About Thomson Peterson’s Thomson Peterson’s (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education information and advice, with books and online resources focusing on education search, test preparation, and financial aid. Its Web site offers searchable databases and interactive tools for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and instruction, and planning tools for securing financial aid. Thomson Peterson’s serves 110 million education consumers annually.
Petersons.com/publishing Check out our Web site at www.petersons.com/publishing to see if there is any new information regarding the test and any revisions or corrections to the content of this book. We’ve made sure the information in this book is accurate and up-to-date; however, the test format or content may have changed since the time of publication.
For more information, contact Thomson Peterson’s, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648; 800-338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at www.petersons.com/about. © 2004 Thomson Peterson’s, a part of The Thomson Corporation Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Chapter 5: GRE Word List is excerpted from The Insider’s Guide to the GRE CAT. 2nd Edition, by Karl Weber. © Petersons, 2002. Editor: Mandie Rosenberg; Production Editor: Megan Hellerman; Manufacturing Manager: Ray Golaszewski; Composition Manager: Gary Rozmierski; Cover and Interior Design: Allison Sullivan; CD Producer: Carol Aickley; CD Quality Assurance: Jeff Pagano. Contributing Writer: Keith Cox ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the prior written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at www.thomsonrights.com Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to
[email protected] ISBN 0-7689-1432-9 Printed in the United States of America 10
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Contents 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ABOUT THIS TOOL KIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Structure of the GRE CAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 INTRODUCTION .............................. 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Does This CAT Have Claws? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Unique Peterson’s Approach—Adaptive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Preparation for an Adaptive Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 PART I: UNDERSTANDING THE GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know about 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 the GRE CAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapter 2: Section Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 WEAKNESSES 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapter 3: Diagnostic: Dipping Your Big Toe in 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 PART III: SECTION REVIEW 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapter 4: Quantitative Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take It to the Next Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Chapter 5: Verbal Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take It to the Next Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review. . . . . . . . . . 227 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take It to the Next Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 PART IV: THREE PRACTICE GREs 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapter 7: Preface to Practice Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . 256 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 iii
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Answers and Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapter 8: Closing Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 PART V: APPENDIX 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 About the CAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 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12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 iv www.petersons.com
About This Tool Kit 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Tools Your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Peterson’s Ultimate GRE Tool Kit provides the complete package you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 need to score your personal best on the GRE and get into your top-choice 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 program. Unlike any book previously published, this tool kit contains 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many features that used to be available only to those who purchased 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 expensive test-prep classes. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 e-Tutoring 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Use the CD to go on line to register for one-on-one math help from a live 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expert whenever you need it. Tutoring is offered using an on-line 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whiteboard shared by you and the tutor, which allows you to communi- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 cate with one another in real time. However, if you prefer, you can submit 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your math question in writing instead and receive a written answer within 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 24 hours. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The free tutoring offered with this product is limited to 30 minutes, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 although you may purchase more time if you need it. A written response to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a submitted question counts as 20 minutes. The tutoring service is 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 available for six months from the date you register on line. Note: The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 e-tutoring service offered to purchasers of this 2005 edition will expire on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 January 1, 2006. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week for most of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 year. During the summer the service is available from 9 a.m. to 1 a.m. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Eastern Standard Time. Due to low demand, the service is not available 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 during several holiday periods, including Thanksgiving, Christmas, Easter, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Labor Day, and Memorial Day. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Remember, to register for this service, you will need the CD that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accompanies this book. You will also need to refer to this book to provide 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the access code when prompted. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 v
About This Tool Kit
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Essay Scoring 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The CD that accompanies this book allows you to write 2 practice test 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essays on line and receive a score for each of them, which approximates 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your performance on the essays in the actual GRE. In addition to a score, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you will also receive constructive feedback on your essays, including tips 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to improve your score. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With this tool kit, you get scoring for 2 practice test essays—one analysis 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of an issue and one analysis of an argument. If you wish, for a fee, you may 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obtain scoring information and feedback for additional practice essays 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you write on line. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Note: Your practice test essays will be scored by a computer, but on the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actual GRE test, the essays are scored by a combination of a computer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 program and a human reader. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To register for the essay-scoring service you need the CD that accompanies 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this book. In addition, you will need to refer to this book to provide the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 access code when prompted. Note: The scoring of 2 essays is offered free 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to purchasers of the 2005 edition and this offer will expire on December 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 31, 2005. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Computer-Adaptive Tests on CD 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The actual GRE is a computer-adaptive test (CAT)—the test questions you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 see depend on your performance on previous questions. On the CD-ROM, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which accompanies this book, you receive 3 practice GMAT CATs that 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 carefully reproduce the experience you can expect on test day. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 additional 3 practice tests in the book can be used for further practice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 vi 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
About This Tool Kit
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 STRUCTURE OF THE GRE CAT 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Test Section Number of Questions Time Allotted 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Computer-Based General Test 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Analytical Writing 2 writing tasks 75-minute section 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Present Your Perspective 45 minutes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 on an Issue 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analyze an Argument 30 minutes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Verbal 30 questions 30-minute section 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative 28 questions 45-minute section 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Paper-Based General Test 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analytical Writing 2 writing tasks 75-minute section 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Present Your Perspective 45 minutes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on an Issue 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analyze an Argument 30 minutes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal 30 questions 30-minute section 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative 28 questions 45-minute section 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 vii 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Introduction 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Does This CAT Have Claws? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Unless you’ve been living as a hermit in a hut for the past twenty years, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chances are good you have already taken at least one standardized test in 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your lifetime. And we bet the list of tests you might have taken reads like a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bowl of alphabet soup: SAT, ACT, ITBS, TAAS, MAT, and the PSAT/ 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 NMSQT, to name just a few. Standardized tests such as these have become 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a fixture of America’s educational system, and like them or not, they are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not going away anytime soon. Students encounter them at every stage of 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 their education—like toll booths on the academic highway. Students in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grade school get the ITBS or a similar exam. Teenagers hoping to enter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 college must pass through the SAT or ACT Assessment toll booth. For 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 those brave folks who wish to enter graduate school, the exit is labeled 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 GRE (Graduate Record Examination). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 If you have taken the SAT, you will already be somewhat familiar with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE. Both tests are administered by the same company. Each test is a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 timed, multiple-choice exam that schools use as a factor when making 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 enrollment decisions. Like the SAT, the GRE has a Quantitative (math) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section and a Verbal section, and many of the questions in these SAT and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 GRE sections are similar in style. For example, there are analogy, sentence 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 completions, and reading comprehension problems in the Verbal section of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 both tests. Many of the math topics covered on the SAT—geometry, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algebra, understanding charts and graphs—make an encore appearance on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 the GRE. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 While these similarities exist, don’t be fooled into thinking the GRE is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simply another SAT. The GRE is more like the SAT’s weird older brother. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Although you can see some family resemblance, some big differences are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pretty obvious as well. For example, both tests have analogy and sentence 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 completions problems, but GRE questions are typically much harder, since 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 they employ a more advanced vocabulary. This is because the GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems assume a college-level vocabulary, while the SAT questions are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 set at a lower, high school level. This is just one reason why the GRE can be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 1
Introduction
www.petersons.com
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seen as an older brother, since it is geared toward an older, college- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 educated audience. The GRE’s weirdness comes from its unusual format. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The SAT remains a pencil-and-paper test, meaning students across the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 country are still using chewed-up number 2 pencils to fiercely darken ovals 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on a score sheet. In contrast, the GRE is now primarily a Computer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Adaptive Test (CAT), so all questions appear onscreen and are answered 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 by using a mouse to click on an answer choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are still some places, mostly outside of the United States, that offer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pencil-and-paper versions of the GRE. For more information about these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 exams, and about registering for the GRE in general, turn to the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Appendix. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The GRE CAT is more than just a pencil-and-paper test transposed onto a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer screen, and unless you have taken the GRE previously, it is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 unlikely you have ever experienced an exam like it. For one thing, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 method used to score the GRE CAT is radically different from most tests. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Most exams start with easy questions, and then gradually progress to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 medium and harder problems. People taking this type of test might get the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 easiest problem wrong but still manage to answer the toughest problem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correctly. In the end, the number of right answers is added up (regardless 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of which question was answered right or wrong), and a score is eventually 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 determined. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On the GRE CAT, things are a bit different. How well (or not well) you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer each question determines the next question. In each section of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test, you start off with a question that has a medium difficulty rating. If 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you get it right, the computer says, “Okay, Brainiac, you handled that one, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 now try this tougher problem.” If you get the next problem right, you get 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 a harder question, and if you get that one correct, an even tougher 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question comes next. Depending on how you answer each question, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer adapts the next question to make it either harder or easier than 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the next one. The way the computer adapts your GRE experience will be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different from what other GRE test-takers experience, so even though 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’re all taking the same GRE CAT, you’re not seeing the same problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as everyone else. In the same way, if you get the first question wrong, you’ll 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get an easier one. And if you get the easier questions wrong, you’ll see an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 easier question. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 One consequence of the computer adaptive format is that getting a high 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 score means handling only medium and hard questions. The more difficult 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your questions are, the higher your score potential, and vice versa. And 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there are no easy questions at the start of a section to help you get your feet 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Introduction
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wet. The first question will be somewhat difficult, and it may well be the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 easiest problem you see on that section. In terms of your score, seeing only 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 medium and tough questions tells you that you are getting problems right, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 which is good news. However, having to answer one challenging question 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 after another makes the testing experience a really nerve-wracking, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unpleasant affair, kind of like visiting a dentist who holds a personal 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grudge against your gums. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Unique Peterson’s Approach—Adaptive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Preparation for an Adaptive Test 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Test preparation is not a “one-size-fits-all” proposition. Each person has 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different strengths and weaknesses, different quirks and anxieties. We 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 designed Peterson’s Ultimate GRE Tool Kit with those differences in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mind. We provide a two-tiered approach that lets you decide how best to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 organize your program of study to suit your needs. The first tier is the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 general instruction in this book, and it provides skills and strategies you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will need to handle medium-level questions on each section. You then have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an opportunity to Take It to the Next Level, and learn skills and strategies 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for the hardest questions on the GRE. No other GRE test-preparation 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 book does this. It’s the next best thing to having a personal tutor. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
3
How to Use This Book 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How do you know where to begin? We give you a roadmap. After you read 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Chapters 1 and 2— required reading for all GRE CAT takers, no matter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what—take the diagnostic pretest in Chapter 3. Use the scoring discussion 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 provided on pages 32–33 to assess your current GRE CAT testing level. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can then either follow the suggested course of study we provide, or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 design your own. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your personalized Peterson’s GRE course of study will help you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accomplish four things: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. You will become thoroughly familiar with the computer adaptive 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test format. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. You will be comfortable with all question types you will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 encounter on the three sections of the test. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. You will brush up on any weak subject areas. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. You will learn and practice specific test-taking strategies to help 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you achieve your target score. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you give yourself enough time to work through your personalized course 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of study at a measured pace, you will accomplish all of these things. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Combining relevant factual knowledge with a sound strategic approach is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the best way to score well on any standardized test, not just the GRE. This 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 book will provide you with the facts and strategies you need to succeed on 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the GRE. The first step is to learn about the computer adaptive format, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 covered in the next chapter. So, let’s get started. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 4
PART
I
Understanding the GRE Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT 6 Section Strategies
19
PART I
Chapter
1 Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Once upon a time, people who wanted to take the GRE (Graduate Record 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Examination) and go to graduate school had to take a paper-and-pencil 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test much like the SAT they had to take to get into college. They had to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 show up at a test center early on a Saturday morning with dozens of other 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 prospective grad students, all with their number 2 pencils sharpened, ready 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to fill in a lot of answer sheet bubbles and spend pretty much the entire 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 morning slogging through the test. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That was before the CAT (Computer Adaptive Test) came along and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 changed everything. . . . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 No more number 2 pencils, no more answer bubbles; the GRE world 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 changed. Like anything new, of course, the GRE CAT takes some getting 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 used to. Most students have taken countless paper-and-pencil tests, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 few have taken a high-stakes standardized test in a computerized format. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In this chapter, we’ll help you get a grip on the world of computer adaptive 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 testing. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Why the GRE CAT Rocks! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 No one likes taking a big test and having to wait, and wait, and wait for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the results. The time between finishing the test and getting your score fills 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 you with conflicting emotions. You might be confident one moment and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 filled with despair the next. The doubt and uncertainty won’t go away 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 until you finally get your scores in the mail, so the issue goes unresolved for 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about a month. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE CAT, waiting for your score is a thing of the past. Once you 2 2 1 With finish your test, you have the option to cancel your score. If you decide not 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to cancel, your Quantitative and Verbal scores appear on the screen. Voila! 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A wait of six weeks reduced to the time it takes to click one button. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 6
Tip
Note
Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You don’t receive your Analytical writing score immediately, since the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two essays must be graded by professional readers. You should get your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analytical results back in about three to four weeks. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This immediacy is the prime advantage of the GRE CAT. It lets you know 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 where you stand in terms of the application process and allows you to plan 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 accordingly. Most schools release information about the average GRE 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scores of their incoming graduate students, and some also include an idea 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about the range of scores by releasing factoids like, “Over 90% of the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 incoming class of psychiatry students scored more than 600 on the GRE.” 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you wanted to go to that school, and you just received a combined 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative and Verbal score of 750, then you know your GRE score is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good enough to get into that program. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If your GRE scores are not as high as you wanted, the immediate feedback 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 gives you a chance to shift to Plan B right then and there. You might decide 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to take the exam again, although you won’t be able to do so for at least one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 calendar month. (You can take the GRE up to five times in a single year.) If 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you were only considering extremely competitive schools, you might 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decide to broaden your search and look at some schools with more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inclusive admissions standards. When your Analytical scores arrive, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will also receive a form you can use to report your scores to additional 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 schools. (You can download this from the GRE Web site.) Knowing your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 scores right away gives you a chance to react to them right away. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The second big advantage to the GRE CAT is that you can schedule it for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a convenient time. Other big standardized tests, like the business school 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exam (GMAT) and the law school entrance exam (LSAT), are given at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fixed times on fixed dates at fixed locations. If any one of these three 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 factors poses a problem for you, tough luck. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This rigidity is not a problem for the GRE CAT. Most test centers are open 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 during regular business hours, and all you have to do is call one up and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decide on a time that works well for you. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Before you schedule your actual GRE CAT, make sure you complete your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 personalized course of study with this book and take all the practice exams 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 we provide. At that point, schedule an exam for two weeks in the future. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Use the two-week interval to take practice CAT exams and write practice 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 esays using the CD-ROM included. Your skills will stay fresh and you will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be accustomed to taking the test on a computer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
7
Part I: Understanding the GRE
8
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In addition to the flexible schedule and immediacy of the test results, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can also send your scores to schools automatically by filling out the proper 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer form before the test. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Why the GRE CAT Doesn’t Rock 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 No matter what the standardized test is, one fundamental truth always 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 holds true: The more familiar you are with the test format, the better your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 score will be. Familiarity with the test design allows you to focus more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attention on the questions themselves and expend less mental effort just 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figuring out the test itself. This axiom holds true whether you are taking 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the MCAT (medical school exam) or a third grade math and reading exam. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now, answer this question: How many computer adaptive tests have you 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 taken in your lifetime? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Most people would answer “none” or “one or two” to the above question, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 but the real answer is, “not enough to be comfortable with them.” The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adaptive format is unusual, and this can work against your score. Most 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people are already a little nervous about taking the GRE, and the added 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stress of having to tap dance with the three-legged wonder that is the GRE 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CAT only makes matters worse. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In addition to being stranger than a paper-and-pencil test, the GRE CAT is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 riskier. Here’s why: 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Typical Test GRE CAT What It Means 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Earlier questions are Minor mistakes at Every question 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the beginning have “weighted” more counts the same 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greater negative than later ones. toward your score. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impact. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Limits your options Must answer each You can skip a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 regarding a tough question presented. question that you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem you don’t You can’t proceed don’t understand. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 to the next question understand—you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 must guess. until you have sub2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mitted an answer to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the current one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Once the question is Adaptive format Can go back and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 eliminates the abilanswered and vericheck work for 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 fied, it’s out of your ity to go back and careless errors. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 catch any mistakes. hands. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If the GRE CAT were a pencil-and-paper test, you could begin with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 easy questions and skip over any questions that were too tough for you on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the first pass. On a second pass, you could review your work to catch any 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 careless mistakes, and devote time on those problems you skipped. This 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sound strategy is no longer available to you, because of the adaptive nature 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the test. Instead, you are thrown into the middle of the fray, and how 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 well you answer the first half of the questions posed to you goes a long way 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 toward determining your score. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This doesn’t mean the adaptive nature will invariably lead to an unfairly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 low score. You could be given an initial set of questions that plays right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 into your hands, like a hard antonym that you just happen to know the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definition of or a particular type of math problem you’ve always been 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good at. If that’s the case, the weighted nature of the GRE CAT works to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your advantage. Either way, the GRE CAT is a riskier test because many of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the fail-safes you have on other standardized tests—getting easy problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first, being able to go back over the entire section and not just one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 question—are not present on the GRE CAT. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So, yes, you get your score back super early, but if you’re not ready for the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adaptive format, it might not be the kind of score you want to get back 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 super early. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Learning about the computer adaptive format will give you the opportu- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 nity to eliminate many of the negative aspects of the CAT while keeping 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the good ones, so the rest of this chapter is devoted to just that. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Putting the “Computer” into the Computer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Adaptive Test 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take a moment and give an honest answer to the following question: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How would you describe your comfort level with computers? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In other words, do you feel your trusty laptop is like an extension of your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 body, or do you believe that computers are little more than mutant 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 typewriters determined to destroy the world? Take your time. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Whichever category you start out in, by the time you take the GRE CAT 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you need to be completely comfortable navigating through a computer 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test. If you start out already feeling good about computers, then it won’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 take much time to get used to the commands used when taking the GRE 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 CAT. If you’re closer to the “mutant typewriter” faction, then the amount 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of time needed to acclimate yourself will probably be much longer. Even if 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that is the case, it will be time well spent, since the day you need to take the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
9
Part I: Understanding the GRE
10
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test should be exclusively about answering GRE questions correctly and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not about learning how to move through a computer adaptive test. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before starting the GRE CAT, you go through a computer tutorial, which 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 goes over every facet of the onscreen instructions in excruciating detail. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You could wait until test day and then spend 15–45 minutes in the tutorial 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 familiarizing yourself with all the different instructions, but wouldn’t you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rather learn the instructions beforehand so you can skip the boring tutorial 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and get right to the actual test? The goal on that day is to use all your 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brainpower to take a GRE CAT, not waste time and mental energy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 learning about how to take a GRE CAT. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Be sure you go over this tutorial before taking any tests on that disk. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Learning about the computer commands ahead of time is a valuable skill. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A tutorial similar to the one you’ll see on test day is contained on the CD 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that came with this book. Or, check out the Appendix on page 332, which 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 goes over all the major screen commands, what they look like, what each 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 command means, and when they will appear. Be sure you understand all 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the different commands before you take the actual GRE CAT. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now that we’ve talked about the instructions you’ll see on the computer, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 let’s talk about the computers themselves. You know those computers you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 see on every TV show, the ones with monstrous flat screens, dynamic 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 graphics, and blazing computing speed? Those are NOT the computers 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you will use to take the GRE CAT. Instead, the computer you will probably 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 use resembles the kind you find in a public library. It will be a no-frills, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 functional PC with an average keyboard, average mouse, average screen, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average everything, really. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Many people who work on computers for a long time make modifications 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to their computers to maximize comfort. They might replace the regular 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mouse with a wireless trackball version designed to reduce carpal tunnel 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problems and place ultra-fine netting over their screen to reduce the glare. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 None of these modifications will be in place on the GRE computer, so if 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are someone who uses modified accessories, you have two options: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. You can replace your nice gear with the basic equipment in order 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to simulate the real GRE experience. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2. You can use your nice gear at home but be aware that during the 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 real test none of it will be there for you. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Both options have advantages. Option 1 gives you greater verisimilitude (a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 good GRE vocabulary word, by the way). If you want your computer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 practice to be as close to the real thing as possible, this is the plan for you. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On the other hand, if you understand ahead of time what the real thing 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will be like, there’s no reason not to practice in a way that’s more 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT
Alert!
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 physically or aesthetically comfortable. Ultimately, the type of computer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mouse you use won’t be the deciding factor in your score, so this is not a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 major point, but every little thing counts. Knowing what to expect and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 planning for it is a good way to boost your confidence level going into 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the exam. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before you register for the test by phone or computer, try to visit the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actual testing site ahead of time—before you plunk down your money. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Most testing sites are fine, but what if the testing site gives you a bad vibe 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or something? Don’t go there! You need to be at your best on test day, so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 make sure the site is adequate before you sign up. Once you call and get a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time, you’re locked in, and even if you cancel the appointment, you lose a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 large chunk of change. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The “Adaptive” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 To get a taste of what the computer adaptive format is like (without taking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a test), rent a movie you know nothing about. Don’t look at the cover or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 read any summary of the events of the film. Fast forward to the middle of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the film and begin watching at that point. After a few minutes, if you think 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you understand what’s going on, keep watching. If you start watching the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 middle of the film and have no idea what’s going on, go back about 20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minutes and start watching from that point. Move forward when the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 movie makes sense, and rewind when it doesn’t. Keep watching until you 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reach the end of the film. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You have just watched your first adaptive movie. Was it fun? How was the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 popcorn? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You probably don’t watch movies this way on a regular basis, and you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t take computer adaptive tests like the GRE every day, either. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 danger is that the unusual format leads you to take the wrong approach to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the test. The chart on the following page lists some common mistakes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people make when taking the CAT. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 11 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part I: Understanding the GRE
12
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Common Thinking But Really . . . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Tests go from easy to GRE CAT problems start in the middle, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 hard problems. and then go all over the place from there 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 depending on how you score. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Work at a consistent Early problems on the GRE play a greater 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pace to have a role in determining your score than later 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chance to answer ones, so you should make sure to spend 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 every problem. more time on the first 10–15 problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Even if this means you end up guessing on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the last five problems in a section because 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 you have no time left, your score will still 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be better than if you rushed through the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first questions. Remember, even if you 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t have time for the last few problems, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be sure to guess. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If I study hard If you have the necessary knowledge, then 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enough, the test you’ll quickly find yourself mired in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should be easy. hardest math and verbal questions the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer can dredge up. This means you’re 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 heading toward a good score, but it doesn’t 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mean the test will be easy. Unlike a pencil2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and-paper test with set easy, medium, and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 hard problems, the computer will adapt to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 throw you the nastiest, toughest, most 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 convoluted questions it has to offer. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On many standardized tests, people rush through the initial easy questions 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because they want to answer every problem. This impatience often leads to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 careless errors at the beginning. This impatience is harmful on a regular test, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 but it’s deadly on the GRE CAT. The first 10–15 questions you face on each 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section are the most crucial, and you should slow down and take as much as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 minutes apiece if it will help you answer them correctly. As for the last 5 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions? If you don’t have time for them, just guess. They are not as critical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to your score. If you can get to them, it’s a bonus, but the real way to improve 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your score is to focus on the earlier questions to the best of your ability. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now that the “Slow down and get the early question right” mantra has 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 been beaten into your skull yet again, it might be a good time to clarify just 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what an easy, medium, and hard question looks like. Officially, a hard 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problem is one that previous test-takers have seen and found to be very 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difficult to answer correctly. The official derivation of “easy” and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “medium” also comes from how well previous test-takers did when trying 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to answer these problems. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
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Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Yet these labels are all subjective, since everyone carries around a unique 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 knowledge set. You might have a knack for geometry, so a medium 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 geometry problem appears easy to you. The best way to get a feel for a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problem’s difficulty level is to look over samples of easy, medium, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hard questions. You can find these throughout this book, and you can also 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 th go right to the source and purchase The Official Guide to the GRE, 10 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Edition, by the Educational Testing Service. This roughly $20 book 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contains a host of old pencil-and-paper GREs with questions arranged in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 old-timey easy/medium/hard order of difficulty. The exams are all over a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decade old, but they do give you an idea of what constitutes an easy, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 medium, and hard problem. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Official Guide is a good place to work on sample problems, but the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 format has changed a lot since these test were issued, so don’t bother 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 working the sections under timed conditions. Use the sample tests at the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 back of this book for that, as they are geared toward the new exam. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The ability to determine easy, medium, and hard problems is a nice skill to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have on the CAT, but it is not a crucial one. Don’t spend any amount of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time looking at a problem and debating whether or not it’s a medium or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hard one. Either way, it’s in front of you, so you have to work it one way or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 another. But understanding what kind of problem you are looking at can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 help you avoid incorrect answer choices. For example, if you are taking the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 math section and doing pretty well, you’ll notice the problems are getting 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more difficult. Suddenly, you get the following probability question: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 There are seven tokens in a bag, labeled 8 through 14 consecutively. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first number pulled out of the bag is 10. What are the odds that the next 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two numbers pulled out of the bag will BOTH be less than 10? 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 1 B. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 2 1 7 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 2 1 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 13 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part I: Understanding the GRE
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On the CAT exam, letters will not be used to designate choices, as each 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice will simply appear on the screen with a hollow oval next to it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Obviously, the test-maker did not care that this lack of lettering would 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 make it hard on the poor souls who make a living writing test-prep 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 material. Throughout this book, all answer choices will have letters next 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to them so that they can be discussed without having to resort to phrases 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like “the second oval from the top” or “you know, the answer that’s got 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the word ‘hamster’ in it.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is a medium → difficult problem, something to keep in mind when 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you look over the answer choices. If you try to figure this problem in your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 head, you might think that there are two numbers less than 10 (8 and 9) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 7 tokens total, or 6 tokens now that the 10 has been removed. Choice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (C) is (which is two tokens over 7 tokens, right), while choice (D) has 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 tokens 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 tokens 6 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Both of these answers use the wrong math, but they are also too easy. If 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you know it is a medium → difficult problem, how could the answer be so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simple that you could just do the math in your head? Finding choice (C) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 takes only 15 seconds and choice (D) takes only a bit longer than that. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you find the answer to a tough problem that easily, your GRE “sixth 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 sense” should start tingling wildly, telling you that you are picking an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer that is so easy it is probably incorrect. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For this particular problem, eliminating incorrect answers is just as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 important as finding the correct choice. If you don’t know how to do the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 math, eliminate choices (C) and (D) and take a guess. This gives you a 1 in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 shot of choosing the right answer, which happens to be choice (A). Even 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 if you guessed wrong that time, you gave yourself a fighting chance by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 understanding the GRE CAT well enough to know which answer choices 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 were traps. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The math regarding this problem is covered on pages 100–101, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section on probabilities. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT
Note
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The “Test” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Use the following checklist to prepare for the day you take the actual GRE: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Items to Bring to the GRE: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1. Good old picture I.D., preferably something legitimate like a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 driver’s license and not a badly laminated “Honorary Member of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Justice League” card. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Fruit snack or something light, yet filling, like nuts. You don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 want to eat something so heavy you find yourself dying for a nap. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. A bottle of water. Some would rather drown out the entire 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 experience, but this practice is frowned upon for a multitude of 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reasons. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. Overshirt of some kind. When you check out the site initially, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you should get an idea of what the ambient temperature is like. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dress accordingly. The testing room is often rather small, just a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cubicle farm of 6–10 spaces. Depending on how many people 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are taking tests next to you, the room can be either cold or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 warm, so the best advice is to start with light clothing with the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 option of bundling up. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. A positive attitude. If that’s asking too much, just don’t bring a 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 negative one. Shoot for feeling relaxed and confident, since this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 disposition will help you stay sharp and focused on the task 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 at hand. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Many test centers have a set of lockers just inside the testing room for you 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 to keep valuables and whatever else you want. This is another thing you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should look for when you are scouting out a GRE location. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The test’s sign-up process is a mixture of registering for a seminar and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 getting arrested. You have to write out a mini-essay claiming you’ll be a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good person and not sell your GRE secrets to a cheesy newspaper 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tabloid—or anyone else for that matter. Then you sign in again, have 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your identification checked, and get a mug shot taken . . . just in case. In 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many locations, you are also filmed throughout the testing procedure. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 These actions are all part of the underlying theme of, “Don’t try 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 anything funny, bub.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You have the option of wearing noise-blocking headphones while taking 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE, which we don’t recommended unless you studied for the GRE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 15
Part I: Understanding the GRE
www.petersons.com
Alert!
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wearing noise-blocking headphones. A little sound—the whir of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer’s fans, the hum of air-conditioning—should be the type of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 background noise you’re used to, and total silence can be a little freaky. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Unless there’s someone trying to cough up a lung next to you in the room, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 skip the ‘phones. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 At long last, you get in front of the computer, ready to get your GRE 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 groove on. Unfortunately, the meaty portions of the GRE, i.e., the sections 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that count, are still a long way off. First you have to fill out a basic form 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for what seems like the umpteenth time, then you get a market research 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section where the computer asks you a lot of basic questions like, “Why 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 are you taking this test?” and “Have you taken other standardized tests 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 before?” Is the computer trying to hit on you, or is it just being nosy? It’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up to you to decide, but the fact is, you’re stuck in that chair and you have 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to answer all the questions before you can start taking the exam. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 After the market research section, you get another section asking you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 where you want the scores sent. You should have an idea of where you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 want to send your scores. If not, this section can take a while. Even if you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do know where you want scores sent, scrolling around takes awhile, so be 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prepared to spend about 5–10 minutes futzing around in this section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Once you finish leaping through these hoops, the GRE begins . . . almost. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You now get a chance to go through the tutorial showing how to navigate 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the GRE CAT. Hopefully, you will already be very familiar with these 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commands, so you can just skip this section. Go through one of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 tutorial lessons if you feel like it to reassure yourself, but this should not be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 necessary. Ideally, you can skip this entirely and get to what’s important, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the test itself. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The GRE is like an awards show. Most people who watch awards shows 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 are primarily interested in who the big winners will be. To find this out, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 though, they have to endure endless music performances, skits, sentimen- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tal retrospectives, and all sorts of other fodder before the big payoff. For 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE, these distractions come in the form of market research 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 questions, tutorials, and basic questions about who you are, and so on. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All you really want to do is take the sections that count toward your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 score, but to do so you have to endure the GRE equivalent of a dance 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 medley. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The test begins! It starts with the Analytical Writing portion, and you have 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 75 minutes to respond to 2 essay questions. For many test-takers, the wait 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is over and it’s time to get cracking. However, some people apply to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 programs that do not “care” about the Analytical score. If this is the case 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 1: Everything You Need to Know about the GRE CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for you—and be sure this is the case before following the next piece of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 advice—then you can be more relaxed in your approach to the essays. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have to answer them, since a zero might raise eyebrows, but if the schools 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 aren’t going to give the Analytical score any weight, why should you? Save 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your brainpower for the sections of the test that do matter. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Once you’ve finished clacking out your essays, the computer adaptive part 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the GRE kicks in. You will see a Quantitative section, a Verbal section, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and an Experimental section. ETS, the company that administers the GRE, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 uses your answers on the Experimental section to fashion future GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CATs. In this way, ETS seeks to guarantee that future GRE CATs are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 similar to current GRE CATs in terms of question similarity. This is all well 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and good in terms of fairness, but what it boils down to is that you have to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 take an entire test section that doesn’t count toward your score. For 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obvious reasons, you won’t know which section is the Experimental 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section ahead of time. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 However, you can sometimes get an idea which section is the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 experimental one. It all depends on how adept you get at understanding 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the difference between easy, medium, and hard problems. Let’s say 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’ve taken one Quantitative section and one Verbal Section. The third 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section is another Quantitative section, so you know that either this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section or the previous Quant one is the experimental. You start off the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 third section with four questions that you know you got correct. You’re 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 certain you nailed them. Yet the questions never seem to change in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difficulty level, not like they did on the previous Quant section. There 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are two explanations for this: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. You botched those questions and just don’t realize it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. You are working on the experimental section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 There is no way to be 100 percent certain which section is Experimental, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so the smart move is to treat all sections as if they count. If you guess 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wrong about a section, your score goes down the drain, and you would 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have achieved nothing. Still, it can be reassuring to have a feeling about 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 which section is Experimental. If you get this feeling, then you should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 realize that you are pretty GRE savvy, and that the intricacies of the test 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are not so mysterious after all. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 . .112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . And Then Some 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 You should have an idea from this chapter that the GRE CAT is a kind of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 odd test. It is unlike most of the major tests in another way, and that is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 overall disposition of the proctors. On most big tests (standardized exams 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or final exams in the college class), the proctors giving tests have a serious, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 17 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part I: Understanding the GRE
18
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 formal air about them. Students are hushed, people avoid eye contact, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 everyone is a little nervous. It’s sort of an “I’m a 9-year-old sitting with my 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 entire adult family at the Thanksgiving dinner table” kind of vibe, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 nervousness and seriousness and formality all rolled into one. The proctors 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are the same way, acting officious and ever-diligent in order to make sure 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that nothing goes wrong. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The GRE CAT is, as you might expect, different. Here the test is given all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the time, every day and sometimes even at night during most of the week. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There’s nothing exceptional about a single GRE administration. It means a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lot to you, but the people at the test centers see people like you every day of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the week. For them it’s just a day’s work. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This does not mean to imply that the proctors are lazy, uncaring, or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 anything bad. Nothing of the sort is true. It’s just that they aren’t going to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have that same “Thanksgiving dinner table” attitude, since they are just 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doing a routine day of work. They will do it well and be courteous and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 helpful, but they won’t have the sense of “Wow, this is an important 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 moment” that you will. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 They also won’t be at the front of the classroom eagerly scanning the room 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to see if anyone’s cheating or if anyone needs help. The former is not 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 needed because you can’t look at another person’s GRE since it won’t have 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the same questions. If you tried to bring something in to cheat with it 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 would be spotted on camera. If you need help you can raise your hand, but 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there’s no guarantee that it will be spotted immediately. There’s no person 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 watching the testing room with eagle eyes since that mindset is just not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prevalent. The overall point is that you should not expect the proctor to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 come rapidly if you need something during the middle of the section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Therefore, make sure you have all the scratch paper you need during a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 break and that you have enough pencils as well. There’s no way to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 guarantee someone will come speedily to your aid while the test is in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 progress. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There! You now have a host of strategies to help you comprehend the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer adaptive aspect of the GRE. For some additional test-taking 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strategies on how to handle each section of the GRE—Quantitative, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal, and Analytical—all you have to do is turn the page. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter
2 Section Strategies 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the last chapter, we familiarized you with the computerized aspect of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE. In this chapter, we’ll acquaint you with the three GRE sections. Our 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 goal is to eliminate any element of surprise you might have while taking 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the test, since unexpected problem-types lead to confusion, uncertainty, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 and an overall negativity that can hinder your exam performance. We’ll 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tell you about the makeup of the GRE and how it is administered, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your anxiety will diminish as the test becomes less of a mystery. While you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might still run across some individual problems that throw you for a loop, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 we’ll make sure you won’t run into any question types that leave you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 befuddled. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Quantitative 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The GRE section devoted to math goes by the mouthy word “Quantita- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tive.” Half of the problems in this section are regular multiple-choice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems, but the other half are presented in a format known as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Quantitative Comparison (QC for short). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 QC Problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The directions for Quantitative Comparisons look something like this: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Directions: Column A and Column B will have one quantity each. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your goal is to compare the quantities in each column and choose 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A if the quantity in Column A is greater 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B if the quantity in Column B is greater 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C if the two quantities are equal 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D if the relationship between the two quantities cannot be de12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 termined from the information given 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 19
Part I: Understanding the GRE
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Note
20
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here’s a wildly simple example of a QC problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B Column A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 h52 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 h 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You have two columns, A and B, and there is a “quantity” underneath 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 each one. This quantity might be a variable (like Column A), a number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 (like Column B), or some mixture of the two with a little extra thrown in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for good measure. On occasion, floating above this columnar stew is some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 additional information that applies to the quantity in both columns, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like “h 5 2.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Like the example above, the items in the two columns often can’t be 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compared to one another, because they are in different formats. In our 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example, one column has a variable while the other has a number. You 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 would need to convert the variable into a number in order to compare 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 them. Since the centered information states h 5 2, you know that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quantity, or value, of the letter h in Column A is 2. Under Column B, the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 value is 1. There are no other possible interpretations or solutions using 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the centered information. We know that 1 is less than 2, so the correct 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer must be (A). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Converting the information in both columns into easily comparable 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 forms is a good strategy for many QC problems, especially if you find that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are stuck. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Note the qualifying phrase “There are no other possibile interpretations or 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 solutions” in the previous sentence. Exploring alternate possible answers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is critical on QC problems, because there are often hidden outcomes that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can affect the answer on a problem. Here’s a QC problem that looks 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 similar to the previous one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 h 5 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 h 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Again, you want to convert Column A into a number so you can compare 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it to the number in Column B. The obvious answer is that h 5 2, since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (2)(2) 5 4. This would mean (A) is the answer . . . if there are no other 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possibilities, that is. In this case, you should see that h could also equal 22, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 2: Section Strategies
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since (22)( 22) 5 4. If you compare 22 with Column B’s 1, Column B’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quantity is larger, so (B) is the answer in this scenario. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One possible value for h gives you the answer (A), while another gives you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an answer of (B). Whenever you have a conflict like this, the correct 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 response is choice (D), “the answer cannot be determined by the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 information given.” A more precise statement for choice (D) would be that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “more than one answer can be determined, and there’s no way to tell 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which answer is correct.” It’s not that you can’t determine an answer, it’s 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just that you don’t know which answer is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To properly explore all possibilities on QC problems involving variables, 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t just use easy numbers like 2, 3, and 4 when giving values to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 variables. Be sure to insert some weird numbers like those on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 following list: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Weird Numbers 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Number Why It’s Weird 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0 Any number multiplied by 0 equals zero. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Also, any number to the zero power equals 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1, or x 5 1. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Any number multiplied by 1 does not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 change. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Fractions between Normally, when you multiply two numbers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 0 and 1 together, the end result is larger. When you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiply two fractions less than one to2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gether, the result is less than the original 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two numbers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Negative numbers Two negatives makes a positive when 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 multiplying or dividing, and 22 is greater 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than 24 even though our minds like to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 think that 4 is bigger than 2. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On our second sample question, realizing the existence of 22 (the weird 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 negative number) led us to the correct answer of (D). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Many incorrect QC answers are chosen in the name of speed, as people 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 look at a problem and “see” the answer that must be the correct one. If the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer is so obvious, why not pick it quickly and zip on to the next 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 question? The response to this hypothetical question is that answers that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 look correct are often traps designed to catch those who do not actually 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 work the problem. Here’s a classic QC trap on a medium-difficulty 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 21
Part I: Understanding the GRE
22
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4(g 1 i) 5 76 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3i 5 57 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 g g 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If g is a regular, Joe Schmo kind of number, the answer seems pretty 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obvious. Column B is going to be greater since 8 is bigger than 6 and both 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers are being taken to the same exponential power, g. An experienced 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE taker—which you will be after reading this book—should have 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 internal alarms going off at the sight of this problem. It just looks too 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 simple, and there has to be something more to this problem in order to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 justify the fact that it’s a medium problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take the time to solve for both g and i, and you’ll discover the trap. From 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the second equation, you will discover that i 5 19. Placing this value into 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the first equation, you will find: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4(g 1 i) 5 76 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4g 1 4i 5 76 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4g 1 (4)(19) 5 76 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4g 1 76 5 76 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4g 1 76 2 76 5 76 2 76 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 4g 5 0 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 g 5 0 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If g equals zero, then Column A’s 6g 5 60 5 1 and Column B’s 8g 5 80 5 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1. Both columns are equal, and there’s no other possible value for g, so the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correct answer must be (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You will see a lot of QC problems throughout this book, so use the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 following checklist as a way of remembering the key strategies to use when 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 handling these problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 QC Approach Check List 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. For the answer choices, the word always is critical. You can only pick 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (A) if the quantity in Column A is always greater, and you can only 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pick (B) if Column B’s quantity is always greater. Choice (C) is the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer if the two columns are always equal, no matter what weird 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers are punched in. Whenever you find a QC problem that has 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more than one possible outcome, (A), (B) and/or (C), you have (D) as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 2: Section Strategies
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. The goal is to compare the two problems, so you should take 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 information and try to rearrange it in a way that makes comparison 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 easier. If you have a problem with a lot of variables, you should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 realize the goal will be to get comparable variables into both 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 columns. If one column only has numbers in it, the key to that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem is finding a way to convert the other column into a number 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than can be compared. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. When variables are involved, don’t be content to plug in one value for 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the variable and then use that as the result. Use a “weird” number to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 challenge your initial finding. If you find a weird number that leads to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 a different result, you know the correct choice on that problem is (D). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (See the table on page 21 of this chapter) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. Many QC problems are designed to look like there is one obvious 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. Never jump to this answer unless you have done all of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actual math that the problem demands. The obvious answer is often 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an incorrect choice set there to trap hurried test-takers. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How Much Does Your Brain Weigh? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are several ways you can answer this question. You could take your 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brain out and place it on a scale, although this is not recommended. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 could find out what the average brain weighs by looking it up in a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 reference book or surfing the Net. You could place both your hands 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 around your head, lean over, and use your arms as a scale. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Or you could just guess. You won’t be completely accurate, but you should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be pretty close. Look at the following choices, and then take a guess: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Which of the following is the most likely weight of your brain? 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 A. 1 pound 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 3 pounds 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 6 pounds 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 10 pounds 2 1 E. 15 pounds 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The correct answer is B. Estimating an answer can sometimes lead you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 directly to the right answer, but this does not happen very often. More 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 important than determining the correct answer, guessing can often help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you eliminate wrong answers, which increases your odds of getting a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problem right. If your brain weighed 10 or 15 pounds, you would need 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 metal girders in your neck to help support its weight. So, (D) and (E) can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be eliminated, leaving you three choices. Choice (A) is a little light, and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 although this answer provides a fertile ground for a cutting remark, it’s not 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 23
Part I: Understanding the GRE
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Note
24
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correct. This leaves (B) and (C), and if you thought 6 pounds was a bit 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 portly for a brain, you were right. The answer is (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Some problems are hard because the math required to answer them is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hard. If you can use your eyeballs and your 3-pound brain to estimate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what the answer should be, you will increase your chances of getting a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problem correct. It might not lead you directly to the right answer, but it 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can steer you clear of answer choices that are clearly wrong. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Geometry problems involving angles, lines, figures, or measurements are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the most susceptible to estimating, although the fact that the images are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 displayed on a computer screen makes it a little problematic. Whenever 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are given a figure on the screen, redraw it on paper in front of you as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accurately as possible, and then work with that figure. For example: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The shortest side of a triangle is n centimeters long. Another side is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 three times this length, while the third side is 22 centimeters greater 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than n. If this is the case, which of the following is the only possible 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 value of n? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2 centimeters 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 4 centimeters 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 5 centimeters 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 6 centimeters 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 8 centimeters 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There’s an equation you can use to solve this problem, but you can also 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 attack it with just a number 2 pencil and some scratch paper. Start with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice (A), 2 centimeters. The second side would be (2)(3) 5 6 cm and the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 third side is 2 1 22 5 24 cm. Now, try to accurately draw a triangle with 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sides of 2, 6, and 24. With one side 24 cm, how are the sides of 2 cm and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 cm actually going to connect? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since (A) fails spectacularly, you might want to head to the larger values 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like choice (E). If n 5 8, then the other two sides are 24 cm and 30 cm. If 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you freehand this, it seems to work. At this point, knowing the math 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would come in handy, but if you don’t know it, guess (E) and move on. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 In a triangle, the length of every side must be less than the sum of the other 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two sides. Choice (E) fulfills this, since even the length of the longest side, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 30, is less than the sum of 8 and 24. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 2: Section Strategies
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Techniques, strategy, practice, and factual knowledge can be combined to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 give you a good score, but it doesn’t guarantee a perfect score. Inevitably, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there will be one or two questions that seem to defy explanation, and these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 often appear as time is winding down on the section. If you can’t take an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 educated guess, just take a plain guess and move on to the next problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On the computer, you must place an answer down on every problem, even 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 if it that means you’re simply filling in (E) on the last couple of questions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Keep in mind that these questions are not worth as much as the earliest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 questions. On a 28-question test, you can randomly fill in the last 6 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions and still get a score in the high 700s. The point is that guessing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 late in the test won’t hurt you as much as you might think. If you have to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 guess early in the math section, try to use estimating and common sense to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate some answers, and then just take your best shot. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Verbal 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The Verbal portion of the GRE will be eerily familiar to anyone who took 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the SAT when applying for college. All four question types have made an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 appearance on the SAT at one time or another, and they’ve even starred in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other standardized tests as well. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Question Types on the GRE Verbal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Question Type Description 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Antonyms You are given a single word and then must 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find its opposite in the answer choices. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Analogies You’ll see two words separated by a colon 2 1 at the beginning of each problem. These 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are called the “stem” words, and the stem 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words have some sort of relationship with 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 each other. Your job is to find the paired 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words in the answer choices that have the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same, analogous relationship as the stem 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 words. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Sentence A good old fill-in-the-blank exercise where 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Completions you must add the correct missing word or 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words to an initial sentence. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Read some text and then answer questions 4. Reading 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about it. The staple of standardized verbal Comprehension 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exams everywhere. (RC) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 25 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part I: Understanding the GRE
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are 30 problems on the Verbal section and four different question 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 types, so you might think that there will about 7–8 of each question type 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on the test. It rarely works out that way. Although every CAT is different, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 for the most part, Sentence Completion problems get short shrift on the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE CAT, and this is especially true if you are answering a majority of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions correctly. If you’re doing well, you’ll find yourself bombarded by 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antonyms and analogies. These two question types are very vocabulary2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 centric, since knowledge of the words used is a large factor in getting the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problems right. The better you do on the GRE CAT Verbal, the more the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section resembles a vocabulary quiz by the end. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In-depth discussion and suggestions on how to tackle each of the four 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal question types is covered starting on page 25. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Verbal section also starts out like a vocabulary quiz, since the first 3–6 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions are usually antonyms and some analogies. This means that on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the initial part of the Verbal test (when questions count the most), a lot 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 depends on whether you know the particular word given in a question. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This makes the beginning of the Verbal section a little arbitrary. People 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with large vocabularies might get an unfamiliar word, while someone with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 a less-developed vocabulary will get a tough word whose meaning they 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just happen to know. All in all, the start of the section is a bit of a crap 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 shoot. Getting the right word or words can help your score, especially if 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you don’t consider yourself someone with a large vocabulary. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Verbal section might seem less fair than the Math, but there’s no real 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difference. If you’re strong in geometry, and your first two math questions 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 concern geometry, then you’re in luck. If geometry is your worst subject, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then you’re out of luck. The adaptive format, with early questions 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 counting for more, is the culprit (or helper) in both cases. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the end, just knowing how the Verbal section will begin gives you a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mental advantage over someone who just shows up and starts answering 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions blindly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A reading passage will show up sooner or later, with 2–4 questions 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attached to it. If you do a lot of Web site reading, then you won’t have 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 much problem with the computer format. There’s a scroll bar to help you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 move up and down the text, but the actual text box is ridiculously small. It 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 only holds two or three sentences at a time, so no matter how short the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 reading passage is, there’s always going to be some scrolling to do. To give 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Tip
Chapter 2: Section Strategies
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yourself a preview of what it will be like, open up some text on a computer, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and place it in a box about 3 inches by 4 inches. Give yourself some big 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 letters, and allow for a nice amount of space between each line. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On RC problems, the passage takes up the upper left portion of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 screen, while questions appear on the right side. The bottom of the screen 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contains a lot of basic instructions like “Time on/off” and “Wanna quit, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fraidy cat?” stuff that you will rarely, if ever, use during the exam. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If the above instructions are too tech-savvy for you, don’t sweat it. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point is that you will have to move up and down to read some text, so be 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prepared to do just that. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The last problem type, Sentence Completion, translates very well to the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer. Of the four Verbal question types, these questions are probably 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the easiest to prepare for and improve on, which might be why they show 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 up the least. Even so, when they do pop up on your screen, lick your chops 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and dive right in. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . . . And You’re Done 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For most people, time is not as big an issue on the Verbal section as it is on 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Math section. Many hard Math problems are complex, multi-step 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 questions that require a lot of computations in order to unravel the right 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. This takes time. In contrast, hard questions on the Verbal section 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 consist mainly of hard vocabulary words. You still need time to go through 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the answer choices and use some strategies, but this doesn’t take as long as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 7 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figuring out what the value of is. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 14 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 25 33 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There’s no need to rush through any questions on the Verbal section, since 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lack of time is rarely a problem. On average, you have a minute per 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 question, but some questions will take less time. For example, if there’s an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antonym question with a word that you know, finding the right answer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can take under 15 seconds. Don’t spend less than15 seconds, because you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 want to make sure not to make a careless error by speeding. That gives you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a lot of extra time to spend on another problem, such as a RC question. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 These typically take more time since you want to check your answer with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the information in the passage. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you are running out of time on a practice Verbal section, then you are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 probably staring at some questions and dredging your brain to come up 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 27 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Part I: Understanding the GRE
www.petersons.com
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with a definition of a word. This is not a good use of your time. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary on the GRE can be tough, so there will be some words whose 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meaning you don’t know. Accept this, use any elimination strategies you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 can on those problems, pick an answer, and move on. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Analytical Writing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The first essay prompt you see poses an issue, and then gives you 45 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 minutes to analyze and discuss that issue. This is your standard, “There’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 no right or wrong side, all that matters is how well you present your side of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the case” kind of essay. You are often given two topics to choose from, so 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pick the topic you feel comfortable—um, talking about. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For the second essay, analysis of an argument, you only have 30 minutes to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 write. This time, you are first given some text, in which someone makes an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 argument about something. This argument is lame in some way or another. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Your goal here is to evaluate the argument, i.e., explain ways in which the 2 2 argument’s lame and ways in which it works. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Combined, the two essays take over an hour to start at the beginning of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 every GRE CAT. That’s a lot of time spent typing, and the key word here is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 typing. How fast do you type? Answering this question will determine 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your approach to these essays. Many English aficionados will talk 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gushingly about the standard five-paragraph essay approach that virtually 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 guarantees you a top score of 6 on the Analytical portion. Yet, this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 approach doesn’t work if you’re such a slow typist that you can’t type five 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraphs in the time allotted. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As stated in the previous chapter, if you’re applying for a graduate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 program in astrophysics, your Analytical score might not be of highest 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 importance. Do your best, but spend your time studying the section that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matters most, which is Math. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before anything else, find out how fast you can type. Sit down in front of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer with some word processing program. Start timing, and then type 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something like, “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” over and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 over again until one minute is up. If you make a mistake while typing, stop 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and correct your error while the clock is running. Now count up the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number of words you typed correctly in one minute. Take this number and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 use it to answer the following question: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 28 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 2: Section Strategies
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Question How long should my essays be? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Step 1 Take the amount of time given for an essay. For essay 1, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 this means 45 minutes. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Step 2 Subtract 5 minutes. This time will be used to decide 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what you want to write in your essay. You shouldn’t 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just blaze off at the start; it helps to plan out your essay 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a bit. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Step 3 40 minutes remain. Take the number of words you type 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 per minute and multiply by 40. If you can type 20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 words per minute, then (20)(40) 5 800. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Step 4 This is the number of words you could type if you knew 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exactly what you were going to say and typed nonstop. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since there will be many points in your essay where you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pause for a moment to come up with the right phrase or 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence, 800 is not really achievable. Halve this 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number for a more realistic assessment, giving you 400 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Step 5 If you assume a standard paragraph is around 100 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words, you can see that your essay will not make the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 five-paragraph format due to technical reasons (i.e. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your slow typing.) You only have time for four 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 paragraphs. You should therefore state your case clearly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in Paragraph 1, back it up with claims in the next two 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraphs, and then wrap things up in Paragraph 4 as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time expires on you and your nondexterous fingers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Unless you practice typing or type a lot, you might be appalled at how 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 slow you are. Even with fast fingers, there’s no way to compose a flawless, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 five-paragraph essay on a previously unknown topic in 45 minutes. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Flawless essays require time to map out, draft, and then rewrite. Maybe a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 professional essay writer—if there are any still around these days—could 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do it, but folks taking the GRE can’t, and it isn’t expected of them. What is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expected is that the thoughts you do punch into the computer are good, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and that the overall structure of your essay is sound. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On both essays, don’t sacrifice quality for quantity. Two body (middle) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraphs with 1–3 compelling sentences that back up your initial claim 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are all that is needed to get a decent score on the Analytical section. Some 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 people have even peppered their essays with jokes—relevant to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discussion, of course—and received a 6, so you don’t have to kill yourself 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to place words on the screen. Just make sure that the words you do put 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down help support your position in the essay. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 29 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part I: Understanding the GRE
30
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you want to increase your typing skills, get a dictionary, a computer, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get ready to kill two birds with one stone. Purchase a book that lists 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 college-level vocabulary words, and then spend time typing in each word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 and its definition into a word processing document. By doing this, you will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 improve your typing skills and create a vocabulary study guide at the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same time. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
PART
II Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses Diagnostic: Dipping Your Big Toe in the GRE Waters
32
PART II
Chapter
3 Diagnostic: Dipping Your Big Toe in the GRE Waters
Alert!
