AENEID BOOKYIII
EDITED BY K. W. GRANSDEN
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CAMBRIDGE GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS
GENERAL EDrroRS
P. E. EASTERLING
RegillJ Pro/nsor ofGrul:. Unl C.n,lon.Jgry. nliaioo, mytholocy and lopoa.apby. Th.iI will be evident from the j>qQ which I'ollow, at abo will be the lise ol my cmeral debt to my prcd« :>no Warde Fowler', ..t-... ., 1M m. ..t R.- dia _ the fint 10 admit Wt hia _ _ r I " 7' ·" -.liut V.,";" (Wonlaworthin a letter IOScotI, 7 November ,80.5, uuly olin ...ed Wt DryrJ-p 'bat neither a tavkr heart ftOI" a iofl:y n=oe ofmooal di,ruly '). Nevertbde., it remai.nI, with ill potl. Miltoni lOr the a ... pIe of hit OWD. ed.ia- ofLuocmiIif III in!hit.ma. and abo b hiafuMmtin( advice, bdp _ ~ ~ C'\uy -tate of thit ed.ib. Witbwt biI wpport, ;1 woWd pe'u bavc beCII undert· ...... fingb.... He _ Mn P. E. EutcrliDc have ..Wid me fiva:I UIO" cbaa I eaR 10 r' 11M Illbe!'.
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_p'Mod. 1 'he the oIbooII VIII (I -i' , 197~. _II
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Our dotiny, our nature, and OW" home h wi!h infinitude, and only !here; With hope i1 is, hope that can never die, Effort, and cxpct.lation, and desire, And Klmething evmn(Jre aboul to be. W OItO.WOItTH, hdw 6.538-.2
History . .. is a looking both before and after; .., indeed, the coming TIme aJ..eady waic., \U1It'Cn, yet definitely shaped, predetermioed and inevitabJe, io the Tune come; and only by the combination of both is the mearun, of either completed. CAItLYLit. 0"
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INTRODUCTION I. VIRGIL'S CAREER AND REPUTATION Publius VCl'JiliWl Muo becatne .. dusic in bis own lifelime and remaiMd 10 Ih""'Khoul antiquity. at witne. the .plmdic:l m ....>lCripa ofh;'.wlll wrinen in rutlie capitals and the comrnen .... ry olScrvi... (roul1h- firth centuries A.D.) which oontai... the ~nn;nlP of an entire tradition of ..Utl",ical a~. The proCound veneration in which be was hdd durinS the middle '"IQ illhown in hiI' .....aken;n'· by nUlIe in the DiWwc.-dy - .. unique pica: olliteraty bomace. To Ibe hicruchic and rcnre">n authorial inu:ntion un be inferred from this fact since the poem is unr-evised and its IOtal Lc:nJ1l> cannot he ptecio.oly authenti.o::. ted . On the principle '" central ity in Latin poet.,. 1ft Will ....... , T ORI' ~13"i1.
, TI>c «nita! Lin,.. '" the poem as _
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I INTRODUCTION of ApolIOlliUl: the mqic $hidd 10
I At the moment when
thleld in II... poem begiN to
iI, the
the rulllliJw:1ic IlruCIUfC of;1S '-'I rour boob,'
and thematic paaJlcb may bedet~1ed bel" .. the of the , CarthAce in I- IV is the anti-type n.tan
(I) S70-+06 The bquili", of Vulcan by
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(I ) 407-1, Vulcan', journey (I'00\'I Olym...... 10 thc Cyclop !l' cavc (3) 4'14- 53 The tor!i..., of the anna (0 ) 454- )84 The nul day : Acncu' Care. w""l 10 Evander el ) s11s-62s Ameat' ride to ~re : Venus '" .. the amv (, ) 6i~7" The d Qeription ollbe ohidd." P'
• Sh."'"'J "'JiI, ~''''. "TlUotlwOi, _ ~ put "" ...... ~ I 'tIw Cell,;., by w Grelle : tee L P. Willi_. no. c-.... " Y;,p ('9119) 3011.
But allhouth a ......... kdre or P'yth ..... cali number..,....boIiorn w.......med by anc:ic:,,1 wril," (ou, e .• . , !he end 01 Plutarch'. Ljfi" n..-. !6', IhtTe it no nid.n>cc 'divino: popootion' _
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INTRODUCTION
and ~ Jupiter u the agmt and co-ordinator of dC!ltiny . The liva and dTm of hetoes mutt end with their deification: only an abillr&clion, i7tTial itselr, the Roman miaioo to rule, it Nlid in lhe poem 10 be '""thout end'. I! is ofth., natUn of all epic poems, e~n Homer'. , thither an be rud on mOn, Ih~ one level, that is, allegorically. Virgil, lik., molt of his cOIIlemporarih. hoped and believed that under AU(UItus thole ideals of (Mder civili..tion toward. which man cOIltinuaily upires would be DlOU fully realised than under pR'Vious ,qim.,., The vision which . .... I~ M and dominatet Ihe AtrttiJio the dOti"lf ofth., gap bet_en aspi .. u.l1n and achievement , the Iransundcna:, wilh divine aid, of man'. li i-il.lions. For the modem ruder, who h", I; ... ed • Wou,h the dedine and r.u of other 'empires without cnd', Ihe p""m' ........ 'n-1 I;"", J>I"1'hap". in .. that !hit ultimale vis;"'"
rnd
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lumbJa
perpeh~lIy
on the brink of realisation. The douhll .ods
criticisms which me poem u" poIit;calllatemenl raiaco arc embodied in, and becomt: pan of, the poem'. larger ~aning as "statement .boot the moral ~volulion of mankind. When we bye tbt Aene» is a type or prefiguration 01 August ... _ have, aner all, dotle very Hille to explain why the AGVili is It ill a
iaKt
great poem in ~e twentieth «ntury, whleh care. no more for AUl"'t ... than r.. Aene.. _ pc.ha"" if any thin" rather less. For all i" faceliousnea W. H. Auden'. poem 'Secondary EpOc' which condemlll Virgil} art AI a 'mUle: betrayed' by Iubocrvience to the Augustan polilidtJ iH08' ..... me. offen a ..IUlary if unintentional rd.,. " ........... 01 lbe ArJUmenl that tbe ktwiJ &eel nothin, Ixyood that ~me and tbl ill effect is IhudOrc nullified by history. Virail· • .en,e oIlhe put eonlinually cbcdt. and modifica his vWon 01 the futJ!e. The ruins 01 lUt"'tx KUlemenll which Ev&neier mows Aeneu in a.3~~-7 COiIUIlefIt with lilent yet eloquent irony on the ...iJ .......... kd $how that all politicalllOluliOlll are: 'lOr the lime 00",'. Mot""...,:, althou,h the AGVili is an epic poem OQ the traditional heroic thdne 01 war, no poetry. not even Wilfred Owen',. hal apr ed an inlJu.er haired of war. F« Vi"lil. the o"';re to kill is, quite limply, ;~e. and he ")'110, ofTumUl, in booI! IX,-,,", . .. UP {iff_ w..... (..,.1,.• . 11 is with violence, death, and oacri1ese thallhe ........... mdIo. We '-ve 10 tum back to booI! I to remind ounelYCI of jupiter'. prop~ 01 peace, when
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2. THE AENEID
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Furor impiua intul llleua lederu super arma et centum uirn::tua a~nis poot teOWUm nodis rreme! horridua ore eruento.
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AUIII A'
Aeneas was a Trojan hero in the I I ..... who IUrviveci the war' that the race of Dardanua might not pcriah ' (I Ii•• 20.308, Comm. 731 ). He was not the only ouch survivor who traditionally settled in Italy, thou,h Virgil i ... ists that he was the fi ... t to "'ttle in Latium;' Antenor is praented as having already "'ttled on the Adriatic coast, thus providing Venua with a cauae ror complaint &f]aimtJupiter rOf withholdinl! a similar peacerul destiny rrom htt own lOll Aeneat.' From atnOflJ! the victorioua Greeks there occurred limilar migratiom: Diomede is already ",tiled when Aeneas comes (Comm. gfr.); Od)'1lCUl allO p·red thtoUJlh, though he did not stay, becomil\Jl'. according to Greek tradition , the founder of the Latin race.' A ICSend abo exiltcd that DardanUl, rounder of the royal bouae or Troy, was born in Jt&ly (Comm. fr.), and Virgil uteSlhis legend to tnruf'orm Ame..• arrival inlO a 'IIOSIOJ' (homecoming) modelled on the relum ofOdyueus in Homtt.· Thi. was of the greatest importance dynastically. As a euhu ..... hero and rounder of the Roman ... tion, Ameas came rrom outside, came, indeed . like 5.tum lon, berore (Comm. '1~-27) as an aile ; but the ita '''Ienrlu. whoo.e coming the prophecies had wretold (Comm. ~3) .Iso genea10Sically ' belonged ' and th ... entttUI into his rill:hlrui heritage , becoming ita not by UlUrp;llOOn Of by conquest but by lawful election. So too AugwlIUI returned in triumph to Rome in Augwt 29 I .e. after two yea ... in the east , A .... • .•. Me G. K. GoJi,..ky, ' T roiac qui prim.... b 01' .. ', ( e · I( 28
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• A .... 1.2y.-3. S« WIoooIt 32- * ct. alto Aen:. y isit 10 Hdm ......... 01 Priam, and Andromlchr, '.294ff., &rid h .. p&r1.i", word. 10 them, '.+93ff. , ''';..ik ;".14 I i . .. . ... ' _. JUt Iii .Ii;' ""/_ _ _I
• Heo.iod, ~ • •0. ' - t6. On Od~ ... &rid Italy"", £. D. Phillipo, ] .H.s. 73 ( '9!>') !>!-67· • On Aen.'. homecominl ct. lhe wnh 01 tho orad" 01 Apollo., '.94-6 fO* ""'. bJit uM.. ......... 1_I_iliH .. ! rI • ."....... , ..~ri.. _ .... AMh ..... mioint...".., ....... riddle 10 ref., 10 Cut •. homeland 01 the Trrojan kina: Teu«r.
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INTRODUCTION
following th~ def';', of Antony and Cleopatra at Actiurn, a wulward journey Ii • ., thai khis heroic predec ' F' or. Another tradition, thallh., Troja ... wer., ,hrinsel.. ,," ofGreck origin, is.bo alluded to by Virgil (Comm. 156) ICTVts lO emphw.c the uoily ofth .. Homme world from whose ashes Rome .prang. The revival of he Aeneas le,end (which probably eame 10 Rome • vi. Elmri.) was pired by rdigiOUl, political and cultural motives. On Ih" rdigiOUl levd , Aeneas' jIid.. both towards the goo. and lowards his family , aped.lly his r.thtt.nd lOll, illlt· cd by Virgil throughout the pm and transforms Aencas from .. Homeric hero into .. Rom&n ~e. BUI du, lecend also oe .... t:d 10 f'U'h Rome'. mythical .ncal~ b.d: .",hind the found.tion ofLavinium and Alba Long_, he. tradil!:na'aOCCltOl'-cilieo (App. A) to the Homeric bronze age. A numoo of import.arlt Roman ramil;et, among them the SeN Julia (rom Alba Longa, 10 which Julius Ceo.. and his adopted"'" AugustUi belondd. claimed Trojan de'O T...u.
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Jettlement of Latium by Saturn and of Herewes' victory over or the events depicted on Aeneu' shield), hAve .. kind of'limultaneity ' (li"e archaeologic.aJ ' Iayen') by their presence in the poem u a structure of inlerrelated im.a.ces or aemplary
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Th .... in boo" VIII there is a typological lin" between Rome', variOUl enemies thOUjlhout her poot-Romulcan history, depicted on Aeneas' Ihield, from Ponenna and Tarquiniut to Antony and Cleopatra, and earlier enemi.,. of civilisation, whether confronted by Aeneas himself (Tum .... and Mnentius) or already displiled ofbefore he Came (Cacus, killed by Hereul.,.). These: enemi.,. can be arranged as a leries of exemplary types, culminating in Antony and Cleopatra, just as the city" variOUl a.avioun and heroes may be arrang«l in a pa.rallel oeri.,., (rom Saturn to Augustus. But what Jinks the heroes is no! toIely, not even primarily, martial pm..ca. Iu Sy"", puts it (,00) ' Not by conquest .lone but by the foundation of a lasting ci ty, did '. hero win divine hon .... R in life and divinity after d.,.th ,' II is the hero'l •"tistie ' (or 'founding ') rather than his; purdy military function which Virgil emphasises throughout boo" VIII . It is in Ihis book that Virgil USet, for the only lime in the poem, the tide (Comm. "3), signilicandy ofEvander, f.... nder ofPallanteum, the ·..,.Rome·, .. man of peace. In the lasl book of the poem Aeneas proclairm that his own role when Trojanl and Lalinl are united will be l piritual and "listic : ...... i - u Ttwri I
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:::::t~ ~:::::::.~ ~H::::f: .c.. p.,;.,1ed s..e VIII wao fint oul by 0...... '7- '9aloo Conun. ~'2. Vukan ..... had a fciotival in A...... t (W. W. Fowler. RJ _/utiwtU (1899)
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2. THE AENEID
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7.1 7-20). Then: _ also a somewhal uncomfortable parallel betwem his e&reer as conqueror and expansionist and that of the murdered, albeil also deified,Julius Caaa!" (d. Syme 46+). ' Romul ... was the son oI"Man, as Aeneas of"Vmusj his warlike ch.t.raCler is emphaaiKd by Livy.' In hi. app"aran« in 'he AnvU hi. martial aspec:1 is not ignored (any more lhan Aeneu' is) bul he is abo the child mckled by a wolf, Iqcnclary .ymbol 01" R.otne'. pastoral berinninll' and the deified hero, like Julius e",. oakly ......... Even Ihe killin, of Rem.. michl be lypoIc:oIPeally ........ ised b)' implied anakosY with Herrule' kmins of Cacuo : both Remus and Cacut lived on the Aventine, both 1"1 .H~ on tM ~tme (Uvy 1.7. 1-3), the acred J I iu., Rome'. fint tettlc:mmt, Rat of Romulw.. Evandn- and AUCW_· I'or Virril, Romul .. marks the end 01" pre-Roman myth and the bq:inmn, of a n.&lionallnlditiun. He it ~ """I 10 Au,usl'" both inJupiln-'. ~ in book I and in 1M vision of"hum es which endt book VI, and whieh is al"-I aactly the z.ame I...... h .. 1M ecphruis of the zhidd at the end of" book VIII, which bq:i11ll with Romulus and encb with A.1IC"'i.... Front 7,)3 a.c. onwanb Ihe Rotn.a.I1II art! d'cribed indiffen:ndy .. MIN of Romulus and as I0OI o£ AmeN (Comm. 638, 6.t8). The Troj.n teed, fint planted m llaly in Ihe
beroic ace o£ Homeric epic, bqi.nt with Romullll to bear ill Roman (roil.
AI the end o£book VIII, when A.C"neu puu on the lhield, Iymbol of Roman hislory, o£ rndurance with divine .id, Vi!"Iil ·......;.te his acceptance of this hud destiny with that of Au.., the: ' endUrei'"" mythieal shoulderer of 1M burden of the univenc.' In the vision which ends book VI AuplllS is • ......;ated both with A.u.. and with • F.... anti·R"",an ded"''''' ;., the: Romul ..... Ierc io. ',traqe.nd .... mor.bI~ pic",,,, oA Atlaa,.t on« • mountain and • &iatt •. .. """.If, batvqut, t"O'fn in ........ ..-.- ......elqut'
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INTRODUCTION
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Hercul"". the I.. let _ who once ahouldem:l Alia.' burden (Ovid, FA$li 1.,6.5) _ bciPJantiquity'. mOIl famout burdcn4boulduer.
