sod for treating hair loss Inventor(s): Proctor; Peter H. (Twelve Oaks Medical Tower 4126 SW. Freeway, Suite 1616, Houston, TX 77027) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,470,876 Date filed: April 18, 1994 Abstract: SOD for treating hair loss is disclosed. The SOD has utility in a topical pharmaceutical formulation for the cosmetic treatment of hair loss and the cosmetic stimulation of hair growth. The SOD comprises copper salicylate, copper aspirinate, indomethacin-copper, or a complex of an amino acid or peptide and a transition metal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to topical superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the treatment of hair loss herewith. Recently, several anti-alopecia agents such as minoxidil and cyoctol have gained attention. However, most of these anti-alopecia agents are only minimally effective in some cases and/or can cause adverse dermatological or systemic reactions. Minoxidil, for example, is a therapeutic antihypertensive. Thus, the search continues for new, safer and more effective anti-alopecia agents which can be used without the risk of undesirable antihypertensive effects. Applicant has discovered that SOD can be used as a topical anti-alopecia agent which can desirably be essentially free of antihypertensives, for example, to stimulate cosmetic hair growth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05470876__
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Treatment of hair loss and dermatological problems Inventor(s): Palacios; Henry J. (8005 Algarve St., McLean, VA 22102) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,431,881 Date filed: December 10, 1993 Abstract: A kit for use in determining the dosages and administering testosterone for the treatment of hair loss and disorders involving the lubricating function of the skin. Excerpt(s): This invention provides a means of treating hair loss and other dermatological problems of allergenic origin using desensitizing doses of allergens. The treatment of dermatological problems related to hair loss has been a topic of considerable study. The most widely used treatment at the present time is topical
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application of minoxidil (Rogaine.TM.) for restoration of hair loss on the crown of the head of individuals with male pattern androgenic baldness of hereditary origin. The method has several disadvantages. The hair produced is usually short, thin, and often discolored. The hair loss resumes as soon as the treatment with minoxidil is discontinued. That treatment does not alleviate unattractive appearance of hair that arises from an abnormally dry or oily scalp. Moreover, the use of minoxidil is effective in only 10% to 20% of the patients suffering from hair loss. There have been reports of treatment of premenstrual syndrome using minidoses of progesterone as desensitizing allergens. No previous disclosure of use of minidoses of androgens to relieve dermatological problems of dryness, abnormal oil production and distribution, or hair loss has been reported. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05431881__ •
Treatment of nonacne inflammatory and infectious dermatoses and hair loss Inventor(s): Thornfeldt; Carl R. (1054 NW. 2nd Ave., Ontario, OR 97914) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,713,394 Date filed: June 11, 1986 Abstract: Dermatoses involving nonacne inflammatory dermatoses, infectious cutaneous diseases, and hair loss resulting from inflammation or hormonal anomalies are treated with dicarboxylic acids containing 7 to 13 carbon atoms, or certain mercapto derivatives or salts thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of nonacne inflammatory dermatoses, infectious cutaneous diseases, and hair loss resulting from inflammation or hormonal anomalies. In particular, this invention is directed toward conditions involving inflammation or infection of the adnexa, dermis and epidermis or hormonal involution of hair follicles including such dermatoses as rosacea, perioral dermatitis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, tinea cruris, flat warts, alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and similar conditions. The present invention resides in the discovery that certain dicarboxylic acids are effective in the treatment of these conditions, and represents a departure from the types of skin conditions on which such acids have previously been disclosed as effective. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,292,326 (Nazarro-Porro, Sept. 29, 1981) and 4,386,104 (Nazarro-Porro, May 31, 1983) disclose the use of dicarboxylic acids in the treatment of acne and melanocytic hyperpigmentary dermatoses. Acne is a sebaceous gland abnormality with inflammatory papules, pustules, and cysts and noninflammatory comedos. It afflicts teenagers and young adults. Melanocytic hyperpigmentary disorders are noninflammatory conditions involving an excess of melanin formation in the skin. The producing cells may be benign, premalignant, or malignant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04713394__
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Use of isoflavones to prevent hair loss and preserve the integrity of existing hair Inventor(s): Segelman; Alvin B (Orem, UT) Assignee(s): Natures Sunshine Products, Inc. () Patent Number: 6,017,893 Date filed: August 29, 1997 Abstract: The present invention is an orally- or topically-administrable composition for preventing and treating hair loss. The invention is a plant or plant extract containing isoflavones having a weak estrogen activity. The invention further includes methods for using the invented composition to prevent and treat hair loss. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of compositions and methods for treating and preventing hair loss. More specifically, this invention relates to compositions of isoflavone-containing plants and plant extracts which can be used to treat or prevent hair loss, and methods for making and using such compositions. Hair loss is a common problem in both men and women. It has been shown that hair loss in humans can be associated with high circulating levels of the androgen testosterone. In these cases, hair loss occurs because the testosterone binding sites (receptors) in the scalp-hair regions are constantly occupied by testosterone. One proposed method of treating hair loss is to administer an estrogen, like progesterone, to humans with "falling hair." Estrogen can also bind to the testosterone receptors in the scalp-hair regions. Because estrogen would compete with testosterone for binding to the testosterone receptors, the number of testosterone receptors occupied by testosterone would decrease. In this manner, the "hair loss" effect of testosterone is blocked and scalp hair is not lost. However, because of the undesirable feminizing effects of progesterone, especially in men, strong estrogens like progesterone are not used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06017893__
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Use of melatonin for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia Inventor(s): Elsner; Peter (Meilen, CH) Assignee(s): ASAT AG Applied Science and Technology (Zug, CH) Patent Number: 6,281,241 Date filed: February 18, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of melatonin and melatonin-containing preparations for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia of the female type. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of melatonin and melatonin-containing preparations for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia of the female type. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone with a broad spectrum of action [1,2], produced and secreted from the pineal gland under the influence of.beta.-adrenergic receptors having a circadian rhythm. Although the mechanisms of the action of melatonin are still not comprehensively clarified in detail, melatonin appears to control the adaptation of the organism to environmental stimuli, in particular light and temperature. The toxicity of melatonin is not detectable, even on oral administration of several grams per day [3]. In the case of topical application in a nanocolloid preparation, and of alcoholic solutions, no local or systemic side effects were seen in over 60 subjects. Animal experimental studies indicate that the systemic administration of melatonin improves the thickness and structure of coat hair [4,5 ]. The influence of the duration of
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daylight exposure to the seasonal change of coat has been described for the sheep [6], the Kashmir goat and some other species of goat [7], red deer [8] and mink [9]. The mitotic activity of the secondary follicles and the hair growth resulting therefrom increases from the beginning of summer until the winter, to stop in the spring. After a resting stage, in which the hairs of the primary and secondary follicles fall out, a new growth cycle begins with induction of a new anagenic phase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06281241__ •
Use of N-aryl-2-hydroxyalkylamides for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss Inventor(s): Galey; Jean-Baptiste (Aulnay-sous-Bois, FR), Breton; Lionel (Versailles, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,291,532 Date filed: December 7, 1998 Abstract: Methods and compositions for induction or stimulation of hair growth and retardation of hair loss are provided. Preferably, these compounds will include a perhalogenated alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use as active principle, in a physiologically acceptable medium, in a cosmetic composition or for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, of an effective amount of at least one specific compound from the family of the N-aryl-2-hydroxyalkylamides, intended to induce and/or stimulate hair growth and/or to slow down hair loss. In man, hair growth and its renewal are mainly determined by the activity of the hair follicles. Their activity is cyclical and essentially comprises three phases, namely the anagen phase, the catagen phase and the telogen phase. The active anagen phase or growth phase, which lasts several years and during which the hair lengthens, is succeeded by a very short and transitory catagen phase, which lasts a few weeks, and then by a resting phase, also known as the telogen phase, which lasts a few months. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06291532__
Patent Applications on Hair Loss As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hair loss:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Compositions and methods for treating hair loss using C16-C20 aromatic tetrahydro prostaglandins Inventor(s): Youngquist, Robert Scott; (Mason, OH), McIver, John McMillan; (Cincinnati, OH), Delong, Mitchell Anthony; (West Chester, OH) Correspondence: Catherine U. Brown; The Procter & Gamble Company; Miami Valley Laboratories; P. O. Box 538707; Cincinnati; OH; 45253-8707; US Patent Application Number: 20020037914 Date filed: January 31, 2001 Abstract: A method for treating hair loss in mammals uses compositions containing prostaglandin F analogs. The compositions can be applied topically to the skin. The compositions can arrest hair loss, reverse hair loss, and promote hair growth. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for treating hair loss in mammals. More particularly, this invention relates to compositions and methods for arresting or reversing hair loss, or both, and promoting hair growth. Hair loss is a common problem which is, for example, naturally occurring or chemically promoted through the use of certain therapeutic drugs designed to alleviate conditions such as cancer. Often such hair loss is accompanied by lack of hair re-growth which causes partial or full baldness. Hair growth on the scalp does not occur continuously, but rather occurs by a cycle of activity involving alternating periods of growth and rest. This cycle is divided into three main stages; anagen, catagen, and telogen. Anagen is the growth phase of the cycle and is characterized by penetration of the hair follicle deep into the dermis with rapid proliferation of cells which are differentiating to form hair. The next phase is catagen, which is a transitional stage marked by the cessation of cell division, and during which the hair follicle regresses through the dermis and hair growth ceases. The next phase, telogen, is characterized as the resting stage during which the regressed follicle contains a germ with tightly packed dermal papilla cells. At telogen, the initiation of a new anagen phase is caused by rapid cell proliferation in the germ, expansion of the dermal papilla, and elaboration of basement membrane components. When hair growth ceases, most of the hair follicles reside in telogen and anagen is not engaged, thus causing the onset of full or partial baldness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions and methods relating to prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia Inventor(s): Voellmy, Richard W. (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Richard W. Voellmy; Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Miami School of Medicine; 1011 N.W. 15th Street; Miami; FL; 33136; US Patent Application Number: 20020001629 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for protecting a human patient or a mammalian animal to be subjected to chemotherapy treatment of a tumor not residing in the scalp of the patient or the skin of the animal against chemotherapy-induced alopecia, comprising administering to the scalp of the patient or the skin of the animal an effective amount of a composition comprising a chemical inducer of the stress protein response sufficiently prior to the administration of a chemotherapeutic drug. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced
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alopecia. It further relates to a method for protecting a human patient or a mammalian animal to be subjected to chemotherapy treatment of a tumor not residing in the scalp of the patient or the skin of the animal against chemotherapy-induced alopecia, comprising administering to the scalp of the patient or the skin of the animal an effective heat dose sufficiently prior to the administration of a chemotherapeutic drug. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of international application PCT/IB01/00422 designating the United States filed on Mar. 21, 2001, which application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/191,580 filed on Mar. 23, 2000. The invention relates to conditions and compositions capable of inducing the stress response in hair follicles and to methods of using said conditions and compositions for prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Chemotherapy frequently induces hair loss. With chemotherapy, patients not only experience reduced stamina and independence but also must wear a physical symbol of their illness in the loss of their hair. This loss of hair is a traumatic experience that may well result in lower self-esteem and overall resistance. Some patients are known to have refused chemotherapy for fear of losing their hair. Scalp tourniquets have been used for several decades to prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia. This technique involves the placement of a pneumatic tourniquet around the hairline at the time of administration of the chemotherapeutic drug. The tourniquet is then inflated to a pressure above the systolic arterial pressure, reducing blood flow to the scalp. The effectiveness of this technique has never been unambiguously demonstrated. The use of tourniquets has more or less been replaced by scalp hypothermia. With this technique, the scalp temperature is lowered to below 24.degree. C. by application of cold packs, etc., prior to chemotherapy. The technique has been reported to afford a 50-70% good to excellent hair protective effect. However, results have remained notoriously variable. Furthermore, the practice is rather uncomfortable and is only tolerated for a short time. It is likely to be most effective for chemotherapy agents with short half lives. Moreover, several cases of scalp metastases in patients who used scalp hypothermia were reported. Finally, the technique appears to work considerably less well for combination chemotherapy than for therapy using single agents. Several pharmacological approaches for the prevention of chemotherapyinduced hair loss were also tested. For a review, see Dorr. 1998. Semin. Oncol. 25: 562570. Most of the drugs tested failed (for example, alpha-tocopherol, minoxidil, calcitriol) or showed a marked sex preference (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3). More promising results were obtained with the immunomodulatory substance ammonium trichloro (dioxy-ethylene-0,0') tellurate (AS101). Sredni et al. 1996. Int. J. Cancer 65: 97-103. However, confirmation of this study is still being awaited. Furthermore, the question has to be resolved whether the immunomodulator is only effective if administered weeks prior to chemotherapy. If so, that would diminish somewhat the usefulness of the compound. Another drug candidate may be ImuVert, perhaps used in combination with acetylcysteine. ImuVert is a membrane vesicle-ribosome preparation from Serratia marescens. The combination of AS101 and acetylcysteine showed efficacy in a rodent model, but no human data are available. Some caution may be appropriate, since Imuvert as a biological response modifier has the potential of producing unacceptable toxicities. Thus, there is no drug on the market that generally protects against chemotherapy-induced alopecia, and there are only few drug candidates that are under active development. There is therefore a need for additional drug candidates and methods for protection against chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Hair loss prevention Inventor(s): Knowles, W. Roy; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: BREVETS, RODHAIN & PORTE; 3 RUE MONCEY; PARIS; F-75009; FR Patent Application Number: 20020115646 Date filed: January 16, 2002 Abstract: Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss, allowing the body to maintain normal, healthy hair growth, comprising a penetration enhancer together with a testosterone blocker or a vascular enhancer, or both. Excerpt(s): My invention relates to preparations useful for maintaining normal, healthy hair bulb function, for preventing hair loss, and for medically treating androgenic alopecia and like dermatological diseases. I will first review pertinent hair biology, then discuss prior art teachings in the field, and then describe my invention. Hair bulbs are responsible for normal, healthy hair growth and retention. Hair bulbs are located in the skin, about {fraction (3/16)} of an inch below the skin surface. They are located just above the fatty layer at the very lower most position of the skin. The majority of facial and body hair growth is stimulated by androgens. However, the growth of scalp hair has been shown, in genetically programmed individuals, to be inhibited by 5.alpha.dihydrotestosterone ("DHT") in individuals who exhibit a hereditary pre-disposition to baldness. Ebling, Dermatol. Clin. S. 467 (1987); Lucky, 4 Biochem. Soc. Transc. 597 (1988); Brodland et al., 47 Cutis 173 (1991). DHT is produced by reducing testosterone with a 5.alpha.-reductase enzyme. The phenotypic expression of baldness does not occur in the absence of testosterone. Androgenic alopecia or common baldness represents 99 percent of all cases of hair loss. Broadland, id. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Hair tonic for prevention or treatment of hair loss Inventor(s): Wagenknecht, Bernd; (Mainz, DE), Hehner, Ursula; (Brensbach, DE), Noser, Friedrich; (Bonnefontaine, CH) Correspondence: STRIKER, STRIKER & STENBY; 103 East Neck Road; Huntington; NY; 11743; US Patent Application Number: 20020034485 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: The hair tonic for preventing or at least reducing hair loss includes at least one saturated or unsaturated C.sub.10- to C.sub.18-fatty acid, or a salt thereof, biotin and/or caffeine. The method of preventing or at least reducing hair loss includes applying the hair tonic to the affected area on the scalp or to an area on the head in which prevention of hair loss is desired. Excerpt(s): The subject matter of the present invention is a cosmetic composition, especially a hair tonic, for preventing or treating hair loss containing an effective ingredient combination of fatty acids, biotin and/or caffeine. The subject matter of the present invention also includes a cosmetic method for increasing natural hair growth and for reduction of hair loss. The growth of human hair occurs in a known manner according to a natural growth rhythm including a growth phase (anagen), a transition phase (catagen) and a resting phase (telogen). A normal natural hair cycle begins when a