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Now that you have some section-specific techniques, it’s time to put them to use. Trying a 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 sample set of math and verbal questions has the following benefits: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1. It gives you an idea of how you might do if you were to take the real GRE this very 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 moment. 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 2. It lets you see what areas of study you’re strongest in, and what areas need 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 improvement. This knowledge can be used to fine-tune your study plans for the GRE. 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3. No matter how you do on the diagnostic, it doesn’t count. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The third point is perhaps the most important. If you answer every sample question correctly, 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 then bellow out a proud “Huzzah!” You can’t send that score to universities, but you can feel 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 good about the fact that you’ve demonstrated the ability to do well on GRE-type questions. On 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the other hand, if you miss a lot of diagnostic questions, don’t sweat it. 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 If you waited until the last moment and are taking this diagnostic the night before 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the real GRE CAT, you can sweat a little. Hopefully, you are taking this 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 diagnostic at least a month in advance of the real test, giving you ample time to go 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 through the rest of the book at a measured pace. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 The whole point of the diagnostic is to determine what subjects you’re good at and what 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 subjects you need help in. You can then use this information to devise a study plan tailored to 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 your strengths and weaknesses. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Should You Take It to the Next Level? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 As stated earlier, the adaptive nature of the GRE makes it likely that someone shooting for a 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 good score will only see medium and hard questions. Since you probably didn’t purchase this 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 book to get a lousy score, it makes sense to concentrate on medium and hard GRE questions. 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The bulk of this book does just that. The first part of each chapter in the subject review section 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 focuses on how medium questions will appear on the math and verbal sections, and it provides 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 32
DIAGNOSTIC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 you with the facts and strategies needed to tackle these problems. The general instruction for 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the Analytical section goes over the basic structure of the essay, giving you the knowledge 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 needed to gain a respectable score on the written portion. For most students, starting with the 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 medium-level material is the wisest course of action. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 However, suppose you feel very confident about your math abilities. A high score on the math 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 portion of the diagnostic proves that this confidence is well-founded. If that’s the case, you may 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 choose to skip over the general study material on math and go straight to the Take It to the Next 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Level material. This material focuses on more advanced topics—involved probabilities and 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 number sets, for example—and it shows how these topics appear on hard problems. The Next 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Level Verbal and Analytical sections cover advanced topics and problems in a similar fashion. 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 So what’s the best study plan? Not to get too mystical or anything, but the answer to this 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 question can only be found inside you. By working through the entire book, you give yourself a 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 look at everything this book has to offer. Yet this approach takes time, and time is a scarce 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 commodity in many people’s lives. Therefore, you might wish to Take It to the Next Level in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 subjects you feel comfortable with in order to use the time you have to concentrate on your 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 weakest areas. 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 The requirements of your graduate program might let you tailor your approach in another way. 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 For example, some fine arts programs require students to take the GRE, but these programs are 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 not concerned with a student’s Quantitative (math) score. If this is the case for you, you could 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 decide to skip the Next Level math, since a high score in math will not help you one way or 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 another. It would still be a good idea to go over the basic study material—you don’t want to 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 completely blow the math section—but a high math score is just not a relevant concern. 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 Before making any decision, take the diagnostic and let the results guide you. There are 28 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Quantitative questions, roughly divided so that the first half contains medium questions while 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the second half contains hard questions. If you ace 201 Quantitative problems in allotted time, 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 then you are a good candidate for skipping the general material if you want. If you miss 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 questions randomly throughout the section, it would be a good idea to look over both the 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 general and Next Level materials, since there’s no clear pattern as to why you got some 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 questions right while missing others. It could mean you were weak in a specific subject—like 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 determining mean/median/mode, for instance—in which case a comprehensive review of a wide 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 range of topics would be beneficial. If you miss a bunch of medium questions but get all the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 harder problems right, chances are your problem lies in pacing. You rushed through the 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 medium questions, making careless errors, in order to spend more time on the harder problems. 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 If this is the case, slow down, Sparky! 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 33 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
Tip
Note
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 In our diagnostic the Quantitative section starts off with 14 QC questions, and then 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 follows with 14 regular math problems. The 14 QC problems are arranged in order 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 of difficulty, and the 14 regular questions are also in their own order of difficulty. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Things are a little different for the Verbal section. There are 30 questions, still divided into half 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 medium/half hard, but there are four distinct question types: 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 • Antonyms 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 • Analogies 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 • Sentence Completions 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 • Reading Comprehension 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Questions within each question type are arranged in order of difficulty, so the first antonym you 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 see is (theoretically) the easiest, while the last is the hardest. After that section, you proceed to 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 analogies, with all analogies arranged in their own order of difficulty. For the Reading 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Comprehension section, the first passage is easier than the second one. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 You can fine-tune your approach depending on how you do within each question type. Suppose 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 you answer every analogy correctly but miss half of the Reading Comprehension problems. If 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 this occurs, a voice inside your head should start hollering, “Focus on Reading Comprehension 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 in both levels, and don’t worry about analogies as much.” 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 This book has been designed to give you a variety of study plan options. You want to take 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 charge of the GRE, and a good way to start doing this is to take charge of your study plan. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Optimal Diagnostic-Taking Conditions 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 As much as you might like to, you should not take the diagnostic while watching television, 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 answering questions only during commercial breaks. Seal yourself away in some solitary 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 location with a heap of scrap paper and a handful of number 2 pencils as your companions. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Give yourself 45 minutes for the Quantitative section and 30 minutes for the Verbal section. 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Take both sections consecutively with a 1-minute break in between. Don’t rush, but try to 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 answer as many of the questions as you can. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 You can write your answers in the book, but make sure to do all work on scratch 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 paper since that is what you have to do for the GRE CAT. Afterward, check to see 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 how much scratch paper you used on each section. This will help give you an idea 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 of how much you’ll need on the real GRE. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Once finished, give yourself a pat of the back. You will have just finished a GRE-like test. It 6 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 wasn’t a computer adaptive test, but it was a GRE-like test nevertheless. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Good luck! 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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DIAGNOSTIC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The Test 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Quantitative 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 General Information 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1. The test has 28 questions. You have 45 minutes to complete the section. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2. All numbers used are real numbers. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3. All angle measurements can be assumed to be positive unless otherwise noted. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4. All figures lie in the same plane unless otherwise noted. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 5. Drawings that accompany questions are intended to provide information useful in 6 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 answering the question. The figures are drawn closely to scale unless otherwise noted. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Directions: For questions 1–14, Column A and Column B will have one quantity each. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Your goal is to compare the quantities in each column and choose 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A if the quantity in Column A is greater 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B if the quantity in Column B is greater 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C if the two quantities are equal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D if the relationship between the two quantities cannot be determined from the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 information in the problem 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 On some questions, information about one or both quantities will be given. This 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 information will be centered above the two columns. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column B Column A 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 692 4 6 1 1. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1,781 15 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3. 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 a2 (c2b) 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2. 40 1 9 7 1 63 = = 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 35 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
36
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 2 8. u5x y xÞ0Þy 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 50 1 2~2 1 3! # @ 2 2 @4~2 1 3! # 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 10 x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3 2 4 2 xu 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 u 5x y 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 y 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 5. A circle has a radius q. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The circumference 9. x is a positive integer. Twice the area of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 of the circle the circle divided (x2 2 3x 1 2) x2 2 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 by the radius 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The area of a 6. The area of a 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 rectangle with a square with a 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 perimeter 20 perimeter of 20 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 10. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 7. 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 6 1 3 2 7 5 4 4 5 7 5 3 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Point C is at the center of the circle. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 AB 5 DE 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ∠CBD ∠CEA 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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DIAGNOSTIC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Select the best answer for each 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The sum of all odd 11. The sum of all even 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of the following questions. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 integers one integers one 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 through one through one 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 15. There are 13 marbles in a bag. One is red, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 hundred hundred 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4 are blue, and 8 are yellow. If a blue 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 marble is drawn from the bag, what is the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 probability that a red or yellow marble 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 will be drawn next? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 12. The cube of an The square of an odd 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. even prime number prime number 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 8 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 6 13 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 9 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 13. x,0 E. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 13 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 x 2 12x 2 4 x 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 16. Bananas at Max’s Grocer went on sale for 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2x 2 3 2 x 1 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 50 percent off. They were then marked 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 down again by 30 percent. If x is the 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 original price of bananas per pound, how 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 much does it cost to buy 2.5 pounds of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 bananas? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 0.15x 14. xµ 5 (x)(x 1 1) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 0.375x 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 (3µ)µ (3µ)(3µ) 6 1 C. 0.42x 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 0.50x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 0.875x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 37 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Questions 20–21 refer to the following graphs. 6 17. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 If BE bisects AC, what is the length of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 EC? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 2=3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 4=3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 8 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 8=3 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 18. If x is an odd integer, in which one of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 following expressions must y be even? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. x 1 y 5 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 20. Which of the following has the greatest 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. x2 1 y 5 16 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 value? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. xy 5 25 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. Segment of Manchester population D. xy 5 49 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 0–25 in 1920 6 1 E. xy 5 98 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. Byson population in 1900 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 19. Export Auto charges $30 for an oil change C. Byson population in 1915 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and $40 for a brake job. On Tuesday, they D. Segment of Manchester population 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 charged a total of $320 for all oil changes 25–50 in 1920 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and brake checks. They performed a fourth E. Segment of Manchester population 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 as many brake checks as oil changes. How 50–100 in 1920 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 many oil changes did they perform on 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 21. Which town in which decade had the 6 Tuesday? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 greatest percentage increase in population? 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. Manchester 1900–1910 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 4 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. Ledbetter 1920–1930 C. 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. Ledbetter 1930–1940 D. 8 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. Byson 1920–1930 E. 10 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. Manchester 1930–1940 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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DIAGNOSTIC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 @~6a!a 2 ~4a 1 7a!# 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 7a 1 J 5 22. 25. If x is an odd integer, what is the value of half 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the sum of x and the next three odd integers? 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6a 2 18a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1 J A. A. 2(x 1 3) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 3(x 1 3) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6a 2 4a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 4(x 1 3) 1 J B. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 a 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. 5(x 1 3) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 7 2 a 1 J E. 6(x 1 3) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 211 2 a 1 J 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 13a 2 11 1 J Questions 26–28 refer to the following graphs. 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 23. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B is the midpoint of AC, and E is the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 midpoint of FD. If the area of rectangle 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 BCDE is 12, what is the perimeter of 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 rectangle ACDF? 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 18 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 20 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 22 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. 24 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 26 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 24. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 What is the perimeter of DABC? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 2 1 =2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 2 1 2=3 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4 1 2 2 C. = 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 4 1 2=3 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 4 1 4=3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 39 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 28. Over what 5-year span did percentage of 26. Whose annual savings/annual spending 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 spending increase the most? ratio was the smallest? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 15–20 A. 15 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 25–30 B. 20 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 30–35 C. 30 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. 35–40 D. 35 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 40–45 E. 45 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 27. What category of sales had the greatest 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 amount of money spent on it if you only 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 consider 15-, 30-, and 45-year-olds? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. Home Entertainment 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. Clothes 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. Lawn Care 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. Sporting Goods 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. Apparel 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Verbal 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 General Information 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1. The test has 30 questions. You have 30 minutes to complete the section. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Directions: Each question contains a word printed in capital letters, followed by five 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 answer choices. Choose the answer choice that contains the word or phrase most nearly 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 OPPOSITE in meaning to the word in capital letters. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3. LUCID : 1. PRISTINE : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. translucent A. dull 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. myopic B. hopeless 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. putrid C. congested 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. luminescent D. majestic 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 E. opaque E. polluted 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4. MALLEABLE : 2. IMPREGNABLE : 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. brittle A. penetrable 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. ductile B. tangible 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 C. pliant C. intractable 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. flaccid D. tolerable 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. verdant E. reliable 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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DIAGNOSTIC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 8. TRUCULENT : 5. CASTIGATE : 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. pugnacious A. criticize 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. boorish B. laud 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. gentle C. ignore 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. beneficent D. mollify 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. altruistic E. obfuscate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9. SALUBRIOUS : 6. APPROBATION : 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. salutary A. disapproval 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. deleterious B. fanfare 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. beneficial C. calamity 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. acrid D. enigma 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. ignominious E. rejoinder 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 7. MENDACITY : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 A. evil 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. wisdom 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. perfidy 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. honesty 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. irregularity 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Directions: In each question, there is an initial pair of words or phrases that are related in 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 some manner. Select the answer choice containing the lettered pair that best expresses a 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 relationship similar to the initial pair. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 12. HOMOSAPIEN : MAMMAL :: 10. POTTER : CLAY :: 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. lung : organ A. bull : rider 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. beach : ocean B. conductor : instrument 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 C. canine : feline C. poet : words 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. mystery : novel D. doctor : patient 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. bovine : husbandry E. lady : gentleman 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 13. IMMUTABLE : CHANGE :: 6 1 11. MINISCULE : SMALL :: 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. large : gigantic A. political : mastermind 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. exuberant : happy B. contingent : necessity 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. downtrodden : unjust C. ecstatic : joy 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. humorless : hapless D. imminent : proximity 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. tense : relaxed E. humble : hubris 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 41 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
42
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 16. LACONIC : VERBOSE :: 14. VITUPERATE : BERATE :: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. terse : taciturn A. destroy : rebuild 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. delicious : delectable B. vacillate : waver 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. passive : lethargic C. synthesize : raze 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. guileless : deceitful D. confuse : clarify 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. fastidious : studious E. pacify : enrage 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 17. MALEVOLENT : BONHOMIE :: 15. BUCOLIC : PASTORAL :: 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. hateful : disgust A. frigid : lukewarm 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. calm : anxiety B. basic : advanced 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. dangerous : peril C. irascible : temperamental 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. hungry : want D. haughty : selfish 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. facetious : sarcasm E. pugnacious : optimistic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Directions: Each sentence below contains one or two blanks, with each blank 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 corresponding to an omitted word. Find the answer choice that has the word or set or 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 words that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 20. Normally the press secretary is fairly 18. The mayor’s unpopularity was dramati6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 __________, but in today’s briefing her cally demonstrated by his __________ 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 face was quite ___________ and her performance in the citywide straw poll. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 responses lively. A. sanguine 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. peppy. .morose B. dismal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. subjugated. .active C. fiery 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. noxious. .expressive D. impoverished 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. concise. .perturbed E. discouraging 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. subdued. .animated 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 19. Country X will never stabilize its economy 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 21. A slight ___________ of the soil’s settling 6 if it does not ___________ its disastrous 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 rate caused the building’s foundation to inflationary spending practices. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 ___________, which led to the building A. exacerbate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 being deemed unusable. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. curtail 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. estimation. .settle C. strengthen 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. deviation. .bulge D. maximize 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. miscalculation. .shift E. weaken 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 D. permutation. .stabilize 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. escalation. .liquefy 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
DIAGNOSTIC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 23. For three centuries, classical mechanics 22. Prison reform in Victorian England, 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 was the __________ paradigm in physics though ___________, was not far-reaching 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 until developments in quantum mechanics enough to eliminate all the ___________ 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 began to call __________ assumptions of vestiges of harsher times. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 classical mechanics into question. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. appreciable. .miscellaneous 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 A. strongest. .tangential B. significant. .cruel 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. supreme. .superficial C. dogged. .basic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. reigning. .fundamental D. laudable. .benign 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. secondary. .basic E. wrongheaded. .base 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. unchallenged. .facile 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Questions follow each passage. After reading the passage, determine the best 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 answer for each question based on the passage’s content. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Passage 1 imperial family. Even when the Yamato 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 clan had nominally laid claim to the title 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Line Though the founding myth of the 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of the imperial throne, their power was 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Yamato clan sets the beginning of their 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 still not as absolute as their titular 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 dynasty at the dawn of time, the Yamato 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 pretensions suggested. The aristocratic (30) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 clan did not unify Japan under their 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 clan chieftains still maintained significant 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 monarchical rule until the sixth century (5) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 power bases in the regions historically 6 1 B.C.E. It is difficult to designate a specific 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 linked with their clans. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 date for the beginning of the Yamato 6 1 This scenario of power diffusion 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 monarchy because the process of political 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 under the political rubric of monarchy is (35) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 evolution in ancient Japan was not 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 not peculiar to ancient Japan. In fact, it is 6 1 (10) marked by clearly defined stages. Rather, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 a common theme in the narrative of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the political evolution from aristocratic 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 kingdom formation in Medieval Europe. 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 rule centered on a number of clan 6 1 Many monarchs, with the notable families; the monarchical rule dominated 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 exception of Charlemagne, had great (40) by one family was a gradual process. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 difficulty consolidating their kingdom’s 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The slow pace of the transformation (15) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 resources under their authority given the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 was mirrored by the means employed to 6 1 prominent and powerful positions of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 achieve the result. The Yamato clan did 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 dukes, lords, and wealthy merchants that 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 not militarily subjugate the competing 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 populated their lands. (45) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 field of clans, but instead gained ascen2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 dancy through political, economic, and (20) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 diplomatic means. Since such means 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 generally preclude decisive shifts in 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 power, the Yamato clan had to patiently 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 leverage their advantages until they were 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 able to demand recognition as the (25) 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 43
Part II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
44
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Passage 2 24. In line 34, the word diffusion could most 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 reasonably be replaced by which of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Line Grasping the interrelationship between 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 following? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 structure and function is essential to 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 gaining a basic understanding of molecuA. Assimilation 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 lar biology. All biological entities are B. Sharing 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 composed of molecules, and every C. Hegemony (5) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 molecule has a specific shape. A hydroD. Mongering 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 gen molecule, for instance, has a simple E. Imbalances 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 linear shape, while DNA, the molecule 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 25. What is the main point of the third 12 that stores most of a cell’s genetic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 paragraph? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 information, has a complex double helix 6 (10) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 shape. The shape of a molecule, comA. Ancient Japan’s political evolution 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 bined with the configuration of its was dissimilar to Medieval European 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 valence electrons (the electrons available political evolution. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 for bonding with other molecules), 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. Charlemagne was a powerful mon3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 determine the structure of a molecule. (15) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 arch comparable to the great emper6 1 Since this structure determines the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ors of ancient Japan. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 biological functionality of the molecule, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. Both Medieval European monarchs and 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 it is of paramount importance. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Japanese emperors had difficulties in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The chemistry of the brain illustrates 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 unifying the lands under their power. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the interaction between molecular (20) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. Dukes, lords, wealthy merchants, and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 structure and biological function. One 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 clan chieftains were politically obtuse 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 nerve cell in the brain communicates with 6 1 throughout the world. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 another nerve cell by the emission and 6 E. Clan chieftains of ancient Japan 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 uptake of molecular signals. A transmitresembled wealthy merchants in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ting nerve cell initiates the communica(25) Medieval Europe with respect to the 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 tion with a second nerve cell known as a 6 political role each played in their 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 receiving cell. The transmitting cell respective eras and locales. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 releases signal molecules that are 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 26. What is the author’s attitude toward the structured specifically to bond with 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 receptor molecules located at specific (30) notion of absolute monarchical rule in 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 sites on the receiving cell. The signal and 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ancient Japan and Medieval Europe? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 receptor molecules have complementary 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. Harsh criticism of the weak monarchs molecular structures which allow for 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. Measured skepticism about the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 their bonding ability. You can say the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 absoluteness of the monarch’s rule 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 signal molecule functions like a key while (35) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. Strenuous objection to the monarch’s 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the receptor molecule is the lock. In this 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 political practices 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 analogy, the molecular structure can be 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. Moderate praise of the monarch’s 6 1 thought of as the nodes on the key and 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 restraint 6 1 within the lock that complement each 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. Fulsome praise of the monarch’s 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 other and allow for the key to turn the (40) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 policies 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 lock. The bonding of the signal and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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DIAGNOSTIC 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 29. What is the function of the second receptor molecules sets in motion a series 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 paragraph in relation to the passage as a of chemical reactions within the receiving 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 whole? cell. Thus, through the biological 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (45) mechanism of complementary molecular 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. It relates an anecdote that demon3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 structure, one brain cell is able to 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 strates the principle described in the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 communicate and affect another 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 first paragraph. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 brain cell. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. It gives further explanation to the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 theoretical hypothesis made in the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 27. The primary purpose of this passage is to first paragraph. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 C. It provides an example that illustrates 6 A. demonstrate the importance of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 the relationship discussed in the first biological functionality regarding 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 paragraph. brain functioning capacities. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 D. It presents a second viewpoint on the 6 B. criticize the contemporary theory that 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 issues raised in the first paragraph. molecular structure and biological 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. It debunks a common misconception 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 functionality are interrelated. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 about the principle discussed in the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. present competing views on the nature 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 first paragraph. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 of the interrelationship between brain 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 chemistry and molecular structure. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 30. Based on the passage, which of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. explain the contemporary theory of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 following statements would the author 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the interrelationship between molecu3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 most likely agree with? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 lar structure and biological function6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. The study of molecular functionality ality. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 is an important field in molecular E. argue that molecular structure has 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 chemistry. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 greater explanatory force than does 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. The advancement of understanding in 6 biological functionality. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 molecular biology is contingent upon 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 28. Why does the author mention a hydrogen further research in how molecules are 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 molecule and DNA in lines 6–11 in the structured. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 first paragraph? C. Brain chemistry will not ultimately be 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 understood until neurotransmitters 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. To contrast a simply shaped molecule 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 are fully conceptualized. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 with a complexly shaped molecule 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. Biological functionality is not 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. To demonstrate that DNA is similarly 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 dependent on molecular shape. 6 1 shaped to hydrogen 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. DNA is the most complex molecule C. To illustrate that biological function6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 known to biology. ality is not directly related to molecu6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 lar shape 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. To give examples of the molecular 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 structure of two different molecules 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. To undermine the assertion that 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 hydrogen is more simply structured 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 than DNA 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 45 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Answer Key 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Quantitative Verbal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 16. D 1. E 15. D 1. B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 17. B 2. A 16. E 2. A 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 18. B 3. E 17. B 3. A 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 19. B 4. A 18. E 4. C 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 20. E 5. B 19. D 5. C 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 21. C 6. A 20. E 6. D 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 22. B 7. D 21. D 7. B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 8. C 22. D 8. D 23. C 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9. D 23. C 9. D 24. B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 10. C 24. C 10. C 25. C 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 11. B 25. A 11. A 26. B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 12. A 26. E 12. B 27. D 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 13. E 27. A 13. D 28. A 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 14. B 28. B 14. A 29. C 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 15. C 30. B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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PART
III Section Review Quantitative Review Verbal Review
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Analytical Writing Review
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PART III
Chapter
4 Quantitative Review 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All the Math You Left Behind 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For those who have not seen a triangle since high school geometry, it’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scary to think that your graduate school aspirations partially rest on your 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ability to work with the math concepts of your youth. Those of you who 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 studied math extensively in college aren’t off the hook either, since the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 concepts tested on the GRE are not the ones studied by math majors or 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 engineering students. Brainiacs who are used to working with orthogonal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matrices might not remember dividing with remainders. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That’s the “half-empty” news. The “half-full” news is that the GRE math 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section tests a limited number of math concepts, so the math content of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 GRE can be mastered. With a little bit—okay, for some of you, a lot—of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 studying, you can be confident that you will not be tested on an unfamiliar 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 math concept. The reason for this comes partly from the fact that the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 material covered in the GRE math section is not very difficult. Instead, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 difficulty comes when the test demands you apply this basic set of GRE 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 math knowledge in creative ways to solve problems. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Mastering the basic math knowledge of the GRE becomes the first goal, so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this is what we’ll focus on for now (without such mastery, the math will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 indeed be difficult). Once this is done, the second step is learning to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recognize how and when to apply the basic math knowledge on the GRE. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This will take more time than the first part, but you will have more than 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enough questions to practice on before you have to exercise this skill on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test day. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On test day, you can expect to see a lot of math jargon in the Quantitative 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section. But don’t fear; you don’t have to be intimidated by math speak. In 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this section, we will define all the terms that you need to know for the test, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and we will work with them so that you can get comfortable with phrases 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like “positive even integers divisible by 4.” As you learn (or refresh your 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 memory about) this math jargon, remember that learning a math term is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 48
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Alert!
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just like learning a new word. Don’t let the jargon-ness (jargonosity?) of it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 throw you. A math term simply refers to a specific math notion, just like 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the word chair refers to a specific idea we have of “furniture you sit on.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 When a math term is introduced, read the definition, consider the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example, and think of it as your new word for the day. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 So, don’t let the GRE math section bully you, or your feelings, around. It 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can be conquered with a little effort. Roll up your sleeves, get to work, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comfort yourself with the thought that once you finish the math section on 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE, you will probably never have to be concerned about the area of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 parallelogram again (unless you decide to go to business school and need 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 to take the GMAT, that is). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Arithmetic, or Fun with Numbers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Most people hear the word arithmetic and think “add-subtract-multiply2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 divide,” but arithmetic actually covers many basic math concepts and 2 terms. GRE math loves to pile one math topic on top of another, so there’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a lot of arithmetic in the Quant section. Take your time and don’t just skim 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 over this portion to get to a juicier topic like Geometry, since Arithmetic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 covers the fundamental terms that will be prevalent on almost every 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question, in one form or another. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Integers, or Pretty Much Everything That’s Not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a Fraction 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Integers are the numbers that you count with (1, 2, 3 and so on). They can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 also be negative (21, 22, 23 . . .). Zero is also an integer. The numbers 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 23, 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, and 3 are all integers. Pretty much any whole number 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can think of—any number that is not a fraction or a decimal—is an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 integer, and if you put a negative in front of that number, it also is an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 integer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the real world, the terms integer and number are fairly synonymous, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since when any real person says “pick a number,” they don’t expect you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to pick a fraction like . However, integer is a more precise term, and 2 1 8 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since it’s also something people are unfamiliar with, it makes many 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 appearances on the GRE. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Besides zero, all integers are positive or negative, and they are also even or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 odd. Positive integers are greater than zero (like 2, 15, or 309), and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 49 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 negative integers are less than zero (21, 223, 290). Think of the integers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as being along a line with zero at the center. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This figure above is called a number line, and seeing it may provoke a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 jarring flashback to the eighth grade. As you go from left to right on a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number line, the value of the number increases. Notice that this means that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25 is greater than 210. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The mathematical definitions for even and odd values use integers, stating 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that an integer is even if you can divide it by 2 and have no remainder 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (nothing left over). For example, 24 and 10 are even since two evenly 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divides into both. 11 and 227, on the other hand, are odd since 2 does not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 evenly divide into them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234 4123456789012345678901234 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123 12345678901234567890123 even 1 even 5 even e.g., 12 1 8 5 20 4 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123 12345678901234567890123412345678901234567890123 123456789012345678901234 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even 1 odd 5 odd e.g., 6 1 13 5 19 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 odd 1 odd 5 even e.g., 7 1 9 5 16 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even 3 even 5 even e.g., 4 3 6 5 24 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even 3 odd 5 even e.g., 3 3 8 5 24 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 odd 3 odd 5 odd e.g., 1 3 9 5 9 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (Remember, if you forget one of these, like what an even times an 2 1 odd is, just pick an even and an odd number and multiply them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Their product will remind you.) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You might not remember how basic math operations work with that pesky 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 negative sign, so see the quick refresher on the following page. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Working with Negative Numbers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345 6123456789012345678901234 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 (negative) 1 (negative) e.g., (24) 1 (25) 5 29 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 6 123456789012345678901234 5 2 6 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345 123456789012345678901234 5 2 5 negative 12345678901234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (positive) 1 (negative) e.g., (10) 1 (212) 5 10 2 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 (positive) 2 (positive) 5 22 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (26) 1 (8) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5826 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (positive) 2 (negative) e.g., 12 2 (23) 5 12 1 3 5 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 positive 1 positive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (positive) 3 (negative) 5 negative e.g., 26 3 3 5 218 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (negative) 3 (negative) 5 positive e.g., (27) 3 (24) 5 28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 e.g., 0 3 (210) 5 0 2 1 Zero is not negative, but it is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good to remember that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0 3 (anything) 5 0 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How many integers are there from 25 to 7 inclusive? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 14 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 13 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 D. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 212 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here’s a simple math question with two well-traveled math terms, integer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and inclusive. You know the first term, so if you figure out what inclusive 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means, you should be able to solve this problem. Inclusive means you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 include 25 and 7 when you are counting the number of integers. How 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many negative numbers are there from 25 to 7? Five. How many positive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers are there from 25 to 7? Seven. Test-takers in a hurry may add 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these numbers, 5 and 7, and then pick choice (C). Yet this would be too 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hasty, for if you recall, zero is also an integer. That makes the correct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer for this problem 13, choice (B). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This problem typifies the GRE Quant section. The question contains two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basic math terms and in many ways looks deceptively simple. You can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 come up with a quick answer, 12, that’s just begging for you to choose it. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 However, if you take time and use a strong understanding of the basic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 terms integer and inclusive, you will not forget the presence of zero. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 51 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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Note
52
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The terms divisible and product are often used along with integers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Divisible is the math term for when an integer can be divided by another 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 without there being a remainder. For instance, 12 is divisible by 3 since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 12 4 3 5 4, and there is no remainder. In this instance, 3 also has a name, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divisor, since it evenly divides into 12. When you multiply two numbers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 together, the answer is the product. So 12 is the product of 3 times 4. In 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this case, 3 and 4 are called factors of 12 because their product is 12. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The factors of 12 are the integers that multiply together to give 12: 1 3 12, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 3 6, 3 3 4. Notice that the factors of 12 and the divisors of 12 are the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same. They just involve using a different math operation. Think of it as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 going up a set of stairs or heading down a set of stairs. Either way, it’s the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same set of stairs. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There is another related term, multiple. The multiple of an integer is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that integer times counting numbers like 1, 2, 3, and up. So the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 multiples of 3 are 3(3 3 1), 6(3 3 2), 9(3 3 3), 12(3 3 4), 15(3 3 5), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18(3 3 6) . . . and so on. The integer 12(3 3 4) is a multiple of 3, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it’s also a multiple of 4. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Keeping all these terms in your head can be a bit tricky. It’s like having 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 identical triplet cousins whose names are Tad, Todd, and Ted. Don’t lose 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 heart in this flurry of terms. None of them individually is difficult to grasp, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 but they can be a little confusing if they are all heaped together at the same 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time like in the following problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The first even The greatest 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 integer greater than common factor of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 434 18 and 36 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The greatest common factor, or GCF, is the largest number that is a factor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of both 18 and 36. You might notice right off the bat that 36 5 2 3 18, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and so 18 must be the GCF. If you don’t catch this, don’t sweat it. Just start 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 writing down the factors of 18 and 36. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 18 is the largest number they share, so the integer value of Column A is 18. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Looking at Column B, you just have to unpack the terms. The first integer 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 greater than 16 (4 3 4) is 17, and the first even integer greater than 16 is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18. Column B also equals 18, so (C) is the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Tip
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Notice that both Columns A and B describe specific numbers that will 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have a definite relationship. Therefore, (D) cannot be the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One final integer-related term to cover concerns prime numbers. Prime 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers are divisible by only two integers, themselves and one. Another 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way of saying this is to state “a prime number only has two multiples: Itself 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 1.” 11 is a prime number since the only integers that evenly divide into 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11 are 11 and 1. Notice that 1 is not a prime number since it has one 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiple (1 3 1) and not two. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It is a good idea to be familiar with the smaller prime numbers because you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might need them at your fingertips for a problem. Here’s the first ten: 2, 3, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29. If you want any more, you’ll have to figure 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 them out yourself or pay extra. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 If n equals the number of prime numbers greater than 10 and less 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than 20, then 3n 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 9 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 15 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Before you can find 3n, you must figure out what n is. Looking at the list of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prime numbers in the paragraph above, you can see that there are four 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prime numbers between 10 and 20: 11, 13, 17, 19. If n 5 4, then 3n will be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (3)(4) 5 12. Therefore, (D) is the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1Fractions, or Pretty Much Everything That’s Not 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an Integer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A fraction is a number made up of two integers and it looks like this: . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The number on top, a, is called the numerator. The number on the bottom, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b, is called the denominator. (If you can come up with a clever way to help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yourself remember that the numerator is on top while the denominator is 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on bottom, you should do so.) A fraction means you are dividing the top 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 by the bottom, so a is the same thing as a 4 b. Since a 5 a 4 b, b cannot 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b 2 1 equal zero becauseb mathematicians don’t think it makes any sense to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divide by 0. I don’t have the exact reasons for this, but in general, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 53 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mathematicians are a serious lot and I don’t think they would say this just 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to pull our leg. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The GRE math section is going to expect you to do things like add and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divide fractions, so here is a quick review of how to perform these math 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 operations with fractions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Addition 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can only add fractions that have the same denominator. If you are 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 asked what 1 equals, you have to make the bottoms look the same. In 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 math speak, this is called “finding a common denominator.” The common 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 denominator will be a number that is a multiple of both 4 and 3. 12 is the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 smallest common multiple (in math speak, the least common multiple or 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 LCM). To get 12 as your denominator for both fractions, you multiply the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first denominator by 3 to get 12 and the second denominator by 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 to get 12. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 However, you can’t just multiply only the denominator by whatever 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number you please. You must also multiply the numerator by that same 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number. Multiply the first fraction by and the second one by . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This gives you: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 3 9 2 1 3 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 3 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 4 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 5 2 1 3 4 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 3 2 4 9 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 5 1 2 1 4 3 3 4 12 12 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now that the denominators are the same you can add the numerators, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9 8 8 1 9 17 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 5 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 12 12 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2. Subtraction 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Like addition, you have to have the same denominator in order to subtract 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fractions. Once you have that, just subtract the two numbers on top (the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 numerators). So, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 9 8 928 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 5 2 5 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 4 3 12 12 12 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
SD SD
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Multiplication 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is a lot easier. Multiply the numerators together and multiply the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 denominators together. For example, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 210 3 230 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 5 20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Fractions in answer choices on the GRE will usually be in their simplest 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 230 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 form, and so would not be an answer on the GRE. It would be 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simplified, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 230 23 3 10 23 10 23 3 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 2 or 21 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 20 2 3 10 2 10 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. Division 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dividing two fractions can look like this, 4 , or it can look like this, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 8 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 These two expressions are the same. You solve them with a two-step 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 process. First, flip the fraction you are dividing by, so that → . In math 2 1 8 7 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 speak, this flipping is called “finding the reciprocal.” Now multiply the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 flipped fraction and the other fraction. So, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 8 16 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 3 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 7 35 7 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A catchy phrase to remember the dividing procedure is, “When dividing, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t ask why; just flip it over and multiply.” If you forget it, any 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14-year-old kid can remind you of this phrase. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Fractions also come in hybrid form. They’re called mixed fractions, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 they look like 37, which means 3 1 7. In order to do any arithmetic 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 operation like the ones discussed above, mixed fractions should be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 converted into pure fractions. You might be able to multiply the mixed 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 fractions 32 with 43, but it would be pretty messy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 5 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 55 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To convert a mixed fraction into a pure fraction, first multiply the integer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 out front by the denominator, then add that product to the numerator. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3 3 7 5 21 (multiplying the integer 3 with the denominator 7) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 21 1 2 5 23 (adding the product to the numerator 2) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 23 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Voila, you have it. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All integers can be expressed as a fraction. Place the integer in the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numerator and a 1 in the denominator. For instance, 7 in fractional form 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is . If you think about it, 5 7 4 1 5 7 should make sense to you. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 3 2 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If 4 5 4 then 3 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 8 3 4x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 2 1 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 C. 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Here’s a basic GRE question that seeks to overwhelm you with a bunch of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fractions and arithmetic flitting about. You can’t solve the second equation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 until you learn the value of x, which can be found by solving the first 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 54 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 8 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 3 3x 8 24x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 5 3 5 5 4x (This solves the left side of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 8 2 3 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation.) 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 5 4 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 x51 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Plugging x 5 1 into the second equation will get you: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3 4x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 8 4 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 3 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 1 12 3 ~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 4 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You might have noticed that 5 1, so multiplying out the second equation 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wasn’t necessary. Either way, you end up with (B), the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Decimals (Fractions in Disguise!) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Decimal form is another way to write a fraction. Decimals can easily be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 converted into fractions, since every decimal has a denominator that is a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 multiple of 10. The decimal 0.7 is the fraction 7 , while the decimal 0.765 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 765 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is . You take the number and make it the numerator, then you look 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1,000 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and count how many spaces there are to the right of the decimal point. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This number equals the number of zeroes you need to place after a 1 in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 denominator. 0.7 has only one space to the right, so you put only one zero 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 after the 1, giving you 10 in the denominator. The decimal 0.765 has three 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spaces, so you put three zeroes, giving you 1,000 in the denominator. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All the numbers to the right of the decimal point have place values that end 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the suffix “-th.” The decimal 0.7 is expressed “seven tenths,” while 0.25 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is “twenty-five hundredths.” Place values on either side of the decimal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point might crop up, so it’s good to have a quick review: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Take the number 934.167: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789011234567 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890 9 is in the hundreds place, so the 9 means1 900 11234567 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890 1234567 12345678901234567890123456789011234567 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 is in the tens place, so the 3 means 30 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 is in the units place, so the 4 means 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1 is in the tenths place, so the 1 means 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 6 is in the hundredths place, so the 6 means 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 100 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 7 is in the thousands place, so the 7 means 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1,000 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 57
Part III: Section Review
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Alert!
58
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A tricky part about place values and decimals is that there is no “unit-ths” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 value. In this example, the 4 is “four units” and the number to the left of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it is the tens. However, the number immediately to the right of 4—over 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the decimal point divide—is the tenths, not unit-ths. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you add and subtract with decimals you need to make sure you line 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up the decimal points. For instance, 345.4 minus 202.45 is: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 345.4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 202.45 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When multiplying decimals, do the multiplication as if the decimal points 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 weren’t there. Just ignore them for starters. Once you have the product, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 count how many decimal places you have behind the decimal in both 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 factors, and then put the decimal that many places into the product. If that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 sounds confusing, in application it’s not. For instance, 3.5 3 0.5 → 175 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (multiplying forgetting the decimals). Or, there are two places behind the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decimal in the two factors, one for each factor. Putting two numbers 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 behind the decimal in the product gives you 1.75. If you change the initial 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers to 0.35 and 0.005, you still multiply and get 175 to start. But 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 now there are five spaces to the left of the decimal point (two in 0.35 and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 three in 0.005), so your final answer will be 0.00175 for that problem. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To divide a decimal by a decimal, first move the decimal in the divisor until 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it is a whole number, and then move the decimal point as many spaces in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the number being divided. The expression 2.3 4 0.5 would look like this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 23.0 in long division form. You would have to move the decimal one = 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 space to the left to transform 2.3 into the integer 23, so you must move 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the divisor one space to the left as well, making 0.5 into 5. Now do the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 division, and put the decimal in the quotient right where it lies in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4.6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number being divided, 5q23.0. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you need to convert a fraction into a decimal, remember that means 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 4 b. So if you are given a fraction and you need to know its value in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 decimal form, divide the top by the bottom, and you have it. For example, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is in decimal form, divide 2 by 7, if you need to know what 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0.28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2.00 7 q 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 60 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 56 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ' 0.28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 d, c, e are distinct prime numbers and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 d 1 e 5 c. They are also part of the six 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 digit number 54de.3c. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The value in the The value in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tenths place in the tens place in the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 6-digit number 6-digit number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The test is trying to confuse you with math speak. Don’t let it. Distinct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prime numbers are prime numbers that are different from each other, so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 d Þ e Þ c. You can also infer that d, c, e must be 2, 3, 5, or 7 since those are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 all the single digit prime numbers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Let’s look at Column A and try to pin it down. The value in the tens place 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is d. With what you know, d 1 e 5 c could be 2 1 3 5 5 or 2 1 5 5 7, but 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there’s no way to tell which equation is valid. Therefore, d could be 2, 3, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or 5. That narrows it down as much as possible, so it’s time to turn to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Column B. The tenths place is the one just to the right of the decimal, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which is 3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This gives us three possibilities. Depending on d’s value, it could be less 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than, equal to, or greater than 3. This makes Column A less than, equal to, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or greater than Column B, depending on what value you use for d. 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Therefore, choice (D) is the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 59 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
60
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Exponents(Those Tiny Raised Numbers) and Roots 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Exponents can be a little weird, and that’s putting it nicely. A basic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exponent looks like 4 , with the integer 4 called the base and the number 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 called the power, or exponent. The expression 4 is math shorthand for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 3 4, which might make you think people have to be in a real hurry to use 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that shorthand. Exponents come in handy when you deal with numbers 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like 4350, since writing out 350 fours is a bit time-consuming. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 While you might be using some arithmetic—adding, subtracting, fractions, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and decimals—in your everyday life, you’re usually not walking around 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 th raising values to the n power. Here is a condensed version of how 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 exponents work. Look it over, play with them (plug in numbers and such), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and get comfortable with them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Exponent Refresher 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 1 x 5 x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5x3x 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x3 5 x 3 x 3 x 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You get the picture. But just for good measure, here’s one more: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 xx 5 x 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Exponents can also be negative. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 21 x 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 22 2 1 x 5 5 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 3 x x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 You can add and subtract numbers with exponents if they have the same 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 base and are raised to the same power. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 1 2x 5 5x 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x2 2 x2 5 x2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but 3x 1 3x Þ 6x since they are not raised to the same power. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 You can also multiply and divide numbers if they have the same base. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a b a1b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x x 5x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 3 5 2 3 For instance, x 3 x 5 x . This makes sense if you see that x 3 x 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 (x 3 x)(x 3 x 3 x) 5 x5. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x a 2 b 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For example, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 3 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 x 5 x 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 x2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This also makes sense if you see that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 x xxx 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 xx 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can also raise a number with an exponent to a power. In gambling 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 terms, this would be like saying, “I’ll see your exponent, and raise you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 another.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a b ab 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (x ) 5 x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 3 6 23 3 29 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (x ) 5 x or (x ) 5 x 5 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a and b are positive distinct integers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2a 4b 10 b ~ ! ~ ! ~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a2b23 5~2a! a2a2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Here is another problem filled with complex-looking math things, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 standard issue for the GRE math problem visual. At first, don’t worry 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about the positive distinct integer bit. Just simplify the expressions step 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 by step. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 2 2 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10(b ) ~2a ! ~4b! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 23 2 2 2 2 1 a b 5(2a) a a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4b~b3! 10b4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 5 2 2 2 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2a 5 4a a ~ ! ~ ! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4b4 10b4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 6 2 1 4a 20a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b4 b4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 2 1 6 6 a 2a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now that you’ve done the work, you can go back to the “positive distinct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 integers” phrase. Since the two variables are positive integers, the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 61
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 denominator in Column A is smaller than the denominator in Column B, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 while the numerators are equal. Try substituting some small positive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 integers into the equation if you like. If the denominator in Column B is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greater, this means that Column A is greater in value, since . . Using 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these simpler values, you can see how the numerators are equal and the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fraction with the smaller denominator is the largest value. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If the variables weren’t “distinct” they could both equal 1, and the two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fractions would be equal. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equal? What does 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4243 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 26 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 23 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 2 2 1 21 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 25 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One way to do this is to raise each number to its power, multiply where 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 needed, and then simplify. You might be able to work this method on this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem, but if the numbers are raised to higher powers, this method 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 becomes very difficult very quickly. The other way is to try to make the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers in the numerator and the denominator have the same base so that 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can simplify directly. Since 4 5 (2)(2) then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 5 [(2)(2)] 5 2 2 5 2 , 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 43 5 [(2)(2)]3 5 2323 5 26 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So we can rewrite the fraction like this, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 4 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 4 6 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 3 2 2 2 4 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This can be simplified straightforwardly, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 4 210 26 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 2 5 2 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 You could also have transformed the numerator into a base of 4. Either 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 method would lead to the right answer, although since a majority of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices have a base of 2, transforming everything into that base 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 increases your chances of simply coming up with the right answer without 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 having to do one last conversion. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The annoying relative of the exponent is the square root. It looks like this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 , and it’s the opposite of squaring a number. When you square 4, you 2 = 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiply it by itself to get 16, but when you take the square root of 4, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get the number that times itself gives 4(2 3 2) 5 4, so 4 52. Square = 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 roots can also be written as exponents, =x 5 x . 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Even more annoying than the square root is the cube root. Just look at it, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . Something like this practically screams “convoluted math process 2 = 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up ahead.” When you cube something, you multiply it by itself twice (so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the cube of 3 is 33 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 27). The cube root is the opposite, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 3 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27 5 3 or =8 5 2 because 2 3 2 3 2 5 8. Cube roots are written as 2 = 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exponents like this, =x 5 x3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 25 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3!~x12!# ~ !~ @ 2x x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If x 5 3 then 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4~x4! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. =3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 27 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 81 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There is good news and bad news about this problem. The good news is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that with a problem like this, there are no hidden tricks. The bad news is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 that you have to work this problem out step by step, but you know 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 everything you need to know to do that. To the solving, then! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 25 2 2 1 3 2 25 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3!~x12! ~ ! ~ 2x x 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x12x 4 5 x x 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ! ~ 4 x 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The four in the denominator is cancelled out by the 2 that gets squared. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now we need to find a common denominator for the exponents in order to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 add and subtract these fractions. This process was discussed earlier on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 page 62, and as you can see, straightforward concepts have a way of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 showing up in odd places on a GRE math question. 12 is an easy choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 25 24 1 8 1 25 2 9 48 2 2 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 x x3x12x 4 5 x 5 x12 5 x 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If x 5 3 then the answer is 81, or (E). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 63 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Common Exponents to Know 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 5 8, 2 5 16, 2 5 32 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 3 5 27, 3 5 81 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 5 64 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 125 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 One more tip when dealing with exponents: Always remember that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 base can be a negative number. If a problem states, “x 5 36,” it’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 common to assume that x 5 6. This is a tried-and-true test trap. Without 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 any more information given in the problem, all you know is that x could be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 or 26. Any number raised to an even power will yield a positive number, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but the base could be positive or negative. When the exponent is odd, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 base is the same sign as what it equals. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 For instance, if x 5 232 then x 5 22. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Percents Are about 4.6% of This Entire Chapter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Percents are not an alien concept, but the GRE expects a greater 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 understanding of percents than what you need to navigate the local 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grocery store. It isn’t a huge amount of additional information that you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 need to understand, but a few things probably need to be ironed out in 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your mind about percents. Let’s get to ironing. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Percent just means “per hundred” or “divided by one hundred.” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So 27% 5 , or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 100 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 0.6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 0.6% 5 2 1 100 1,000 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If bananas are 40% off at the store, and their normal price is $3/pound, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then their sale price is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (100% 2 40%)($3 pound) 5 (60%) ($3 pound) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 60 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 $3 pound! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~ 2 100 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 (0.6)($3 pound) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 $1.80 pound 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Notice that we multiplied the price times 60% because the sales price was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 40% off. You could also have found out how much the bananas were 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discounted due to the sale, and then subtracted that number from the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 original price. This would give you: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 40 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (40 sale)($3 pound) 5 ~$3 pound! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 100 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 (0.4)($3 pound) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5 $1.20 discount 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Subtract $1.20, the discount, from the original price of $3/pound and you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 get $1.80/pound, the same answer as before. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A straightforward use of percent is when you are given two numbers and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 asked to figure out a percentage value. A simple question of this kind 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might ask, “What percentage of 33 is 3?” To answer this problem, it helps 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to travel back in time to the fifth grade and dredge up the skill known as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 cross-multiplying. Given two fractions equal to each other, you can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 second fraction. Then you can multiply the numerator of the second 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fraction with the denominator of the first fraction, and set both products 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equal to each other. Like many basic math concepts, the explanation is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tougher than the actual cross-multiplying. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 One way to set up this problem is 3 5 x , because you want to know 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 33 100 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what percentage the original fraction equals. Solving for x by cross- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiplying yields 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 x 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 33 100 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~33!~x! 5 ~3!~100! → (the second step is the 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cross-multiplying one) 33x 5 300 → 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 300 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 '9 x5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 33 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With no calculator, 9 is a good estimate. Therefore, 3 is about 9% of 33. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The shortcut on this problem was to see that 5 , and using 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 33 11 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 fraction-decimal conversions, 5 0.09 5 9%. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 65 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Those are the user-friendly percent questions. Percent increase and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decrease problems are a tad bit trickier. With these problems, the critical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point to remember is that any increase or decrease is relative to the original 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 value (what is increasing or decreasing). You need to use the original value 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 if you are trying to find the percent change. Suppose a problem tells you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that a certain stock started the year priced at $40/share and ended the year 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 at $56/share. What was the percentage change? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This percentage change is relative to the original value of $40/share. To 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find the percentage change, you find how much the stock price changed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 $16 share 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ($16/share) and divide it by the original value, 5 5 0.4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 $40 share 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 40%. Since the change was an increase, the stock price increased 40%. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The same method would be used to find a percentage decrease. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You might see a percentage change problem like this but be given the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 percentage change and the final value of the item and asked to find the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 original value. In that case, you are doing the same problem you just did in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reverse. Here is the formula you can use to solve either kind of problem, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 |x 2 y| 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 z, where x is the original value, y is the second value, and z is the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 percentage change. (If the lines around the numerator are like alien 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scribblings to you, look forward to the section on absolute value for an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 explanation of them.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The price of a house increased 15%, and then decreased 20%. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Compared to the original price, the final price was 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. an 8% decrease. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. a 5% decrease. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. the same. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. a 3% increase. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 E. a 5% increase. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choices (B) and (E) are the big traps here. It seems so inviting to just add 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 or subtract percentages together, but this is almost always wrong. This is 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because the two percents are often reflections of different numerical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 values. In other words, you could add 50% of 100 and 25% of 100 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 together only because they have the same base value, 100. But you can’t 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just add up 50% of 2 and 25% of 100 because these are percentages of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different numbers, 2 and 100. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There’s a simple trick that makes this kind of problem a lot easier. If you’re 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not told what the original price of the house is, pick a value and work the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem with it. You want to make things easy, so don’t pick a tough 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number like 17.53. Using the value of 100 is a much better choice, as this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes the first percent change easy to figure. A 15% increase on 100 is 15, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and so after the first increase the price of the house is 115. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You now have to calculate a 20% decrease on a house valued at 115. If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you recall those fraction-decimal conversions on page 57, 20% 5 0.20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 . Therefore, to find the value of the 20% decrease, multiply 115 by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 115 115 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 one fifth, 3 5 5 23. The price of the house decreased 23 from 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 1 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 115, which means the final value of the house is 92(115 2 23). What is the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 percentage change from 100 to 92? It’s an 8% decrease, choice (A). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ratios, Where You Can Compare Apples to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Oranges 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ratio problems on standardized tests are like affable guests on a talk 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 show: They make a lot of appearances. Ratios can be tested in lots of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different kinds of problems, which is one reason for their common 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 occurrence. You might see ratios in a word problem or a probability 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem, or maybe in just a straightforward ratio problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ratios are a fancy way of writing fractions. There are a couple of different 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 forms of ratios that you might see on a test, but they are all equivalent to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 each other and they are also all equivalent to the fractional form of the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ratio. In a word problem, a ratio would look like this: “9 bananas were 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 sold for every 4 apples that were sold.” The ratio of bananas to apples sold 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is 9 to 4, or 9:4. These three expressions are equivalent, and they are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equivalent to the fraction (the first number in the ratio is the numerator 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the second the denominator). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 From a precise mathematical standpoint, ratios and fractions are not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 completely interchangeable. However, the precise distinction between 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ratios and fractions is not relevant for the GRE, so don’t sweat it. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Like fractions, ratios can be reduced to lowest terms. If the ratio had been 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 “9 bananas sold for every 3 apples,” the ratio would be 9:3 or 3:1. These 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ratios are the same, just as is the same thing as . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 3 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Since you can compare fractions and say that one is greater than another, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can do the same thing with ratios. For instance, which ratio is greater, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 4:3 or 5:4? Convert both to fractions and compare. Is greater or smaller 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 67 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than ? It is greater because a third is greater than a fourth (bigger 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 denominator means smaller value, just like earlier), and four thirds is a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 third greater than one, while five fourths is a fourth greater than one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B Column A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before 4 girls entered the class, there were 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18 boys and 16 girls in the fourth grade 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 class at Santiago Elementary School. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The final ratio of The original ratio of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 girls to boys in boys to girls in 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the class the class 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 First, you know that you can determine the two ratios, which means you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can compare them. Since there will be a definite relationship between 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A and Column B, choice (D) is out. The original ratio of boys to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 18 9 20 10 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 girls is 18:16 or 5 . The final ratio of girls to boys is 20:18 or 5 . 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16 8 18 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A is one eighth greater than one, and Column B is one ninth 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greater than one, so (A) is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Absolute Value (not a vodka-related concept) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Do you remember the number line on page 50 of this chapter? The concept 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of absolute value is related to the number line. The absolute value of a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 number is how many numbers (how far) it is away from zero on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number line. 214 is 14 numbers away from zero on the number line, so the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 absolute value of 214 is 14. Of course, the powers-that-be came up with a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cute little way to denote absolute value. For our example, it’s like this: 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 |214| 5 14. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Algebra 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The word algebra usually conjures up memories of numbers and letters 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mashed together in strings like “9y 1 3x 5 2 .” In simplest terms, algebra 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 uses placeholders, called variables, as substitutes for a known value. Using 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 variables in this manner often allows someone to set up an equation and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then solve this equation to find the actual value of the variable. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Setting up equations with variables and manipulating these equations are 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 standard fare for all standardized math tests, and the GRE is no exception. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Problems filled with variables will be easily recognizable algebra prob- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lems, but these are not the only ones you will encounter. On others, the key 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will be to create the correct equation on your own, although this might not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 68 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be the most obvious step required. The end point is that you should get 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comfortable with the idea of using variables and making equations, since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this is yet another tool you can use to crack open and solve GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Quantitative questions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Many algebra problems have a geometry component, and others are filled 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the sort of math jargon you just finished studying. As you work 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 through the rest of this chapter, you will see how a firm foundation of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arithmetic aids you on all types of problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Equations 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Equations are like sentences written in math. Unlike sentences written in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 English, sentences written in math always follow the same form and rules: 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. There is stuff on the right side of the equation, and it equals the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stuff on the left side of the equation. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. If you do something to the right side, you have to do the exact 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same thing to the left side, and vice versa. (That is how you can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 keep the equal sign between them. If you do the same thing to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 each side, they remain equal.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. It doesn’t matter what you do to one side, so long as you follow 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Rule #2. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Burn Rules #2 and #3 into your head, since you’ll often be given an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation to start with and asked to do something to it. Anything’s fair 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 game—multiplying, dividing, raising to a power, cubing the root, adding 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 43,000,000,000—so long as it’s done to both sides. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If 3x 2 12 5 33, then what does x equal? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 This is a simple equation. To find out what x equals, you need to get x all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 by itself on one side of the equation. The variable x will then equal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 everything on the other side of the equation. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 2 12 5 33 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 2 12 1 12 5 33 1 12 By adding twelve to both sides, we can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get rid of the 212 on the left side. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 5 45 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dividing both sides by three will get rid 3x 4 3 5 45 4 3 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the 3 in front of the x. x 5 15 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There you have it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 69 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
70
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Notice that in the example there was only one equation and one variable. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The next step up is a problem where you are given two equations and two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unknowns. It’s all still good, because if you have two equations you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 solve for two unknowns. It just takes a little bit longer. (The general math 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rule is that you can solve for as many unknowns as you have distinct 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equations.) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If 4x 1 3y 5 13 and x 1 2y 5 2, then what is the value of 27xy? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 224 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 B. 24 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 21 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are two different ways to try to solve this problem. The first way is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the “solve and plug.” You solve for one variable in one equation and then 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 plug it into the other equation. It looks like this: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (Plug this in for x in the other x 1 2y 5 2 → x 5 2 2 2y 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (Now we have one equation with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4~2 2 2y! 1 3y 5 13 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one unknown, so we can solve 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for y.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 8 2 8y 1 3y 5 13 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25y 5 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (We can take this information and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y 5 21 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plug it back into our equation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 2 2 2y 2 1 with x.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 2 2(21) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 54 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Once you have the values for both variables, you can determine what 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27xy equals. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7xy 5 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7~4!~21! 5 228 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That was the first way. The second way is a little more inventive and can be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quicker. To do it, you want to make the coefficients of one of the variables 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the same in both equations. Then you can subtract one equation from the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 other and so eliminate one of the variables. In our example, it is easiest to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 make both of the x’s have a coefficient of 4. You can get this by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiplying the second equation by 4: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 2y 5 2 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 4~x 1 2y! 5 4~2! → Rule #2 at work! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 2y 5 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Line the two equations up and subtract one from the other: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 3y 5 13 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 4x 1 8y 5 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25y 5 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y 5 21 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Plugging this back in, you will find that x 5 4. As you would hope, this is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the same result that we got doing the problem the first way. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 More Complicated Equations 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Equations on the GRE don’t get much more complicated than the previous 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 ones. There are, however, quadratic equations occasionally lurking around 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the test. These sound intimidating, but if you got through high school 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algebra, you have already mastered these imps once. You’ll just need a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 little refresher so you can master them again. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A quadratic equation means that one variable will be raised to a power like 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this, x2. In order to solve these buggers, you often have to factor. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Factor Refresher 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ab 1 ac 5 a b 1 c ~ ! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~a 1 b!~c 1 d!5 ac 1 ad 1 bc 1 bd 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 1 2ab 1 b 5 ~a 1 b! 2 1 2 2 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 2ab 1 b 5 ~a 2 b! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 b 5 a 2 b a 1 b ~ !~ ! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 71 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
72
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Think back, way back, to Algebra I. You might recall the memory aid 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 called “FOIL.” FOIL is used when you are multiplying two groups of two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 variables that look like this: (a 1 b)(c 1 d). The expression stands for, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 “First, Outside, Inside, Last.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You multiply the First terms (a 3 c), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Outside terms (a 3 d), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Inside terms (b 3 c), 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Last terms (b 3 d), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and then you add them all together. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you are asked to “expand”—that’s the term often used—the expression, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just follow FOIL: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~2x 1 3!~x 2 4! 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2x 2 8x 1 3x2 12 5 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x2 2 5x 2 12 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Factoring is the reverse of FOIL. Factoring is when you make the math 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expression have parentheses instead of the other way around, so you take 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something like 2x2 2 5x 2 12 and must factor it into two parentheses like 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the (2x 1 3)(x 2 4) you started with above. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Factoring is 2often not as straightforward as doing FOIL. Let’s use the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expression x 2 2x 2 15 as an example of what needs to be factored. First, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 if there is no coefficient in front of the squared term—x2 in our 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example—then you can put an x in the first place of each parentheses, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (x )(x ). Next, notice that the 15 has a minus in front of it. This 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 could only be the case if one of the last terms in the parentheses is negative 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the other last term is positive, which means (x 1 )(x 2 ). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The product of the last two terms is 15. What factors give fifteen? 1 3 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 3 3 5 answers this problem. One of these factored pairs is the one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 needed to complete the parentheses, but figuring out which one is correct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can take some trial and error. The difference between the factors must be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since that is the coefficient of the x-term, so 3 3 5 has to be what goes in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the blanks of our parentheses. But which goes where? Since the x-term is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 negative (22), the larger number, 5, should go in front of the minus sign. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This gives us (x 1 3)(x 2 5). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Note
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can always check to see if you have factored correctly by FOILing to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 see if you get what you started with: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 x 1 3!~x 2 5! 5 x 2 5x 1 3x 2 15 5 x 2 2x 2 15 ~ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You want to be comfortable using FOIL and factoring, since many 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems will require these math operations. If this one example of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 factoring didn’t get all those old factoring juices flowing, then it is a good 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 idea to play around with factoring to get more comfortable with it. Make 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up a few expressions like (x 2 5)(x 2 2) or (x 1 8)(x 1 2), expand them, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and then factor them. With practice, factoring can become as straightfor- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ward as expanding. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 Column A Column B 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c is a positive integer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 1 2c c 2 4 2 c 2 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you see a problem like this, you should immediately suspect that you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can factor these two expressions and then compare them directly. The GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 isn’t going to give a problem where the only way to solve it is just plug in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers randomly; that’s just not how it’s designed. Column A is one of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 classic factors from the chart, although you may have to look hard to see 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 a2 2 b2 5 (a 2 b)(a 1 b). It’s there, though, and c2 2 4 5 (c 1 2)(c 2 2). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Keep these results in mind when factoring Column B. You should be on the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 look out for a (c 1 2) or a (c 2 2) since that would make it easier to directly 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compare Column A and B. In factoring Column B, the first terms can only 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be: (2c )(c ). If you don’t see that, play with the numbers and it 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should become clear. Since there is a negative sign in front of the 6, there 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 must be one plus and one minus sign in the parentheses. The factor pairs of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 are 1 3 6 and 2 3 3. Since the middle c-term has a coefficient of one, 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 3 are probably our factors, but with the 2 in front of the first c, we 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can’t be sure. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Play with the numbers to see if 2 and 3 can make it work. After some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unavoidable trial and error, you should hit upon (2c 1 3)(c 2 2). Since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 both columns have a (c 2 2) term in them, you can disregard that term in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 each column and focus on the other terms. You are now left comparing (c 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2) and (2c 1 3). Since c is a positive integer, it seems likely that (2c 1 3) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 is greater, but plug in a few numbers to confirm this if you aren’t sure. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Make sure to plug in c 5 1, since 1 is the lowest positive integer and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 therefore the most likely candidate for making (A) greater or equal to (B). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It turns out that (B) is always greater than (A), so the correct answer is (B). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 73
Part III: Section Review
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Note
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When factoring quadratic equations, the first thing to be done is to get all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the numbers and variables on one side and have the other side of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation equal zero. Suppose you were given the equation x2 1 x 2 6 5 6, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 and asked to determine the value(s) of x. The first step is: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 x 1x2656→ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 x 2 6 2 6 5 6 2 6 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 x 2 12 5 0 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There is a good reason why you do this, but you don’t need to know it 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because GRE math tests the how’s and not the why’s of algebra. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now it’s time to factor, and with some work you will get: x2 1 x 2 12 5 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (x 1 4)(x 2 3). To determine the value(s) of x, look at the two sets of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 parentheses and remember that any number multiplied by zero is zero. You 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can deduce that either (x 1 4) 5 0 or (x 2 3) 5 0 equals zero, although at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this point you don’t know which. When you are dealing with quadratic 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equations (equations that have squared terms in them), there will often be 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two answers. In this example, x equals 24 or 3. Keep the “two answers are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correct” point in mind when you see quadratic equations, since that’s the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 kind of funky math knowledge that the test-makers love to test. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 3x 1 11x 1 6 2 1 If 2 5 0, then x 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 6x 1 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 A. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 21 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As always, don’t be intimidated by how complicated that algebra 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 expression looks. If you see something like this, you should know that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 winning strategy on this type of problem is to find a way to simplify it. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 denominator looks less intricate, so let’s start there: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 x 1 6x 1 9 5 (x 1 3)(x 1 3) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It is a good bet that in factoring the numerator, you will find a (x 1 3) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 term. Start with that premise and see where it leads you: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x2 1 11x 1 6 5 (x 1 3)(3x 1 2) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There it is. It’s not a coincidence, either. Putting it all together, you have: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3x 1 11x 1 6 ~x 1 3!~3x 1 2! ~3x 1 2! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 50 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 x 1 3 x 1 3 x 1 3 x 1 6x 1 9 ~ !~ ! ~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Remember that a fraction equals zero if the numerator equals zero, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 , which is the correct answer, choice (A). (3x 1 2) 5 0 if x 5 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Not Equations But Inequalities 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Inequalities are like equations except that there is not an equal sign between 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the left and right side. Instead you might find one of the following: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Various Inequality Signs 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Þ not equal to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 , less than 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ≤ less than or equal to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . greater than 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ≥ greater than or equal to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If 4x 1 2 , 12, then 4x 1 2 is less than 12. If you needed to solve for x in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this inequality, the rules are the same as for equations. Whatever you do to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one side, you have to do to the other. For example: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 2 , 12 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 2 2 2 , 12 2 2 → 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 4x , 10 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 4 4 , 10 4 4 → 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There is one caveat to working with inequalities. If you multiply or divide 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 by a negative number, the direction of the inequality sign switches. Freaky, 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eh? Suppose you need to solve the inequality 4 1 2g . 8 2 4g. First, collect 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 all the g’s on one side: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 1 2g . 8 2 4g → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 8 1 2g 2 2 g . 8 2 8 2 4 g 2 2 g → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 4 . 2 6g 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 75
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Divide each side by 26 and remember to switch the inequality. You get 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 , g. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B Column A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10 . 2 2x 1 3 . 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 23 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 If 10 . 22x 1 3 . 4 looks a little overwhelming, just think of it as two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 separate inequalities (10 . 22x 13 and 22x 1 3 . 4) and solve them 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 separately. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22x 1 3 . 4 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22x 1 3 2 3 . 4 2 3 → 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22x . 1 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22x 4 22 . 1 4 22 → 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x,2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10 . 22x 1 3 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10 2 3 . 22x 1 3 2 3 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 . 22x → 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 4 22 . 22x 4 22 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 ,x 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Column B is an actual number, 23. As for Column A, all you know is that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x is between negative seven halves (23.5) and negative one and one half. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 This means that x could be smaller than, equal to, or greater than 23, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 depending on where it is within its range. The correct answer is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1A Statistics Excursus (Look It Up!) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The next three statistical concepts are kind of like the Marx Brothers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are three main ones, and then another that’s sort of the Zeppo of the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bunch. Some combination of mean, median, and mode will make an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 appearance on your GRE math section. Test-makers like to make 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 questions using these statistical concepts because they test your ability to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 apply a concept to a math scenario. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Statistics Refresher 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arithmetic mean, mean, or sum of numbers divided by the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 average number of items in set 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 median middle number when set is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lined up in numerical order 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mode number that appears most often 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in a set 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 range difference between the greatest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and smallest values in set 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To compare all the terms, consider the number set, {14, 12, 8, 15, 5, 8}. To 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 determine the mean, you add up the numbers in the set (14 1 12 1 8 1 15 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 5 1 8 5 62), then divide the sum by number of items in set. There are six 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 62 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 items, or numbers, total, so 5 10 . This is the average mean of the set. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 3 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When people use the word average in everyday speech, they are referring 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to mean. But there are two other ways to find what can be considered an 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average of a group and these are median and mode. To find the median, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you must first line up the numbers in numerical order, {5, 8, 8, 12, 14, 15}. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You then pick the one in the middle, and that’s the median. This works 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quickly if there is an odd number of items in the set, but it takes a teensy bit 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 of work if there is an even number of items in the set. If that’s the case, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there is not one single number in the middle. Instead, there are two in the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 middle, 8 and 12. To find the median of this set, you must find the mean of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 1 12 20 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the two middle numbers. 5 5 10. The median of this group of 2 2 1 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers is 10, even though 10 is not one of the numbers listed in the set. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The mode of a set is the number that appears most often. It is 8 for the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number set in question, since this is the only number that occurs more than 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 once. To find the range (the Zeppo of this group), you subtract the smallest 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number from the greatest number, 15 2 5 5 10. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The test, though, won’t ask you questions as easy as, “What is the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average?” It will expect you to be able to find these different values and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then work a problem from there. For example, with the number set above, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you might be asked a QC question like: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 {14, 12, 8, 15, 5, 8} 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The median of The range of the set 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the set 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 77
Part III: Section Review
78
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You have already found the value of 10 for both these concepts, so the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer to this question would be (C). This problem is easy for anyone 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 knowledgeable with the terms, but to someone who doesn’t know what is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 being asked, it would be time for a one-in-four guess. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Gina has received the following four scores on tests: 87, 92, 90, and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 85. If after a fifth test Gina’s test average was 91, what was her 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 score on the fifth test? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 85 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 B. 88 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 95 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 98 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 101 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are two ways to attack this problem. The first is to set up an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation using the average formula and place a variable for the unknown 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 fifth test score, 87 1 92 1 90 1 85 1 x 5 91. You then solve for x. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 second way of attack is to take the likely answer choices and use them as 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the fifth test score and see if the set averages to 91. With a little mental 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 work, you can guess that neither 85 nor 88 is the correct answer since the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fifth test will need to be above 91 to bring the average up to that. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Proceeding with this approach, you should start with 98, the middle of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 three remaining numbers. This way, if 98 is not the answer, you should be 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 able to figure out what the right answer is. Placing 98 as the fifth score, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you get 87 1 92 1 90 1 85 1 98 5 452. However, since 91 3 5 5 455, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you know this answer choice is 3 points too low. You need a higher score, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one preferably higher by three points. Looking at your answer choices, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there is only one possible choice that’s higher, choice (E). It’s the correct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This approach might seem unconventional or non-mathy, but that’s good. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You don’t want to limit yourself to a single method for all problems. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more creative you get in approaching problems, the more flexibility you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 give yourself to find the right answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1Word Problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A train leaves Pittsburgh at 12 p.m. (EST) traveling due east at a speed of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 45 mph. A second train leaves San Francisco at 2 p.m. (PST) traveling at 50 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 mph heading due north. When will the two trains cross paths? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Alert!