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Augustus Caesar ..• prof'"",, imperium; [aut alra tider. ,dl... ubi cadifer Alias
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.,.em umerO torquet. •• nee: beru A1cid"" l.antum tdluris obiu;t . ..
Noc ev BatthUl .tId Hcrc ..1eo .. u ....pI..,. '71"'" ~ hio hero Sir N.",.U, whose million io 10 civil;"'. 10 mythdaic COCl«ptl of lb( • chcem ~(' and th( 'p~ laid' (d. Gmait 12. 1-111). AI lb( J.&m( libe Vi"';l II... es th( fact that Amea did not brinJ th( ;m-'" into ~ land spiritually bmighted: ... tMR ,diP,.. . . _Nt .6"JtU I " (A.... 8.l+9-~). This i".linct Vi,..i ••"uriltea with the indi&m!QUI inhabit.antl and anirnillic local deitiea of Italy : it is • '.(ligioo 0( plac(', • oeM( 01' .we, 'wx;i,ted with the Iandtc:,pc, u inkNe in his I try U in Wordsworth·,. Aeneu bn>o.Ichl ;n the p ...., Evand( broucht in the Crcd: cult olthe deified Herc:ulea,
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• Sere M.:r. HuiJhco in t",.,. ~ 6 ('95!) '93....... !.
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2. THE AENEID
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yet there were gods long before the c.:oming of thae two eultureheroes, I•.&i_, Iii fWf"" JillMU, wonhipped by the native Latins &nd their eponymous king Latinus, whOle ceremonies are describo:d. in AtNitJ VII. The ew:n1J of book VIII follow, and ate linked with, thole of VII . 8Qth boo'" begin ... ith a night voyage. The Trojans' fint IllmpK of Ihe promised land of Latium, 7.'l~-36, il a I60u TiHril of STUt pattoral beauty, exactly correspondinl in lenglh &nd tone to Acno:u' journey upstream 10 the lile of Rome in VIII (86-g6+ 101 ). The arrival at o.lia, where A(neu ~ IX UfW" 1 _ 1 jwf'ticit, prefirures the l .. ter .. rrivab .. t the lroves ouwde PaJlanteum on the lile of Rome (8.tOi, 12~) and at Cure, ... hen: Aeneu teceives the l hield (8.~7). Boob VII &nd VIII both cent..., around .. n embassy. But in VIII Aene&ll!ooto Evandu in pc""", in (uUllment oftheSibyl'l prophecy that he will lind ..Ivation in .. Greek city and becao,qe he must be penooaHy initi .. ted into the history and toposr.. phy of Rome, to complete the initiation begun in .. n"Othu ml-.s _ _ -.s, the Elywian Fiekb (book VI ). Aeneas is absent from book VII: he sencb an amb ....dor, lIioneut, to negoti .. te with King La,inlll, ...ho, recOllnising in Aeneas h.iJ "Ihtful and promism hdr &nd ...... in_I ....., offen the Trojans a pcacd"ul alliance; Aeneu does not confrOflt Lalinlll unlil book XII ... hen the two leaden conclude a ueaty Iym_ boI"'"l the union of the immigrant and n .. tive peoples: ,.,'.-.s
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( 12. 190-1 ). (It is the buakinl of this treaty by Turn ...... hieh leadlto the POX""I prWJ MkmtJ
dmouement.) Aeneu and Latin ...., the immilr&nt and the indisenout ancestor, ....., in -..e relpcelJ paralieiligut"CI. Some of Ihe lesends about Aen"", in Latium were in olha venions attached to Latin ... (e.l. the kminl of Mezentius). Both ancestors _..., wonhipped in Lavinium (Iradi_ ti .... al home of the J-'~I before the foo.tnding or Rome, see App. A), Aeneas u 'Jupiter Indiges' and Latinlll'" 'Jupitu Latiarit '. ParaHelI aha Cltist betW«ll l.atinUi and Evandu. In tome vernons Lavini .. wu Evander', d .. u,hter not l.atinUl' (and married Hercules not Aencu: Dian. Hal. 1.4l, ICC .. bo Grant 48) . Such paralleb facilitate the typological correlpoodencetl 00 ...hich the NrtriJ is built. EvandeT wu _times identified with Latin .... · animistic ancestor F.. unUl : both
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INTRODUCTION
D&my. Latin",' temple .too reeal" .he .emple .oI Jup;~,~.ptoIin .., with its lilded ,of, .. heu the triumphal I
"Ill ..
pco",d inlD the underworld and roe 5. c' ••ied £rozn it, a re,, :' "I perhap 6cwativdy re-enacted when Evander ..ka AeneaI, u ~ bad takt:n. Hen::u1a, up the Palatine (Ke below, S (iii) T'.-«n.phy. and Comm !.s9. ,6,5). Ame." oojoum with £".1'I'in and the celebrated ' wall round the Ale 01 ROXDC:' IWid at the bean ol Am£iVIlI. Evander a.pz r' the poet'. IU ' e oCthe natioa.al put, hiI deep f«Ilnc: lOr landvape and place, and alto perhaps alkJows him to iNh..., briefly 07>CC a",u. at the heaT! ol hiI bcroic: epic, in the E
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of putoral. E".ndtt it a ehan.cterUticzolly a.:npozite firure. He ..... lBinilia with Nator in ~ IIJ and abo (b tho" gh. kine, be if poor) with Eumaeuz in CUy..." XIV. AItIlelU' nigh. journey ID PaUan'eum and biJ day and nitbl with Evander conupond ID Tdemacll...• journey to Pya and hiI day and niSbt with Nator (Knauer 2f9W, ) but in addition, IU ..... been noted, bis arrival at Palianleum w"aponds to Od'(IIeUI' ....... to Itb'u.5 On to tbae Creek modeb VirJil .....y • Livy ".8--'9. The pan.IIel ... P'Losted by5ain*~ bull am_ .WM'e that ...y modem. crill< bat punucd it. Tbc earUosl ........ lnl 01 N".... _ in Enai.., • 'J'ben: it .... a fainler ItCho oIApoIloni..• Lye.. (A'r, '",77"'. r,..,m , .,WI'. ).
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INTRODUCTION
arafted a.oJn... (NIeI, ErIn,...' 'C1'Oo!nI.i now I.."
have
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indudi", perh,pI some reminiac:mce of of Acncaa' embauy to the kina of Alb.
vln
EvaDder'. chi function in book ill to IeI'W u the movthpiece for • .ma of abolotrical ditquisitiona, apl·jnt'li the origiDi of variout CUlIOftU I-t Ioc:a.tiooI. 1'heM: were: • feature of Hdlmiatic: pocU)'; Vircil ~btl_drew also on ROOl'n antiq"...w, and mylhopphic wri~ includin, EnNUI, CaIO" 0riPu. and V&I'TO" Iaol hQlOI'y of the Roman people - . tradition which culminated. in du: , OI""nin, boob oClLivy. Two important elemmb in all theee writinp. both o;:oI\IJ>icuou!! in Aafti VU1, are the family lqend and the fl>Ulld..tion·mym , The lalkl' iI Gredt, but the ronnel' oeema to have been peculiarly Rom·n. Evanckr'. hot.!1; lalilY to Aeneu it in the tradition of the m«>lleny. the rcccption of ~ sod or hero inlO" -.impl., dwcllin,. 1'hiJ originate. with Eumacuo' ~_pilality to Odr-u- (Neotol"'. ru:.piwily to Telco 'eb..." ia OCI. 100 (fNId • Kale 10 qualify) and bec.rne popular in Hcl1eniatic ,*"try. Callimachut de.cribed tbe entertainment of Heracla by. ~ maft, Mokwchw.. in hit Am., and WI ofTheoeUl, • ""cM
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The virtue the ler Ie of· ...... ple luffic • the hare p-ound with I>oui( ..... te bCllrowN ••. And the fmig of 1M fvo L,t bt.' I
In 6., .38-9 the Hennie Ieada Arthur to hi> .....11 ~. In 6.9.16 Mdit-.. (a n'_ UIkcn ....,." Vircil'. lint ~, in which Titynll nfl"en oimpk
,-",talley to Mdihno.) inYiea Sir C·Iick>r.! into
~ ...... ~ ' - ' •
• I Iuove devdoptd the .....""'" of thio _lion 01 the InU"Od. at JrUIa" Jencth in !WI) anida on'The putoral ahemalive'. A...... ('910) I~"" '. 117-g6.
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INTRODUCTION
,
WIlen
w"" ..ind Meta did IWop
Td'entef at. narrow loop; AI!pnniNrc ill doon lO.traM T, 'ttaiD tbeauel ....
thl'OU3h HeaYeDI pte.
ADd Iurdy when the alter A(e Sb:.J1 hitba- come in Pilgri......e• 'Ilbc sacmd pI_ 10 adon: . .. Mln will diopule bow their Eo::tcDt Within a\ICb dwadiab Confims weftt: ~_ will 'mile a, thiI, at well Ai.fRomliM hit BI c like CeD ,'
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_".type
In the A:.ww,}..t .. Carthat'e io Ihc of~. 10 Dido', invitation 10 A FA in the fint half 01 the ......D io the ... Ii_type of EvandeI'·..• ~ !-d. him iDeo • pe'_ made 'pl H''IIiot by an (1.637-40) : at dooDUI inlUioc" npli tpkwIid· luxu u.tnaitur. _di;.quo: paeanl ctII'Niuia ,~~". , n
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I
:: I~'::.e;,:=::~~ "
.eaJ Aened.in, which $lando on the oile of a forma- Roman temple (of Cau) jUit 10 the. _th.wrst of the oile of the altar." To the north...,..l.toad a temple to Hercula the Victor, probably round, like the round temple which .urvives (with another, rec:tanl"lnr one) neAr theoite today. Hue wu found the IntKe bronu: ltatue of Hereola now in the Capitoline
Green
M~ .
At 8.,.x; the two heroa lu~ the Forum Boa.rium and Pf"OCC'Cd .. _ _ . The linl pin« pointed OUI by Evander it the Porta Carmentalil with ill altar (8.337-8). Owing the hiltorica1 cWquioition by Evnnder which lillo the intervening lina, the here!l may have been waiki", alon, the river to the Forum Holitorium, tumin, up the modem Via lugario and iu continuation, the Via della CoNoIuione. The Porta CarmentnJis probably .tood at the meeting oftheK streets. CIao,. by 1l00d the temple of Apollo, the city'. only temple 10 tha. deily until Auawtus built the one on the Palntine." Thil temple doa not survive, bu. il 1l00d quite ncar the still turviving theatre of • When Fowlet poin ........1 the n.Uno 01 the Jankulum (5~~) the IWO heroa ....., Iliready ... ~ the PIliati"". The Ii ...... do not pooo'C, no B. Tilly ..,... 1M.,.". t/ PdW ,8Y'., that the CapiIOlinc mo.. have been
..........
• S« L.,.ti 3tlt-'3 and the officinI ",ido! to S. Maria in r ..... modin by C . Ma.imi (RorM '9S'). • eo....... " ,""",. S« nloo P. Grimnl, 'La P"lOE'ICnndc d'£v.ndr
place for Aeneu!to receive the thicld. Bul there;' • more important Iymbolism : ro.. Aeneas, Caer.: was. friendly city ofGredr. origin; for the it wu • city which had once been Rome'. enemy and w .. now ~ .ubjecl' In AmnII 10. 1.53- 4> Tarchon king orc.ere beoomeoAeneu' itlly, i-wi' o;u/HdusI/W/rril, in the alliuce of Trojan and Etmvan, J later in the a1liancc of Trojan and Latin, Virgil p«I1gureo the uriified I laIy of the Auguttan settlement. Catte ;. cde~ated today for il:t rnacnificcnt EtnIloCan lombl, described by D. LaWTmce in £lr/UUII P/Mu. It ia uill isolated and thickly wooded, ~ivided by the valleys of thc Fwu. di Manganello, ere ed by lhe rOad leading out of Cuvc:ICri to lhc principal nccropoIiJ of the hiJt.Jical period, Banditaccia, and the FOlIa eli Mala on lhe other !.ide oIlhe town. Beyond Banditaccia lies a third lIream, the FOlIa d.i The lOllI/is ,,.,.. where Aeneu received the tbidd miaht have beenl in any of thc three locatiON.
Auguatanl
v..
Marronl. ,
,
(iv) MYTH AI ALLa o oav II hal been emW··i-.l. (pp. 8- 10) that lhc 'rut' subject oflhe A...nIialhe origi~ ofRomeand of AugutIUl. In this resp«!. book vnl
I
,
"
3. BOOK VIII
is clearly the most Roman and the mOIl Auguatan book of the poem: not only does iu Ktion ....e plaa on the ,ile of Rome, bul iu climax depid! Augustus' triumphal entry into the city whieh Anlcu cntertd with Evander. It is, perhapt, at this culminatin, point that typoiOlY end. and &1le"oq takes over. Virgil interweaves into the ttNCture of book VIII, with iujuxtapolition ol'limple put' and ' grand pr .. "nt', the moral ambi valences inhermt in tlO'O Gr«k mythf - the '(Olden age ' and the discovery of fire - to produce a cultural .ynthaia ol man's evolution from barbarism to civiliRtion. The 'Saturnia regna' arc described by Evander al 3 ' 5~7. Saturn wu identified with the Gr«k KrOfIOI in Haiodic myth, rather of Jupiter (Zeus) ancIJuno (Hera), the tlO'O principal deities who determine the action of Ihe "..wi/. in which Saturn plays no part, for he represents the legendary ua before llruules for power bqan. He was ailed from Olympus by his usurpin" IOn, and his downfall repreKnted the end of the fint of the races of men, the 'golden race'. But in the account given by Virgil and D.H. 1.,6, Satum fled to Italy where he established the fint pClceful reign ; thlt enabled the GrHir. Kronos 10 be identified with. primitive Italian a.ricultural deity and culture-hero, ancestor of Latinus, in whooc lemple his image Itands, alonl! with thai of other primitive ",raJ delti ... (7.'78-80) : ltalwque paterque Sabinus uitisalOr curuam KruatU sub imaline f.alcem, Saturnwque lena laniquc bifrontis imago. Evander'. account of Satum's reign ( 3~5), ~ ) I ,kf Ut ;.u ..pHI, echoes the description of Latinus' reign at 7.46 ....., ~ Ut JMu "pHI. The Latim pride themselves on retainin, the peace of Saturn'. reign voluntarily, not under legal cornpubiOl'l (7.2~ff.): neue ignorate Latinoo Saturn; gmtem haud uindo nee Jegibus aequam sfxHrI4 II•• uelerisquc dei K more tenentcm. Virgil'. account of the primitive inhabi tanll of Italy before Saturn'. corning is h·, cd on Lucreti .... They Ii~ wild in mountain caves (d'. 8.321 and Lucrcti.. 5.955 ui IW' ,....'fW QNIU rilM';_ nil"""'), knowing neither tM arb ol peace nor those ol agricuJu.m:o, .he tlO'O .. peeu ol the Salurnian Klliemeni (Camm. , ,6-17 ). They
-os
•
~
INTIlODUCTION
had DOl: 5'3:111--11, on
10 h&rvat Eden,
life
Of ~
food : d. Milton, PPU!u lMI
amall ltore will _ , when Ilore, AI' _ _ ripe Cor UK, hup 011 the nalk. Lucreth.. also ....ph··i, .. thai primilive man Ii"«l for the day, !.akin.: what natun: oR'..li.ed:
quod
J. atque imb.... dec!eranl. quod terra ~t
.; '" t ...
iii >d placab.t pectora donum.