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hair bottom end is ejected or cast away at the beginning of the anagen phase. Consequently from 80 to 100 hairs fall out daily from the scalp. This number is an approximate value, which can occur over a shorter time and also can be greater or smaller, without causing fear regarding natural hair growth. However when the amount of hair falling out daily exceeds this approximate normal amount, an irreversible or reversible hair loss is occurring. The anagen follicle is very susceptible toward disturbing influences because of its nature as a highly reactive organ, whereas the telogen follicle scarcely reacts at all. The natural first reaction of the hair follicle is thus to rapidly switch into the telogen phase and to begin a fresh anagen phase as soon as the disturbing influence stops. Great disturbing influences lead from the loss of hair thickness to the anagen hair loss, which occurs when the hair follicle has no more time remaining for change into the telogen phase. No strict relationship exists between the reaction of the hair organs and the type of disturbing influence. Reversible hair loss is indeed widespread. For example, hair loss occurs after feverish and consumptive illnesses, as a result of an unbalanced diet, because of dietary iron deficiency, due to albumin-free diet, during cures involving fasting and as a result of taking medicine to treat cancer. Hair loss also occurs in women after a birth. Gestagen, the hormone, which is formed during the pregnancy in a great amount, synchronizes the growth cycle of the hair on the head. A very high ratio of anagen hair to telogen hair is the result. After the birth this ratio changes in the opposite manner, which means many anagen hairs change into telogen hairs. After several months a shift into the anagen phase occurs during which the hairs can fall out simultaneously leading to a conspicuous bare spot in the hair on the head. When the new anagen hairs have reached their original length, the original state is again reached. Hair loss after massive psychic stress is another form of reversible hair loss. How this type of hair loss occurs is unknown. It appears that stress, which can impair many functions of our metabolism, also affects the operation of the hair organ running continuously at maximum performance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for inhibiting or treating chemotherapy-induced hair loss Inventor(s): Atwal, Karnail S. (Newtown, PA) Correspondence: MARLA J MATHIAS; BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY; PATENT DEPARTMENT; P O BOX 4000; PRINCETON; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20010020038 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: A method for inhibiting hair loss and/or promoting hair growth in chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy patients wherein the (R)-enantiomer of 4[[(cyanoimino)-[(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)amino]methyl]amino]benzonitrile is administered prior to, simultaneous with and/or after chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/447,002, filed Nov. 22, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/119,884, filed Jul. 21, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,668, which takes priority from Provisional Application No. 60/055,568, Aug. 13, 1997, and Provisional Application No. 60/071,364, Jan. 15, 1998. The present invention relates to a method for inhibiting hair loss and/or promoting hair growth in chemotherapy patients employing the (R)-enantiomer of 4-[ [(cyanoimino)[(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)amino]methyl]amino] benzonitrile or pharmaceutical compositions containing same. Potassium channel openers such as
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minoxidil (Upjohn), pinacidil (Lilly) and diazoxide (Shiseido and Schering-Plough) are known for their hair growth stimulating activity. Thus, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,596,812 and 4,139,619 disclose use of minoxidil in the treatment of male pattern baldness, alopecia areata and balding in females. U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,636 discloses pinacidil. DE 3,827,467A discloses combinations of minoxidil and hydrocortisone or retinoids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced alopecia Inventor(s): Jimenez, Joaquin J. (Miami, FL), Yunis, Adel A. (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Greenberg Traurig, LLP; 885 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020035097 Date filed: September 17, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates, in general, to a method of inhibiting alopecia, or hair loss, and, in particular, to a method of inhibiting alopecia induced by chemotherapeutic agents. The invention further relates to a composition suitable for use in such a method. Active agents for use in the above method include proteinaceous growth factors, such as EGF, and/or vitamin D.sub.3 or metabolites thereof. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/810,412, filed Dec. 20, 1991, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/786,788, filed Nov. 1, 1991, which itself is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/722,500, filed on Jun. 28, 1991, the entire contents of each of these applications being hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates, in general, to a method of preventing or treating alopecia, and, in a specific embodiment, to a method of preventing or treating alopecia induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Alopecia is a common and distressing side effect of many chemotherapeutic agents and for which there is currently no effective preventive measure. In a recent study, thirty-five of forty-six patients receiving chemotherapy ranked alopecia as more important than vomiting (Tierney et al, B. J. Cancer, 62:527-528, 1990). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of treating alopecia Inventor(s): Oh, Hye-Sun; (Raleigh, NC), Smart, Robert C. (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: MYERS BIGEL SIBLEY & SAJOVEC; PO BOX 37428; RALEIGH; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20030162757 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: A method of enhancing hair growth or treating alopecia in a subject uses topically administered estrogen receptor antagonists. Pharmaceutical formulations comprising estrogen receptor antagonists are described. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of prior co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/697,214, filed Oct. 26, 2000, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/257,396, filed Feb. 25, 1999, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,258, which in turn is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No.
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08/604,448, filed Feb. 21, 1996, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,551, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. This invention relates to methods of treating hair loss and promoting hair growth, and more particularly to a method of using estrogen receptor antagonists to promote hair growth in a subject in need of such treatment. Alopecia (baldness) is a deficiency of hair, either normal or abnormal, and is primarily a cosmetic problem in humans, although the negative psychological impact of hair loss is well known. See C. H. Mortimer et al., Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 9, 342-350 (1984). Dermatologists recognize many different types of alopecia, with androgenic alopecia being the most common cause of hair loss in both men and women. As this type of hair loss is more common and more severe in males, it is typically referred to as "male pattern baldness." However, it is thought that androgenic alopecia affects more that one third of individuals of either sex who have a strong family history of hair loss. See W. F. Bergfield, Clin. Dermatol. 6, 102-107 (1988). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of treating hair loss using diphenylether derivatives Inventor(s): Youngquist, Robert Scott; (Mason, OH), Zhang, Lixin Lilly; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: MICHAEL BEST & FRIEDRICH, LLP; 100 E WISCONSIN AVENUE; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202; US Patent Application Number: 20030166731 Date filed: February 24, 2003 Abstract: The present disclosure describes methods for treating hair loss in mammals, including arresting and/or reversing hair loss and promoting hair growth. The methods comprise administering a cardiac-sparing compound having a structure of formula (I) as described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. 1 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for treating hair loss in mammals, including arresting and/or reversing hair loss and promoting hair growth. Hair loss is a common problem which occurs, for example, through natural processes or is often chemically promoted through the use of certain therapeutic drugs designed to alleviate conditions such as cancer. Often such hair loss is accompanied by lack of hair regrowth which causes partial or full baldness. As is well-known in the art, hair growth occurs by a cycle of activity which involves alternating periods of growth and rest. This cycle is often divided into three main stages which are known as anagen, catagen, and telogen. Anagen is the growth phase of the cycle and may be characterized by penetration of the hair follicle deep into the dermis with rapid proliferation of cells which are differentiating to form hair. The next phase is catagen, which is a transitional stage marked by the cessation of cell division, and during which the hair follicle regresses through the dermis and hair growth is ceased. The next phase, telogen, is often characterized as the resting stage during which the regressed follicle contains a germ with tightly packed dermal papilla cells. At telogen, the initiation of a new anagen phase is caused by rapid cell proliferation in the germ, expansion of the dermal papilla, and elaboration of basement membrane components. Wherein hair growth ceases, most of the hair follicles reside in telogen and anagen is not engaged, thus causing the onset of full or partial baldness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of treating hair loss using thyromimetic compounds Inventor(s): Chiang, Yuan-Ching P. (East Lyme, CT), Cornelius, Peter; (Old Lyme, CT), Dow, Robert L. (Waterford, CT), Doherty, Niall S. (Stonington, CT) Correspondence: PFIZER INC. PATENT DEPARTMENT, MS8260-1611; EASTERN POINT ROAD; GROTON; CT; 06340; US Patent Application Number: 20030007941 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for treating hair loss, including arresting and/or reversing hair loss and/or promoting hair growth, in mammals, such as humans, companion animals and livestock, using certain thyromimetic compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/294,962, filed May 31, 2001. The present invention provides methods and compositions for treating hair loss, including arresting and/or reversing hair loss and promoting hair growth, in mammals, such as humans, companion animals and livestock, using certain thyromimetic compounds, as described below. Hair loss is a common problem, which occurs, for example, through natural processes or is often chemically promoted through the use of certain therapeutic drugs designed to alleviate conditions, such as cancer. Often such hair loss is accompanied by lack of hair regrowth, which causes partial or full baldness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods for preventing and treating alopecia induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy Inventor(s): Webster, Kevin R. (Yardley, PA), Bol, David K. (Langhorne, PA), Kimball, S. David; (East Windsor, NJ) Correspondence: MARLA J MATHIAS; BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY; PATENT DEPARTMENT; P O BOX 4000; PRINCETON; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20020061915 Date filed: April 26, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a method for preventing or treating alopecia induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy by administering to a mammalian specie in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or II 1or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/746,060, filed Dec. 22, 2000; 09/727,957, filed Dec. 1, 2000; 09/616,627, filed Jul. 26, 2000, all of these hereby incorporated by reference herein. This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/200,068, filed Apr. 27, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Alopecia is a common and distressing side effect of many chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, alopecia also occurs as a side effect of radiotherapy. As patients embark on new therapies, hair loss can induce a negative body image, alter interpersonal relationships, and often cause patients to reject potentially curative therapy. Several preventive methods have been proposed. Those methods include scalp tourniquet, scalp hypothermia, or a combination of both, the rationale of which is to reduce the blood circulation during
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chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, none of those methods has been shown to have a definitive protective effect, although undesirable effects, such as headaches, may arise. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of alopecia Inventor(s): Niazi, Sarfaraz K. (Deerfield, IL) Correspondence: GERALD T. SHEKLETON, ESQ. WELSH & KATZ, LTD. 22ND FLOOR; 120 SOUTH RIVERSIDE PLAZA; CHICAGO; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20020183297 Date filed: February 15, 2002 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions containing phystosterols and/or blood flow stimulants are described to promote hair growth through stimulation of follicular cells, bulb cells and stem cells in the scalp to treat the condition of alopecia in humans and animals. Excerpt(s): Human hair is the keratin-containing threadlike outgrowth extending from hair follicles in the skin. In humans, hair generally serves protective, sensory, and sexual attractiveness functions. A mature hair shaft is composed of three, and sometimes four, basic structures. The cuticle is the thick outer protective covering consisting of flat overlapping scale-like layers. The cortex is located inside, and is surrounded by, the cuticle. The cortex contains fibrous proteins, which are aligned along the length of the hair axis. Thicker hairs often contain one or more porous regions the medulla located near or at the center of the hair shaft. The fourth basic component is the intercellular cement, which glues or binds the cells together and provides the main pathway for diffusion into the hair fibers. Melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for hair color, are generally contained in the cortex and the base of the bulb of the hair shaft. Essential nutrients and oxygen are carried to the growing hair through capillaries around the base of the bulb. The hair follicle cycle is a complex process and entails involvement of cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell augmentation, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling of hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-.beta. Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. (K S Stenn and R Pauls, Physiol Rev 2001 Jan; 81(1):449-494). Normal hair follicles cycle between a growth stage (anagen), a degenerative stage (catagen), and a resting stage (telogen). The scalp hairs have a relatively long life cycle: the anagen stage ranges from two to five years, the catagen stage ranges from a few days to a few weeks, and the telogen stage is approximately three months (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, pp. 290291; Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), pp. 1-17 (1991)). Shorter hairs found elsewhere on the body have corresponding shorter anagen duration. The morphology of the hair and the hair follicle changes dramatically over the course of the life cycle of the hair. During anagen, the hair follicle is highly active metabolically
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(Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 4 (1991)). The follicle comprises a follicular (dermal) papilla at the base of the follicle; epidermal matrix cells surrounding the follicular papilla and forming the base of a hair shaft; and the hair shaft that extends upwards from the papilla through the hair canal (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993). The matrix cells are the actively growing portions of the hair (Sperling, L. C., J. Amero Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No.1, Part 1), p.6 (1991)). At catagen, the matrix cells retract from the papilla, and other degenerative changes occur (Sperling, L. C., J. epithelial cells pushes the keratinized proximal shaft of the hair upwards (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. I, Part I), p. 3 (1999)), and cell death occurs within the follicle (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 291). When the hair follicle reaches the telogen stage, the existing hair has a club-shaped proximal end, and a small bud (a remnant of the epithelial column that is found in catagen) at the base of the follicle (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. I, Part I), p. 3 (1991)). A telogen hair will not grow further (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 291). The pigmentary system that colors hair involves melanocytes located in the matrix area of the follicle, above the follicular papilla (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 292). Melanin pigments produced by the melanocytes flow along dendritic processes (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 292). The dendritic processes are phagocytized by the differentiating matrix cells that become part of the hair shaft; degradation of the phagocytosed material results in release of melanin granules into the cytoplasm (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 671), thus pigmenting the hair. Alterations in normal hair pigmentation or growth may be caused by age, physiologic disease conditions, or injury especially, for example, exposure to ultraviolet-irradiation. The "graying" of hair, both normal (age-associated) and abnormal, is known as canities. Graying results from a progressive decrease in pigment present in the hair shaft, caused by loss of melanocytes (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 671; Gilchrest, B. A., SKIN AND AGING PROCESSES, CRC Press, 1984, p. 19). A decrease in the density of hair follicles is also associated with advancing age (Gilchrest, B. A., SKIN AND AGING PROCESSES, CRC Press, 1984, p. 20). Alopecia areata is a common disease of the hair follicle, affecting about 2% of new patients attending dermatology clinics in the United States and in Britain (Price, V. H., J. Invest. Dermatol., 96:685 (1991)). In alopecia areata, the hair follicle, in response to some unknown signal or injury, is suddenly precipitated into premature telogen, and then cycles in a shortened aborted cycle in which it is repeatedly arrested part way through early anagen. The follicle may remain in this arrested state but is capable of resuming normal growth after months or years. The nature of the signal or injury and the anatomical target for this abnormality are unknown. Histologically, alopecia areata is characterized by peribulbar lymphocytic infiltrate of predominantly T helper cells (Lever, W. F. and Schaumburg- Lever, G., eds., HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE SKIN, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa., 1990, pp. 223-224), strongly suggesting the involvement of the cellular immune system perhaps through a loss of discrimination of self and non-self antigens (Goldsmith, L. A., J.lnvest. Dermatol., 96:985-1005 (1991)). Alternatively, an intrinsic abnormality in the follicular keratinocyte could be activated under the influence of internal or external triggers, which eventually may lead to cellular degeneration and peribulbar inflammatory infiltrate. However, to date no specific antigen has been identified to support the autoimmune theory and no specific intrinsic difference has been reported between normal bulbar and alopecia areata