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The trains will never meet. The Pittsburgh locomotive will soon run into 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the Atlantic Ocean, while the San Fran train will take a while before 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sliding off into the Pacific. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Admittedly, you probably won’t see that word problem on test day, but it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does illustrate that word problems are questions that contain a set of math 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conditions in written form. Many word problems on the GRE involve 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 converting a statement in English into an algebra equation, and then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 solving the equation for the desired variable. Suppose you are told that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two doughnuts and three coffees cost $2.70 at the local bakery. At the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same bakery, 2 doughnuts and a coffee cost $1.50. You can translate the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first sentence into algebra like this: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 doughnuts 1 3 coffees 5 $2.70 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2d 1 3c 5 $2.70 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With this one equation, you don’t have enough information to determine 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 how much a coffee or a doughnut costs. But if you translate the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 statement into an equation, then you will have two unknowns and two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equations. This will give you the same set-up as seen on page 70 earlier, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 when you solve for two variables using two equations. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The second equation is 2d 1 c 5 $1.50. If you subtract the second 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation from the first, the 2d terms cancels out and you are left with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2c 5 $1.20 → c 5 $0.60. Plugging in the price for coffee into the second 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation, you can solve for d, which is 0.45. Ta da! You used algebra to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decipher a word problem and then manipulated two equations to find the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 values of two unknown variables. You’ll be an expert GRE mathematician 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yet! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The key to translating English into algebra is to do it piece by piece. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Suppose a question states, “The difference between Tom and John’s age is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13, and Tom is older.” The term difference means you are subtracting, and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the word is means “equals,” so our translation would be T 2 J 5 13 (it is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 T minus J because T is older). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are a number of key words and phrases often used when translating 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 English to algebra, as you can see from the chart on the next page. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 79 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
80
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Translation Key 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If You See This Do This 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 sum, plus, added to, combined with, greater Add 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than, increased by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 difference between, minus, subtracted from, Subtract 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 less than, reduced by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 product, times, multiplied by, twice, doubled, Multiply 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 half 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quotient, divided by, per, ratio of blank to Divide 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 blank, out of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equals, will be, was, is the same as, costs, Equals 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adds up to, results in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A mixture of 14 ounces of water and oil is 50% water (by weight). 2 1 How many ounces of oil must be added to the mixture to produce a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 new mixture that is only 25% water? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 14 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 16 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 20 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 E. 28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is a little tricky, so we have a little unpacking to do. In the first 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mixture, 50% of the 14 ounces is water, which we could represent by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14~0.5! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 0.5. The numerator is the number of ounces of water, and the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 denominator is the total number of ounces. That might seem obvious, but 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 it is helpful for being able to write down the second mixture, which is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 going to have ounces of oil added to it (added to the denominator in this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 case) until the percentage equals 0.25. This can be written down as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14 0.5 ~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 0.25. All that remains is to solve for x, which after some 2 1 14 1 x 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 working will get you x 5 14, choice (B). The alternate way to do this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem is to start with the answer choices and work backward. Always 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 start with the middle value so that if it does not yield the right answer, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will know if you need to go higher or lower (and so eliminate the answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices in the opposite direction). If you add 16 ounces of oil, then you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 will have a total of 30 ounces with 7 ounces of water. That is a little under 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25% water, so 16 is a little too much to add. 14 then would be a good 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 guess if you are crunched for time. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Geometry 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Fortunately, there will be no proofs and no mention of Euclid in the GRE, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so you won’t have to revisit those painful experiences from high school. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There is a limited set of basic geometry that you will be expected to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 understand and apply to solve problems, so the first order of business is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the review of this material. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1Lines and Angles 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It doesn’t get much more basic than the line. Most of the geometric figures 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that you see on test day will be composed of lines or segments of lines, with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circles being the major exception. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The test will use the notation AB sometimes to refer to the line segment 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 AB. This notation will also refer to the length of the line segment AB. You 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will be able to tell from the context which is intended. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The angle is one step up in complexity. It will include at least two lines. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When two lines intersect as in the above figure, the angles across from each 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other are called vertical angles, and they are equal (so a° 5 c° and b° 5 d°). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The sum of the four angles is 360 degrees, while the sum of any of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles adjacent to each other is 180 degrees ( a° 1 b° or d° 1 c°, for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 example). The adjacent angles sum to 180 degrees because two adjacent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles in our example define the angle measure of a straight line, and the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 measure of a straight line is 180 degrees. If a° 5 90, then you could deduce 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that all four of the angles are 90 degrees because if a° 5 90 then c° 5 90, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and if c° 5 90 then d° 5 90 because d and c must sum to 180 degrees, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so on around the diagram. Ninety-degree angles also go by the special 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 name of right angles. They have a special symbol as well, the . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Angles that add up to 180 degrees are called supplementary angles. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Angles that add up to 90 degrees are called complementary angles. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 81 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
82
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If two lines intersect and the angles formed by their intersection are right 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles, the lines are said to be perpendicular. In our example, if the angles 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are right angles then l1 is perpendicular to l2, which is denoted as l1 ⊥ l2. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Two lines can have one other kind of special relationship, which is known 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as parallel and denoted by two close-together straight lines such as l1 i l2. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Like train tracks, parallel lines never intersect. Two parallel lines are not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 that interesting, but if you cross two parallel lines with a third line, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hoo boy! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since they are vertical angles, 1 equals 4, 2 equals 3, 5 equals 8, and 6 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equals 7. Also, angles 2 and 4, 1 and 3, 5 and 6, 5 and 7, and a host of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 others are all supplementary angles. That’s just the start. Alternate interior 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 angles are also equal. To unpack that term, consider that interior refers to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an angle on the inside (3, 4, 5, 6) of the parallel lines. Alternate means the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles that are on different sides of the non-parallel line (3 and 6, 4 and 5). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So 3 5 6 and 4 5 5. Notice this means we can deduce a lot more about the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 relationships of the different angles (1 5 8, 2 5 7). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 l1 i l2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 This looks a little different than the figure we were just working with, but 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 if you rotate it ninety degrees, you can see that it is basically the same. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b 5 90 because it and the right angle must sum to 180 (supplementary 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles). At this point there are two ways to get the answer. You could 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reason, “Two lines that are parallel will intersect a third line at the same 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angle, which would mean that a is a right angle.” If you didn’t see that, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t worry, since there is another way to get the answer. b is equal to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angle across from it (vertical angles), and so b is also equal to the angle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 across from a (alternate interior angles). So a and b are equal since they are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equal to the same angle. The correct answer is (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Triangles 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Triangles are tri-angled geometric figures that have three angles and three 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sides. There are many different kinds of triangles that all have different 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 names, but we don’t need to concern ourselves with those here. The GRE 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will test some general principles about triangles and will also focus on a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 few special kinds of triangles. The wisest course of action is to review these 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 general principles and then get really familiar with the triangles that are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE’s favorites. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A rule that holds true for all triangles is that the three angles sum to 180 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 degrees. This means that if you know two angles of a triangle, then you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find the third. So if a triangle has two angles that are equal and third angle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is 50 degrees, what is the measure of the other two angles? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To answer this, let’s go back in this chapter and employ some algebra. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Calling the two equal angles x, you get 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x 1 50 5 180 → 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x 1 50 2 50 5 180 2 50 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x 5 130 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x 4 2 5 130 4 2 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 x 5 65 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Another general rule for triangles—referenced earlier in the book—is that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 any two sides of a triangle must be longer than the third side. Otherwise, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the sides would not meet. You might need this information on a QC where 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one column is the length of the longest side of the triangle and the other 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 column is the maximum length of the other shorter sides combined. In that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 case, the other two sides must be longer for the figure to actually be a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Another principle that holds for all triangles is the formula for the area of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a triangle, A 5 ~base!~height!. Using this formula would be simple if you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 knew what the base and height of the triangle are, but most problems 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 aren’t going to tell you that directly. To find them, you must know that the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 height is the measure of any line segment that begins at one of the vertices 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and ends at the opposite side, forming a right angle with that side, and that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 83 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
84
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the base is the length of the line that the height forms the right angle with. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Look at this figure if that explanation didn’t clear everything up for you. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One thing to keep in mind is that the base and the height of a triangle are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not fixed values. In the figure above, we could have drawn a line from ∠C 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 and perpendicular with AB. In that case, the height would be the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perpendicular line going from ∠C to AB, and the base would be AB. To 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decide what to make the height and what to make the base, follow this rule 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of thumb: find the base and height wherever it is easiest. Generally it is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 harder to find the height—unless you can draw the height so that it is one 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the triangle sides—so approach an area problem looking for the easiest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 way to find the height. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sometimes you have to get really creative in finding the height of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 triangle. That is what the figure above shows. The height doesn’t have to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be a line inside the triangle. The height is the length of the line from one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angle to its opposite side if that line is perpendicular to the opposite side. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What is the area of the above figure? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 8 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With the triangle-ometry that we have covered thus far, there is only one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way to pick the height and base so that you can solve this problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 You can pick one of the sides to be the height since it forms a right angle 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the side it intersects. So A 5 ~3!~4! 5 6. Therefore, the correct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer is (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Special Triangles 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The important thing about special triangles is that the GRE likes to use 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 them. When one pops up on the test, you need to be able to identify it and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then use its special properties to solve the problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The first kind of special triangle to discuss is usually pretty easy to spot. A 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 right triangle is a triangle that has one 90-degree angle in it. Visually, this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angle might be denoted by one of those box symbols in it. Recalling that all 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 three angles in a triangle always equal 180, you know that in a right 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle, the other two angles always sum to 90. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Pythagorean theorem is a special equation that only applies to right 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangles. Call it the “Big P,” and its equation is a 1 b 5 c , where c is the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 length of the side opposite the right angle (called the hypotenuse by the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 math establishment) and a and b are the lengths of the other two sides. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With this equation, if you know two sides of a right triangle, you can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 always find the third. That is a basic move the test will expect you to be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 able to make. A problem won’t be that easy, but that will be one necessary 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 step for solving a problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Area of DABC Area of DDEF 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 To answer this question, you need to be able to determine the base and the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 height of each of the triangles. Can you do that? You can with the right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle, but you can’t with DDEF. Choice (D) is the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 85 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
86
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A second kind of special triangle is the isosceles triangle. It has a funny 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 name but a simple meaning: Two of the sides of the triangle are equal. A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem will either tell you that a triangle is isosceles and expect you to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 know what that means, or you might see a figure like this: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The lines through two of the sides of the triangle mean that those two sides 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 are equal. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now let’s think about triangles for a second. If one angle of a triangle is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 large—say 120 degrees—will the side opposite that angle be large or small 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in comparison to the other angles? Draw out a triangle with this angle. The 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 side opposite the big angle will be big in comparison to the other sides. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 converse is also true. The side opposite the small angle will be small in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comparison to the other sides. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With these illustrations, you can see that the size of an angle in a triangle is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 related to the length of the side opposite that angle. Again, the converse is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 true; the length of a side of a triangle is related to the size of the angle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 opposite it. Now think about an isosceles triangle, where two sides are the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same length. Since the sides are equal, the angles opposite those sides are 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 also equal. In the isosceles triangle above, ∠A 5 ∠B. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A wrinkle on the isosceles triangle is the right isosceles triangle. It’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nothing more than a right triangle with two sides that are equal. You know 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 one angle equals 90 degrees, and that the other two sum to 90 degrees. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since you also know the other two angles are equal, it can be stated 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 algebraically that 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 x 5 90 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x 5 90 Here, x is the angle for the two equal sides. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 45 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The other two angles are 45 degrees. If the right triangle is a special 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle, then the 45-45-90 triangle is a “super special” triangle because it 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is a special kind of right triangle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Note
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As you can see, the relationships between the sides and angles of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 45-45-90 triangle are all nailed down. The test-makers like this feature of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the triangle because they figure that if they give you enough information to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 identify a triangle as a 45-45-90 triangle, you should be able to determine 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 most everything about that triangle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you want to know how the side ratios are determined, just use the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Pythagorean theorem on the 45-45-90. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 If a 5 c, then x 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. =3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. =5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. =6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is a busy little diagram, but you’ll get some of those. If your test radar 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 is working, you should suspect that there is a special triangle in here 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 somewhere. Notice that b must be 90 for the angles in the top triangle to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sum to 180 degrees, and since a 5 c, they both must be 45 because a 1 b 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c 5 180° (it is a straight line). This means that the triangle on the right is a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 45-45-90 triangle, and since we know the length of one side we can find 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the length of all sides, including x, which is: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 (length of one side of the 45-45-90 triangle)(=2) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 3 2 5 6 or choice (D) = = = 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 87 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
88
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The next kind of super special triangle is the 30-60-90 triangle. There is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not a special name for it, but they appear on the test with great frequency 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for the same reason that the 45-45-90 triangle does. You are expected to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 identify the 30-60-90 triangle and then use its properties to solve 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Call the smallest side length x. This will be the side opposite the 30-degree 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angle. The side opposite the 60-degree angle is x 3, and the length of the = 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hypotenuse is always 2x. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The equilateral triangle, the triangle whose sides are equal, is related to the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 30-60-90 triangle. An equilateral triangle is like two 30-60-90 triangles 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 back-to-back. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since the sides of an equilateral triangle are all equal, what must the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship of the angles be? Equal. This means that 3 sides 5 180. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3s 5 180 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 s 5 60 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For every equilateral triangle, each angle is 60 degrees. The lengths of all 3 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sides in an equilateral triangle are of equal lengths. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 There are two other special right triangles that appear regularly on the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE. Both are defined by the relationships of the sides. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you recognize one of these triangles in a problem, and you know two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sides of the triangle, you can simply read off the length of the third side. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If y 5 3, then x 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 A. 21 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 0 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you see the 30-degree angle, you should immediately start looking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to see if you have 30-60-90 triangle. The top triangle is a right triangle 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 since the bottom right angle is vertical with the right angle. This means the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 top triangle is a 30-60-90 triangle. So 2(x 1 y) 5 6, which means that if y 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 3 then x 5 0. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Triangles: Similar and Congruent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you say that a Cheeto looks similar to an orange caterpillar, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probably aren’t using an exact definition of similar. When mathematicians 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 use the term similar, they are being much more precise. To a mathemati- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 cian, two triangles are similar if all corresponding angles are equal and all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 corresponding sides are proportional. Similar triangles look the same, but 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one can be bigger than the other. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Triangle M has sides that are three times as large as triangle N, but all 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles are equal. It doesn’t matter that triangle N is flipped around in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relation to M. Since the angles are equal and the sides proportional, the 2 2 1 two triangles are congruent. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you were to increase the size of triangle N’s sides by a factor of 3, then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you would have two triangles with equal sides and angles. This is the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 definition of congruent triangles. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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Note
90
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Other Polygons 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Polygon is the fancy geometric word for shapes that have three or more 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sides. Lots of shapes are polygons like triangles, squares, pentagons, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 octagons, to name just a few. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The one general rule to remember about polygons comes in the form of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 formula. The interior angles of an n-sided polygon sum to (n 2 2)(180). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can try this formula out on a triangle and get (3 2 2)(180) 5 180. This 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 restates the old “all three angles of a triangle sum to 180” rule that should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be hammered about halfway into your skull by now. You don’t need the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (n 2 2)(180) formula to find out the sum of the interior angles of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 triangle, but you might need it if you need to find the sum of the interior 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles of a hexagon. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The rectangle is a polygon. It has four sides, so the sum of its interior 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles must be (4 2 2)(180) 5 360. There are two important properties of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rectangle: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 1. All interior angles are 90 degrees. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Note that only opposite sides of a rectangle need to be equal in length. If all 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 sides of a rectangle are equal, you have the figure known as a square. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The perimeter of a rectangle can be found by the formula P 5 2(l 1 w) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and its area is A 5 l 3 w. For a square, the equations are pretty basic: 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 P 5 4s and A 5 s2. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the figure above, ACDF is a rectangle, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and ABEF and BCDE are squares. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 32 Area of ACDF 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 You have to find the area of ACDF to compare the two columns, which 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means you need to find the length and the width of the rectangle. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diagonal in the square bisects two right angles, creating your new friend the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 45-45-90 triangle. This makes =32 the hypotenuse. From this, you can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 32 = 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 =16 5 4. Line segment EF 2 2 1 read off the side length of the square, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 = 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 4, as does ED, AF, AB, BC, and BE. This makes the length of the rect2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angle 8 (4 1 4), while the width the rectangle is 4. Placing these values into 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the formula for the area of a rectangle gives you 4 3 8 5 32. Choice (C) is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The parallelogram and the trapezoid are two other 4-sided polygons to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 know. A parallelogram, like a rectangle, has opposite sides that are parallel 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equal. Unlike a rectangle, the interior angles of parallelograms are not 2 1 and right angles. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal and they 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sum to 360, which makes sense if you remember that n-sided polygon 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 formula. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The area of a parallelogram is the base times the height. These values are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 determined similarly to the way you determine the base and height of a 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle. Pick the base, then draw a line perpendicular to it that intersects 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the side across from it. That line is the height. The one difference is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that the height of a parallelogram doesn’t have to intersect with an angle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 As you can see, trapezoids do not have equal opposite sides or angles. In 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fact, to be a trapezoid, all you need is 4 sides, where 2 of those sides are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 parallel. In the trapezoid shown, the top and bottom sides are parallel. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 91 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
92
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What is the area of the above figure? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 A. 20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 32 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 34 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 40 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 If you have no idea how to do this problem, you can at least eliminate 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices (A) and (B), since you know that this trapezoid will be bigger than 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a rectangle with length 7 and width 4. That’s because you can see how this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trapezoid is like a rectangle with length 7 and width 4 with a triangle 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attached to it. Viewing it this way is the key to the problem. To find the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 area of a trapezoid, first draw a dotted line to turn the trapezoid into a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rectangle and a triangle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 You can read off the third side of the triangle if you recognize that it is a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3-4-5 triangle. The area of the rectangle is 28, and the area of the triangle 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is 3 4 5 6. So the area of the trapezoid is 34, choice (D). You found ~ !~ ! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the answer, and you also saw a way in which special triangles can be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cropped and provide the key to a problem. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Circles 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For many, circles evoke ideas like elegance and eternity. Sadly, elegance is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not one of standards commonly tested on the GRE. Instead, the more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mundane properties of the circle are focused on, so any musings about 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eternity must take a back seat to the definition of circumference. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 O is called the center of the circle, and all the points along the edge of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 circle are the same distance from O. That distance, r, is called the radius. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The radius is any line that goes from the center to the edge of the circle. If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a line starts at the edge of the circle, runs through O, and continues on to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the opposite edge, it is called the diameter. By definition, every diameter is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 made up of two radii, so diameter 5 2(radius). Any line whose endpoints 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are on the edge of the circle is called a chord, like MN. The diameter is one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 particular chord. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you were to walk along the edge of a circle once, the distance you would 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have traveled is called the circumference. The circumference is like the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perimeter of a polygon except that you have to be a little more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sophisticated in calculating it because the circumference isn’t composed of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 straight lines. This is the beauty of the concept of pi, often shown by the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 symbol p. Mathematicians way back when came up with this concept, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 boy, does it help. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To dispel the mystery around it, p is simply defined as the circumference of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a circle divided by its diameter: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circumference 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 p 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diameter 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The neat thing about p is that its value remains constant regardless of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 size of the circle. The ancient mathematicians figured this value to be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3.14159 . . . and a bunch of other numbers, since pi goes on for a long, 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 long time. For our purposes, just remember that it is a little bigger than 3, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about 3.14. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 93 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 From the definition of p, you can determine the formula for circumfer- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ence: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circumference 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 p5 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diameter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 p5 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 d 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 d → p 3 d 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 d 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pd 5 c 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 p 3 diameter 5 circumference 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or c 5 pd for short. Remember that since the diameter is twice the radius, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can also state: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c 5 pd 5 2pr 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Let’s go back to that mythical walk around the circle. If you only walked 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 partway around the circle, the distance that you walked would be called an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arc of the circle. Imagine you walked from A through B to C in the figure 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 below: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This arc would be referred to as arc ABC, since it starts at A, goes through 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B, and ends at C. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The distance you walked is part of the circumference, but what part is it? 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To answer this, you must recall that there are 360 degrees in a circle. (If 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you think this is a foolish number, blame the Babylonians.) The angle of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the arc is 60 degrees, and since there are 360 degrees in a circle, the arc 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 60 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angle is one sixth of the degrees in the circle 5 . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 360 6 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The arc length will have the same relationship with the circumference as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the arc angle does with the total number of degrees in a circle. Therefore, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arcABC 5 c. All this can be encapsulated in a formula, the arc length 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 n 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2pr, where n is the measure of the arc angle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 360 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 The area of a circle is pr . This means that if you know the radius (or the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diameter) of a circle, you can find the area and the circumference of that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 circle. A common test question is to give enough information to find the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 radius of a circle and ask for the area or circumference of a circle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The area of a circle is py. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The diameter of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If this question is a mystery to you, you can at least reason that Column A 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will have a y in it. This means that the two columns will probably have a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definite relationship, so (D) is out. The trick is to make Column A look like 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something you can compare to Column B, which you can do if you figure 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 out what the diameter of the circle is: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Area of a circle 5 pr2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 py 5 pr → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 py 4 p 5 pr2 4 p → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y5r → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y5r = 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If that’s the radius, then the diameter is twice that, or d 5 2=y. Compare 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this with Column B after you sort it all out: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 1 2 2 y 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 5 y2 2 2 5 y2 5 =y 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 (A) is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 95 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you didn’t know that the y had to be positive since it is a distance, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would not know which column was greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A tangent to a circle is a line that has one point in common with a circle. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The figure below is an illustration of a circle and one tangent line. Notice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that the tangent line forms a right angle with the radius that shares a point 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with it. Tuck that fact away in your head because you might need it later. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Another word that might come up with circles or other shapes is inscribed. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 A polygon is inscribed (in-“scribed,” drawn in) in a circle if each of its 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vertices lies on the circle. A circle can also be inscribed in a polygon if each 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the polygon’s sides is tangent to the circle. Circumscribed is related to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inscribed in an antonym-like way. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Notice that when figures are inscribed and circumscribed, they share 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 certain features. With the circle inscribed above in the square, the diameter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the circle is also the length of one side of the square. These sort of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 overlapping features are what the GRE focuses on when there are multiple 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figures involved in a problem. Be aware of what features figures share 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because that often is the clue to the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The area of the above circle is 16p. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The area of the 6l 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rectangle 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Look at the features the two figures share. Notice that the diameter of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circle is the width of the rectangle. If you can find the diameter, you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compare the two columns: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A 5 pr 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 16p 5 pr 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16 5 r 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 r 5 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If the radius is 4, then the diameter is twice that, so d 5 8. The area of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rectangle is 8l, which means that (A) is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 One last point: Concentric circles have the same center but do not have the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same radius. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1Coordinate Geometry 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The above phrase refers to geometry done on a coordinate plane. When 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you see the following visual, you’ll either remember coordinate geometry 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or playing the game Battleship! as a child. “B . . . 4 . . . Miss!” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 A coordinate plane is just two number lines perpendicular to each other. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The one going up and down is called the y-axis, and the one going left and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 right is called the x-axis. Any point on the plane gets two coordinates, an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 97 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
98
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x one and a y one, and they tell you where the point goes on the plane. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 notation for this looks like this (x,y), with the x-coordinate always first. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The number in the x spot tells you where along the x-axis the point goes, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the number in the y spot tells you where along the y-axis the point 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 goes. The points (24,2) and (0,3) would be here: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Say that a line was drawn between those two points. Would the slope be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 steep or flat? Looking at it, the slope would rise if you were going from left 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to right, and that is the direction that geometrists are always going on 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coordinate planes. Yet you can say more than “the slope is going up.” You 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can give it a value since there is a mathematical definition of slope. It is the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 change in the y values over the change in the x values, also called the rise 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 over the run. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In this case, the slope is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dy y1 2 y2 322 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dx x1 2 x2 0 2 ~24! 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Always subtract the coordinate values of the point on the right from the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coordinate values from the point on the left. The slope is positive 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one fourth, which means that the line goes up one in the y-direction for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 every four it goes over in the x-direction (again, if you are traveling left to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 right). A negative slope means that the line goes down from left to right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 instead of up. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The geometry part of coordinate geometry comes in when geometrical 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figures are put on the coordinate plane. In one way, this makes the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 geometry easier because you have the coordinate plane to help do the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 geometry. In another way, though, the test will up the complexity of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem by expecting you to make inferences about the geometrical 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 figures based on your knowledge of coordinate geometry. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A figure is defined by these points (1,1), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (3,1), and (1,22) on a coordinate plane. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The area of the The perimeter of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figure the figure 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If this question mystifies you, or you are short on time, realize that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perimeter of a figure and the area of a figure will have a definite 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship, and so the answer is probably not (D). That makes guessing a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one in three chance. If you have the time to do the problem, you should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 suspect that this figure is a triangle since it is defined by three points. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Regardless of what you suspect, though, the way to attack this problem is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to quickly plot the points on a coordinate plane 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 It is a right triangle, and you can use this fact to find both the area and the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perimeter. Let’s do the area first. The distance between (1,1) and (1,22) is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 three units, so the height is three. The distance between (1,1) and (3,1) is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two units, making it the base. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A 5 bh 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 3 5 3 A 5 ~ !~ ! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The perimeter is the sum of the sides. You have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Perimeter 5 2 1 3 1 hypotenuse 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Perimeter 5 5 1 2 1 3 ~ ! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Pythagorean theorem was used for the hypotenuse. At this point, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 don’t have to finish the problem since this sum is clearly greater than 3. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Therefore, choice (B) is the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 99 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Data Analysis 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you read USA Today on a regular basis, you’ll have experience with data 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 analysis. The “data” that you are expected to analyze usually comes in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 form of chart, graph, or table, three things that national newspapers love 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to print. It’s visual information that needs to be understood and then used 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 in some manner. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before jumping into all the different graphs, there is one other topic often 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 placed under the Data Analysis umbrella. What are the odds you can guess 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what it is? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Probability 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you flip a coin, what is the chance that it will land on heads? Pretty much 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 everyone knows the answer is “one out of two” or “fifty-fifty.” This is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because there are two possible outcomes that are equally probable 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 (landing heads, landing tails), so the chance the coin will land on heads is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one out of two. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That’s kid stuff, but you just covered the basics of probability theory. In 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 any probability scenario, the probability of A occurring is the number of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ways A can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes. In our 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 case, A is the coin landing on heads, and that can only happen one way. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 There are two possible outcomes, heads or tails, so the probability is . 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 number of desired outcomes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probability 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 total number of possible outcomes 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Things get a little more interesting when you start talking about multiple 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 event probability, but that’s nothing you can’t handle if you followed 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 things thus far. Say you flip the coin again. What are the chances that it will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 land on heads this time? It’s still . If you thought otherwise, remember 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that each coin toss is independent and unaffected by previous coin tosses. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Moving up one more notch, what is the probability of tossing the coin twice 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and it landing on heads twice? It is the probability of the first event times 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the probability of the second event. Therefore, probability 5 5 . 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That’s the basics of multiple-event probability. The probability of multiple 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 events occurring is the product of the individual probabilities involved. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 100 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
S DS D
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are 5 boys and 7 girls in the fifth grade class at Saddleback 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Elementary. What is the probability that if 2 students are chosen at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 random from the class, that both students will be girls? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 24 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 D. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This probability problem involves two events, and you first need to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 determine the probability of each event. A girl getting picked first has a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probability of since there are 7 girls and a total of 12 students in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 class. The probability of a girl getting picked the second time is . Why? 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Because one girl has been picked already, leaving only 6 girls left in the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 class of 11 students. Multiplying the two probabilities together gives you: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 7 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 11 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~7 3 6! 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~ 12 3 11! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That’s choice (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 101 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Workin’ the Data 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Data or information can come to you in lots of different forms. You are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 getting text information right now, for instance, as you read this sentence. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Earlier you might have looked at the table of contents of this book to get 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some information about where to start reading. The GRE likes to test your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ability to take in information and answer questions about that informa- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion. Specifically, the GRE math section will present information or data in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the form of a line graph, a circle graph, a bar graph, a table, or some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 combination of all of these, and then expect you to answer questions about 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the information presented. You might think this sounds too easy, and in a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sense it is. All the answers will be right in front of you in a graph or table. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The hard part is that the GRE is pretty creative in coming up with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 complicated tables and charts and graphs, which makes understanding 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and using them a challenge. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Usually you will see one or two sets of graphs and tables on the GRE math 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 section. Each set will most likely have multiple parts, like a circle graph 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 combined with a table or a diagram coupled with a bar graph. Each set 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will have 2–4 questions that refer to it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The first thing to do when you come upon a set of graphs and charts is read 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the title. It sounds simplistic, but do it. The simplest steps can make the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 great difference, so: 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Read the title. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Read whatever key there is. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Read down any graph axis to see what information is being 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presented. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. If there are two graphs or charts, look to see how they relate to 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 each other. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Basically, spend 20 to 30 seconds getting familiar with the layout of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 everything, then proceed to the first question. This will not be a waste of 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time, as you will be able to answer each of the following questions more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quickly. These kinds of questions try to trap you with an overload of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 information you have to wade through to get to the answer. If you don’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have a good sense of what you are wading through, you will probably get 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bogged down and frustrated. That is why getting a sense of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 information being presented is task one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 102 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Tip
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For which year was the ratio of exports to imports the greatest? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 1978 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 1982 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 C. 1984 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 1987 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 1980 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 First, determine which line is for exports and which is for imports. Once 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you have that straight, you have to pull out the trusty concept of ratios. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Remember that ratios can be expressed as fractions, and here the exports 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 will be the numerator and the imports the denominator. To get a big ratio, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are looking for years when the exports were high and the imports were 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 low. Eyeballing the graph, which years are candidates? In 1984 and 1987 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the export-import lines are farthest apart, so these are the best candidates, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 and they are both answer choices. In 1984 the ratio was approximately 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14 15.5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . 3, and in 1987 the ratio was approximately , 3. Choice (C), 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 5.5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1984, is the correct answer. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This question shows how basic concepts like ratios are used in other areas 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to make questions more difficult. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 What was the greatest consecutive two-year total of exports? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 14 billion 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 18 billion 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 C. 24 billion 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 26 billion 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 E. 28 billion 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 103 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You’re looking for exports, so you’re looking at the dotted line. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greatest consecutive two-year total will be the two consecutive years 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whose sum is the greatest. Eyeballing the chart, the sets of years that are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the best candidates will be the ones where the export line spikes upward. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You have two good candidates: 83–84 and 87–88. Summing each, you will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find 83–84 is a little more than 26 billion, and 87–88 is about 76 billion. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Therefore, choice (D) is the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The previous example involved one line graph. Things can get a little more 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 complicated when there are multiple graphs involved. Again, take a few 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seconds to get familiar with the graphs involved, and especially take note 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 of how the graphs are related. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Student Enrollment Part-Time or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Full-Time Employed at College T: 1976–1980 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Breakdown of Student 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Majors at College T in 1979 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In what years did the percentage of part-time employed students at 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 college T increase most dramatically? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 1976–1977 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 B. 1977–1978 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 1978–1979 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 1979–1980 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 1977–1979 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It might take a moment to determine whether the bar graph or the pie 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chart will provide the answer. Since part-time students are listed on the bar 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 graph, that’s where you should look. Specifically, you are looking for two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 years where the striped lines had the greatest percentage increase. The 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 actual numbers won’t be as important—indeed, they will be wrong 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answers—as the percentages you derive from them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1978 to 1979 is out because it is a decrease. If time was running out, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 could eliminate this choice and take a guess. Since the question concerns 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 104 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 percentage change, take a close look at 1976 to 1977 because 1976 is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 small in comparison to the other years. 100 to 150 is a 50% increase. How 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about the other years? 1977 to 1978 have the raw numbers 150 to 250, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 which is a 66% increase (100 is 66% or two thirds of 150). 1979 to 1980 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 starts at 200 and goes to 350, which is a 75% increase (150 is 75% of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 200). This is the biggest increase, so (D) is the correct answer. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Percentage increases are greater when the starting numbers are very small, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 which is why a company like General Electric (GE) might improve its 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 profits by 30 billion dollars and only have a 1% increase. The fact is that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GE was already making so much cash, the additional amount is a small 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 percentage increase. In contrast, if a kid sets up a lemonade stand and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes $1 on Saturday and $3 on Sunday, his/her profits increased by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 300% from one day to the next. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Which of the following represents the greatest number of students? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. Part-time employed in 1976 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. Full-time employed in 1976 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. Humanities majors in 1979 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. Engineering majors in 1979 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. Full-time employed in 1978 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This question involves the bar graph and the pie chart. Look down the left 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 side of the bar graph to get a sense of the numbers that the graph is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 displaying. Then, try to get the same sense with the pie chart. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now attack the answer choices. You can eliminate (A) because all the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 full-time numbers are greater than all the part-time numbers. Reading (B) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 off the bar graph gets you 300. Looking at choices (C) and (D), you can see 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that the percentage of Humanities (23%) is less than the percentage of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Engineering students, at 24%. (D) has to be greater than (C), so you don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even need to figure out the exact number for it. To calculate the number of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Engineering majors in 1979, you’ll need to establish the total number of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 students in that year. That number is the total height of the bars in the bar 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 graph for 1979: 700 students. For Engineering majors, you must 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 determine what is 24% of 700. It works out to a little less than 280. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading (E) off the bar graph, it is 750. Choice (B) is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 105 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Take It to the Next Level 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Math: The Multi-Step Complicated Stuff 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The harder questions on the GRE do not require you to understand more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sophisticated math. The math concepts required to answer a 500-level 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem and a 750-level problem are, for the most part, the same. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difference is that the 750-level problem will challenge you to be more 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 clever, creative, and inventive in your approach. Showing you how to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “out-clever” the test will be a major focus of this chapter. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before that starts, there are a few math concepts you are probably only 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 going to see on harder questions. These harder concepts are really just 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extensions of what we’ve already covered in this chapter, so it’s not as if 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the easier questions are algebra and the harder ones are calculus. Basically, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the harder questions contain the basics revved up to make problems more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 interesting and difficult. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If a math concept comes up that you are not familiar with, or you can’t 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 remember exactly what it is, look back to the beginning of the chapter to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 see if it is covered there. If you’ve skipped the beginning of the chapter, it’s 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not a bad idea to leaf through it anyway and make sure that all the math 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 content is fresh in your mind. Once that’s done, you can Take It to the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Next Level and start honing your clever skills. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Advanced Arithmetic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Hard arithmetic problems will use jargon to make problems more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 complex. Problems will include multiple phrases like “the sum of the first 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 three prime numbers” or “the product of two consecutive integers.” The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way to decode such math speak is to attack it piece by piece and phrase by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 phrase. Unless you are a math wunderkind, trying to conceptualize whole 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentences of math speak at one time is impossible. At the least, it is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 foolhardy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Let’s decode these two phrases. The first three prime numbers are 2, 3, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5, and their sum is 10. In the second phrase, since we don’t know what the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 106
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first integer is, let’s call it x. The product of x and the next integer is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (x)(x 1 1). None of that was too difficult, but suppose a problem reads, “If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the sum of the first three prime numbers plus 2 equals the product of two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 consecutive integers, what is the value of the first integer?” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Using algebra in the form of the variable x to help describe an arithmetic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expression is fairly common practice. Don’t hesitate to draw information 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 from any field of math if you believe it will help you solve a problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you decode this jargon piece by piece, it is manageable. The sum of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first three prime numbers plus 2 is 12, and you already know what the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 product of two consecutive integers is. Therefore, you can set up the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~x!~x 1 1! 5 12 → 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 x 5 12 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 x 1 x 2 12 5 12 2 12 → 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x2 1 x 2 12 5 0 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 4 x 2 3 5 0 → ~ !~ ! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 24,3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 There’s a bit of everything in the above problem, and that’s not unusual 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for hard problems. You had to use arithmetic to decipher the problem and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algebra to set up an equation. Then you had to do some factoring to split 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the equation x2 1 x 2 12 5 0 in order to find the values for x. If you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 handle each step, though, the answer falls into your lap. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B Column A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a c e 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 . . . 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b d f 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is a sum in which all the variables are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 positive consecutive integers greater than 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that increase in alphabetical order. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The third term in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the sum 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 First, you must decode. Positive consecutive integers are things like 4, 5, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 6, and these increase in alphabetical order, which means that b 5 a 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 107 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Take It to the Next Level
Alert!
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and c 5 b 1 1. Notice that since b 5 a 1 1, then c 5 (a 1 1) 1 1 5 a 1 2. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This means that the sum can be rewritten 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a a12 a14 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 .... 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a11 a13 a15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 1 4 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 This makes the third term . That’s Column A, so far. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Compare this to the fraction in Column B. The smallest value that a can 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have is 2, so it will be interesting to start with this number and see what 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you get. Column A becomes , while Column B is 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 5 0. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 1 2 2 1 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A is greater is this instance, but to play it safe, it helps to try 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 another number. A small number was used the first time, so a large number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 14 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can be plugged in this time for variety. Making a 5 10, you get in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A and in Column B. Column A is again greater, and placing an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even larger number will probably not make a difference. The correct 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer is (A). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Ratios are another arithmetic topic that can be made interesting. Suppose 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are told the ratio of a to b is 4:7 and the ratio of b to c is 8:7. You are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 then asked, “What is the ratio of a to c?” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The easiest way to approach such a problem is to make the common 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 element in both ratios, b, the same so that you can directly compare a and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c. To do that, find a common multiple of 7 and 8, preferably the least 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 common multiple. 56 works, since it’s 7 3 8. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 First ratio: a to b 5 4:7. Multiplied by 8, this becomes 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a to b 5 32:56 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Second ratio: b to c 5 8:7. Multiplied by 7, this becomes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b to c 5 56:49 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For both ratios, b is now 56. This allows you write to both ratios as a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 single long ratio: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 a to b to c 5 32:56:49 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can now see that a : c 5 32 : 49. If these numbers in the ratio had any 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 common multiples, then the ratio should be simplified. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 108 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
X-Ref
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Finding a common element for these ratios is similar to the practice of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 finding a common denominator before adding and subtracting fractions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 See page 54 of this chapter. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 If m and n are integers and (m 1 n) is even, then which of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 following must be true? 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 I. Both integers are even. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 II. Both integers are odd. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 III. One integer is even and one integer is odd. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. I only 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. II only 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. III only 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. I and II only 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. I and III only 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To attack this one, you have to work through each option to see if it must 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be true. Using FOIL, you know that if (m 1 n)2 is even, then m2 1 mn 1 n2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is also even. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 I. must be true because m 1 2mn 1 n → even 1 even 1 even 5 even. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That eliminates choices (B) and (C). If you’re pressed for time, you 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 could guess now with one in three odds of guessing right. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 II. can be written as: m 1 2mn 1 n → odd 1 even 1 odd 5 even 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even 5 even. This does work, so (B) is out. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 III. can be written as: (m 1 2mn 1 n → even 1 even 1 odd 5 even 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 odd 5 odd. This doesn’t work, so (D) is the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This approach uses basic facts about how even and odd numbers 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interact when multiplied and added together. If this approach is too 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abstract for you, just pick two numbers for m and n according to each 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scenario and work the problem through using those numbers. If you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t make a careless math error, you should get the same answer, (D). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Harder Algebra 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are three primary ways the GRE will increase the difficulty on 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 algebra problems. The first relies on shock value. On this track, you are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presented with one or more monstrous-looking algebraic expressions that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are supposed to shock you into some form of problem-solving paralysis. If 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you overcome this initial shock, keep in mind that almost every ugly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 109 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algebraic expression will have a way to simplify it quickly. These problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are designed to shock, but they almost always can be simplified quickly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 14x 1 6 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 If you see an expression like , you should immediately 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 think, “There must be a quick way to simplify it.” With algebra in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 fractions, always be on the lookout for canceling terms that are in both the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numerator and the denominator. Since the denominator is simpler, start 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there: 4x 1 2 5 2(2x 1 1). Now look for a (2x 1 1) in the numerator. Seek 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and ye shall find: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 14x 1 6 5 2~2x 1 7x 1 3! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 2x 1 1 x 1 3 ~ !~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Therefore, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 14x 1 6 2(2x 1 1)(x 1 3) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 x 1 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4x 1 2 2(2x 1 1) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That whole mess boils down to a simple x 1 3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For an idea about where to start simplifying, think of these guidelines: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Look at the numerator and denominator and start with which- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ever one looks simpler. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Once you factor the simpler term, look for those factors in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 harder term. They should be there in some form or another. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3. Cancel out any similar terms you can, and enjoy your new 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simplified equation. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Expecting cleverness is the second way that the GRE will try to make 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algebra difficult. A problem will expect you to make a clever algebra 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 maneuver to finish the problem. You are especially liable to see this on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 QCs. The following problem illustrates this idea. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a and b are positive constants 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 0 , x , y. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x (x1y) 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a ab 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 y 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 110 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 First simplify Column A. To do this, you have to divide each fraction 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 before multiplying. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x y 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a b x b y y 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 4 3 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a y b b b y 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x y y b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 3 3 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a b b y 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 xy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ab 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As you can see, the second term cancels itself out, leaving only the single 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 xy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fraction . Column B can be rewritten as: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ab 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 x 1 y 1 2xy 1 y x ~ ! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 1 ab ab 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can disregard the denominators since they are the same in each 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 column. Comparing the numerators, you can see a 2xy in Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (among other values) compared to a single xy in Column A. Since the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 statement says that both integers are positive, it is clear that (B) is greater. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 It didn’t take earthshaking genius to solve the last problem. Instead, all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you needed was confidence that the two columns could be readily 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compared and the ability to jump in and start performing mathematical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 operations to help compare the two. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Embedding algebra in a coordinate plane is the third way that the GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will make algebra more challenging. You might encounter a polygon 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whose side lengths are given in terms of algebraic expressions, as opposed 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to simply numbers or constants. The key to solving such problems is to not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be unnerved by the combination of geometry and algebra. Normally you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will need to start with the geometry and see what you can infer from it, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then examine the algebra. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 111 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
S D S D
Take It to the Next Level
S D S D
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Note
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you are given this figure and then asked to solve for x, start with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 geometry. You have a right triangle, since the angle at the origin (0, 0) is 90 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 degrees. The side along the y-axis is length 3, and the side along the x-axis 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 is length 4. This means you have an old friend, the 3:4:5 right triangle, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 guest starring in a coordinate grid problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Now turn to the algebra. The diagram contains an expression, 3x 1 y, for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the hypotenuse, but you know that the length is 5 since it’s a 3: 4: 5 right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle. This gives you the equation 3x 1 y 5 5. From the side of length 3, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can get x 1 y 5 3. Once you have two equations (x 1 y 5 3 and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3x 1 y 5 5) and two variables, you can subtract the former equation from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the latter and eliminate y. 2x 5 2 → x 5 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 No one single step in this problem was difficult, but the problem was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 involved since it was a messy pile of heaped-together geometry and algebra 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 concepts. If you deal with them separately, and take each in its turn, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem becomes quite manageable. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 A symbol that might come up in an algebra problem is the “!”. In English 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grammar, this is that excited bastion of punctuation, the exclamation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point. In math, however, the “!” is the symbol for factorials. With a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 factorial, you take the initial number (say 5!) and multiply it by all integers 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 between 5 and 1. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sample factorials: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5! 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 1 5 120 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3! 5 3 3 2 3 1 5 6 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x! 5 x 3 (x 2 1) 3 (x 2 2) 3 . . . (It goes on until the last term is 1.) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 You can only take the factorial of an integer greater than 1. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If x is two greater than y, how can you simplify ? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 A. y 1 3y 1 2y 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 y 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 x 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 1 C. y 1 3xy 1 2xy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. (y 1 2)(y 1 1) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. (y 2 2)(y 2 1) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 112 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since x 5 y 1 2, then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x! ~y 1 2!! ~y 1 2!~y 1 1!~y!! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 5 ~y 1 2!~y 1 1!. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 y! y! y! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Factorials problems are pretty simple once you get over the freak-out 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 element of seeing an exclamation point. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1Word Problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word problems are common two-tier questions that prompt you to first 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 translate English into algebra and then solve the algebra. The simplest way 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to make a word problem harder is to make the translation from English to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algebra more difficult. The actual algebra that you will have to do on a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 500-level word problem and 700-level word problem is going to be similar, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but getting to the algebra becomes more of a challenge. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Here’s a classic word problem set-up: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How many liters of a solution that is 15 percent water by volume have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to be added to 3 liters of a solution that is 30 percent water by volume 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to create a solution that is 20 percent water by volume? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All that was a quite a tangle. To untangle it, there is a basic form to follow 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for mixture problems. It’s called the balance method since you are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 balancing the left and right side of the equation. On the left side, put the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 original solution: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Number of original liters (original% 2 final%) 5 3(30 2 20) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 And on the right side put the new solution, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 n(final% 2 added%) 5 n(20 2 15) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 where n is the number of liters of the 15% solution. Now just solve for n: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3~30 2 20! 5 n~20 2 15! → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 90 2 60 5 n~5! → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 30 5 5n 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 30 4 5 5 5n 4 5 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 5 n 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take your time to muck through the English of a word problem and you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 will end up with a perfectly solvable algebraic equation. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 113 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Advanced Statistics 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are some interesting ways to manipulate statistical notions like 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average or median. Harder questions on the GRE math section will expect 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you to know the basic set of statistic notions—covered on pages 76–78 in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this chapter—and how to use them creatively to problem solve. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 For example, you commonly employ the concept of mean to find the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average of a set of numbers, but suppose you were asked for the sum of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the set of numbers instead? If 18 is the average of a set of numbers that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 has 10 members, then can you find the sum of the set of numbers? To do 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this, you have to multiply the mean average by the number of terms, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 18 3 10 5 180. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That’s simple enough, but it gets trickier. Suppose you are asked, “What is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the sum of the integers 20 to 50 inclusive?” Actually adding all the terms 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up can’t be the best way to solve this problem because that would take all 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 day. You could do it, but there has to be a simpler way. The shortcut 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 method here is that the sum of consecutive numbers is equal to the average 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the numbers times the number of terms: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sum 5 (average) 3 (number of terms) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In our problem, the average is 35 (halfway between 20 and 50), so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sum 5 (35) 3 (31) 5 1,085 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The notion of weighted averages can make finding the average of a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number set a little more interesting. A weighted average is when certain 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 terms in a set are counted more (weighted more) than other terms in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the set. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In a certain class, the average boys’ score is 50 and the average girls’ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 score is 47. If there are twice as many girls in the class as boys, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 what is the class average? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 49.5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 49 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 48.5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 48 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 47.5 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are not equal amounts of girls and boys, so you have to weight their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 averages to get to the overall average. Since there are twice as many girls as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 boys, there are twice as many terms that go into the 47 average. The 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 114 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simplest way is to assume a three-person class where there is one boy and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two girls. The boy scored a 47 and the girls scored 50s, so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 3 50 1 2 3 47 144 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average 5 5 5 48 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The denominator is 3 because there are three terms in this number set (50, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 47, and 47) to reflect the mythical three people in the classroom. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Another variation on the average is when you start with a number set, add 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or subtract a term, and then must find the new average. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The mean average of 4 numbers is 26. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One number is taken from the set, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the new mean is 23. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The number taken The largest number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the set left in the set 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Start with Column A unless you see something that makes you feel 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B is simple. For Column A, the number taken must be the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difference between the sums of the two sets: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (original sum) 2 (new sum) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (26 3 4) 2 (23 3 3) 5 2 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For Column A, you know that 215 was taken from the number set. Think 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 about how this number is much lower than the average after it left and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 before it left. 215 was obviously one of the lower numbers in the set, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the higher numbers brought the average up to 26 and then up to 23. It 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes sense that Column B definitely contains a number larger than 215, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so choice (B) is the correct answer for this average problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Compound interest problems involve a loaded math concept. Simple 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interest is when the interest applies only to the principal over a given 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 period. If a $10,000 account has a 5 percent simple interest rate 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compounded annually, then after six months the interest will be: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 principal 3 rate 3 time 5 10,000 3 0.05 3 0.5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5,000 3 0.05 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 250 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The first number is the cash, the second value is the percent interest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expressed in decimal form as 0.05, and the 0.5 at the end shows that you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are halfway (six months) through the annual interest period. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Things get a little more complicated with compounding interest. Under 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this format, the interest rate is applied to the principal and to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 115 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Alert!
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accumulated interest. There is a complicated formula for compound 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interest, but you can do without it. If you come across a compound interest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem, simply calculate the simple interest for the scenario, and the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 compound interest will be a little more than this. There is typically a small 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difference between the two because the interest accrued on the interest will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be small. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Supposedly, many savings accounts at banks work on the concept of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compound interest, but like many Americans, the author has never 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 experienced this fact firsthand. The author is, however, well aware of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 interest formulas used by credit card companies. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Geometry 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To double the geometric fun (and the difficulty), harder geometry 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems will include multiple geometric shapes. A square might be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 inscribed in a circle. A triangle might be located inside a trapezoid. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Regardless of the particulars, the idea behind increasing the difficulty is the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same. Things look cluttered when there are multiple figures, and that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clutter can distract you from problem-solving tasks. You combat the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clutter by: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. First determining exactly what you are trying to find 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Considering each of the figures separately 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3. Trying to find the relationships between the figures that will help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 solve the problem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All three steps are important, but the third step is the one that holds the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 key to most of these questions. To try out this methodology, consider a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 square inscribed in a circle like the following: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your goal is to find the radius of the circle, but all you have been given is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the area of the square. First, locate the radius of the circle. If you think 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about it, you can see that the diagonal of the square is also the diameter of 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the circle, and the radius is always half a circle’s diameter. So half of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diagonal of the square will equal the radius. Second, you can use the area 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 formula of a square to figure out the length of the sides. If area is 9, then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the sides are all length 3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 116 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now imagine the diagonal. If you draw it out, you would see yourself 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 making two 45-45-90 right triangles out of the square. Finding the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hypotenuse of one these triangles is equal to finding the square’s diagonal, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 and that is equal to the circle’s diameter. Follow all the steps (try it on your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3=2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 own), and you should end up with a radius of . 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To help you recognize the relationship that two or more figures share, ask 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yourself questions like, “Do they share a side, or an angle?” or “What is 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the relationship between their areas?” Once you have picked out the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship that links the two figures together, the actual geometry is often 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 no harder than what is covered in the first section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The difference of the areas of trapezoid 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ABDH and trapezoid FECJ is 15. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The area of the The area of the 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dotted region striped region 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Locate the two trapezoids. How are they geometrically related? Both share 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the striped region and they have the same height, 5. Now you can try to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compare the striped region and the dotted region. Can you determine the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 area of the dotted region? Yes, since both are rectangles with length and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 width readily obvious. However, you cannot determine the area of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 striped region, since there’s no way to figure out its width. The difference 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in areas of the trapezoids does not help us, for when the areas of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trapezoid are subtracted, the area of the striped region in each just cancels 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 out. Those triangles on both ends of the figure hold an unknown amount 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of area for both trapezoids, making any attempt to subtract one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trapezoid’s area from the other impossible. Therefore, (D) is the correct 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 117 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Coordinate Geometry 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reach back into your past and dust off the equation y 5 mx 1 b. This 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 formula can be used to describe a straight line in a coordinate plane. The y 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the x variables stand the value of y and x, respectively, of any point on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a particular line. m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept (where 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the line crosses the y-axis). The beauty of this equation is that if you are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 given some of the parts—such as the slope and one point on the line—there 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is a way to figure out all the other parts of the equation. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To be able to use this formula and just read off the slope or the y-intercept, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the equation has to be in the y 5 mx 1 b form, with y by itself on one side, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 and the x on the other side summed with b. If you are given a linear 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation of a line in the form 2y 1 5x 5 b, you would have to do some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 manipulating: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2y 1 5x 5 23 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2y 1 5x 2 5x 5 23 2 5x → 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2y 5 25x 2 3 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2y 4 2 5 25x 2 3 4 2 → ~ ! ~ ! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y52 x2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The slope is negative five halves, 2 , and the y-intercept is negative 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 three halves, 2 . 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The slope equation works for a line—but nothing else. You won’t see 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many things graphed besides lines on the GRE, but you might see a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quadratic equation (an equation that has a squared term like y 5 x ). To 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 make things more confusing, the y may be exchanged for an f(x) so it looks 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 like this: f(x) 5 x2. Then the whole thing is renamed a function. It is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simplest to just think of the f(x) as a more complicated way to write y. As 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you might imagine, the graph of this quadratic is not as simple as the graph 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of a line, but it has a basic form that simplifies it. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 118 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
S D
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S D
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Note
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Each of these graphs shares a basic shape called a parabola. Examine the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different graphs and you should see the logic of how they are graphed. For 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example, a negative squared term like f(x) 5 2x 1 1 creates an upside12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down hump. If there is an integer after the squared value, then this number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is the value of y where the crest of the hump occurs. You could see this with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 f(x) 5 2x2 1 1 with a crest at 1 and f(x) 5 x2 2 2 with a crest at y 5 22. 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The last coordinate geometry concept to cover is the distance formula. It 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allows you to find the distance between two points on the coordinate plane 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 using the following formula: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 d 5 x 2 x 1 y 2 y = ~ ! ~ ! 1 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you know two points, just plug in the x values and the y values into the 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equation and then solve for the distance. It’s that simple. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 If the distance formula reminds you of the Pythagorean theorem, you’re 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quite observant, because the distance formula is based on it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 119 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If A(2, 24) and B(3, 6) are two points on a rectangular coordinate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 system, what is the distance between A and B? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 101 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 = 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 D. 11 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Hauling out the distance formula: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 d 5 =~x1 2 x2! 1 ~y1 2 y2! 5 =~2 2 3! 1 ~24 2 6! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 =1 1 100 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 101 5 = 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is choice (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That might look like a big number, but it actually is just a little bit bigger 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 than 10. If you visualize where the two points are, this answer makes 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sense. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3-D Figures 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Another way to up the geometry ante is by upping the number of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dimensions from two to three. The 3-D figures that you will come across 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 on the GRE are all built upon the figures that were covered in the first 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section (rectangles, squares, circles, triangles). The 2-D figures are given 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 height, so instead of dealing just with a square you now get a cube, a 3-D 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figure composed of six squares. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you need a refresher on the 2-D geometry, buzz through the geometry 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section earlier in this chapter. If not, go ahead and dive into the 3-D 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 geometry. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 120 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The above figure is a rectangular solid. What is the shortest distance 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from A to F? 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. =18 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. =20 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. =28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. =34 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The shortest distance between two points is a line, so the question is asking 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to find the distance of the line AF. If you want a hint about how to find 2 1 you it, think triangles. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Notice that AF is the hypotenuse of DACF, which is a right triangle. If you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find AC, you can use it along with CF in the Pythagorean theorem to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find AF. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Look at the top surface of the figure. You should see a square with sides of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 length 3, and the diagonal is the hypotenuse of a 45-45-90 right triangle, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 121 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just like it was earlier in this chapter. This makes AC 5 3=2, since it is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the hypotenuse of a 45-45-90 triangle with smaller sides of length 3. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Put that value into the next Pythagorean theorem as follows: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 AF 5 AC 1 CF ~ ! ~ ! ~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ~ AF! 5 ~3=2! 1 16 5 18 1 16 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 AF 5 34 ~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 AF 5 =34 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If a sphere has a radius of r, what is the greatest distance along the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 surface of the sphere that two points could be from each other? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2r 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. pr 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 2pr 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pr D. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pr E. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Sometimes coming up with a real-life situation will help you understand an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abstract geometrical one. For our purposes, think of the earth as a sphere. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In real terms, the questions is asking, “If you are at the North Pole, what 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 122 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
Alert!