(~93.,....a)
Vi";l idcalixa dUo •• pett of primitive life in hU nOllaJ&jC visioo of a 100t pNlOIlII .un~icity in GM-~s 1I.+92fF•• a famoua pap- v. in p..aiR of hali.n rural tire :
. V1. '"
UOI rami fi'aetUl, qUOl ipsa uokntl.a nata
In "eoi xlic
ul
.
I ere - , c:arptl.
m~
(b a Latin venion Jet: Ovid, Mil . 1.8gff.) and in the auo.ti.u. ~L"parian ISIVth, the pIdcn race __ a metapbw d .. ,ibi... tbe ~ .. bqiAninc of ....... ; be w .. ernted perfect, and hit PlUt.equeRt de-'4oPm ml.aboWl a falli", a_v from this ideal. Such .. view ofbinory IIOI, ~. MI Vi"';I'. lelcoJoticaI PU'I'" ., he thaefo..e ..tcp. alto the Ll>Cretian attOUftt of primitive man', evolution £rom barbarian tow. . . civilioation, IIIinfI Saturn to tyMboIill the fi ' . in this evolution. In l..ucRti ..... primitive man took what atunl1oR'ered, in the 'IOkim' or prdapu.rian -V, 001 had no idea of ~ pod Ol' of COI'PtraetI Ol' the laWl of propulV:
1aoe.
lmmUilC bonum potera.nt ipCCtan: neql>C uIliI ~ .... mtel' Ie ICibant Dec Je,ihul uti. (5.9~)
DeC
..
Jt........
To the ·th their profOund belief in !be value of I.w, thiI conk! OPIy mn" a .talC ofbubarism (CAo;ua in A-.:.i VIII ;. a Ibid' • .. well .. a .,....,.... of +",,;.). On the qdk tbeory of hillory, !be ci¥iliRnc wOIk fifat done in Latium by Satum mUll he periodieallV done 'Sd", wi~: eKh Iftsb threat to law and otder, each _ laple into barbariIm.. ~ won of eivilUtiorI iI cknc ..... in A.ww VIII by Hereul.. w~ he un. by AVCUOtuo..- . , tq.a d my 7 (1t..C. 6) and byYuJean: the~ of the Weld, whlch Ac:retian-Viftilian ~ ..oionuy tt.ew, wen! nc:pIoital in the retWooancc by PIero di c..u_ in • -'co cI pointinp okpioHint VttIca.... a IcaChcr cI ",...kind: _ E. P......y. 5, .. ill i '''IT (1 939. repr. 'soh) 4:t-.w'I
•
I
40
I
INTRODUCTION
Venus <X>mmissi_ from V .... un the shield 00 which Uc depicted the evolution ol th~ Roman l tate from pasion.! primitivism (the Judling the lw1n. in a cave) 10 Augustan IIOphistication: the lUI Kmel on the are of nati_ .ubdued and "eat n\fUI con!J"OlJed. In Virci!" Venus-Vulcan tpisode, 8.37. Yen,," bcnthet the fire of JOY
-t. THE POETRY (i)
TKIl aPt ... ITYU
heroic epic moddJed on Homer, is written in a snnd or hi,h 'tile, It is also. national epic .bout the Roman put, wrium by. poe~wbo"'" renowned ror beirll. in Q!.Untilian'l ........w.rm.... lOI'tunatis', and wt.c.c prind~ nativ" model was EnniUl, who 10 him much at c:::h..\lCer llood 10 Spemcr. But • thouch ~Y learned in, and rape
Ov1"
(iii) ,
1l1001, ' ........ OIl ... 'H • ... HO "1l .. IITICH.
In c:ompoa", A..w Virail dcvc~d .. 'periodic' luucture iD which the II mle • otilf....::d tlu1>uch two 01' lhme linao il1 a 1Cri"" of linked ....t,....,." or 'cola' (Comm. 1-6). This doeI IlOl mt-n, bow. ever, that he a c:omplelll)'QllUt with many lUbonliaate d'wn : on the c:or\U'I.ly hiI,ynllUt;, IarJcIr paratactic:, C(II j,tint' of parallel
I
I
4. THE POETRY
47
_ ' _ . oCten ~ in three., \If\IAIly lirLked by the eopWabYe, t but - ' i r n arTUIpd in atyMetoo. "These panlId oeDteneei 'Hue fianbtt linked by the frequenl UK of another r~ tcehnique wbeieby & ...cement iI teinforced or atDplified 0Q(:e or twice. ThiI ~, which Henry labelled 'theme and variation',' iI common in a rw'aled dietion, whether po1lze or ~UK, th2'OUlhoue ... tiquity and in the ~ But Vi..p'. _ ofll illO ~ that it mUll be beId to c:on&Ibtute a diltinpiahint' feature 01 hit epic ttyle. When & un;t 01 d;_~..., or period it completed, the zM'e break _bme! oa:un rzoI at the end of the line bue either at the end 01 the fint izot of the line or &1 the 'z '·K!,foot caaun (Comm. 1-6, h). ThiI it al70 & haIl,marll: oiVi..,u'. epic .tyle and (WIe wlzich w.. ddiben.tdy imitated by Millon in P.. zJ; .. UJI.' Sc~ual of tb.poerioc;b are then fuftbtt combined inlO a I....,.. unit or ~ph.' A rdatioNhip it al1~ted in the ancient Life 01 VizFl bet.. z hill method 01 azmpoAnt' the A....,w and the pi ea once in it (and in no other MC:icrzt poem) 01 a number 01 inoomp1ete line. (hcmilticho) (Comm, 41 ) "PO zentint' the lanponry bqinninr or endinJ oia pzp .... ld't wueoiz cd ae hiI death : Aeneida
pnIA
pri... ontione formatam dipwnque in libril
partic:ul.atim compoonen: : ..tltuit. piO\Itliberct quidque, et nihil in
online arripiUII. ac ne quid impetum rnoraretur, quaedam. im, pubta U'aNmiti1, alia It:W.imia in uerw ueluti fulzil, quae palocum pro tibicinibUI ("prop.") interpoci aiebal, ad .... tinendum oput donee ooIidu cohulUz&C adumirent, z If and .... .,., I27IId ra«e o/\m by V. tlwz by anyotbw d 'ni ' -I writer
. _Oft . . .
acept Tad... : Hd'. 'zn:'h
mE .
• I ... L < 5Z . '.~I_ os..: Onz.'-, 'Pwadilc t.o. and the
A=,;~',
&'1" io OYiriZM Z1
(zfli61J '9! ..
• Y.'z .. ' zati..., otructute ~ be d·, a iC edilOn prinlCd IDOl'!: 1*''' .......... poUlt r'de by S.bt-d"'i ........ in by Dr.::.......'1lr, !t • • .., : " w If.g. DId .... tA ......... tIw. .....itional pzts.. i I. '" ruppcw e biz * tbat V • the po , in ...... t-nce wi.* Pyt/t~ n · uz n ..... but they may be j~ by. Ie. arcaow: q -,'u.liorl, CUt tbqo ·,he the pI earl- 10 Wlow. I" putiazlar, the pnnice 01 prizz.... the "orzchrdi. ecpbn:zi:: or VIII • a oj at- pzncz ph o r _ tbw:r zoo Urrao obzcuno ;17 dcatty dnn eel triadic: fIz'uCtuft. I ...." zhc::otIcwe ; tieolCd...........,.. .IIP!, - 4' , rie, A. h6 (alzo in lob,,"ii), 61', !
. . 1£
.,....""t
...
"+
•
..
INTRODUCTION
J. Sparrow (H.v.u-s ... ,~ ill VirP'I ,4,aoM', 1931) aplail1l the prop .. r....J.wc lme. wbich n!CUf . . otop-e... 1M' m·!re-ebj/b
throvcboul the ~. It should be noted that the jJirii/f.'" (haninicht) lhcauelws F of two kinda. lboot' which-blIow an by enjambment from the previOUt tim:. rwnd.ina: off a pqiod (e.g. 8·4', !ls6). aDd thole bqiA a pencRpb. The lauer aft o/\m .tock pm- whlcb Jni8ht bav.: been variOUlly apandtd and which .. ~ ,land .-d life obviow "top g .... the jolting down DC. lOnnula which -.Jd .,. we to IUpport the Ilructun:. at at 8 .41i9. 10-490.
whichl
"".
I
The We &lao •..........dI thaI Vifsil himtelf COP'Ipkud. ezlempore, a' • recital, 6 •• 6+ ana.6!i; the &ella) ClWllplc, oelWO Wid ECutiV1: 1ineI, teC>N implauaibl~ but it does altelt the temporary n.alun of the '. the probability thai there wen. .....,., morc of bemilticht and No • them • The Life ~ .tala dial ancient edilOn tried ~
fully locomplffi: dK baniatlcl. (Comm. 4' )' To ofFer an experiment,
:::'~;t:,!:;:;-,~~,:,~ti!~==:-.:::
liM u _ bad it ~Ied only of the won!. •incipiam '.
'-nIl• amor
o:ogno.cere DOItroI do ~:: .f.roi.ac lupranum aud;n, "bocu... quamq , animUi memin_lIo:Jcn:t lucluqu.e rcfucil, incipi'm . £iacti bello r"i'que repulai dllClOftS ~ IOC iam IabmtibIIJ anna inttat _Ii. equum dium. hUMi· ute aedi6canI .l .
Jed Ii
It mill' alao be:
callII
• thai the fa.a that the hcmiaticha wen: DOt in!ended 10 be pc:rmanc:nl ia DOt nco ! rily im:omp&tiblc with • modern fOpo;m which may Md lOme of !hem dl"ectiv.:. Iu. it hawn" tlUt does DOt apply 10 ~y cilNw ill VIII, but it it (b m.~) bani to _how Ulythinc~1d have been add.d to thedramaticaJly Pllwaful h "itticb ..t HU.' • fa' 'II' 7 "".. wtUch mda the 'F t . h d AJl«1o to Tum
7-4,51
I I
I I
,. THE POETRY
(iv) I'saLU.c AHD aKaTO.lle
In writintl the MMW, Vi,.u drew on rhetorial techniquos which lOrmed the dominant cultural tradition of Ellroptan literature from the time of the Greeb until the renaUN.nluil ~cibUi. indc repentc impulil; impubu quo mammua: intonat aether, di$tuhant ri i rdluitquc a.territUl amnii. AI .pecus et C·d det«ta appuWt ingem regia, el umbrOlac penitut patucrc cauemae, non secus ac qua pcnitUII ui terra dehi""",,,
.,..
IS)
...,
a
infemu lewetC . Ie.!" et reg ...... redudat palUda, eli. inJi..a. auperque Unmane baratbnun cern.lur, trep{ t immi.o lumine Manes.
24'
n' d. aeriI M',Jt 4tfh : aetloc:rii M'" (et bMrii t ): et u·L.. i< . us oculi •.,.,.. ~s.... : oculio...w., 0CIIb,.. ",& ..h+' • M' ,,~inl«lll.tMI':I_t"'(if.A.vilS'5) ..... 'LllltIM'Iw M. . .. y'6..lo .... :a .. Ir".... /f...... . "'fG- v·'_t.n"l....
s-., r• .:
s
•
AENEIDOS LIBER OCTAVVS
61
ergo ;nsper.ta deprcnswn Juee repulle
incllllWIlQue QUO .no .Ique insueta mdentem detuper Alcidet tefu prewit, omniaque anna aduocal el ramis UUtUqUC molaribw instal. iUe .utem, ncque mim fup. iam RIper u11a pericli, f.ucibus inaenlem fwnwn emir.bile diclU) euomil inuoJuilque domwn uliginc: caeaI prospc: __" ' " ct ......crum ~, cl tc . ..... w .."". nunaa pendcntcm ~uIo Furi.atumquc «a trcmentcm.
...
area
Diu..
RlCretotquc
pici. his d.antcm iura CaIOncm.
trrndi
Haec inter late marls ibal imago aurea, led. Ruetu Ipumabant cael"ula cano, cl eircum arge~to dari ddphincs in orbcm aequora ucrrcbi..nl caudis acstumquc sccabant. "In mtWO _ .•"(' ",, ' ... 'II acratas ' A"·'''' ella ug.o.a • ccmcre erat, totumquc imtructo Mane uidcrcs (crucre Lcucat'f auroquc cffuJatte RuctUi. hine Aug\UIUI MeDlIt.IOI in proclia Cpeur cum patriblD ~uIoquc, penatibus ct map.is dis, .wu cd ... in ~ppi, aeminas eui tcmpora ftammas 11 • •••• Iacta UotDUDt EJ:atn'ltnquc apentw ueruce II \II. parte uent;~~ A,rippa JCCUndis uduus atmen ~ cui, bcUi inaignc fUpcrbum.
alia
0"
...
tcmpora nauali' (w,ent n»trata corona.
hine ope bar~ uariisquc AntomUi annis,
~1 Galli} oW .. 1
66D twx: p , aua • 66.... ................ : ·bat ",p.." WI 5 I
_ I JOt _ 6t610 .... ... cui} bulc ,..
&e, -n. "'1IMfk: (0Pf • • )
s.....
A£N£IDOS LIBER OCTAVVS
uietor ab Aurorae populis et litan rubro, Aegyptum uiruque Orienta el ultima .eeum Baetra uemt, .equitutque (nd..) Aegyptia COniUM. una omna ruere ae tOlum Ipum&re reduetis eonuulswn remis fOItrilllue tridenlibl,g aequor. alta petunt; pelago creel.. innare feulI"" Cyclad.. aUI montis concurrere montibus altos, tanta mole uiri turr1tis puppibus irutanl. SlUppea Aamma manu telillque uolalile ferrum spargilur, ana noua Neptunia caede rubescunt. rqina in mediis patrio uocat agmina .alto, necdum etiam gcmil\Ol a togo respicit anguia. omnigenumque deum morutra et latralOf Anubis contra Neplunum et Venenm. eontnque Mineruam tda tenent. saeuit medio in eertamine Mauon cadatus ferro, tr'Utesque ex aethere Dirac, et sci". gaudens uaelit Diseordia palla, quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona ftagello. Aelius haec eemens arcum intendebat Apollo dauper; omnis eo terroce Aegyptus et Indi, omni. Arabs, omna uertebant terga Sabaei. ipsa uidebatur uentis regina uocatis uda dan: et loot iam iamque immittere funi .. iDam inter caedes pallentem morte futura feeerat ignipotens undis et lapyge ferri, contra autero magna maerentero COipoie Nilum pandentemque sinus et lOla ueate uocantem eaerulewn in g.en.ium latebrotaque Rumina uictos. At Caeu.r, triplici inueetua Romana uiwnpho moenia, dis Italis uotum immortale sa.crabat, maxima ter centum lOum delubra peT url>ern. laelitia ludUque uiae plausuque fremebant;
7.5
6go
6g,5
700
1'0!1
7.0
l 'j
6go .uidentibuo (if. A. v 1+,5) .... fJJt- ' ); "'11K _ . " 69- IlItio ... '.,,;;' •. s-.. 7'" d;,ae M'P.I", ", diua116,.". (IC .•""') -.oi.,i, Ii.... .. l..j~, .uvilfw ... ff.,., fonninll "theme and two variatioN (see funher Introd . • (iii)). Syntactically lubordin,ue 10 the lricolon, but describing e'on is complicated by the ~I that lhe finllwo lines comprne a theme and variation, 'TumUi sa"" the war-sifllal and the horns sounded', 10 11'1.1.111'1" III-ttquence is in effect &/so. trioolon. nch claUK having Tumut u iu ,ubjecl, the fint ,,!aUK brin, extcnded by epcxegeais (d. 38n.) to pennit. chanS" of ,.,ammaticallubjecl. Alto charac:teri.tlc au the enjambmem bct ... ~en linea !I and 6 and the placinl of the Knse-btu.k .ner the fint foot of linc 6 (I« lnuod . and d . 32,5. 332, 7'l'l, 726). A KI'lJe of ocilemenl and anticipation is builll.lp by the urangemall of each tricolon as a crescendo, with the emph.uia fallill( on 'r-- .rod fIn., as well as by onomatopoeic dcviocd from 1.6+8. wbere MeaentiUl be..t~ lhe ·ca...... ue· 0( Latin leaden (N Tu.mw encb it,
1
:1 t
" portrait 0( C·milla N a kind 0( 'pendan.': tee if one reprrda the R . D. WlIliam.. I'The funet:ion and E1.",~t"'"' 0( Vi..,u'. c.talocue in ~ 7', M:1. II ( Ig6I ) 1"'&-.s3): For V. be is zecond in importance OFlly to TumUl .. an enemy of Rome, anaIOfOUI in ...... VlIlIO ea(!ua, Tarquin.iUl, c.tiline, AniOny: lhe tradition o(m. alliance wilh TJm... acainlt Am . . . - back to C.IO (o,v;.u Cr. II) .