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keratinocytes. The hair follicle is an epidermal derivative that undergoes cycles of growth, involution, and rest. The hair cycle has well-orchestrated kinetics regulated by interactions between mesenchymal and epithelial cells, although the intracellular signals remain unclear. There is suggestion that telogen-to-anagen progression required organized keratinocyte migration in response to mesenchymal stimuli. Alopecia (baldness) a deficiency of hair, either normal or abnormal, is primarily a cosmetic problem in humans. Hair loss occurs in a variety of situations. These situations include male pattern alopecia, alopecia senilis, alopecia areata, diseases accompanied by basic skin lesions or tumors, and systematic disorders such as nutritional disorder and internal secretion disorders. The mechanisms causing hair loss are very complicated, but in some instances can be attributed to aging, genetic disposition, the activation of male hormones, the loss of blood supply to hair follicles, hair that is readily seen. However, in the so-called bald person although there is a noticeable absence of terminal hair the skin does contain vellus hair, which is a fine colorless hair, which may require microscopic examination to determine its presence. This vellus hair is a precursor to terminal hair. In both women and men, the occurrence of an increased loss of hair is accompanied by the fear of becoming totally bald- headed. Besides the medical aspect, disturbances in the hair growth thus present a great personal problem for the affected person. The rate of growth of the hair amounts to about 0.35 mm per day, the hair density is from about 80,000 to 150,000 hairs per head. A loss of 100 hairs per day constitutes already a pathological effluvium. From hair follicles that remained intact, hair is able to re-grow. However, during a multiphase, lengthy re-growth, hair follicles may shrink and lead to a gradual loss of hair. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pyrimidine 3-oxide compounds for inducing/stimulating hair growth and/or retarding hair loss Inventor(s): Pichaud, Patrick; (Velizy, FR), Galey, Jean-Baptiste; (Aulnay-Sous-Bois, FR), Michelet, Jean-Francois; (Creteil, FR), Mahe, Yann; (Morsang Sur Orge, FR) Correspondence: BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P. P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030130294 Date filed: November 22, 2002 Abstract: Hair growth-/hair loss-affecting cosmetic/therapeutic compositions contain an effective amount of at least one 2-amino-4-alkylaminopyrimidine 3-oxide having the structural formula (I): 1which R.sub.1 is an alkyl radical having from 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and Z is either a hydrogen atom or a radical --OR.sub.2, wherein R.sub.2 is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or an acyl derivative or acid addition salt thereof. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of copending application patent No. 09/874,053, filed Jun. 6, 2001, now allowed, incorporated by reference herein, which is a divisional of application patent No. 09/360,495, filed Jul. 23, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,468. This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 OF FR-98/09509, filed Jul. 24, 1998, assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to novel 2-amino-4-alkylaminopyrimidi- ne 3oxide chemical compounds, to compositions comprised thereof and to the use of such novel compounds/compositions as active principles for inducing and/or stimulating hair growth and/or for preventing hair loss.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Treatment of alopecia Inventor(s): Li, Lingna; (San Diego, CA), Zhao, Ming; (San Diego, CA), Saito, Norimitsu; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP; 3811 VALLEY CENTRE DRIVE; SUITE 500; SAN DIEGO; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20030059464 Date filed: July 17, 2002 Abstract: A composition and method for treating and monitoring alopecia by altering hair follicle cells to produce a cell cycle inhibitor is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/859,051, filed May 20, 1997 which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/858,469, filed May 20, 1997 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,126 which is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/486,520, filed Jun. 7, 1995 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,263. This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 from provisional application No. 60/105,831 filed Oct. 27, 1998. The contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to methods for specifically delivering cell cycle inhibitors to hair follicles to inhibit alopecia. In particular, the invention relates to specifically delivering the cellcycle inhibitor, p21 to hair follicles. Many chemotherapeutic agents, for example, antimetabolites (methotrexate, 5-fluoouracil, cytarabine), alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, dacarbazine, ifosfamide), antineoplatic antibiotics (bleomycin, actinomycin D, daunomycin, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone), the vinca alkaloids (vincistine, vinblastine) and taxanes (Taxol, Taxotere), produce an anagen effluvium to induce alopecia by killing the active proliferating cells of the hair matrix. Scalp hair is particularly sensitive since 85% of scalp hair is in anagen phase. Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is thus a major problem in clinical oncology, which can be a major obstacle for patients to accept chemotherapy. It is particularly devastating to women as alopecia-inducing agents such as the taxanes are becoming more frequently used in breast and ovarian cancers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss Inventor(s): Gautier, Brigitte; (Les Ulis, FR), Duranton, Albert; (Paris, FR), Boyera, Nathalie; (Paris, FR), Pruche, Francis; (Paris, FR) Correspondence: Norman H. Stepno; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P. P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030073616 Date filed: September 16, 2002 Abstract: The use of an effective amount of at least one bradykinin antagonist as the active principle in a physiologically acceptable medium in a cosmetic composition or for preparing a drug is disclosed. The antagonist or drug is intended to induce and/or stimulate hair growth, and/or control hair loss.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use, as active principle, in a physiologically acceptable medium, in a cosmetic composition or for the preparation of a medicinal product, of an effective amount of at least one bradykinin antagonist which is intended to induce and/or stimulate hair growth and/or slow down hair loss. In human beings, hair growth and its renewal are mainly determined by the activity of the hair follicles. Their activity is cyclical and comprises essentially three phases, namely the anagenic phase, the catagenic phase and the telogenic phase. The active anagenic phase or growth phase, which lasts several years and during which the hair grows longer, is followed by a very short and transitory catagenic phase, which lasts a few weeks, and then by a resting phase, known as the telegenic phase, which lasts a few months. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of melatonin for treating androgenetic and diffuse alopecia Inventor(s): Elsner, Peter; (Meilen, CH) Correspondence: Arent Fox Kintner; Plotkin & Kahn; Suite 400; 1050 Connecticut Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20036-5339; US Patent Application Number: 20020183377 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of melatonin and melatonin-containing preparations for the treatment of androgenetic and diffuse alopecia of the female type. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of melatonin and melatonin-containing preparations for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia of the female type. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone with a broad spectrum of action [1,2], produced and secreted from the pineal gland under the influence of.beta.-adrenergic receptors having a circadian rhythm. Although the mechanisms of the action of melatonin are still not comprehensively clarified in detail, melatonin appears to control the adaptation of the organism to environmental stimuli, in particular light and temperature. The toxicity of melatonin is not detectable, even on oral administration of several grams per day [3]. In the case of topical application in a nanocolloid preparation, and of alcoholic solutions, no local or systemic side effects were seen in over 60 subjects. Animal experimental studies indicate that the systemic administration of melatonin improves the thickness and structure of coat hair [4,5]. The influence of the duration of daylight exposure to the seasonal change of coat has been described for the sheep [6], the Cashmere goat and some other species of goat [7], red deer [8] and mink [9]. The mitotic activity of the secondary follicles and the hair growth resulting therefrom increases from the beginning of summer until the winter, to stop in the spring. After a resting stage, in which the hairs of the primary and secondary follicles fall out, a new growth cycle begins with induction of a new anagenic phase. This cycle of hair growth and of molting is disturbed if the pineal gland is removed [5]. Welch [10] was able to show that by administration of melatonin in cashmere goats the initialization of the growth activity of the secondary follicles in the spring can be accelerated. In New Zealand, goats were treated with melatonin over a period of 14 days in order to initiate the spring growth, and compared with untreated goats. The histological examination of biopsies of the skin which were taken during the 14 days showed, in the goats which had been treated with melatonin, an induction of hair growth by changeover of the hair follicle from the telogenic phase to the proanagenic phase, while the hair follicles of the untreated goats remained in the telogenic phase [11].
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Vitamin/metal salt compositions for reducing hair loss and/or promoting hair regrowth Inventor(s): Lacharriere, Olivier de; (Paris, FR), Pruche, Francis; (Senlis, FR) Correspondence: Norman H. Stepno, Esquire; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P. P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020034484 Date filed: July 11, 2001 Abstract: Cosmetic/pharmaceutical compositions for promoting hair growth and/or retarding hair loss, and/or for increasing the mean diameter of strands of hair and/or decreasing the heterogeneity thereof, and/or for increasing hair density, and/or for improving the quality and/or the appearance of a head of hair, and/or for inducing repigmentation of the hair, contain thus effective amounts of intimate admixture of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc and selenium values. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119 of FR-00/09063, filed Jul. 11, 2000, hereby expressly incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to novel compositions based on vitamins and on inorganic/organic metal salts for promoting regrowth of the hair and/or decreasing hair loss and/or improving the quality of the hair and/or promoting repigmentation thereof. In humans, the growth of the hair and renewal thereof are determined principally by the activity of the hair follicles. This activity is cyclical and essentially entails three phases, namely, the anagenic phase, the catagenic phase and the telogenic phase. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hair loss, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hair loss. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hair loss. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HAIR LOSS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hair loss. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hair loss include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hair loss: •
Alopecia Areata: Understanding and Coping With Hair Loss Source: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1996. 195 p. Contact: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4319. Summary: This book for individuals with alopecia areata helps them cope with their condition by explaining what hair loss is and how it affects individuals. Initial chapters focus on understanding alopecia areata and coping with hair loss. A subsequent chapter provides medically reliable information on diagnosing and treating alopecia areata, presents guidelines for developing a treatment plan, describes alternative therapies for this condition, and presents the latest research on the condition and its treatment. Remaining chapters discuss the physical and psychological adjustments to wearing a hairpiece; offer suggestions for selecting, securing, and maintaining a hairpiece; explain how to deal with insurance companies to obtain compensation for a hairpiece; and
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discuss the special needs of children with alopecia areata. An epilogue recounts a day in the life of a woman with alopecia areata to illustrate the challenges she faces and the ways in which she copes with them. An appendix provides sample letters to an insurance company and presents resources. Numerous references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hair loss” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hair loss” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hair loss” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Alopecia Areata: Understanding and Coping With Hair Loss by Wendy Thompson, et al (2000); ISBN: 0801864720; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801864720/icongroupinterna
•
Bald Book Complete Book of Hair Loss and Regrowth by Walter Klenhard; ISBN: 0961705108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961705108/icongroupinterna
•
Color Atlas of Differential Diagnosis of Hair Loss by David A. Whiting, MD F. Lester Howsden; ISBN: 0964774909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964774909/icongroupinterna
•
Conquering Hair Loss: A Complete Medical Guide to Hair Loss Assessment, Prevention and Restoration by Nasser Razack (1997); ISBN: 0965692108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965692108/icongroupinterna
•
Coping with Hair Loss; ISBN: 1870403118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870403118/icongroupinterna
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Coping with Sudden Hair Loss: If You've Suddenly Lost Your Hair, This Is the Book for You by Elizabeth Steel; ISBN: 0722514921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722514921/icongroupinterna
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Great Ways to Cope With Hair Loss by John F. Melk (2002); ISBN: 0759620989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0759620989/icongroupinterna
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Grow Hair and Stop Hair Loss by Riquette Hofstein; ISBN: 0971508801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971508801/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss (Liz Earle's Quick Guides) by Liz Earle; ISBN: 075221635X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075221635X/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss Answers by the Hairdoc by Peter J. Panagotacos (2003); ISBN: 1932428348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1932428348/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss Explained and Analysed (the Homeopathic Way) by Farokh Jamshed Master (1993); ISBN: 8170212863; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170212863/icongroupinterna
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•
Hair Loss Prevention Through Natural Remedies: A Prescription for Healthier Hair by Ken Peters, et al (1996); ISBN: 0969527268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969527268/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss Survival Guide with Book [ABRIDGED] by Rc Publishing (1996); ISBN: 0964156792; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964156792/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss Treatment Almanac 1998 by David Tse; ISBN: 0966239105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966239105/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss: Coping with Hair Loss and What to Do About It (Thorsons Health Series) by Elizabeth Steel; ISBN: 072252997X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072252997X/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss: Principles of Diagnosis and Management Alopecia by Jerry Shapiro; ISBN: 1853178764; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853178764/icongroupinterna
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Hair Loss: the Answers by Susan Aldridge (1997); ISBN: 1900461102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900461102/icongroupinterna
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Hair Savers for Women: A Complete Guide to Preventing and Treating Hair Loss by Maggie Greenwood-Robinson (2000); ISBN: 0609804456; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0609804456/icongroupinterna
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Hair today-- not gone tomorrow : the thinking person's guide to avoiding hair loss by properly caring for the scalp and hair by David Bruce; ISBN: 0965575705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965575705/icongroupinterna
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Help & Hope for Hair Loss by Gary S. Hitzig; ISBN: 0380787105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380787105/icongroupinterna
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How I Beat Hair Loss Without Rugs, Drugs or Plugs by Sam Hurwitz (2003); ISBN: 0971190283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971190283/icongroupinterna
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I.A.T. Guide to Hair Loss by Salinger (1982); ISBN: 0961454806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961454806/icongroupinterna
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MarketLooks: The Global Market for Prescription Hair Loss and Hair Removal Drugs [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by MarketLooks - Kalorama Information (Author); ISBN: B000068IXA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000068IXA/icongroupinterna
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Reversing Hair Loss by Mary-Ellen Siegel; ISBN: 0671554697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671554697/icongroupinterna
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Stop Hair Loss by Paavo O. Airola (1984); ISBN: 0932090060; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932090060/icongroupinterna
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The Bald Truth : The First Complete Guide To Preventing And Treating Hair Loss by Spencer David Kobren (Author), et al; ISBN: 0671047639; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671047639/icongroupinterna
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The Big Fall: Living With Hair Loss by Sheila Jacobs; ISBN: 0969473419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969473419/icongroupinterna
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The Doctors Book on Hair Loss by T. Gerard Aldhizer; ISBN: 0132165988; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0132165988/icongroupinterna
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The Hair Loss Cure: How to Treat Alopecia and Thinning Hair by Elizabeth Steel; ISBN: 0722538294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722538294/icongroupinterna
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The Irreverent but Indispensable Guide to Hair Loss Solutions: A Myth-Exploding Survey of the 37 Alternatives to Baldness by L.H. Carson; ISBN: 0963466704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963466704/icongroupinterna
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The Secrets of Stopping Hair Loss by Stella. Weller; ISBN: 0722509421; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722509421/icongroupinterna
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The Truth About Women's Hair Loss: What Really Works for Treating and Preventing Thinning Hair by Spencer David Kobren, Angela Christiano; ISBN: 0809224887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809224887/icongroupinterna
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What You Can Do About Chronic Hair Loss (The Dell Medical Library) by Nancy Pauline Bruning; ISBN: 0440213649; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440213649/icongroupinterna
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Your Hair: Helping to Keep It: Treatment and Prevention of Hair Loss for Men and Women by Neil S. Sadick, et al; ISBN: 0890434506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890434506/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Alopecia areata: understanding and coping with hair loss Author: Thompson, Wendy J. A.; Year: 1996; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996; ISBN: 0801853524 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801853524/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Hair Loss In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hair loss, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hair loss using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) 11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hair loss: •
Chapter 200: Hair Disorders Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have hair disorders with information on the causes and treatment of excessive hairiness, baldness, and ingrown beard hairs. Excessive hairiness may occur in women and children as a result of a disorder of the pituitary or adrenal glands that causes overproduction of masculinizing steroids. Excessive hairiness is also common after menopause and among people who use anabolic steroids or corticosteroids and have porphyria cutanea tarda. Temporary treatments include shaving, plucking, or waxing the hair or using depilatories. Electrolysis is the only safe permanent form of hair removal. Baldness occurs more often in men than in women. Male pattern baldness is the most common type of hair loss affecting men. Female pattern baldness, which is less common than male pattern baldness, causes the hair to thin in the front, on the sides, or on the crown. Toxic baldness may follow a severe illness with a high fever or may occur as a result of using certain drugs. Alopecia areata is a condition is which hair is lost suddenly in a particular area. Hair pulling occurs most frequently in children, but it may persist throughout life. Scarring alopecia is hair loss that occurs at areas scarred from burns, severe injury, or x ray therapy. A biopsy may be needed to diagnose the type of baldness affecting a person. Most types have no cure. Treatment options include hair transplantation, medications to regrow hair, and corticosteroid injections. Ingrown beard hairs cause inflammation. The best treatment is to grow the beard. A depilatory made of thioglycolate or tretinoin can also be used.