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point on the earth is farthest from you if you had to travel along the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 earth’s surface?” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Technically, the earth is an oblate spheroid, not a sphere. Thankfully, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 oblate spheroids are NOT on the GRE. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Viewed in this way, the answer, “the South Pole,” should be obvious. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same is true for the abstract sphere question. To determine that distance, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 imagine drawing a circle on the surface of the sphere that runs through its 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 North and South Pole. You can see then that those two points are a half 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circumference of that circle from each other. The radius of that circle is r, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the same as the radius of the sphere. This makes the circumference 2pr, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and half of that is pr. That’s choice (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Data Analysis 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Measures of Central Location and Dispersion (or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How Close and Far Apart Stuff Is) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mean, median, and mode were covered earlier in this chapter. These are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 notions from statistics that give different ways to measure the central 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 location of a number set. Basically, they are different ways to say where the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 middle of a bunch of numbers is. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The dispersion of a number set is the opposite of the “middleness” or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “clusteredness” of a number set. The range is one measure of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dispersion since it tells you how far apart the extremes are. Standard 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 deviation is another measure of dispersion. It measures on average how 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 much numbers of a set differ from the middle of that set (basically how 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spread out the numbers are). There is an involved way to calculate the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 standard deviation, but you don’t need to bother with that. Standard 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 deviation, though, might appear on a question, and so you will need to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grasp the concept. To that end, consider the following problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 Column A Column B 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Standard Deviation Standard Deviation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of this number set of this number set 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 [1, 14, 3, 22] [5, 10, 2, 4] 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You don’t need to actually calculate the two standard deviations to answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this question. Estimate the mean of the number set in Column A. It’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probably around 4 or 5, and the numbers in the set deviate from this by, at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 most, 6. So, the standard deviation will be something less than 6. Now 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 estimate the mean for Column B. It’s probably around 11, and the number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 set deviates from this by 10 or more. The standard deviation is going to be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greater in Column B. The answer will be Column B, in part because the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers in Column B are more spread out than the numbers in Column A. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Standard deviation is not the only way to make these statistics concepts 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interesting. The test-writers can craft difficult problems with median, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mode, range, and average. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A number set is composed of five non2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 negative integers, and its average is 20. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The sum of the The greatest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number set possible range of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the number set 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Start with Column B. The sum of the number set is the average times the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number of elements: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sum 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 average → sum 5 5 3 20 5 100 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Column B is 100. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As for Column A, the greatest possible range will maximize the highest 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 element and minimize the lowest element. The set is composed of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 non-negative integers, so the smallest element possible is 0. There is no 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mention that the elements are distinct, so four of the elements could be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 zero. In that case, the fifth element would have to be 100 for the sum to be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 100. 100 is actually the greatest that a number in the set could be, since the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 sum cannot exceed 100 and there are no negative numbers to add. So the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greatest possible range is 100 2 0 5 100. Column A and B are equal, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 making (C) the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Counting Stuff 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 There are a few different kinds of word problems on the GRE that involve 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 counting possible outcomes or permutations of a set of items. Each has a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different kind of way to solve them, so we’ll review them one by one. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Different Ways to Count Stuff 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. If one task has n possible outcomes and a second one has m possible 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 outcomes, then the joint occurrence of the two tasks has n 3 m possible 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 124 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 outcomes. That postulate was a bit vague, so consider an example. If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 between Town A and Town B there are four roads, and between Town B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and Town C there are five roads, how many different routes are there from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Town A to Town C that travel through Town B? One way to attack this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem is to sketch out the scenario and start counting up the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possibilities. The other way is to use our nifty little formula, n 3 m 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 3 5 5 20. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Permutation problems prompt you to determine how many different 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 permutations, or outcomes, are possible. A permutation word problem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might ask, “If there are six car spots at the Destin Apartments and six 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 different cars owned by the renters, how many different arrangements of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cars are possible in the parking lot?” You solve this problem by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiplying the number of possibilities for the first spot (6 cars can park 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there) times the number of remaining possibilities for the second spot (5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cars can if the first spot is filled) times the number of remaining 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possibilities for the third spot (4) and so on. In other words, 6 3 5 3 4 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 3 3 2 3 1. This is the same thing as 6!, our good friend the factorial. In 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 general, when you come across a permutation problem like this one, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can use this factorial shortcut rather than going through all the logic. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basic formula is n!; the number of ways that n different objects can be 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ordered is n!. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. The last kind of counting problem involves determining the number of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 different ways that sets of items can be selected from a larger set of items. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A good example of this is selecting committees of three people from a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 group of five people. How many different ways can this be done? You 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 could try to work out the possibilities with a systematic use of logic, or you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 could use the handy-dandy formula that has all the logic packed into it. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 n! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The formula is , where n is the size of the larger set, and r is the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 n 2 r !r! ~ ! 2 1 size of the groups being selected. In our example, the formula would be 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 applied like this: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5! 5 3 4 3 3! 20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 5 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 3 !3! 2!3! 2! ~ ! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Probability 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The basics of single and multi-event probability were covered in the first 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section. Yet there are some multi-event probability scenarios that go 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 beyond the basic. If two events are independent, then the probability of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 both events occurring is the product of the two individual probabilities. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now suppose you know the probabilities of event A and event B 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 125 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 individually and want to find the probabilities of either A or B occurring 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (as opposed to the probability of A and B occurring). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A fundamental rule of probability is: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 P(A or B) 5 P(A) 1 P(B) 2 P(A)P(B) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Suppose there is a one-in-two chance of event A occurring and a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two-in-five chance for event B. Expressed in decimal terms, this makes the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 probability of A 5 0.5 and probability of B 5 0.4 . Putting these 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 values into the formula gets you: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 P ~A or B! 5 P~A! 1 P~B! 2 P~A!P~B! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 P ~A or B! 5 0.5 1 0.4 2 ~0.5!~0.4! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 P ~A or B! 5 0.9 2 0.2 5 0.7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0.7 translates to a seven-in-ten chance, showing that the probability of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 A or B occurring is larger than the probability of either single event 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 occurring. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A bag of marbles contains 12 red marbles, 8 blue marbles, and 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 green marbles. What is the probability that a green and then a blue 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 marble will be chosen in two attempts? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2 1 15 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 1 B. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 1 C. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 2 1 25 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 25 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Determine the probability of each event individually. The probability of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the first event is: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 5 5 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 1 8 1 5 25 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The numerator, 5, is the number of green marbles divided by the total 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 number of marbles. For the second probability, you must remember to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 take the first transaction into account. This means there are only 24 total 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 marbles and 4 green marbles. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 126 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
SD
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SD
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This makes the blue marble equation: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 8 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12 1 8 1 4 24 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The probability of both occurring is the product of the individual 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probabilities: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 5 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3 5 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The correct answer is (A). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Given the same scenario, what would the probability of picking a green 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 marble first or a blue marble second? 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 P ~A or B! 5 P~A! 1 P~B! 2 P~A!P~B! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 3 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 8 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15 15 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are 24 students in a class. Half are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 male and half are female. At random, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 students are chosen successively 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the class. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The probability of a The probability of a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 girl, then a boy, boy, then a girl, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then a girl then a girl, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 being chosen being chosen 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 These are both and situations, not or situations. The probability of either 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first event is 0.5 since the class is evenly split. The second event in both 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 columns then switches genders, so again the probability would be the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same, . For the third event, in both columns a girl and a boy have 2 1 23 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 already been chosen, so the probability of picking a male or female is again 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the same. So the third events also have the same probability. The products 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 of equal factors are equal, so (C) is the correct answer. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 127 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Take It to the Next Level
Note
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Get Graphical with the Data 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You will see one or two sets of graphs and charts on the GRE math section. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Each set will have 2 to 4 questions, so understanding and interpreting the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 graph sets are important. As was said in the first section, there is good 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 news and bad news for this. The good news is that the answers for the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 graph set questions are always right in front of you. The bad news is that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE can come up with some pretty complex graph sets that make 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 finding the answers a challenge. The way to combat this “complexifying” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 is to spend 10 to 20 seconds familiarizing yourself with a graph set when it 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comes up. Scroll all the way down so that you see all the pertinent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 information. Look at any key. Read the titles of everything. Inspect graph 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 axes so that you know with what units the information is being presented. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Basically, get comfortable with the graph sets. This way, when you start on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the questions you will be ready to hone in on whatever information a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question asks for. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 There are two ways that the GRE increases the difficulty of these kinds of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems. The first is to give you wackier or more unconventional graph 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sets. Instead of getting just a line graph and a bar graph, you might get a 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 line graph that has a right and left axis with different figures graphed, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 also a vertical pie chart. The second way the test-makers increase the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difficulty is by increasing the number of steps needed to find the answer. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Instead of just having to read the answer off a bar graph, you might have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to take information from both graphs and then do a little math. Although 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these multi-stage problems take time, graph set questions will not involve 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 more than two or three steps. The GRE tests your ability to quickly and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correctly interpret graph sets, not your ability to do sophisticated analysis 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the information presented. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 128 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 165 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What percentage of the European Travelers surveyed did NOT 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 travel to Africa? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 34% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 43% 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 57% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 63% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 70% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This question only involves the Venn diagram, so focus on it. You will find 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 that the total number of European travelers is 250 (165 African travelers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 155 Asian travelers). You will note that by looking closely at the Venn 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diagram that there is a shaded region shared by both Africa and Asia 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (represented by 70). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You’ll calculate the travelers represented in the non-shaded portion of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Venn diagram by subtracting 70 from both sides. So, for Africa 165 2 70 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 95 travelers. And Asia, 155 2 70 5 85 travelers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Remember our total amount of European travelers is 250. Therefore, for 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 95 85 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Africa (or approximately 38 percent) and for Asia (or approxi- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 250 250 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mately 34 percent). The question only asks for the percentage that did 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 NOT travel to Africa, so the correct answer is (A), 34 percent. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 129 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How many of the European travelers surveyed are over 50 and have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 traveled to Asia? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 28 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 38 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 42 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 D. 50 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 54 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 This question involves both figures. The Venn diagram indicates there are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 155 travelers to Asia, so the percentages in the bar graph are percentages 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of 155. Find the 51–100 category and read the value of the lightly-shaded 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 column. It is about midway between 25% and 30%, so estimate it at 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27.5%. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ten percent of 155 is 15.5, and so 20% is 31. Five percent of 155 is 7.75. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If we add the 20% number to the 5% number, we should get (31 1 7.75 5 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 38.75). If 25% of 155 is 38.75, then 27.5% must be a little higher than 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 this. Choice (C) is in the right neighborhood. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 130 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You might also see a less conventional graph set than the previous one. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test likes to see if you can think on your feet by presenting information in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a format that you might not be expecting. Don’t be surprised if you see 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 something wacky like the following on test day. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How many miles is the section of Rt. 2 that runs through the city 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 limits of Douglass? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. =6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. =8 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. 3 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 12 = 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Rt. 2 in the city limits works out to be the hypotenuse of two different right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 triangles. You can determine the length of the section of Rt. 2 with either 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle, so pick one and go with it. Both of the other sides of the triangles 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are 2 miles, so both triangles are 45-45-90 triangles. The length of the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 hypotenuse can simply be read off, 2=2, which is equal to choice (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 131 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What approximate percentage of Douglass County is within the city 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 limits of Douglass? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. 20% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. 33% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. 42% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 D. 50% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. 66% 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The areas of the county and the city have to be determined to find this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 percentage. This is greatly simplified by the fact that both areas are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rectangles, which you can infer from the note that all the lines are parallel 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and at right angles in the diagram. Examining the right length of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diagram, the length of the diagram is 6 (4 miles 12 miles). The width is 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (read off from the bottom width as 0.5 12 1 0.5). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This makes the area of the county 3 3 6 5 18. The length of the city is 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the width is 2, so the city‘s area is 6. The ratio of city area to county 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 6 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 area then is 5 ' 0.33. The correct answer is (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can drop the units since all the units are the same and will cancel each 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other out. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 If you are 2 miles due southeast of the intersection of Rt. 7 and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Rt. 4, where are you? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. In the city 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. Outside the city but in the county 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. Outside the county 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. Along Rt. 10 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 E. Along Rt. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 First find the intersection of Rt. 7 and Rt. 4. It is on the left side. According 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to the compass rose, Rt. 4 runs north-south and Rt. 7 runs east-west. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Southeast then would be halfway between heading east on Rt. 7 and south 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on Rt. 4. If there were a line defining this direction, it would form a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 45-degree angle with Rt. 7 and with Rt. 4. If that line is long enough, it will 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 form two 45-45-90 triangles like you saw that Rt. 2 did two questions 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 back. However, in that instance you found that the length of Rt. 2 in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 city was 2 2 miles, which is greater than 2 miles. So 2 miles southeast of = 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the intersection is not outside of the box defined by the city limits south of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Rt. 7. So you would be inside the city, choice (A). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 132 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 4: Quantitative Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 A 112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Final Word 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Next Level section of this chapter covers many of the favorite ways to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 make a GRE problem hard, but not all of them. Invariably, if you are doing 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 really well on the GRE Math section, you will encounter something that at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first glance looks impossibly complex. Ask yourself, “How did the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 test-makers make this problem hard?” Is it a multi-step problem involving 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a host of equations? If so, the goal is often to find terms that cancel each 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other out. Does the question have a bunch of interconnected figures? If so, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the key is usually to figure out facts about individual figures and then use 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this knowledge to gain information about other figures. With an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 aggressive attitude and a willingness to get creative and keep working, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many of the hardest GRE problems will be yours for the taking. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 133 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter
5 Verbal Review 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Perfect Charm for Those Shooting to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Score above a 500 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When people talk about standardized tests, they often fall into one of two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 camps. The first group believes that the tests are a reasonably accurate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 indication of a person’s “intelligence.” It stands to reason, then, that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 someone who scores well on a standardized test must be “smart.” The 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 second camp does not hold standardized tests in such a high esteem light. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To people in the second camp, the only thing a standardized test measures 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is how well someone does on that particular standardized test. To them, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 standardized tests are too arbitrary and narrowly focused to be any kind of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 accurate indicator of intelligence. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 By the time you are finished reading through this section (and this book), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many of you in the first camp will have migrated to the second camp. This 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is because many of you will no longer think of the GRE Verbal section as a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comprehensive, multiple-choice exam that uses a variety of question 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 formats to accurately gauge a person’s level of English mastery. In place of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this idea, many of you will view the test in a much different way. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The GRE Verbal Section Is a Vocabulary Quiz 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Gone Wild 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For the Verbal section, you get 30 minutes to answer 30 questions that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 come in four different types: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Antonyms 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2. Analogies 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Sentence Completions (just SC if you’re in a hurry) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 4. Reading Comprehension (RC for those on the go) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 134
Alert!
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A chart describing these four question types—as well as a discussion about 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the basic approach to the GRE Verbal test—can be found starting on page 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25. Be sure to read this section if you haven’t already done so. The bulk of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this chapter will discuss each question type in detail, but you need to fit 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these individual ideas into the overall Verbal strategy covered in the earlier 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Like the Quantitative section, the GRE Verbal section is scored on a scale 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from 200 to 800, with 800 a perfect score. Theoretically, a 500 would be 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an average score, and this chapter is going to emphasize strategies to help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you score above a 500 on the GRE Verbal section. A Verbal score in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 high 500s to mid 600s can be considered a solid score, although if you are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 applying for an English program you will most likely want to stay above 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 600. The fact that the scores are scaled makes for some strange 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discrepancies between the percentile scores and scaled scores. For 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example, a 700 Verbal might translate to the 96th percentile, meaning that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this score was better than 95 out of 100 test-takers. However, a higher 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Quantitative scaled score might translate to a lower percentile score 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because of the results of all the other people taking the GRE CAT. On the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same test where a 700 Verbal equals the 96th percentile, a 760 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rd Quantitative scaled score might only rank in the 83 percentile. Even 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 though the scaled score is higher, the percentile ranking is lower. If this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seems a little odd, that’s because it is. The end result is that it is usually 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tougher to get a high Verbal scaled score than it is to get a high 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative scaled score because the pool of GRE test-takers is skewed 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 with people who score better in Verbal than Math. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You receive your scaled scores immediately after completing the entire 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test. There are also percentile scores (0–99%) for both the Verbal and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative sections. These percentile scores can be found in the same 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 letter that gives you your Analytical score. The percentile score can be a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 little strange, since it varies over time depending on all the people taking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the test. Most graduate programs are more interested in the scaled scores, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so don’t lose too much sleep trying to figure out the vagaries of percentile 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scores. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Although there are four different question types, the first three all have a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 heavy vocabulary component. The first question type, Antonyms, is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 almost exclusively a vocabulary quiz, since you often need to know the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definition of a word in order to pick its opposite. There are some guessing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 techniques that enable you to work on an antonym problem even if you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t know the definition of the word, but for the most part many 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 antonym problems boil down to, “Do you know the word or not?” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 135 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Both analogies and sentence completions have formats that are more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 complicated than antonyms, and both formats can be approached with a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 host of methods. However, the presence of difficult vocabulary words in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the answer choices can make things difficult. For instance, you might read 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a SC problem and realize the word in the blank needs to mean something 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 akin to “small,” but then look down and see that your answer choices are: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. weighty 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. pulchritudinous 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. pusillanimous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. voluminous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 E. angry 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choices (A) and (E) are well-known words, but (B), (C), and (D) are not as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 common. For this question, you could eliminate (A) and (E) since you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know that neither of these words means “small,” but you would then be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 left with a choice of (B), (C), and (D). Many of you might be able to look at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 voluminous and recognize the root volume in the word, making this choice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unlikely to be the answer. This would leave you with two choices to guess 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from, illustrating how good test strategies can take you a long way, but 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sometimes not all the way to finding the answer outright. For the last push, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you would have to know that pulchritudinous is an ugly-sounding word 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that surprisingly means “beautiful,” while pusillanimous is a very large 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 word that means “small.” How’s that for opposites? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Three fourths of the GRE Verbal question types have a vocabulary 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 component to them. Combine this with the fact that the first 3–6 questions 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you face will be both antonyms and analogies, and that the first questions 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on a computer adaptive test section count more than the questions at the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 end. The end result is a GRE Verbal exam that is a lot like a “souped-up” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary test, or a vocabulary quiz gone wild. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you wanted to practice your Analytical skills, you can write an essay 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 showing why the GRE Verbal section is not like a vocabulary quiz on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 steroids. You could go through and find the flaws in the author’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 argument, which admittedly is not airtight. This might help you improve 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your Analytical score, but it won’t do much for the GRE Verbal score. For 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 help in this area, the first thing you should do is improve your vocabulary, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 because it plays a huge part on the GRE Verbal. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 136 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Upgrading Your Personal Lexicon 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the ideal scenario, you are reading this book when you are 5 years old. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It might be the first book you ever read. If this is the case, then the GRE 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CAT is almost two decades away, and you have an ample amount of time 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to learn a ton of tough vocabulary words. Put the lollipop down and crack 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 open that dictionary, youngster! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sadly, most of you reading this book do not have as much time as the wee 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 child described above. That’s okay, too! It means you have an actual life. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The simple fact is that the more time you have before the test, the more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary words you can learn. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Tips on Learning New Vocabulary 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Strive for Quality over Quantity. Sort of learning the definition of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1,000 words is not as good as actually learning 100 words. Building 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary for a single test is a bit problematic to begin with, since there’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 no way you can cover all the possible words that might appear. Therefore, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t blow a gasket trying to guarantee you’ll recognize every word you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 see, since it just isn’t going to happen. Instead, make sure the new words 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you do learn are remembered. That way, if one of these words shows up as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an antonym, you have a great chance to answer that question correctly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 People learn at different rates. Learning about 30 new words a week is a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 nice goal. If you start six weeks before the test, that gives you almost 200 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 new words. Feel free to adjust the 30 words/week figure up or down 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 depending on your own ability and available time. Just make sure that you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actually learn—and remember—the definitions of the words you are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 studying. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Don’t Let an Unknown Word Cross Your Path Again. The best way to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 learn new words is when a word appears in the context of other words. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Suppose you happen to be reading a magazine, book, or newspaper when 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you come across the word charivari. Looking at the context of the word 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (how the word is used in the sentence), you can sort of figure out its 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meaning. This allows you to keep on reading, even if you don’t know 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exactly what charivari means. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Instead of settling for this quasi-comprehension, write the unknown word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down and then look it up later. Or look it up right then, if you have a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dictionary nearby. The goal is to add that word to your mental stable of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words, and it’s much easier to do this with words that you actually 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 encounter in the course of a day. Encountering the word in context helps 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 anchor the word in your mind. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 137 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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Note
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can keep a small notebook with you to write unknown words down, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or if you’re techno-savvy you can store the words in a PDA or some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 similar device. For optimal benefit, write down the unknown word and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the sentence in which it appears. When you look up the definition, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can then add the definition to the word and the sample sentence you 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 already have. It almost goes without saying that creating a list this way 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gives you a vocabulary review sheet at the same time. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Writing down and learning the meaning of unknown words will help 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 improve your vocabulary, and it will have benefits beyond the GRE CAT 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Verbal. You might be able to use some of these tough words on the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analytical essay, and in general you’ll just have more words at your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disposal on a day-by-day basis. You will find that a large vocabulary can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be very helpful in social, educational, and business settings. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Do Some Test-Specific Vocabulary Reading. If context learning is the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 best way to pump up your GRE vocabulary, the second-best way is to buy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a “Boost Your GRE Vocabulary” book. There are also a slew of Web sites 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 covering GRE vocabulary. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Regardless of what source you use, a GRE-specific vocabulary list can help 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 focus your studies to cover words that have a good likelihood of appearing 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on the GRE. However, this advantage is offset by two opposing factors. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The first factor is that learning words from a book does not guarantee that 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’ll remember the word in the future. Typically, the high density of new 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 words you encounter and the artificial method in which you experience 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 them translates to a lower retention level. Instead of anchoring the word in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your mind, you might see it on the test and say, “Oh yeah, I remember that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was one of the words I studied.” This recollection might lead you to recall 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the word’s definition, but often all you have is a vague idea of what the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 word means. Still, this is better than nothing. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The second problem is that even if you do memorize 200 GRE-specific 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words, the chances you will encounter a bunch of them on the actual test is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 still rather small. Picture the Gulf of Mexico in your mind. Even if you 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know every fish off the coast of Florida, does this mean you know every 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fish in the entire gulf? The answer is no, because the volume of water in the 2 1 gulf is simply too big. The same holds true for the amount of vocabulary 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that might appear on the GRE. The number of possible words is too large 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for any single book, or volume of books, to contain. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 This doesn’t mean you must gnash your teeth and scream to the stars 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about the injustice of the GRE, although if that makes you feel better, go 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 right ahead. Instead, simply realize that you will not know the exact 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 138 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definition of every word you encounter. That’s fine. Everybody else taking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE is in the same boat as you, to one extent or another. Studying 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from a GRE-specific list might place 1–3 problems right in your lap. Since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the test is only 30 questions long, every question helps. If some recently 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 learned vocabulary helps you on the first 5 questions, then it will have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 been worth it. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The rest of the chapter will cover various question-specific techniques you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can employ. Vocabulary was covered first since some of these techniques 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hinge upon whether or not you know the definition of the words used. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Compiling new vocabulary words and learning questions strategies go 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 hand in hand, so let’s get started. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 Antonyms 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In test-taking lingo, a GRE antonym question consists of a “stem word” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 followed by 5 answer choices. For example: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CIRCUITOUS : 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. direct 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. electrical 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. wooden 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. oblique 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 E. long-winded 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The stem word is circuitous, and one of the five answer choices below this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stem word has a meaning that is “most nearly opposite” in meaning to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circuitous. Don’t look yet at the answer choices, though. The best way to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 approach every antonym problem is to focus on the stem word first and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer this question as honestly as possible: “Do I know the meaning of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 this word?” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Although these questions are commonly referred to as antonyms, not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 every stem word/correct answer is an antonym pair in the purest sense. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is why the phrase “most nearly opposite” (or something similar) will 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be used to describe these questions. The phrase is vague enough to give 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the test-writers wiggle room if they want to use two words that aren’t 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exactly antonyms, but do have meanings that are fairly opposite. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 This question triggers your approach to every antonym problem. Looking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 at the answer choices before answering it might influence your thinking, as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you make an incorrect connection with the stem word and an answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 choice that is incorrect. The reason for this common mistake has to do 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 139 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the way wrong answer choices are created. In general, wrong answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices often take the form of words that can commonly be associated 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the stem word. Call this the “Salt-and-Pepper Trap.” The stem word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 is salt, and directly below it is the answer choice pepper. Your mind 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commonly associates these two items together, in kind of an opposite way. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So like the old tongue-twister you pick pepper, even though the two words 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are not antonyms. They aren’t really related in any way except for the fact 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that they are both common spices. Focusing on the stem word definition 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 first prevents you from falling into the Salt-and-Pepper Trap. Achoo! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Answering the question, “Do I know the meaning of the stem word?” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 produces three outcomes, “Yes,” “No,” and “Maybe.” Each of these 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answers leads to a different technique. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Outcome #1: Yes, I Know the Meaning of the Word 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As you might expect, this is the answer you want the most. If you do know 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the meaning of circuitous, define it mentally in a sentence like, “Circuitous 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means a long, round-about course or path.” Now, anticipate what the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antonym of circuitous will be. By anticipating the antonym, you approach 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the answer choices with a focus that will help you separate the wrong 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answers from the better choices. People who don’t approach the answer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices with such a clear focus often “shop” the answer choices, looking at 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 each one and trying them on to see if they fit as the stem word’s antonyms. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since these wrong answers are designed to be tempting, this approach can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 easily lead to a poor choice. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 By anticipating the antonym, you give yourself a clear idea of what you are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 looking for. You don’t have to spend minutes crafting a perfect response, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just compose a mental sentence along the lines of, “the antonym of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circuitous will be a word like straight or blunt.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. direct 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. electrical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. wooden 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 D. oblique 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. long-winded 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Using this mental sentence as a guide, choice (A) stands out as the correct 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. You might not know exactly what oblique means, so you don’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have to cross out that answer if you don’t want to. All other choices are 2 1 clearly wrong, although if you went shopping in the answer choices, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might have liked electrical since the word circuitous has the word circuit 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 140 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you know the meaning of the stem word, chances are good you would 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get the answer correct even without anticipating the correct choice. Even 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so, anticipating the correct answer virtually eliminates the chance of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 wrong answer. It’s a sound test-taking strategy, and one you should always 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 employ. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Outcome #2: I Sort of Know the Meaning of That 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word . . . Maybe 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are many words that fall into this category. They are like the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 neighbors you occasionally see down the street or the people who work at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 your local grocery store. You recognize them when you see them, but if 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pressed, you have to admit that you don’t know that much about them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 People encounter these “passing acquaintance” words every day. If you are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 following the suggestions listed earlier in this chapter, you are writing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down these words and then looking up their definitions later. This allows 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you to change your answer from “Maybe I know this word” to “Yes, I 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know this word,” something that greatly helps your GRE Verbal chances. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Still, there will always be some words that you recognize but can never 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quite define. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 BRAVADO : 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. callowness 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. greed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 C. swagger 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. timorousness 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. hapless 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Assume that you don’t quite know the definition of the stem word 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bravado. However, you have seen the word in some novels, and you think 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 that brav- in bravado is the same as the brav- in brave or bravery. This 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would mean that bravado means something similar to brave or courageous 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . . . if the bravis the same for both words. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The above train of thought is commendable, and it shows someone 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 working to decipher the meaning of a word with an educated guess. This is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a good strategy. To determine whether or not the guess is correct, you need 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to develop your awareness of how the computer adaptive GRE works. For 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example, if bravado is the first question in the GRE Verbal section, which 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would imply that it is a question of medium difficulty. This question 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 won’t be simple, but a little work—like figuring out the definition by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comparing the root brav—should place you on the right course. In this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scenario, bravado probably does share some similarity with the more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 common word brave. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 141 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 However, if bravado is the fifth question, and you’re very confident you’ve 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answered the previous four questions correctly, then the scenario is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different. You should realize that your correct answers have caused the test 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to adapt and start feeding you harder problems, so the root brav- in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bravado is a decoy put there to catch unwary students. There’s no way a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hard GRE Verbal question would be so easy to decipher. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If the previous paragraph makes sense to you, then you are well on your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way to becoming a great test-taker. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For this example, suppose bravado is the first question you encounter on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the GRE Verbal, which means the brav- root theory is valid. Since you sort 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of know the definition, you can sort of anticipate an answer. The opposite 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of bravery would be cowardice or something similar, so the opposite of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bravado should be something like cowardice as well. Glancing at the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices, you have: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. callowness 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 B. greed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. swagger 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. timorousness 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. hapless 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Some people like to think in terms of positive/negative words. Painting 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with broad strokes, positive words mean things like larger/happier/better/ 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good, while negative words mean the opposite. Bravado has the root 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 brav- in it, and bravery would be considered positive. You can could then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 go into the answer choices and look for negative words. This technique 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does not always work, though, as many answer choices are negative 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words but with different meanings. Nevertheless, thinking in terms of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 positive/negative can help for some words in which the only thing you can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 recall about them is whether or not they mean something good or bad. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 These choices illustrate the influence that vocabulary has on the GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal, since some of the answer choice words are as hard as or harder 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than the stem word itself. Still, choices (B), (C), and (E) have nothing to do 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with cowardice, so you can cross them out. This leaves you with a 50/50 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chance, not bad considering you aren’t certain of the stem word definition. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Therefore, the correct answer is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 142 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Outcome #3: No, I Have No Idea What That 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Means 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For most people, the question is not if you will encounter a word you don’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know, but when you will run across that word. Don’t beat yourself up 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about this, as the words used on the GRE Verbal section reflect a pretty 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 advanced vocabulary pool. For example: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 WINSOME : 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. unpleasant 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. defeated 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 C. garrulous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. whiny 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. spurious 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you don’t know what the word winsome means, and if your mind can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not even summon up a passing memory of seeing the word in print, then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 there’s no way to anticipate the answer. Instead, you need to attack the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices, scrutinize them and try to eliminate unlikely answers, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then take a guess. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are two primary ways to attack answer choices. The first one has 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 been touched on in the previous section, where you took your knowledge 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the adaptive test format and used it to your advantage. Suppose the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 word winsome appears after you have answered several questions 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correctly. Personally, you think it’s a tough word (which is true), and that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you are in a hard portion of the GRE Verbal (a good assumption if you’ve 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 been answering questions correctly). This means there’s no easy shortcut 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on this problem. In fact, anything that looks like a shortcut is probably too 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good to be true, and can be eliminated. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The root win- appears in the word winsome, which might lead some to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 think the word has something to do with victory or winning. Choice (B) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then practically screams, “I must be the answer!” Knowing where you are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on the test, and how tough a word winsome is, you can therefore eliminate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice (B). You know it’s there to catch unwary test-takers looking for an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 easy out when there isn’t one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 One answer choice is out, but four remain. The second elimination 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 technique can now be employed. Call it the “Sandwich Technique.” Try to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer the question, “What is the opposite of sandwich?” Is it a pizza? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Soup? A salad? The point is there is no opposite word for sandwich. Many 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 words have no opposite, or you have to get very creative to come up with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an opposite. Words without true opposites are very poor candidates to be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the correct answer on an Antonym problem, so you can cross them out on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hard problems. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 143 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Looking over the four remaining choices, choice (A) has a very clear 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 opposite. You might not know what garrulous or spurious means, so you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can’t eliminate them if you don’t know what they mean. It turns out both 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 have valid opposites. Look at (D), though, whiny. What is the opposite of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whiny? Unwhiny? Polite? Not annoying? You can make a case that there is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a word that means the opposite of whiny . . . but you have to make a case 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in order to do so. This makes it unlikely to be the right answer, so you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate choice (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You are left with three choices. Take a guess, and keep in mind that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one-in-three odds are not too bad when you are dealing with a completely 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 unfamiliar word. The correct answer choice happens to be the one that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 could easily be an antonym. A winsome person is charming and pleasant, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the opposite of unpleasant, choice (A). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are several methods for dealing with antonym problems, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary plays a large part in the overall strategy. The same can also be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 said of another vocabulary-centric question type, the analogy questions. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ANALOGY is to GRE as FEATHER is to OSTRICH 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analogies are similar in form to antonyms, and they also have a heavy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary component. However, where there is only one stem word for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an antonym, an analogy question starts off with two stem words that bear 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 some type of relationship to one another. As you will see, understanding 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the relationship between the two stem words is the critical skill to master 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 when handling analogy problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 FEATHER : OSTRICH :: 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. beak : raven 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. scale : lizard 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. foot : chicken 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. desert : cactus 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. tail : mammal 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There’s a colon between the two stem words, but there is also some kind of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 link between the two words. One of the answer choices—the correct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one—will share this same link, or analogous relationship. Hence the term, 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 analogies. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 144 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Tip
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To get a clearer picture of what is needed on an analogy problem, it helps 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to get rid of the colon and format the question in the following manner: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 FEATHER _____________________________ OSTRICH :: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. beak ______________________________ raven 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 B. scale ______________________________ lizard 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. foot _______________________________ chicken 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. desert ____________________________ __ cactus 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. tail ________________________________ mammal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If the question were set up this way, it would be easy to see that what you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 need to do is write some text that shows the link between the two stem 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words. You can have something like 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a FEATHER is part of an OSTRICH :: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Creating a link between the two stem words is the first step of every 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 analogy problem. If you can create a good link, then you can take that link 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down into the answer choices and see which answer choices share that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 link. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Granted, you can’t create a link between the stem words if you don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know what one or both of the words means. Strategies to deal with these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circumstances are covered later in the chapter. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. beak is part of a raven 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. scale is part of a lizard 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. foot is part of a chicken 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. desert is part of a cactus 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. tail is part of a mammal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 A desert is NOT part of a cactus, so choice (D) is not going to be the right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer on this problem since it does not contain the same link as the two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stem words (desert : cactus do share a link, it’s just not the right one for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this problem). Choices (A), (B), (C), and (E) all seem to share the same link. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 This does not mean that all four choices are correct. Instead, we must 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 refine our initial link and be a little more precise in describing how the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words feather and ostrich are connected. A little bit of thinking here will 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 make the problem easy to solve. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Some people might say that feathers are used by birds to fly. This is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 somewhat true, although it could be argued that the wings are what enable 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a bird to fly. In any case, the ostrich is a flightless bird, so creating a link 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that states, “A feather is part of an ostrich that is used to fly” would be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 incorrect. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 145 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What do the feathers do for an ostrich? Without over-thinking it, feathers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cover the outside of the bird and protect it in the same way that skin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 protects us. You can then modify our initial linking sentence to read 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 something like: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a FEATHER is part of the outer covering of an OSTRICH 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a FEATHER is the part of an OSTRICH found along the outside 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of its body 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 a FEATHER is the part of an OSTRICH that covers it like skin 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All three of these sentences give a more precise definition of the connection 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 between feather and ostrich. Use any of them above and see how they fit in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the remaining answer choices. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. beak is part of the outer covering of a raven 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. scale is part of the outer covering of a lizard 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. foot is part of the outer covering of a chicken 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. tail is part of the outer covering of a mammal 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You could try to make the case that choices (A), (C), and (E) are still valid, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but it should be clear that choice (B) is the best answer for this analogy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problem. Scales cover the outside of lizards, and feathers cover the exterior 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of ostriches. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you know both the stem words for an analogy question, then you should 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 focus on creating a link that describes the connection between the two 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words. Once this is done, you simply take that link and check it against all 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the answer choices to find the one that shares the same relationship. That 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is your correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Creating good links can take some practice. Quite often, you might start 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 out with a general link and then have to modify it to be more specific. The 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chart below discusses some of the more common types of Analogy links 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 that will be encountered on the GRE. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Common Types of Analogies 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Synonyms: Synonyms are fairly simple analogies, since the two words 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mean the same thing. An example would be PREVARICATE : LIE, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since prevaricate is just a fancy word meaning “to lie.” Synonym 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 analogies like to combine one tough word with a simple one, leaving 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you to wonder what the relationship between the words are. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words could be synonyms, or . . . 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2. Antonyms: These analogies are exactly what you would expect them 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to be. PREVARICATION: TRUTH is an example of an antonym 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 analogy. Many synonym and antonym analogies use adjectives as the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stem words. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 146 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Note
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Degree: Degree analogies combine two things that are similar in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nature but different in scale. BREEZE : GALE is a good example 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since they are both winds, although a gale is much stronger. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. Set/Subset: Fans of categories will like these analogies. Subset 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 analogies often employ linking phrases such as “kind of” or “part 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 of.” ELM : TREE is a simple example, since an elm is a kind of tree. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 FEATHER : OSTRICH could also be considered one of these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 analogies, but if you disagree, that’s fine, too. These categories 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should be used if they help you come up with good links, but it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doesn’t really matter whether or not each category is distinct from all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the others. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. Function: Certain things have been made with a specific purpose or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 function. For instance, what do gloves do? GLOVES : HANDS is a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good example of a function relationship, since gloves are meant to be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 worn on the hands. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You might also think that GLOVES : WARM is a good link, but this is not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as strong. Gloves can be used to keep your hands warm, but gloves can 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 also be worn for other purposes. A person wearing gloves while washing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dishes is wearing gloves for protection, not warmth. The two stem words 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will always have a strong link, but the words in the answer choices do not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 always contain strong links. If you saw GLOVES : WARM as an answer 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 choice, you could eliminate it as a likely answer choice because the link 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 between the two words is not very strong. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6. Definitional: This is a big catch-all category. One stem word often 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plays a big part in defining the other stem word. CANDLE : WAX is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an example, since it is hard to describe a candle without using the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 term wax. While there are some candles that might not be made out 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of wax, the overwhelming majority are, so a link like “a candle is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 made out of wax” might be all you need to answer a problem 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correctly. There is the possibility you would have to get more specific, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 so you could modify this first definition and change it to something 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more precise such as, “A candle is made out of wax, which is then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 burned away.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This list could be given more categories, but the overall goal is to show you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some common routes you can take to create a link between the stem 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 words. Look at the two analogies questions below, and come up with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strong links that describe a connection between the two words. See if your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 links are good enough to enable you to answer both questions correctly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 147 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 SHEPHERD : FLOCK :: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. apothecary : drugs 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. butcher : carcass 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. physician : patients 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. farmer : corn 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 E. businessperson : employer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 BANEFUL : BENEFIT :: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. helpful : cure 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. tragic : end 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 C. toxic : poison 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. flawless : aberration 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. disguised : concealment 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can describe the first two stem words in either functional or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definitional terms: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Functional route: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 he function of a SHEPHERD is to take care of his/her FLOCK. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Definitional route: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A SHEPHERD is someone who takes care of a FLOCK. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Both links do a good job of describing the connection between a shepherd 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and a flock. Taking either link and heading into the answer choices, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 should see that choice (C) works better than any other. A PHYSICIAN is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 someone who takes care of his/her PATIENTS. Some people will balk at 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this choice, mainly because they do not want to be compared with sheep. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Yet the whole point of analogous relationships is to show a shared 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 similarity between two seemingly dissimilar groups. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For the second analogy problem, the words baneful and benefit have 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 opposite connotations. Something that is BANEFUL has no BENEFIT, so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can use the link “has no” to check all the answer choices. Choices (C) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and (E) are mostly synonyms, so while there is a strong link between the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words in these answer choices, they do not have the link you are looking 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for. Something FLAWLESS has no ABERRATION, making (D) the correct 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The words used in the second problem were deliberately a lot tougher than 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the words in the first problem. If you didn’t know what baneful meant, it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 would be hard to make a link between the two stem words. There will be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some tough stem words on the GRE, so there are some strategies you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 use to approach these problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 148 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What to Do When the Stem Words Are Just 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Too Freaky 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There will always be a strong link between the two stem words. This is not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the case with the answer choices. Some of these will have weak links, or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even no links at all. Since the correct answer must have the same, strong 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 link as the two stem words, any answer choices with weak links can be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminated. There’s no way they could be the right answer, because the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 right answer must have a strong link. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is the best elimination technique you have, so be prepared to use it on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lots of problems. Let’s look back at the very first analogy problem in this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 FEATHER : OSTRICH :: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. beak : raven 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. scale : lizard 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 C. foot : chicken 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. desert : cactus 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. tail : mammal 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Assume you have no idea what the word feather means. Go down to your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices and try to make links between the two words. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. beak : raven—a BEAK is like the mouth of a RAVEN 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 B. scale : lizard—a LIZARD is covered in SCALES (It’s OK to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reverse direction if you need to, and you can add a plural if 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you like) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. foot : chicken—a CHICKEN kinda has a FOOT 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 D. desert : cactus—a DESERT is where you commonly find 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CACTUS 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. tail : mammal—a TAIL can often be found on a MAMMAL, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 but not always 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choice (C) is not really a strong link, and (E) is pretty shaky, too. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mammals can have tails, but not every one does. Both (C) and (E) are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 weak choices that can be crossed out as possible answers. Choices (A) and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (D) have fine links. But if (D) is the right answer, then the stem words 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would have to share the same link, meaning that a FEATHER “is where 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you commonly find” an OSTRICH. You would pick this if you thought 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there was a specific word out there meaning, “the place where ostriches 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 are commonly found.” The existence of such a word is unlikely, so this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 takes (D) out of the picture. You are left with (A) or (C), two solid choices. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Let’s revisit choice (C) once more before bidding a fond farewell to this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problem. Since foot and chicken do not share any real connection, why is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 149 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this choice even here? The reason lies in the fact that most people like to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 play the “Connect the Words” game when tackling tough analogies 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems. This means they might connect the second stem word with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 second word in an answer choice, or maybe they’ll take the first stem word 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and make a connection with the second word of a different answer choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 They’ll make links however they can, with no regard for the strict rules 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 regarding analogous relationships. In terms of this question, this means 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people will link ostrich, a bird, with chicken or raven, two other birds. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Who cares what the first words are? Chickens and ostriches are both birds, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 aren’t they? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 None of these “Connect the Words” links are valid. They are traps 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 designed to lead you astray. It doesn’t matter that chicken and ostriches are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 both birds. You can only make links between the two paired words, and 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then compare links to one another. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The temptation to play “Connect the Words” gets stronger when you have 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 some tough words that you might not know. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Looking back at the shepherd and flock problem, you can see two answer 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices designed to catch people making incorrect connections. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words farmer and corn do not really have a strong link, since farmers can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grow many other things besides corn. It’s there to catch people combining 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 shepherd and farmer, two pastoral occupations. Some people might 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 equate shepherds with tending herd animals of some sort, and these 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 animals often end up with a butcher, the first word in choice (B). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 BANEFUL : BENEFIT :: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. helpful : cure 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. tragic : end 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 C. toxic : poison 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. flawless : aberration 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 E. camouflaged : concealment 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you don’t know what baneful means, attack this question by heading 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 into the answer choices to test the links there. Choice (C) contains two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 synonyms, so it remains a likely pick if you think baneful and benefit are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 synonymous. When you try to make a link for choices (A) and (B), you will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find that the words are not really related. Choice (A) is probably there for 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people connecting cure and benefit, two positive words. You should realize 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 by now that choice (A) is wrong for two reasons: It has a weak link, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it’s a trap for folks playing “Connect the Words.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 150 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choices (C), (D), and (E) all contain good links, so they should all remain. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A one-in-three chance may not be ideal, but it shows once again that you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can use techniques to give yourself a fighting chance even on problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 where you don’t know the meaning of some of the words. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 This __________ of the Book Deals with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentence __________ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you could figure out that heading, you are well on your way to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 succeeding on Sentence Completions (SC) problems. Like the heading, SC 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems feature a sentence—often a convoluted one filled with multiple 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 types of punctuation (commas, semicolons, and so forth), kind of like the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence you are currently reading—that has one or more words missing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from it. A sample SC problem would look like: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 SC problems feature a sentence—often a convoluted one filled with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 multiple types of __________ (commas, semicolons, and so forth), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 kind of like the sentence you are currently reading—that has one or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more words missing from it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. pauses 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. punctuation 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. grammar 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. issues 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. subjects 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Using context is the critical element with SC problems. You are not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 required to conjecture randomly to figure out what the missing word 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 should be. Instead, every sentence will contain hints and clues in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 context that should steer you toward the right word to place in the missing 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 blank. In the sample sentence above, two words immediately following the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 blank are commas and semicolons, both forms of punctuation. These are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the main clues that should lead you to the correct answer of choice (B), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 punctuation. Of course, having the entire sentence directly above the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 problem also helps. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 151 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
Tip
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X-Ref
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The idea of context should be familiar to everyone enhancing their 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary by grabbing unfamiliar words in the context of everyday 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 reading. (This topic was discussed on page 137 in this section.) When you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 encounter an unfamiliar word in context, you can often determine its 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meaning from the way it is used in the sentence it is in. You figure out the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meaning of the word through its context, and this practice is very similar 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to the strategy used to determine what word should appear in the blank 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 space of the Sentence Completion problem. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Just like antonym problems, anticipating the answer will help you on SC 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 problems. People who read the original sentence and then go shopping in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the answer choices increase their possibility of picking a wrong answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The incorrect answers are created to catch shoppers, so don’t follow this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pattern of behavior. Instead, read the original sentence slowly, and try to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decide what word would fit best in each blank. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Figuring out a word can be difficult, but remember that every sentence will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contain context clues to help you determine the right answer. If the missing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 word doesn’t come to you right away, scan the sentence and look for words 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or phrases that provide a clue. There will always be some. If you come up 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with a word but are a bit uncertain it is the correct one, finding the context 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clues can help you decide whether or not you made the right choice. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Determined to bring back an egg of the Emperor penguin, Apsley 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and his companions struggled through ferocious blizzards, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 __________ low temperatures, and across dangerously unknown 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Antarctic __________ in order to complete their mission. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. appallingly. .terrain 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. terrifyingly. .errors 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 C. cryptically. .ice 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. bitingly. .forces 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. stingingly. .circumstances 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The sample sentence also contains directional words. These are words 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that change or continue the flow of a sentence. A conjunction like and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 continues the flow of a sentence, while words like but, although, or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 however change the flow of sentence. Since changing the flow makes the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meaning of a sentence harder to determine, you can expect to see at least 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some changing directional words on your SC problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This two-blank SC problem has a host of context clues. We can break 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 down this entire sentence and discuss the relevance of all the words. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 152 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word or Phrase Significance 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On many SC problems, the introductory phrase “Determined to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 is employed to set up a change in the flow of the bring back an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence. These introductory phrases start with egg of the Em2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words like although, while, and something peror penguin” 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 related. However, this phrase does not do this. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The key words in this phrase might be Deter2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 mined—showing resolution—and Emperor pen2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 guin, which would lead to start thinking about 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cold weather, since penguins are associated 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 with cold weather. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “Apsley and his Not much here except for the fact that Apsley’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 companions” a decidely British name? In terms of answering 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a SC question, the phrase and his companions 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is completely worthless. Whether or not Apsley 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 acted alone or with an entire troupe of clowns 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does not help you figure out the missing words. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Think of these worthless phrases as sentence 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 completion chaff. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here’s a big clue that ties in well with the “struggled 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 penguin clue from earlier. The words penguin through fero12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and blizzards should evoke images of very cold cious blizzards” 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 weather. The words struggled and ferocious 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reinforce the idea that the place Apsley is at is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 very harsh and cold. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “__________ low Given the way this sentence is going, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 temperatures” should conjecture that the missing word should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be something like “extremely” or “terribly.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The phrase “pleasantly low temperatures” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simply would not jive with everything you’ve 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 read up to now. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Apsley hasn’t gone to poach penguin eggs from “and across 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a zoo. He’s obviously fighting to get eggs in the dangerously un2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 known Antarctic Antarctic. Picturing Antarctica in your mind, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 you might think the ice would fit well into the __________” 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence. It would, but so would land or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ground. Keep both options in mind. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 SC filler, but three cheers for completing the “in order to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mission. complete their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mission” 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 153 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now that you have potential words for each blank, look at the answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices. Start with only one word, and eliminate any answer choices that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do not fit the words you came up with. Start with the first blank and cross 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 out any words that do not mean “terribly” or “extremely.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. appallingly. .terrain 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 B. terrifyingly. .errors 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C cryptically. .ice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. bitingly. .forces 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. stingingly. .circumstances 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choice (C) can be eliminated, since “cryptically low temperatures” does 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not make sense, and it does not mean the same thing as what you are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 looking for. Note that the second word in choice (C), ice, is a very good 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 word to use for that blank. People shopping might pick choice (C) because 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the second word fits so well, even though the first word is a poor choice. If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you work one blank at a time and eliminate improbable answer choices, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 you spare yourself this mistake. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For the second blank, ice works nicely but it’s already gone. The word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 errors does not work very well, so (B) can be crossed out. This leaves (A), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (D), and (E). The word terrain is synonymous with ground, making it the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 best choice from the ones left. (A) is your answer, then. You didn’t start out 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thinking of the words appallingly and terrain, but you understood the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 context clues well enough to choose words that led you to these correct 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The approach outlined above should be used on all SC questions, one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 blank or two. As always, vocabulary plays a factor, since it is difficult to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate a word like cryptically if you are uncertain of what it means. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Even though vocabulary works as a limiting factor on SC problems, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fact remains that sentence completion questions are very “techniquable.” 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 If you can understand the sentence, you have a shot at getting the answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 right. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is the best thing about SC problems. The worst thing is that there are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 usually fewer SC problems than any other question type. You might see as 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 few as five, and these arrive near the back end of the test where their 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impact on scoring is lessened. Isn’t it strange how the question type that’s 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 most solvable appears the least, while the question type that’s little more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than a “do-you-know-the-word-or-not?” appears the most? Hmm. . . . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 154 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading Comprehension, the Kevin Bacon of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Standardized Tests (It’s in Every Test) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Odds are high that you have already taken scads of tests containing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading Comprehension (RC) problems. The format, then, should hold 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 no surprise: You get a pile of words to read and must answer questions 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 about these words to show that you understood said pile. RC on the GRE 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal section is no different, although the twenty-first century techno2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 version of RC means that you must do your reading on a computer screen, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scrolling up and down to read the words that appear in an annoyingly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 small text box. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since the format is so familiar, there won’t be any surprises when your first 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 RC questions pop up on the screen. These questions do not focus on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary as much as the other three question types, providing a bit of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relief in that arena. These two aspects work to your advantage, but not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 everything about RC is rosy. The main drawback is that you have to spend 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 an inordinate amount of time—compared to the other GRE problem 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 types—to answer a small amount of questions. This can lead to problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 if you are a very slow reader, as you might find yourself taking 4–6 minutes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of a 30-minute test just to answer two measly questions. The ratio of what 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you put in to answer RC questions to what you get out of it is really lousy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You should always take whatever time is needed to get a question right, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 even if this means having to guess on some questions at the very end. Many 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people tend to rush when taking a standardized test, and this is something 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you never want to do as it leads to careless errors. Careless errors are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compounded by the adaptive nature of the GRE, so people flying through 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 RC problems find themselves at an even greater disadvantage. To 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 overcome any pacing problems before they appear, simply understand that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you will have to take more time on RC problems, which means you should 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 take less time on some other problems. For example, if you definitely 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know the answer to an antonym problem, it should only take you about 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15 seconds to mark the correct answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A typical RC passage runs about 200 words in length and has 2–3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions associated with it. Longer passages—those over and around 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 300 words—might have as many as 4 questions attached. On a normal 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE, RC questions are shy, appearing for the first time only after you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have answered about 8–10 other questions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Along with their different format, RC problems require a different 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 approach. The overall goal is to make sure you answer the questions 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 correctly in the shortest amount of time possible. To help you do this, read 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 155 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the question before you start reading the passage. Keep the question in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 back of your mind when tackling the passage. If you can answer the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question accurately before reading the entire passage, by all means do so. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The whole goal is to answer questions, not while away time reading a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bland passage. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The content of the passages is not going to electrify you. The passages are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 non-fiction and tackle a diverse range of scientific and non-scientific 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 topics. It should be noted that all the information presented has to be 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accurate, and that the answers to the questions must also be factually 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accurate. Therefore, if you get a passage about the War of the Austrian 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Succession and you just happen to be a big fan of the Hapsburg dynasty, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then you’re in luck! On a more general note, you can use common sense to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate some answer choices that are unlikely to be real or true. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you start reading the passages, try to understand the main point of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the passage first. This is often found hiding out in the first paragraph. Your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 overall goal is to understand the main points of the passage and each of its 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraphs, but you don’t need to waste time absorbing all the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 information into your long-term memory. Have an idea of where all the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 facts are, since you want to be able to go to the right part of the passage to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer any questions posed. At the same time, you don’t want to waste 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 any time reading information that’s not essential to answering the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions, since answering questions is the only reason you’re here. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Finding the right balance between passage reading and question answering 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 takes some practice, but that’s why there are three pencil-and-paper tests 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in this book as well as others on the CD. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here’s a short sample paragraph: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Passage 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Line Viewing the underwater world through a land-based perspec2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tive, it is easy to consider a colony of coral—a broad term used 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to describe the marine organisms, like those of the genus 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Corallium, which inhabit many tropical waters—as something 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 similar to a bed of flowers. Both corals and flowers have many 2 (5) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 species that display brilliant markings and have intricate 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 shapes pleasing to the human eye. Yet the relationship between 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 flowers and corals is predominantly an aesthetic one, as the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basic composition of a coral polyp, an animal, differs mark2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 edly from that of a self-photosynthesizing plant like a rose or (10) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 zinnia. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It could even be argued that lichen, a fungus, bears more in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 common with corals than flowers, since both lichen and corals 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 156 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are typified by beneficial relationships with photosynthesizing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algae. While there are some species of coral that can exist (15) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 solely by capturing food, most corals receive energy by hosting 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 millions of single-celled organisms commonly referred to as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae are provided safety from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 predation as well as certain by-products of the coral’s 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 metabolism, like ammonia, which zooxanthellae require to (20) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grow and reproduce. In return, a portion of the energy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 produced by the zooxanthellae through photosynthesis is used 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 by the coral to further its own needs for sustenance, growth, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and reproduction. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The text is wordy, the sentences are long, the style is bookish, and the topic 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 somewhat dull. In short, it’s your typical RC passage on a standardized 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test. Instead of trying to gain some deep insight from the text, just get an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 idea of what each paragraph is about and then dive into the questions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The author of the passage uses the visual comparison of coral to a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bed of flowers in order to illustrate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. how human perceptions of other habitats are influenced by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 their own environment. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. the zoological similarities that exist between corals and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 flowers. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 C. why a better understanding of corals is needed in order to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 preserve endangered forms. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. the multiple ways that the perspective organisms are regarded. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. the ability of underwater life to mimic that of the land-based 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 world. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you were really cagy, you would have zipped down and read this 2 1 question before tackling the text of the passage. It doesn’t matter if you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 didn’t do this for this question, but make sure to get in the habit of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reviewing the questions before tackling the text. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This question covers a bit of text in the first paragraph, so don’t try to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer the question without looking back at the first paragraph. There’s a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 tendency for students who feel rushed to try to answer a problem “from 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 memory,” as if great amounts of time are saved by not referring back to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage. Some seconds might be shaved off, it’s true, but these seconds 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 won’t help much if you get the problem wrong. Go back and look over the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first paragraph to give yourself the best shot possible to find the correct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 157 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Instead of jumping right to the correct answer, let’s review why some of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other choices are not the right one. Choice (C) sounds good, and people 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 who are very passionate about the environment might agree with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 statement whole-heartedly. Yet the author of the passage never once 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mentions the environmental angle, so the answer choice is just there to trip 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up GRE-taking members of Greenpeace. Think of this as the “True, but So 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What?” wrong answer choice. There will be answer choices that sound 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 really good but have nothing to do with the actual text you are working 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 with. Cross these out. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choices (B) and (E) both use words and phrases that can be found in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 passage itself. Choice (B) has the words corals, flower, similarities, and the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prefix zoo-, all of which appear in the passage. Choice (E) has underwater 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and land-based set up in a nice, contrasting way. Both of these choices 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 offer looks over substance, since the actual meaning of each sentence 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes them incorrect answer choices. They are like a bracelet made out of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pearls and whipped cream. Even though the pearls look nice, the bracelet 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 itself cannot be worn. Choice (B) actually states that there are deeper 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 similarities between flowers and corals, when the whole paragraph is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about how these similarities are superficial. The verb mimic in choice (E) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes this statement totally incorrect, since there is nothing in the passage 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to back up this claim. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This leaves only two choices, (A) and (D). Quite often, the correct answer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 for an RC question merely paraphrases, or restates, text from the passage 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 using different words. The passage starts by showing how a land-based 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perspective can lead to the wrong conclusion about corals. In other words, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people’s perceptions of other habitats (the ocean) are influenced by their 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 own environment, the land. That’s choice (A), and that’s your paraphrased 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correct answer. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 From the second paragraph, it can be inferred that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. lichen use zooxanthellae algae for use in photosynthesis. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. lichen provides some form of photosynthesizing algae with the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 same basic nutrients that corals provide zooxanthellae. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. zooxanthellae serve a function with corals that is served by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some photosynthesizing organism in lichen. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 D. corals are not as dependent on their photosynthesizing partners 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as lichen is. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. corals and lichen are both able to capture food for themselves 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 if necessary. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 158 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Tip
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Most RC problems are not going to ask you to find information 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 specifically stated in the passage. Instead, you will be asked to infer or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 conclude an answer, based on what was written. This means that while 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the correct answer is not stated directly, the clues needed to find the right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer are there. So, think like you did on the SC problems and search the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage text for the clues that lead you to the right answer. The clues will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 always be there; you need only find them and they will lead you to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correct answer. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If this question seems confusing, it’s because it is. Many RC problems and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 answer choices appear to have been penned by Theodore Dreiser. (For 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 those non-English majors, this joke means that they are very laboriously 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 written.) The whole point of these choices is to get you unnerved to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extent that you hurry and make a poor decision. If you understand that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this is the trap, you can avoid it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 First, you know where to look for the right answer, since the question 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 states, “in the second passage.” Accept any free information that’s given. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The answer choices continue to make various claims about the analogous— 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 remember this word?—relationship between corals and zooxanthellae and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lichen with some photosynthesizing organism. In other words, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CORAL : ZOOXANTHELLAE :: LICHEN : Some unnamed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 photosynthesizing organism 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 You can speak GRE, too! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choices (B), (D), and (E) don’t work because you don’t know enough 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about lichen. There’s nothing in the passage that says how dependent 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lichen is, choice (D), or whether lichen can capture its own food, choice 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (E). These answers wouldn’t be inferences, they would be unfounded 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 guesses. Furthermore, you don’t know if lichen uses zooxanthellae 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 algae—an unlikely choice (A) since lichen is not found underwater—or if 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lichen provides its guest algae with basic nutrients, choice (B). All you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know is that there is an analogy between lichen and its photosynthesizing 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 organism and corals with zooxanthellae. The correct answer is (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One last note: People with saltwater aquariums might have known about 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 corals and their little sun-loving buddies, showing how outside knowledge 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can come in handy depending on the subject you get. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 159 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One Last Note about Vocabulary 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 And that note is, study more vocabulary! All the techniques discussed 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 above are useful, but if you don’t know the words, their effectiveness will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be greatly reduced. The other advantage to studying vocabulary is that you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can use these advanced words to make your Analytical essays sound more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 urbane and educated. For more advice on how to improve your essays, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 turn to Chapter 6 and start reading. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 160 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Take It to the Next Level
Alert!