C.p..
•
"
COMMItNTAIl. Y : 7- 10
There were ..ariouI.toriet .bout him, whidt V. adapa 10 filiI bia own rotuiremmta. In one va'Iioa he _ killed 001 by Am . .. in V. but by Latin", (Gali.nUy '49-5O)j in another, he survival Am. and roupt A8canius (Servius on I.~). In V. he .. the b.tte! and ailed kina: ole-,ft (an ac:oount ofhio tyrannoul ~me it ri- to Am. by E ..ander .1 S.f811r.), • bad Em_'n contruted with the rood Etn ..... n Tarcbon ($06n.). In bit ac:COWlt ofbit ddeat, V . traDlptlP" into' udWdo, 1.'78-9 .... "au Am'!', ,~ p; u".,. p" lin, I ,lMu .... 22" IJ 2!. ~. carryinr the I' rUt to Wet)' by _ ~ AuptlUl Achum (Re rurther 6'J9'1 .): dual will be I~ into vic:«>ry. thaI the
dd'ea~:i~'
a,
. .... or ~ ,w came 10 Rome vi. Lavinium and ere much okIer tIwI the "";va! in Latium of the cult of Ameu t -. . : The)
on the
'T4 w.00'
of IhlI cull ICC G·!imky '47"--8. AlRIWi "7-71 .
•• htle, £or key word lee }SIn. The rhyme with /'lUlU perbap .... ,es 10 mlpt...b .. !he link ~ ...em the Trojan cods aPd the Trojan destita . '. ~
with .... in the p«>iouI line. DanIan... _ the ammo-- of the ~ ho\re of Troy (,,.....). hcow;e the IIdj. limply ..
De
'
- ' Trojan ' .
I
;,n
......7 , " I' .... , ' = .. .••.. ,', pi:MeNy ,ef.... to Dioow:de. who ~ wounded Am . al Troy and have kil"'d him bad. il __ £or Apbn:dite·. in.... 'Clition: a HOI' i.e: alhmor which V. woukI ~pect ru. i den to pid. up (II. .s.~.).lA«Twde , (the mYO)'l U'P" "",",,,, th... be a better j ........ of" the military thre.1
beI!a
mia'"
•
COMMBNTARY: 17- 21
"
oIrue:! by Am. tIwl eithu Tum,," 01' Latinut (10 whom Am. is an unkr_" quantity). The words ~ intended 10 add • touch 01 lI.uny to the ..,.umml 01 milic.ry nec:eaity: il mUfl, Nlu .11, uvt: br:en fNrly obvious 10 Tumut .nd IAtinUi wMl Am. inlended. It ILL... unlikely Wt i,ri could refu to A..• WOldt m .., .trike him, end the. ~Ci', with..... n few .... : the .P'" eompleted, the J.hU .... t rulfillcd,. the promizcd 1TDd .mined. Tbe pbl'UC:iI .... hotd ~nat65(n.) andalsomcel .. 7.7 .. _ ' .. " ;'IN ut, end tlIie omem oC.ettJunmt which thn 101....... FOI' the im~ or mil: .. : ","' d . 77 - lt, III!. 619J!Ul., B,;hy 31. 01 "" oecun in V. only heR end a, 10.11. ?DOCber perentt ;. (_ _ rp,,): Soubiren .'1, end d. also ~ 1l1l 557 •
bc::'1tttl
(_ •• zI".).ld.ion
I
...-' 'All the r th end -ret 01 the p:Io baT died a_y.' Tbe .......... 01 WlU', wtiich Aco. iI,oid not to £ear, • the rs.dt 01 JUlIO', &"ft' 7.t86~: thiI -ret, wbich dominalel the eotit'.
.land.
in. Tbae lina wert: condemned u apuriOUl by Ribbcck. MOlt cdd. bBcket,.s. 43-6 are Icpeilted from 3.390-3, tbt: propbecyofHdcnUl. of which Tiberin .... now announe,," the fulfilment. It Ie ... probable that V. had not decided bow much 'cpetition he wanted ~. and ...cd ti6iri1tu (temporary propo) : tee further 'ntrod. 4 (iii).
a ; The portent is dClCribcd in two IWropiiatcly portenlOUl tiM:l : notice the .. r ..ted i and II l(lnNi., the aaonance ;...=1.: . 5..... and thc IDOOOIYllebic endi"" livin, • maned conftkt of metrif;al ictus with word Ioeccnt in the luttwo feet. V. \IIeI this ,peri' l cffed only 39 tims: cf. 679'1 ' This particular rhyme --..dine (...., ... -IW)_ IOmCthin, of 10 clicM: d. HeUqou&I'C'b Ii+. Hofmann-Saaatyr 707 •
found bcf~ V. 1st II one of V.', favourite wordl, oc:c:urrina ,68 timel in the Am. and '4 timet in this book. It .... uaI1y COOIVCYS oot merely,"*ta&e (10 we fed the WOld to be poopu 10 a heroic poeuo) but ..... por1entownat, 'lI'1n8m-, .. in +H. wha'c it ior appIicd 10 Am.'2 Ihidd.. Hen, it carrict • funbcr .,., e of 'pcecuanl' (d."", _ ".....). 11 itlllCd of Am. himKIhl]67 (n.) toempft"'u ru. HercuJeaa .t1l1u", iJI COOItrall wilh hit environment. \IIhm .pplied 10 • pia«. e.t. Cacuo' cave (141. 11,58) or a sacred trove (:w-, .597) it Dot only carriCil the _ t i o n of but impliCil at.o • quality proper to ..... tlocality (cf. h~) 00 WI we feel 'tbU ior what j, hal alwa)'l been liltc, and Gti£ht to be liltc'. It it tbU contralt bel. !In cwo _ .. fiddo. '.1r'1UIf'I:' 1M' • unborn " and • inhcrenl' 1M' • inborn'. whido m,t"
.,
Ute. I '] is
D(II
lb.."
a_.
,,,tic
.
COMMENTARY, 4~
the wOld 10 c:ffik:tive (u Cao_y pointed out ill hia 1'1 . ora 1, 114). Henry ..., .... ~ famouo (and c:haraeterinic) note .-wmc:e belWteD ictuI and accenl, a,ri' i in 70 even to the I'owth Coot where V. normally baa oonftict (Allen 338). The effect .. 10 Wilvey • P:W- of • heel aOO Wlimpedeel aetion. There . . . Itrona """trail with the oimile al U ---,5. before the river-aod'•• ppen. ance: thera, Au.. _ at tbe milt, oflhe '_VCl' oluur.iety, c:on!UKd
."'
OJ
COMMENTARY : 10-11
and un«rwo ; now, in the dawn, he hcMdI the walen in his hand, the ri~r (nalute) mb , "ubmi"o me hero ((iviliRtion) .
Iln.I~U",
The of thQ righi-line prayer is fonna! : a two-line ~Iio U foU~ by. one-line rtqU(:I' with double vub {am,i"' ... )i then mmb a four-line so:cond i_io and pledge, followed by • oecond and alt.c.tuding one-line reqU(:II , &gun with double yerb (am . . ./inNs) . The Homeric el iI OJ, 13-3¢-60. when: Odyucw prays to the nympht 0Cl tu. retum to Ithaca: C.... another eo:::bo of this pen' le s« 37-&. ,1--1
I
7' ·s« ' _ , '{i.gil h.u .bout +0 lines ending in nl pn:ceded by an elided. word; wbrrc: the Jailer is • dilyUabie. as here or at 9'~47 ( T ..ie .., ). the . ""'. is equiv-.ien •• 0 ,h •• p roduced by lwo monoIyllabka (d'. ~ ) : . uch mdingt are mclrically normal, the lwe monoIyllablet formin what is vinually • spooda.ic disyllable.
". cr. Ennius,
..... St V' UfW ptlkt TiHrizw '''''
atn>etian 01 the type o::omaxWy, bul mic!mdi"'Cir, d~bed .. \ '1M "'£hiM (the can lar""c the bu..,). Sueb (O ~eeh""'iuo· fRquaItly dOrI device for breakl", up 10"" iCquenCClof cpie narntivc from Homer on, bul it lpecially importalll in this book of tbe Atntii and on tbia particular day, other poinll 0( which 5re IIlUkni at 280, 369- The Troj.... arrive at Rome a' hish noon when the IWl it a' ill :&enith. (On the ,ymbolic value of Viqil '. timc-formu1as, fin' noted by Scrvi..., ICC ~ 139ft'.) . . "ualt the Imod ryUatMe is long, a1thoocb a vowcI follOWll . In _ eelCI where thit 1icaK:c OCCUQ, V . it in ("::1 retlOrinl the .yllable 10 ill original lengtb (ICC ,tiYl.); meny nlOI'e, indudins the Pfesmt instance, and c.,.., in 10.9901, csnnot IK 10 explained but ate pubapl an imitation of a poclic .." ... found in Homer and the Alcundriant •
..... __ • e . .. _ . for the coolnn beI_m pPlllimplicilY and presmt (Augustan ) Iplendour do 347-8, 900-1 . The formula abo OCCWI in me ..,tioIQlical elqics 0( PlOPCltiUS, I. Ift'. , ...... ' I ft. but v .'. atlitooe it _ smbivelmt: d . Introd. , (ii, iii). The dull bc:twCCfl 'epic time. ' and ' real time' it .trikinc: the pocIl~' ,b u.
c.,....
;. It " tfT-·
'II '7d• • li lonIt. d . ...89 Mf'PZ"I_ - d.... u., on Csrthacc. sali,type ofRomc (d. 'O9'l.), and 6.]81-l1. wbeti Aftcbitcs propbcaies Rome', future pcacne.: ;u. ;n ....• ~ ... auLlIlII u"di, Ot".,.. Such hypuboles PI"C chsracteriatic 0( duuipr liON in Pf'Ute 0( cities and buildinp. a uandani topic 0( cpidcic:uc: literature: d . E. FfSCllkel, H __ (1 9~7) u~ n., (on C. :1-29-10). Itl
'77,11
,.
.
COMM~NTARY;
1(1).-110
... FOI" Evandcr'. povmy lee alto 10,5, 3fi.t.-!h Inuod. , (i i).
I.' A
roundiJ..«r line (lhe figvn: known as epiphonema): d. 6,5.
I
12,S, 30.5. sfig.
---·It
I
The arriv..t at t allantC'Um, where the annual rilea in honour of HereulCi an: beiqc ulcbraled by kina E .. ander •• the An Maxima. TIle opcni", liMlI, of thit p".'p have thar Homeri the ... ~ 1I10 .... leviac the rivawJUdl hu don»"alod the finl pan orbool:: VIII. fOl' the I>¥'i'.pby tee Introd. , (iii) . The formal line it au epipbonema. d . lOin.
"
COMMENTARY: 126-132
1--,. In his CormaI disembarkatioa lpeech Am. diplomatically traces ... common dr:rcent for the Arcadians and TrojanI before Ittkinl alliance! See Introd. I (ii). In II. ~o.:IOOR'. Homer', Am. proclaillll his li+ace to Achilles, pointinr out thill Dardanua' r.ther _ Zeuo hirnaeU', ... point mad., lO LalinUi by lIioneus a' A",. 7.~lgff. Foe ollter ec~ olilioneua' lpe'rh tee '31-,. '4,-,500.
,*"""
I
• ., e n , r: 1 formally ba1ancinl old form of the J~l(kdmtioo (m. pl. (= from Enni...
I
...
,",lea ED
• I_I Ihe olive. branch
T~"",., in 117. nu. it an
C,aitotoiW.=) revived by V. wall
decked with wool •
W"['"
• is , . 'I afraid even lhooih you Were ... Gud, leader, An Arcadian, kin ~birth 10 the twin IOnt of AlfWt.' fflrtS = um: the form doea not o&ur dsewme in VE, thoua:hf....~j andf_1 are found occ"ionally. ~ hen: h .. the force of 1'''-,'1''. '.It~h (it wu • fact that)': cr. ~ 77-80. _ ... uli. . D .... ,.- it poaibly ... COlllra· dietary echo n- 0..-"'. The time to fear the G..eeb haa ended with Troy; the Roman revival oflhe ~ Iqclriatw induJaed ill freely but ofwbich V. it opariDc: tlec Fordyce on Cauillllt 66. 18, Willi.n, on ........ '.!04-5; W'r.I~ CU 21,.14> Hof"nwuI-8U1lI)T 68!r94. 71 I . . . . ...:., V. ernph,,' 1EI E.... Nt,'. ~ lOr, and pride in, hilMIiII; the PIF7Ij~ in'lOlva two or the closett bondt known to the R.omant. lho,e l;i;lweu, Cather and ..... and between hon and ruest. Sec Fowla 8g-g (c:ornmmq on .520-1, lee n.) .
"
• ~ • And .a (becaUle or my former friudohip with )'OW Calha) the ri&hE hafId which you seek it already !liven.' liM mutE
otr end.h.ip
I
•
'"
COMMENTARY' 169-177
be undenlood with i ...."'; ..ill; is d.l. of -ami. The. 4m. III!d the. ~, Ihe friendship .00 hoipitalily now offered by Evllllder, III'e reo:aIled poipu>dy when Pzll.. it killed , 'O.S'S- I, paw, f'w-f-, i" ifIU ' IlL... ....., fOIiJ, _~ fW-S .d'l = "i=1 Hiil, 4m~, •
.
I
1_
~.
,,, E.rIier bul ineffeclive offen 01 help wen rude 10 Am. by udma, 7.76111'., .00 Dido, LS7' , who IlKS wonb .1lI"I0I1 idmtical with lbo.e in the pi:1 eftt line,..nI" - . m·,ra .i&... p ' iwwN. For Evander u Ul Ulri·lype of Dido lee Inlrod. 3 (ii) • • ,. 1
•• , '.in2-5 he depicts human life as rHr.... .,......." ,.1;,-, I fMM fytd • <MIi r.,;.~j"" t!"""+! I J.nViJj I Uper 1IS~1II _t.li.... iNWII. Servitlt men to lhU: p"n,,,," in his note on ~.,..,..: 'occuodum L...en:,iurn , up" ..tltio ari .... 10 move on ; but thc lowing of the ha1:I .. it 10 depart o;aIled fOM I.n anlwer from the coaculed animala. So 100 Livy, D .H . omitf me piCluraq...e. foIldoriItic: detail ohbe lewing , aid ..)'1 that Huculca noti«d. his _ by counting' the
"n!. _"-3
I
'For, michticat ol.vCllle.... triumphwlt with !be triple death 0( Gcryon uMI ;~ U'Opbica (i.e. the cattle1HercuJca appcand, and led the great bulb tlitbcr victoriouo.' Evandcr'.llUIfUACe if .ppropriately triumphant. ~ 'triple death' 0( Guyon emp.... h. the panlIel bch,eUi H~ IIi th.., and .\upot.... friI&i i..-tw ... tri ~h, (7If):lr. alto 301--2n. ~ caplu", ofCerbcnat if anotbcr exploit ol H . m\.olvm, a thl'ft.hcadcd mon.ter. AM is emphatic: 'to this very va.lleyi". ,,"'r: d. ~, 61, sfi2n. ~ryon _ 9.M ol the _ t e n who.c forms .ppeared to Acn. at bell.mouth, 6.2!1g: fee alto 300II.