•
Chapter 78: Follicular Syndromes with Inflammation and Atrophy Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 818-822. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the classification, historical aspects, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, pathology, differential diagnosis, treatment, course, and prognosis of follicular syndromes with inflammation and atrophy. Keratosis pilaris atrophicans (KPA) is the term suggested for a group of phenotypically related rare disorders that have several common features, including keratotic follicular papules, nonpurulent inflammation of variable degree, and atrophic end stages characterized by irreversible hair loss or atrophic depressions similar to pitted scars. Categories of KPA include localized entities of keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei (KPAF) and atrophoderma vermiculatum (AV) and the generalized keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD) of Siemens. KPAF is the most common form of KPA, but AV and KSFD are very rare. The etiology of the disorders that make up KPA are genodermatoses of unknown origin, and the
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pathogenesis is not well understood. Both KPAF and KPSD begin in infancy, but AV usually does not occur until between 5 and 12 years of age. In addition, AV is morphologically different from KPAF and KPSD in that it causes scarlike atrophic pits of the cheeks. The histologic picture depends on the stage of the process. Differential diagnosis of these three follicular syndromes involves distinguishing KPAF from seborrheic dermatitis, KPSD from atopic dermatitis and the KID syndrome, and AV from acne infantum. In addition, there are several other disorders that may appear similar to these three syndromes. There is no effective therapy for reversing the course of the syndromes, but some emollients and topical drugs may relieve symptoms. 3 figures and 57 references. •
Chemotherapy Source: in Lydiatt, W.M. and Johnson, P.J. Cancers of the Mouth and Throat: A Patient's Guide to Treatment. Omaha, NE: Addicus Books, Inc. 2001. p. 76-88. Contact: Available from Addicus Books, Inc. P.O. Box 45327, Omaha, NE 68145. (402) 330-7493. Fax (402) 330-1707. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.AddicusBooks.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1886039445. Summary: In the past decade, new drugs and combinations of drugs used in chemotherapy have proven more effective in battling cancer and in reducing the severity of side effects. Chemotherapy alone is effective against some kinds of cancer, but to be curative in cases of mouth or throat cancer, it must be used in combination with surgery or radiation. This chapter on chemotherapy to treat cancer is from a book that is designed to help patients and their families better understand cancers of the head and neck, including cancers of the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), sinuses, thyroid, and salivary glands. This book supports the idea that the better informed the patient is, the better questions they can ask and the more they can be involved in their own treatment. The authors explain in nontechnical terms how the chemotherapy used depends on the type of cancer the patient has, how advanced it is, and the treatment goal. Even in cases where a cure is unlikely, chemotherapy can have palliative effects, shrinking the cancer or slowing its growth, easing pain and suffering. Topics include the delivery of chemotherapy; the steps involved in chemotherapy, from initial consultation to treatment duration and frequency; and possible side effects, including hair loss, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, decreased blood counts, anemia, infection, blood clotting problems, nerve problems, mouth and throat sores, effects on major organs, skin and nail changes, and sexual and reproductive effects. The authors conclude with a brief reminder of the vital role of support to help during the relatively long periods of time required for chemotherapy.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON HAIR LOSS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on hair loss. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on hair loss is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “hair loss” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on hair loss: •
This Weird Thing That Makes My Hair Fall Out Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 1994. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 456-4644. Fax (415) 456-4274. E-Mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.alopeciaareata.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This video provides young people who have alopecia areata with suggestions on how to explain to their peers, classmates, friends, teachers, and other adults what alopecia areata is and how it feels to have it. Alopecia areata can occur in anyone, but it most often affects children. The condition can range from having patches of hair fall out to total body hair loss. Although hair may regrow at any time, it may also fall out again. Many children deal with their hair loss by wearing wigs or hats, but others keep their head uncovered. Children who have alopecia areata describe how they feel about having the condition, how other people react, and how they want to be treated. The
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video stresses that children with alopecia areata are normal in every way except that they have a condition that makes their hair fall out.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Hair Loss The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in hair loss (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on hair: •
Hair loss in women [videorecording] Source: Maria K. Hordinsky; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1995
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HAIR LOSS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hair loss.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hair loss is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hair loss. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hair loss” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hair loss: •
Mom's hair loss may pose risk to babies' toes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 05, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/03/05/eline/links/20030305elin009.htm l
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•
Flutamide shows promise as treatment for alopecia in women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 2003
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Finasteride for male pattern hair loss improves hair weight more than hair count Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 24, 2002
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Parkinson's drug linked to hair loss in women Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 11, 2002
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Gene mutation causes fever-related hair loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 20, 2001
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Compounds prevent chemotherapy-induced hair loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 04, 2001
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Rio Hair Naturalizer System blamed for hair loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 02, 2000
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Rio Hair Naturalizer System blamed for nationwide outbreak of alopecia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 29, 2000
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Chemotherapy-induced alopecia may be preventable Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 04, 2000
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Gel promising in preventing cancer drug hair loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2000
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Aromatherapy helps temporary hair loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 17, 1998
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Pulse methylprednisolone effective for subset of severe alopecia areata patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 30, 1998
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•
Topical Immunotherapy Improves Alopecia Areata Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 03, 1998
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Male Pattern Hair Loss More Common Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 03, 1998
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Gene For Severe Form Of Human Alopecia Identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 30, 1998
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FDA Approves Merck Male Pattern Hair Loss Drug Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 23, 1997
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Vaccination May Trigger Hair Loss In Rare Cases Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 08, 1997
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Hair Loss Possible After Vaccination Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 07, 1997
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Radiation-Induced Alopecia Prevented By Topical Nitroxide Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 08, 1996
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Rapid Hair Loss A Marker For Coronary Heart Disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 30, 1995
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High-Dose Fluconazole Can Cause Alopecia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 07, 1995
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Gene Therapy For Hair Loss Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 03, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hair loss” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hair loss, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hair loss” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on hair loss:
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•
Common Causes of Hair Loss in Children Source: Skin and Allergy News. 30(7): 43. July 1999. Contact: Available from Skin and Allergy News, Circulation. 12230 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 816-8796. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the common causes of hair loss in children and on diagnosis and treatment. One disorder, aplasia cutis congenita, is a form of alopecia that is characterized by scalp erosions or scarlike plaques encircled by long dark hair. One of the most common causes of alopecia is alopecia areata. Although the cause is unknown, it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder. Androgenetic alopecia results from androgen excess or end-organ hypersensitivity. Cosmetic practices, such as tight braids or ponytails, can also damage hair. Loose anagen hair is another common cause of hair loss in children that results from poorly formed roots. As a result, bald patches can occur following minor trauma. Generalized hair loss may be caused by metabolic abnormalities. Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, another cause of hair loss, is an overgrowth of sebaceous glands with miniaturized or absent hair follicles that can occur on the face, neck, and scalp. Telogen effluvium, which is the diffuse shedding of hair, can occur in the 2 to 3 months following a major metabolic change. Tinea capitis, commonly known as scalp ringworm, is very common in urban areas. Features include seborrhea, inflammation, or small black dots. Another common condition, trichotillomania, involves compulsive hair pulling and results in very characteristic patterns of hair loss.
Academic Periodicals covering Hair Loss Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hair loss. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hair loss that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
137
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 7157 125 171 18 0 7471
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “hair loss” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Hair Loss In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and hair loss. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for hair loss: •
Alopecia Areata Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?104000
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Alopecia Universalis Congenita Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?203655
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Alopecia, Androgenetic Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?109200
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Alopecia, Familial Focal Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?104110
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Ichthyosis, Leukocyte Vacuoles, Alopecia, and Sclerosing Cholangitis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607626
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Polyposis, Skin Pigmentation, Alopecia, and Fingernail Changes Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?175500 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.
24
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hair loss can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hair loss. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hair loss. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hair loss”:
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Other guides Anabolic Steroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anabolicsteroids.html Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Cancer Chemotherapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html Eating Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eatingdisorders.html Evaluating Health Information http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/evaluatinghealthinformation.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Hair Diseases and Hair Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairdiseasesandhairloss.html Head Lice http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headlice.html Hearing Disorders & Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersdeafness.html Hepatitis B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisb.html Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticcosmeticsurgery.html Seniors' Health Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seniorshealthissues.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to hair loss, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Baldness Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00278 Get To The Root of Hair Disorders Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/DermInsights/Spring2000/root.html Hair Loss and Its Causes Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/081.html
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Keeping the Luster in Your Locks: The Four Most Common Hair Concerns Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/HairCare.html •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Hair Loss: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/501.html Unraveling the Mystery of Hair Loss: Dermatologists Can Help Provide Answers Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/McMichael%2520-%2520Hair%2520Loss.html
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Treatment Hair Restoration Treatments Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/FactSheets/hair_restoration.html Understanding Hair Replacement: Surgery of The Scalp Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/procedures/hair_replace.html
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Coping Cancer Chemotherapy: How Do I Deal with Losing My Hair? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/mbc/content/mbc_2_2x_how_do_i_deal_with_lo sing_my_hair.asp?sitearea=mbc Chemotherapy and You: Coping with Side Effects Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/chemotherapy-and-you/page4
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Alopecia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/alopecialoader.html Alopecia Areata: Frequently Asked Questions Source: National Alopecia Areata Foundation http://www.alopeciaareata.com/requestinfo/faq.asp Folliculitis Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/folliculitis.html Gray Hair: What Causes It? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00310 Heading Off Hair-Care Disasters: Use Caution With Relaxers and Dyes Source: Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/fdahdye.html
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Hirsutism (Excess Hair) Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/210.html Merkel Cell Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/6_11.htm Telogen Effluvium Hair Loss Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/telogen_effluvium.html Vaccines and Hair Loss Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/Hairloss.htm •
Children Help! It's Hair Loss! Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/skin/hair_loss.html Say Hello to Hair and Nails Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/hair_nail_noSW.html
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From the National Institutes of Health Questions and Answers about Alopecia Areata Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/alopecia/alopecia.htm
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Men Male Pattern Baldness Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ6Q72SWAC &sub_cat=300
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Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ National Alopecia Areata Foundation http://www.alopeciaareata.com/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/
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Research National Registry Established for Alopecia Areata Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ne/press/2001/02_20.htm
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Teenagers Alopecia Areata Facts Source: National Alopecia Areata Foundation http://www.alopeciaareata.com/kids/teen-facts.asp Hair Loss Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/skin/hair_loss.html Skin, Hair, and Nails Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/skin_hair_nails.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hair loss. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Hair Loss Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology. 1996. 8 p. Contact: American Academy of Dermatology, 930 North Meacham Road, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumburg, IL 60168-4014. Summary: This pamphlet for the general public discusses hair loss. It explains normal hair growth and identifies the causes of excessive hair loss. These include childbirth; high fever, severe infection, and severe flu; thyroid disease; inadequate protein in diet; medications; cancer treatments; birth control pills; low serum iron; major surgery or chronic illness; alopecia areata; hereditary thinning or balding; fungus infection of the scalp; and improper hair cosmetic use or improper hair care. In addition, the pamphlet discusses methods of treating hair loss, focusing on hair transplantation and scalp reduction. 2 photographs.