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Here There Be Wyverns 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (and other Difficult Words) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Graduate programs use GRE scores in a bewildering variety of ways, but 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the end it all basically comes down to making piles. Graduate programs 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 start out with a huge pile of applicants, and they need to do things to make 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this big pile smaller. The big pile gets whittled down one way or another, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and when it gets down to a manageable size, then people start to get 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seriously considered. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your GRE score is one easy, easy way to whittle down a pile. Viewed this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way, you can see that your goal is to have a GRE score good enough to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 keep from getting placed on the wrong pile. Some programs employ the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 combined Quantitative and Verbal scores, which is good for you because it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is easier to gain points on the math side than it is on the verbal side. If you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wanted to boost your score by about 100 points, you could shoot for a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 70-point improvement in math and a 30-point increase in verbal. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A higher number of humanities programs require the GRE, so the major 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 proportion of people taking the test are better at the verbal portion than 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the math portion. This verbal-centric skew makes it harder to get a high 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 verbal score, since relatively speaking most people are doing better on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that section than on the math section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Other graduate programs—like those with the word “English” in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 them—are often not concerned about your Quantitative score. These 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 programs are going to whittle down their piles based on Verbal and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perhaps Analytical scores. If this is the case for you, then gunning for a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 high Verbal score is the right plan. However, if the program is more 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 concerned with overall score, keep in mind that it will be easier to gain 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extra points in the math portion. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 161
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Note
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Getting a high score in the GRE Verbal section—high 600s to low 700s—is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not very simple, since it often boils down to one word. To be more precise, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it comes down to one word that means all words: vocabulary. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 A 112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Simple Formula to Make Medium Verbal 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Problems Harder: Use Tougher Words 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There are no different question types to separate medium problems from 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hard ones. Antonyms, analogies, and sentence completions will all have 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the same format, but instead of the antonym BULKY you’ll have the word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CORPULENT. Both words mean the same thing, but corpulent is a more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difficult word. Analogies will still be formed using the common 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationships described on page 144, but once again the words used will be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tougher and not as commonly known. Ditto for sentence completions, as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices will come from the same stockpile of advanced vocabulary. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The emphasis on tougher words will be slightest for reading comprehen12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 sion, but even there passages may feature a large amount of technical and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scientific jargon within the text. It will be like the coral/zooxanthellae 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage on pages 156–157, but with even more terms such as “photosyn- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thesizing organism” bandied about. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The adaptive format, and the manner in which the GRE Verbal starts, only 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exacerbates the problem. The first 3–6 problems you’ll face will be either 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 antonyms or analogies, and if you’re shooting for a high score it’s going to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be important to get most of these questions right. Since these questions are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 little more than vocabulary problems, knowing the words used on these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems is going to take a combination of knowledge and luck. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 knowledge will come in the form of a good lexicon, and the luck will come 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since not everybody knows the definition of every word. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Notice the term exacerbates is used instead of increases. To help your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 score, it makes sense to jump on the GRE Tough Words bandwagon. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since vocabulary is the key to getting a high Verbal score, the bulk of this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 chapter will focus on expanding the list of tough words you know. Before 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this occurs, though, a brief note about the various question types will be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 covered. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 162 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Similar Strategies, Harder Problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The question-specific verbal strategies—covered earlier in this chapter— 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are the same for antonyms, analogies, and sentence completions. You 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 always want to make a link between the stem words on an analogy, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 regardless of when the question shows up and how difficult the words are. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Similarly, the approach to antonyms is the same: Focus on the stem word, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decide whether or not you know the meaning of this word, and then 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 proceed accordingly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Difficult SC problems will typically have two blanks instead of just one, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 making you search for clues for both missing words. When the test decides 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to get really clever, you get a situation where you can’t figure out either 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 blank because they are linked. The sample sentence below shows this in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 action: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The guests were __________ at the __________ state of the basement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The problem here isn’t that you can’t place any words. Rather, many 2 different combinations of words work in the two places, since the clue to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the first blank (a missing verb) is the second blank (an adjective describing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the basement). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The guests could be: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 delighted at the magnificent state of the basement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 disgusted at the slovenly state of the basement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bemused at the whimsical state of the basement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It’s uncertain how you get a basement to be whimsical, but if you could, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then the last choice works just as well as the others. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you come across one of these two-blank SC questions, congratulate 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 yourself for doing well on the test so far, since you wouldn’t get one of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these puppies if you were answering questions poorly. After you are done 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 patting your back, determine what the link between the two missing words 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is. This link is usually just “similar” (like in the example above) or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 “opposite.” An opposite SC would resemble: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The guests were not __________ at the __________ state of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The “not” flips the connection between the two words from similar to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 opposite. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 163 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The guests were __________ at the __________ state of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A. appalled. .tidy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. appreciative. .flooded 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C. befuddled. .paltry 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 D. enthralled. .singular 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 E. ambivalent. .mildewed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Once you figure out the link, it’s time to hit the answer choices and start 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sifting through the vocabulary. Choice (A) has opposites, so that’s a wrong 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 link. Choices (B) and (E) don’t work very well, as the second term does not 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do a very good job of justifying the first one. Also, flooded and mildewed 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are two things that happen to real basements, so these answer choices are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probably there to distract you. Paring things down to two good choices, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (C) and (D), there is no reason to think people would be confused 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (befuddled) by a spare (paltry) basement. Choice (D) is the best answer, as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 something singular (wondrous) would cause people to be enthralled 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (captivated). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 After you survive the first eight or so questions on the GRE Verbal, you’ll 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get your first shot at the Reading Comp passage. If you are scoring very 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 well, this passage should be a tough RC passage, which means a densely 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 worded passage on some arcane topic. One way to handle this type of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 dense passage is to jot down notes on a sheet of scratch paper. Note-taking 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can help you understand the passage better, although it will slow you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 down a bit. However, imagine that you are in a classroom and listening to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a professor drone on about a boring subject that you know will be on the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mid-term. Will you understand the topic better if you take notes, or if you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t? Again, this takes additional time, but if you are gunning for a high 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 score, you should have the time if your wide knowledge of vocabulary 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 helped you sail through the antonym problems. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Jotting down a quick note about each paragraph will help you understand 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the content of each one. This will come in handy when you tackle the RC 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems. It is highly unlikely that any of these problems will be a question 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as straightforward as, “What would be a good title for this essay?” 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Instead, expect to see convoluted problems like: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “If Dr. Andersen changes her mind about the social behavior of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nudibranchs, then which of the following statements would she be most 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 likely to agree with?” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Faced with this twisted piece of writing, you would first have to go into the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage to the section where Dr. Andersen discusses nudibranchs and/or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 social behavior. Then you would have to infer what she thinks about it, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 164 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figure out what the opposite of that is, and then look through the answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices to find the paraphrased answer that matches this opposite 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inference. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You would have to infer what Dr. Andersen thinks because it is very 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doubtful anything will be given to you on a tough RC question. Nothing 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will just be waiting in the passage; you will have to take the clues in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage and use them to deduce the information you need. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The additional work required to answer a hard RC problem makes these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions more involved and time-consuming. Yet they are still very 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 solvable if you take the time to look back into the passage and infer the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer that you need. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Free Words! Free Words! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 To acquire a comprehensive list of all the words that might appear on the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE, simply go down to your local bookstore and look for a dictionary of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 at least 1,500 pages. For a slightly smaller list of advanced words, try the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 set below. There’s no way to tell which batch of words you will get on your 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 particular GRE, but any increase in your stockpile of tough words 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 increases your odds of succeeding on the test. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 To really get the most out of this list, write out each word and then provide 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a definition and sample sentence. You can put this list of words in a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 notebook, handheld PDA, or plain old flash cards. Use whatever media 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are most comfortable with, but make sure to compile the list in a way 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that makes it easy for you to review the contents. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you are willing to take the time, get a thesaurus and include a list of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 possible antonyms for each applicable word. Some words won’t have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antonyms, but many of them will, and studying the antonyms of difficult 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 words has obvious, obvious advantages. Some of those antonyms will be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hard words themselves, giving you an easy way to increase your 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 vocabulary even further. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 165 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Word List 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin Latin brevis 5 short. Also found in English brevity. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abbreviate (verb) To make briefer, to shorten. Because time 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was running out, the speaker was forced to abbreviate 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his remarks. abbreviation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 aberration (noun) A deviation from what is normal or 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 natural, an abnormality. Jack’s extravagant lunch at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Lutece was an aberration from his usual meal, a peanut 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 butter sandwich and a diet soda. aberrant (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abeyance (noun) A temporary lapse in activity; suspension. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the aftermath of the bombing, all normal activities 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 were held in abeyance. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abjure (verb) To renounce or reject; to officially disclaim. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 While being tried by the inquisition in 1633, Galileo 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abjured all his writings holding that Earth and other 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 planets revolved around the sun. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin Latin abradare 5 to scrape. Also found in English abrasive. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abrade (verb) To irritate by rubbing; to wear down in spirit. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Olga’s “conditioning facial” abraded Sabrina’s skin so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 severely that she vowed never to let anyone’s hands 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 touch her face again. abrasion (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abridge (verb) To shorten, to reduce. The Bill of Rights is 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 designed to prevent Congress from abridging the rights 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of Americans. abridgment (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abrogate (verb) To nullify, to abolish. During World War II, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the United States abrogated the rights of Japanese 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Americans by detaining them in internment camps. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abrogation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abscond (verb) To make a secret departure, to elope. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Theresa will never forgive her daughter, Elena, for 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 absconding to Miami with Philip when they were 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 only 17. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accretion (noun) A gradual build-up or enlargement. My 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mother’s house is a mess due to her steady accretion of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bric-a-brac and her inability to throw anything away. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 166 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adjunct (noun) Something added to another thing, but not a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 part of it; an associate or assistant. While Felix and Fritz 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 were adjuncts to Professor Himmelman during his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 experiments in electrodynamics, they did not receive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 credit when the results were published. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 adroit (adjective) Skillful, adept. The writer Laurie Colwin 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was particularly adroit at concocting love stories involv2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing admirable and quirky female heroines and men who 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 deserve them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adulterate (verb) To corrupt, to make impure. Unlike the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chickens from the large poultry companies, Murray’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 free-roaming chickens have not been adulterated with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hormones and other additives. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin vertere 5 to turn. Also found in English adversary, adverse, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin reverse, vertical, and vertigo. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adversary (noun) An enemy or opponent. When the former 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Soviet Union became an American ally, the United States 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lost its last major international adversary. adverse 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 aesthete (noun) Someone devoted to beauty and to beautiful 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 things. A renowned aesthete, Oscar Wilde was the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 center of a group that glorified beauty and adopted the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 slogan “art for art’s sake.” aesthetic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 affability (noun) The quality of being easy to talk to and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 gracious. Affability is a much-desired trait in any 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 profession that involves dealing with many people on a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 daily basis. affable (adjective). 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 affected (adjective) False, artificial. At one time, Japanese 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 women were taught to speak in an affected high-pitched 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 voice, which was thought girlishly attractive. affect 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (verb), affectation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 affinity (noun) A feeling of shared attraction, kinship; a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 similarity. When they first fell in love, Andrew and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Tanya marveled over their affinity for bluegrass music, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obscure French poetry, and beer taken with a squirt of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lemon juice. People often say there is a striking affinity 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 between dogs and their owners (but please don’t tell 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Clara that she and her bassett hound are starting to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 resemble each other). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 167 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 aggrandize (verb) To make bigger or greater; to inflate. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When he was mayor of New York City, Ed Koch was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 renowned for aggrandizing his accomplishments and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 strolling through city events shouting, “How’m I 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doing?” aggrandizement (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 agitation (noun) A disturbance; a disturbing feeling of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 upheaval and excitement. After the CEO announced the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coming layoffs, the employees’ agitation was evident as 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 they remained in the auditorium talking excitedly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 among themselves. agitated (adjective), agitate (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 alias (noun) An assumed name. Determined not to reveal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his upper-class roots, Harold Steerforth Hetherington 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 III went under the alias of “Hound Dog” when playing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trumpet in his blues band. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allegiance (noun) Loyalty or devotion shown to one’s 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 government or to a person, group, or cause. At the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 moving naturalization ceremony, forty-three new Ameri2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cans from twenty-five lands swore allegiance to the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 United States. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allocate (verb) To apportion for a specific purpose; to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 distribute. The president talked about the importance of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 education and health care in his State of the Union 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 address, but, in the end, the administration did not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allocate enough resources for these pressing concerns. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allocation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 amalgamate (verb) To blend thoroughly. The tendency of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grains to sort when they should mix makes it difficult for 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 manufacturers to create powders that are amalgamated. 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 amalgamation (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ameliorate (verb) To make something better or more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tolerable. The living conditions of the tenants were 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 certainly ameliorated when the landlord finally installed 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 washing machines and dryers in the basement. ameliora- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 tion (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 amortize (verb) To pay off or reduce a debt gradually 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 through periodic payments. If you don’t need to take a 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lump sum tax deduction, it’s best to amortize large 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 business expenditures by spreading the cost out over 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 several years. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 168 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 amplify (verb) To enlarge, expand, or increase. Uncertain as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to whether they understood, the students asked the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 teacher to amplify his explanation. amplification (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Greek chronos 5 time. Also found in English chronic, chronicle, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin chronograph, chronology, and synchronize. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 anachronistic (adjective) Out of the proper time. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reference, in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, to “the clock 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 striking twelve” is anachronistic, since there were no 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 striking timepieces in ancient Rome. anachronism (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 anarchy (noun) Absence of law or order. For several months 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 after the Nazi government was destroyed, there was no 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 effective government in parts of Germany, and anarchy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ruled. anarchic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 animosity (noun) Hostility, resentment. During the last 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 debate, the candidates could no longer disguise their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 animosity and began to trade accusations and insults. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 anomaly (noun) Something different or irregular. The tiny 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 planet Pluto, orbiting next to the giants Jupiter, Saturn, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and Neptune, has long appeared to be an anomaly. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 anomalous (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 antagonism (noun) Hostility, conflict, opposition. As more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and more reporters investigated the Watergate scandal, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antagonism between the Nixon administration and the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 press increased. antagonistic (adjective), antagonize 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Greek pathos 5 suffering. Also found in English apathy, empathy, 2 1 Word Origin pathetic, pathos, and sympathy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antipathy (noun) A long-held feeling of dislike or aversion. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When asked why he didn’t call for help immediately 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 after his wife fell into a coma, the defendant emphasized 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his wife’s utter antipathy to doctors. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 apprehension (noun) A feeling of fear or foreboding; an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arrest. The peculiar feeling of apprehension that Harold 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Pinter creates in his plays derives as much from the long 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 silences between speeches as from the speeches them- 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 selves. The policewoman’s dramatic apprehension of the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gunman took place in full view of the midtown lunch 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 crowd. apprehend (verb). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 169 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arabesque (noun) Intricate decorative patterns involving 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intertwining lines and sometimes incorporating flowers, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 animals, and fruits. Borders of gold and fanciful 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 arabesques surround the Arabic script on every page of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this ancient edition of the Koran. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin arbiter 5 judge. Also found in English arbiter, arbitrage, and Word Origin arbitrate. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arbitrary (adjective) Based on random or merely personal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 preference. Both computers cost the same and had the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 same features, so in the end I made an arbitrary decision 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about which one to buy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 archaic (adjective) Old-fashioned, obsolete. Those who 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 believe in “open marriage” often declare that they will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not be bound by archaic laws and religious rituals, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 state instead that love alone should bring two people 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 together. archaism (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ardor (noun) A strong feeling of passion, energy, or zeal. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The young revolutionary proclaimed his convictions 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with an ardor that excited the crowd. ardent (adjective). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arid (adjective) Very dry; boring and meaningless. The arid 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 climate of Arizona makes farming difficult. Some find 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 the law a fascinating topic, but for me it is an arid 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 discipline. aridity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Latin articulus I 5 joint, division. Also found in English arthritis, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin article, and inarticulate. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 articulate (adjective) To express oneself clearly and effec- 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tively. Compared to George Bush, with his stammering 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and his frequently incomplete sentences, Bill Clinton 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was considered a highly articulate president. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 asperity (noun) Harshness, severity. Total silence at the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dinner table, baths in icy water, prayers five times a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 day—these practices all contributed to the asperity of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 life in the monastery. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 assail (verb) To attack with blows or words. When the 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 president’s cabinet members rose to justify the case for 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 military intervention in Iraq, they were assailed by many 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 audience members who were critical of U.S. policy. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 assailant (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 170 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 assay (verb) To analyze for particular components; to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 determine weight, quality etc. The jeweler assayed the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stone pendant Gwyneth inherited from her mother and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 found it to contain a topaz of high quality. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 assimilate (verb) To absorb into a system or culture. New 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 York City has assimilated one group of immigrants after 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 another, from the Jewish, German, and Irish immigrants 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 who arrived at the turn of the last century to the waves 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of Mexican and Latin American immigrants who 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arrived in the 1980s. assimilated (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 assuage (verb) To ease, to pacify. Knowing that the pilot’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 record was perfect did little to assuage Linnet’s fear of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 flying in the two-seater airplane. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 audacious (adjective) Bold, daring, adventurous. Her plan 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to cross the Atlantic single-handed in a twelve-foot 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 sailboat was an audacious, if not reckless, one. audacity 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 authoritarian (adjective) Favoring or demanding blind obe- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dience to leaders. Despite most Americans’ strong belief 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in democracy, the American government has sometimes 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supported authoritarian regimes in other countries. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 authoritarianism (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 authoritative (adjective) Official, conclusive. For over five 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decades, American parents regarded Doctor Benjamin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Spock as the most authoritative voice on baby and child 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 care. authority (noun), authorize (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 avenge (verb) To exact a punishment for or on behalf of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 someone. In Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, the ghost of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the dead king of Denmark visits his son, Prince Hamlet, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and urges him to avenge his murder. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 aver (verb) To claim to be true; to avouch. The fact that the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 key witness averred the defendant’s innocence is what 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ultimately swayed the jury to deliver a “not guilty” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 verdict. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 avow (verb) To declare boldly. Immediately after Cyrus 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 avowed his atheism at our church fund-raiser, there was 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 a long, uncomfortable silence. avowal (noun), avowed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 171 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 barren (adjective) Desolate; infertile. The subarctic tundra 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is a barren wasteland inhabited only by lichens and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mosses. Women who try to conceive in their 40s are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 often barren and must turn to artificial means of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 producing a child. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 belligerent (adjective) Quarrelsome, combative. Mrs. Juni- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 per was so belligerent toward the clerks at the local 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stores that they cringed when they saw her coming. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 belligerent (noun) An opposing army, a party waging war. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Union and Confederate forces were the belligerents 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the American Civil War. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin bene 5 well. Also found in English benediction, benefactor, 2 1 Word Origin beneficent, beneficial, benefit, and benign. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 benevolent (adjective) Wishing or doing good. In old age, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Carnegie used his wealth for benevolent purposes, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 donating large sums to found libraries and schools 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 around the country. benevolence (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 berate (verb) To scold or criticize harshly. The judge angrily 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 berated the two lawyers for their childish and unprofes- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sional behavior. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 boggle (verb) To overwhelm with amazement. The ability of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 physicists to isolate the most infinitesimal particles of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matter truly boggles the mind. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bogus (adjective) Phony, a sham. Senior citizens are often 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the target of telemarketing scams pushing bogus invest2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ment opportunities. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bombastic (adjective) Inflated or pompous in style. Old- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fashioned bombastic political speeches don’t work on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 television, which demands a more intimate, personal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 style of communication. bombast (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 boor (noun) Crude, insensitive and overbearing. Harold 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was well-known to be a boor; at parties he horrified 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people with stories of his past sexual exploits and old, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 off-color jokes. boorish (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brazenly (adverb) Acting with disrespectful boldness. Some 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 say that the former White House intern brazenly threw 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 herself at the president, but the American public will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probably never know the full truth. brazen (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 172 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 broach (verb) To bring up an issue for discussion, to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 propose. Knowing my father’s strictness about adhering 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to a budget, I just can’t seem to broach the subject of my 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 massive credit-card debt. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 burgeon (verb) To bloom, literally or figuratively. Due to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the extremely mild winter, the forsythia burgeoned as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 early as March. The story of two prison inmates in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Manuel Puig’s play The Kiss of The Spiderwoman is 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 testimony that tenderness can burgeon in the most 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unlikely places. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 burnish (verb) To shine by polishing, literally or figura- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tively. After stripping seven layers of old paint off the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antique door, the carpenter stained the wood and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 burnished it to a rich hue. When Bill Gates, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wealthiest man in the country, decided to endorse the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Big Bertha line of Golf Clubs, many suggested that he 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was trying to burnish his image as a “regular guy.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 buttress (noun) Something that supports or strengthens. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The endorsement of the American Medical Association 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is a powerful buttress for the claims made on behalf of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this new medicine. buttress (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 cacophony (noun) Discordant sounds; dissonance. In the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minutes before classes start, the high school’s halls are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 filled with a cacophony of shrieks, shouts, banging 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 locker doors, and pounding feet. cacophonous (adjec- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tive). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cadge (verb) To beg for, to sponge. Few in our crowd want 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to go out on the town with Piper, since he routinely 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cadges cigarettes, subway tokens, and drinks. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 calibrate (verb) To determine or mark graduations (of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 measuring instrument); to adjust or finely tune. We tried 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to calibrate the heating to Rufus’s liking, but he still 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ended up shivering in our living room. calibration 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 (noun). 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 castigate (verb) To chastise; to punish severely. The editor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 castigated Bob for repeatedly failing to meet his 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 deadlines. castigation (noun). 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 173 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 catalytic (adjective) Bringing about, causing, or producing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some result. The conditions for revolution existed in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 America by 1765; the disputes about taxation that arose 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 during the following decade were the catalytic events 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that sparked the rebellion. catalyze (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Greek kaustikos 5 burning. Also found in English holocaust. Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 caustic (adjective) Burning, corrosive. No pretensions were 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 safe when the famous satirist H. L. Mencken unleashed 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his caustic wit. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chaos (noun) Disorder, confusion, chance. The first few 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 moments after the explosion were pure chaos: No one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was sure what had happened, and the area was filled 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with people running and yelling. chaotic (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 charisma (noun) Dynamic charm or appeal. Eva Peron was 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 such a fiery orator and had so much charisma that she 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commanded an enormous political following. charis- 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chary (adjective) Slow to accept, cautious. Yuan was chary 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about going out with Xinhua, since she had been badly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hurt in her previous relationship. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chronology (noun) An arrangement of events by order of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 occurrence, a list of dates; the science of time. If you ask 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Susan about her 2-year-old son, she will give you a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chronology of his accomplishments and childhood 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 illnesses, from the day he was born to the present. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 village of Copan was where Mayan astronomical 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 learning, as applied to chronology, achieved its most 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accurate expression in the famous Mayan calendar. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chronological (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 churlish (adjective) Coarse and ill-mannered. Few journal12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ists were eager to interview the aging film star, since he 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was reputed to be a churlish, uncooperative subject. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 churl (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 174 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin circus 5 circle. Also found in English circumference, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circumnavigate, circumscribe, and circumvent. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circumspect (adjective) Prudent, cautious. After he had 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 been acquitted of the sexual harassment charge, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sergeant realized he would have to be more circumspect 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 in his dealings with the female cadets. circumspection 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 cleave (verb) NOTE: A tricky verb that can mean either to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stick closely together or to split apart. (Pay attention to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 context.) The more abusive his father became, the more 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Timothy cleaved to his mother and refused to let her out 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of his sight. Sometimes a few words carelessly spoken 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are enough to cleave a married couple and leave the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship in shambles. cleavage (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coagulant (noun) Any material that causes another to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 thicken or clot. Hemophilia is characterized by excessive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bleeding from even the slightest cut and is caused by a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lack of one of the coagulants necessary for blood 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clotting. coagulate (verb). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coalesce (verb) To fuse, to unite. The music we know as jazz 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coalesced from diverse elements from many musical 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 cultures, including those of West Africa, America, and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Europe. coalescence (noun). 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coerce (verb) To force someone either to do something or to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 refrain from doing something. The Miranda ruling 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prevents police from coercing a confession by forcing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 them to read criminals their rights. coercion (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cogent (adjective) Forceful and convincing. The committee 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 members were won over to the project by the cogent 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arguments of the chairman. cogency (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin mensura 5 to measure. Also found in English measure, 2 1 Word Origin immeasurable, immense, and mensuration. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commensurate (adjective) Aligned with, proportional. Many 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ph.D.s in the humanities do not feel their paltry salaries 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are commensurate with their abilities, their experience, 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or the heavy workload they are asked to bear. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 175 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commingle (verb) To blend, to mix. Just as he had when he 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was only five years old, Elmer did not allow any of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 foods on his plate to commingle: The beans must not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 merge with the rice nor the chicken rub shoulders with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the broccoli! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 complaisant (adjective) Tending to bow to others’ wishes; 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 amiable. Of the two Dashwood sisters, Elinor was the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more complaisant, often putting the strictures of society 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and family above her own desires. complaisance (noun). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compound (verb) To intensify, to exacerbate. When you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 make a faux pas, my father advised me, don’t compound 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the problem by apologizing profusely; just say you’re 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sorry and get on with life! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conceivable (adjective) Possible, imaginable. It’s possible to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find people with every conceivable interest by surfing the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 World Wide Web—from fans of minor film stars to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 those who study the mating habits of crustaceans. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conception (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 concur (verb) To agree, to approve. We concur that a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 toddler functions best on a fairly reliable schedule; 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 however, my husband tends to be a bit more rigid than I 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 am. concurrence (noun). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 condensation (noun) A reduction to a denser form (from steam 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to water); an abridgment of a literary work. The conden- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sation of humidity on the car’s windshield made it difficult 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for me to see the road. It seems as though every beach 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 house I’ve ever rented features a shelf full of Reader’s Di- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gest condensations of b-grade novels. condense (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 condescending (adjective) Having an attitude of superiority 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 toward another; patronizing. “What a cute little car!” 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 she remarked in a condescending fashion. “I suppose it’s 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the nicest one someone like you could afford!” conde- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scension (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 condone (verb) To overlook, to permit to happen. Schools 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with Zero Tolerance policies do not condone alcohol, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 drugs, vandalism, or violence on school grounds. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 congruent (adjective) Coinciding; harmonious. Fortunately, 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the two employees who had been asked to organize the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 department had congruent views on the budget. congru- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ence (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 176 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin jungere 5 to join. Also found in English injunction, junction, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and juncture. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conjunction (noun) The occurrence of two or more events 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 together in time or space; in astronomy, the point at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which two celestial bodies have the least separation. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Low inflation, occurring in conjunction with low 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unemployment and relatively low interest rates, has 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enabled the United States to enjoy a long period of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sustained economic growth. The moon is in conjunction 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the sun when it is new; if the conjunction is perfect, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 an eclipse of the sun will occur. conjoin (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 consolation (noun) Relief or comfort in sorrow or suffering. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Although we miss our dog very much, it is a consolation 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to know that she died quickly, without much suffering. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 console (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 consternation (noun) Shock, amazement, dismay. When a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 voice in the back of the church shouted out, “I know 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 why they should not be married!” the entire gathering 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was thrown into consternation. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 convergence (noun) The act of coming together in unity or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 similarity. A remarkable example of evolutionary conver- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 gence can be seen in the shark and the dolphin, two sea 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 creatures that developed from different origins to 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 become very similar in form and appearance. converge 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin vivere 5 to live. Also found in English revive, vital, vivid, and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin vivisection. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conviviality (noun) Fond of good company and eating and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 drinking. The conviviality of my fellow employees 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seemed to turn every staff meeting into a party, complete 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 with snacks, drinks, and lots of hearty laughter. conviv- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ial (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin volvere 5 to roll. Also found in English devolve, involve, 2 1 Word Origin revolution, revolve, and voluble. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 convoluted (adjective) Twisting, complicated, intricate. In- 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 come tax law has become so convoluted that it’s easy for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people to violate it completely by accident. convolute 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (verb), convolution (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 177 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cordon (verb) To form a protective or restrictive barrier. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Well before the Academy Awards ceremony began, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 police cordoned off the hordes of fans who were 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 desperate to ogle the arriving stars. cordon (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 corral (verb) To enclose, to collect, to gather. Tyrone 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 couldn’t enjoy the wedding at all, since he spent most of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his time corralling his two children into the reception 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 room and preventing them from running amok through 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Potters’ mansion. corral (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 corroborating (adjective) Supporting with evidence; confirm- 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing. A passerby who had witnessed the crime gave 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 corroborating testimony about the presence of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accused person. corroborate (verb), corroboration (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 corrosive (adjective) Eating away, gnawing, or destroying. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Years of poverty and hard work had a corrosive effect on 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 her strength and beauty. corrode (verb), corrosion 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cosmopolitanism (noun) International sophistication; world- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 liness. Budapest is known for its cosmopolitanism, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perhaps because it was the first Eastern European city to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be more open to capitalism and influences from the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 West. cosmopolitan (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 covert (adjective) Secret, clandestine. The CIA has often 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 been criticized for its covert operations in the domestic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 policies of foreign countries, such as the failed Bay of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Pigs operation in Cuba. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 covetous (adjective) Envious, particularly of another’s pos- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 sessions. Benita would never admit to being covetous of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 my new sable jacket, but I found it odd that she couldn’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 refrain from trying it on each time we met. covet (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 craven (adjective) Cowardly. Local Gay and Lesbian activ- 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ists were outraged by the craven behavior of a policeman 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 who refused to come to the aid of an HIV-positive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 accident victim. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 credulous (adjective) Ready to believe; gullible. Elaine was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not very credulous of the explanation Serge gave for his 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 acquisition of the Matisse lithograph. credulity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 178 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cryptic (adjective) Puzzling, ambiguous. I was puzzled by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the cryptic message left on my answering machine about 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “a shipment of pomegranates from an anonymous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 donor.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 culmination (noun) The climax. The Los Angeles riots, in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the aftermath of the Rodney King verdict, were the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 culmination of long-standing racial tensions between the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 residents of South Central LA and the police. culminate 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 culpable (adjective) Deserving blame, guilty. Although he 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 committed the crime, because he was mentally ill he 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should not be considered culpable for his actions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 culpability (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 curmudgeon (noun) A crusty, ill-tempered person. Todd 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hated to drive with his Uncle Jasper, a notorious 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 curmudgeon, who complained non-stop about the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 air-conditioning and Todd’s driving. curmudgeonly (ad- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 jective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cursory (adjective) Hasty and superficial. Detective Martinez 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was rebuked by his superior officer for drawing conclu- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sions about the murder after only a cursory examination 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 of the crime scene. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 debilitating (adjective) Weakening; sapping the strength of. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One can’t help but marvel at the courage Steven 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Hawking displays in the face of such a debilitating 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 disease as ALS. debilitate (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin Latin celer 5 swift. Also found in English accelerate and celerity. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decelerate (verb) To slow down. Randall didn’t decelerate 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enough on the winding roads, and he ended up smashing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his new sports utility vehicle into a guard rail. decelera- 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decimation (noun) Almost complete destruction. Michael 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Moore’s documentary Roger and Me chronicles the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decimation of the economy of Flint, Michigan, after the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 closing of a General Motors factory. decimate (verb). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decry (verb) To criticize or condemn. Cigarette ads aimed at 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 youngsters have led many to decry the unfair marketing 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tactics of the tobacco industry. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 179 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 defamation (noun) Act of harming someone by libel or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 slander. When the article in The National Enquirer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 implied that she was somehow responsible for her 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 husband’s untimely death, Renata instructed her lawyer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to sue the paper for defamation of character. defame 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (verb). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 defer (verb) To graciously submit to another’s will; to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 delegate. In all matters relating to the children’s religious 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 education, Joy deferred to her husband, since he clearly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cared more about giving them a solid grounding in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Judaism. deference (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 deliberate (verb) To think about an issue before reaching a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decision. The legal pundits covering the O.J. Simpson 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trial were shocked by the short time the jury took to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 deliberate after a trial that lasted months. deliberation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 demagogue (noun) A leader who plays dishonestly on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prejudices and emotions of his followers. Senator Joseph 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 McCarthy was a demagogue who used the paranoia and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 biases of the anti-communist 1950s as a way of seizing 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fame and considerable power in Washington. demagogu12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ery (noun). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Greek demos 5 people. Also found in English democracy, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 demographic, and endemic. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 demographic (adjective) Relating to the statistical study of 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 population. Three demographic groups have been the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intense focus of marketing strategy: baby boomers, born 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 between 1946 and 1964; baby busters, or the youth 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 market, born between 1965 and 1976; and a group 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 referred to as tweens, those born between 1977 and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1983. demography (noun), demographics (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 demonstratively (adverb) Openly displaying feeling. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 young congressman demonstratively campaigned for 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reelection, kissing every baby and hugging every senior 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 citizen at the Saugerties Chrysanthemum festival. demon- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strative (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 180 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 derisive (adjective) Expressing ridicule or scorn. Many 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 women’s groups were derisive of Avon’s choice of a male 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CEO, since the company derives its $5.1 billion in sales 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 from an army of female salespeople. derision (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 derivative (adjective) Imitating or borrowed from a particu2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 lar source. When a person first writes poetry, her poems 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are apt to be derivative of whatever poetry she most 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enjoys reading. derivation (noun), derive (verb). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 desiccate (verb) To dry out, to wither; to drain of vitality. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The long drought thoroughly desiccated our garden; 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what was once a glorious Eden was now a scorched and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hellish wasteland. A recent spate of books has debunked 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the myth that menopause desiccates women and af- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 firmed, instead, that women often reach heights of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 creativity in their later years. desiccant (noun), desicca- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion (noun). 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 despotic (adjective) Oppressive and tyrannical. During the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 despotic reign of Idi Amin in the 1970s, an estimated 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 200,000 Ugandans were killed. despot (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 desultory (adjective) Disconnected, aimless. Tina’s few des2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ultory stabs at conversation fell flat as Guy just sat there, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 stony-faced; it was a disastrous first date. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 deviate (verb) To depart from a standard or norm. Having 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 agreed upon a spending budget for the company, we 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mustn’t deviate from it; if we do, we may run out of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 money before the year ends. deviation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diatribe (noun) Abusive or bitter speech or writing. While 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 angry conservatives dismissed Susan Faludi’s Backlash 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as a feminist diatribe, it is actually a meticulously 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 researched book. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diffident (adjective) Hesitant, reserved, shy. Someone with a 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diffident personality is most likely to succeed in a career 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that involves little public contact. diffidence (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 digress (verb) To wander from the main path or the main 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 topic. My high school biology teacher loved to digress 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 from science into personal anecdotes about his college 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adventures. digression (noun), digressive (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 181 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dirge (noun) Song or hymn of grief. When Princess Diana 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was killed in a car crash, Elton John resurrected his hit 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 song “Candle in the Wind,” rewrote it as “Good-bye 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 England’s Rose,” and created one of the most widely 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 heard funeral dirges of all time. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 disabuse (verb) To correct a fallacy, to clarify. I hated to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disabuse Filbert, who is a passionate collector of musical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trivia, but I had to tell him that the Monkees hadn’t 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 played their own instruments on almost all of their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 albums. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disburse (verb) To pay out or distribute (funds or property). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Jaime was flabbergasted when his father’s will disbursed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 all of the old man’s financial assets to Raymundo and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 left him with only a few sticks of furniture. disbursement 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 discern (verb) To detect, notice, or observe. With difficulty, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 I could discern the shape of a whale off the starboard 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bow, but it was too far away to determine its size or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 species. discernment (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discordant (adjective) Characterized by conflict. Stories and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 films about discordant relationships that resolve them- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 selves happily are always more interesting than stories 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about content couples who simply stay content. discor- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dance (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discourse (noun) Formal and orderly exchange of ideas, a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 discussion. In the late twentieth century, cloning and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other feats of genetic engineering became popular topics 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of public discourse. discursive (adjective). 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin credere 5 to believe. Also found in English credential, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin credible, credit, credo, credulous, and incredible. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discredit (verb) To cause disbelief in the accuracy of some 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 statement or the reliability of a person. Although many 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 people still believe in UFOs, among scientists the reports 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of “alien encounters” have been thoroughly discredited. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discreet (adjective) Showing good judgment in speech and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 behavior. Be discreet when discussing confidential busi- 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ness matters—don’t talk among strangers on the eleva12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tor, for example. discretion (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 182 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discrete (adjective) Separate, unconnected. Canadians get 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 peeved when people can’t seem to distinguish between 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Canada and the United States, forgetting that Canada 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 has its own discrete heritage and culture. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disparity (noun) Difference in quality or kind. There is often 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 a disparity between the kind of serious, high-quality 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 television people say they want and the low-brow 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 programs they actually watch. disparate (adjective). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin simulare 5 to resemble. Also found in English semblance, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 similarity, simulacrum, simultaneous, and verisimilitude. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dissemble (verb) To pretend, to simulate. When the police 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 asked whether Nancy knew anything about the crime, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 she dissembled innocence. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dissipate (verb) To spread out or scatter. The windows and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 doors were opened, allowing the smoke that had filled 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the room to dissipate. dissipation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dissonance (noun) Lack of music harmony; lack of agree- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ment between ideas. Most modern music is character- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ized by dissonance, which many listeners find hard to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enjoy. There is a noticeable dissonance between two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 common beliefs of most conservatives: their faith in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unfettered free markets and their preference for tradi- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tional social values. dissonant (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 distillation (noun) Something distilled, an essence or ex- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 tract. In chemistry, a process that drives gas or vapor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from liquids or solids. Sharon Olds’s poems are power2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ful distillations of motherhood and other primal experi- 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ences. In Mrs. Hornmeister’s chemistry class, our first 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 experiment was to create a distillation of carbon gas 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from wood. distill (verb). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diverge (verb) To move in different directions. Frost’s poem 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “The Road Not Taken” tells of the choice he made when 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood.” divergence 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun), divergent (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diversify (verb) To balance by adding variety. Any financial 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 manager will recommend that you diversify your stock 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 portfolio by holding some less-volatile blue-chip stocks 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 along with more growth-oriented technology issues. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diversification (noun), diversified (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 183 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divest (verb) To rid (oneself) or be freed of property, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 authority, or title. In order to turn around its ailing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 company and concentrate on imaging, Eastman Kodak 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 divested itself of peripheral businesses in the areas of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 household products, clinical diagnostics, and pharma- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ceuticals. divestiture (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divulge (verb) To reveal. The people who count the votes for 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Oscar awards are under strict orders not to divulge 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the names of the winners. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dogmatic (adjective) Holding firmly to a particular set of 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 beliefs with little or no basis. Believers in Marxist 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doctrine tend to be dogmatic, ignoring evidence that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contradicts their beliefs or explaining it away. dogma 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun), dogmatism (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dolt (noun) A stupid or foolish person. Due to his frequent 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 verbal blunders, politician Dan Quayle was widely 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 considered to be a dolt. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin Latin dormire 5 to sleep. Also found in English dormitory. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dormant (adjective) Temporarily inactive, as if asleep. An 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eruption of Mt. Rainier, a dormant volcano in Washing- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ton state, would cause massive, life-threatening mud 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 slides in the surrounding area. Bill preferred to think 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that his sex drive was dormant rather than extinct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dormancy (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dross (noun) Something that is trivial or inferior; an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impurity. As a reader for the Paris Review, Julia spent 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 most of her time sifting through piles of manuscripts to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 separate the extraordinary poems from the dross. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dubious (adjective) Doubtful, uncertain. Despite the chair- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 man’s attempts to convince the committee members that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his plan would succeed, most of them remained dubious. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dubiety (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dupe (noun) Someone who is easily cheated. My cousin 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ravi is such a dupe; he actually gets excited when he 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 receives those envelopes saying “Ravi Murtugudde, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 may have won a million dollars,” and he even goes so far 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as to try claiming his prize. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 184 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eccentricity (noun) Odd or whimsical behavior. Rock star 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Michael Jackson is now better known for his offstage 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eccentricities—such as sleeping in an oxygen tank, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 wearing a surgical mask, and building his own theme 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 park—than for his onstage performances. eccentric 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 edifying (adjective) Instructive, enlightening. Ariel would 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 never admit it to her high-brow friends, but she found 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the latest self-help best-seller edifying and actually 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 helpful. edification (noun), edify (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin facere 5 to do. Also found in English facility, factor, facsimile, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and faculty. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 efficacy (noun) The power to produce the desired effect. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 While teams have been enormously popular in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 workplace, there are some who now question their 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 efficacy and say that “one head is better than ten.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 efficacious (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 effrontery (noun) Shameless boldness. The sports world 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was shocked when a pro basketball player had the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 effrontery to choke the head coach of his team during a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 practice session. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 elaborate (verb) To expand upon something; develop. One 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 characteristic of the best essayists is their ability to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elaborate ideas through examples, lists, similes, small 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 variations, and even exaggerations. elaborate (adjec- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tive), elaboration (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elegy (noun) A song or poem expressing sorrow. Thomas 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,” one 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the most famous elegies in Western literature, mourns 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the unsung, inglorious lives of the souls buried in an 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 obscure, rustic graveyard. elegaic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 embellish (verb) To enhance or exaggerate; to decorate. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 long-married couple told their stories in tandem, with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the husband outlining the plot and the wife embellishing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it with colorful details. embellished (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 185 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 embezzle (verb) To steal money or property that has been 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 entrusted to your care. The church treasurer was found 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to have embezzled thousands of dollars by writing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 phony checks on the church bank account. embezzle- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ment (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 emollient (noun) Something that softens or soothes. She 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 used a hand cream as an emollient on her dry, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 work-roughened hands. emollient (adjective). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 empirical (adjective) Based on experience or personal obser- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vation. Although many people believe in ESP, scientists 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have found no empirical evidence of its existence. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 empiricism (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 emulate (verb) To imitate or copy. The British band Oasis is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quite open about their desire to emulate their idols, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Beatles. emulation (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 encomium (noun) A formal expression of praise. For many 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 filmmakers, winning the Palm d’Or at the Cannes Film 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Festival is considered the highest encomium. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enervate (verb) To reduce the energy or strength of someone 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or something. The stress of the operation left her feeling 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enervated for about two weeks. enervation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 engender (verb) To produce, to cause. Countless disagree- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ments over the proper use of national forests and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 parklands have engendered feelings of hostility between 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ranchers and environmentalists. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enhance (verb) To improve in value or quality. New kitchen 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 appliances will enhance your house and increase the 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 amount of money you’ll make when you sell it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enhancement (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enigmatic (adjective) Puzzling, mysterious. Alain Resnais’ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enigmatic film Last Year at Marienbad sets up a puzzle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that is never resolved: A man meets a woman at a hotel 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and believes he once had an affair with her—-or did he? 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enigma (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enmity (noun) Hatred, hostility, ill will. Long-standing 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enmity, like that between the Protestants and Catholics 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in Northern Ireland, is difficult to overcome. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 186 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ensure (verb) To make certain; to guarantee. In order to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ensure a sufficient crop of programmers and engineers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for the future, the United States needs to raise the quality 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 of its math and science schooling. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin aequus 5 equal. Also found in English equality, equanimity, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin and equation. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equable (adjective) Steady, uniform. While many people 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can’t see how Helena could possibly be attracted to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “Boring Bruno,” his equable nature is the perfect 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 complement to her volatile personality. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equivocate (verb) To use misleading or intentionally confus- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing language. When Pedro pressed Renee for an answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to his marriage proposal, she equivocated by saying, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “I’ve just got to know when your Mercedes will be out 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the shop!” equivocal (adjective), equivocation (noun). 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 epicure (noun) Someone who appreciates fine wine and fine 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 food, a gourmand. M.F.K. Fisher, a famous epicure, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 begins her book The Gastronomical Me by saying, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “There is a communion of more than bodies when bread 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is broken and wine is drunk.” epicurean (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 epithet (noun) Term or words used to characterize a person 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or thing, often in a disparaging way. In her recorded 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 phone conversations with Linda Tripp, Monica Lewinsky 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is said to have referred to President Clinton by a number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of epithets, including “The Creep” and “The Big He.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 epithetical (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin Latin radix 5 root. Also found in English radical. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eradicate (verb) To destroy completely. American society 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 has failed to eradicate racism, although some of its worst 2 1 effects have been reduced. eradication (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 erudition (noun) Extensive knowledge, usually acquired 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 from books. When Dorothea first saw Mr. Casaubon’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 voluminous library she was awed, but after their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 marriage she quickly realized that erudition is no 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 substitute for originality. erudite (adjective). 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 187 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 esoterica (noun) Items of interest to a select group. The fish 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 symposium at St. Antony’s College in Oxford explored 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 all manner of esoterica relating to fish, as is evidenced in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 presentations such as “The Buoyant Slippery Lipids of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Escolar and Orange Roughy” or “Food on Board 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Whale Ships—from the Inedible to the Incredible.” 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 esoteric (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 espouse (verb) To take up as a cause; to adopt. No politician 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in America today will openly espouse racism, although 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some behave and speak in racially prejudiced ways. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 estimable (adjective) Worthy of esteem and admiration. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 After a tragic fire raged through Malden Mills, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 estimable mill owner, Aaron Feuerstein, restarted opera- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tions and rebuilt the company within just one month. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 esteem (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 eulogy (noun) A formal tribute usually delivered at a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 funeral. Most people in Britain applauded Lord Earl 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Spencer’s eulogy for Princess Diana, not only as a warm 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tribute to his sister Diana but also as a biting indictment 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the Royal Family. eulogize (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 euphemism (noun) An agreeable expression that is substi- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 tuted for an offensive one. Some of the more creative 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 euphemisms for “layoffs” in current use are: “release of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 resources,” “involuntary severance,” “strengthening 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 global effectiveness,” and “career transition program.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 euphemistic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin acer 5 sharp. Also found in English acerbity, acrid, and 2 1 Origin acrimonious. Word 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exacerbate (verb) To make worse or more severe. The roads 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in our town already have too much traffic; building a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 new shopping mall will exacerbate the problem. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 excoriation (noun) The act of condemning someone with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 harsh words. In the small office we shared, it was 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 painful to hear my boss’s constant excoriation of his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 assistant for the smallest faults—a misdirected letter, an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 unclear phone message, or even a tepid cup of coffee. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 excoriate (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 188 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exculpate (verb) To free from blame or guilt. When 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 someone else confessed to the crime, the previous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 suspect was exculpated. exculpation (noun), exculpa- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 tory (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 executor (noun) The person appointed to execute some2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 one’s will. As the executor of his Aunt Ida’s will, Phil 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 must deal with squabbling relatives, conniving lawyers, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the ruinous state of Ida’s house. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exigent (adjective) Urgent, requiring immediate attention. A 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two-year-old is likely to behave as if her every demand is 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exigent, even if it involves simply retrieving a beloved 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 teddy bear from under the couch. exigency (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expedient (adjective) Providing an immediate advantage or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 serving one’s immediate self-interest. When the passen- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ger next to her was strafed by a bullet, Sharon chose the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 most expedient means to stop the bleeding; she whipped 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 off her pantyhose and made an impromptu, but effec- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tive, tourniquet. expediency (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extant (adjective) Currently in existence. Of the seven 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ancient “Wonders of the World,” only the pyramids of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Egypt are still extant. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin tenere 5 to hold. Also found in English retain, tenable, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin tenant, tenet, and tenure. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extenuate (verb) To make less serious. Karen’s guilt is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 extenuated by the fact that she was only 12 when she 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 committed the theft. extenuating (adjective), extenua2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion (noun). 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extol (verb) To greatly praise. At the party convention, one 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 speaker after another took to the podium to extol the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 virtues of their candidate for the presidency. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extraneous (adjective) Irrelevant, nonessential. One review 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the new Chekhov biography said the author had 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 bogged down the book with far too many extraneous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 details, such as the dates of Chekhov’s bouts of diarrhea. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 189 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extrapolate (verb) To deduce from something known, to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 infer. Meteorologists were able to use old weather 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 records to extrapolate backward and compile lists of El 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Niño years and their effects over the last century. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extrapolation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 extricate (verb) To free from a difficult or complicated 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 situation. Much of the humor in the TV show I Love 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Lucy comes in watching Lucy try to extricate herself 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the problems she creates by fibbing or trickery. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extricable (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 facetious (adjective) Humorous in a mocking way; not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 serious. French composer Erik Satie often concealed his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 serious artistic intent by giving his works facetious titles 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 such as “Three Pieces in the Shape of a Pear.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 facilitate (verb) To make easier or to moderate. When the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 issue of racism reared its ugly head, the company 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brought in a consultant to facilitate a discussion of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 diversity in the workplace. facile (adjective), facility 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fallacy (noun) An error in fact or logic. It’s a fallacy to think 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that “natural” means “healthful”; after all, the deadly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 poison arsenic is completely natural. fallacious (adjec- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 tive). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fatuous (adjective) Inanely foolish; silly. Once backstage, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Elizabeth showered the opera singer with fatuous praise 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 and embarrassing confessions, which he clearly had no 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interest in hearing. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 fawn (verb) To flatter in a particularly subservient manner. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mildly disgusted, Pedro stood alone at the bar and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 watched Renee fawn over the heir to the Fabco Surgical 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Appliances fortune. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 feckless (adjective) Weak and ineffective; irresponsible. Our 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 co-op board president is a feckless fellow who has let 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 much-needed repairs go unattended while our mainte- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nance fees continue to rise. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 feint (noun) A bluff; a mock blow. It didn’t take us long to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 realize that Gaby’s tears and stomachaches were all a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 feint, since they appeared so regularly at her bedtime. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 190 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ferret (verb) To bring to light by an extensive search. With 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his repeated probing and questions, Fritz was able to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ferret out the location of Myrna’s safe deposit box. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 finesse (noun) Skillful maneuvering; delicate workmanship. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With her usual finesse, Charmaine gently persuaded the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Duncans not to install a motorized Santa and sleigh on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 their front lawn. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 florid (adjective) Flowery, fancy; reddish. The grand ball- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 room was decorated in a florid style. Years of heavy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 drinking had given him a florid complexion. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin fluere 5 to flow. Also found in English affluent, effluvia, fluid, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin and influx. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 flourish (noun) An extraneous embellishment; a dramatic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gesture. The napkin rings made out of intertwined ferns 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 and flowers were just the kind of flourish one would 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expect from Carol, a slavish follower of Martha Stewart. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fluctuation (noun) A shifting back and forth. Investment 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 analysts predict fluctuations in the Dow Jones Industrial 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Average due to the instability of the value of the dollar. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fluctuate (verb). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 foil (verb) To thwart or frustrate. I was certain that Jerry’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tendency to insert himself into everyone’s conversations 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would foil my chances to have a private word with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Helen. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 foment (verb) To rouse or incite. The petty tyrannies and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 indignities inflicted on the workers by upper manage- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ment helped foment the walkout at the meat-processing 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plant. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 forestall (verb) To hinder or prevent by taking action in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 advance. The pilot’s calm, levelheaded demeanor during 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the turbulence forestalled any hysteria among the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passengers of Flight 268. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fortuitous (adjective) Lucky, fortunate. Although the mayor 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 claimed credit for the falling crime rate, it was really 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 caused by a series of fortuitous accidents. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 191 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 foster (verb) To nurture or encourage. The white-water 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rafting trip was supposed to foster creative problem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 solving and teamwork between the account executives 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 and the creative staff at Apex Advertising Agency. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fracas (noun) A noisy fight; a brawl. As Bill approached the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 stadium ticket window, he was alarmed to see the fracas 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that had broken out between a group of Giants fans and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a man wearing a Cowboys jersey and helmet. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 functionary (noun) Someone holding office in a political 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 party or government. The man shaking hands with the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 governor was a low-ranking Democratic Party function- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ary who had worked to garner the Hispanic vote. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gainsay (verb) To contradict or oppose; deny, dispute. Dot 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would gainsay her married sister’s efforts to introduce 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 her to eligible men by refusing to either leave her ailing 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 canary or give up her thrice-weekly bingo nights. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 garble (verb) To distort or slur. No matter how much money 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Metropolitan Transit Authority spends on improv- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing the subway trains, the public address system in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 almost every station seems to garble each announce- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ment. garbled (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 garrulous (adjective) Annoyingly talkative. Claude pre- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tended to be asleep so he could avoid his garrulous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seatmate, a self-proclaimed expert on bonsai cultivation. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin genus 5 type or kind; birth. Also found in English congenital, 2 Word Origin genetic, genital, genre, genuine, and genus. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 generic (adjective) General; having no brand name. Connie 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tried to reduce her grocery bills by religiously clipping 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coupons and buying generic brands of most products. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 gist (noun) The main point, the essence. Although they felt 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sympathy for the victim’s family, the jurors were won 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 over by the gist of the defense’s argument: There was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insufficient evidence to convict. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 192 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gouge (verb) To cut out, to scoop out with one’s thumbs or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a sharp instrument; to overcharge, to cheat. Instead of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 picking the lock with a credit card, the clumsy thieves 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 gouged a hole in my door. The consumer watchdog 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 group accused the clothing stores of gouging customers 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with high prices. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 guile (noun) Deceit, duplicity. In Margaret Mitchell’s Gone 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With the Wind, Scarlett O’Hara uses her guile to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 manipulate two men and then is matched for wits by a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 third, Rhett Butler. guileful (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gullible (adjective) Easily fooled. Terry was so gullible she 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actually believed Robert’s stories of his connections to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Czar and Czarina. gullibility (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hackneyed (adjective) Without originality, trite. When some2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one invented the phrase, “No pain, no gain,” it was 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 clever and witty, but now it is so commonly heard that it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seems hackneyed. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 harrow (verb) To cultivate with a harrow; to torment or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vex. During grade school, my sister was harrowed 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mercilessly for being overweight. harrowing (adjective) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nerve-wracking, traumatic. Jon Krakauer’s harrowing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 book Into Thin Air chronicles the tragic consequences of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 leading groups of untrained climbers up Mt. Everest. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 haughty (adjective) Overly proud. The fashion model strode 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down the runway, her hips thrust forward and a haughty 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 expression, something like a sneer, on her face. haughti2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ness (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 hierarchy (noun) A ranking of people, things, or ideas from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 highest to lowest. A cabinet secretary ranks just below 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the president and vice president in the hierarchy of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 government’s executive branch. hierarchical (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Greek homos 5 same. Also found in English homologous, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 homonym, and homosexual. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 homogeneous (adjective) Uniform, made entirely of one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thing. It’s hard to think of a more homogenous group 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than those eerie children in Village of the Damned, who 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 all had perfect features, white-blond hair, and silver, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 penetrating eyes. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 193 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hoodwink (verb) To deceive by trickery or false appear- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ances; to dupe. That was my cousin Ravi calling to say 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that he’s been hoodwinked again, this time by some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 outfit offering time shares in a desolate tract of land in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 central Florida. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 hone (verb) To improve and make more acute or affective. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 While she was a receptionist, Norma honed her skills as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a stand-up comic by trying out jokes on the tense crowd 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the waiting room. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 iconoclast (noun) Someone who attacks traditional beliefs 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or institutions. Comedian Dennis Miller relishes his 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reputation as an iconoclast, though people in power 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 often resent his satirical jabs. iconoclasm (noun), icono- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clastic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 idolatry (noun) The worship of a person, thing, or institu2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 tion as a god. In communist China, admiration for Mao 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 resembled idolatry; his picture was displayed every2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 where, and millions of Chinese memorized his sayings 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and repeated them endlessly. idolatrous (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 idyll (noun) A rustic, romantic interlude; poetry or prose 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that celebrates simple pastoral life. Her picnic with Max 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 at Fahnstock Lake was not the serene idyll she had 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 envisioned; instead, they were surrounded by hundreds 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of other picnickers blaring music from their boom boxes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and cracking open soda cans. idyllic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 illicit (adjective) Illegal, wrongful. When Janet caught her 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13-year-old son and his friend downloading illicit 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pornographic photos from the World Wide Web, she 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 promptly pulled the plug on his computer. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 illuminate (verb) To brighten with light; to enlighten or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elucidate; to decorate (a manuscript). The frosted-glass 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sconces in the dressing rooms at Le Cirque not only 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 illuminate the rooms but make everyone look like a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 movie star. Alice Munro is a writer who can illuminate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an entire character with a few deft sentences. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 immaterial (adjective) Of no consequence, unimportant. 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “The fact that your travel agent is your best friend’s son 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should be immaterial,” I told Rosa; “If he keeps putting 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you on hold and acting nasty, just take your business 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elsewhere.” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 194 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 immaculate (adjective) Totally unblemished, spotlessly clean. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The cream-colored upholstery in my new Porsche was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 immaculate—that is, until a raccoon came in through 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the window and tracked mud across the seats. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin mutare 5 to change. Also found in English immutable, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin mutant, and mutation. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 immutable (adjective) Incapable of change. Does there ever 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 come an age when we realize that our parents’ person2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 alities are immutable, when we can relax and stop trying 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 to make them change? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impartial (adjective) Fair, equal, unbiased. If a judge is not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impartial, then all of her rulings are questionable. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impartiality (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impassivity (noun) Apathy, unresponsiveness. Dot truly 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 thinks that Mr. Right will magically show up on her 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 door step, and her utter impassivity regarding her social 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 life makes me want to shake her! impassive (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 imperceptible (adjective) Impossible to perceive, inaudible, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or incomprehensible. The sound of footsteps was almost 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 imperceptible, but Donald’s paranoia had reached such 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 a pitch that he immediately assumed he was being 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 followed. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 imperturbable (adjective) Marked by extreme calm, impas- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sivity, and steadiness. The proper English butler in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel The Remains of the Day appears 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 completely imperturbable even when his father dies or 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 when his own heart is breaking. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impetuous (adjective) Acting hastily or impulsively. Ben’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 resignation was an impetuous act; he did it without 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thinking, and he soon regretted it. impetuosity (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin placare 5 to please. Also found in English complacent, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin placate, and placid. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 implacable (adjective) Unbending, resolute. The state of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Israel is implacable in its policy of never negotiating 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with criminals. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 195 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 implosion (noun) To collapse inward from outside pressure. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 While it is difficult to know what is going on in North 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Korea, no one can rule out a violent implosion of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 North Korean regime and a subsequent flood of refugees 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 across its borders. implode (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 incessant (adjective) Unceasing. The incessant blaring of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 neighbor’s car alarm made it impossible for me to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 concentrate on my upcoming Bar exam. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inchoate (adjective) Only partly formed or formulated. At 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 editorial meetings, Nancy had a habit of presenting her 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inchoate book ideas before she had a chance to fully 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 determine their feasibility. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin caedere 5 to cut. Also found in English concise, decide, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin excise, incision, and precise. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 incise (verb) To carve into, to engrave. My wife felt 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nostalgic about the old elm tree since we had incised our 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 initials in it when we were both in high school. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 incisive (adjective) Admirably direct and decisive. Ted 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Koppel’s incisive questions have made many politicians 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 squirm and stammer. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 incongruous (adjective) Unlikely. Art makes incongruous 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 alliances, as when punk rockers, Tibetan folk musicians, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gospel singers, and beat poets shared the stage at the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Tibet House benefit concert. incongruity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 incorrigible (adjective) Impossible to manage or reform. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Lou is an incorrigible trickster, constantly playing 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 practical jokes no matter how much his friends com12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plain. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 incursion (noun) A hostile entrance into a territory; a foray 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 into an activity or venture. It is a little-known fact that 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Central Intelligence Agency organized military 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 incursions into China during the 1950s. The ComicCon 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 was Barbara’s first incursion into the world of comic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strip artists. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 indefatigable (adjective) Tireless. Eleanor Roosevelt’s inde2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 fatigable dedication to the cause of human welfare won 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 her affection and honor throughout the world. indefati2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 gability (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 196 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 indelicate (adjective) Blunt, undisguised. No sooner had we 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sat down to eat than Mark made an indelicate remark 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about my high salary. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inevitable (adjective) Unable to be avoided. Once the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S. involvement in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 World War II was inevitable. inevitability (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 infer (verb) To conclude, to deduce. Can I infer from your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 hostile tone of voice that you are still angry about 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yesterday’s incident? inference (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inimical (adjective) Unfriendly, hostile; adverse or difficult. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Relations between Greece and Turkey have been inimi- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cal for centuries. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inimitable (adjective) Incapable of being imitated, match- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 less. John F. Kennedy’s administration dazzled the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 public, partly because of the inimitable style and 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elegance of his wife, Jacqueline. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inopportune (adjective) Awkward, untimely. When Gus 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 heard raised voices and the crash of breaking china 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 behind the kitchen door, he realized that he’d picked an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inopportune moment to visit the Fairlights. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inscrutability (noun) Quality of being extremely difficult to 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interpret or understand, mysteriousness. I am still 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 puzzling over the inscrutability of the package I received 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yesterday, which contained twenty pomegranates and a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 note that said simply “Yours.” inscrutable (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insensible (adjective) Unaware, incognizant; unconscious, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 out cold. It’s a good thing that Marty was insensible to 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the titters and laughter that greeted his arrival in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ballroom. In the latest episode of police brutality, an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 innocent young man was beaten insensible after two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 cops stormed his apartment. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insipid (adjective) Flavorless, uninteresting. Most TV shows 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are so insipid that you can watch them while reading or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chatting without missing a thing. insipidity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 197 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insinuate (verb) Hint or intimate; to creep in. During an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extremely unusual broadcast, the anchor man insinu- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ated that the Washington bureau chief was having a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 nervous breakdown. Marla managed to insinuate herself 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 into the Duchess of York’s conversation during the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “Weight Watchers” promotion event. insinuation (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insolence (noun) An attitude or behavior that is bold and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disrespectful. Some feel that news reporters who shout 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accusatory questions at the president are behaving with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insolence toward his high office. insolent (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insoluble (adjective) Unable to be solved, irresolvable; 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 indissoluble. Fermat’s last theorem remained insoluble 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for over 300 years until a young mathematician from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Princeton solved it in 1995. If you are a gum chewer, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you probably wouldn’t like to know that insoluble 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plastics are a common ingredient of most popular gums. 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insular (adjective) Narrow or isolated in attitude or view2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point. New Yorkers are famous for their insular atti- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tudes; they seem to think that nothing important has 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ever happened outside of their city. insularity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intercede (verb) To step in, to moderate; to mediate or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 negotiate on behalf of someone else. After their rejection 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 by the co-op board, Kevin and Sol asked Rachel, another 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 tenant, to intercede for them at the next board meeting. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intercession (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interim (noun) A break or interlude. In the interim between 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 figure-skating programs, the exhausted skaters retreat to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the “kiss and cry” room to wait for their scores. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interpolate (verb) To interject. The director’s decision to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interpolate topical political jokes into his production of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night was not viewed kindly by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the critics. interpolation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intransigent (adjective) Unwilling to compromise. Despite 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the mediator’s attempts to suggest a fair solution to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disagreement, the two parties were intransigent, forcing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a showdown. intransigence (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 198 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intrinsically (adverb) Essentially, inherently. There is noth- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing intrinsically difficult about upgrading a computer’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 microprocessor, yet Al was afraid to even open up the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 hard drive. intrinsic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin Latin unda 5 wave. Also found in English undulate. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 inundate (verb) To overwhelm; to flood. When America 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Online first announced its flat-rate pricing, the company 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was inundated with new customers, and thus began the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 annoying delays in service. inundation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 invective (noun) Insulting, abusive language. I remained 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unscathed by his blistering invective because in my heart 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 I knew I had done the right thing. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 invigorate (verb) To give energy to, to stimulate. As her car 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 climbed the mountain road, Lucinda felt herself invigo- 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rated by the clear air and the cool breezes. invigoration 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 irascible (adjective) Easily provoked into anger, hot-headed. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Soup chef Al Yeganah, the model for Seinfeld’s “Soup 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Nazi,” is an irascible man who flies into a temper if his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 customers don’t follow his rigid procedure for purchas- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ing soup. irascibility (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 jeopardize (verb) To put in danger. Terrorist attacks on 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 civilians jeopardize the fragile peace in the Middle East. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 jeopardy (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 jocular (adjective) Humorous, amusing. Listening to the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CEO launch into yet another uproarious anecdote, Ted 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was frankly surprised by the jocular nature of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “emergency” board meeting. jocularity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 labyrinthine (adjective) Extremely intricate or involved; 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circuitous. Was I the only one who couldn’t follow the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 labyrinthine plot of the movie L.A. Confidential? I was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so confused I had to watch it twice to see “who did it.” 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 laconic (adjective) Concise to the point of terseness; taci- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 turn. Tall, handsome, and laconic, the actor Gary 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Cooper came to personify the strong, silent American, a 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 man of action and few words. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 199 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lambaste (verb) To give someone a dressing-down; to attack 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 someone verbally; to whip. Once inside the locker room, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the coach thoroughly lambasted the team for their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 incompetent performance on the football field. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin laus 5 praise. Also found in English applaud, laud, laudatory, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin and plaudit. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 laudable (adjective) Commendable, praiseworthy. The 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Hunt’s Point nonprofit organization has embarked on a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 series of laudable ventures pairing businesses and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 disadvantaged youth. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lethargic (adjective) Lacking energy; sluggish. Visitors to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the zoo are surprised that the lions appear so lethargic, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but, in the wild, lions sleep up to 18 hours a day. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lethargy (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 levy (verb) To demand payment or collection of a tax or fee. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The environmental activists pushed Congress to levy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 higher taxes on gasoline, but the automakers’ lobbyists 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quashed their plans. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lien (noun) A claim against a property for the satisfaction of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a debt. Nat was in such financial straits when he died 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 that his Fishkill property had several liens against it and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 all of his furniture was being repossessed. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 limn (verb) To outline in distinct detail; to delineate. Like 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many of her novels, Edith Wharton’s The Age of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Innocence expertly limns the tyranny of New York’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 upper-class society in the 1800s. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 loquacity (noun) Talkativeness, wordiness. While some 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people deride his loquacity and his tendency to use 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 outrageous rhymes, no one can doubt that Jesse Jackson 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is a powerful orator. loquacious (adjective). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin lux 5 light. Also found in English elucidate, pellucid, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2 1 translucent. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lucid (adjective) Clear and understandable. Hawking’s A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Short History of the Universe is a lucid explanation of a 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 difficult topic, modern scientific theories of the origin of 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the universe. lucidity (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 200 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 magnanimous (adjective) Noble, generous. When media 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 titan Ted Turner pledged a gift of $1 billion to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 United Nations, he challenged other wealthy people to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 be equally magnanimous. magnanimity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 maladroit (adjective) Inept, awkward. It was painful to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 watch the young congressman’s maladroit delivery of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the nominating speech. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 malinger (verb) To pretend illness to avoid work. During 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the labor dispute, hundreds of employees malingered, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 forcing the company to slow production and costing it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 millions in profits. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 malleable (adjective) Able to be changed, shaped, or formed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 by outside pressures. Gold is a very useful metal because 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it is so malleable. A child’s personality is malleable, and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is often deeply influenced by things her parents say and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 do. malleability (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin mandare 5 entrust, order. Also found in English command, 2 1 Word Origin demand, and remand. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mandate (noun) Order, command. The new policy on gays 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the military went into effect as soon as the president 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 issued his mandate about it. mandate (verb), mandatory 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 marginal (adjective) At the outer edge or fringe; of minimal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quality or acceptability. In spite of the trend toward 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greater paternal involvement in child-rearing, most 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fathers still have a marginal role in their children’s lives. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Jerry’s GRE scores were so marginal that he didn’t get 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 accepted into the graduate schools of his choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 marginalize (verb) To push toward the fringes; to make less 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 consequential. Hannah argued that the designation of a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 certain month as “Black History Month” or “Gay and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Lesbian Book Month” actually does a disservice to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minorities by marginalizing them. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 martial (adjective) Of, relating to, or suited to military life. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 My old teacher, Miss Woody, had such a martial 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 demeanor that you’d think she was running a boot camp 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 instead of teaching fifth grade. The military seized 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 control of Myanmar in 1988, and this embattled country 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 has been ruled by martial law since then. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 201 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin medius 5 middle. Also found in English intermediate, media, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and medium. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mediate (verb) To reconcile differences between two parties. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 During the baseball strike, both the players and the club 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 owners expressed willingness to have the president 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 mediate the dispute. mediation (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mercenary (adjective) Doing something only for pay or for 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 personal advantage. People have criticized the U.S. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 motives in the Persian Gulf War as mercenary, pointing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 out that the U.S. would not have come to Kuwait’s 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 defense had it grown carrots rather than produced oil. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mercenary (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mercurial (adjective) Changing quickly and unpredictably. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The mercurial personality of Robin Williams, with his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many voices and styles, made him a natural choice to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 play the part of the ever-changing genie in Aladdin. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 metamorphose (verb) To undergo a striking transforma2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion. In just a century, book publishers have metamor- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 phosed from independent, exclusively literary businesses 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to minor divisions in multimedia entertainment conglom- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 erates. metamorphosis (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meticulous (adjective) Very careful with details. Watch 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 repair calls for a craftsperson who is patient and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meticulous. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mettle (noun) Strength of spirit; stamina. Linda’s mettle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was severely tested while she served as the only female 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attorney at Smith, Futterweitt, Houghton, and Dobbs. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 mettlesome (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mimicry (noun) Imitation, aping. The continued popularity 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of Elvis Presley has given rise to a class of entertainers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 who make a living through mimicry of “The King.” 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mimic (noun and verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 minatory (adjective) Menacing, threatening. As soon as she 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 met Mrs. Danforth, the head housemaid at Manderlay, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the young bride was cowed by her minatory manner and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quickly retreated to the morning room. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 202 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mince (verb) To chop into small pieces; to speak with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decorum and restraint. Malaysia’s prime minister, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mahathir Mohamad, is not a man known to mince 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 words; he has accused satellite TV of poisoning Asia and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 has denounced the Australian press as “congenital 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 liars.” 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Greek anthropos 5 human. Also found in English anthropology, Word Origin 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 anthropoid, anthropomorphic, and philanthropy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 misanthrope (noun) Someone who hates or distrusts all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 people. In the beloved Christmas classic, It’s a Wonder- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ful Life, Lionel Barrymore plays Potter, the wealthy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 misanthrope who is determined to make life miserable 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for everyone, and particularly for the young, idealistic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 George Bailey. misanthropic (adjective), misanthropy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 miscreant (adjective) Unbelieving, heretical; evil, villainous. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 After a one-year run playing Iago in Othello, and then 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two years playing Bill Sikes in Oliver, Sean was tired of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 being typecast in miscreant roles. miscreant (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mitigate (verb) To make less severe; to relieve. There’s no 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doubt that Wallace committed the assault, but the verbal 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abuse Wallace had received helps to explain his behavior 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 and somewhat mitigates his guilt. mitigation (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 monopoly (noun) A condition in which there is only one 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seller of a certain commodity. Wary of Microsoft’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seeming monopoly of the computer operating-system 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 business, rivals are asking for government intervention. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 monopolistic (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 monotonous (adjective) Tediously uniform, unchanging. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Brian Eno’s “Music for Airports” is characterized by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minimal melodies, subtle textures, and variable repeti2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion, which I find rather bland and monotonous. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 monotony (noun). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 morose (adjective) Gloomy, sullen. After Chuck’s girlfriend 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dumped him, he lay around the house for a couple of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 days, refusing to come to the phone and feeling morose. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 203 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mutation (noun) A significant change; in biology, a perma- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nent change in hereditary material. Most genetic muta- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tions are not beneficial, since any change in the delicate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 balance of an organism tends to be disruptive. mutate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin frangere 5 to break. Also found in English fraction, fractious, Word Origin fracture, frangible, infraction, and refract. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nadir (noun) Lowest point. Pedro and Renee’s marriage 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reached a new nadir last Christmas Eve when Pedro 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 locked Renee out of the house upon her return from the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supposed “business trip.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nascent (adjective) Newly born, just beginning. While her 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 artistry was still nascent, it was 15-year-old Tara 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Lipinski’s technical wizardry that enabled her to win a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics. nascence 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 noisome (adjective) Putrid, fetid, noxious. We were con- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vinced that the noisome odor infiltrating every corner of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 our building was evidence of a mouldering corpse. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 notorious (adjective) Famous, especially for evil actions or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 qualities. Warner Brothers produced a series of movies 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 about notorious gangsters such as John Dillinger and Al 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Capone. notoriety (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Origin Latin durus 5 hard. Also found in English durable and endure. Word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obdurate (adjective) Unwilling to change; stubborn, inflex- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ible. Despite the many pleas he received, the governor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was obdurate in his refusal to grant clemency to the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 convicted murderer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 oblivious (adjective) Unaware, unconscious. Karen prac12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ticed her oboe solo with complete concentration, oblivi- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ous to the noise and activity around her. oblivion (noun), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 obviousness (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 204 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obscure (adjective) Little known; hard to understand. Mendel 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was an obscure monk until decades after his death, when 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his scientific work was finally discovered. Most people 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 find the writings of James Joyce obscure; hence the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 popularity of books that explain the many odd refer- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ences and tricks of language in his work. obscure (verb), 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obscurity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obsolete (adjective) No longer current; old-fashioned. W. H. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Auden said that his ideal landscape would contain water 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wheels, grain mills, and other forms of obsolete machin2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ery. obsolescence (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obstinate (adjective) Stubborn, unyielding. Despite years of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 government effort, the problem of drug abuse remains 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obstinate. obstinacy (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obtuse (adjective) Dull-witted, insensitive; incomprehen2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 sible, unclear, or imprecise. Amy was so obtuse she 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 didn’t realize that Alexi had proposed marriage to her. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan’s collection of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 papers, Ecrits, is notoriously obtuse, yet it has still been 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 highly influential in linguistics, film theory, and literary 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 criticism. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 obviate (verb) Preclude, make unnecessary. Truman Capote’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meticulous accuracy and total recall obviated the need 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for note-taking when he wrote his account of a 1959 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 murder, In Cold Blood. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 odium (noun) Intense feeling of hatred, abhorrence. When 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the neighbors learned that a convicted sex offender was 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 now living in their midst, they could not restrain their 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 odium and began harassing the man whenever he left his 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 house. odious (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 opprobrium (noun) Dishonor, disapproval. Switzerland re2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cently came under public opprobrium when it was 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 revealed that Swiss bankers had hoarded the gold the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 Nazis had confiscated from their victims. opprobrious 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 orthodox (adjective) In religion, conforming to a certain 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doctrine; conventional. George Eliot’s relationship with 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 George Lewes, a married journalist, offended the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sensibilities of her more orthodox peers. orthodoxy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 205 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ossified (adjective) In biology, to turn into bone; to become 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rigidly conventional and opposed to change. His harsh 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 view of co-education had ossified over the years so that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 he was now the only teacher who sought to bar girls 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the venerable boys’ school. ossification (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ostentatious (adjective) Overly showy, pretentious. To show 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 off his new wealth, the financier threw an ostentatious 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 party featuring a full orchestra, a famous singer, and tens 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of thousands of dollars’ worth of food. ostentation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ostracize (verb) To exclude from a group. In Biblical times, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 those who suffered from the disease of leprosy were 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ostracized and forced to live alone. ostracism (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paean (adjective) A joyous expression of praise, gratitude, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or triumph. Choreographer Paul Taylor’s dance “Even2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 tide” is a sublime paean to remembered love, with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 couple after loving couple looking back as they embrace 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an unknown future. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 parody (noun) An imitation created for comic effect; a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 caricature. While the creators of the 1970s comedy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 series All in the Family intended Archie Bunker to be a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 parody of closed-mindedeness in Americans, large num- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bers of people adopted Bunker as a working-class hero. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 parse (verb) To break a sentence down into grammatical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 components; to analyze bit by bit. In the wake of the sex 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 scandal, journalists parsed every utterance by adminis2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tration officials regarding the president’s alleged promis2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cuity. At $1.25 million a day, Titanic is the most 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expensive movie ever made, but director James Cameron 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 refused to parse the film’s enormous budget for inquisi- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tive reporters. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 partisan (adjective) Reflecting strong allegiance to a particu- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lar party or cause. The vote on the president’s budget 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was strictly partisan: Every member of the president’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 party voted yes, and all others voted no. partisan (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pastoral (adjective) Simple and rustic, bucolic, rural. While 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 industry grew and the country expanded westward, the 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Hudson River School of painters depicted the landscape 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as a pastoral setting where humans and nature could 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 coexist. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 206 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 patron (noun) A special guardian or protector; a wealthy or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 influential supporter of the arts. Dominique de Menil 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 used her considerable wealth to become a well-known 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 patron of the arts; she and her husband owned a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 collection of more than 10,000 pieces ranging from 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cubist paintings to tribal artifacts. patronize (verb). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 peccadillo (noun) A minor offense, a lapse. What Dr. Sykes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 saw as a major offense—being addressed as Marge 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rather than Doctor—Tina saw as a mere peccadillo and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one that certainly should not have lost her the job. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pedantic (adjective) Academic, bookish. The men Hillary 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 met through personal ads in the New York Review of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Books were invariably pasty-skinned pedantic types 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 who dropped the names of nineteenth-century writers in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 every sentence. pedantry (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 pedestrian (adjective) Unimaginative, ordinary. The new 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Italian restaurant received a bad review due to its 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reliance on pedestrian dishes such as pasta with marinara 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sauce or chicken parmigiana. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin fides 5 faith. Also found in English confide, confidence, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin fidelity, and infidel. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 perfidious (adjective) Disloyal, treacherous. Although he 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 was one of the most talented generals of the American 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Revolution, Benedict Arnold is remembered today as a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perfidious betrayer of the patriot cause. perfidy (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 peripatetic (adjective) Moving or traveling from place to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 place; always on the go. In Barbara Wilson’s Trouble in 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Transylvania, peripatetic translator Cassandra Reilly is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on the road again, this time to China by way of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Budapest, where she plans to catch the TransMongolian 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Express. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 permeate (verb) To spread through or penetrate. Little by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 little, the smell of gas from the broken pipe permeated 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the house. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 personification (noun) The embodiment of a thing or an 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 abstract idea in human form. Many people view 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Theodore Kaczynski, the killer known as the Unabomber, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as the very personification of evil. personify (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 207 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pervasive (adjective) Spreading throughout. As news of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disaster reached the town, a pervasive sense of gloom 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 could be felt everywhere. pervade (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 philistine (noun) Someone who is smugly ignorant and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 uncultured. A true philistine, Meg claimed she didn’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 read any book that wasn’t either recommended by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Oprah Winfrey or on the best-seller list. philistine 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pith (noun) The core, the essential part; in biology, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 central strand of tissue in the stems of most vascular 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plants. After spending seventeen years in psychoanaly- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sis, Frieda had finally come face to face with the pith of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 her deep-seated anxiety. pithy (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 placate (verb) To soothe or appease. The waiter tried to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 placate the angry customer with the offer of a free 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 dessert. placatory (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 placid (adjective) Unmarked by disturbance; complacent. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dr. Kahn was convinced that the placid exterior 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presented by Frieda in her early analysis sessions masked 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a deeply disturbed psyche. placidity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plaintive (adjective) Expressing suffering or melancholy. In 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the beloved children’s book The Secret Garden, Mary is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disturbed by plaintive cries echoing in the corridors of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gloomy Misselthwaite Manor. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plastic (adjective) Able to be molded or reshaped. Because it 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is highly plastic, clay is an easy material for beginning 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sculptors to use. plasticity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plausible (adjective) Apparently believable. The idea that a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 widespread conspiracy to kill the president has been 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 kept secret by all the participants for over thirty years 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hardly seems plausible. plausibility (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 platitude (noun) A trite remark or saying; a cliché. How 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 typical of June to send a sympathy card filled with 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mindless platitudes like “One day at a time,” rather than 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 calling the grieving widow on the phone. platitudinous 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plummet (verb) To dive or plunge. On October 27, 1997, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the stock market plummeted by 554 points and left us all 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wondering if the bull market was finally over. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 208 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 polarize (adjective) To separate into opposing groups or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 forces. For years, the abortion debate polarized the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 American people, with many people voicing views at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 either extreme and few people trying to find a middle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ground. polarization (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ponderous (adjective) Unwieldy and bulky; oppressively 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dull. Unfortunately, the film director weighed the movie 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down with a ponderous voice-over narrated by the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 protagonist as an old man. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 poseur (noun) Someone who pretends to be what he isn’t. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Gerald had pretensions for literary stardom with his 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 book proposal on an obscure World War II battle, yet 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 most agents soon realized that the book would never be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 written and categorized him as a poseur. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 positivism (noun) A philosophy that denies speculation and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 assumes that the only knowledge is scientific knowledge. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 David Hume carried his positivism to an extreme when 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 he argued that our expectation that the sun will rise 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tomorrow has no basis in reason and is purely a matter 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of belief. positivistic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pragmatism (noun) A belief in approaching problems 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 through practical rather than theoretical means. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 Roosevelt’s attitude toward the economic troubles of the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Depression was based on pragmatism: “Try some- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thing,” he said; “If it doesn’t work, try something else.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pragmatic (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 precedent (noun) An earlier occurrence that serves as an 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example for a decision. In a legal system that reveres 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 precedent, even defining the nature of a completely new 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 type of dispute can seem impossible. precede (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 precept (noun) A general principle or law. One of the 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 central precepts of Tai Chi Ch’uan is the necessity of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allowing ki (cosmic energy) to flow through one’s body 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 in slow, graceful movements. 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 precipitate (verb) To spur or activate. In the summer of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1997, the selling off of the Thai baht precipitated a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 currency crisis that spread throughout Asia. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 209 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin claudere 5 to close. Also found in English conclude, include, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recluse, and seclude. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 preclude (verb) To prevent, to hinder. Unfortunately, Jas- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mine’s appointment at the New Age Expo precluded her 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attendance at our weekend Workshop for Shamans and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Psychics. preclusive (adjective), preclusion (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 precursor (noun) A forerunner, a predecessor. The Kodak 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Brownie camera, a small boxy camera made of jute 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 board and wood, was the precursor to today’s sleek 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 35mm cameras. precursory (adjective). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 preponderance (noun) A superiority in weight, size, or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quantity; a majority. In Seattle, there is a great prepon- 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 derance of seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, a malady 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brought on by light starvation during the dark North- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 west winter. preponderate (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presage (verb) To foretell, to anticipate. According to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 folklore, a red sky at dawn presages a day of stormy 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 weather. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prescience (noun) Foreknowledge or foresight. When she 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 saw the characteristic eerie yellowish-black light in the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sky, Dorothy had the prescience to seek shelter in the 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 storm cellar. prescient (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 presumptuous (adjective) Going beyond the limits of cour- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tesy or appropriateness. The senator winced when the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presumptuous young staffer addressed him as “Ted.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presume (verb), presumption (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prevaricate (verb) To lie, to equivocate. When it became 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clear to the FBI that the mobster had threatened the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12-year-old witness, they could well understand why he 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 had prevaricated during the hearing. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin primus 5 first. Also found in English primate, primitive, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 primogeniture, and primodial. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 primacy (noun) State of being the utmost in importance; 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 preeminence. The anthropologist Ruth Benedict was an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 inspiration to Margaret Mead for her emphasis on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 primacy of culture in the formation of an individual’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 personality. primal (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 210 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pristine (adjective) Pure, undefiled. As climbers who have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scaled Mt. Everest can attest, the trails to the summit are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hardly in pristine condition and are actually strewn with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 trash. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probity (noun) Goodness, integrity. The vicious editorial 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 attacked the moral probity of the senatorial candidate, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 saying he had profited handsomely from his pet project, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the senior-citizen housing project. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 procure (verb) To obtain by using particular care and effort. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Through partnerships with a large number of specialty 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wholesalers, W.W. Grainger is able to procure a startling 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 array of products for its customers, from bear repellent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for Alaska pipeline workers to fork-lift trucks and toilet 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paper. procurement (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prodigality (noun) The condition of being wastefully extrava2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 gant. Richard was ashamed of the prodigality of his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bride’s parents when he realized that the cost of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wedding reception alone was more than his father 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 earned in one year. prodigal (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 proliferate (verb) To increase or multiply. Over the past 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fifteen years, high-tech companies have proliferated in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 northern California, Massachusetts, and other regions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 proliferation (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prolixity (noun) A diffuseness; a rambling and verbose 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quality. The prolixity of Sarah’s dissertation on Otto- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 man history defied even her adviser’s attempts to read it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prolix (adjective). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 prophetic (adjective) Auspicious, predictive of what’s to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 come. We often look at every event leading up to a new 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 love affair as prophetic—the flat tire that caused us to be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 late for work, the chance meeting in the elevator, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 horoscope that argued “a new beginning.” prophecy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun), prophesy (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 propagate (verb) To cause to grow; to foster. John Smithson’s 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will left his fortune for the founding of an institution to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 propagate knowledge, leaving open whether that meant 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a university, a library, or a museum. propagation (noun). 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 211 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 propitiating (adjective) Conciliatory, mollifying or appeas- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing. Management’s offer of a five-percent raise was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meant as a propitiating gesture, yet the striking workers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 were unimpressed. propitiate (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 propriety (noun) Appropriateness. Some people expressed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 doubts about the propriety of Clinton’s discussing his 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 underwear on MTV. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 proximity (noun) Closeness, nearness. Neighborhood resi- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dents were angry over the proximity of the proposed 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sewage plant to the local elementary school. proximate 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pundit (noun) Someone who offers opinions in an authori2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tative style. The Sunday morning talk shows are filled 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with pundits, each with his or her own theory about this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 week’s political news. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin pungere = to jab, to prick. Also found in English pugilist, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 punctuate, and puncture. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pungency (noun) Marked by having a sharp, biting quality. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Unfortunately, the pungency of the fresh cilantro over- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whelmed the delicate flavor of the poached flounder. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 pungent (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 purify (verb) To make pure, clean, or perfect. The new 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 water-treatment plant is supposed to purify the drinking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 water provided to everyone in the nearby towns. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 purification (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quiescent (adjective) In a state of rest or inactivity; latent. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Polly’s ulcer has been quiescent ever since her mother-in12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 law moved out of the condo, which was well over a year 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ago. quiescence (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quixotic (adjective) Foolishly romantic, idealistic to an 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impractical degree. In the novel Shoeless Joe, Ray 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Kinsella carries out a quixotic plan to build a baseball 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 field in the hopes that past baseball greats will come to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 play there. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quotidian (adjective) Occurring every day; commonplace 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and ordinary. Most of the time, we long to escape from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 quotidian concerns, but in the midst of a crisis we want 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 nothing more than to be plagued by such simple 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems as a leaky faucet or a whining child. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 raconteur (noun) An excellent storyteller. A member of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Algonquin Round Table, Robert Benchley was a natural 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 raconteur with a seemingly endless ability to turn daily 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 life and its irritations into entertaining commentary. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rancorous (adjective) Marked by deeply embedded bitter- 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ness or animosity. While Ralph and Kishu have been 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 separated for three years, their relationship is so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rancorous that they had to hire a professional mediator 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just to discuss divorce arrangements. rancor (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rapacious (adjective) Excessively grasping or greedy. Some 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 see global currency speculators like George Soros as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rapacious parasites who destroy economies and then 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 line their pockets with the profits. rapacity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rarefied (adjective) Of interest or relating to a small, refined 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circle; less dense, thinner. Those whose names dot the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 society pages live in a rarefied world where it’s entirely 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 normal to dine on caviar for breakfast or order a $2,000 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bottle of wine at Le Cirque. When she reached the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 summit of Mt. McKinley, Deborah could hardly breathe 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the rarefied air. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 raucous (adjective) Boisterous, unruly and wild. Sounds of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 shouts and raucous laughter drifted out of the hotel 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 room where Felipe’s bachelor party was being held. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reactionary (adjective) Ultra conservative. Every day, over 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 twenty million listeners tune in to hear Rush Limbaugh 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spew his reactionary opinions about “feminazis” and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 environmental “fanatics.” reactionary (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recede (verb) To draw back, to ebb, to abate. Once his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hairline began to recede, Hap took to wearing bizarre 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accessories, like velvet ascots, to divert attention from it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recession (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 reclusive (adjective) Withdrawn from society. During the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 last years of her life, Garbo led a reclusive existence, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 rarely appearing in public. recluse (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 213 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reconcile (verb) To make consistent or harmonious. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Roosevelt’s greatness as a leader can be seen in his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ability to reconcile the differing demands and values of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the varied groups that supported him. reconciliation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 recompense (noun) Compensation for a service rendered or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to pay for damages. The 5% of the estate that Phil 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 received as executor of his Aunt Ida’s will is small 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recompense for the headaches he endured in settling her 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 affairs. recompense (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recondite (adjective) Profound, deep, abstruse. Professor 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Miyaki’s recondite knowledge of seventeenth-century 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Flemish painters made him a prized—if barely under- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stood—member of the art history department. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 redemptive (adjective) Liberating and reforming. While she 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 doesn’t attend formal church services, Carrie is a firm 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 believer in the redemptive power of prayer. redeem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (verb), redemption (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin frangere = to break. Also found in English fraction, fractions, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin fracture, frangible, infraction, and refract. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 refractory (adjective) Stubbornly resisting control or author- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ity. Like a refractory child, Jill stomped out of the car, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 slammed the door, and said she would walk home, even 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 though her house was 10 miles away. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relevance (noun) Connection to the matter at hand; perti2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nence. Testimony in a criminal trial may only be 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 admitted to the extent that it has clear relevance to the 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question of guilt or innocence. relevant (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reparation (noun) The act of making amends; payment of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 damages by a defeated nation to the victors. The Treaty 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of Versailles, signed in 1919, formally asserted Germa- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ny’s war guilt and ordered it to pay reparations to the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 allies. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reproof (noun) A reprimand, a reproach or castigation. Joe 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thought being grounded for one month was a harsh 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reproof for coming home late only once. reprove (verb). 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 214 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 repugnant (adjective) Causing dislike or disgust. After the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 news broke about Mad Cow Disease, much of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 beef-loving British public began to find the thought of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Sunday roast repugnant. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 requiem (noun) A musical composition or poem written to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 honor the dead. Many financial analysts think that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ailing typewriter company should simply say a requiem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for itself and shut down; however, the CEO has other plans. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 repudiate (verb) To reject, to renounce. After it became 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 known that Duke had been a leader of the Ku Klux 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Klan, most Republican leaders repudiated him. repudia- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 resilient (adjective) Able to recover from difficulty. A pro 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 athlete must be mentally resilient, able to lose a game 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one day and come back the next with renewed enthusi12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 asm and confidence. resilience (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 resonant (adjective) Full of special import or meaning. I 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 found the speaker’s words particularly resonant because 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 I, too, had served in Vietnam and felt the same mixture 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of shame and pride. resonance (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 resplendent (adjective) Glowing, shining. In late December, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 midtown New York is resplendent with holiday lights 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and decorations. resplendence (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rite (noun) Ceremony. From October to May, the Patwin 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Indians of California’s Sacramento Valley held a series 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of rites and dances designed to bring the tribe health and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prosperity. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rogue (noun) A mischievously dishonest person; a scamp. In 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Wickham, a charm- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing rogue, seduces Darcy’s young sister Georgiana and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 later does the same thing with Kitty Bennett. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ruffian (noun) A brute, roughneck or bully. In Dickens’ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Oliver Twist, Fagin instructs his gang of orphaned 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ruffians on the arts of picking pockets and shoplifting. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rumination (noun) The act of engaging in contemplation. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Marcel Proust’s semi-autobiographical novel cycle, Re- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 membrance of Things Past, is less a narrative than an 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extended rumination on the nature of memory. ruminate 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (verb). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 215 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sage (noun) A person of great wisdom, a sagacious philoso- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pher. It was the Chinese sage Confucius who first taught 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what is now known the world over as “The Golden 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Rule.” sagacious (adjective), sagacity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin salus 5 health. Also found in English salubrious, salutation, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin and salute. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 salutary (adjective) Restorative, healthful. I find a short dip 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in an icy stream to be extremely salutary, although the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 health benefits of my bracing swims are, as yet, unclear. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sanction (verb) Support or authorize. Even after a bomb 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exploded on the front porch of his home, the Reverend 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Martin Luther King Jr. refused to sanction any violent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 response and urged his angry followers to love their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enemies. sanctify (verb), sanction (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 sap (verb) To exhaust, to deplete. The exhaustive twelve-city 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reading tour so sapped the novelist’s strength that she 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 told her publicist that she hoped her next book would be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a flop! While Uganda is making enormous economic 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strides under President Yoweri Musevini, rebel fighting 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 has sapped much of the country’s resources. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 satiate (verb) To fulfill to or beyond capacity. Judging by the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 current crop of films featuring serial killers, rape, ritual 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 murder, gunslinging, and plain old-fashioned slugfests, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the public appetite for violence has not yet been satiated. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 satiation (noun), satiety (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 saturate (verb) To drench or suffuse with liquid or anything 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that permeates or invades. The hostess’s furious dabbing 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 at the tablecloth was in vain, since the spilt wine had 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 already saturated the damask cloth. saturation (noun), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 saturated (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scrutinize (verb) To study closely. The lawyer scrutinized 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the contract, searching for any detail that could pose a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 risk for her client. scrutiny (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scurvy (adjective) Shabby, low. I couldn’t believe that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Farouk was so scurvy as to open up my computer files 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and read my e-mail. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 216 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin sequi 5 to follow. Also found in English consequence, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sequel, and subsequent. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sequential (adjective) Arranged in an order or series. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 courses required for the chemistry major are sequential; 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you must take them in the prescribed order since each 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 course builds on the previous ones. sequence (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sedulous (adjective) Diligent, industrious. Those who are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 most sedulous about studying this vocabulary list are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 likely to breeze through the antonyms sections of their 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE exam. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sidereal (adjective) Relating to the stars or the constella- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tions. Jacqueline was interested in matters sidereal and 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was always begging my father to take the dusty old 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 telescope out of our garage. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 signatory (noun) Someone who signs an official document 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or petition along with others. Alex urged me to join the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other signatories and add my name to the petition 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 against toxic sludge in organic foods, but I simply did 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not care enough about the issue. The signatories of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Declaration of Independence included John Adams, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Thomas 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Jefferson. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sinuous (noun) Winding, circuitous, serpentine. Frank 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Gehry’s sinuous design for the Guggenheim Museum in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Bilbao, Spain, has led people to hail the museum as the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first great building of the twenty-first century. sinuosity 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 specious (adjective) Deceptively plausible or attractive. The 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 infomercial for “Fat-Away” offered mainly specious 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arguments for a product that is, essentially, a heavy-duty 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 girdle. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spontaneous (adjective) Happening without plan or outside 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cause. When the news of Kennedy’s assassination hit the 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 airwaves, people everywhere gathered in a spontaneous 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 effort to express their shock and grief. spontaneity 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 217 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spurious (adjective) False, fake. The so-called Piltdown 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Man, supposed to be the fossil of a primitive human, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 turned out to be spurious, though who created the hoax 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 is still uncertain. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 splice (verb) To unite by interweaving separate strands or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 parts. Amateur filmmaker Duddy Kravitz shocked and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angered his clients by splicing footage of tribal rituals 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 into his films of their weddings and bar mitzvahs. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 squander (verb) To use up carelessly, to waste. Those who 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 had made donations to the charity were outraged to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 learn that its director had squandered millions on fancy 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dinners, first-class travel, and an expensive apartment 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for entertaining. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stanch (verb) To stop the flow. When Edison began to bleed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 profusely, Dr. Munger stanched the blood flow by 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 applying direct pressure to the wound. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stint (verb) To limit, to restrain. The British bed and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 breakfast certainly did not stint on the breakfast part of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the equation; they provided us with fried tomatoes, fried 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sausages, fried eggs, smoked kippers, fried bread, fried 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mushrooms, and bowls of a cereal called “Wheatabix” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 (which tasted like cardboard). stinting (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stolid (adjective) Impassive, unemotional. The popular ani- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mated television series King of the Hill chronicles the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 woes of a stolid, conservative Texan confronting chang- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ing times. stolidity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subordination (noun) The state of being subservient or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 treated as less valuable. Heather left the naval academy 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because she could no longer stand the subordination of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 every personal whim or desire to the rigorous demands 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of military life. subordinate (verb). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 218 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin poena 5 pain. Also found in English impunity, penal, penalty, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and punishment. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subpoena (noun) An order of a court, legislation or grand 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 jury that compels a witness to be present at a trial or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hearing. The young man’s lawyer asked the judge to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 subpoena a boa constrictor into court on the grounds 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that the police had used the snake as an “instrument of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 terror” to coerce his confession. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subside (verb) To settle or die down. The celebrated lecturer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 had to wait ten minutes for the applause to subside 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 before he began his speech. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subsidization (noun) The state of being financed by a grant 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from a government or other agency. Without subsidiza2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion, the nation’s passenger rail system would probably 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 go bankrupt. subsidize (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 substantiated (adjective) Verified or supported by evidence. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The charge that Nixon had helped to cover up crimes 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was substantiated by his comments about it on a series 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of audiotapes. substantiate (verb), substantiation (noun). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subsume (verb) To encompass or engulf within something 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 larger. In Alan Dershowitz’s Reversal of Fortune, he 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes it clear that his work as a lawyer subsumes his 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 personal life. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subterranean (adjective) Under the surface of the earth. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Subterranean testing of nuclear weapons was permitted 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 under the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 summarily (adverb) Quickly and concisely. No sooner had I 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 voiced my concerns about the new ad campaign than my 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 boss put her hand on my elbow and summarily ushered 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 me out of her office. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 superficial (adjective) On the surface only; without depth or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 substance. Her wound was only superficial and required 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 no treatment except a light bandage. His superficial 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attractiveness hides the fact that his personality is lifeless 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and his mind is dull. superficiality (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 219 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 superimpose (verb) To place or lay over or above some- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thing. The artist stirred controversy by superimposing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 portraits of certain contemporary politicians over im- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ages of such reviled historical figures as Hitler and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Stalin. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 supersede (verb) To displace, to substitute or supplant. “I’m 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sorry,” the principal announced, “but today’s afternoon 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 classes will be superseded by an assembly on drug and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 alcohol abuse.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supine (adjective) Prone. One always feels rather vulnerable 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 when wearing a flimsy paper gown and lying supine on a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doctor’s examining table. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supposition (noun) Assumption, conjecture. While most 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 climate researchers believe that increasing levels of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greenhouse gases will warm the planet, skeptics claim 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 that this theory is mere supposition. suppose (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 surge (noun) A gush; a swelling or sweeping forward. When 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mattel gave the Barbie Doll a makeover in the late 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eighties, coming out with dolls like doctor Barbie and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 astronaut Barbie, the company experienced a surge in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sales. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin tangere 5 to touch. Also found in English contact, Word Origin contiguous, tactile, tangent, and tangible. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tangential (adjective) Touching lightly; only slightly con- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nected or related. Having enrolled in a class on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 African-American history, the students found the teach- 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 er’s stories about his travels in South America only of 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tangential interest. tangent (noun). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tedium (noun) Boredom. For most people, watching even a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fifteen-minute broadcast of Earth as seen from space 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 would be an exercise in sheer tedium. tedious (adjective). 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 temperance (noun) Moderation or restraint in feelings and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 behavior. Most professional athletes practice temper2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ance in their personal habits; too much eating or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 drinking and too many late nights, they know, can harm 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 their performance. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 temperate (adjective) Moderate, calm. The warm gulf 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 streams are largely responsible for the temperate climate 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the British Isles. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 220 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tenuous (adjective) Lacking in substance; weak, flimsy, very 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thin. His tenuous grasp of the Spanish language was 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 evident when he addressed Señor Chavez as “Señora.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 terrestrial (adjective) Of the earth. The movie Close Encoun2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ters of the Third Kind tells the story of the first contact 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 between beings from outer space and terrestrial crea- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tures. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 throwback (noun) A reversion to an earlier type; an 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 atavism. The new Volkswagen Beetle, with its familiar 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bubble shape, looks like a throwback to the sixties, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 it is actually packed with modern high-tech equipment. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tiff (noun) A small, almost inconsequential quarrel or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disagreement. Megan and Bruce got into a tiff when 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Bruce criticized her smoking. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tirade (noun) A long, harshly critical speech. Reformed 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 smokers, like Bruce, are prone to delivering tirades on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the evils of smoking. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 torpor (noun) Apathy, sluggishness. Stranded in an airless 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hotel room in Madras after a 27-hour train ride, I felt 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 such overwhelming torpor that I doubted I would make 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it to Bangalore, the next leg of my journey. torpid 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tout (verb) To praise highly, to brag publicly. A much 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 happier Eileen is now touting the benefits of Prozac, but, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to tell you the truth, I miss her witty, self-lacerating 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 commentaries. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin tractare 5 to handle. Also found in English intractable, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin tractate, and traction. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tractable (adjective) Obedient, manageable. When he turned 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3, Harrison suddenly became a tractable, well-mannered 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 little boy after being, quite frankly, an unruly little 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 monster! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 tranquillity (noun) Freedom from disturbance or turmoil; calm. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Seeking the tranquillity of country life, she moved from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 New York City to rural Vermont. tranquil (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 221 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 transgress (verb) To go past limits; to violate. If Iraq has 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 developed biological weapons, then it has transgressed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the UN’s rules against manufacturing weapons of mass 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 destruction. transgression (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 transmute (verb) To change in form or substance. Practitio2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ners of alchemy, a forebear of modern chemistry, tried to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discover ways to transmute metals such as iron into 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gold. transmutation (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 treacherous (adjective) Untrustworthy or disloyal; danger- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ous or unreliable. Nazi Germany proved to be a 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 treacherous ally, first signing a peace pact with the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Soviet Union, then invading. Be careful crossing the rope 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bridge; parts of the span are badly frayed and treacher- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ous. treachery (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tremor (noun) An involuntary shaking or trembling. Michael 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 still manages to appear calm and at ease despite the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tremors caused by Parkinson’s disease. Brooke felt the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first tremors of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake while 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 she was sitting in Candlestick Park watching a Giants 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 baseball game. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trenchant (adjective) Caustic and incisive. Essayist H. L. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Mencken was known for his trenchant wit and was 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 famed for mercilessly puncturing the American middle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 class (which he called the “booboisie”). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 Origin Latin trepidus 5 alarmed. Also found in English intrepid. Word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trepidation (noun) Fear and anxiety. After the tragedy of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 TWA flight 800, many previously fearless flyers were 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 filled with trepidation whenever they stepped into an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 airplane. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 turbulent (adjective) Agitated or disturbed. The night be12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fore the championship match, Martina was unable to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sleep, her mind turbulent with fears and hopes. turbu- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 lence (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 turpitude (noun) Depravity, wickedness. Radical feminists 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 who contrast women’s essential goodness with men’s 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 moral turpitude can be likened to religious fundamental- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ists who make a clear distinction between the saved and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the damned. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 222 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tyro (noun) Novice, amateur. For an absolute tyro on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ski slopes, Gina was surprisingly agile at taking the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 moguls. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unalloyed (adjective) Unqualified, pure. Holding his new2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 born son for the first time, Malik felt an unalloyed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 happiness that was unlike anything he had ever experi- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enced in his 45 years. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 undermine (verb) To excavate beneath; to subvert, to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 weaken. Dot continued to undermine my efforts to find 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 her a date by showing up at our dinner parties in her 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ratty old sweat suit. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unfeigned (adjective) Genuine, sincere. Lashawn responded 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with such unfeigned astonishment when we all leapt out 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the kitchen that I think she had had no inkling of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 surprise party. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 univocal (adjective) With a single voice. While they came 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from different backgrounds and classes, the employees 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 were univocal in their demands that the corrupt CEO 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 resign immediately. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unstinting (adjective) Giving with unrestrained generosity. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Few people will be able to match the unstinting 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 dedication and care that Mother Theresa lavished on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 poor people of Calcutta. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Latin urbs 5 city. Also found in English suburb and urban. Word Origin 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 urbanity (noun) Sophistication, suaveness and polish. Part 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the fun in a Cary Grant movie lies in seeing whether 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the star can be made to lose his urbanity and elegance in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the midst of chaotic or kooky situations. urbane 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 usurious (adjective) Lending money at an unconscionably 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 high interest rate. Some people feel that Shakespeare’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 portrayal of the Jew, Shylock, the usurious money lender 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in The Merchant of Venice, has enflamed prejudice 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 against the Jews. usury (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 223 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin validus 5 strong. Also found in English invalid, invaluable, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prevail, and value. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 validate (verb) To officially approve or confirm. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 election of the president is formally validated when the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 members of the Electoral College meet to confirm the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 verdict of the voters. valid (adjective), validity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vapid (adjective) Flat, flavorless. Whenever I have insom2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 nia, I just tune the clock radio to Lite FM, and soon 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 those vapid songs from the seventies have me floating 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 away to dreamland. vapidity (noun). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 venal (adjective) Corrupt, mercenary. Sese Seko Mobuto 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was the venal dictator of Zaire who reportedly diverted 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 millions of dollars in foreign aid to his own personal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fortune. venality (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 veneer (noun) A superficial or deceptive covering. Beneath 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 her folksy veneer, Samantha is a shrewd and calculating 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 businessperson just waiting for the right moment to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pounce. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 venerate (verb) To admire or honor. In Communist China, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mao Tse-Tung is venerated as an almost godlike figure. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 venerable (adjective), veneration (noun). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 veracious (adjective) Truthful, earnest. Many people still 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 feel that Anita Hill was entirely veracious in her 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allegations of sexual harassment during the Clarence 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Thomas confirmation hearings. veracity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 verify (verb) To prove to be true. The contents of Robert L. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ripley’s syndicated “Believe it or Not” cartoons could 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not be verified, yet the public still thrilled to reports of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “the man with two pupils in each eye,” “the human 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 unicorn,” and other amazing oddities. verification 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin verus 5 true. Also found in English verisimilitude, veritable, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and verity. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 veritable (adjective) Authentic. A French antiques dealer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 recently claimed that a fifteenth-century child-sized suit 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of armor that he purchased in 1994 is the veritable suit 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of armor worn by heroine Joan of Arc. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 224 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 5: Verbal Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vindictive (adjective) Spiteful. Paula embarked on a string 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of petty, vindictive acts against her philandering boy- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 friend, such as mixing dry cat food with his cereal and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 snipping the blooms off his prize African violets. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 viscid (adjective) Sticky. The 3M company’s “Post-It,” a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 simple piece of paper with one viscid side, has become as 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commonplace—and as indispensable—as the paper clip. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 viscous (adjective) Having a gelatinous or gooey quality. I 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 put too much liquid in the batter, and so my Black Forest 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cake turned out to be a viscous, inedible mass. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vitiate (verb) To pollute, to impair. When they voted to ban 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 smoking from all bars in California, the public affirmed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 their belief that smoking vitiates the health of all people, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not just smokers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vituperative (adjective) Verbally abusive, insulting. Eliza- 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 beth Taylor won an award for her harrowing portrayal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of Martha, the bitter, vituperative wife of a college 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 professor in Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Woolf? vituperate (verb). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 volatile (adjective) Quickly changing; fleeting, transitory; 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prone to violence. Public opinion is notoriously volatile; 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a politician who is very popular one month may be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 voted out of office the next. volatility (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 volubility (noun) Quality of being overly talkative, glib. As 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Lorraine’s anxiety increased, her volubility increased in 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 direct proportion, so during her job interview the poor 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interviewer couldn’t get a word in edgewise. voluble 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (adjective). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Latin vorare 5 to eat. Also found in English carnivorous, devour, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Word Origin 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and omnivorous. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 voracious (adjective) Gluttonous, ravenous. “Are all your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 appetites so voracious?” Wesley asked Nina as he 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 watched her finish off seven miniature sandwiches and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two lamb kabob skewers in a matter of minutes. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 voracity (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 wag (noun) Wit, joker. Tom was getting tired of his role as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the comical wag who injected life into Kathy’s otherwise 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 tedious parties. waggish (adjective). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 225 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whimsical (adjective) Based on a capricious, carefree, or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sudden impulse or idea; fanciful, playful. Dave Barry’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Book of Bad Songs is filled with the kind of goofy jokes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 that are typical of his whimsical sense of humor. whim 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (noun). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 xenophobia (noun) Fear of foreigners or outsiders. Slobodan 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Milosevic’s nationalistic talk played on the deep xeno2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 phobia of the Serbs, who after 500 years of brutal 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Ottoman occupation had come to distrust all outsiders. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 zenith (noun) Highest point. Compiling the vocabulary list 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for the Insider’s Guide to the GRE was the zenith of my 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 literary career: after this, there was nowhere to go but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 downhill. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 226 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter
6 Analytical Writing Review
Note
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analytical 101: Fundamental Essay Writing Skills 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The two-essay Analytical section is the first section you encounter after 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 surviving the interminable form-filling-out pre-GRE shenanigans. It does 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 not have much in common with its Math and Verbal siblings. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analytical section is scored differently, structured differently, and takes 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 longer to complete than both other sections combined. This last point can 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be somewhat frustrating if your Analytical score is not relevant to your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 particular graduate program, since you will have to spend the first 75 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minutes of the test mucking about and wasting valuable brainpower units 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in a section that’s not important to you. If this is the case, conserve your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 energy for the sections that matter, but don’t blow off the section either. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you are an international student or if English is your second language, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your Analytical score might be scrutinized by universities to determine 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 how fluent you are in English. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Immediately after you complete your GRE CAT, your Quantitative and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal scores appear on the screen. The Analytical score takes two to six 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 weeks longer to get, since your essays must be sent off to “GRE-Land,” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 where they are read and graded by professional readers. These readers 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might be English graduate students, former English teachers, or educa- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tional professionals of one ilk or another. Whatever their background, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 professional readers share some traits in common: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. They are experts in the essay-writing format and are well2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 qualified to make judgments about the effectiveness of a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 particular essay. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. They use a shared rubric to evaluate both essays and decide upon 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a single score for each test-taker. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 227
Part III: Section Review
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Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. All the ones who give out the lowest scores are members of Mrs. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Smith’s 8th grade class at Lawrence Middle School. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The ugly-sounding term rubric often rears its head when the topic of essay 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grading comes up. A rubric is little more than a set of rules, or standards, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 regarding a topic like essay-writing. Since essay-grading is inherently 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subjective, a rubric helps codify certain general points that every good 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay should have. Standards like “Every essay should have a clear, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 well-articulated point of view” and “A well-written essay will contain a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 series of concise supporting details that back up the argument” are two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 examples that usually appear on an essay-writing rubric. Although a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rubric helps professional readers standardize the essay-grading process, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there is still room for interpretation and differences of opinion. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The third point might not be factually accurate (it’s more of an outright lie), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but the other two points are true. Both essays are read, evaluated, and given 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a score from 0 to 6 by two different readers. A 6 is the highest score, while a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0 means you didn’t make much sense or use real words. You can get half2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point scores if one reader gives you a 4 while another gives you a 5; if that’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the case, you end up with a 4.5 on that test. If two readers disagree by a lot, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then a third reader is brought in to help resolve the disagreement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A 4 or 5 are both good scores, a 3’s a bit dodgy, and a 1 or 2 show you have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 some deficiencies in the essay-writing arena. The goal of this section is to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 give you the knowledge needed to score at least a 4 on the essay. A 5 or 6 is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 also a possibility, but the primary goal is to keep your score above a 3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Level 2 Analytical, which begins on page 245, focuses on scoring a 6. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Issue Essay 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 For an idea of what the issue will be, look no further than the official GRE 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Web site, www.gre.org. Every possible issue topic is listed there (the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 current link is www.gre.org/issuetop.html, but this might change if the site 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gets redesigned). There are more than 200 topics listed, so writing sample 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 essays for each one would not be the best use of your time. Then again, it 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wouldn’t hurt to practice writing a couple of sample essays from this list if 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you feel your essay-writing skills need work. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Looking over the list, you will see that most topics are broad statements 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that leave themselves open for interpretation. A statement like, “A nation 2 2 1 should be ruled by its telemarketers” is the kind of open-ended topic that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just dares you to agree or disagree with it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 228 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Alert!
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The first essay begins by presenting you with two issues, not just one. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get to choose which issue you would like to gab about. You might get two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 topics similar to the ones below: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. The creation of a theater company, however small, increases the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attractiveness of a city to visitors. The theater company demon2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 strates that a city is committed to artistic endeavors, and such a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commitment is usually associated with good governance. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2. Quick decisions lead to success in today’s business world. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since the idea of being sued is always unappealing, the two sample topics 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 listed here are NOT from the official list. They’re not even close to any of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the topics listed there, thank goodness. Rest assured that the methods and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strategies discussed throughout the section will work on all the topics 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the official list, even though these two sample topics are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 NOT—N.O.T.—from the official list. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It’s nice to have a choice of two topics to write about, but don’t waste too 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 much time deciding which one you want to discuss. The clock starts 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 counting down once the topics appear, so you want to decide as quickly as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possible. Every second you spend thinking about the topic you don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choose is time completely wasted. You want to maximize the amount of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time you have for the topic you do choose, so read the two choices and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 then ask yourself, “Which topic can I write about more?” Getting words 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 onto the screen is key, so make a decision about which topic you feel more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 loquacious about. If you’re the kind of person who reads the Wall Street 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Journal, choose the second topic. If you’re someone who flips through the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Wall Street Journal searching for comics and movie reviews, the first topic 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is probably better for you. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Once you pick a topic, you need to decide whether you want to agree or 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disagree with the initial statement. Each topic sentence presents one side of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an issue, and it’s up to you to “present your perspective on an issue” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (that’s the official moniker for this part of the Analytical section). It 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 doesn’t matter whether you choose to agree or disagree, since there’s no 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 single “right” answer to these topics. All that matters is how well you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 explain your side of the argument with supporting details arranged in a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 logical manner. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Let’s say you choose the first topic sentence, and feeling cantankerous you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 decide to disagree with the opinion that theater companies increase the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attractiveness of a city. With about 43 minutes remaining, take about 5 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minutes to brainstorm some ideas that will help support this viewpoint. Jot 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these points down on scratch paper, and try to decide where you want to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 229 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 place them in the essay. There is a fine balance between spending time 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 formulating your essay outline and getting down to actually writing it. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more planning you do, the better your essay will appear in terms of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 organization. Countering this attribute is the fact that a well-planned essay 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of only two paragraphs is not as good as a four-paragraph essay with some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 continuity problems. Five minutes is a good amount of time to plan. After 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that, start clacking those keys. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 As stated on page 28, your typing speed is a factor in the Analytical 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section, since getting words into the computer can be a time-consuming 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 process. Take the test on page 28 to see how many words you should be 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 able to type for the first essay. If you are a speedy typist, you can give 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yourself a little more time to brainstorm ideas and organize your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thoughts. If you are an average typist, shoot for a four- to five-paragraph 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay. If you are a very slow, hunt-and-peck, are-these-letters-moving12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 around-on-me? kind of typist, you’ll need to improve your speed. You 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 want to be able to write at least 400 words for the first essay. Start 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 keeping a journal on your computer, write letters to your friends, type out 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a manifesto, but do something to increase your speed so that your slow 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 typing no longer becomes an issue that can affect your score. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take the time now and jot down some ideas about how theaters do not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 make a city more attractive to visitors. You might have some ideas similar 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to the ones below, but the topic is broad enough that there are many 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different ways to craft an essay arguing that this is not true. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. The introduction of a local theater company has little or 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 no impact at all on a cityÕs attractiveness to visitors. (Main 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 idea, first sentence) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Local theater is not something that most visitors think 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about when considering a city—pollution, crime, economic 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vitality all bigger factors. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Tourist attractions can increase a cityÕs attractiveness, 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 BUT 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 —How much of a draw is a ÒlocalÓ theater? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 —Except for NYC Broadway, what place is known for its 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plays? 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 —One-of-a-kind natural wonders, or museums of one 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 type of another, these are things that increase a cityÕs 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attractiveness. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 230 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 —In this light, local theater is about as important as a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 local grocer. Everyone likes having one, but itÕs not some 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 kind of tourist draw or city enhancement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. Also, some lousy governments have presided over great art, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so connection between governance and pursuit of artistic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 excellence pretty flimsy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The last statement attacks the link connecting artistic endeavor with good 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 governance, but the other statements don’t have anything to do with it. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Statement 4 might make it into the essay, but it’s not crucial that it does. If 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this essay were untimed, it would help to mount a comprehensive attack 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on all salient points that you want to disagree with, but hey! This is Essay 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Writing under Pressure, and no one expects you to be able to cover all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bases with the paltry amount of time available. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Statement 1 provides your perspective on the issue, placing you firmly in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the “I’ve listened to the original statement and I disagree” camp. Make 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 sure you very clearly state whether you are for or against the original issue, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and do so in the first one or two sentences. The readers are not going to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spend four hours on every essay. It’s more accurate to say that they will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spend less than 10 minutes on both essays combined, in which case you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 want to have your position very clearly stated right away, in plain view and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for everyone to see. Mentally, a reader can then place a check alongside the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rubric standard that says, “Every essay should have a clear, well- 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 articulated point of view.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your first paragraph could look like something like this: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Although a local theater company can have many positive 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 effects on a community, it is unlikely that such a company will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have any impact on how visitors view that city. There are many 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different ways people consider a city not their own. While there 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are certainly some people who use theater as part of their 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 criteria, this number is probably very small. It is much more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 likely that most visitors will use other factors to decide 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 whether or not a city is attractive to them, and the existence 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of a local theater will not even be an issue. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 One paragraph down, three to go. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Having stated your position, you must now back it up. The readers will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 expect your second paragraph to back up your position using specific 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 details, so don’t disappoint them. Flesh out Statement 2, and use precise 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 examples whenever possible. Cite specific examples that work in your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 favor. The point is to be convincing by using facts to state your point. You 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can’t just say, “C’mon! Believe me! I know what I’m talkin’ about!” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 231 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sample Second Paragraph 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Looking back over the past ten years, many of the Most (A) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 popular cities in the U.S. became popular for reasons that had 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nothing to do with theater. (B) Seattle became known as a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 place where the trendiest rock-and-roll music was created. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (C) That was good enough for a lot of young people. (D) Silicon 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Valley was the center of the Internet explosion, and people 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 flocked there in search of great jobs, not great Shakespeare. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (E) Several older cities revitalized their image with large 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 public renovations like the Harbor project in Baltimore. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (F) BaltimoreÕs harbor area now contains restaurants, malls, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an aquarium, and various other tourist attractions. (G) No 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 local theater, though, showing how it was not factor. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Admittedly, this is not the greatest second paragraph the world has ever 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 seen. Sentence A capitalizes the word Most for no reason. Sentences B and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 C could probably be combined to form one single good sentence instead of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two choppy sentences. Sentence D is a bit vague on details, with phrases 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like Silicon Valley and Internet explosion tossed around with little 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 explanation. Sentence E has the word Harbor capitalized incorrectly. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentences E, F, and G are all culled from the author’s brief visit to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Baltimore last year, so a bold statement like G is not known to be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 definitively true. They are just the author’s recollections from a brief 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 three-day visit two years ago that were dredged up from memory to help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bolster a point on the standardized test. Someone could go to Baltimore or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do research in a library to determine whether or not local theater was a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 factor in the Baltimore harbor renaissance. However, that someone is not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 going to be the reader of your essay, since this individual has only a couple 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 of minutes to read through your essays, assign a grade, and then move on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to the next. In other words, while you can’t—and shouldn’t—lie outright, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can use broad, plausible facts to prove your point. Looking over the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 statements made in the second paragraph, you can see that all of them are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a nice blend of specificity (naming the actual city) and generalization 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (“people flocked there in search of great jobs”). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For all its faults, this second paragraph uses a host of supporting details to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 back up the initial perspective stated in the first paragraph. That is exactly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what you want a second paragraph to do in order to get a good score on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this essay. If this were an untimed essay, you would be expected to correct 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mistakes like improperly capitalized words, and you might also be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expected to provide actual data. For instance, an untimed essay should 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 provide actual census figures for the growth rate (and unemployment rate) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 232 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in Silicon Valley between 1990 and 2000, and it should probably give a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more precise geographical location than just “Silicon Valley.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 But this isn’t an untimed essay, is it? The people reading this essay don’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expect exact facts. They are looking for a slew of supporting details that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 back up the original position, and that’s just what the second paragraph 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 gives them. The paragraph covers three different areas of the country and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 shows how local theater was not a factor in making them attractive to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 visitors. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With the first paragraph firmly supported by the second, it’s time to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 change tack. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your third paragraph should be the “I understand the other side of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 argument, I just don’t agree with it” paragraph. Somewhere in your essay 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the readers want to see that you understand both sides of the issue, and the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 third paragraph’s as good a place as any. So throw the opposition a bone, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but then show how this little point still does not alter the fact that your 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 initial position is the superior one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sample Third Paragraph 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (H) Of course people do enjoy going to the theater occasion2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ally, so having a local theater company would make a city 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more attractive for some. (I) But who, exactly? (J) You would 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 think a ÔlocalÕ theater would benefit the local population the 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 most, and that visitors would hardly notice it. (K) Most people 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 who come in from out of town want to go see large, unique 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tourist attractions like Graceland or an exceptional natural 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wonder like PikeÕs Peak. (L) The local theater is there to raise 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the artistic consciousness of the community, not attract 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 visitors from another city who may well have a Local theater 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 scene of their own. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Again, this paragraph is not flawless, nor does it have to be. All it must do 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is show that you are a balanced person able to see both sides of an issue, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and that you have reasons for rejecting the opposing side in favor of your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 own. Sentence H is the proverbial bone, and the rest of the paragraph does 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 its best to explain why this viewpoint is not as strong as your own. This is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 done by making broad, plausible statements with a dash of specificity if 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possible. Sentence L works fine as, “Most people who come in from out of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 town want to go see large, unique tourist attractions or exceptional 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 natural wonders.” It works better by including precise examples, since this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 helps reinforce the point and it shows the reader that you can cite specific 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 examples if you have to. Think of it as your way of saying, “If I had time, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 233 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 I would bore you with precise details, but I only have time for a few right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 now.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Specific examples like this help mask some other, vaguer claims. For 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 instance, what exactly does the “artistic consciousness of the community” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in Sentence E mean? The precise meaning is up for grabs, but it sure sounds 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 good, doesn’t it? Readers skimming their way through this essay won’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pause, place their chin in their hand, and deeply reflect upon the exact 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meaning of that phrase. Instead, they’ll just go “uh-huh” absently and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 keep on blazing through the text. You will get the benefit of the doubt due 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to the time constraints of the format. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 With three paragraphs in the bag, it’s time to check the clock. If you have 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 less than 5 minutes left, you should hammer out a concluding sentence or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two for paragraph four and then glance over the rest of your essay. Try to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 catch any obvious grammatical errors, and try to work on the overall flow 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the essay, making sure that one paragraph flows well into another. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 could use this time to combine Sentences B and C in the second paragraph, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for instance. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you finish three paragraphs and have around 10 minutes left, then you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can use the word-processing format to your advantage in the following 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ways: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Write a 2- to 3-sentence final paragraph that restates your take on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the initial proposition. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Look through everything you’ve written and catch any blatant 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grammatical mistakes. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Now, try to slip in another paragraph between the third 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph and the final one. Your conclusion is already in place, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so you don’t have to worry about ending your essay properly. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 You can use the remaining time to create a fourth paragraph that 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 piles on more detail to support your belief. You might attack the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “good governance” angle at this point, which is something you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 haven’t really addressed in the rest of your essay. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. When the clock hits 1 minute to go, stop work on the fourth 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph and make sure the transition between it and your final 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 paragraph is smooth. If you only had a chance to write two 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentences in the fourth paragraph, then just tack your two- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence conclusion to the end of it. However, if you were able to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 write 3–5 sentences in the fourth paragraph, don’t combine the 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 final paragraph with the fourth. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you had to write out your essay, you wouldn’t be able to go back and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insert an entire paragraph into the rest of the text. Yet the computer format 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allows you to do that, so you should take advantage of it. Writing the final 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 paragraph first fulfills the rubric standard, “restates original position 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clearly,” a basic requirement in essay-writing. You can then use the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 remaining time to expound upon your perspective on the issue. No one 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 except you will know that you didn’t write the entire essay out in perfect 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 linear fashion. All they will see is a well-organized five-paragraph essay. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sample Last Paragraph to Write First 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Local theater has benefits, but these benefits serve mainly 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the community itself and remain unknown or of no concern to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 outsiders. Therefore, the creation of a local theater 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 company is unlikely to have any impact on whether or not a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 city is attractive to outside visitors. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Then, squeeze in a fourth paragraph above that can go something like: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (M) Furthermore, while the connection between theater and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 city attractiveness is fairly slim, the connection between art 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and good government is even more so. (N) A city might provide 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 public funds to help a local theater get started. (O) Although 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some would like this, others would call it bad government, 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since that was tax money that could be spent elsewhere, like 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in a public school or to provide more police officers. (P) In this 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 light, the connection between theater and government would 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be considered bad government since public funds are being 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spent poorly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 This fourth paragraph has mistakes just like the others before it, but it still 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 achieves its purpose, which is to show your ability to approach the issue 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from more than one angle. Sentence N sets up a “what-if” hypothesis, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then Sentence O shows how this could be considered poor government. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentence O is a bit unwieldy, but that’s OK, since the phrase “like in a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 public school or to provide more police officers” shows that you could be 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 more specific . . . if only you had more time (fake sigh). Since you don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have enough time, the essay has to stay as is. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Grouping all the sample paragraphs together gives you a good blueprint 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 on how to achieve a solid score on the first Analytical essay. You don’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have to follow this blueprint exactly, but it wouldn’t hurt you if you did. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Whether or not you add any variations, make sure that your first essay 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clearly contains the following points: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 235 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Key Points to Include on the First Essay 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. A Clearly Stated Position. Don’t send the readers on a scavenger 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hunt to see how you feel about the issue. Make sure your point of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 view is clearly stated. Basically, you will either disagree or agree 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 with the initial topic sentence. The safest place to state your point 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of view is the first paragraph. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2. A Cartload of Plausible Supporting Details. You can’t use the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 phrase “because I say so” to back up your argument. You need to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 come up with believable reasons that justify your position. The 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more specific they are, the better, but the format of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time-intensive essay will prevent you from using hard data. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 could memorize an almanac or census book if you like, but this is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probably not a good use of your time. Instead, paint with broad 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strokes with phrases like, “many people enjoy fine seafood” and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 “computer skills are becoming increasingly important in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 modern world.” Both of these statements are believable, even 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 though they contain no hard facts. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Demonstrate That You Can See Other Side’s Point of View, Even 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Though You Disagree with It. Sadly, actual debate is very rare, at 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 least on television. On TV, most shows put two implacable 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enemies on screen together, and then watch both sides use every 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sophistic trick in the book to browbeat their opponent and win 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the argument. It might make for entertaining TV, but it’s a lousy 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discourse. Such an extreme, unbending position is the exact 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 opposite of what you want in your essay. Take a sentence or two 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to show how you understand the opponent’s point of view, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then use the rest of the paragraph to explain why you feel this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 position is not as strong as the one you believe. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. Have a Clear Conclusion. It’s a basic point of every essay, and the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 readers will be looking for it. If possible, try to rephrase your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 original position. Don’t use the exact same words as you did at the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 beginning of the essay. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Look at the some of the sample issues at the GRE Web site and decide how 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you would approach them using the information in the chart above. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Would you agree or disagree? What facts would you use to support your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 case? How would you show that you understood the other side’s view? If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Analytical score is important to you, give yourself 45 minutes and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 practice writing some sample essays. Use a computer to type out your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 236 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
Note
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 response, since you want to practice your typing skills as well. Since there 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are about 240 topics listed, it is not very likely that a topic you practice on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will be one of the ones you get for your actual GRE. Then again, stranger 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 things have happened, and people do get lucky. If you glance over a bunch 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the issue topics—say, about half of them—and think about how you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would respond to them, you will be making your own luck. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The last thing to note is that you should take the entire 45 minutes on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay. When it’s over, stretch your fingers and get prepared for some more 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 typing. The Argument essay is next on the menu. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The Argument Essay 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The second essay is 15 minutes shorter than the first, and you are only 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 given one topic. A lengthy list of possible topics can again be found at the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE Web site, specifically at www.gre.org/argutop.html. Most topics are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 around 100 words in length and are written to resemble editorials, memos, 2 2 letters, and reports from fictional people or businesses. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Read a bunch of these “arguments” to get a feel for what they are like. The 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first thing you should notice is that every argument has a point. Quite 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 often, this point is the first sentence, although in other instances it is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 farther into the text. The point—which can also be called the topic 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 statement, main idea of the argument, or conclusion—is a judgment or 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 belief made by the author of the topic. This point can be something like, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “Therefore, people should try to reduce their intake of salmon if they are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 concerned about mercury poisoning” or “It is obvious that higher salaries 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will lead to a higher number of new products.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Words like therefore, clearly, and thus are big signposts that scream, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 “Main point up ahead!” These words are often used after a series of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supporting details, and they act as a verbal transition between the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supporting details and the main idea supported by the details. You should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be familiar with them, as it is likely you used one of these exact words 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 when restating your main point at the end of the first essay. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The main point of the argument is something that can be disputed. To help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 convince you of the main idea, the author surrounds the main idea with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supporting details that back up the initial claim. These supporting details 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 serve the same function here as the supporting details you created for the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 first essay: They provide facts that support the author’s claim. Some 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arguments consist of one supporting idea, which is fleshed out and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 described in detail for the rest of the paragraph. Other arguments make 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3–4 different points, each of which supports the main point. If you scan 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 237 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 through the sample passages provided online, you can find examples of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 both types, as well as many more that fall between these two poles. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The ability to dissect each argument into a main idea and its supporting 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 details is the first step to doing well on the second essay. If you feel you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 need some practice at this, take a sheet of lined paper and write the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 following: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The main idea of this argument is: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The supporting details used to make this claim are: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Scroll through the GRE argument passages, pick one at random, and place 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it into the above template. Determine the main idea, and write out that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 sentence in the space provided. Then list the supporting details that back 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up the claim. Since some details might be connected, make a note like ↔ to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 show that two facts are linked. Repeat this exercise several times until you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are able to spot a conclusion and its supporting details with little difficulty. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 It should help that you spent the first essay deciding on your own point of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 view and then backing it up with supporting details. For the second essay, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the main point and supporting details have been given to you. You just 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have to determine which is which. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you’ve sliced apart a bunch of essays, look with a skeptical eye at the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conclusions and the supporting details used to prove them. How airtight 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are these arguments? Are any of these arguments going to be eligible for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the Nobel prize in logic? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The answer is “No.” A thousand times, no! Every single one of these 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arguments can be attacked and discredited in one way or another. To 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 succeed on the second essay, your primary mission is to recognize these 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 errors and write about them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 238 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Find the Flaw 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The second essay is officially called “Analyze an Argument,” but you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should think of it as a game called “Find the Flaw.” Using this name will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 get you in the proper mindset. When you read the argument essay, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 want to be much more critical than you usually are. When doing regular 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reading, people often give an author the benefit of the doubt and keep an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 open mind that what is being written could be valid. This means you might 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 read an editorial, mentally shrug, and think, “Yes, I suppose that could be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 true.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You don’t want to be so kind on the second essay. Once the clock starts 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ticking, your goal is to: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Read the argument 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Determine the main point 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Determine the supporting details 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 4. Brainstorm alternatives that attack either the main idea or a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 supporting detail 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. Write about these flaws in the argument 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A run-through of these steps can be shown using this sample argument 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (which once again has NOT been plagiarized from the official site). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The following memorandum was written by the President of 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dextrose Bank. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “The President of Sucrose Bank, our main competitor, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recently mentioned that over half of Sucrose’s new 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 customers were people passing by who simply walked in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the front door. With this in mind, a large portion of this 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 year’s marketing budget will be shifted to improving the 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exterior look of our bank. This will make our bank look 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more attractive to people passing by, and we should be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 able to attract new customers the same way Sucrose 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Bank did.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Having read the paragraph, Step 1 is complete. Now it’s time to determine 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what the main point is. Some of you might think the main point is, “a large 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 portion of this year’s marketing budget will be shifted to improving the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exterior look of our bank,” since this is the big change at Dextrose Bank. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 However, keep in mind that a main point is a point of view. It’s something 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 that a particular person believes, but it’s not a fact. The statement, “A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 large portion of this year’s marketing budget . . .” is a fact. You can’t agree 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 or disagree, so it’s not a point of view. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 239 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Again, thinking about the first essay will help you determine the main 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point of the second essay. Recall how you decided whether to agree or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 disagree with the initial statement, since this subjective statement could be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interpreted either way. The main idea of the argument essay will be a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 statement you could either agree or disagree with, although you want to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do more disagreeing than agreeing. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The conclusion reached by the President of Dextrose Bank is that spending 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 money on the exterior “will make our bank look more attractive to people 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passing by, and we should be able to attract new customers the same way 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Sucrose Bank did.” This is the President’s belief, but it’s not a fact like “the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 temperature is currently 80 degrees.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Just for starters, some people might think the bank looks less attractive, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and others might like the way the bank looks but not go in and start a new 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 account because of it. Both of these scenarios call the President’s 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 conclusion into question. While the President’s point may or may not be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 valid, it is still the conclusion, so Step 2 is complete. Once you have the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conclusion, pretty much everything else becomes the supporting details 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 used to justify the claim, so Step 3 falls into place as well. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading the argument and determining what’s what should take no more 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than 3 minutes, leaving you with 27 minutes for the last two steps. With 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 any essay (even a timed one), it’s always a good idea to do a bit of 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brainstorming before you start writing. This essay’s no exception, so spend 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 about 3–5 minutes coming up with ways to show why the President’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conclusion might not hold true. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You wouldn’t have to write out every alternative. Just take quick notes to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 remind yourself. Once the clock reads 23 minutes to go, you should stop 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 brainstorming and start writing. Your first sentence can be something like, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “Although [Main Point . . . Blah Blah Blah] has some validity, it does not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hold up to intense scrutiny. There are several ways that this conclusion can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be proven wrong, such as. . . .” Then you put your essay-writing cap on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 and light the sucker up for all its flaws. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To do this, you need to come up with alternatives to what is assumed in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 text. These alternatives require a little bit of creativity on your part, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 once you practice on some sample passages, you’ll get the hang of it. These 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 alternatives—you can call them alternative reasons, outcomes, explana- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 tions, scenarios, and possibilities—are all designed to undercut a specific 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 part of the original text. Look at the previous chart that shows the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conclusion. The bank president assumes that the new look “will make our 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 bank look more attractive,” so Alternative #1 is created by simply stating 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 240 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Finding Flaws in the Argument 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Conclusion: “This will make our bank look more attractive to people 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passing by, and we should be able to attract new customers the same 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way Sucrose Bank did.” 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Alternative #1: What if people don’t like the new look? This 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would discourage them from entering, the exact opposite of what 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 is wanted. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Alternative #2: What if exterior appearance had nothing to do 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 with Sucrose’s success with walk-ins? If Sucrose was located near 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a busy, trendy supermarket, people might walk in and start an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 account there because it was convenient. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Supporting Detail: “With this in mind, a large portion of this year’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 marketing budget will be shifted to improving the exterior look of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 our bank.” 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Alternative #3: What if Dextrose has had success with radio and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 print ads? Taking money in the budget away from these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 successful marketing strategies might hurt the overall number of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 new customers. Walk-ins might increase, but they wouldn’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 counteract the number of customers lost by abandoning or 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cutting back on the proven methods of radio and print ads. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Alternative #4: What if there are better ways to spend money and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attract walk ins? Dextrose Bank could leave the exterior as is, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 throw a benefit concert featuring local musicians. This might 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 generate a large crowd of people who then sign up as new 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 customers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Supporting Detail: “The President of Sucrose Bank, our main 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 competitor, recently mentioned that over half of Sucrose’s new 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 customers were people passing by who simply walked in the front 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 door.” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Alternative #5: Putting it bluntly, what if the President of Sucrose 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Bank is lying? Suppose the Sucrose Bank president made those 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 remarks knowing that his/her counterpart at Dextrose Bank 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would react strongly to them? If this is the case, then the Dextrose 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 President has been played like a violin, and large amounts of 2 1 Dextrose Bank marketing money are being spent to counter a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 claim that is not even true. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 241 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Alert!