COMMBNTARY , 20S-21'
111
" . ' t ... t a' ' "U rhymi.... or _.rbymins lina, etpeci·Uy with ~ impafecl iDdiCllli~, ""'!'lOt infrequently ""mined by V. 115- 140 181-1. ~ 6+6-8. 656-,. For • rbyme in· volYina ~ pr ' enl partidple.ee 620-1 , and !'or • 'konine' rbyme, 6fSJ. Fwtber informacion it in A",Un'. n. lID f..5.5; .ee Uno S. E. WUlbolt, lMito im _ _,. (1903) 161. " $ t
ce.
... r i P ... ' • PI (01' the double ... d . !MII. Hen: the efft:e' in thaI 0'" bn.diady.: 'the rivt;l'·va1Iey' •
.., f ......d" I «_I (01' the periphnail d . I!WI. """1 monlollbe MSS reatJfwiU (cf. illg).}'w in POt IlQ q>ic "Old and doeI DOC «au" ela-...beft mthe ....... bul iI wed by Plopeni.. iD bin actioIotieaI poem on Hcn:uIcn and Cacw, +g. I" I.: d . tlln. lID
,_.
I., au wed inlu.d 01_, to r'IIClI, u SicIcwicl: DOted, 'the complctioo 01 bit pIU1MIK'. No one would be able 10 My he had Id'I
.. r
any .......... : me fiJUU known as ,hO ","':nU : HoCmann-Suntyr 8)1.-,5. E.J. Kenney, "
.,.
C.Q. rJY>U "'-~~ . . ... p oput... . .-9- • 1-'70. (2111 .....,.• I.' " 7• • Scrvi.. leU. III ~t the Patili; and PiAarii pi. their orisinaJ i.-true-
hom dira:t r.... Hercults M!Y'"'J:f' .... ""~ '''~ ~ ;nil. :xP }O p.oo.oI lug 'IP I i , lla.wUj
...
-.tn_A'
p." , " 1"'9 ""Il ~ . . ·.el 2 ,27 ~
I
-~
1(1"" "tp:l!1fdZJbl W!II I1[U!1 'P!'I'" ~ .(100 ~1fI 'QI~H JO l!"Id~ :;t!I:;t'ftU!I' '! m»o JO Ju!ll~ ''11 ' .. j ... W
''1'
T.
"!'I UOI\I'" unoooq ;mv.W XIJ ,nd"IX nw 2 .. puw ...... ;1 ,' " f t m,sniny c:unJg:»d 'lnIl'WO)! ~!l 'o~H : +-11: ~ ", r;a. Gel.". "1.1. D! Gp! I!'fI ~ -.J(J : ("!l. E ' ponUj ~qu.v ~ ~~y 02 UO!'""IP V'I n m~ .(q wx ..... '"h u~ \Utll" ~l ~ 'CfU!'I :l«K{M 0>I\J0p] q1Jno} '"'II Dr PI!IP ''1.1. "'-'1 ';>UOP "!
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Iu!PnPj
'.'tDV e.QWl"w!',»tII ~_
+
· p;tl ....auJ
;>.101 ...
n Inq (£8&'g) ipOOW-II:>q ,2 'U041~ 1(1!'" •• ~ 01 ~. nl~ rttlL 'W!!) ~ 'pGJ1Ul) mlrnJny \II!", poIJedwoo "! Ojn:"'H 'P!l''' II! ::oJ.aid • '£09"9 ,. 02 J»PIlIP orp '! EJp.\'1 u ..... w71 '"'II JO j U!O!1 ~ ..c
. - ~ .,- r» • n u;JX '.:I....:od 't! I! Inq «m) z 'ponDI 'Stt '61 ~ _) !p&JM UXUJ IOU s;IOp ~A '~IOU ""!AT.'S rw ·.wnw!ft!lu~pnuI, .IOJ ~IO'!I I _'!!LS, 4p Zp ..... _ ·,lu!-,,:lJ,.IO .Ju?~#I\Ol ,JO lC\{l '! XU:)l ~'lJ. I~ 4 '~'P'm 4 ·rlU.!! •.... IU!P"I:HI! 'sl!U!X{ JO ~I..... ~p!", • " ~!Iddw Ju!X{ ·~,(IIIV!.IOI~\lJ puLlll:II.JO "!I"!""'1:RJ-'P '! (~,,31!I) I~!(b '!\II ,unwwl n
.~ .JO ~~""H J~IIl!~ P!d~p
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:nrlflllII ' noIlIISV! " . , . ~~L·II '"""• ...,U;te L~~ ',...,,.,,. ""'l'III L8r;'~ 'twI. - . h ...,.. '89 13 '" ; .. \II!", UO!.....IIWD '!1Il JO P'"OJ '(lft!1I3!l.m:i '! 011. °.6-£0' (0£6.) O,r{Y!rH '~'1M °0 4U.1O ,(q g-0.. ,"'......' WiarF Erion, but E'f7rdrr .. me",.,lkai ... _ 110 be N.i '; .. ~WaIk, ,~mT _Ii..-, co tbe ~ It" -t of r...chiD. G" r ~ ~:a. haft DOl de's: I IIn-'" P ....... Vq;iI'5 M EE
.1ec:tuJe_
I
'1,'
,.S -'-hr "1m "ic; line, .. bdi", the i 10"_ 01 E. 71FT. dIe'tppe'Of" 1U'• .- prof A? -77, 1I_'hlluMI A' : _ ,, oro. n ~ E ~'.. 0" • _'eo • _ , aocn: 1ft eIIQre I··ih , ."'" 0.:... ai CrequeDdj. 01 AFT ' 7 7 . . early .. I .S, 01 R-ww, 1 •• -,6. of SaNm. 8.351. Ayt\IItIII. 6.-,g.. See funber Inaocl., (no).
L_ · ...'
Sat
I
a.
Lucre t-sSo-r ..... ' - 'if it
t
,
__ ....
yu '9 p'
7,.'
_I
Or" • •"ail .,f1"-, aM hi F. " F _ ,,"ae m . . . . .ritl of ,.,,"" and ~ nympho r." 't. .prill oIlb _ : Bsi...,. ~-7. 1'beIe uC\"",a ~had pn>p-.... tk PCI>'OI (d. &uaiua, .bot. VO): Latialll _ ~~_ of aDd he odted the '01_,,·
F.uni· (1.81 nymph. tee
tee
F._ (,. ,)
-=
.'f
latrod. • (iv»; E........ er·....... her _
•
,t,J1
l
,., ., E.... d dE FCI ibel the primitive iahabiWlIl of Latium. anc' tbe rominc of~ the lim 'dwt alemlll' or 'cWtIU'e t..!,O·. For V:. mytbokJn. further Illtrod., (iv). II.J. Scbweitaer. V..,.,_ IlrU· (1961) N. Htw ',!I, uJa: ',0 ('9") Ilog.
'fi's,
,., 'Thill iI. I Aooce 10 the Greek myth (alluded co ...... okIjole • by Pmdcpe is! fU. '9-I&,) Ib.I early man. bad no pi coli but_ NtiiiE~ by the rick rrom rocb or U'ea. a . Ju," .1 6.1 I - I ' , . . . . . _ ,,+U-' .,4';1 . I&:.ta . 151. . . . ,.,.. _1,1 I :... 'F'. III H·:'od. W."L _ 0." IfsfF.. it iI the
"
,.. "., •• hr:Jj'J55
rI".
"
."
COWMBNTAJt.y: "~S26
violent men o(the thin:I. (bn:Iow:) ....:e who wen .. bee pi, alter the ,.t h'-lio.. o(theaJverr.ce.
:ttf -, I U ' a 11"*1 Roma" _de, .. 1.t6+. what Jupiter PC(l(L~
Coa_,. c:a1II it in
biI.otc ~
Am.', kcisric role in Latium :
.,
" ., u· _ I. t ..' devtbatV. ;,,' I •fi• "' I . '" I • ..u • ,m.. SaNrn .. a political pandipI, the 6nt in a tt,daaja'_ie•. , ...... , ' i" • . ,, - ' ; .". : : ;.thedoublemeaninp 0( Ibm- W"ocla are ocnu.l to V." ~I ill mil fI"':, 'llIcy bdu'" to the _lei. 0( acricultw'e ('yoke" ' _ ' , 'nrim'l and aIoo to that 0( politicc : Saturn _ both a primitiw: It·lia" acriculn;nl deity (he" app I , .. in 7.180) &lid a "waiver, .. that V. iI d " 'ribicc twoparallel ......... CJ / I" hOCC\&Slilliopolitical, p;,.. ........;.tdy below in the d'luiptiexl O(Satum', reipI uu); b L, • d . ~ aDd Lucn:tiUl ~.1"19, op the b ,inQinp o(dvililarim,"" 'it '''' -p I t ' , P; " ' ; b' jll • • (_ 'JjHU'e', 'buvc F op' tho: dd'cltedl lee 6.8"ola . ; EI'ieN. ' I
c,
i.'
',,"pn
JI, A liM', ill which there ila ocnu.l verb wi1b. two...,.. and two ""'_ d;'V','1 iD S)'1IUPetrical ...... m...,,-1pEW't ;, tho: 'II ,i"n'.. _ end of'the line: ce, 68.t _ 1.5191 wbich d;, .,;~ the a c-orimolthe .... w ... ol"·- - - : . ; "_-riS',;',,, f WliI. Tbe metrical patten> of' the pc '1t IiPes iI .. i E.ted m tho: IItXt two IiPes aad :at".,-, (App. Il. 'S
'---.
..-m
.,
.
,.. Cf'. Loneti.. ~.955 (I"trod, , (;'1)) • .. , UR· ,
,
• .. • • • •"
,••• ,.'
.... ___ '""'c · ·
.1
.• ' ,
........... ocoabCptp ce . . . . . ",.s=
wonI.pIa, : d . 5s;. .M6. and ApnIIoni.. "'717-'8. w' e 'Ant' H;' .aid tobavc t.-.IO M'd becu. . i l _ ae> 'I'd (:Io"\PjLw) ... tho: Arpa.1I (oima •• txll. in C.Ojm·cb ..).
, "'_airoo,..
,.. • ' n
. 'c&U'.
nu. traPlitivc lilt iI rue aad pnecicaI : d'.
II............. .,VO." . . . H , in c
OlIFF
2"
H'
iaCl'Ullitivc . . _
'J5.
•
•
'
51]£571"','
"h', /.,.. tbe
TbereilaatrikinsaUitcncivcpali: "of'~aadjin,"h_
Ibm
•
,,.
COMMENT .... RY , 32)..$29
,.5 Cf.
H·~-6:,..
In V.'. c:ydio; rell"
Sa,,,,,,',
aft
_
lMUttu " Iriu I
.. .~
itc
t- ",,,NI.
01 Italian hialory there iI • parallel bcl"ecn Latin....•.
"'r
pi 7 The aoI4m race did not have pkl. 01" ind-a any of the metaliurcical Wei wed by Vulcan. It __ c.be IIKC en of c.be m., I'lIa: who ~ tokI. and. in ... doi"l. at their oripnal I....ue (f ",',. IIIW = ~W'nished rue') and dqencrated into lUll for '" joo (~ +'+,.....). 11K; dedinc in ~ ItaDdanb __ • RO""o literary ~place (r ii-III aI70 panl&dI !bat 01 Am. birr " f, exiIc 10 Latium, a, lSI.., ; Am. _...., "'idcd by hiolllOCber, _ :.,as .mC. /, ..... __ f.u. . ~£CU\u, Apollo, 011 whoa; tbc nelm;Mtiac cmpl.. · of 'b .. !iDa Calk. _ the r'jd;,. deity alike olEV'da-, Am. and.-\updul : _Iatrod . II (iii) and d . 7Of, '12O-:an. P,ior to the dedigotian of the temple of Apollo on the hlatine, by AupItua m c., 11 __• only taaple to thio aod
m
,_L.,.
_ . ,
.
.
f,
7
.a ..
,.
COMNINTAflY : US-Sf I
'28
-1=
."""'" wbick
h alii haft re dedicated by
DS
,i' .....
Porta Canaeatali:a, the very Ipot which the two !d (M the nat lips .bow). Tbit lemplc- _ 011 bit birthday, SqM. ,1I"e.
ii'
'tbdurtbelclimituftbe_',i.e.tbcwat.
~~"~::~:;i1:~~~ wyacs of"-'Jel aM Ody.ew IN . b." ' ut, allrikincly JMlwaful Vitti';'n coirutce. which he u:.~ ~':;';:l~ iL
• . , , , ..
blot""" I··
m ~ pua~ af'teo- the~....,,iva a d .......tic.~ 10 the nun.tivt= hen:. Tbc final 'tact: of cbe walk -
. i-lr._ ... cuy-now _.._-
thf'OUIh the .-ancu of
JI" Ce 2 m:i; Catalmca _ an encimt Rlmler deity who pve ber ".-v. 10 fmoval caUed Cummtalia (10 which there_y be • h:,,"U_ 1It ~~-6, Ioee D.). SIM: _ conN~ted by VIUTO with ebiklblrth. When Evander _ ~poo a,ed in the ' :, ' 00. ol Rome, ........._ ¥J : j!.i6ed with bill mother. the nymph Th c 00. « Nico:-tralc (_ PI~, Vii. R... '1 ). She iUh.. natwaUyendh . ~ with P¥'" tic pJ}"UI (ha- n'me -.ld have bcal ........... ted with ra .. , by the kind ol_d-play of'¥tbicb tbc II_·M were fond) UId cal,", _10,. like ~ Sibyl (the word 0CC\In 16 UTIii in bed VI). The ocher 0!'QI,i • .!.ce cI the WOld ill VIII .. 687. ,CC....... to the prop-h",c"er 011 Vu'-n" obW,IcI.11ut Virail and Honce of'tm wed _ 10 deaCiihe the ~ (V. _ it olbj=p plf at '"'' aM d. tbr; iJuUWX 10 bit JlC" ell at 9 ,\ 6.",w _ .• ;-', FlI ). In Canaeatia, 'who inc lUll the f'u~ .. 7'r 01 the __ of An M' aDd "Obk Panen_', V . • ea UM. Fu .... ofbit_ •....tic· inopiration: tee fw1ber J. K. NEw" 'a, ................. _JI1'; (196,) logIf• • "edl 011. ~pr-wt epitbea.ae ..ED.
"'y
a'
I,, for
ae 5fII. Oa the 'eI)' -Joey',_ ",...,. _d.".y, hlatium-h".nteum., d. ~I;" 44lftO. n.thtwo l• .];,..... ; · tethedtyartilloci.. I with 11_"'" (cl whom EnMi/r it • 'Ir.tiItic:' poc6pration) and. the FIOnS Ly.inni=.. oIl1"""!': the 6r.t cl. iOlolQhiEiV i7--'" 10, " 5 the 'walk,' and. doc~rhl:l cl,t, __ !PT, s,-«.: ae Cunber latrod.. , (iii). By v ... a- both Ud beeP buill over. 1be eqlum by' ... like the ... • •
7
the m
tit
I I
,.
,..