•
Female Pattern Hair Loss Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184.
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Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides women who have female pattern hair loss with information on the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of this type of hair loss. Androgenetic alopecia, or female pattern alopecia, occurs most commonly after menopause. In women who have female pattern hair loss, gradual thinning occurs and some excess loss of hair is noted. Hair loss can also occur after pregnancy or following discontinuation of birth control pills. Any sudden physical or psychological stress to the body can also cause hair loss. These types of hair loss are usually temporary and are known as telogen effluvium. Treatment options include Rogaine (topical minoxidal 2 percent), Aldactone (spironolactone) pills, hormone replacement therapy plus Aldactone, and hair transplants. Perms, dyes, and other cosmetic options can give hair a fuller appearance. 2 figures. •
Treatment for Hair Loss Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS). 1996. 1 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. 930 North Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-6016. (800) 441-2737 or (847) 330-9830. Fax (847) 330-0050. Website: www.asds-net.org. PRICE: Call '800' number or access website for single free copy. Summary: This fact sheet provides the general public with information on various dermatologic techniques for treating hair loss, including surgical procedures such as hair transplants, scalp reduction, and skin flaps and drugs such as minoxidil. Also included are information on the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and a source for further information.
•
What You Should Know About Alopecia Areata and the National Alopecia Areata Foundation Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 1998. 16 p. Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 456-4644. Fax (415) 456-4274. E-Mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.alopeciaareata.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure uses a question and answer format to provide people who have alopecia areata with information on this common disease that results in the loss of hair on the scalp and elsewhere. The brochure answers questions about a source of help for people with this condition, the signal that triggers the condition or makes it stop, the role of heredity, other parts of the body affected, the impact on daily life, the regrowth of hair, and the available treatments. Treatments available for mild, patchy alopecia areata include cortisone injections, topical minoxidil, and anthralin cream or ointment. Methods of treating extensive alopecia areata include cortisone pills, topical minoxidil, or immunotherapy, and wigs. In addition, the brochure outlines the activities and educational materials of the National Alopecia Areata Foundation and highlights current worldwide research on this disorder.
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Parents Talking to Parents About Alopecia Areata Source: San Rafael, CA: National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 1996. 6 p.
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Contact: Available from National Alopecia Areata Foundation. P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, CA 94915-0760. (415) 456-4644. Fax (415) 456-4274. E-Mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.alopeciaareata.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide parents of children who have alopecia areata with information about this common condition that results in the loss of hair on the scalp and elsewhere. Topics include whether children and adults react differently to alopecia areata; how children under the age of 5, between the ages of 6 and 12, and over the age of 12 react to the condition; and how parents should deal with a child who has it. The pamphlet also identifies other materials and resources available to parents and children and provides the address, telephone number, fax number, and e-mail address of the National Alopecia Areata Foundation. 4 photographs. •
Alopecia Areata Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have alopecia areata (AA) with information on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this autoimmune disease, which causes patchy loss of hair on the scalp or body. Scientists think that white blood cells from the immune system attack hair follicles and keep them from producing hairs. However, the follicles usually remain capable of regrowing hair even after years of attack by the immune system. AA is diagnosed by examining of the scalp closely and eliminating other causes of hair loss. Not all cases are obvious, so a dermatologist must take a small skin biopsy plug for microscopic examination. Treatment depends on the extent of the disease and the age of the patient. Intralesional steroid injections are the best method for small patchy disease. Other therapeutic options include topical minoxidil and prescription steroid lotions. Widespread disease is treated with short contact anthralin and contact hypersensitization. 2 figures. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
AgingSkinNet Summary: Links to information about aging skin and related procedures and treatments. Also includes information on hair loss and a glossary. Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6395
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•
Female Pattern Hair Loss Summary: This online document discusses the types and causes of hair loss/baldness in women and the treatment options currently available. Source: American Hair Loss Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2428
•
Find A Hair Loss Treatment Practitioner Summary: Search this database to find a member of the American Hair Loss Council in your area. Source: American Hair Loss Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3942
•
Male Pattern Hair Loss Summary: This online document discusses the types and causes of hair loss/baldness in men and the treatment options currently available. Source: American Hair Loss Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2427 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hair loss. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Hair Loss The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to hair loss: •
National Alopecia Areata Foundation Telephone: (415) 472-3780 Fax: (415) 472-5343 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.NAAF.ORG Background: The National Alopecia Areata Foundation is a voluntary health organization and the main source of funding for research on basic hair biology and alopecia areata. Established in 1981, the Foundation leads medical research efforts by raising private funds and awarding grants to qualified investigators at university centers in the United States, Canada, and Europe. It also seeks to inform government officials about Alopecia Areata in an effort to obtain federal funding for research studies on this disorder. The Foundation conducts on-going public awareness programs to increase the public s understanding of this disorder. As a worldwide center for educational materials, the Foundation supplies a wide variety of information, support, and resources for people with Alopecia Areata and their physicians. Numerous brochures, a handbook, a Foundation report, newsletters, a novel entitled 'Herman,' and a video called 'This Weird Thing That Makes My Hair Fall Out' are available from the Foundation.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hair loss. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hair loss. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hair loss. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at
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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hair loss” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hair loss”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hair loss” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hair loss” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
26
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
27
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 159
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 161
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
162 Hair Loss
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on hair loss: •
Basic Guidelines for Hair Loss Alopecia areata Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001450.htm Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Hair Loss Alopecia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm
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Loss of hair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Hair Loss Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Testosterone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003707.htm
•
Nutrition for Hair Loss Vitamin A Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002400.htm
•
Background Topics for Hair Loss Burns Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Radiation therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001918.htm Subcutaneous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002297.htm Thyroid disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001159.htm Traction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002336.htm
Online Glossaries 165
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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HAIR LOSS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-alpha: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH]
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Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adnexa: The appendages of the eye, as the lacrimal apparatus, the eyelids, and the extraocular muscles. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically
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active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]
that
produce
immediate
hypersensitivity
Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]
Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of
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pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Anthralin: An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis. [NIH] Antiandrogen therapy: Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign
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substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes
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associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the
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body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is
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used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Berberine: An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [NIH] Bexarotene: An anticancer drug used to decrease the growth of some types of cancer cells. Also called LGD1069. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH]
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Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge
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of electricity. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas
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(tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to methimazole, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH]
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Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular Disorders: A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include cerebral infarction; brain ischemia; hypoxia, brain; intracranial embolism and thrombosis; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; and vasculitis, central nervous system. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the diencephalon; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]
Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromans: Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]
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Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]
Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
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Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or
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treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU]
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Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dacarbazine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU]
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Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]
Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU]
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Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]
Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is
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based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollients: Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or
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biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epirubicin: An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less cardiotoxicity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA.
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This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extemporaneous: Compounded according to a physician's prescription; prepared when ordered; not ready-made. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ,
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usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]