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a different outcome. To flesh out Alternative #1, you could have something 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like the following paragraph. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (A) The President of Dextrose Bank believes that the new 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 look will make the bank more attractive to passers by, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this is not necessarily true. (B) Some people might not like the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 new decor, and avoid the bank for that reason. (C) For 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 example, suppose the bank spends a lot of money and plants a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 large number of flowers and bushes around the parking lot. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (D) However, the state is in the midst of a severe drought. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (E) Some people might think the bank looks nice, but others 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would believe that the bank is foolishly wasting water and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 money during a drought. (F) These people would be turned 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 off by the expensive remodeling, considering it wasteful 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and boorish. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Sentence A is the set-up sentence. It clearly states which part of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 argument you are going to attack. As you might expect, starting every 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph with a simple set-up sentence is a good game plan. Sentence B 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 states an alternative outcome, showing how this alternative leads to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actions opposite of what the bank president assumes will happen. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentences C and D are where you have to get a little creative. Basically, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 need to think of a reason why people would not like a new exterior for a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 bank. The sample above goes the “ecological conservationist” route, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 setting up a mythical drought that the cads at the bank care nothing about. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentences E and F explain why the eco-conservationists are now less likely 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to open an account at Dextrose Bank now that the exterior has been 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 expensively remodeled. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The “eco-conservationist” route is not the only explanation you can give. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You could also say, “Suppose the renovations to the exterior require large 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 parts of the bank building (including the bank sign) to be covered in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scaffolding and other construction materials. This might make it hard for 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 people new to the area to realize that the building under construction was 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a bank. Since newly moved people are more likely to need a new account, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the work on the exterior would hurt Dextrose’s ability to sign these 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people up.” This isn’t perfect, but perfection isn’t required for a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 30-minute essay. You just need to show that you can break down an 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 argument and come up with alternatives. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The essay does not require you to go out and actually find an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eco-conservationist who supports your opinion. You do not need to have a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence that shows the national membership figures for the Sierra Club. 2 2 242 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 All you have to do is come up with a plausible (there’s that word again!) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 alternative that shows how the initial point might be wrong. Once you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 explain your alternative, you have done what is needed for the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 essay. Now you need some more of it, so it’s time to start another 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph and attack something else from the original argument. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 If you are wondering why the emphasis is on finding flaws in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 argument, the answer is simple. The GRE readers aren’t going to be kind 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to an essay that states, “After looking over the argument, everything the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 speaker claims is true.” Anyone who doesn’t understand the argument can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 write this, so it doesn’t really show that you did any thinking. The readers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 want evidence of some mental work on your part. This is why you must 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attack the argument, pulling it apart and coming up with alternative 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possibilities that subvert the main point. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 However, you can recycle the old “I understand both sides of the issue, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 they’re wrong” concept from the first essay. This is done below with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Alternative #3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (G) The Dextrose Bank President has decided to shift Òa 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 large portion of this yearÕs marketing budget . . . to improving 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the exterior look of our bank.Ó (H) A new exterior might indeed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bring in some new customers, since a bold new exterior might 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 increase walk-in interest. (I) However, the shift in marketing 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 money might not be the best for the overall number of new 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 customers. (J) Suppose the shift in money means that the bank 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can no longer do many print and radio ads? (K) If these ads 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 were very successful, their decline might mean fewer new 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 customers come in after reading or hearing an ad. (L) This 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means that the number of walk-in new customers increases, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but the number of radio and print new customers drops. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (M) Overall, this might lead to a decline in the total number 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of new customers, and Dextrose Bank will be worse off. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentence G is a set-up sentence that uses quotes to show exactly what part 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the argument is going to be scrutinized. Sentence H shows, “Hey, dude, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 I can totally see where you’re coming from.” The other side of the issue has 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 now been given a little credit. The rest of the paragraph proceeds to show 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 why this point of view is flawed. Sentence I is a transition sentence, as you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 go from agreeing to disagreeing. The next four sentences follow the same 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 blueprint as the first paragraph. Sentences J and K create a hypothetical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 situation—which you can totally make up so long as it’s somewhat believ- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 able—and Sentences L and M show how this hypothetical situation will 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lead to an outcome exactly opposite of what the Dextrose Bank President 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 243 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 assumes will happen. Not every sentence in this second paragraph is stellar, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and if you had time, you might not want to use both radio and print ads. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Using only one would simplify the paragraph and still get the point across. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 But you don’t have time, so it doesn’t matter. The second paragraph is fine 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as it is for a 30-minute “Analyze the Argument” essay. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 After two paragraphs, you might not have much time left. Following the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 template of the first essay, write a brief closing and then use any remaining 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time to hammer out more alternatives. Your closing might be something 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like the following: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Dextrose Bank PresidentÕs plan to gain more new walk-in 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 customers might work. However, if it doesnÕt, it could be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because of one of the reasons listed above, since the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 PresidentÕs plan is by no means foolproof. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The above closes out the essay nicely. The vague phrase “it could be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because of one of the reasons listed” works quite well, because you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wouldn’t be expected to list every one of the reasons in the closing. You 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can now use all the time remaining to add as many reasons as you can type. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When the clock starts flashing 3 minutes, finish up the sentence you are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 writing and then look over the essay for any grammatical mistakes. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Correct any mistakes you can find until the clock winds down. Once the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 time is up, the essay will vanish, and the Analytical portion of the GRE will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be over. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . . . And One More Thing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The following words were used in this chapter. They are all college-level 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 vocabulary words that might appear on the Verbal portion of the GRE. If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you didn’t know the meaning of these words, add them to your vocabulary 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lists now. The best way to improve your vocabulary is to learn new words 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the context of reading, so find the definitions of all the words below and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 then look back and find them throughout the chapter: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 proverbial cad 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 renaissance cantankerous 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rubric endeavor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scrutiny (three different times!) interminable 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sophistic loquacious 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 moniker 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 244 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
Take It to the Next Level 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Acing the Essays 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The fundamentals of sound essay writing are covered earlier in this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 chapter. If you follow those basic steps—clearly stated main idea in first 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph of first essay, finding the flaw in the argument for the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay, and so forth—you should get a decent score on the Analytical 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 portion of the GRE. However, if you are an English major or someone 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 shooting to get into a highly competitive program that stresses writing 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 skills, a decent score might not be all that you want. Anything less then a 5 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might not be enough; you want a 5.5 or ideally a 6. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There’s no way to guarantee you a perfect score. Essays are just too 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subjective, and one reader’s idea of an excellent essay might differ from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what another reader thinks a perfect essay should look like. But there are a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 host of different strategies you can use to transform a good essay into a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 superior essay, and these strategies will be covered in this chapter. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mixing It up on the First Essay 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since the first essay is longer and requires more mental work than the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 second, it stands to reason that this essay affects your overall Analytical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 score more than the second essay. The first essay is also more open-ended, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which gives you a greater range of creativity on this essay than on the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 second. For the second essay, the goal is to “analyze the argument,” and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 this limits your responses since you must stay focused on the argument 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 given. This set-up is good news for you, because it means that you can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 demonstrate your snazzy writing skills on the essay that counts more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 toward your overall score. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before delving into specific techniques to improve your essay, the general 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 theme you should shoot for is to write a “standard essay, but with frills.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Think of a perfect score of 6 as a 4 1 2. The 4 comes from having all the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basic requirements needed in an essay, such as a main idea supported by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 details. Every essay needs the basics, and yours is no exception. Yet most 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 245
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Note
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 students are familiar with the basic essay format, so just writing a standard 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay might not be enough to get you a 6. That’s where the “12” idea 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comes in. The extra 2 points comes from distinguishing your essay in some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 way. Your overall goal is to make your essay different in a way that shows 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are capable of writing more than a standard essay. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The “4 1 2” concept seems to imply that simply writing a basic essay will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 never get you a score higher than a 4. This is not its purpose, nor is the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 implication true. If you totally nail a basic essay—a clear main idea, great 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 set of supporting details, excellent organization on the paragraph and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence level, and good overall grammar—you could easily earn a 6 that 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way. In the end, it all depends on the reader. The point behind the “4 1 2” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 concept is to emphasize that adding advanced writing flourishes will help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 separate your essay from the standard essays. If you add these flourishes 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 well, it will greatly increase your chance of getting a 5 or 6 since you will 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be demonstrating your advanced writing ability. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 How you decide to make your essay stand out from the pack is up to you. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here are three different methods that you can use: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Tweak the Basic Format 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It’s a simple fact that repetition leads to boredom for most people. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 have to think that GRE readers get tired of seeing the same essays over and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 over again. This doesn’t mean they’ll start giving out bad grades to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 standard essays. It means that they might perk up a bit if your essay plays 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the basic format a bit. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For instance, the basic essay starts with the main idea clearly stated in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first paragraph. So tweak the format by placing your main idea in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 second paragraph. Use the first paragraph to “set the scene,” vividly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 describing an imaginary scenario that will back up your claim. Or start the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph off with a good quote, provided the quote could then be used to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 back up your point. Do something that captures the reader’s attention 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 while remaining relevant to the discussion at hand. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Page 229 earlier in this chapter listed two fictitious essay topics. The first 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one has already been discussed, so we will use the second topic to take it to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the next level. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 246 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sample Topic: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quick decisions lead to success in today’s business world. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Setting the scene with an imaginary scenario. (agrees with the topic) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The owners of Murpu Labs face a quandary. Over the past 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 six months, theyÕve worked long hours developing a new 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 software program that makes it easier to transfer video 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 images over the Internet. This market is currently 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 underserved, and large profits are available for a company 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that fulfills customer demands in this area. Yet the Murpu 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 software still has some bugs to be worked out. With start-up 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 money drying up, the company owners find themselves 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pondering the question, ÔDo we release the flawed software 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or not?Õ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 MurpuÕs owners should stop deliberating and start selling, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since speedy decisions are crucial in todayÕs business world. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you have knowledge of an actual business that hesitated and lost, by all 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means use it. Using a historical anecdote here would be even better, since it 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would give your argument the weight of some real historical events behind 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it. However, a lack of precise business history will not hurt the stylistic 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 effects of the anecdotal first paragraph. You just create a fictitious 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 company and place them in the situation you want them to be stuck in. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 The point is to give the first paragraph some punch by creating a specific 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 situation, one that draws the readers in and has them wondering how they 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would act if they were running Murpu Labs. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The sentence that starts the second paragraph, “Murpu’s owners should 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 stop deliberating and start selling, since speedy decisions are crucial in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 today’s business world” ties into the first paragraph and shows just where 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you stand on the topic. It’s your viewpoint, cleverly placed in the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph, not the first. You can then expound upon this theme for the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rest of the second paragraph. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Since you started out with software as your business model, you can make 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that the I-see-the-other-side-of-the-coin angle for the third paragraph, too. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Speedy decisions are critical in the fast-paced computer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 software world, but itÕs true that other business areas are not 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so time-intensive. Banking, and institutional lending in general, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are two areas in which deliberate decision making are well 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 established. Yet technology has a way of speeding up the pace 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the world, and even such ancient sectors as banking might 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find themselves pushed to make decisions more rapidly than 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 they would have in the past. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 247 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the sample essay outlined earlier, only one paragraph is devoted to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 showing the other side’s point and then shooting it down. You can alter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this standard essay format by creating every paragraph in the “I see your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 side, but mine’s stronger” mold. Each paragraph would start off with you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stating your opponent’s viewpoint, but would then explain why your side 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the argument is better. This is a little tougher to pull off in a short 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 amount of time, which is why it would make your essay stand out. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The above paragraph shows how you can alter the initial outline of an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay just a bit, and still keep the rest of it the same. As always, you use 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 vague yet plausible facts that cannot be disputed. The phrase “institutional 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lending in general” sounds very good and could mean such a huge range of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 things it’s not even funny. In a time-intensive essay where readers can’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pause and deeply ponder, it fits wonderfully. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Instead of starting out with a scenario, you could also begin with a quote. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Starting things off with a quote. (disagrees with the topic) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Edward Young once wrote, ÒBe wise with speed; a fool at forty 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is a fool indeed.Ó Although the English poet and dramatist lived 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 over three hundred years ago, YoungÕs words are still relevant 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 today. They highlight the fact that rash decisions are often 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bad decisions, and such foolishness leaves people open to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 embarrassment and other unwanted consequences. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Quick decisions can also translate to bad business, which is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 why they should be avoided in todayÕs business world. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Now, the main problem with this set-up is that you have to have the quote 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from Edward Young floating around in your head in order to use it on the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Analytical section. There are three ways to go about achieving this. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Starting with a quote or adding fictitious scenarios are just two ways to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tweak the basic essay format. Anything you do that demonstrates you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 write more than just a standard essay will improve your chances of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 garnering a high score on the Analytical portion of the GRE. Admittedly, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you have to be able to pull off the altered essay format successfully, so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 don’t add change just for change’s sake. Adopting a writing style that is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 obviously artificial will not help your cause, so never strain or stretch to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 place a quote just to give your essay a quote. If tweaking the essay format 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 in some way feels good to you, do it. Your instincts are better than you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might think, and a more natural writing style can greatly benefit your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay, as you will see in the following section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 248 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Three Ways to Have Snappy Quotes Floating around in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Your Head 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Be the Kind of Person Who Likes to Memorize Quotes. Many 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 English majors like nothing more than to snap off a few lines 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 of Shakespeare to prove their point. You might find this habit 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 annoying in the real world, but in GRE-Land it’s quite a useful 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 habit. Even if you’re not an English major, many people have 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 proverbs (like “Haste makes waste”), Biblical quotes, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 snippets of famous speeches floating around in their grey mat2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 ter. These quotes can all be used if the situation warrants it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 One caveat is that you want to use quotes that are as “literary” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 as possible. Shakespeare is good but John Dryden is better, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since a Dryden quote shows that you have knowledge of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 famous literature that goes beyond the basics. If you need help 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 remembering this idea, think of the acronym FIBTS: Faulkner 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Is Better Than Seuss. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Start a List of Cool Quotes You Like. This method works best 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 if you are someone who reads literature on a regular basis. If 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you do, you should come across neat phrases that make you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 think to yourself, “Hey! That sentence rocks!” Start a quote 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 list where you write down these good phrases. The list will 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 help you remember the quote, and you can always refresh 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 your memory by rereading the list from time to time. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Memorize a Bunch of Quotes for the GRE. This might not be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the best use of your time, but to achieve it, all you need is a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 book of famous quotes and a computer connected to the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Internet. Use the computer to scroll around and view all the 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 different GRE essay topics, and use the quote book to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rummage for quotes that you think would work well for each 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 topic. This idea is part of a larger plan to prep for the essay 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section, and it will be discussed in greater detail starting on 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 page 251. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Use Your Voice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Writing in your voice is the best way to help distinguish your essay from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 others, but it’s the hardest one to achieve. There’s no way to really teach 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 voice, either, since a person’s voice must come from the individual. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 However, the idea of voice can be discussed and described, and you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 take it from there and run with it as long as you can. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 249 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
www.petersons.com
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In writing, “voice” refers to an author’s distinctive style of using words. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Many established writers have such a unique voice that you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 determine when a piece of writing is theirs after a couple of sentences. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Suppose you read the words, “Round about there/In the Valley of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Crair/Lived an old Hoobavax/By the name of Snare” and were asked to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 determine the writer. You would probably guess the well-known 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 children’s author Dr. Seuss, since these words are written in the voice of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Dr. Seuss. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Take a moment and think about your own writing. Look over some old 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 journal entries, term papers, poems, or short stories, if you have any laying 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 around. Is your writing very serious, or do you include humor whenever 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possible? Do you prefer a short, terse journalistic style full of short 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentences in small paragraphs, or do you tend toward lengthy paragraphs 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with long, highly developed sentences? No answer is better than another. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The overarching goal is to differentiate your essay from the pack (in a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good way), and using a style that’s your own is an excellent way to do this. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Like everything, using your voice has some qualifiers attached to it. Not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 every type of voice can be used for an essay. For an example of an inap12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 propriate voice, suppose you like to write in a style similar to the French 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 writer Celine. Your essay would be a mishmash of thoughts connected by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 ellipses . . . like hearing a story through a strobe light . . . every other phrase 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 making its way through—others, blacked out . . . Mon Dieu! That’s a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 terrible style to use for an essay. The reader will not say,”Hmm, an homage 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to Celine!” The response will be more along the lines of, “This clown doesn’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know when to use a period.” As you can see, some styles are just too radical 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to use on the essay format. If you are gunning for a 6, you probably have 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 enough of a writing background to know when you’ve crossed the line 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 from strong voice into experimental text creation. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 On a personal note, I like to make jokes while writing. (I won’t go so far 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and claim they are funny.) I could have written an essay without humor, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but I didn’t see the point in doing so. While the entire text wasn’t a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stand-up routine, I told about one joke per paragraph, for both essays. My 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conclusion on the first essay was even a joke. I did this because that’s the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 kind of writer I am. My score on the Analytical portion was a 6, which is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good news for you because you probably wouldn’t want to be reading a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 book from someone who scored a 3. You can say I received a 6 because: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. I’m a professional writer. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. I used my own voice, and this helped distinguish my essay from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 others. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 250 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
Note
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. I told jokes and the bored readers thought my jokes were funny, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or at least helped break up the monotony of their task. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 There might an element of truth to all three points, but the second point is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the one you should concern yourself with. Don’t feel you have to shackle 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the way you write in order to conform to the standard essay. Make all the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 standard essay points as necessary, and then garnish them with sentences 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that are your own. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 While the strategy of using your own voice is a good one, it’s not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something that is easily taught. For more concrete assistance, look no 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 further than the last technique, which pretty much reeks of realpolitik. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. Just Prepare Ahead of Time 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You know you have to write 2 essays, and you know where all the sample 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 topics are located. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist—or person aspiring to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 go to rocket scientist graduate school—to put two and two together and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 realize you can look over the topics and prepare ahead of time. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The question is not whether you should prepare ahead of time, but how 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 much preparation do you wish to do? Writing out roughly 500 sample 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essays would not be the best use of your time. Besides, other people have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 already done this for you. If you’re interested in seeing what some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 sample essays look like, you check out ARCO GRE CAT Answers to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Real Essay Questions. You don’t want to use the essays as they appear in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the book, since this is wrong for many different reasons. Instead, looking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 over the sample essays will give you an idea of what kinds of supporting 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 details you could use for each essay. It will also give you a chance to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 look over different essay formats. Seeing different ways that supporting 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 details are used should help you brainstorm ideas of your own, while 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 reviewing different formats should make it easier for you to organize 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your own essay. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 These books are by Peterson’s as well, although there might be similar 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 titles by other publishers. The books listed here are the ones rated highest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 by the author and publisher, but that’s merely a coincidence. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The importance of spending about 5 minutes brainstorming before writing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 your essay is covered on pages 229–230 earlier in this chapter. This 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brainstorming will be a lot better and take less time if you have already 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thought about the topic previously. So even if you don’t want to use the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 sample essay book, you should still look over some sample topics and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 251 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mentally sketch out how you would approach them. Take about 5 minutes 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for each topic and ask yourself, “Would I agree or disagree with the topic 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence? What type of supporting details would I like to use?” You don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 have to write your answers down, although you can if you like. The main 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 goal is to acquaint yourself with the topic beforehand, and come up with a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 rudimentary idea about how you would want to approach an essay on the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 subject. This can help you in several ways: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. If you have a choice between a topic you’ve thought about and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one that you haven’t, the decision to choose the one you’ve 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thought about should come very rapidly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. If you get a topic you’ve seen before, you won’t waste any time 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 deciding whether to agree or disagree since you already thought 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 about how to approach that topic. This should also make coming 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 up with supporting details much quicker and easier, leaving you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with more time to get words into the computer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3. Even if you get two topics that you haven’t thought about 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 already, your brainstorming skills will be greatly improved with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 all the practice. This should translate to less time needed to decide 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whether to agree or disagree, as well as greater ease at coming up 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with good supporting details. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Doing the 5-minute brainstorm exercise on several topics is something 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 everyone should do. If you want to be more gung-ho, there are other things 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 you can do, but these might not be the optimal use of your time. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You could do research to come up with hard facts to use on every essay, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but it’s not a good idea for two reasons. For one thing, it would take a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 massive amount of time for very little payoff. Also, if you did include 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 something very specific, it might tip the reader off to the fact that you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prepared beforehand. There’s nothing illegal about this, but it’s not going 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to earn you any Brownie points. It’s much better to appear like you just 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 happened to get that particular topic, and you just happened to come up 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 with the set of supporting details that you did. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Second Essay 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The second essay doesn’t give you as much writing wiggle room as the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 first. That essay is more of a writing assignment, while the second essay is 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 closer to an exercise in logical thinking. Sure, you still have to write, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you don’t have to formulate an argument from scratch. You just have to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comment on an argument given to you. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 252 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter 6: Analytical Writing Review
Take It to the Next Level
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Other Ways to Prep for the Essay Beforehand 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Prepare a Quote List. As stated earlier on page 248, placing a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relevant quote is a nice addition to any essay. When 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brainstorming on a sample topic, ask yourself, “Is there a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 quote I can think of that would help prove my point?” If you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can’t think of one right away, you could always do some 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 searching in a book of quotations like Bartlett’s. Even if this 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exercise doesn’t land you the quote you want, looking 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 through a book of quotes is often pretty cool. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Have Some Snazzy Vocabulary Words Ready to Go. You can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 compile a list of advanced words that could be brought into 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 play on your essay. For example, in the paragraph where you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 show that you can acknowledge the other side’s point of view, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you might have a sentence like, “Although this might happen, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the chances of this occurring are actually very small.” Instead 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of small, use infinitesimal. It means the same thing, but the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE readers will note your use of advanced vocabulary. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Other good words like specious, verify, quandary (seen earlier 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in this chapter), ratiocination, and blinkered can crop up in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 many point-of-view essays. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you are already compiling a list of vocabulary words for the 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE Verbal section, you don’t need to make two lists. Simply 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 keep those advanced words in mind when writing your GRE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essays. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Two of the three strategies you used on the first essay work on the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one, but the “Tweaking the Essay Format” technique doesn’t really apply 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 to the second essay. With only 30 minutes, you need to attack the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 argument and uncover the flaws. A basic essay with distinct paragraphs 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 attacking specific points is the best way to do this. If you can add a quote 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to help make your point, bully for you. However, adding a complex 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 organizational layer might obscure the points you are trying to make, so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 keeping it simple works best. If you want to take a risk and write the entire 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 second essay as a Socratic dialogue, go right ahead, but this approach will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 likely be too radical for most readers. A simple format showing complex 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thoughts is better than a complex format obscuring complex thoughts. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Using your own voice can work on the second paragraph, but in a limited 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 manner. Again, for the second essay your overall goal is to expose flaws in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the original argument, not display your writing chops. If you can show a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 little personality, by all means do so. It would certainly look good if 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 253 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part III: Section Review
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Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elements of your writing style displayed in the first essay appear in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 second essay as well. That will show the GRE readers that the writing is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definitely yours, and not something you crafted ahead of time with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 help of others. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The third strategy, preparing beforehand, is the one that works best for the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 second essay. It is easily the best thing you can do to write a better second 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 essay. The second essay requires you to acquire and display a certain 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 skill—determining the flaws of a short argument—and the foremost way 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to get better at this skill is through practice on real topics. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 To help you analyze arguments, you can peruse the book ARCO GRE 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CAT Answers to the Real Essay Questions. This will give you an idea of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 how to create and write about alternative scenarios that undermine the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conclusions and supporting details of an argument. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 You do not need to write out entire essays, although you can write out 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some if you feel like it. Focus instead on honing your brainstorming skills 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to the point where you can take any 100-word argument, easily spot the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 conclusion and supporting details, and then start churning out alternatives 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that show the logical flaws. This can be a completely mental exercise 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 where you spend roughly 5 minutes just thinking about every argument. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You have 240 arguments to work on, but you probably won’t need that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 many to get proficient at finding the flaws in an argument. Once you have 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this skill under your belt, the hardest part of the second essay is done. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When test day comes, you might get lucky and encounter an argument 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’ve worked on, but even if you don’t, it should be easy for you to read 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the text and begin formulating alternatives. You then place as many of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these alternatives into a basic essay format as time allows, and give 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 yourself a few minutes at the very end to check over your grammar and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 perhaps tighten up a few sentences. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 A second essay with a host of strong alternatives is an excellent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 complement to a first essay that shows some originality in content and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 structure. While this combo can’t guarantee you a 6—nothing can, for that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matter—it does present a strong case to the GRE readers that you are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 someone who really knows her stuff on the GRE Analytical section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 254 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
PART
IV Three Practice GREs Preface to Practice Tests Practice Test 1
258
Practice Test 2
282
Practice Test 3
305
Closing Remarks
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PART IV
Chapter
7 Preface to Practice Tests 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Putting Ideas and Concepts into Practice 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 NOTE: Don’t start on any of the following three tests until you have read 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this section. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The study materials in this book should have your head swirling with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 information. Although this might lead to strange dreams featuring QC 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems, on the whole it’s a positive thing. The following 3 practice tests 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will give you a chance to put some of the knowledge flitting around in your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 noggin to good use. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 These tests should be used to give you a chance to test-drive the new 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 strategies and ideas previously presented within this book. It’s important 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you don’t just jump to these questions and start answering them willy-nilly 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 before reading all that came before. If you do this, odds are good you will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 only help reinforce the faults you had before you started studying for the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE. To truly maximize your GRE score, these tests must be approached 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the attitude that you will use them to try out the various different 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 points and ideas covered so far. Doing this will help you absorb the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 material discussed and make you a better GRE test-taker. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Make sure you take only one test at a time, and then look over the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 explanations to the answers. Everyone will want to read the explanations 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for the questions that they miss, but it’s also a good idea to look the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answers for the other questions as well. The explanations can give you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ideas about different ways you can approach a problem; learning about 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 these different approaches will earn you points toward your Superior 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Test-Taker merit badge. Many people who score poorly on standardized 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tests do so because they are locked into the mindset that there is only one 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 way to answer every problem. It’s as if every problem is a locked door, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 only a single correct key can unlock it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 256
Note
Chapter 7: Preface to Practice Tests
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It’s doesn’t matter if you take these tests under timed conditions or not, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 although a good plan would be to take the first two untimed and the third 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 one timed. Your real practice with timed GRE sections will come with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exams, not the CD, since these mimic the adaptive format. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you get nothing else from this book, you should learn that this mode of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thinking is incorrect. There are skeleton keys (general facts you can use to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 come to the right answer), lock-picking equipment (strategies like 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 estimating and process of elimination), and if worse comes to worse, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can just try kicking the door down with your boot (guessing as time runs 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 out). These won’t work every time, but they’ll work more times than you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might think. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Do your best, and remember that the goal is to learn something from every 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 missed question, and even from some that you answered correctly. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 257 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Practice Test
1 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Quantitative 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 28 Questions—45 Minutes 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 General Information 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 1. The test has 28 questions. If you decide to take this exam under timed conditions, you have 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 45 minutes to complete the section. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2. All numbers used are real numbers. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3. All angle measurements can be assumed to be positive unless otherwise noted. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 4. All figures lie in the same plane unless otherwise noted. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 5. Drawings that accompany questions are intended to provide information useful in 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 answering the question. The figures are drawn closely to scale unless otherwise noted. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: For questions 1–14, Column A and Column B will have one quantity each. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Your goal is to compare the quantities in each column and choose 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A if the quantity in Column A is greater 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B if the quantity in Column B is greater 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C if the two quantities are equal 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D if the relationship between the two quantities cannot be determined from the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 information in the problem 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 On some questions, information about one or both quantities will be given. This informa6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 tion will be centered above the two columns. 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 258
TEST 1 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1. h56 4. |x| 5 3, |y| 5 4 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 The number of The number of y2x 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 minutes in h hours degrees in the sum 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 of the angles of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 a square 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 5. The sum of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 49 1 =8 = 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 three smallest 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 prime numbers 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 a2 The hypotenuse 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 squared minus 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 itself 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 a2 1 ab 1 a 180 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3. A square has a side that is h inches long. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 h The number of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 inches along the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 perimeter of the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 square 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 259 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 7. Jackie, Beth, and Allison each have 10. A triangle has one side of length 4 and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 different cars and park in a three spot another of length 10. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 parking lot behind their house. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 5 The length of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 7 The number of third side of the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 possible different triangle 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 arrangements of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 their cars in the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 three spots 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The mean of the 11. The median of the 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 even integers 10 even integers 10 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 through 18 through 18 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 p inclusive inclusive 6 1 8. Twice the circum3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ference of a circle 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 divided by two 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 times its diameter 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12. 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9. One is less than a, and a is less than b. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 a b 1 a 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3 b 2 4 2 12a 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 a 6 3b 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The length of GH The slope of GH 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 times 24 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 260 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
F
www.petersons.com
GS D F S D G
TEST 1 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 16. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B y 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 13. A and B are distinct digits. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 |A 1 A 1 B| 28 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 0 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 14. The local pet store has 73 cats and dogs. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 40 of them are female, and 35 are 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The linear equation that accurately 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 dogs. There are 9 less male cats 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 corresponds to line r is 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 than male dogs. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. y 1 2 5 22x 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The number of The number of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. y 2 2 5 22x 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 female cats male dogs 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. y 1 2 5 2x 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. y 2 2 5 2x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. y 1 2 5 x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Select the best answer for each Questions 17–18 refer to the following graph. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of the following questions. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 15. If 2x2 5 2x 2 15, then what does x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 equal? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 I. 23 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 II. 3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 III. 5 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 A. I only 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. II only 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. I and III only 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 17. Which month had the fewest reported D. II and III only 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 incidences of flu? E. I, II, and III 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. January 1962 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. June 1962 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. January 1963 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. February 1963 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. April 1963 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 261 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Questions 21–23 are based on the following 18. Which two-month period had the greatest 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 graphs. number of reported child incidences of flu? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. February–March 1962 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. March–April 1962 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. April–May 1962 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. April–May 1963 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. May–June 1963 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 19. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 If the area of the top of the rectangular 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 box is 15, what is the surface area of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 21. In which quarter was the ratio of criminal 6 entire figure? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 to civil cases the greatest? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 69 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 st 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 1 quarter, 1970 B. 72 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 nd 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 2 quarter, 1970 C. 78 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 rd 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 3 quarter, 1970 D. 85 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 th 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 4 quarter, 1970 E. 90 6 1 st 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 1 quarter, 1971 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 20. What is the median minus the mode of the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 22. Which of the following best approximates 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 following number set {4, 16, 7, 2, 7, 10}? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the ratio of female lawyers in Canada in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 23 6 1 1970 practicing Civil Law to Criminal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 0 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Law? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 3 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 A. 1:2 D. 5 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 4:1 E. 9 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 1:3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 5:1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 1:4 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 262 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 1 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 23. Which field of law in Canada had the 26. The average fifth grader scored a 15 on 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 greatest number of practitioners in 1970? the GST test. The average sixth grader 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 scored 18 on the GST test. There are half 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. Criminal Law 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 as many sixth graders as fifth graders. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. Civil Law 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 What is the overall average score? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. Corporate Law 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. Real Estate Law A. 15.5 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. Public Interest Law B. 16 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 16.5 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 24. D. 17 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 17.5 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 27. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 In the figure above the non-shaded region 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 is a quarter circle. If the area of rectangle 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ABCD is the sum of 12 and AB 5 4, what 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 is the length of arc BE 1 ED? 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. p 1 1 Which function is graphed above? 6 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 6 1 B. 2p 1 1 A. y 5 x 2 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. x 5 y 2 1 6 1 5 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. p 1 1 C. y 5 x 1 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 2 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. x 5 y 1 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 2 D. 6p 1 2 6 1 E. y 5 x 1 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 8p 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 25. What is the length of the longest distance 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 between two corners of a rectangular box 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 with sides 2, 3, and 4? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 2=7 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 5 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. =29 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. =33 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 6 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 263 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 28. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The two figures in the circle are squares, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 each with one corner at the center of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 circle and one corner touching the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 circumference. If the radius of the circle is 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 4, what is the area of the shaded region? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 2(p 2 1) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 6(p 2 1) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 8(p 2 1) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 12(p 2 1) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 16(p 2 1) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Verbal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 30 Questions—30 Minutes 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Antonyms 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Each question contains a word printed in capital letters, followed by five 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 answer choices. Choose the answer choice that contains the word or phrase most nearly 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 OPPOSITE in meaning to the word in capital letters. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 1. ZEAL : 2. HETEROGENEOUS : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. orthodox A. enthusiasm 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. abnormal B. apathy 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. uniform C. antagonism 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. translucent D. pride 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. deficient E. neutrality 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 264 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 1 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 7. OPPROBRIUM : 3. FEALTY : 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. contempt A. disloyalty 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. platitude B. turbidity 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. commendation C. probity 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. prescience D. fidelity 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. ennui E. substantiality 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 8. TYRO : 4. ARCHAIC : 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. miscreant A. lusterless 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. curmudgeon B. odious 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. virtuoso C. clichéd 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. dilettante D. customary 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. misogynist E. novel 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9. SOPORIFIC : 5. ASSUAGE : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 A. stimulant A. pillory 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. exigent B. satiate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. torpor C. blandish 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. sophomoric D. ameliorate 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. jejune E. provoke 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6. MERCURIAL : 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. emotionally stable 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. bitterly rancorous 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. embarrassingly sordid 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. constantly morose 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. extremely melodramatic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Analogies 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Directions: In each question, there is an initial pair of words or phrases that are related in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 some manner. Select the answer choice containing the lettered pair that best expresses a 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 relationship similar to the initial pair. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 11. FAWN : FLATTER :: 10. PRATTLE : BABBLE :: 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. battle : fight A. praise : criticize 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. digest : eat B. divulge : tell 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. engage : withdraw C. burgeon : grow 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. misconstrue : grasp D. bolster : disapprove 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. mettle : disassociate E. misquote : lie 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 265 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 15. ERSATZ : ARTIFICAL :: 12. DENOUEMENT: STORY :: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. natural : polluted A. prologue : novel 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. abstruse : facile B. sunset : day 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. caustic : astute C. intermission : play 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. nascent : incipient D. sidewalk : bistro 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. ribald : naïve E. traffic : thoroughfare 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 16. DIATRIBE : EULOGY :: 13. FEDERALISM : POLITICAL ORDER :: 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. recommendation : commendation A. class : student 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. impugnation : chastisement B. dictatorship : anarchy 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. rebuke : reproof C. colleague : cohort 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. verity : axiomatic D. insomnia : sleep disorder 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. remonstration : encomium E. extrinsic : external 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 17. HAGIOGRAPHY: VENERATES :: 14. SPURIOUS : TRUE :: 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 A. polemic : attacks A. sporadic : anomalous 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. vendetta : scares B. ingenious : innovative 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. complaint : angers C. hilarious : witty 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. report : obscures D. insipid : flavorful 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. truism : enunciates E. base : dishonest 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Sentence Completions 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Directions: Each sentence below contains one or two blanks, with each blank corre6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 sponding to an omitted word. Find the answer choice that has the word or set or words 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 19. Recent advances in research methodolo18. Although __________ continues on minor 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 gies in neuroscience have created excitepoints, the __________ themes of the 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 ment in academic circles and have General’s plan have been accepted. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 __________ greater interest in funding 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. discussion. .peripheral 6 1 new research projects in the field. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. debate. .central 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. stymied C. dissension. .cultural 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 B. intensified D. discovery. .main 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. magnified E. agreement. .basic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. engendered 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. multiplied 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 266 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 1 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 23. The professor became __________ after 20. Although the boom appeared to still be in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 attempting to explain the important full swing, in the latter years of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 concept multiple different ways, but her decade, most economic indicators pointed 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 visible frustration only made the student to __________ times ahead. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 less likely to __________ the material. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. leaner 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 A. mystified. .assimilate B. profitable 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. belligerent. .understand C. healthy 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. stupefied. .comprehend D. daring 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. vexed. .grasp E. aberrant 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. agitated. .eschew 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 21. Though often crude and overly 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 __________, early theories of biogenesis 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 were important for the __________ of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 question of life’s origin. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. dramatic. .institutionalization 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. hypothetical. .clarification 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. inscrutable. .illumination 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. schematic. .extermination 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. simplistic. .advancement 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 22. The lawyer’s argumentation was 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 __________ and factually misleading, but 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 these problems in his closing argument 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 were masked by his __________ and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 superior mastery of language. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. spurious. .elusiveness 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. debonair. .equivocations 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. duplicitous. .dissembling 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. specious. .eloquence 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. spectacular. .suaveness 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 267 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Reading Comprehension 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Questions follow each passage. After reading the passage, determine the best 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 answer for each question based on the passage’s content. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 presence of dark matter if the galaxy’s Passage 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 motion requires gravitational interactions 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Line The nature and structure of dark matter 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 greater than those afforded by the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 is a primary topic in contemporary 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 galaxy’s light matter. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 cosmology, the sub-discipline of as3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Our understanding of dark matter (40) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 tronomy in which the universe is studied 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 does not extend much beyond this 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 as a whole. Dark matter has aroused (5) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 rudimentary model of matter that is 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 great interest in cosmological circles, 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 gravitationally interactive but electro6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 because current theories of the evolution 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 magnetically non-interactive. Since most 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of the universe require the hypothesis 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 astronomical probing of the universe (45) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 that dark matter constitutes nearly 6 1 employs light-sensitive instruments, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 three-fourths of the matter in the (10) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 knowledge of dark matter comes only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 universe. This hypothesis, if true, makes 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 indirectly. Thus, we are left to theoretical 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 understanding dark matter of signal 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 hypotheses about dark matter until more 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 importance to understanding the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 fecund methods of investigating dark (50) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 universe. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 matter are developed. Dark matter is matter that does not (15) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 interact with electromagnetic waves— 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 24. The author’s tone toward the future that is, it does not emit or absorb light. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 advancement of our understanding of In contrast, light or regular matter does 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 dark matter is interact with electromagnetic waves and 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (20) therefore does emit and absorb light. A. deeply pessimistic. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 When astronomers look into space with 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. moderately skeptical. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 electromagnetic sensitive telescopes (or 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. guardedly hopeful. 6 1 other forms of light sensitive telescopes), 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. tenaciously idealistic. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 they can detect light matter but not dark E. basically theoretical. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 matter. This is how dark matter earned (25) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 its moniker. Astronomers are not able to 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 “see” it with conventional telescopes. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The existence of dark matter in a 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 particular region of space must be 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 inferred from the dark matter’s gravita(30) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 tional interaction with light matter. Like 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 light matter, dark matter gravitationally 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 attracts all matter and so sustains a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 gravitational field. As an astronomer 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (35) studies a galaxy, he or she can infer the 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 268 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 1 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 crowd of narratives the causes, inner 25. According to the passage, dark matter 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 workings, and final consequences of the 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 I. gravitationally interacts with light 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Revolution all have differing assign(15) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 matter. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 ments. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 II. does interact with electromagnetic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 To the flagship conservative, Edmund 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 waves. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Burke, writing contemporaneously with 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 III. is similar to light matter in its 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the events, the Revolution was a sudden 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 gravitational properties. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and radical manipulation of the French (20) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 A. I only nation by a small class of philosophes, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. III only literati, and the newly-monied. In Burke’s 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 C. I and II only view, these so-termed aspirants to power 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. I and III only successively harnessed methods of mass 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. I, II, and III 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 persuasion to incite revolt and to (25) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ultimately destroy the basic institutions 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 26. It can be inferred from the third para123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of French society and in their place erect 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 graph that 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 a historical novelty, the newly christened 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 French Republic. In an instructive A. light matter sustains a gravitational 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 contrast, Alex de Tocqueville, a French (30) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 field. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 provincial aristocrat, writing a few 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. regular matter is more stable than 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 decades after Burke, saw the Revolution 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 dark matter. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 as a logical consequence and unfolding of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. astronomers infer the presence of light 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the reforms set in motion by the ancien 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 matter if a galaxy’s dark matter does 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 regime. On this account, the Revolution (35) not fully account for gravitational 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 was a continuation of the “administrative interactions. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 revolution” begun by Louis XVI. In this 6 D. dark matter is of primary importance 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 light, the French Republic was the in contemporary cosmology. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 reasonable outgrowth of the evolution of 6 E. theoretical hypotheses about dark 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 French society that stretched far back in (40) matter are becoming more refined. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the eighteenth century, as opposed to a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 monstrous and cataclysmic break with Passage 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 France’s past. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Line Though the discipline of historiography 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Both of these figures, through their purports to be an empirical endeavor free 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 respective historical fame, have come to (45) of the biases of political persuasion and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 embody loaded historical mythoi temperament, the actual writing of 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 themselves, but the contrast between 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 history is often reduced to the role of (5) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 their understanding and interpretation of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ideology’s handmaiden. Histories of the 6 1 the events of the French Revolution is 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 French Revolution serve as a prime 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 still illuminating with respect to histori(50) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 example of this historiographic tendency. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ography. The complexity of large-scale 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A survey of the histories written on the 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 historical events resists simplification into 6 6 1 (10) French Revolution produces an impres3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 incontrovertible datum in the service of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 sive array of narratives of late eighteenth 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 one narrative over another. This obtuse 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 century France. Within this diverse 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 269 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 29. In line 28, the author states that in Burke’s 6 (55) reality complicates the historian’s 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 view, the French Republic was a “histori- 6 attempt to simply ply her trade, but 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 cal novelty.” This implies that Burke nonetheless is a facet of historiography 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 believed the French Republic that must be addressed if history is to be 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 written with intellectual honesty. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. bore close resemblance to its historical 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 predecessor. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 27. The passage would most appropriately be B. shared some resemblance to its 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 titled historical predecessor. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. bore no resemblance to its historical A. “The French Revolution: Two 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 predecessor. Competing Views.” 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. was the logical outgrowth of its B. “Contemporary Issues in Historiogra3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 historical predecessor. phy.” 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. had minimal institutional continuity C. “Challenges in Intellectually Honest 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 with its historical predecessor. Historiography.” 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. “Methodologies in Intellectual 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 30. The author employs the idea that there are 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Historiography.” 6 1 “diverse narratives” (line 12–13) of the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. “Historiography’s Dark Secret.” 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 French Revolution to support the conten3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 tion that historiography 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 28. The second paragraph’s role in the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 passage as a whole is to 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. is merely a function of the historian’s 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 biases. A. present a view contrary to the one 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. can be influenced by the historian’s presented in the introductory para123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 ideology. graph. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 C. is not a science. 12 B. conceptually link the first and third 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. is the discipline of sophisticated story 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 paragraphs. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 telling. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. illustrate with examples the thesis of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. can be manipulated by diverse 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the passage. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 interests. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. offer a complimentary interpretation 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 to the one given in the first paragraph. 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. attack the topic sentence of the first 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 paragraph. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 270 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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Answers and Explanations 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The following notes are intended to show you one way in which the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 correct answer can be determined. If you found the right answer using 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 another method, good for you! The more strategies you have at your 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 disposal, the better off you will be. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1Quantitative 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. C For Column A, the number of minutes in 6 hours (since h 5 6) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can be found by multiplying: (6)(60 minutes) 5 360 minutes, or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 360. For Column B, you must know that a square has four right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 angles, all of which equal 90 degrees. This means Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 works out to: (4)(90) 5 360. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 This first problem is fairly straightforward, and even though 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there was a variable involved, definite real numbers were found 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for both columns. Be aware that this will change as the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 questions get harder. On later problems, the use of variables will 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 lead to column quantities that have more than one possible 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer, so even though these problems will resemble this earlier 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one, finding the correct answer will not be as straightforward. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. D Since they are a simple shape with a ton of special cases and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 associated rules, triangles make many appearances on the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 standard GRE. On question 2, the triangle has a right angle, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 meaning the Pythagorean theorem can be applied. Start with the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basic Pythagorean theorem: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 1 b 5 c 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a2 1 b2 2 b2 5 c2 2 b2 (This subtracts b2from both sides) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 2 a 5 c 2 b 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A can be written as either a2 or c2 2 b2. As for Column 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B, the hypotenuse is length c, so the square of the hypotenuse 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minus itself would be c 2 c. Comparing this to Column A, you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 271
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can see that both have an initial c2 that is then subtracted by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 either b2(Column A) or c (Column B). The problem boils down 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to how c compares with b2. Frankly, there’s no way to know. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The variable b could be smaller than one, in which case its 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 square would be even smaller. Depending on which numbers 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you plug in, Column A or Column B might be greater. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. D The perimeter of the square is 4h, but you do not know how this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relates to h . If, h 5 1 then Column B is greater, but if h 5 10, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then Column A is greater. Note that if you confuse the area of a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 square with its perimeter, you will find the two columns are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 equal, leading you to pick the incorrect answer (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. D You might jump to say that the answer is (C), but that would be a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 little hasty. The absolute value sign (those two bars on either side) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means that x could be either 3 or 23, and that y could equal either 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 or 24. Remember that |y 2 x| Þ |y| 2 |x| 5 1. We actually do not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know what |y 2 x| equals. It could be seven, or it could be one. The 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer, then, is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. A For people rusty with their math terminology, this question 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 looks much more difficult that it really is. The three smallest 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 prime numbers are 2, 3, and 5, and their sum is 10. As for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B, the square root of 49 is 7. You probably don’t know 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the square root of 8 off the top of your head, but you do know 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that the square root of 9 is 3. This means the square root of 8 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 must be something less than 3. Seven 1 something less than 3 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something a little less than 10. Therefore, Column A is greater. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6. A In looking at the figure, we can reason that a 1 b 5 180 since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the lines are parallel. Thus, we need to manipulate Column A so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that we can compare it to a 1 b. In the numerator, we can factor 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 out an a and then eliminate it in the following manner: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a2 1 ab 1 a a(a 1 b 1 1) a(a 1 b 1 1) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 5a1b11 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a a a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This leaves us with a 1 b 1 1, which is 1 greater than Column 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B’s a 1 b 5 180. Therefore, Column A is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7. B A good way to attack a problem like this is to sketch it out. If J is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 space 1 then there are two possibilities: JBA and JAB. If (B) is in 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 space 1, BJA and BAJ. If (A) is in space 1, AJB and ABJ. That is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 six distinct arrangements. Can you get anymore? Try to put J in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 space 2, AJB or BJA. You already have both of those counted. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 272 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Try any other arrangement, and you will see that it is a repeat. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (B) is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8. C This one is tricky, but not if you recall that p is defined as the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ratio of the circumference divided by the diameter. If you didn’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recall this, you still could have tried to find an equation that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 C 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 related all three entities, such as C 5 2pr 5 pd → p 5 . As for 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 d 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2C C 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Column B it can be manipulated like this, 5 5 p. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2d d 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 columns are equal, so the answer is (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 9. D This requires straightforward arithmetic work. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B Column A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a b 1 a 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 b 2 4 2 12a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 a 6 3b 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ab a 1 2 1 5 2 12 5 3b 2 2 12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 6 3b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ab 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can cancel out the 212, since both columns share it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A and B share the first term, but Column B is the first 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 term 21. Since we are dealing with positive numbers here, that 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes Column A greater. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10. B The only way that your triangle could be a triangle is if the third 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 side is greater than 6. If it is not, then the three sides would not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 connect, making an enclosed figure with 3 angles and 3 sides. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is readily apparent if you attempt to make a triangle with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sides 1, 4, and 10. Thus, (B) is greater. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11. C The number set is {10, 12, 14, 16, 18}, so, the median is 14. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mean of any evenly spaced number set is always the median, so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the mean is also 14 (you could also just sum the numbers and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divide by 5). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12. B This one is greatly simplified if you realize that you are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 looking at a right triangle here, and you know two of its sides, 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 namely 3 and 4. Using the Pythagorean theorem or recognizing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it is a 3:4:5 triangle, you can determine the third side is 5. That 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is the value of Column A. For Column B, the slope of GH can 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be determined by simply counting the rise (4) and the run (3) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 273 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
F
GS D F S
S
D G D
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and putting the former over the latter, 2 . Now multiply it, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 16 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 24 5 5 5 , which is greater than 5. ~ ! 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3 3 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13. B The greatest that Column A could be is 9 1 9 1 8 5 26, since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A and B are distinct digits, so the answer then is (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14. A A good way to approach this problem is make a table filling in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the information you do know and from that trying to determine 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the information you need to answer the question. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If there are 73 total animals and 35 dogs, then there are 38 cats. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If there are 40 females, then there are 33 males. If x is the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number of male cats, then the number of male dogs is x 19, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since it states there are 9 less male cats than dogs. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The total number of male animals is 33, so x 1 (x 1 9) 5 33 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2x 5 24 → x 5 12. There are 12 male cats and 21 (x 1 9) male 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dogs. The total number of cats is 38, so that means there are 26 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 female cats. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15. C There are two ways to find the answer. One way is to plug in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices and see which ones work or solve the binomial 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expression. You can also solve the equation: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 x 5 22x 2 15 → 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 x2 1 x2 5 22x 2 15 1 x2 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0 5 x 2 2x 2 15 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0 5 ~x 2 5!~x 1 3! → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 x 5 23, 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16. E The first thing to do is to convert each answer choice into 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 y 5 mx 1 b form. From the graph, you can figure that the slope 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is 21, and the y-intercept is 22. Now you can simply look for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the equation with these characteristics, and (E) is it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 17. C Eyeball the graph to see which months have both adult and 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 children graphs near the zero line in the middle. Both Januaries 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do, but 1963 is clearly a smaller total number. Thus, (C) is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18. B If you notice that March–April 1962 is the only time the child 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 flu incidence exceeds 100, this one will be straightforward: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 answer choice (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 19. C If the area of the top of the box is 15, then the third side is of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 length 5 since this length times 3 must yield an area of 15. Now 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 274 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that you know all three lengths you just need to add up the areas 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of all six sides. Four of the sides have an area of 15, which sums 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to 60. The two end sides have an area of 9, which sums to 18. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Add these together and you get (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 20. B Begin by determining the median and the mode. The mode is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 simply the number that occurs the most times in the set. That is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clearly 7. The median is the number that is in the middle if you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 line them up from least to greatest. The two middle numbers are 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7, so halfway between them is still just 7. The median minus the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mode then is 7 2 7 5 0. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 21. B Look to the number chart to find this one. The ratio we are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 looking for is criminal/civil. Remember that you are looking for 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the quarter that has the greatest ratio and not the quarter with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the largest numbers. Look for numbers whose difference is great, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and then compare. The 2nd quarter in 1970 is the answer, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice (B). 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22. B You need to be careful on this one. It has a number of steps, but 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 none of them are hard. First, estimate how many female 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 criminal lawyers there are (approximately 10,000). Now 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 estimate how many female civil lawyers there are (approxi- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mately 20,000). So the ratio is, 20,000 to 10,000, which reduces 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to 2:1 or (B). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 23. C As the graph headings make clear, (A) and (B) are not fields of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 law but are types of law. With that obstacle out of the way, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 merely need to add up the bar graph pairs to see which is the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greatest. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 24. A Since you know the area of the rectangle and one of the sides, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can deduce the length of the second side ~BC 5 3!. This 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 side also happens to be the radius of the quarter circle. Thus the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 circumference of the full circle is C 5 2p(3) 5 6p. But you only 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 need a quarter of the circumference, which is 6p 5 p. Now 2 1 4 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CD 5 4 and EC 5 3, so ED 5 1. So, (A) is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 275 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25. C The longest distance between two corners in a rectangular 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 box—though sounding difficult to find—is actually rather easy 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to compute. Simply square all three sides, sum them, then take 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the square root of this sum and you have it. Here it would be: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 13 14 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 1 9 1 16 5 29 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 whose square root is (C). The other way to do this problem is to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 draw the figure and start using the Pythagorean theorem. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 need to find the diagonal of one of the rectangular sides, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then create another triangle using that diagonal, the remaining 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 side, and a hypotenuse, which just happens to be the diagonal 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from one corner of the box to another. You end up with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same answer, (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 26. B The overall average is the sum of all the scores of all the classes 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 divided by the total number of students. You do not have either 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of those numbers, so you have to arrive at the overall average in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 some other fashion. A weighted average would do the trick here. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since there are twice as many fifth graders, you weight their 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average with a coefficient of two and the sixth grade average 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with a coefficient of one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~2!~15! 1 ~1!~18! 5 48 5 16 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27. C On this graph there are two x values for every y value; thus, it is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the x variable that should be squared. Furthermore, when x 5 0 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on this graph, y 5 1, so you need an equation that reflects this. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That is true of (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find the area of the circle since you know the radius (a 2 2 1 28. E You can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 gpr 5 16p). If you find the area of the two squares then you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can subtract from the area of the circle to find the area of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 shaded region. The diagonal of each square is the radius of the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 circle, so this number is 4. From this you can deduce that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sides of the square are 2=2. Thus the area of each square is 8. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Incidentally, you know that the squares are congruent because 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the length of their diagonal is the same. This makes the area in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the two squares 16. The area of the circle minus the area of the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 squares is 16p 2 16, which is equivalent to (E). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 276 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Antonyms 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1. B To have zeal is to have great enthusiasm. The opposite of zeal is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 apathy, choice (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2. C Heterogeneous is the antonym of homogeneous. Homogeneous 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means “to be uniform in kind or quality; similar.” Choice (C) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 comes closest to this. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. A Fealty is loyalty. Thus, if you know the definition, this antonym 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is straightforward, disloyalty, choice (A). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. E Something archaic is old or antiquated. A good pre-guess then 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would be new. In looking down the list of answer choices, only 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (E), novel, fits our pre-guess. In this context, novel is not a noun, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which you can tell since all choices and the stem word are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adjectives. The adjective novel means new, original, or unique. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. E To assuage is to pacify or to satiate. Choices (B) and (D) are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 synonyms, not antonyms. The opposite of assuaging an issue is 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to provoke it, answer choice (E). Note that even if you didn’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know what the stem word meant, if you had two answer choices 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that mean almost the same thing, (B) and (D), it’s a good guess 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that neither of them will be right since there’s no way they could 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 both be right. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 6. A If you did not know the definition of mercurial, you might have 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recalled that mercury was once used in thermometers to gauge 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 temperatures. The mercury goes up and down in a thermometer, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 and in similar fashion, mercurial means to have an unstable or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fast-changing mood. The opposite of this is (A). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 7. C Opprobrium means severe scorn, so you are looking for a word 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that means something like approval or praise. Choice (C), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commendation, fits the bill. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8. C This is a tough word. Tyro means beginner or novice. Thus a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good pre-guess would be experienced. None of the words fit 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with our pre-guess except (C), virtuoso. A virtuoso is a master of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a medium or instrument. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9. A Something that is soporific is sleep inducing. The opposite of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 this then would be something that would wake you up. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Stimulant, choice (A), fits. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 277 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analogies 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10. A The stem relationship is definitional: To prattle is to babble. To 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 battle is to fight, so (A) fits. Do any of the others? No. “To digest 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is to eat” does not work because after you eat something, you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then digest it. These events come in sequence, but they don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 mean the same thing. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11. C Here the relationship between the stem words is one of degree. To 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 fawn is to flatter excessively. In similar fashion, to burgeon is to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 grow quickly. Choice (B) does not share the same relationship of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 degree because it is a relationship of definition (to divulge some- 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thing is to tell it). Choice (E) might have also seemed attractive, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but remember to misquote is not the same thing as lying. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12. B The denouement is the end/falling action of the story. Which 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer pair has the same relationship? Choice (B), a sunset, is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the end of a day. If you didn’t know the meaning of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 denouement, you should be very wary of answer choices (A) and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (C), which have second words meant to catch people shopping 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for connections. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13. D Federalism is a form/kind of political order. Going through the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices, a class is composed of students, a dictatorship is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not a kind of anarchy, a colleague might be in a cohort, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 insomnia is a kind of sleep disorder, and something extrinsic is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 external to a thing. Clearly, (D) is the only pair that shares the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same relationship. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14. D What is the stem relationship? To be spurious is to not be true. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Thus, we have a relationship of opposites. The only answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice that shares this relationship is (D), since to be insipid is to 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not be flavorful. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15. D Remember, always begin with the stem relationship. It is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definitional, as something ersatz is artificial. If you did not know 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the definition of ersatz, you could have eliminated (A) and (C) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since neither has a necessary relationship. Of choices (B), (D), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and (E), only (D)—to be nascent is to be incipient—has the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 definitional relationship. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16. E A diatribe is harsh verbal attack, and a eulogy is a speech of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 praise or remembrance. Thus, the words are antonyms. The 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stem relationship is a diatribe is the opposite of a eulogy. To 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 remonstrate is to reprove, or stand in opposition to, while an 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 encomium is warm praise. Thus a remonstration is the opposite 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of an encomium. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 278 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 17. A The stem relationship is one of definition, a hagiography 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 venerates its subject. In (A), a polemic attacks its subject. A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vendetta may or may not scare its object. The same is true for a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 complaint. The other choices do not have a strong relationship. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choice (A) is the answer. If you have trouble with the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 vocabulary, you could look at (C) and (D) and eliminate these 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices for having weak links. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentence Completions 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18. B On two blank questions, it’s easiest to consider one blank at a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 time. Attacking the second blank first makes most sense since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you know that it is in contrast to minor points (the trigger word 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Although should tip your hand). What is a contrast to a minor 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 point? A major one. You should go look for something like 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 major or important. That eliminates (A) and (C). Into the first 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 blank, debate clearly fits best of the remaining choices, as a 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 debate is more likely to have themes than an agreement or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discovery. So, (B) is the answer. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 19. D The blank is a word that goes along with created excitement, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so it is definitely positive. What is a positive verb that flows with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 greater interest? Created is a good pre-guess. Check the answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices, and (D), engendered, fits your pre-guess quite well. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 20. A The “although” at the beginning of the sentence clues you into 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the fact that this is a contrast sentence. The good times spoken of 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the present are contrasted with what is in the blank. What is a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contrast with good times? Tough times. Choice (A) works well. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 21. E It should be easy to eliminate some answer choices with the first 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 blank since it has to fit with crude. Choice (C) certainly does not 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fit and possibly (A) also. The second blank is a positive word 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since the logic of the sentence is that though the early theories 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 were crude, they were still helpful. Thus we can eliminate (A) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 and (D). Choice (E) works best. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22. D Here the first blank seems more assailable. You know that it has 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to pair with factually misleading. Choices (B) and (E) do not, so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate them. As for the second blank, you know two things: 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 It pairs with superior mastery of language, and it masks the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 problems mentioned in the first part of the sentence. Thus, it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 must be something fairly positive. Choices (A) and (C) do not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meet these requirements, but (D) does. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 279 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 23. D A pre-guess on the second blank would be a good place to start. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Something like understand works. Checking the answer choices, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 we can eliminate (E). The first blank goes along with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 professor being visibly frustrated. Choice (B) is out because it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does not fit the context. Choices (A) and (C) are okay choices, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but (D) definitely works best in the first blank. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading Comprehension 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 24. C The author’s tone toward the advancement of our understand- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ing of dark matter is most clearly seen in the last sentence of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 passage. There, the author looks forward to a time when “more 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fecund methods of investigating dark matter are developed.” 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That is an expression of hope, but not unqualifiedly so (just read 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the first part of that sentence to see that). Thus, (C) is the best 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 25. D Here, you just have to go through each proposition and see 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which ones the passage relates to. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option I—the passage makes clear that this is true. Check 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the third and fourth paragraph for verification of this. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option II—the passage states the exact opposite of this. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option III—lines 31–33, “Like light matter, dark matter 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gravitationally attracts all matter.” III then is true. Choice 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (D) then is correct. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 26. A To start, reread the entire third paragraph. You have to go 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 through the answer choices to see which is a correct inference 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the third paragraph. For choice (A), the third paragraph 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reads, “Like light matter, dark matter gravitationally attracts all 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 matter and so sustains a gravitational field.” If dark matter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sustains a gravitational field and dark matter is like light matter 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in this respect, then it can be inferred that light matter sustains a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gravitational field. For choice (B), the third paragraph does not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mention anything about the comparative stability of light and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 dark matter. Choice (C) has it backward, as astronomers infer 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the existence of dark matter from insufficient light matter. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choice (D) is true, but is stated in the first paragraph, not the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 third. For (E), the third paragraph does not discuss theoretical 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hypotheses about dark matter. Choice (A) is the correct answer. 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27. C On a question like this, you have to go through the answer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices to see which is best. The title, of course, should reflect 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the tone and content of the passage, so you are looking for the 2 2 280 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 title that best does this. Choice (A) could be the title of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 second paragraph, but not of the entire passage. Choice (B) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sounds appealing but there is no indication in the passage that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 the issues discussed are just ones for the present time. Choice (C) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 captures the tone and content of the passage and so is a likely 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 candidate. Choice (D) is also appealing except for the phrase 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Intellectual Historiography, which does not appear in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage. Choice (E) is much too extreme in its tone. Choice (C) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 is the best choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 28. C Reread the second paragraph (or at least skim it) and consider 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 its relation to the rest of the passage. Then, proceed to the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question. Notice that the second paragraph contains two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contrasting examples. The answer choice should reflect this. The 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 basic thesis of the passage is that there are multiple narratives in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 historiography of the same events. The content of the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph illustrates this thesis. Thus, (C) is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 29. C Go and read the relevant text and be careful to have in mind 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 what Burke’s view is, which is that the Revolution produced a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 result that was a radical departure from the past. On this view 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the phrase historical novelty clearly implies the newness and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 uniqueness of the French Republic. Choice (C) fits this well. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choice (E) might have seemed attractive but recall that 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 institutional continuity was never mentioned in the passage. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That should make you wary of that choice. Choice (D) is the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 view of de Tocqueville, not Burke. So, (C) is the best choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 30. B This question relates to the main idea and tone of the passage. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The correct answer will reflect both. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Main idea: Historiography can be influenced by ideology 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 and so intellectually honest historiography should be 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mindful of this. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Tone: Guarded optimism that with care historiography can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be intellectually honest 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choice (A) is too extreme. Choice (B) fits well with both. As for 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (C), though the passage states, “historiography purports to be 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 an empirical endeavor free of . . . biases” the passage neither 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 defines what it is to be a science nor states that historiography is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 not one. Choice (D) is cynical, and the tone of the passage is not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (just read the last sentence of the passage). Choice (E) is also 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cynical, more so than the passage is. So, (B) is the best choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 281 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Practice Test