CO.... INTAIlY: HI-st6
'r.peoClbeS,bineW'w :1',lOtbe', dooCP .. h·'FF 1, ...- It 10 iN " E lbe c:ity', p"p"'.rim: tee Uvy ' ... ud cI. 6s5ft" Grut 111. Like ia D,D', tbe inlci.rurim oC tbe ftI)'hIm _ 01 J: d. Do on
,..,.,;, b clc-w. The turd) _ It .tWo 'Ily --a&ed by Ct . .': I!Cf1Ien Ioac l ia ,::-..I'rim with 11_,1", _ 'Man' calle' (6:su .,. h" here..ad 10 belle bem. 'c:ellod after Pen Ltc: ..... IWC .... dbtc to Panl 'e'", )Fr.', Pail' ,;. _ . diluiet iD W. Ai' (lbe ecij. ilL UMd oC Lp.... cr eI 11 .,1 ) .Ii-I> induded ......, L," ' -.. birth· pI'er 0( Ze. LJtl _ (d. " . tn) _ t __ P"" oC lbe cui, oC Pen Lyi!"'_ .10ll: tbe p •• , , N IUlrureIiIed • P_",. L)" ..... I I P r _ On I Jo6oros _ 'waH". 'J1Je LujHlu ~ ckpiclt:d. on Am'''' ohiekl : fi6s-6n.
'we
OJ"
-t'.
MIl h, ' : I 4!l11, AlIo ueed oCtbe Ilowe 'I c. EFe .I:.:e Aea. reeri __ the ohidd, 597.
,t'"A: how
.... ,'iDtroduc:ecS ., '':7 d. the ,.,., T,.. iDm hel,. Ihtt. ~"",.t
" pi",
CI p f1 dCl.Fibm
firM
be IreMl'!eeI 'iDIti",ted . ' : . 2 iI: preeli caaft, • •PI '1,.,·,_ .. to I , d:Li . Yf, .8. ~ ,NO£ .... _ I'"~ >_..,.,.. 11 m. l.i.b the t.IIU Til ·· .. the..,.,.. .....'td I .bert t .he ;1_ iDtroduc:ecS to Uvy calli ;1 I . de'rier tone ..... pIn,cd by !be •.,.".,.. • oC 0 .... ·,
.....'C'U.
fLU '&1 _
"'- . .............. -. .1JIU ('" Lit,u); be"" it WClesponcb to wilUti;.lu'-W at '77. ' " A ' time-markin,' line (d. 280) rounds off the q>isode and provides a link with the nocturnal interlude which foUows; ...... ntil abo occun 6•.539_ The penonilication 0( Ni,ht is a literary wnc;cit (d_ 1-07-8n.) . More Itriking are 6-866 ""... etre eye trUli ,it,a: ,'II ~" when: Night', winp out the Ihadow of death 0Vff Matedl.. ; and '2.84.5, where the winged Furies (Di_) AU; laid to be the daUflhten or Xu illU¥lq (d. Milton', 'eldest Nishi', P.L. 2.~) .
" . US
This divine interlude in the human lIory or book VIII wnaisu 0( two oteGes. set an Olympua: and in the Cyclopes' cave, linked by • 'bridse-p'."~' depicti", Vulcan', descent from Olympua: to the cave. In the lint Ken(, '70-406, Ven.. be" anna (rom he.- h ....band Vulcan fO'd-'Priam,,. '.,', _ _ tbeTl:qje.'. ""'" _ , be wed hglEl, _ ' nee' CII' '1""''1''=', thoo a" dI . e eta._
,,,,:iUW :
,.
COMMENTARY: ,79-38+
'"
I: " to be: uy pualid iro the ...... (iro 5.6+.5 the rdumoc is ~Iy to the _ orPriam iro the Ii~ O(!f e). ,.. Trojan
: ill unpbauc: jlllt .. the fall oCTroy _ (ated, to 100 is the .mval in Italy: for the arpmml d . 1.238-9 wbett Vmlll COI"l1E1 .. tW'n to Jupiler, who tdk her or the dertUw:d Trojan victory ill Lati....". and the foundilll of Rome:. She thlll fedo j,.tiMd in M ki " , lOr bdp now• • ''r , it .. the RutWi, led by Turnlll (d'. In .) wOO have: 0W'f ' 'AD:..
E
I"",
cr.
Ion.
,.. ..... and to'; cf. +9477 7 LI - _. , the uawually banh rhythm combined with the two dm -.0 .. earIift' ill the line produca a • broken ' cfl'n:t or mppiiNItian. ) ' _ endi.. in two disyUalMer (or. disyll.ble followed by two .... -lOifUaIMs, which C("III!S meuica1Iy to Ihe _ !hi",) Ftc JUklally p"""c'=d by a mooooyllabk, .. at 400, ' " tai - . . sI : ill aucb Ii-El, which occur OII.~ in Ihe ~ onoe nay 100 IiMS, ictUI and VCUlt coinOclc ., the besinninc of Ihe fifth foot ill pc: eotdaDce with ..... mal Latin bel<arnl wu feAlibie. For the (OnItnlo;Uon d . 2.)4-6 II lifo"""-, li ___ ~ foUUI, r ;, i Lu, f .... A~iuJ f"'" hw,.J, r
'I
TN;,, _ _ _
.p," ,irw." au _OJ u .
... For abe rhythm of !be line-eno:Iin« ICe ,&:n.
" '- 4 ' Now whatever help m y .&ill ean prornix, whalever can be made wilb metal. whalever fire and my merJies cap aChwllpliah (oc:. will be done), Meanwhile put an end to !be doubts aboul your po~ O\I'er me wbich your prayer. imply, ' Notice the lhrice-ft:pealed under_ !Uins (lor the uoeoftrieolon d, +f'~' +fYI',) and !he hi,h1y effective anacoluthon after wi", : Vulcan', immediale dcaift: iI 10 make: love; bil impatience it further indicated by the breakina-off of hiI . ptteb in mid-line (for other ax. ofthialCe +f3, 583).
... Therepeated" have alOlcmneffecl, u bcfiu: a plcdlC, bul theft: may a1Jobe a Icari"" playfulecbooftbe"ofVenut' IUpplication, ,9830 . • 1' • c.forthe'jlO'e4-iecndinclCe)fO, fe5-4
,'m rl '
. , , 22,22
121., It. traoaitional or ' brid,e ' P" ' IC : while it;' nil! night, Vulcap rita Cnwn Venw:' bed and (1"=0"'" 10 zhe Cyclopea' ClIve 10 ICe to zhe Corsini of the arma, Unlike Homer'. H~tut, Vulcan;' no ,wutirIJI. lOcialIy interior artiI.an, but an anill who empioya a1ave-Jabour to euwlC hiI work. •• , . An intricate aamplc of mc:1oei", word-onler ; _ tiJ tHt,,", iI contained inlide e-, n,,,,,;.-:&, and the whole phraoc: inside the main 1eIl1mc:c:.
CO MME N TARY , ~"
138 __ I
tht;
nir.llt is alrudy half over.
7· 'dri-b': the
participle. pueive w .. oriainal1y a ~poraIlt:k>Uw:e (Palme.- 327). The per.mifi.. verba.I _j. eatiorl of Nitb' drivinc ber cbariot . . . . literary oomnMWIpb~ : d. sfiga. and ~ «I '.31i1. p'
widalno
jkJkct
I • IS A1t...... "" thiI simile pel bad; to Homer (n. u .433- .5. and cf. aI.o Apollol'liu. 3-'9,8"., 4. I062fF.) nothin« oouId be more Roman than Vircil'. ptfcure of the ch.atte Roman matroll or widow, an IF ; ;'. and the anti-type 0( Dido and Ckopatra in her dC¥Otion to home and I&mil~. The p"age eo", .. a. the ' atilt cmtn ' of the molt AUfUlt&n book Or thc: A... ,.., (d plJochl 170) and pethapl ico1ec.. the imponanc:c al'..:hed by " .....IUlIO hia iiMhW and .... uimonw Jqis. Iabor. : .eo: ~ I!A.... S4. R.C. 6. 1. 8.,. and d . G. Willi",N in ] .R.$.
.a ( .g~) . &--.g.~ ;; ( lg6lI) ..a--t6.
Bodl Vukt" ~ the .;.. won after OIIly • rew houn' 1Ikep• •pwred on by Ck n c. " d the ....... inr .......IioI> : the woman'. cbildrm aymbol~ : the PPm?n' wbote hillOI'y will be abowft Oft me ,biekl : d . the ~ of Romulut, Rem.. and the Ibe-woIf, &,0-4FOI' the rdincUeij beartIa·fin in 4 10 d: SoP aad _ rurtbc:r R. W. " .... ., .... (1!M6) IOI-ll. Tbe picNR ol . pool" en.ttwdi, Virfif,1 but i ajle("bLo cL .....ticity offen &II Inllnty with EvUlder', bo!"e. Fortbe rtruetun:oltbio f 7 "re_furthet-Intnoc!. , (iyl •
·JI:,oricaI
........
tn'
....
,~
,+'e ..... _idiom. ·to ...
... •
••
• I
,
'
(
IC.
.L _ _ eat ) •••_.......:
~.L It· II"'•
d IwiDCke, and everyone did 1IWOl.
"
But the eflugy ~ cluhinr _ _ itiet of V .'I lines are unrivalled. ~
The p ...... begil1l 8l'andly with • maaive lpaowhic tine.
~
., . 241.'1 2,11" b led
the fint ... iJ
=, r.... the double"fW1lee Mh. Her.:
as metrically 'long" an imitation of Greek
. " epic uoa&e. Of lbe .6 imtanca in V. aU but
two
(,.g',
1111.363) are
foll"",'a! by • 4 b1e consonant. The names olibe thne CyclopeI are'Thu~r·. ' I..it:htnm,' and ' F"c..anvil', finl two an: (rom He.iod, 140 (and d . CalIi....d ...... H~ ,.68). Py .............. is noc found Ixm V. i:. aboukl probably be '·km cmo al'",w with .., three Cyclopeo : .a.5OD•
N
__,.... =
• f.
'T1w,.
r
' In thci~ hands wu an unfiniahed th .......erbGh. pan alrndy .moothed off, JlII!1 l till inc:omp/e\e - tm.e boba IG aIkn hurled down from heaven by .:JUPIe>".' An imilaUon of ApoIloniu. ' .130-4 (where the teene is one cl thGle depieled onJ_'. doak), itKiCa variation of the halC.finishe.!J automatie tripod. in the ...... ,upoodinJ pe"I" in Homer, II. 18.372-9.
I
I
•
COMMBNTARY : ..
5-4"
'41
11Ie tb,mcL ,bull_ traditionally ckpkwl. havan, ""dYe . r-.)'* (,.& _ Creek IF .M" d. ApoIloni ... ,.. di.), heftc diw~ , betN · ." the fOUl' 'iz:lfm:lic:ntl' 01 niD, eIoud. fire IIDd .iad. onaJ.o fuom the buit 011 \' c.ed...• .........'nl 01 the format*! 01 tb.mcI-T. bulb by the action of wiDd. .... the " k at beat iT,; rle _ _ clao.wk (6.1I1!'r....). L&.creti... actually dm 'ibe. the tbW'd . boIti U bci", fOi' , iT a furnace (6 .• 7"".). ' , ' "'Ia.d · ftWIJ..down rain'. For tbiI ........ _ me&ftinc of .... '.. d. ot6o and. 9-669-71 . Some_taton, rou-u,. Se',..;.... tTanIIate the pbrue 'bail ' but are ,,"able I(l adduce any pu.ud (ia 9-669-71 the cli.tiactioo. bel·. ,. " 'IT and ,.. * is dearly -, .... ). Con.i~ feebly aqua chat 'hail ' m\llt be lratended Mace it ., difticult to diltinpiah rain £I ....... ram< ......... a clillieWty not feh by
I'. S
Luo:ret.i....
6.~
_ . , ... - . f
_
. , ... i«I# tI, , 'N
' , ..,.,
, ,
P' "
oirrr
.tlU I
,taw
;111""' 1 ' " rI,'4 f' ..
WI tbiI is the UM'"t ortbocraPby (d. C"" , , ...54). 1be opeIli", NlIIli, Jiven here by Pd., P and rand printed by M)'Fl~" not,' 'Nt e atteated and is prrobe.bly a COI>fo,ri'" with Rutl&li.
.,. •
w,
Tbc: noioe and r. The alliteration and a.onance in
ft'
...
7 ..
,,;,. , .. oui.... iniolY< .. WOld-play of the kind. Latin writen wen:
lpecially addictc:ld to, whidl d\en..,u q\l&lltiay.' ddi&ncc: d . il.49+ Jl oN Mi; .... iJJ. ;.tril ~ I ''''--W; HofmADn5za.Dty1" '1O!J. F~ other exlL in VIII (including 'etymolosical' word· play of the J'a"FUINm- PaI.tium type) tee , .........
2)8J
7,.. ,.,..
J.
cr ... . ' CI for Ibe rhetorical Itn>cture (lOr colon with _pfoora) d. 1.1.5H1 • ...,']6-7. ~IM • .s86-7. in No dcaire to hul'TY on !he work, Vukatl 'lOpI,pnki... ;i mid,.bcz'metcr : d. +"4. H"-1
.., _.h J...._. _j. 7
, ..
!III.,.....
IlZdd ( , for thuc:nle.bl'Ek c:f. 62 (n.), 449, 4.5' ••.53. ........ m ' D I cf. 11. 162 MN .. . m:1r" ('definina' or 'appll'itiooal' ~tiff) .
+0
ttl
C-,.
t tbeaclj'''notaUelledt.dOnoV, (eI, • ./ " ..... '.) and OCCWI ooI)'l ben: in his work, bul il it probable thaI (like otbet com.-mcb) be it (rom eadier writen, u he did fMiNru in S4O> and other .jau aucb u Iwni./i- and laIiJau. See P,I_ '011-3 and Nori:Ien OIl 6,196. -if., not auated bcJuo; V. INI panUdlO • ~ of adjt. in :/. UMd by EnniUl and LlKntiUl. • bron K, &old , 'U'OII • , I" . Api n a In' ad',e COIIIInKtlon "e
rr.mpoundl
....,... 0 '
•
.,
COMMENT ... RY:+H....U3 +t7""9, +49-51 arc both uicola, d. 40'''''' +t'DD .
• 11 t 'Tht; lhidd CCCMj'ted of teIIeD circular plaiel wdded 0Dt.: upon the other: ;1 is aU epic objekb, from Aj.P' (1IlMc of teIICD hldea, lit 1400w:w, 7.220) 10 TW'n .... ' (4" I"iN .6iJ, n .9lI)); one is thUi warned apiml buildi", over-daborale tymboljs_ upon convmriQn,I &:On'apoo..t"""" The Dumber ICIICD bad , Iperi,1 Iipificancc: in Pytharwc.an numcrlorY, ct. C. Buller, 1f_1"!.I "JiM (1970) 7-8; iI oceun frequenLly in den;",,' IiteralU«. Other II a title ol AugualUl lee Itgn.., and d. ~, C. 1.02.,502, ~UI ~ . 16.1g-20. Syme ~glfl'. Evaackr .... the titleof Am. ;I ~ A.
'.e.
II 4"'"
I ,•
I
,.
COMMENTARY: Ie
.49
~ -.51S
ildid"' is! ~ ........ ooIy heft and.t 7.616; tba'e. boweva, it iI
'
40.5-. 8. , . ,___
..... ... T •• '.