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Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used
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therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH]
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Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance.
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[NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of
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water. [NIH] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperandrogenism: A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the polycystic ovary syndrome) and by adrenal diseases (particularly adrenal gland hyperfunction). [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hyperstimulation: Excessive stimulation. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but
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some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or
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radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers.
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They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear
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gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Keratosis Follicularis: A slowly progressive autosomal dominant disorder of keratinization characterized by pinkish-to-tan papules that coalesce to form plaques. These lesions become darker over time and commonly fuse, forming papillomatous and warty malodorous growths. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal Apparatus: The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large
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intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes
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luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mange: Sarcoptic infestation of human skin, particularly a contagious skin disease caused by invasion of the epidermis with Sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mechlorethamine: A vesicant and necrotizing irritant destructive to mucous membranes. It
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was formerly used as a war gas. The hydrochloride is used as an antineoplastic in Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas. It causes severe gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH]
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Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei
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normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Molting: Casting off feathers, hair, or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in arthropods, skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles, and the shedding of winter coats in birds and mammals. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
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Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons.
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It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normal Distribution: Continuous frequency distribution of infinite range. Its properties are as follows: 1) continuous, symmetrical distribution with both tails extending to infinity; 2) arithmetic mean, mode, and median identical; and 3) shape completely determined by the mean and standard deviation. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides
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form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties. [NIH] Oligoribonucleotides: A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organosilicon Compounds: Organic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH]
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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (=
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branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photochemotherapy: Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered
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topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pineal Body: A small conical midline body attached to the posterior part of the third ventricle and lying between the superior colliculi, below the splenium of the corpus callosum. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors,
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precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU]
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Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH]
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Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein
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C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoralens: Substances found in many different plants, especially Psoralea corylifolia (Legume). They are used for skin diseases, especially vitiligo and as sunscreens. They interact with nucleic acids and are also used as research tools. Psoralens have a coumarin molecule with a furan ring. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]
Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU]
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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure,
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produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recuperation: The recovery of health and strength. [EU] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinaldehyde: A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of
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retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native transconfiguration. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH]
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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]
Seborrhoea: 1. Excessive secretion of sebum; called also hypersteatosis 2. Seborrhoeic dermatitis. [EU] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains
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spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skin Pigmentation: Coloration of the skin. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels.
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[NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural
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orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sulfhydryl Compounds: Compounds containing the -SH radical. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and
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methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taxanes: Anticancer drugs that inhibit cancer cell growth by stopping cell division. Also called antimitotic or antimicrotubule agents or mitotic inhibitors. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH]
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Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension.
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3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential
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for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]
Trichothiodystrophy: A hereditary condition characterized by sparse and brittle hair, short stature, and mental retardation. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Triptorelin: A long-acting gonadorelin analog agonist. It has been used in the treatment of prostatic cancer, ovarian cancer, precocious puberty, endometriosis, and to induce ovulation for in vitro fertilization. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH]
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Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]
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Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease affecting all races. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ultraviolet light as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation
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therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
229
INDEX 5 5-alpha, 53, 74, 78, 93, 94, 104, 167, 189 A Abdomen, 167, 175, 197, 199, 207, 216, 220 Abdominal, 167, 207, 211, 216, 224 Abdominal Pain, 167, 224 Aberrant, 13, 16, 167 Ablation, 18, 167, 194 Acatalasia, 167, 177 Acetylcysteine, 82, 109, 167 Acne, 6, 11, 70, 93, 94, 95, 105, 126, 167, 183, 224 Acne Vulgaris, 70, 93, 94, 95, 167, 224 Acyl, 117, 167 Adaptability, 167, 177, 178 Adaptation, 106, 119, 167 Adenosine, 167, 172, 176, 208 Adenovirus, 14, 167 Adenylate Cyclase, 76, 167 Adjustment, 167 Adjuvant, 25, 168, 190 Adnexa, 105, 168 Adrenal Cortex, 168, 182, 193, 194, 211 Adrenal Glands, 125, 168 Adrenergic, 106, 119, 168, 185, 187 Adverse Effect, 168, 218 Affinity, 168, 219 Age of Onset, 71, 168 Agonist, 30, 168, 175, 185, 224 Albumin, 111, 168, 209 Aldosterone, 168 Alertness, 168, 176 Algorithms, 168, 174 Alkaline, 168, 169, 176 Alkaloid, 75, 168, 174, 175, 225 Alkylating Agents, 96, 118, 168, 183 Allergens, 104, 169 Aloe, 101, 169 Alpha Particles, 169, 214 Alpha-helix, 169, 198 Alternative medicine, 132, 169 Ameliorating, 88, 169 Amenorrhea, 169, 175 Amino Acid Motifs, 169, 181 Amino Acid Sequence, 169, 170, 181, 190 Ammonia, 169, 221, 224 Amnestic, 169, 189 Amplification, 16, 169
Anabolic, 125, 148, 169, 184 Anabolic Steroids, 125, 148, 169 Anaesthesia, 169, 196 Analgesic, 170, 204 Analog, 91, 170, 198, 224 Anatomical, 8, 87, 116, 170, 178, 186, 195, 199, 217 Androgenic, 19, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 89, 92, 93, 94, 100, 103, 105, 110, 113, 170 Androgens, 4, 5, 23, 70, 75, 76, 78, 81, 93, 94, 95, 100, 103, 105, 110, 168, 170, 182, 194 Anemia, 126, 143, 170 Anesthesia, 170 Anesthetics, 90, 170, 187 Anhydrides, 71, 170 Animal model, 9, 13, 18, 57, 170 Anions, 168, 170, 197, 221 Anomalies, 105, 170, 222 Antagonism, 170, 176 Anthracycline, 7, 170, 183, 187 Anthralin, 6, 152, 153, 170 Antiandrogen therapy, 5, 170 Antiandrogens, 93, 94, 95, 170 Antibacterial, 78, 79, 170, 219 Antibiotic, 61, 77, 170, 183, 185, 187, 204, 219 Antibodies, 7, 14, 170, 171, 173, 195, 200, 203, 209, 214 Antibody, 7, 14, 57, 168, 170, 171, 180, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 201, 203, 214, 227 Anticoagulant, 171, 212, 226 Antidepressant, 171, 179, 189 Antifungal, 79, 171, 198 Antigen, 9, 14, 87, 116, 168, 169, 170, 171, 180, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201 Antihypertensive, 100, 104, 171, 225 Anti-infective, 171, 176, 193 Anti-inflammatory, 73, 170, 171, 182, 190, 196, 204, 216, 224 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 171, 182 Antimetabolite, 171, 202 Antimicrobial, 77, 171 Antineoplastic, 96, 99, 169, 171, 174, 177, 182, 183, 185, 190, 201, 202, 203, 210, 225 Antineoplastic Agents, 169, 171, 225 Antioxidant, 8, 171
230 Hair Loss
Antipruritic, 171, 176 Antipyretic, 171, 204 Antiviral, 167, 171 Anus, 171, 175, 180, 215 Anxiety, 9, 171, 189, 206, 207 Aplasia, 133, 171 Apoptosis, 8, 10, 12, 16, 57, 85, 115, 171, 177 Approximate, 111, 172 Aqueous, 98, 172, 173, 183, 186, 193, 199 Arachidonic Acid, 172, 212 Aromatic, 108, 172 Arterial, 109, 172, 182, 194, 213, 221 Arteries, 172, 175, 178, 182, 202, 204 Arteriolar, 172, 175 Arterioles, 172, 175, 176, 202 Arteriolosclerosis, 172 Arteriosclerosis, 41, 172 Arteriovenous, 43, 172, 178, 202 Artery, 172, 182, 186, 214, 223 Articular, 172, 224 Ataxia, 143, 172, 222 Atopic, 126, 172 ATP, 167, 172, 185, 190, 200, 208, 213, 223 Atrial, 172, 182, 226 Atrial Fibrillation, 172, 226 Atrophy, 125, 142, 143, 172 Attenuation, 8, 172 Auditory, 172, 188 Autacoids, 172, 196 Autoantibodies, 10, 14, 20, 173 Autoantigens, 173 Autoimmune disease, 13, 153, 173 Autoimmunity, 19, 173 Autonomic, 102, 173, 205, 219, 221 Autonomic Nervous System, 102, 173, 219, 221 Axillary, 4, 173 B Bacteria, 77, 96, 167, 170, 171, 173, 186, 188, 199, 202, 213, 218, 219, 223, 225 Bacterial Physiology, 167, 173 Bacterium, 91, 173 Basal Ganglia, 172, 173 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 172, 173 Base, 76, 85, 115, 173, 183, 184, 190, 198, 210, 222 Basement Membrane, 10, 96, 108, 113, 173, 188, 198 Benign, 4, 8, 76, 93, 94, 95, 105, 172, 173, 189, 192, 204, 214
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 93, 94, 95, 173, 189 Benzene, 173, 198 Benzoic Acid, 71, 174 Berberine, 79, 174 Bexarotene, 66, 174 Bilateral, 65, 174 Bile, 174, 189, 193, 199, 220 Bilirubin, 168, 174 Binding Sites, 106, 174 Bioassay, 15, 174 Bioavailability, 174, 196 Biochemical, 9, 14, 16, 171, 174, 218 Biological response modifier, 109, 174 Biological therapy, 174, 191 Biopsy, 5, 6, 55, 125, 153, 164, 174, 188 Biotechnology, 7, 17, 18, 124, 132, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 174 Biotin, 51, 110, 174 Bladder, 173, 174, 212, 224 Bleomycin, 118, 174 Blood Coagulation, 175, 176, 222 Blood pressure, 171, 175, 194, 203, 208, 219 Blood vessel, 77, 175, 177, 178, 179, 182, 186, 198, 200, 201, 208, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225 Blot, 11, 175 Body Fluids, 175, 185, 219 Body Image, 114, 175 Bone Density, 175 Bone Marrow, 15, 174, 175, 183, 190, 195, 200, 201, 203, 212, 219 Bowel, 35, 175, 184, 197, 199, 220, 224 Bowel Movement, 175, 184, 220 Brachytherapy, 175, 197, 214, 227 Bradykinin, 96, 97, 118, 119, 175, 198, 210 Branch, 48, 161, 175, 190, 200, 208, 219 Bromocriptine, 34, 175 Buccal, 175, 200 Bulbar, 87, 116, 175 Bullous, 13, 175 Burns, 125, 164, 175 Burns, Electric, 175 Butyric Acid, 99, 176 C Caffeine, 110, 176 Calcifediol, 176 Calcification, 172, 176 Calcitriol, 54, 109, 176 Calcium, 101, 176, 180, 207 Calculi, 176, 191 Callus, 176, 198
Index 231