I
(Of
tbe .....loP.. WOId,oilliulltC all gr,
,., w •••• z'·mb·".·..... ·, ....t7.1 .5~ '
d.Enni,.,..t-..a'7V"
,",,, : n- Ii'""" ..... tffort,... thia Em.ean kine, the mythieal b.nder of V.'. binhpb~. Mantl.l&, ..!CU to an alliaDOl: with AaI.•t lo.lt&-.54: (Of V, he iI evida!.t1y the (riendly eounterput of the 'bad Etnwan'
,.. T- "
1
Meu:ntiut (G alinUy If!I, GlWlt 74). V. folkl'i4. tnditioD. tNaCl.ed in Lycophron. "s6ff., wheft AcI, b-cO'1lCl the ally of TardlOo and TynetIOI { .. Tyrrhenut, 'Etnucan', ION of the Mysian hero Tdepbua ("in :elf, ai.... i6eantly, a lOG of HereuIu). and benct part of the Iqwd that the Etrwcano ca ..... from ...... Minor. in (11M: venion of tbia lermd Am. married a d· ... bta' of Tdcpbllt; in another, a dauahta' of Tyrrhenua. The latta' D'me, form .. I.ically linked with Tucbon in Lycop/lton, iI ekarly an eponym fOf the Etnwa ... natina. and iI MI treated by V. at 60s (oa: n.), Tucbon (TGJPX#~ Tatehun) " the EtruKan name Latini.ut .. Tarquinilll. ,.,
2 U E2'
!, ..
lIZ»"
:
:
.:saItine .....
to take
0
I
COMMENTARY, 511- 520
....uta Am. by biI_ title, itleH. lepetitioa and amplific::atioa of the . ' ; , To • withwhieb .... pt rhb 'can: lUI.ex.ol ' rinc· Q'!'Dpnritioa',.un. .. tbe bier of bcMh T-qj... and h,li ... ; the
I ' ...
Jbicb
Pl""".
aDd billthf. move, ia ben: .dWll' '-ted. The ~ of r-. !mm.'lOIIt aDd indilfflOUl, which wiD prod_theMe ! '''(alradyC- pliFt~inEnNt' ",_marriap and sbortIy 10 Ik If'F : ' 'ed in Aa!,'. ) .. fOielOld in Jupilel'" final Ip ttch, 12.8soW~ in wbich be ..y. dult the n . . . . . . afT..". and TrqjaD will diaoH FEr aao;e 1M Tro;.. a1Odr; .. m j'ed with WI of Italy :
UIlity towudt
"
£ 2' LofJ
1$3/. • ,'
.,- :'"u,s ~
•
II ;
the
. 1_1WtNT...,..· • •"
,-s, A.. J£ hI· ... - ·•·•
4"
,'c. 01. , ..,,w..
EyeMEr cn_.. hit .... Pallaa to Aen.. The rrlr'r ..... NCII&Or aotJwCt hill _ Po ' 67tnatu- to K(O'hpany " T::! ' e '±.. to Spana. aDd ApoIIoftiUl • •8011, wben: l.yruI ... ncb ... _ OMcyl.. to ~JlUIY J -. But V. tnrP(Pm&. tndiDonal ptNre ofbuoic ~ into.." apo ' xe of the okI Rameo eel"• ...tionaI r ' 7 h II , . . ..,un) .. well AI'" a.;t ruu d~ iroay, ...... ;1 will mel I 'mPaIlu' death. Tbe emph ' . pWD to eben.mple of Aao.'. dl. ... (_ .. "'foM) pb-u him. ill ty~i.eal with Hen:Wet (i8~ . Q'. ....,yr. .... I-M. ai ; " Ill ... I d ! fW 'dE 2 i • • • slk alto G·lb+,. 'S1.
(,w
PrR"""
I. ' ..7 .Iall,_ .• ...... 3"'.
s-.
SilL".,
pi F
7.J..... 2,! 'I•
.~~
tno...!etioa 01 H<m, it. !here thai mutt now pumac hit datiny. F. • ... ' .... aI2.3'3.
'*'
Aba.
. ::T " ....
, ' . There' • AnIle cloud in an otherwiae cIoudl_ ally (d. 7,142-5) on~... on. CUlbion, the armt appear. 9' " mult ~ taken. 6:Ir6.onooU ~tb both rwIiUn and ,.,..... ,;f • _ the po~ wood (01' the appnhension olprodiaiel, wbether viaualor.Iln.I :~' 4tgn-I" YiI! . . j ,1,'hs'... teN' pb, .... p " . ' '':'':.~·r· or"_ " if _ . IqJUlnlll2.1 -49-..... ..,. ...... "., .. ,,,._. ?
.u ....
, Albe promitc .;. 'Pin alluded to a'
SSI,
~y Ixen Ii.enUoned.
5lf, but b.I not
F'EI an IIdverb fqJE1tinc andihU.lhminc thelmle 0( _. v . • ... the word, 00';1 ocx:un.,~ua1 times a' the ead of,line in 1.ucrdius, eo,. I .•• " , . 1013• There aft maroy eD. in the A1 'id ollinel mdinc wilb actvm.. CUljundi_. prepwitiont; thEIP ~_ or 'indifFerent' wouk -um.:. CVfY an uallfWllllll'lOWll:f .r ' ''"''MionaJ m>ph"i' (d. 17 ...... sA 9) . oometimel virtually none. Tbillieence bee ...., ell more (requell in later boob of the.t.wii (e." ~1.816 ...... 111.:3.5.5 dfW) ill which V.'. vuaificatiorr. btCOII PI lIl&tItedIy freer and mote experimental : lee Inrrod ... (il, When the 1M. ~ clalinc ia an 'indilrermt' .!Md, the meaninc it .".ny auried over to the nelll line: oee AUlcm _ •. 18 and C. B. Townend, · ~tioa in the Lacm!w:xameter·,C.Q.. tc.$. 19 (I~) 1)0 .. W~ tend to blct that latin poetry _ c:ompr " i (or the ear SP
•
r
.5..-,.
and noc the ~I sa . . . ,IILE ! 01, E I 'It it E who am calkd ~ heaven.' For I d . 411. 614- In __ kIIa the fiall ..top II pie hi bdOoc, iNtaodoC.ttu.Pb I : but otJ /lianocneeiziwitbthe(olIowiar line. dearly intJ!,kt! to.t&nd by iIXU'. wIWe ".,. 2 ia abnJpt boch in 2 II H UId rhythm.
,.r: .
5".,
...-uy
5M 1bepbd.,.L OCtheheavyvgJow..... 1I .ttutbedUrd·rU : I Ira ai- tbMIline a.ell 22ft '"' 'a'd _ -p'~ . . II ' h· ... ~q:~ jed': d . .... MO • 'z IIOC. . :
•
I
,.
'"
COMMENTARY,5S&-.S44
" ' ......... , d . 41~ . The dialogue belWCCft the rwo henx. tOil et full circle in the now-familiu 'rilll_pmitiOO' en- ",Iumin, Iymmetry. The divine....u... panJ1c:b and ~ Evandtt'.. On the inaxnp!eleline.,.,.
53'
4,...
.0
cr. Latinwo' foubodinp al 7.,594- 7. which include a JIf"OPhetie apostrophe clolely patalld 10 WI in the pi rnl P"".: tf, T_, ""fIll." Iril" _till ~,"-,
",.,
Ie' .11 cf. 434'1.
SJI ......
'F • ...•• b , ., a11nQ11
idcntieal with 1.100-1 w~ the worda QC:C\Ir in ~,'. finl lpeech in rdermce 10 the Homeric Simoia. AI 6.83ft'. (IntrDd. 2 (un the Sibyl propbetied WI the Trojan wu would be fOUSbl spin b ' 'ide the TibeT.
"... , .. -·.t.. .•
of eni~ here : 'm let them [i.e. the UUI'CIll4 undtt Tum",] bave their war; I am rudy for ;1 and I !.ball win it'. For ,.~ zw d . 53S, 6 z4The bou.li", of. uea'Y _ a P"'" crime in Roman era: .,.,. alto 639-4Y'. Latinwo oft'rn:d ~ . • truly .1 , .263ft This it I7Ilemnitcd a, ".zgoff. ( Italy', fint ' RQmSII' treaty) bul then broken ..ain (12.3 z3ft'.,~, 6,2ft'.).
541
5,5.11 there is " kind
"z 46ln. POI" the leI 0( taerifiot a/\tt a wpemalW'lll znanifettation
,.....5
d . 68--8s, and !I.'43ft'. ' - ' ;zz "PI •. , n..-c- d up·, JIIIriI&I ;,..u 1 1'.,J 55U filii t-.. POI" the oisnific:ance or the pi' -nt p.MaS" d. to8--F3n. and Inb"od. 3 (iv), h is ~ that the ' Hen;ulean firc::t5 on tbe "vmberi", a1tan' is7lQl primarily .. reference 10 the Ara Muima ~ OQtne oryCiterday'. oac:ri6a:, oinee thai _ by the riYeO'. It is equaUy clear WI V. will .... peel dze reader 10 rcTDelllbtT that taeri6ce, and that Am. rememben it too, U he pedonns hiI ritual thank-offcring on behalfo( the continuily 0( eiYiliution on Evandtt', "''''. itself ' Herculean' linee the visit rduted to at 364- 5. Ac:cordinC to D .H. F-43. HeE'Cl.llCl _ ~ to bave been Pallas' father by a dauchter of Evander , ....,. Fowlc:r 93-5-
_/aNI
5H
Ia. lec'·· doa m I I I bY 5 I " . , d . Latin"'" ...:rifice, 1.93 .w n.I.mlil. For M __ ....., z86n. The ph..... mUlt here be
S.
••
,.
I
".
COMMENT .... RY :
~S60
>
taken obrO KO!YCU with both ....f/M and '-141, sinee both thudeetion and the aao;rifi of the animab _re ptopedy carrial. 01,11.
$41 ct. 6.1199 au '"- uul MI "..u S«MsfW utti.sit.
s.-,.-
Two liLes of unusual metrical pattern. ,W9 h.u .. IlTOn( CUI ..... in the foot ... weak 00" in the third, and • '(abe ending' a, the cdy like 4~3. on which lee n . .sso has no caesura until th , founh foot.
J.cond
eeLrth, .,....
set
I
:h,w.lt onomsti>pOO
COMMENTAR.Y : 56()....B
IS'
,.. .. with the ph ' "Dt .ubj. ape ' 1:1 a wiah that ~ •.......kI happen now. Ci. 6.187-8 Ii _ u ItHU iJU . _ .1 : ...... 1 ,11.1': 111 .. ''4 Ue".,.1 In .... ch OOI'IItruetiona an ellipte it involved : lee nD . on ~ I , ,568-7e .
"I •
eH." - 'the man I w ... •.... ill Horac:e. C. 4. e.3 _ _ fIOIIIiJ tuM . " .. 1 .... '.".. CiJw;r.,. Hen: '"' mUlt WICIenund ' 10 that I mi,ht be'. the modem Pall:ltrin., • city of impoary' 10 Evancicra remin~ : a,oud Clomocd. Mil_ ....ptIr the .unik in L".+· (168-71) into. triumphanl im,I"' ofChrittian~ ; 'So arb the day ....... in the ....... " bed, I ADd yet . _ ~ IWr droopinc held, I And tricb bUr beamI, aIOd with _~ Oft I Flamesin th.,fot' I·~d of the momi.naalz:y.' I znfO''' the: pl'Td Vea ... wh.ic:b aw n both .1 evalinc aIOd '1 da_ : ........ zp Vi.tsil" eomparilon .. with P....., Vea. _'chet 0Ye!" the convoy beca\lle iF «?ntaUu her own Nbc• . I _ Acneu, to wbooa abe Ippea.n 11608- z.5. Ac:cordiftc to Vano, q.nl ed by Sa". on •.lIoz, the a1IT of Vea... WII vilible to Am. from the time he left. Troy \&nEil he 'EZ:Leed Latium. See alto 680-zn. 1Ad Cor. di..... . _i o(the momi.na a1IT II I Iymbol of VOl.' prCMeetiaG. Wlozol 80-1.
•
I
'"9'
COMMENTARY : )92-600
,r
A vivid Picture _ the bonemm ridina: out, the aiknl womm walchi", (rom die citadel, the cloud 01 dutt (d . g.:!!!). the ,I... mi... bronze (_ (~n.) . the Ien'ain. ,.,
~ • c:....
f
...,."b
"
do 92...,. The vio ..... detail linD the
with their azrlval, another lood ;.......... 01' riDe·
Trojanl'
:p:7~orr ·ymmchY'
d . ,,7-"8, 657Jlft. iii-ie Plqain at ' .7' .... 10mer tojou.mey'. end, a metapbo.(rom the t v : colJ.ne. They take the obortat roote to their delrin·ti .... ,
evm
,,711
,ha",p thJ ••k a
them over
n.lI.ICh ..... md.
"" A ( - . . exampk of _ropoei· (the .effect becinl al it d .> in m ). uocd by • n.m 0( dadylo, inlerlac:cd allitct'aboa (f , / , ' . ,) aDd ......ted _til (_. II). 1'hc line Ran, wi'" lbe eb'..,e of __ (or n: .~ 1.1 11 ,875. VUJil baa dc:yd,'Ptd· at! Enni." pma.e,
-"':r'"
k . " (....... ...... t77. 439 VOl· ,., _ .. . h 7' openina 1Ormw. for IIA ecpbruit 01' Iet. piece of the kind kno~. 11",,;,. d M dptioo of pi..... The ' at ' oprninr (_ • there g') iI aonnaI. EaniUl, A-. RS V' uI '-u &'Jl r • ',In t ~ ;6rt..., : for .. varialioll_ above, fl6n. Tbia ficwe it fint £ound in IHom.:r (e., . the pnkftt of AIci"'NI in CU. 7.llsft, tbe IIIlirtMbi ~ialaOO ",hicb Iia -.en:. tbc: bay (rom tbr; Cyc"'p II in Oi. 9 . ' 16ft'. ), opta' eD. in the ...... an a' 1. 1,59ft'., t 48oft'·, , ..s6!K.. I , .~,ft See ' fill;,... TOM 6378'. The ficvre dto Ort..n in En,lioh, e. • . H-" ..., . ,67 ' l'berc io .. wiUow 110 •• brook. I That oM_ bia ' - kava in me ....y .tream j I 'Then: with fantutic pri.uIdI did ~ (O)iht ••• • J
'"
e.,.
F
T
. . . .
"'"1.
he 51 d . 0'£2 ' hi
~t and
431'1. 479ft. and Illtrod. , (iii),
.. II'.' ' ~~' ';'~ thaI he .. 10 KOOve evidenee 01 Rome'. hisIOric dellmy, ..... i ' .. ,u . r.... the fonnuta d , !W>. An analOC)' may be inlmded wilh Ihe 'srove and day' laCl'ed 10 HeTCUles at Rome, d . 26g, 271 . Both cilies have an ancient tradition 01 rdi&io\II hnIis 0{ the .rudd with JUptltt'l propbecy and the Elysian HAle ltUft. in both 0{ which Romulo... figuR. (1, '73'-7, 6·777-80)· Roman history bqi.... like Roman toposraphy, in pallon! limplicity: the eave it idcntilied both by V. and by D.H. ' .79 (Livy doCI not mention il) with the Lupuca.l, the finllandmark 'miele the
COMMENTARY,63()....MS '" old city. poinled!otIl Aeu. Evancicr,
by 3+~-3: thlt ia the fin! of .. of cona~ between the walk round the t.ite of Rome , and the .rucld. There it. further parallel bcf'wcen the wolf which hat j\,llt whelped and the portent ollhe lOW (d. 631 • • rirrr., and 4.5 ri-. both anim.1s figun in lOundatioo·mythl. There ue "OGle verbal patalJelo bet ...«n V:. deteription and Livy'. (silvie ~): then: may be .. common -..rt:e, d. SeMI», . _ """" I/O( t.Ri &.11' .... ' nt, • comment which ml.lll be borne in mind when the pbraae _ i ',--;N ~ (S,3I1') ' The lIory of:fruJdrm UF"JI1 ed and .uekled by an animal it • popular and mytb, the tlory or Nele\lf and Peli.. , treated in two play. of SopbocIa (Grant lOS). Royal babiel abandoned in. jutoral..,tting heame a.1OCk (e.n....: olrenaial.an« dyn ..tic roman~. c .• ' ShkMpeare'. Q; • .tiN. The lut.equenl kill.i.., of ODe biOtbtt by uother hat affiniti.,. with another Greek myth, that ofEI~a and Polynicea. to
..,ri.,.