Caloric intake, 90, 176 Camphor, 103, 176 Capillary, 75, 102, 175, 176, 225 Capillary Permeability, 175, 176 Capsules, 177, 189, 190 Carbimazole, 31, 177 Carbohydrate, 177, 182, 191, 210 Carboplatin, 8, 54, 177 Carcinogenesis, 15, 177 Carcinogenic, 169, 174, 177, 196, 212, 220 Carcinogens, 177, 204, 206 Carcinoma, 40, 177, 183 Cardiac, 95, 113, 172, 176, 177, 182, 187, 204, 220 Cardiotoxicity, 177, 187 Cardiovascular, 100, 177, 218, 219 Carnitine, 75, 76, 177 Case report, 4, 24, 29, 41, 58, 177 Caspase, 10, 177 Castor Oil, 103, 177 Catalase, 8, 167, 177 Cell Count, 8, 177 Cell Death, 10, 86, 116, 171, 177, 188 Cell Differentiation, 11, 85, 99, 115, 177 Cell Division, 12, 95, 108, 113, 142, 173, 177, 188, 191, 201, 202, 209, 212, 221 Cell proliferation, 8, 96, 108, 113, 172, 177 Cell Survival, 178, 191 Cellulose, 178, 189, 209 Central Nervous System, 173, 174, 176, 178, 188, 192, 218 Cerebellar, 172, 178, 215 Cerebral, 43, 100, 172, 173, 178, 187 Cerebral Cortex, 172, 178 Cerebrovascular, 173, 178, 222, 225 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 178, 222, 225 Cerebrum, 178, 209, 224 Character, 178, 183 Chemotherapeutic agent, 7, 11, 72, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 112, 114, 118, 178 Chin, 59, 178, 201 Chlorophyll, 178, 189 Cholesterol, 48, 174, 178, 217, 220 Chondrocytes, 178, 188 Chondroitin sulfate, 51, 178 Chromaffin System, 178, 186 Chromans, 100, 178 Chromatin, 171, 178 Chromosomal, 169, 178, 179 Chronic Disease, 179, 180 Chronic renal, 179, 210 Cicatricial, 5, 6, 55, 179
Circadian, 106, 119, 179 Circadian Rhythm, 106, 119, 179 Circulatory system, 179, 186 CIS, 150, 179, 215, 216 Cisplatin, 8, 179 Citalopram, 28, 179 Clinical Medicine, 179, 211 Clinical trial, 7, 65, 66, 139, 179, 183, 185, 203, 214 Cloning, 174, 179 Coagulation, 175, 179, 209, 226 Cochlea, 8, 179 Cofactor, 9, 180, 212, 222 Colitis, 180 Collagen, 169, 173, 180, 190, 193 Collagen disease, 180, 193 Colloidal, 77, 168, 180 Colon, 142, 180, 199, 224 Combination chemotherapy, 109, 180 Communis, 177, 180 Complement, 180, 181, 209 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 63, 180 Complementary medicine, 53, 181 Complementation, 7, 181 Complete remission, 59, 181, 215 Complete response, 181 Compress, 181, 209, 223 Computational Biology, 139, 141, 181 Conception, 181, 188, 220 Congenita, 133, 142, 181 Congestion, 181, 187 Congestive heart failure, 100, 181 Conjugated, 174, 181 Connective Tissue, 77, 175, 180, 181, 184, 188, 190, 200, 201, 221 Connective Tissue Cells, 181 Consensus Sequence, 16, 169, 181 Conserved Sequence, 169, 181 Consultation, 126, 181 Contamination, 181, 192 Contraindications, ii, 181 Cor, 182, 194 Corneum, 182, 187, 194 Coronary, 131, 182, 202, 204 Coronary Thrombosis, 182, 202, 204 Corpus, 182, 209, 211 Corpus Luteum, 182, 211 Cortex, 85, 115, 182, 188, 215 Corticosteroid, 6, 80, 125, 182, 211 Cortisol, 168, 182 Cortisone, 90, 152, 182
232 Hair Loss
Co-trimoxazole, 19, 182 Coumarin, 75, 182, 213 Cranial, 15, 90, 182, 192, 209 Cultured cells, 13, 183 Curative, 75, 77, 114, 126, 183, 216 Cutaneous, 19, 22, 23, 33, 37, 43, 70, 78, 90, 105, 183, 197, 200, 208 Cyclic, 71, 88, 167, 176, 183, 210, 212 Cyclophosphamide, 13, 49, 56, 96, 99, 118, 183 Cyclosporine, 6, 183 Cyproterone, 5, 49, 183, 189 Cyproterone Acetate, 5, 49, 183 Cytarabine, 118, 183 Cytoplasm, 86, 116, 171, 183, 203, 216 Cytosine, 91, 96, 183 Cytotoxic, 13, 14, 36, 72, 183, 214 Cytotoxicity, 8, 179, 183 D Dacarbazine, 118, 183 Dairy Products, 183, 217 Daunorubicin, 183, 185 Deamination, 183, 224 Degenerative, 86, 115, 183, 192 Dehydration, 183 Deletion, 171, 183, 190 Dendrites, 183 Dendritic, 86, 116, 183, 201 Density, 3, 27, 43, 86, 116, 120, 175, 184, 206 Deoxyribonucleotides, 74, 184, 206 Depigmentation, 32, 184, 226 Depressive Disorder, 184, 199 Deprivation, 70, 184 Dermal, 17, 83, 86, 96, 108, 113, 116, 184 Dermatitis, 15, 90, 105, 126, 184, 185, 217 Dermatologic Agents, 184, 186 Dermatologist, 153, 184 Dermis, 5, 73, 76, 83, 95, 105, 108, 113, 184, 221, 223 Desquamation, 184, 203 Deuterium, 184, 193 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 132, 184 Diarrhea, 126, 184 Diastolic, 184, 194 Digestion, 174, 175, 184, 197, 199, 220 Digestive system, 67, 184, 203 Dihydrotestosterone, 40, 74, 76, 78, 81, 93, 94, 95, 104, 110, 167, 183, 184, 215 Dihydroxy, 109, 168, 184 Dilatation, 184 Dilation, 175, 184
Diploid, 181, 184, 209 Direct, iii, 4, 12, 23, 85, 90, 179, 184, 185, 215, 221 Discoid, 6, 184 Discrimination, 87, 116, 184 Disposition, 81, 87, 110, 117, 184 Distal, 185, 213 Diuresis, 176, 185 DNA Topoisomerase, 185, 190 Docetaxel, 55, 56, 59, 185 Dopamine, 175, 185, 205 Double-blind, 10, 53, 56, 185 Doxorubicin, 7, 24, 39, 41, 44, 48, 56, 62, 96, 118, 185, 187 Drug Tolerance, 185, 222 Duct, 185, 217, 221 Dyes, 5, 102, 149, 152, 185 Dyskinesia, 179, 185 Dysmenorrhea, 185, 204 Dysplasia, 143, 185 Dystrophy, 143, 185 E Ectopic, 10, 185 Eczema, 105, 185 Effector, 10, 17, 180, 185 Efficacy, 13, 22, 25, 56, 109, 185 Elastic, 71, 186, 223 Elasticity, 172, 186 Elective, 13, 186 Electrolyte, 168, 182, 186, 202, 211, 219 Electromagnetic Fields, 102, 186 Emboli, 186, 226 Embolism, 178, 186, 214, 226 Embolization, 186, 226 Embryo, 17, 177, 186, 196 Emodin, 169, 186 Emollients, 126, 186 Emulsions, 98, 186 Enamel, 186, 198 Endocrine Glands, 186, 207 Endocrine System, 102, 186 Endogenous, 8, 173, 185, 186, 223 Endometriosis, 186, 224 Endothelial cell, 186, 188, 222 End-stage renal, 179, 186, 210 Enhancer, 81, 103, 110, 186 Environmental Exposure, 186, 206 Environmental Health, 138, 140, 187 Enzymatic, 169, 176, 180, 187, 215 Epidermal, 11, 16, 18, 77, 86, 116, 187, 198, 201
Index 233
Epidermis, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 102, 105, 182, 184, 187, 193, 194, 198, 200, 211, 214 Epinephrine, 168, 185, 187, 205 Epirubicin, 59, 187 Epithelial, 17, 85, 115, 184, 187, 192, 198 Epithelial Cells, 17, 86, 116, 187, 192, 198 Epithelium, 14, 17, 173, 187 Ergot, 175, 187 Erythema, 15, 187, 225 Erythrocytes, 170, 175, 187, 215 Esophagus, 184, 187, 220 Essential Tremor, 143, 187 Estrogen, 4, 91, 92, 106, 112, 113, 183, 187, 212 Estrogen receptor, 91, 92, 112, 113, 187 Ethanol, 179, 187 Etoposide, 13, 54, 187 Evoked Potentials, 8, 188 Excisional, 188, 226 Exogenous, 185, 186, 188 Extemporaneous, 58, 188 Extensor, 188, 213, 226 External-beam radiation, 188, 197, 214, 226 Extracellular, 181, 188, 219 Extracellular Matrix, 181, 188 Extraction, 78, 188 Extraocular, 168, 188 Eye Infections, 167, 188 F Facial, 81, 110, 148, 149, 188, 219 Family Planning, 139, 188 Fat, 172, 175, 176, 182, 186, 188, 199, 217, 219, 224 Fatigue, 188, 192 Fatty acids, 75, 78, 110, 168, 188, 212 Ferritin, 35, 44, 49, 188 Fetus, 93, 94, 95, 188, 195, 209, 211, 225 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 86, 115, 188 Fibrosis, 143, 188, 217 Filler, 84, 189 Finasteride, 4, 5, 10, 21, 23, 25, 26, 32, 93, 94, 130, 189 Flaccid, 97, 189 Fluoxetine, 28, 29, 42, 189 Flutamide, 5, 130, 189 Fluvoxamine, 29, 189 Folliculitis, 149, 170, 189 Forearm, 175, 189 Free Radicals, 88, 171, 189 Fungi, 77, 171, 188, 189, 202, 227 Fungistatic, 174, 189
Fungus, 151, 187, 189 G Gallbladder, 167, 184, 189 Gamma Rays, 189, 214 Gas, 169, 189, 193, 201, 204, 205, 225 Gastric, 177, 187, 189 Gastrin, 189, 193 Gastrointestinal, 175, 187, 189, 201, 218, 219, 220 Gelatin, 190, 191 Gene Deletion, 16, 190 Gene Expression, 10, 17, 143, 190, 219, 223 Gene Therapy, 5, 131, 167, 190 General practitioner, 40, 190 Generator, 80, 190 Genetic Code, 190, 205 Genetics, 33, 35, 190 Genistein, 55, 190 Genital, 190, 197 Genotype, 190, 208 Gland, 83, 119, 168, 178, 182, 190, 194, 200, 207, 209, 212, 217, 220, 221, 222 Glucocorticoid, 190, 193, 211, 224 Glucose, 142, 178, 190, 192, 219 Glutathione Peroxidase, 191, 217 Glycerol, 176, 191 Glycine, 16, 169, 174, 191, 205 Glycols, 191, 194 Glycosaminoglycan, 178, 191 Goats, 119, 183, 191 Gonad, 191 Gonadal, 83, 191, 220 Gonadorelin, 191, 224 Gonadotropin, 30, 35, 191 Gout, 102, 191, 204 Governing Board, 191, 211 Graft, 191, 193, 195 Graft Rejection, 191, 195 Grafting, 191, 195 Granule, 191, 216 Granulocyte, 191, 197 Growth factors, 12, 90, 112, 191 H Hair Color, 85, 115, 191 Hair follicles, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 34, 66, 70, 73, 79, 81, 85, 88, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 113, 115, 118, 119, 120, 133, 153, 184, 189, 192, 226 Hamartoma, 20, 192 Haploid, 192, 209 Headache, 176, 192, 209, 211 Health Education, 20, 39, 192
234 Hair Loss
Heart failure, 192 Heme, 174, 192, 210, 224 Hemoglobin, 170, 187, 192, 210 Hemoglobinopathies, 190, 192 Hemoglobinuria, 142, 192 Hemorrhage, 192, 209, 220 Hepatic, 168, 192, 210 Hepatitis, 57, 148, 192 Hepatitis A, 57, 192 Hepatocytes, 192 Hepatovirus, 192 Hereditary, 36, 76, 81, 105, 110, 151, 191, 192, 216, 224 Heredity, 77, 100, 152, 167, 190, 192 Heterogeneity, 120, 168, 192 Heterotrophic, 189, 193 Hirsutism, 28, 70, 78, 93, 94, 95, 150, 183, 193, 194 Histiocytosis, 25, 193 Homeobox, 86, 115, 193 Homeostasis, 16, 193, 219 Homologous, 16, 190, 193, 222 Hormonal, 6, 34, 77, 93, 94, 95, 105, 172, 182, 193 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 152, 193 Horny layer, 187, 193 Host, 91, 93, 94, 95, 193, 195, 225 Humoral, 13, 191, 193 Humour, 193 Hybrid, 193 Hybridization, 11, 193 Hydrocortisone, 89, 112, 193 Hydrogen, 89, 117, 173, 177, 184, 191, 193, 194, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 213, 221, 227 Hydrogen Peroxide, 177, 191, 193, 221 Hydrolysis, 179, 193, 213 Hydroxides, 194 Hydroxyl Radical, 82, 194 Hydroxylation, 176, 194 Hydroxyproline, 169, 180, 194 Hyperandrogenism, 32, 194 Hyperplasia, 18, 70, 194 Hypersensitivity, 133, 169, 194, 216 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 169, 194 Hyperstimulation, 93, 94, 95, 194 Hypertension, 172, 182, 192, 194, 209 Hypertrichosis, 193, 194 Hypertrophy, 4, 76, 173, 182, 194 Hyperuricemia, 191, 194 Hypopituitarism, 4, 194 Hypotension, 194 Hypothalamus, 173, 191, 194, 209
Hypothermia, 39, 41, 44, 56, 109, 114, 194 I Ichthyosis, 32, 142, 194 Id, 50, 60, 81, 110, 148, 149, 154, 160, 162, 195 Idiopathic, 41, 195 Imidazole, 174, 177, 195 Immune response, 14, 99, 168, 171, 173, 182, 191, 195, 220, 225 Immune Sera, 195 Immune system, 14, 87, 116, 153, 173, 174, 195, 200, 225, 226 Immune Tolerance, 13, 195 Immunization, 10, 27, 195 Immunodeficiency, 142, 195 Immunoglobulin, 7, 170, 195, 203 Immunohistochemistry, 11, 195 Immunologic, 6, 34, 195, 214 Immunology, 14, 168, 195 Immunomodulator, 109, 195 Immunosuppressant, 169, 195, 202 Immunosuppressive, 183, 190, 195 Immunosuppressive therapy, 195 Immunotherapy, 6, 7, 59, 131, 152, 174, 195 Impairment, 172, 178, 185, 188, 195, 201 Implant radiation, 195, 197, 214, 227 Implantation, 101, 181, 195 In vitro, 11, 14, 190, 196, 224 In vivo, 11, 17, 190, 196 Incision, 82, 196 Indicative, 122, 196, 207, 225 Indinavir, 27, 35, 196 Indomethacin, 104, 196 Induction, 13, 25, 107, 119, 170, 196, 212 Infancy, 126, 196, 216 Infarction, 178, 194, 196 Infection, 21, 105, 126, 151, 174, 182, 188, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200, 216, 220, 225, 226 Infertility, 175, 196 Infestation, 196, 200 Ingestion, 41, 196, 210 Initiation, 9, 96, 108, 113, 196, 223 Inlay, 196, 215 Inorganic, 120, 179, 194, 196, 203 Insight, 12, 17, 196 Insomnia, 196, 211 Interferons, 96, 196 Interleukin-1, 24, 91, 197 Interleukin-2, 197 Internal radiation, 197, 214, 227 Interpersonal Relations, 114, 197
Index 235
Interstitial, 175, 197, 227 Intestinal, 176, 197, 200 Intestine, 175, 197, 198 Intoxication, 197, 226 Intracellular, 87, 117, 176, 196, 197, 211, 212, 217 Intramuscular, 197, 224 Intrinsic, 87, 116, 168, 173, 197 Involuntary, 102, 173, 187, 197, 204, 219 Involution, 87, 101, 105, 117, 197 Ionizing, 169, 187, 197, 214 Ions, 173, 186, 193, 197 Irradiation, 10, 15, 86, 99, 116, 197, 227 Irritants, 6, 197 Ischemia, 172, 178, 198, 209 Isoflavones, 106, 198 Isopropyl, 103, 198 J Joint, 172, 186, 198, 221 K Kallidin, 175, 198 Kb, 138, 198 Keratin, 83, 85, 115, 198, 217 Keratinocytes, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 87, 117, 198 Keratosis, 125, 198 Keratosis Follicularis, 125, 198 Ketoconazole, 92, 198 Kidney Disease, 67, 138, 143, 198 Kinetic, 34, 197, 198 L Labyrinth, 179, 198, 225 Lacrimal, 168, 198 Lacrimal Apparatus, 168, 198 Laminin, 173, 198 Lamivudine, 29, 198 Large Intestine, 184, 197, 198, 215, 218 Larynx, 126, 199, 223 Laxative, 186, 199, 219 Lens, 181, 199 Leprosy, 24, 199 Leukemia, 142, 185, 187, 190, 199, 212 Leukocytes, 175, 196, 199, 203 Libido, 170, 199 Library Services, 160, 199 Life cycle, 86, 115, 189, 199 Ligament, 199, 212 Linkages, 192, 199, 206, 227 Lipid, 78, 172, 176, 186, 191, 199, 224 Liquor, 89, 103, 199 Lithium, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 48, 199
Liver, 167, 168, 172, 174, 176, 177, 183, 184, 189, 192, 199, 210, 224 Localization, 13, 195, 199 Localized, 6, 13, 36, 125, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 209, 225 Locomotion, 199, 209 Loop, 71, 199 Luciferase, 16, 199 Lupus, 6, 20, 61, 200, 221 Lymph, 25, 173, 179, 186, 193, 200 Lymph node, 173, 200 Lymphadenopathy, 25, 200 Lymphatic, 196, 200, 201, 219, 222 Lymphatic system, 200, 219, 222 Lymphocyte, 171, 200, 201 Lymphocytic, 87, 116, 200 Lymphoid, 170, 200 Lymphoma, 59, 142, 200 M Macrophage, 197, 200 Malabsorption, 142, 200 Malformation, 192, 200 Malignant, 105, 142, 171, 172, 193, 197, 200, 204, 214 Malnutrition, 168, 172, 200, 204 Mammary, 49, 200 Mange, 98, 200 Manic, 199, 200 Manifest, 13, 200 Mannans, 189, 200 Meat, 200, 217 Mechlorethamine, 118, 200 Medial, 172, 201 Mediator, 93, 94, 95, 197, 201, 218 MEDLINE, 139, 141, 143, 201 Meiosis, 201, 222, 224 Melanin, 85, 105, 115, 184, 201 Melanocytes, 13, 85, 115, 201 Melanoma, 142, 201 Melanosomes, 201 Membrane, 109, 180, 186, 198, 199, 201, 203, 206 Menopause, 125, 152, 201, 210 Menstrual Cycle, 201, 211 Menstruation, 169, 185, 201, 211 Mental, iv, 7, 29, 67, 138, 140, 144, 178, 184, 188, 201, 213, 217, 224 Mental Disorders, 67, 201, 213 Mental Processes, 201, 213 Mental Retardation, 144, 201, 224 Menthol, 102, 201 Mesenchymal, 85, 115, 201