Cfi4.)
..w..):
cooJ:ierlna wHbpread bt
c.,.
f,. I. C12 " led from 628, linkinr the ,enenj introduction with the &(:1 ...... i~"-ntatiOOl. " IIdds rhetorical empb"i., as.t 161: , 'yes, and he porlTayed ... " ct, abo 91-2n. ",..... 11 d . 8S. where the lOW appears ttiriii iII/iwu.
lsi
pc 'L
'
Uba vina ...
', !
I 7711
ace. and info aIleri-": ' he bad ponrayed her
Iss
I • "dal' l AI befits the founden ohbe ROOl'n nation. Mud I,"W" , . I d . Ciuro, c.n.. Ar. ~ lmti """" ''.flu-. itself pJ.bably a reminiacmu of Lucutius 1.3.5 ,.,di _I ;r, '41lsl •. The Iatult pe'lle depiCb Venus with Man (InlrOd. , (iv» and thanl with ltbe prmnt lines .. further verbal correspondence, Jmimil - JImII4 Could V. perhap- have choucht of the wolf'. fc.lering ... ~ to Venus' ~ flM' h« Il001 The detail, and the description of ~ children playin« .. bout the woI{'. teats, are not in Livy, and tec:al1 ~e lines from 0-6. II quoted at 412- I,n., them· lelva modelled ~ another ramo... p ..·.re o(i..uo:fttius, , .1194--9 (sa: Kenncy" n.). 'I'1!k diett of the Ianluage here iI to convey .. IeRIe of maternal devoWlin wrudt IOeI beyond the limple requirements 0( a pieturCMjue I~ and _ up a COila-pondeD« with the pcwttait of lhe R ...'n mat .. t 412- 13. It iI pmaible that V. wanted to CO'lntel
,•
,.
I"
COMMENTARY, 635-636
(by a cbuUleNtiC piece ellilerary idealisation ) a diac:reditable and
late pic« 01 elym%sia.i ... tionaliution whieh lurned the,..". inlo a temple pnlltilule : d . Phlluch. ViI. R.. .....,. H . D. Jocelyn, ' V,hI A~rio A..,talo Condit-. ·. PCPS 197 (1971 ) 44- 74-
,.g.
The Rape 01 the Sabine Women. cr. Livy D.H. 2.30. 11W Romulean dyrwtie eoup wu traditionally an xiated with the asylum . whidt. with the Luper'Cal. ma:rked the bqinninl of the walk ( Itt 341-+".). S« abo SIOII., when: a pan.lkl is nokd with Evander·. marri. 10 a Sabine: woman, and d . Ihe ·political· alliance 01 Aen . him.dr with Lavinia. The uory may have been infl~ed by Paris' 'rape' 0( Helen : many ' Roman mylha.how naca 01 ...imilation 10 G.«k models. The pulpoK of all these 'marri ..a' is 10 round a dyrwly (only Evander rails lince his IOn U killed); Aen . and the ruder may reeall Crnua·. words al ~ . 783 (ill" HI is tehor:d at 626): iU" ffJ {'If.. "1" . .""" _i..... I,.,.. Ii'i. The 'rape ' traditionall y oxcurn:d durinl the «Idltalion 0( the Consualia.gama instituted by Romu.lta and 1w:1d in A",. and Dec. in honour ofNeplunus Equate" Ke Warde Fowler, TM ~futiwu 100-g, and Ogilvie 66-7 : • the conne:tioo between the Consualia and the Rape has no! rei been ..tisrao;:torily explained ·'- V. 1w:re Ittml 10 be confusin, the Consualia with the lw/.i _pi, traditionally i ....titutr:d in the reign of MCUS, when the CiI'Cl.ll MuimUl _ IUpp:wcd 10 have been laid out: ICC Livy 1.35. where il is noted that these lame! abo incllKkd bon.::.raca (Neptunc was god. 0( bona). Both ,.....,. Wf:fc probably or ElnlSCan origin : Ott Ogilvic '+9. 327.
. "....
$("" /I.
u,;,
f)s _ ( leal hbcl a variant
thc connective formula IwIMl ,,«III!tiN: used at 478. in refereDc:c to Cure (whcn: Aen. now is) : cr. 1i4~ , and ICC also 637, 639M. • , - I the name 0( the city OCCUn seven tima in the fC'U'" a.. = :.. ' in an uneivilixd. manner' (i.e. without any properly established prc:cr:d.cnl) : cf. ,1M. In fael, D.H. JOCI out elltis _y to uplain the ' r.pe · as an old Gn:ck custom (1600;) . a kind o( ........ i.'c. contract ritual . (Ihc inll.ilution of the asylum was iuclr of Greek origin : ICC 341- +". )
60,.
Is'
0(
CI PI ••• w. I 7. 'when everyone \ou. ocme and with the treaty-breakinc in .4.... XII (~ ~.). Me"...• punishmenl _ to Qve hi. body dtaaed uunder by tw i:I tbIM ,..oeiatea with the beginninp of Roman likrw, .. theme cootinued in th (oUowilll scm.,. Tarquiniw was taken in by Lan Ponenn.a, kin, the Etruscan city of Qua.ium : there is .. parallel hen: with the tiIe]p given by TumUl tn the exiled Meuntiua: ~ ~ . " ... ft' iU . _, for the emphatic npetition. which does not upc.de "';Ih the connective, d . 6gg.
Me _ , bere a co-ordinali"l connective ...;th intensive but no temporal for«.
•
COMMENTARY , 66O-6Ii6
172
' - - I thefay wntora northern pc:opIe. rrlarilll alto to Vu.lcan'. mil in depictin, the contrail between the white: no:cka and the &Old ncd.laca of the ext line.
ill .... Is' i [ ' hU': .. u:fuena: to the Gallic: necklace ( ......,) which lave Maillius' SOlI hit ~ Torqual.. (d. 6.82$).
,
":s~
&mr 7. r.0man rcligiOUJ ruilds. Both the Sam (285n.) and the Luperci ~I the fint pari of book VIII. The li«nificancc of me " Lupercalia, hc,,\annually on '5 February, .-.:maina obIeuR (Ogilvie
SI) : ;IS cddx'd ts ran nak""- (from the Lupcrcal ?) alonl the Vi.
Sacra in wh;u ni:. y originally have bttn .. purification (H' fertility rite. For V. the inlcrJJn 01 the ce«:mony wu lymboUc : in it 'the Arm.VIc, and ups of the eli!y lave way to the li/wllr. and the .,.0$/#' (Ihom.!ait 347); it repr~led Rome'. putof'ai, • Atcadian' beginninp (- ' 341n. and d. Uvy 1.$. D.H. 1.32.79). The IDOl! fllmOUl hUtoric:al or;caJion of the lLupercalia was thai on which Antony offered the crown 10 Juli'i Ce .. u. The rite _ rcvi~ by AU(UII .. : see Suclonil.ll, A",. .'11;1 J.iU. '!!II ""'''' cr~. ,un-iil I'«""'j", doli,. . . III .• • ~ " t,lfJWW, IV v·uk• " " ..pI-
,, ~, tho:oe anci.... t cull..ymbola bc~ to tbe
Salii not me Luperei : linee A..... iliookina &t & pair ofwx"dI limul_ laneously, !he oi'-der oIlhe v"';"... "Iements iI not ..... Ulttltial ; -tw, ""tw, d r.re co-oildinatel, m" word-order being diclato:d by metrial IXInvenimce. .;ius weTe wooden heim"ts wilb bits of wool allached 10 tbeJ.; Servius says mil explaint the "trmolocY elj.-j_ • (prieltsj, 'f"~",j.... " yel another ex.ample elF",,'n fontlnea fOC" aetiolorieal -play. The .,.mi., home in proceaton by me Salii, • were lllUelda in the ahapc of IiIl".eI of eiSh! {fOt" the 'elymolosr' Jt: diiI'. n-e de:itiel ........ liD a ....... via t..YitUu.m like tbe euJt at tN I Ikt: lee adley 91 -11, F_1et 111-IR. Gelid; 16t~ s. W";PI !J, •• 1.R.S. ,a neo Rome (in .. ear drawn by lOur white
Aonel),forthl.".. .. curule triumph. Livy. ~fl.7, _ the"rne wonl to dtlCribc the triumph oCCamiIiUl in S9i ..c. OJilvie 678 110 I>OteI paraIkIo becw!~ the thfl:e"i "tp"'" Romuluo, CamiIiUl (a' E ··oJ Romul ....... ~ to Livy 5#7) and AlllUltui (d. D.H.•.,.). Au:ord.i", to Dio (61 .• 1.9) A ......tIII departed rrom tradition In OM 1upu:1: he ~ at the head 0( the p"'i(i"'on, rouo ... ' i by the city macilu-a\el.. ~'" #t .. , o;anied a braneh 0(1aureI mel w.. e. !.vreI th. He the earthly penonification 0( Jupiw c.pi-
w, ...
100in\ll,
,I, •• • 17
v"
,"
I
w.
do 6,8, g
at t' be ooIemu"" ... immortal ¥ow to the..,. 0(
i ".
Italy' (u • '{nhpvinc Cor .victwy) , The ....ture ~.,~..0 ~I"~~ _ I ...,e,
I
0(
the _
"
II
'" rettorin,
COMMENT .... RY: 716-722
,,, ....uI'Dt\lt bepp hit prorralIUIX 0{ bWklinr ud R.ome', tnnpla in 28 • .c. He hi.meIr,..aY' (R.G. 20) that he 82 tcmpko : fOr the: number 300 'I« ....pp...... ,I'
2 Fl.
, ••
7 ... 7 m ... t..!
pi'
I
Rd"~
I'ftt~
(or the anaphon. d . 705-&.
cr. 666n. to the
1WfPl• •';."" public th&nbcivin, : cr. Uvy !I.n.
_ ...... , cr. (40.
,.. V. it tclacopinr evenll : the fAmOUl marblc tt;mple 0{ Apollo on the Palatine _ dediated by .... UptUi on 9 October 28 • .c ., Mvina; been vowed in 36 •.c. Am., pzin, in wonder at theM: ,plendoun, would recall E ... ndcr'. simple odtlemenl, • contrut continually n;pIoiled throurbou.l book VIII. C/. P'op... ti .... +' .3- 4 " ' " .......i .,.,., ~ p~ PJw..., I F..... ; ~ ;r.d-hoou. Am. prefirul'ft AUl\DIUI al 6.69'-70 when he "Y' al eum... sMiJ.. 111& ,,.,, 1nftIIl-1 iNtitwlll: Serviut noted Ihat A\lllDt .... til .... (ulfib hio ancator'. vow : 'I« abo 721-2.
'- P.,. . . ...
. -.. ... ,.' . .,..-11 71'1
hLiS
IF£ C l'eVlewt ,•
Another lypoIociea.I link wilb book III (d. 671, 679). AI , .28, Am. dediales a Jhidd at Actium by 6xl", itlo the entrance of
Apollo'. temple: itstifts .owN N-. Aen. then celebrates prnoes, a prototype of the I'Ut ' Actiaro Samet' instituted by Auptut al Nicopolil, lhe sitt; of hio camp, in COffimemot'atiOll of ru. victooy. Spoik were commonly to aflU:ed AI votive offerinp: d . 7. 183ff. where in Latinut' templeity. """ eM,,,,i.' : ~ tilk baa bem wed : Ib Ell are here iJI bracketa. Jt t: E! :e,1o 'WiQip I . ' ~tobil_pktecditioa oltlM: A. ,61 e::tCCqIt Cor 7. . h III ....t. V, e the "lczU>QL io to hill _tMy by
KpWate
,,¥eft
w.
edio- mlbcn booh
I • • "ITI O "" CO • • aMT • • , . . AltO TaAJI't.ATIOIU
AwWl. It.. G . .....: will. 1971.
,bil U.
7M
A..,,'llY. 19S,S.
o.;o,-.J. and NenlaIhip, H. WIriI "
'"$-
Virp . , .....
18~,.
0._1, It.. S. Aad:l' I. Dr,-d " J. (tranIl.). WorlI '" .......p . Jlcprintcd in Wodd', 0 ' =0 ... · m ed. J. Kindey. Iglil. Fowlet. W. W•. tiU '91,. 01 . ....0 - 01'1 .to! uiJ VIII. ('-'cr.) ...-W,;rJl j.Va.daI, lgI6. ct ; •• tio.Io!OQA-#VIJ. TM . . ",T_. lgl9-0h '.ao-(III,1.riIXII. Glli" ' in, A. 8nfh, Linc VIII. 19!50 Hmry. J. APlIn' . 4 vol.. ,813-91, Mvhi',J. W. 1M As 19!O- TeCl with brief«.....nentuy and kq: iDtrod"wO"· Nordm. E. A-u s.d VI. yd. eel. rfp6. Pare. T. B. 1M II m,il • vola. '8!M-lgoG. S:zl'i... Co 2h >. eel. C . Tbilo aad H. H',eft. , 'I'0Il. Ie,....
,6g,.
"=7" ., ,., "b..
I I
"'fI"iqil.
'
....
t
Tilly, 8. 7ir *"7 "p.u.,. , gG l. Stle,ted 11 'Sti en- boob VIII- XII, with tnne'·Iion, brid" _ t u y and b kS'WM 777
QQ'"
Willi t
-.
R. D. 7iI A,
A-if 111. Ip. A.Ii~ Y. 1960-
u."
"'q il. • _
. '913,
( '"J
•
I
'94
BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 . OTKKa WO ....
•
AUaldi, A. Lrl.1 ~ - ' 1M ulilu. 1{163.
Allen, W. S. ~ flAIl rA)to\IoI: ;,..dr/,.:;-;· ..t " Bailey, C. lUI;';'" u. y;,til. 1935. Binder,
" * .GmIc. '973.
o . ......" IINI A..,..,hIJ: i,""/W___ (_ B. BwII_ A-u.
'97 1.
I .......... C. M . P?", Vitp'" MihM. 194~ Cam~ W. A. ... WI ' t ...... lit Y;,li/'s ~ ,g6g. ?o P /lQu,~ : I (l gIIl ). II ( .gII,). III ( .g66). IV (1g6~). Conlier, A. &.. " _ _UvJ.i,. ~fW dMs f'tr.Jidt ', 1939. Dilke, C. A. W. t Do linNotab in the A.viJ abo. • preoccupation with agni~1 number~' "'oS. '7 (1967) !U-7. ~w. O . L. 71W .lulO? .frlo. A-oJ. 1!p7. Ownhil, o. A,boo,- JW..IIIt ,tl;,;... '91'. T,. by P. Krapp front.t. &lip,. '~iM .uMlflll. I g66. Ebrmberr. V. _ Jones, A. H. M . .o...u: 211111 ilIlIJINlin,t tAl mtrtJ ~ ..J ra"ia!. 2nd ed. 195~ IDeluda the hs WI" of
u
c.a,.
...,.,tIII
Au«UI1UI.
I
FonIycc, C. J . C,h'u",: I#Jtl"'" 20 LT' 7. 1961. Galinsky, G. K...t-, Sicily_ lWw. 1969. Granoden, K . . ' Typolory, Iymbolitm and allqor,' in the A..ul', P.V.s.• , (1973-+) '4--t7. Graftl, M. RILl'" " q;"" 1971. Grima!, P. ' PTomen.ad" d'tvandre ec d 'tn.!.: 10 I. I...... ik