236 Hair Loss
Metabolic disorder, 191, 201 Metabolite, 91, 176, 201, 208 Metaphase, 201, 222, 224 Metastasis, 202 Metastatic, 19, 194, 202 Methimazole, 177, 202 Methionine, 101, 202, 221 Methotrexate, 118, 202 Methylprednisolone, 130, 202 MI, 73, 76, 97, 99, 165, 202 Microbe, 202, 223 Microbiology, 167, 202 Microcirculation, 75, 78, 202 Microorganism, 180, 202, 226 Micro-organism, 202, 209 Microscopy, 173, 202, 206 Migration, 87, 117, 202 Milligram, 4, 202 Milliliter, 175, 202 Mineralocorticoids, 168, 182, 202 Mitosis, 83, 171, 202, 203, 219 Mitotic, 84, 107, 119, 185, 188, 203, 221, 225 Mitoxantrone, 118, 203 Modification, 24, 169, 203, 214, 227 Molting, 119, 203 Monitor, 203, 205 Monoclonal, 7, 197, 203, 214, 227 Monoclonal antibodies, 7, 203 Monocytes, 197, 199, 203 Morphogenesis, 12, 16, 17, 203 Morphological, 10, 186, 189, 201, 203 Morphology, 16, 86, 115, 203 Motility, 196, 203, 218 Motion Sickness, 203, 204 Mucolytic, 167, 203 Mucosa, 200, 203, 212 Mucositis, 7, 15, 203 Mucus, 203, 224 Multicenter study, 10, 203 Muscle Fibers, 204 Muscular Atrophy, 143, 204 Muscular Dystrophies, 185, 204 Mustard Gas, 198, 204 Mutagenic, 169, 204 Myocardial infarction, 182, 202, 204, 226 Myocardium, 202, 204 Myotonic Dystrophy, 143, 204 N Naproxen, 30, 204 Nausea, 126, 204, 207, 211, 222 NCI, 1, 66, 137, 150, 179, 204
Need, 3, 83, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 109, 113, 114, 121, 124, 127, 132, 156, 179, 204, 222 Neomycin, 7, 204 Neonatal, 11, 14, 18, 204 Neoplasia, 142, 204 Neoplasm, 192, 204 Neoplastic, 13, 96, 193, 200, 204 Nephropathy, 198, 204 Nerve, 126, 168, 170, 172, 178, 183, 201, 204, 205, 209, 216, 217, 220, 223 Nerve Growth Factor, 204, 205 Nervous System, 143, 173, 178, 201, 204, 205, 220, 221 Neural, 193, 205 Neurologic, 6, 205 Neuronal, 179, 205 Neurosecretory Systems, 186, 205 Neurotoxin, 97, 205 Neurotransmitter, 167, 169, 175, 185, 191, 205, 220 Neurotrophins, 86, 115, 205 Neutrons, 169, 197, 205, 214 Nitrogen, 168, 170, 183, 205 Norepinephrine, 168, 185, 205 Normal Distribution, 4, 205 Nuclear, 9, 43, 173, 189, 205 Nuclei, 169, 190, 202, 205, 213 Nucleic acid, 11, 183, 190, 193, 205, 213, 227 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 193, 205 Nucleolus, 206, 216 Nucleus, 16, 76, 171, 173, 178, 183, 184, 189, 201, 203, 205, 206, 212, 213, 219, 222 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 189, 206 Odour, 172, 206 Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, 74, 206 Oligoribonucleotides, 74, 206 Oncogene, 142, 206 Oncology, 21, 40, 49, 54, 56, 59, 90, 118, 206 Opacity, 184, 206 Opsin, 206, 215, 216 Organelles, 183, 201, 203, 206 Organosilicon Compounds, 74, 206 Osmotic, 168, 206 Ossification, 206, 216 Osteoporosis, 206 Ovaries, 194, 206, 218 Ovary, 182, 191, 194, 206 Ovulation, 206, 224 Ovum, 182, 199, 206, 211, 212
Index 237
Oxidation, 171, 191, 202, 207 P Palliative, 6, 126, 183, 207 Pancreas, 167, 174, 184, 207 Pancreatic, 142, 177, 187, 207 Pancreatic cancer, 142, 187, 207 Panic, 189, 207 Panic Disorder, 189, 207 Papilla, 83, 86, 96, 108, 113, 116, 207 Papillary, 5, 207 Paralysis, 97, 175, 207 Parasitic, 174, 196, 207 Parathyroid, 61, 176, 207, 216 Parathyroid Glands, 207, 216 Parathyroid hormone, 176, 207 Paroxetine, 29, 207 Paroxysmal, 142, 207 Patch, 207, 223 Pathogenesis, 5, 6, 10, 14, 78, 125, 207 Pathologic, 38, 43, 70, 171, 174, 182, 194, 207, 208, 213, 215 Pathologic Processes, 171, 208 Pathophysiology, 4, 5, 18, 70, 208 Patient Education, 151, 158, 160, 165, 208 Pelvic, 186, 208, 212 Peptide, 104, 169, 188, 198, 208, 212, 213, 219 Perception, 4, 208, 217 Pericardium, 208, 221 Perioral, 105, 208 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 100, 208 Peroxide, 74, 208 PH, 175, 208 Phagocytosis, 197, 208 Pharmacologic, 170, 173, 208, 223 Phenotype, 9, 11, 12, 16, 181, 190, 208 Phosphorus, 176, 207, 208 Photochemotherapy, 6, 208 Photosensitivity, 208, 210, 226 Photosensitizing Agents, 208 Physical Examination, 5, 209 Physiologic, 5, 71, 86, 116, 168, 201, 209, 212, 215 Physiology, 6, 11, 70, 209 Pigmentation, 85, 115, 209 Pigments, 86, 116, 209, 215 Pilot study, 40, 209 Pineal Body, 209 Pineal gland, 106, 119, 209 Pituitary Apoplexy, 194, 209 Pituitary Gland, 182, 188, 191, 194, 209 Pituitary Neoplasms, 194, 209
Placenta, 209, 211 Plants, 7, 77, 78, 79, 106, 168, 174, 186, 190, 203, 205, 209, 213, 217, 223 Plasma, 168, 170, 190, 192, 202, 209, 218 Plasma cells, 170, 209 Plasma protein, 168, 209 Platinum, 179, 199, 210 Pleated, 198, 210 Pneumonia, 182, 210 Podophyllotoxin, 187, 210 Point Mutation, 16, 210 Poisoning, 187, 197, 204, 210 Polycystic, 143, 194, 210 Polysaccharide, 71, 171, 178, 191, 210, 213 Porphyria, 125, 210 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 125, 210 Porphyria, Hepatic, 210 Porphyrins, 210 Posterior, 172, 207, 209, 210 Postmenopausal, 206, 210 Postnatal, 14, 210, 220 Potassium, 89, 111, 168, 202, 211 Potentiates, 197, 211 Practice Guidelines, 140, 211 Precancerous, 211 Precursor, 87, 117, 172, 183, 185, 187, 205, 211 Prednisolone, 202, 211 Premalignant, 105, 211 Premenstrual, 105, 211 Premenstrual Syndrome, 105, 211 Prenatal, 14, 186, 211 Presumptive, 11, 211 Presynaptic, 97, 205, 211 Prevalence, 3, 27, 39, 211 Prickle, 198, 211 Progesterone, 105, 106, 211, 212, 220 Progression, 9, 10, 87, 117, 170, 211 Progressive, 4, 5, 8, 38, 80, 86, 116, 172, 177, 179, 185, 191, 197, 198, 204, 211 Progressive disease, 80, 211 Projection, 77, 205, 211, 215 Prolactin, 175, 212 Promoter, 13, 16, 98, 212 Promyelocytic leukemia, 212, 224 Prophase, 212, 222, 224 Prophylaxis, 212, 226 Prostaglandin, 108, 212 Prostaglandins A, 196, 212 Prostate, 34, 56, 70, 76, 93, 94, 95, 142, 173, 212 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 212
238 Hair Loss
Protease, 196, 212, 216 Protein C, 14, 16, 168, 169, 188, 198, 212, 224 Protein S, 124, 143, 144, 174, 181, 190, 204, 212, 216 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 190, 213 Proteoglycans, 173, 213 Proteolytic, 7, 180, 213 Protons, 169, 193, 197, 213, 214 Protozoal, 182, 213 Proximal, 86, 116, 185, 211, 213 Pruritic, 185, 213 Pruritus, 78, 213 Psoralens, 6, 213 Psoriasis, 11, 40, 105, 170, 204, 209, 213, 224 Psychiatric, 23, 201, 213 Psychiatry, 28, 29, 31, 38, 42, 45, 48, 213 Psychic, 111, 199, 201, 213, 217 Psychoactive, 213, 226 Psychology, 24, 44, 213 Psychopathology, 23, 213 Psychopharmacology, 21, 31, 45, 48, 213 Psychotherapy, 54, 213, 215 Puberty, 76, 98, 213, 224 Public Policy, 139, 214 Pulmonary, 175, 182, 214, 225, 226 Pulmonary Artery, 175, 214, 225 Pulmonary Embolism, 214, 226 Pulse, 80, 130, 203, 214 Pustular, 167, 214 Q Quality of Life, 43, 214 Quiescent, 79, 88, 214, 226 R Race, 101, 202, 214 Racemic, 101, 214 Radiation, 15, 89, 90, 99, 111, 126, 131, 164, 187, 188, 189, 194, 195, 197, 208, 214, 226 Radiation therapy, 89, 90, 99, 111, 164, 188, 197, 214, 227 Radioactive, 193, 195, 196, 197, 203, 205, 214, 227 Radioimmunotherapy, 214 Radiolabeled, 70, 197, 214, 227 Radiopharmaceutical, 190, 214 Radiotherapy, 4, 15, 114, 175, 197, 214, 227 Randomized, 10, 26, 53, 58, 65, 186, 214 Reagent, 200, 214 Reassurance, 5, 71, 215
Receptor, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 43, 53, 70, 91, 93, 94, 95, 112, 167, 171, 183, 185, 188, 215, 218 Recombinant, 91, 215, 225 Recombination, 190, 215 Rectal, 15, 215 Rectum, 171, 175, 180, 184, 189, 198, 212, 215 Recuperation, 88, 215 Recurrence, 179, 215 Red blood cells, 187, 210, 215 Red Nucleus, 172, 215 Reductase, 5, 8, 10, 21, 53, 74, 76, 78, 81, 93, 94, 104, 110, 189, 202, 215 Refer, 1, 175, 180, 189, 199, 205, 214, 215, 223 Refraction, 215, 219 Regeneration, 77, 83, 86, 115, 188, 215 Regimen, 185, 215 Remission, 215 Resorption, 176, 215 Restoration, 76, 105, 122, 149, 215, 226 Retinal, 215, 216 Retinaldehyde, 103, 215 Retinoblastoma, 142, 216 Retinoid, 16, 216 Retinol, 51, 215, 216 Retrograde, 197, 216 Retroperitoneal, 168, 216 Retroviral vector, 190, 216 Rheumatoid, 180, 204, 216 Rheumatoid arthritis, 180, 204, 216 Rhodopsin, 206, 215, 216 Ribose, 167, 206, 216 Ribosome, 109, 216, 223 Rickets, 18, 53, 176, 216 Rigidity, 209, 216 Ritonavir, 27, 216 Rod, 173, 216 Ruminants, 191, 216 S Salicylate, 41, 82, 104, 216 Salicylic, 78, 103, 216 Saliva, 216, 217 Salivary, 126, 184, 207, 216, 217 Salivary glands, 126, 184, 216, 217 Saponin, 78, 79, 217 Saturated fat, 75, 217 Schizoid, 217, 226 Schizophrenia, 217, 226 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 217, 226 Scleroproteins, 198, 217
Index 239
Sclerosis, 143, 172, 180, 217 Screening, 14, 179, 217 Sebaceous, 103, 105, 133, 184, 197, 217, 226 Sebaceous gland, 103, 105, 133, 184, 197, 217, 226 Seborrhea, 75, 93, 94, 95, 133, 217 Seborrhoea, 77, 78, 217 Sebum, 167, 217 Secretion, 83, 87, 117, 167, 175, 179, 182, 191, 193, 194, 202, 203, 217 Secretory, 7, 194, 217 Seizures, 207, 217 Selenium, 26, 51, 120, 217 Semen, 212, 217 Semisynthetic, 175, 187, 218 Senile, 206, 218 Serotonin, 179, 189, 205, 207, 218 Sertraline, 45, 218 Serum, 14, 35, 44, 49, 151, 168, 180, 191, 195, 202, 218 Sex Characteristics, 170, 213, 218, 222 Sex Determination, 143, 218 Shedding, 6, 8, 42, 85, 89, 103, 115, 133, 184, 203, 218 Shock, 193, 218, 223 Side effect, 7, 13, 22, 34, 72, 80, 85, 90, 91, 98, 106, 112, 114, 119, 126, 168, 174, 179, 183, 194, 218, 223, 227 Silicon, 74, 206, 218 Silicon Dioxide, 218 Skeletal, 170, 204, 218 Skeleton, 79, 198, 212, 218 Skin graft, 25, 218 Skin Pigmentation, 13, 142, 218 Skull, 80, 97, 218, 222 Small intestine, 193, 197, 218 Smooth muscle, 173, 176, 181, 194, 218, 220 Sneezing, 218, 219 Social Environment, 214, 219 Sodium, 51, 101, 168, 191, 202, 204, 219, 221 Soft tissue, 175, 218, 219 Solid tumor, 174, 185, 219 Solitary Nucleus, 173, 219 Solvent, 83, 174, 187, 191, 206, 219 Somatic, 193, 201, 203, 219 Somatic cells, 201, 203, 219 Somatotropin, 194, 219 Sorbitol, 71, 219 Specialist, 155, 184, 219
Species, 79, 107, 119, 181, 187, 189, 193, 201, 202, 203, 207, 214, 219, 220, 223, 225, 226 Spectrum, 4, 13, 77, 106, 119, 198, 219 Sperm, 170, 219 Sphincter, 199, 219 Spinal cord, 42, 178, 205, 220, 221 Spinous, 187, 198, 220 Sporadic, 210, 216, 220 Stem Cells, 11, 115, 220 Sterility, 183, 196, 220 Steroid, 74, 153, 182, 220 Stimulant, 176, 198, 220 Stimulus, 188, 220, 222 Stomach, 167, 184, 187, 189, 193, 204, 216, 218, 220 Stool, 180, 198, 220 Stress, 5, 13, 21, 77, 108, 109, 111, 152, 164, 173, 182, 204, 216, 220, 225 Stria, 8, 220 Stroke, 67, 138, 220 Subacute, 196, 220 Subclinical, 196, 217, 220 Subcutaneous, 10, 73, 76, 164, 220 Subspecies, 219, 220 Substance P, 201, 217, 220 Sulfhydryl Compounds, 82, 220 Sulfur, 198, 202, 220 Superoxide, 104, 221 Superoxide Dismutase, 104, 221 Supplementation, 55, 221 Support group, 221 Suppression, 12, 182, 221 Survival Rate, 90, 221 Sweat, 184, 217, 221 Sweat Glands, 184, 217, 221 Sympathetic Nervous System, 173, 221 Symphysis, 178, 212, 221 Synapse, 168, 211, 221, 223 Synergistic, 6, 212, 221 Systemic disease, 31, 195, 221 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 42, 180, 221 Systolic, 109, 194, 221 T Tardive, 179, 221 Taxanes, 118, 221 Tear Gases, 198, 221 Telangiectasia, 143, 221 Tellurium, 96, 222 Temporal, 8, 39, 73, 222 Teratogenic, 169, 222, 224
240 Hair Loss
Testosterone, 40, 49, 74, 76, 78, 81, 93, 94, 95, 104, 106, 110, 164, 167, 169, 189, 215, 222 Tetravalent, 7, 222 Thalamic, 172, 222 Thalamic Diseases, 172, 222 Threshold, 194, 222 Thrombin, 212, 222 Thrombomodulin, 212, 222 Thrombosis, 178, 213, 220, 222 Thymus, 12, 63, 195, 200, 222 Thyroid, 4, 9, 126, 151, 164, 202, 207, 222 Thyroxine, 168, 222 Tolerance, 25, 167, 222 Tomography, 175, 222 Tone, 222 Tonic, 102, 110, 222 Tooth Preparation, 167, 223 Tourniquet, 44, 109, 114, 223 Toxic, iv, 96, 125, 169, 173, 174, 183, 187, 210, 217, 223, 227 Toxicity, 106, 119, 177, 186, 223 Toxicology, 24, 140, 223 Toxin, 222, 223 Trace element, 218, 223 Trachea, 199, 222, 223 Traction, 6, 164, 223 Transcriptase, 198, 223, 227 Transcription Factors, 12, 223 Transdermal, 98, 223 Transfection, 174, 190, 223 Transfer Factor, 195, 223 Translation, 169, 204, 223 Transmitter, 185, 201, 205, 223 Transplantation, 34, 92, 125, 151, 179, 195, 223 Trauma, 15, 133, 173, 192, 222, 223 Tretinoin, 103, 125, 223 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 80, 224 Trichothiodystrophy, 35, 224 Trichotillomania, 6, 43, 96, 133, 224 Tricyclic, 179, 224 Triglyceride, 75, 224 Triptorelin, 30, 224 Tuberous Sclerosis, 143, 224 Typhoid fever, 30, 224 U Ulcerative colitis, 32, 224 Unconscious, 170, 195, 224 Univalent, 194, 207, 224 Urea, 70, 83, 221, 224 Urethra, 173, 212, 224
Uric, 191, 194, 224 Urinary, 176, 224 Urine, 173, 174, 185, 192, 224 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 210, 224 Urticaria, 42, 225 Uterus, 182, 201, 206, 211, 225 V Vaccine, 168, 225 Vascular, 73, 81, 100, 110, 178, 184, 194, 196, 202, 209, 225 Vasoactive, 75, 225 Vasodilator, 175, 185, 225 VE, 41, 122, 225 Vector, 14, 225 Vein, 172, 205, 225 Venous, 172, 213, 225, 226 Venous Thrombosis, 225, 226 Ventricle, 182, 194, 209, 214, 221, 225 Venules, 175, 176, 202, 225 Vertebrae, 220, 225 Vestibule, 179, 225 Veterinary Medicine, 139, 225 Vinblastine, 118, 225 Vinca Alkaloids, 118, 225 Vincamine, 75, 225 Vincristine, 13, 56, 225 Viral, 80, 167, 225, 227 Virilism, 194, 225 Virulence, 223, 225 Virus, 186, 216, 225 Visceral, 173, 226 Visceral Afferents, 173, 226 Viscosity, 167, 226 Vitamin A, 50, 101, 164, 216, 226 Vitiligo, 13, 213, 226 Vitro, 226 Vivo, 11, 226 Volition, 197, 226 Vulgaris, 63, 70, 78, 226 W War, 201, 204, 226 Warfarin, 45, 226 Wart, 198, 226 Weight Gain, 226 White blood cell, 153, 170, 191, 199, 200, 203, 209, 226 Windpipe, 222, 226 Withdrawal, 4, 32, 226 Wound Healing, 17, 188, 226 X Xenograft, 170, 226
Index 241
Xeroderma Pigmentosum, 35, 226 X-ray, 175, 189, 197, 205, 214, 226 X-ray therapy, 197, 226
Y Yeasts, 189, 208, 227 Z Zalcitabine, 198, 227 Zymogen, 212, 227
242 Hair Loss
Index 243
244 Hair Loss