2 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Quantitative 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 28 Questions—45 Minutes 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 General Information 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 1. The test has 28 questions. If you decide to take this exam under timed conditions, you have 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 45 minutes to complete the section. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2. All numbers used are real numbers. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3. All angle measurements can be assumed to be positive unless otherwise noted. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 4. All figures lie in the same plane unless otherwise noted. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 5. Drawings that accompany questions are intended to provide information useful in 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 answering the question. The figures are drawn closely to scale unless otherwise noted. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: For questions 16–28, Column A and Column B will have one quantity each. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Your goal is to compare the quantities in each column and choose 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A if the quantity in Column A is greater 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B if the quantity in Column B is greater 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C if the two quantities are equal 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D if the relationship between the two quantities cannot be determined from the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 information in the problem 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 On some questions, information about one or both quantities will be given. This informa6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 tion will be centered above the two columns. 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 282
TEST 2 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4. If 3c 1 6d 5 24 and 4a 13d 5 18, what 1. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 does a equal in terms of c? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9 3 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 c A. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3 3 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 c1 B. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 BCDE is a parallelogram. What is its 8 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 area? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 c 1 C. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 11 11 A. =10 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 10 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. c 1 4 2 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. 10=2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3 D. 10=5 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 c 1 5 E. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 4 E. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 10=10 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Questions 5–6 refer to the following graph. 2. If &x 5 [x 2 (x 2 1)](x 1 2) then 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 &(&(2)) 5 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 18 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 24 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3. The price of Company X’s stock started 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the day at $40 per share, rose to $90 per 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 share, and then fell to $45 per share. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Compared to the price at the beginning of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 the day, the final price of the stock was a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 10% increase. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 10% decrease. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 5. How many millions of years ago did the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 12.5% increase. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 extinction rate reach its highest value? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 12.5% decrease. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 200 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 50% decrease. 6 1 B. 245 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 500 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 560 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 600 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 283 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9. 6. In which era did the extinction rate and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 G number of families have the same value 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the most number of times? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. Pre-Cambrian 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. Paleozoic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. Mesozoic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 F 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. Cenozoic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. Silurian 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D E 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 7. Which of the following numbers would 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The area of square B is 16 meters squared have a remainder of zero if it were divided 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and DE 5 EG What is the area of square by 3 or 6 and 9? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C in meters squared? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 1,024 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 1 B. 1,323 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 2 C. 1,506 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 4 D. 1,632 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 6 E. 1,764 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 9 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 8. In the number set {15, 10, 7, 12, 10, 18} a 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 equals the mean, b equals the mode, c 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Questions 10–12 refer to the following graphs. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 equals the median, and d equals the range. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Which of the following statements is true? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 A. a , b 5 c , d 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. a . b , c . d 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. a 5 b 5 c . d 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. a . b , c 5 d 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. a , b , c , d 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 10. Which county and crop had the smallest 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 percentage change from 1970 to 1990? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. County X, Corn 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. County Y, Corn 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. County X, Wheat 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. County Y, Wheat 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. None of the above 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 284 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 2 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 14. 11. How much on average would ten acres of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 corn in County Y in 1980 produce? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 100 bushels 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 120 bushels 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 150 bushels 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. 200 bushels 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 220 bushels 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 12. What is the ratio of bushels of corn 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 produced per acre to bushels of wheat 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 For the 5-sided polygon above a 1 b 5 produced per acre in County Y in 1980? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 160 degrees and d 2 b 5 30. How many 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 1:1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 degrees is c 1 e 1 b? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 2:1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 70 C. 3:1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 125 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 3:2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 350 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 3:4 6 1 D. 300 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 325 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 13. How many distinct integers less than 100 can 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 be formulated with the digits 2, 4, and 6? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 15. What is the sum of the consecutive 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 9 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 integers from 15 to 55 (inclusive)? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 11 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 1405 C. 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 B. 1435 D. 14 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 C. 1465 12 E. 15 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 1500 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 1587 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 285 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 16. The circumference The perimeter of a 20. The circumference The perimeter of a 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 square that has one rectangle with an of a circle with of a circle with a 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1 area of 24 a diameter diameter of 7 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 side equal to 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 equal to 2 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 21. z is a one-digit even integer. The square 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 root of z is also an integer. 17. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1 1 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3 4 3 5 z 1 z 1 z z 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 2 2 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3 4 5 3 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 22. $16,000 is invested at 5% simple 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 annual interest. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 18. AB 5 CD 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Interest accrued Six hundred dollars 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 after eight months 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 BC 10t 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 19. 3 2 2x . 5 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 x 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 286 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
S DS D S DS D
www.petersons.com
S DS D S DS D
TEST 2 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 2 23. The ratio of a to b is three fourths. 26. x 2 4y 1 7 5 7 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 a˚ = b˚ 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 2 2 2 c 1 a a 1 b 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The area of Seventy-five 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 sector 1 percent of sector 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 27. C and D are integers, and C . D. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The least common The greatest The number of C2 2 CD 1 2C 6 1 24. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 common factor of multiple of 8 and 6 integers from D to 4C 2 3C 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 24 and 120 1 C inclusive 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 25. m and n are integers. 28. {x, y, x 1 4, z, y 1 3} 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 This number set is ordered from least to (m 1 n)(m 1 n) (m 1 2n)(m 2 n) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 greatest, and x, y, and z are distinct 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 integers. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 z25 x 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 287 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Verbal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 30 Questions—30 Minutes 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Antonyms 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Directions: Each question contains a word printed in capital letters, followed by five 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 answer choices. Choose the answer choice that contains the word or phrase most nearly 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 OPPOSITE in meaning to the word in capital letters. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 5. GARRULOUS : 1. PRAGMATIC : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. trepidatious A. reticent 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. decorious B. quixotic 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. irksome C. lavish 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. gregarious D. practical 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. taciturn E. hopeful 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6. ENERVATE : 2. COGENT : 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. disabuse A. unintelligent 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. strengthen B. culpable 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. maximize C. thoughtful 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. maltreat D. unconvincing 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. articulate E. mysterious 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 7. MANUMIT : 3. OBDURATE : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. enslave A. persuadable 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. indemnify B. gullible 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 C. ostracize C. litigious 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. simplify D. manageable 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. delete E. stubborn 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 4. EBULLIENT : 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. stoic 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. stationary 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 C. stern 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. turgid 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. static 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 288 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 2 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9. PANEGYRIC : 8. ADUMBRATE : 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. assertion A. to cease 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. elegy B. to blandish 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. dirge C. to foreshadow 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. dissertation D. to make explicit 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. obloquy E. to loosen 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Analogies 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: In each question, there is an initial pair of words or phrases that are related in 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 some manner. Select the answer choice containing the lettered pair that best expresses a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 relationship similar to the initial pair. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 14. HALCYON : PEACEFUL :: 10. ECLIPSE : OVERSHADOW :: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 A. tectonic : magnetic A. set : rise 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. tempestuous : placid B. outstrip : flail 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. surreptitious : clandestine C. debauch : debase 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. boisterous : rueful D. overcome : outstretch 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. terrifying : relaxing E. pervert : correct 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 15. DESOLATE : VERDANT :: 11. EMPHATIC : INSIST :: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. destitute : opulent A. contentious : argue 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. rococo : ornate B. absorbed : engrossed 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. astringent : severe C. raucous : mitigate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. tropical : humid D. delusional : rage 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. technical : detailed E. intentional : forget 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 12. ASTRONOMER : STARS :: 16. HARBINGER : PRESAGE :: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. account : financial records A. computer : calculates 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. librarian : books B. television : broadcasts 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. historian : past C. liaison : interrogates 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. police officer : laws D. messenger : relates 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. magician : tricks E. broker : absconds 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 13. INOCULATE : DISEASE :: 17. ASSEVERATE : AVER :: 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. defraud : conspirator A. beseech : request 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. detest : agitator B. reject : install 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. delight : friend C. answer : reply 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. defend : enemy D. enrage : mollify 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. defame : title E. approach : accost 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 289 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Sentence Completions 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Each sentence below contains one or two blanks, with each blank corre6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 sponding to an omitted word. Find the answer choice that has the word or set or words 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 21. The __________ feuds between rival 18. Mr. Thomas had, in his local community, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 factions of the company’s board destroyed 6 earned the reputation as being somewhat 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the effectiveness of the company’s of a miser, but a review of his financial 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 leadership. records revealed he was actually a 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 __________. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. fatalistic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. infernal A. maverick 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. hegemonic B. hooligan 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. internecine C. maestro 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. flagging D. spendthrift 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. micro-manager 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 22. Unlike his most recent predecessor, the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 newly elected mayor did not appoint 19. Recent demographic shifts in the popula6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 friends and associates to high posts in the 6 tion of Country X have resulted in many 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 city government, but eschewed such traditional political alliances becoming 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 __________ in favor of a __________-based 6 __________ as nascent political parties 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 appointment criteria. __________ large swathes of the electoral 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 landscape. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. nepotism. .value 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. cronyism. .merit A. obsolete. .secure 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. favoritism. .work B. dislodged. .provide 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. jingoism. .resumé C. unhinged. .procure 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. recidivism. .experience D. solvent. .release 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. elusive. .gain 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 23. Though customarily marked by deliberate 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 and __________ prose, the author’s most 20. Many see the attempt to sway public 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 recent correspondence was convoluted __________, though ostensibly a process 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and __________. of popular persuasion, to be __________ 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 since it has been undertaken employing 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. terse. .tiresome 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 questionable pretences. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. genuine. .superfluous 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. acidic. .prosaic A. consent. .disreputable 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. urbane. .ubiquitous B. opinion. .undemocratic 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 E. succinc. .prolix C. disfavor. .impractical 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. ill-will. .treacherous 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. disinterest. .crude 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 290 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 2 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Reading Comprehension 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Questions follow each passage. After reading the passage, determine the best 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 answer for each question based on the passage’s content. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 cellular life, it was believed, was a fixture 6 Passage 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 across all biological organisms. Archae3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Line The existence and novelty of the domain 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 ans, in recent decades, have repeatedly 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Archaean has demanded many long3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 demonstrated that the previously 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 standing hypotheses in biology to be 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 maintained thermal threshold for life was (40) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 reconfigured. The most basic challenge 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 far too low. So-called extremophilic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 that the discovery of Archaeans presented (5) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Archaeans have been discovered to thrive 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 to biologists was classification. Prior to 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 in temperatures as high as 160 degrees 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the discovery of the existence of Archae6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 centigrade. Such discoveries have 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ans, life was classified into five king6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 required a broadening of biology’s (45) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 doms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Proto6 1 conceptions concerning what environ3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 zoa, and Bacteria. But Archaeans, being (10) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ments are hospitable to life. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 such a biological novelty, did not readily 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 submit to this system of classification. In 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 24. This passage could best be titled 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 fact, an innovation of biological classifi123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 cation was needed to properly place A. “Biological Designations in Transfor- 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Archaeans in the panorama of life. (15) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 mation.” 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Previously, kingdom had been the most 6 1 B. “The Archaean Diversity of Life.” 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 general biological designation, but to 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. “The Archaean Challenge to Biological 6 1 properly include the Archaeans a new 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Paradigms.” 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 biological classification, the domain, was 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. “Discovering Thermophilic Archaeans.” 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (20) formulated. Now kingdoms are classified E. “Classifying Thermophiles.” 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 as a sub-group of a particular domain. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Thus, domain has become the most 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 general biological designation for life. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A second arena in which Archaeans 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 have challenged accepted hypotheses and (25) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 broadened biological horizons is in the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 realm of environmental extremes. It was 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 generally accepted not more than a few 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 decades ago that no life could exist in 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 temperatures much hotter than 60 (30) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 degrees centigrade. This limit was set 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 because it was thought that the molecular 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 integrity of vital cellular components 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 could not be maintained beyond such 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (35) temperatures. The thermal capacity of 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 291 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Passage 2 25. The passage implies that extremophilic 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Archaeans 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Line Theoretical Economics faces considerable 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 challenges in developing reliable models 6 I. are able to maintain molecular 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 for public choice scenarios. These integrity of cellular components past 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 scenarios involve aggregating individual 6 the formerly accepted thermal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 preferences into a public choice outcome. 6 threshold of life. (5) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 An election in a democratic society is a II. have been known to exist in moderate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 well-considered example of a public environments for some years, but 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 choice scenario. Formulating helpful and their extremophilic properties have 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 insightful models of political elections is 6 only recently been discovered. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 a perpetual issue in politico-economic III. are able to live and thrive in tempera(10) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 discourse. tures as hot as 150 degrees centigrade. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Many public-choice election scenario 6 A. I only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 models begin with the individual as the B. II only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 basic building block of the aggregate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. III only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 outcome. On this methodology, the (15) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. I and II only 6 1 primary issue is determining a proper 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. I and III only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 decision-matrix for the individual in the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 society under consideration. The deci6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 26. The passage states that a kingdom is 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 sion-matrix is a theoretical construct 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. a sub-group within a domain. which—when given the appropriate input 6 (20) 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. the most general biological designation. for a particular situation—outputs the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. composed of sub-groups of domains. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 choice of a rational individual in the 6 1 D. a newly formulated biological 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 specified situation. The integrity of the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 classification. 6 1 decision-matrix is the central concern of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. an Archaean domain. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the model-maker. If the decision-matrix (25) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 appropriately produces the choices of 6 1 27. It can be inferred from the passage that the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 individuals in specific situations, then the 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 phrase “thermal threshold” in line 40 is 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 aggregate model will be useable. How3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ever, if the decision-matrix inadequately 6 A. the critical point temperature at which 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 reflects the decision-making process of the metabolic pathways of extremo(30) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 individuals, the aggregate model will be philes become functional. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 unreliable. B. the temperature at which the molecu3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Decision-matrices are often conlar integrity of cellular components of 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 structed on the assumption that individu- 6 an organism are compromised. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 als are rational in decision-making and C. the thermal capacity of extremophiles. (35) 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 that they predicate decisions upon D. an environmental extremity indicator. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 self-interest. Furthermore, self-interest is E. a biological constant across all of 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 generally construed to mean selfish nature. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 interests. A serious flaw in such a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 constructional is its disallowal of (40) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 altruistic motivation in the decision6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 292 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 2 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 29. What is a common assumption of matrix. It can easily be empirically 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 decision-matrix construction that the verified that human choice is not 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 author does not dispute? predominated by altruism, but such 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (45) verification does not warrant the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. Self-interest should be construed as 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 complete exclusion of altruism from 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 selfish interest. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 decision-matrices. Therefore, altruistic 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. Altruism is a basic motivator of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 motivators should be possible inputs for 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 human preference. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 any decision-matrix schema that attempts 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. Individuals are rational in decision2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (50) to model human preference 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 making. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 determination. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. Altruism is an irrational predicate. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 E. Inputs should be expanded to include 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 self-interest motivators. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 28. The intent of the author in writing this 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 30. The second paragraph in the passage 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 passage is to 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 A. elaborates on the issues introduced in 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. offer a radical critique of contempo2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the first paragraph. 6 1 rary Theoretical Economics. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. presents views in contrast to those B. explain the basic mechanisms of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 introduced in the first paragraph. modeling public choice scenarios. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. presents the thesis of the passage. C. contrast two competing views on 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. argues for the validity of the thesis of 6 decision-matrix construction. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the passage. D. explain why in public choice scenarios 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. describes the intellectual issues decision-matrices should include 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 pertaining to the thesis of the passage. altruistic motivators. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. criticize the assumption that society is 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 composed of aggregates of rational 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 decision-makers. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 293 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Answers and Explanations 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As before, the following notes are intended to show you one way in which 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the correct answer can be determined. Try to concern yourself with the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 methods used to arrive at the right answer, and not focus all your attention 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 on whether you got the question right or wrong. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1Quantitative 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. B The area of a parallelogram is base times height (like with a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle). The obvious base to choose is ED and then attempt to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 find its height, or AE. The triangle is a 45-45-90 triangle, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since the hypotenuse is 2=2, the other two sides are 2. So the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 height is 2 and the base is 5, which makes the area 10, or (B). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2. B Here, you just need to be careful and work through the problem 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 step by step. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 &(2) 5 [2 2 (2 21)](2 1 2) 5 (2 2 1)(4) 5 (1)(4) 5 4, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and now plug this result in: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 &(&(2)) 5 &(4) 5 [4 2 (4 2 1)](4 1 2) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5 (4 2 3)(6) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 (1)(6) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 6 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Choice (B) is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. C You can solve this one quickly if you realize that the stock price 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 increased and that it did so more than 10 percent. If you do not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 see this right off the bat, you can always just work the equation 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for percentage change to get the answer: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 5 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 100% 5 100% 5 12.5% ~ ! ~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 40 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The answer is (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
S D
SD
294
ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. B You need to have an equation that has only the variables a and c 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in it. If you multiply both sides of 4a 1 3d 5 18 by two we get 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8a 1 6d 5 36. You can subtract this from the other equation to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 eliminate the d variable; (3c 1 6d 5 24) 2 (8a 1 6d 5 36) yields 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3c 2 8a 5 212. Now you only need to solve for a: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3c 2 8a 5 212 → 8a 5 3c 1 12 → a 5 c 1 , which is (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. D The extinction rate is the solid line, and its highest value is its 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 highest peak. The highest peak is in the early Paleozoic era 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 approximately 560 million years ago. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6. B The extinction rate and the number of families have the same 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 value when the two lines cross. You are looking, then, for the era 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in which the lines cross the most number of times. They do so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 four times in the Paleozoic era, which is more than any other, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 making (B) the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7. E You can eliminate the odd number right off the bat, because a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number has to be even in order to be divisible by 6. Now you 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 just have to go through the remaining choices one by one: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1,024: Digits sum to 7, which is not a multiple of 3. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1,506: Digits sum to 12, which is a multiple of 3 but not 9. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 1,632: Digits sum to 12, and so same as previous. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1,764: Digits sum to 18, which is a multiple of 3 and 9. For 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6, the digits must sum to a multiple of 3 and the original 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number must be even. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10 1 10 1 15 1 7 1 12 1 18 72 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The mean is 5 5 12, and so 8. D 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a 5 12. The mode is 10, and so b 5 10. As for the median, order 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the numbers least to greatest {7, 10, 10, 12, 15, 18}. Since you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have an even number of numbers, the median is the average of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the two middle numbers. Thus, the median is 11, so c 5 11. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 range is simply the greatest number minus the least, which 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equals 11, so d 5 11. So, a . b , c 5 d, which is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 295 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9. C To begin with, you know that the sides of square B are equal to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 since its area is 16. If you can find the length of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 non-hypotenuse sides of triangle A, then you could find the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 answer. Since you know the hypotenuse you can use the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Pythagorean theorem to find the other sides of the triangle; 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 a 1 b 5 ~=72! → 2a 5 72 → a 5 36 → a 5 6. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 length of the triangle side that B and C share is 6, which means 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that one of the sides of square C is 2 (since the B side is 4). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Therefore, the area of C is 4, or (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10. B Eye the graph to see which of the four options changed little 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 from its 1970 average to its 1990 average. Looking closely, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can see that the average production of corn in County Y was the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same in 1970 and 1990. Thus, the percentage change is 0. That 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 must be the smallest, so the answer is (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11. C First note that the graph is given in terms of bushels per acre. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Reading the graph then, County Y in 1980 produced 15 bushels 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of corn per acre. Thus, 10 acres on average would produce 150 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bushels, so (C) is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12. D In 1980 County Y produced 15 bushels of corn per acre on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 average, and it produced 10 bushels of wheat on average. Thus, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the ratio is 15:10, or 3:2, which is answer choice (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13. C It is best to write the possibilities out and count them up. In the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ones column the possibilities are: 2, 4, 6. In the tens, the 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possibilities are: 22, 24, 26, 42, 44, 46, 62, 64, 66. That 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exhausts the possibilities. You get 12 when you count them up, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 so (C) is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14. C First, the sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (n 2 2)(180), which makes the sum of the interior angles of a 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5-sided polygon 540 degrees. You can find the sum of a 1 d by 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 summing the two equations a 1 b 5 160 and d 2 b 5 30. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 end result is a 1 d 5 190. The remaining angles must sum to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 350 for the sum of the interior angles to be 540. The answer, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then, is (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 15. B The sum of a set of consecutive integers is the average times the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 55 1 15 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 number of terms. The average is 5 35. The number of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 terms is (remember, it is inclusive) 55 2 15 1 1 5 41. Now you 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 just have to multiply these together. Their product is 1,435, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 296 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16. D The circumference of the circle is 2p ' 6.28. The perimeter of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the square is just 4 times the length of the side, which is equal to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6. Column A is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 17. B Here you just need to work through simplifying each fraction. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A Column B 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 4 3 5 12 15 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 15 3 4 5 3 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12 1 15 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12 4 4 15 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As you can see, Column B is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18. A Use the information given about the line segments to write down 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 equations that might be helpful in comparing the two columns. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 AB 5 CD yields: r 1 s 5 s 1 3t → r 5 3t. You can plug this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 directly into BC 5 2t 1 3r 5 2t 1 3(3t) 5 11t. You can infer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that both r and t are positive numbers since they only differ by a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiple of three and at least one of them has to be positive since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 BC, a distance, is positive. Column A is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 19. D To begin, you need to solve the inequality for x, 22x . 2 → x , 21. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You know x is less than 21. What does that tell you about x2? 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Not much, certainly nothing definite in relation to 2 since x could 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 be 21.1 or it could be 210. Thus, (D) is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 20. D The circumference of the circle has to be something around 7p 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ' 22. The perimeter of the rectangle, on the other hand, is not 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definite. The sides could be 2 and 12, and so the perimeter 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would be 28, or the sides could be 4 and 6 and the perimeter 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would be 20. In one instance Column A is greater and in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other Column B is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 21. B The first thing to do is determine the value of z. The 1-digit even 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 integers are 2, 4, 6, and 8. The square root of z is also an integer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That is only true of 4. Thus, z equals 4. Four squared is 16, and 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 three times 4 is 12. Thus, Column B is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 297 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22. B Five percent simple annual interest means that after one year’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time, 5 percent of interest will have accrued. After eight months 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (which is two thirds of a year) three fourths of the interest will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 have accrued. You need to multiply the 16,000 times 5 percent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 times three fourths, which is 16,000 0.05 5 533.33. ~ !~ ! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B is greater, so the answer is (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 a 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 23. C You know that 5 → a 5 b, and that the area of a sector is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b 4 4 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 . For Column the sector angle measure divided by 360 times pr 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A, the area of sector 1 is. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 3 b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pr ! 5 pr ! ~ ~ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 360 4 360 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For Column B, you need the area of the sector 2 times 0.75, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 b 3 b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 0.75! pr2!5 pr2! ~ ~ ~ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 360 4 360 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A and B are equal and (C) is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 24. C Remember the factors of a number multiply to give that number 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and the multiples of a number are that number times the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 integers. For Column A, begin by checking to see if 120 is evenly 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 divisible by 24 because that would clearly make 24 the greatest 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 common factor. Five times 24 gives 120 and so 24 is the greatest 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 common factor. For Column B, if the number does not quickly 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 come to mind then, write out multiples of each to find the least 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 common multiple. The LCM is 24 so the answer is again (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25. D Column A is equivalent to m 1 2mn 1 n and Column B is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 equivalent to m2 1 mn 2 2n2. You have to compare these two 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expressions. Since the first term in each is the same, you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate them from consideration. If n equals zero then both 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expressions are zero and so equal, but if n is non-zero then there 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 certainly are situations when the two expressions are unequal. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Thus, the answer is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 26. C First solve the equation to see if you can glean any useful 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 information about the relationship of x and y: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 2 1 x 2 4y 1 7 5 7 → x 5 4y → x 5 2y 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 If x 5 2y, then side b is equal to side c. This means that we can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate c2 and b2 from the columns, and all we are left with is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a2 in each. Ergo, the answer is (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 298 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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S DS D
ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27. B The number of integers from D to C is simply C 2 D, but since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it is inclusive we must include D and so add one, C 2 D 1 1. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Now you just need to see if we can manipulate Column B so that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 you can compare it to Column A. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 C 2 CD 1 2C C(C 2 D 1 2) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5 5C2D12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4C 2 3C C 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can now directly compare Column A and B, and Column B 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 is greater since they share the C minus D term but Column B 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is 12. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 28. C You might suspect (D) here, but look closely at the number set. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The only way that y and y 1 3 could have the two intervening 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 numbers in the set is if they are all consecutive integers: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (x 1 4) 5 (y) 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (z) 5 (y) 1 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Solve for x and z in terms of y: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 y 1 1 2 4 5 y 2 3 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 z5y12 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So, Column A, z 2 5, must equal (y 1 2) 2 5, or y 2 3. Since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 5 y 2 3, both columns are equal, and the correct answer 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is (C). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Antonyms 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. B To be pragmatic is to focus on the practical. The opposite of this 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is something like idealistic. Looking through the answer choices, 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (B), quixotic, fits the pre-guess. If you are unfamiliar with this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 term, pick up a copy of Cervantes’ literary classic Don Quixote. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. D A cogent argument is compelling and well-constructed. You are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 looking for the opposite of this. Unintelligent might attract you, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but unconvincing is much nearer the mark. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. A To be obdurate about an issue is to stubbornly maintain your 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 position. Flexible or changeable is a good pre-guess for the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 antonym. Choice (A) fits the pre-guess well because to be 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 persuadable is to be capable of change. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. A Ebullient means to be boiling over with emotion. The opposite 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of this is emotionless. Stern approximates our pre-guess, but 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stoic hits it on the head. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 299 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. E A garrulous person is extremely talkative, even inconsiderately 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so. Thus, you are looking for an adjective that means “not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 talkative.” Decorious means to act with decorum, or good 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 manners, and so might seem attractive, but taciturn is a better 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice. It means “tight-lipped.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 6. B To enervate is to weaken the strength of something. The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 opposite is to make stronger. Looking through the answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices, (B) obviously jumps out. It is correct. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7. A To manumit someone is to free them from slavery. The antonym 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is to make someone a slave. Enslave, choice (A), clearly fits the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pre-guess and it is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8. D Adumbrate means to foreshadow vaguely, and so its opposite 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would be something like “to clearly state.” To make explicit, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice (D), fits the pre-guess and is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 9. E A panegyric is a speech of effusive praise. You are therefore 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 looking for something like “criticize.” Obloquy means “abusive 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or condemnatory language.” That certainly is the opposite of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 praise, and so (E) is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Analogies 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 10. C The relationship between the stem words is one of definition, as 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to eclipse is to overshadow. Going through the answer choices, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 to set is not to rise; to outstrip is not to flail; to debauch is to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 debase; to overcome is not necessarily to outstretch; to pervert is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 certainly not to correct. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11. A Here the stem relationship is one of degree: To be emphatic is to 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 insist strongly. Choice (B) might seem appealing here, but be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 careful because it has the order of degree reversed—to be very 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 absorbed is to be engrossed. (A) is the correct choice—to be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contentious is to argue excessively. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12. C An astronomer studies the stars. That is a good relationship. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Applying it to the answer choices, an accountant keeps the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 financial records; a librarian manages books; a historian studies 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 history; a police officer administers the laws; and a magician 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 performs tricks. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13. D The relationship between the stem pair is that you inoculate to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 protect against a disease. Of the answer choices, only (D), you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 defend to protect against an enemy, shares this relationship. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 300 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14. C Halcyon means peaceful and calm, and so the relationship 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 between the stem words is one of definition—halcyon means 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 peaceful. Choices (B) and (E) are antonyms not synonyms, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 (A) and (D) do not share a necessary relationship. Choice (C) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does share a necessary relationship—surreptitious means clan- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 destine. Choice (B) is there to catch people shopping for words 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 like peaceful. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15. A The stem words are opposites—a desolate place is the opposite 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of a verdant place. Choices (B) and (C) are synonyms and so do 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not fit the stem relationship, and (D) and (E) do not have a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 strong relationship (a tropical place is often humid, a technical 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 manual may or may not be detailed.) Choice (A) shares the stem 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship—a destitute area is the opposite of an opulent area. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16. D Here, the relationship is again one of definition—a harbinger 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presages something (presage means to foretell, or portend). A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer can calculate something; a television shows things 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that have been broadcast; a liaison does not necessarily 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 interrogate someone; a messenger relates something; and a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 broker does not necessarily abscond with something. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 17. A Asseverate means to aver or affirm earnestly, and so the stem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship is to asseverate is to aver earnestly. Choice (A) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 shares this relationship—to beseech is to request earnestly. Do 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 any of the other answer pairs share it? Approach and accost 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might, but the order of degree is reversed—to accost is to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 approach forcefully. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentence Completions 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 18. D The word but in the sentence is the key clue. It tells you that the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first and second parts of the sentence are in contrast to each 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other. In the first part we are told that Mr. Thomas had earned 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the reputation as a miser, and so in the second part you should 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 expect to find a strong contrast to this. Which answer choice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 makes a strong contrast to miser? Choice (D), spendthrift, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which means one who spends money wastefully, fits the bill. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 19. A Consider the first blank first. Shifts in the demographics of a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 country would at least challenge traditional political alliances 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 and at most destroy them. Since the sentence speaks of nascent 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 political parties, you can infer that the traditional ones are at 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 least being challenged. Solvent and elusive are not good answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 choices for the first blank. As the old political parties are being 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 301 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 challenged, the new ones then are gaining ground. Gain then is a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good pre-guess to the second blank. Provide does not match this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pre-guess. Between procure and secure, secure is the better 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 choice since procure intimates buying, and one does not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 purchase large swathes of the electoral landscape. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 20. B Begin with a pre-guess on the first blank. What is a word that goes 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with public and “can be persuaded”? Opinion. Looking down the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first blank answer choices, (B) obviously matches this pre-guess, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but (A) and possibly (C) and (D) do as well. The word ostensibly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 clues you to the fact that the second blank is a strong contrast to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 process of popular persuasion. Which of the answer choices 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matches this conception? Undemocratic does. Thus, (B) is a strong 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 candidate for the best answer choice. Reading the other answer 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices, (A) is the reasonable selection, but (B) is better since both 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer blanks more specifically fit the logic of the sentence. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 21. D You are looking for a word that modifies feuds between rival 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 factions of a company. Internal is a good pre-guess. Internecine 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means fighting within a group, and so matches the pre-guess. It 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is the best choice, (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22. B The sentence tells us that the first blank can be described as the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 practice of appointing friends and associates to high posts. A 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 good pre-guess would be favoritism. Looking at the answer 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices, (D) and (E) can definitely be eliminated. Choice (A) also 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 can be eliminated because nepotism is showing favor to one’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 own family, not to friends and associates. The second blank is a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contrast to the first since the favoritism of the predecessors is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 being eschewed in favor of the new way. Both (B) and (C) are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 contrasts to favoritism, and so you must ask which one better 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fits the flow of the sentence. Merit, based makes more sense than 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 work, based, and so (B) is a better choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 23. E In this sentence, the author’s customary style of correspondence 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is being contrasted with the style in her most recent letter. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Customarily her style is deliberate, but in this letter it is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 convoluted. Therefore, in the first blank, you are looking for a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 word that pairs well with deliberate and contrasts well with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 convoluted. In the second blank, you are looking for a word that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pairs well with convoluted and contrasts well with deliberate. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Genuine, acidic, and urbane are not good pairs with deliberate 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or contrasts with convoluted. As for the second blank, tiresome 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does not pair as well with convoluted as prolix does (which 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 means to be wordy). Choice (E) is best. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 302 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading Comprehension 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 24. C A question about the proper title of the passage is looking for 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the basic point or thrust of the passage. What is the point of this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage? It relates how the discovery and study of the Archaeans 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 has led to the reformulation of central concerns in the field of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 biology. Choice (A) is too narrow because it excludes the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discussion of the extremophiles. Choice (B), although better 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than (A), is still too narrow. Choice (C) is a good restatement of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the thrust of the passage, since reformulation of central concerns 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in biology is a good approximation of Challenge to Biological 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Paradigms. Choices (D) and (E) are too narrow in that they 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exclude the classification issues, and notice that the passage 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discusses extremophiles and not thermophiles. (C)’s the one. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25. E On questions of this form you must go through each proposition 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 individually: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Option I—The passage states that prior to the discovery of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extremophiles the thermal threshold was set at 60 degrees 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 centigrade “because it was thought that the molecular 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 integrity of vital cellular components could not be main12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tained beyond such temperatures.” It can be inferred that if 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 extremophiles can live and thrive past 60 degrees centigrade, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 they can maintain molecular integrity past the previous 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 thermal threshold. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option II—The passage does not mention extremophiles 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 existing in moderate environments, so II cannot be inferred 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the passage. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option III—The passage states that extremophiles can live 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and thrive at 160 degrees and so it can be inferred that they 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can live and thrive in temperatures as hot as 150 degrees. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Since I and III are inferable, the answer is (E). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 26. A The passage states that, “kingdoms are classified to be a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sub-group of a particular domain” (lines 20–21). Choice (A) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 states exactly that. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 27. B The passage uses thermal threshold to mean “the temperature at 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which biological organisms begin to break down due to heat.” 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 Which of the answer choices matches this usage? Choice (A) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does not, and it uses terms not in the passage. Choice (B) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matches up. As for (C), the passage clearly uses the term thermal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 threshold to apply to all kinds of life and not just extremophiles, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 303 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and so this choice is out. Choice (D) uses terms not in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage and that should make you skeptical. Choice (E) is tricky 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because the passage does speak of the former thermal threshold 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 as being thought of as a constant across nature. Yet, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 threshold changed when extremophiles were discovered. Choice 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (B) is unquestionably a strong answer, and (E) is problematic 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 because the threshold has fluctuated. Therefore, (B) is a better 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 28. D The entire passage culminates in the conclusion of the author in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the last sentence of the passage, “Therefore, altruistic motiva2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 tors should be possible inputs for any decision-matrix schema 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that attempts to model human preference determination.” The 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage builds to this conclusion and so the clear intent of the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 author is to make this point. Which answer choice reflects this 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intent? Choice (D) does. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 29. C To answer this question you have to go to the place in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 passage where the assumptions of decision-matrices are dis- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cussed (lines 31–37). The passage clearly states that in the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 construction of decision-matrices it is assumed that individuals 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are rational in decision-making. The author does not dispute 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this assumption. That is answer choice (C), and it is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 30. A Looking at the structure of the passage, the first paragraph 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 presents the challenge of modeling public choice scenarios, the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 second paragraph explains the details of a particular methodol- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ogy for such modeling, and the third paragraph discusses 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 problems with the methodology presented in the third para- 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 graph. Given this basic structure, we can inspect the answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices to see which best describes the role of the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 paragraph. Choice (A) matches the tone and content of our 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 description of the second passage, and it is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 304 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Practice Test
3 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Quantitative 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 28 Questions—45 Minutes 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 General Information 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 1. The test has 28 questions. If you decide to take this exam under timed conditions, you have 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 45 minutes to complete the section. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2. All numbers used are real numbers. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3. All angle measurements can be assumed to be positive unless otherwise noted. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 4. All figures lie in the same plane unless otherwise noted. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 5. Drawings that accompany questions are intended to provide information useful in 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 answering the question. The figures are drawn closely to scale unless otherwise noted. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: For questions 1–14, Column A and Column B will have one quantity each. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Your goal is to compare the quantities in each column and choose 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A if the quantity in Column A is greater 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B if the quantity in Column B is greater 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C if the two quantities are equal 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D if the relationship between the two quantities cannot be determined from the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 information in the problem 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 On some questions, information about one or both quantities will be given. This informa6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 tion will be centered above the two columns. 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 305
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1. 3 2 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3 1 7 = 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2. x 1 2y 5 9 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 x5y 5. The figure above is an isosceles triangle. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2y 6 12 c =2b 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3. x is a positive integer. 6. b2a.1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 x a a b 0.90 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 x x x 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 b 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3 x 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 4. 7. |x| . 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 x(x 2 1) 0 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 d1c (b2 1 2bc 1 c2)2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 306 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
SD
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TEST 3 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Column A Column B Column A Column B 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 15 11 12 13 8. A certain swim-team is composed of 11. 4 4 14 14 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 divers, individual swimmers, and relay 414 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 swimmers, and each member only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 participates in one event. The team has 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 50 members, 20 percent of which are 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 divers. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Four times the The number of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 number of divers relay racers 12. Six students compete for first, second, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and third place finishes in a ski race. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 120 Number of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 possible outcomes 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 for first, second, 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 and third place 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 9. Kathy drives 20 kilometers due north 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 from town A to town B. Then she drives 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 30 kilometers due west to town C. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 40 Distance between 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 town A and C in 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 kilometers 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 13. C and D are digits and C . D. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 CD 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 DC 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 EF 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E1F 9 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 10. A sock drawer contains 75 socks. There 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 are an equal number of unpaired black, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 white, and gray socks in the drawer. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 One sixth The probability of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 grabbing two gray 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 socks in two 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 14. n is a positive integer. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 attempts 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 n 1 1 ! n! 1 1 ~ ! 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 n! 1 1 ~n 1 1!! 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 307 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 17. Which two y-intercepts could sum to zero? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Select the best answer for each 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. Line 1 and 4 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of the following questions. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. Line 1 and 3 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. Line 2 and 3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 15. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. Line 2 and 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. Line 4 and 5 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 18. 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The figures above are similar triangles. 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 What is the value of a? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 5 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3 The two circles above have the same 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 2 radius. Their circumference is 6p each. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 What is the distance between opposite 6 C. 3 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 corners of the rectangle? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 9 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. =160 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 5 B. =165 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. =180 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Questions 16–17 refer to the following graph. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 D. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 =210 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. =220 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 19. A class has x number of students in it. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Three students join the class, and the class 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 size increases by 20 percent. How many 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 students are in the class now? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 15 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 C. 18 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 20 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 21 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 16. Which line has the greatest slope? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. Line 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. Line 2 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 C. Line 3 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. Line 4 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. Line 5 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 308 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 3 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 20. A square has a side of length 4. What is Questions 23–25 refers to the following graph. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the distance from the center of the square 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 to one of its corners? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 z = 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 2=2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 C. 4=2 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 6=2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. 8=2 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 21. If 3 pounds of peanuts, which cost 34 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 cents per pound, are mixed with 5 pounds 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of cashews, which cost 90 cents per 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 pound, how many cents per pound is the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 mixture of the two? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 67 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 23. According to the table, what is the 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. 69 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 relationship between the frequency and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 71 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the energy level of electromagnetic 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 73 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 radiation? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 75 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. As one increases, the other increases. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 B. As one increases, the other decreases. 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 22. A board is 6 feet long, 6 inches wide, and 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. There is no direct relationship. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 inches tall. What is its surface area in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. The energy level is twice as much as 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 feet squared? (One foot is 12 inches.) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the frequency level. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 11 6 1 E. The frequency level is twice as much 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 as the wavelength level. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 6 1 B. 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 24. Which kind of radiation has the shortest 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 wavelength? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 7 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. Gamma Rays 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 49 6 1 D. B. X-rays 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. Ultra-violet 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 9 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. Infrared 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. Radio 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 309 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 25. If electromagnetic radiation has a fre27. How many liters of a solution that is 20 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 22 quency of 10 Hz, what kind of radiation percent water by volume must be added to 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3 liters of a solution that is 40 percent is it? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 water by volume to create a solution that 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 A. Gamma Rays 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 is 25 percent water by volume? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. X-rays 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 A. 5 C. Ultra-violet 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 6 D. Infrared 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. 7 E. Radio 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. 8 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 26. If a, b, and c are all positive odd integers, 12 E. 9 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 then which of the following must be odd? 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 28. There are 150 students in math courses at 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 I. ab 2 bc 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Kronhorst High School: 73 are in geom3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 II. abc 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 etry, 62 are in algebra, and 52 are in 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 III. c 1 c 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 neither. How many students are in both 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. I only geometry and algebra? 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. II only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. 32 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. I and II only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. 33 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. I and III only 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. 35 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. I, II, and III 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. 36 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. 37 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Verbal 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 30 Questions—30 Minutes 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Antonyms 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Each question contains a word printed in capital letters, followed by five 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 answer choices. Choose the answer choice that contains the word or phrase most nearly 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 OPPOSITE in meaning to the word in capital letters. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 1. CORROBORATE : 2. INEXACTITUDE : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. crude A. pledge 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. precise B. deny 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. inexpert C. harbor 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. industrious D. detain 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. articulate E. affirm 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 310 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 3 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6. PULCHRITUDE : 3. FOMENT : 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. ostentatious A. quell 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. elegant B. agitate 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. estranged C. appropriate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. comedic D. estimate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. uncomely E. exonerate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 7. STOLID : 4. CALLOW : 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. imaginative A. picturesque 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. sterile B. mature 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. venal C. timid 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. emotional D. canny 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. abrasive E. particular 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 8. PREVARICATE : 5. BACCHANALIAN : 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 A. speak honestly A. petulant 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. speak hastily B. orgiastic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. speak slowly C. analgesia 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. speak with vulgarities D. pious 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. speak with pathos E. shrewd 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Analogies 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 Directions: In each question, there is an initial pair of words or phrases that are related in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 some manner. Select the answer choice containing the lettered pair that best expresses a 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 relationship similar to the initial pair. 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 11. CANDID : FRANK 9. LONG-WINDED : BREVITY :: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. oversized : large A. sincere : kind 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. attractive : repulsive B. erudite : learned 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. lean : excess C. duplicitous: timorous 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. wealthy : money D. pernicious : hopeful 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. spent : used E. measured : mercurial 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 10. LAWYER : COURT :: 12. AUSTERE : DECORATED :: 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. actor : play A. paltry : exorbitant 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. janitor : school B. offensive : tactful 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. manager : team C. ingenious : creative 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. prison : guard D. lackluster : ominous 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. bureaucrat : bureaucracy E. powerful : elusive 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 311 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 15. TURGID : BOMBASTIC :: 13. PHYSICIAN : HUMAN BODY :: 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. lazy : lethargic A. horticulturist : plant 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. rotund : portly B. coach : player 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. bemused : distract C. teacher : student 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. catatonic : cataclysmic D. veterinarian : cow 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. histrionic : sordid E. biologist : evolution 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 14. CRAVEN : TREPIDATIOUS :: 2 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. miniscule : minute 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. migratory : transitory 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 C. ageless : ancient 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. agile : acute 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. exultant : joyful 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Sentence Completions 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Each sentence below contains one or two blanks, with each blank corre3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 sponding to an omitted word. Find the answer choice that has the word or set or words 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 18. The publicity surrounding the mismanage- 6 16. The demolition crew did not successfully 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 ment of the company’s capital __________ 6 __________ the building since two walls 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the company’s credibility with investors, remained intact. 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 but the company remained solvent largely 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. raze 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 on account of its __________ market 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. construct 6 1 share. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. erect 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. belabored. .steady D. incapacitate 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. weakened. .evolving E. deactivate 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. aided. .climbing 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 17. The ethicist argued that the person in 12 D. lessened. .volatile 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 question was not __________ for the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. damaged. .stable 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 man’s injury since it was an accident. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. culpable 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. attributable 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. capable 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. reasonable 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. actionable 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 312 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
www.petersons.com
TEST 3 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 22. Though the glass was __________ when 19. Though the official had hoped his speech 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 bought, years of poor maintenance had would calm the citizenry, his assurances 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 rendered it nearly __________, stifling did not ________ the crowd’s fears 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 almost all of the sunlight that strained to concerning the likelihood of the natural 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 cross its interior. disaster recurring. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. permeable. .dark A. alter 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. clear. .obscure B. assuage 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. lucid. .obstructed C. increase 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. penetrable. .impregnable D. bolster 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. translucent. .opaque E. gauge 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 23. Historiography, at least of historic 20. It is a commonly noted behavior for a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 personages, in the last century tended younger sibling to ________ the behavior 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 toward hagiography, but today of an older sibling, taking on their 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 __________ distance and a __________ mannerisms or sense of style. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 tone are basic requirements of profes6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. antagonize 6 1 sional history writing. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. ridicule 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. critical. .reserved C. improve 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. minute. .extravagant D. emulate 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. impartial. .subdued E. vex 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. holistic. .daring 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 21. Since the visitor was unfamiliar with the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. even. .careful 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 region’s customs he was unaware of the 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 __________ of his actions, and so he was 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 __________ to the fact that he had 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 offended his host. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. impropriety. .oblivious 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. curtness. .ignorant 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. blandness. .blithe 6 1 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. boldness. .unaware 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 E. audacity. .blind 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 313 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Reading Comprehension 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Directions: Questions follow each passage. After reading the passage, determine the best 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 answer for each question based on the passage’s content. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 tance of the components neglected by the 6 Passage 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 semi-empirical method. Furthermore, the 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Line The introduction of electronic computers 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 ab initio practitioners criticized the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 into the field of quantum chemistry in the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 semi-empirical method as only able to 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 1950s had an immediate and ultimately 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 sustain the current theoretical paradigm (40) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 polarizing effect on the discipline. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and not able to explore possible inad3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Quantum chemistry is primarily con(5) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 equacies in the current framework. The 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 cerned with solving Schrödinger’s 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 semi-empirical practitioners, on the other 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Equation—the fundamental equation of 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 hand, criticized the ab initio methodol6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the quantum realm—for different 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ogy as overly laborious and ultimately (45) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 theoretical scenarios. The difficulty in 6 1 less productive. Since the ab initio 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 this endeavor is that Schrödinger’s (10) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 methodology solved all computational 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Equation does not readily submit to 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 components to Schrödinger’s Equation, it 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 straightforward solutions. Elaborate and 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 demanded considerable amounts of time 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 extensive calculations are often necessary 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 and effort, so fewer research projects (50) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 for solving Schrödinger’s Equation, 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 could be pursued with this methodology. 6 which explains why the introduction of (15) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Ultimately, both methodologies have 6 electronic computing held great promise 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 proved important to quantum chemistry. 6 as a research tool in theoretical quantum 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 The semi-empirical method has been 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 chemistry. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 essential for exploring questions within (55) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 As the discipline incorporated the use 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the standard paradigm while the ab initio 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (20) of electronic computers, two research method has probed the boundaries of our 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 methodologies emerged. The first, termed 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 understanding of quantum chemistry. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ab initio, relied entirely upon the 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 electronic computer to solve the knotty 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 mathematics of Schrödinger’s Equation, 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 and it employed no empirical data save (25) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 fundamental constants of nature. The 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 second, the so-called semi-empirical 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 method, simplified the computational 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 hurdles by neglecting possibly negligible 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 components of the calculations and by (30) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 extensively employing empirical data. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 The semi-empirical method quickly 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 became very fruitful, but the ab initio 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 practitioners were skeptical of this 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 (35) research because of the possible impor123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 314 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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TEST 3 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 26. The semi-empirical method was empirical 6 24. The ab initio method was criticized for 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 in that it employed 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 I. being too demanding with regard to 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 A. strictly empirical means in obtaining a 6 labor. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 result. II. its inability to critique the current 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. the fundamental constants of nature paradigm. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 in obtaining a result. III. being a slower producer of new 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. extensive empirical data in obtaining research. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 a result. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. I only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. only empirically verifiable scenarios in 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. II only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 modeling quantum outcomes. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. III only 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 E. restricted amounts of empirical data 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. I and II only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 in obtaining results. E. I and III only 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 27. The author’s intent was to 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 25. According to the passage, what was the 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. explain the effects of the introduction 6 primary methodological challenge in 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 of electronic computers on quantum working with Schrödinger’s Equation? 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 chemistry. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. The difficulty of correctly applying 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. point out the harmfulness of scientific 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Schrödenger’s Equation in the 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 rivalries. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 quantum world 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. argue that the semi-empirical method 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. The complexity of the calculations 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 was more productive. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 required to solve Schrödinger’s 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. illustrate the importance of cooperaEquation 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 tion in scientific disciplines. C. The inability of electronic computers 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 E. lay out the differences between the ab 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 to solve Schrödinger’s Equation 6 1 initio and semi-empirical methods. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. The rivalry between the ab initio 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 practitioners and the semi-empirical 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Passage 2 6 1 practitioners 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 Line Though nearly fifty years of research has 6 E. The difficulty of obtaining reliable 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 been done since the Khartoum Hospital empirical data 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 and Shaheinab excavations in Central 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Sudan, a coherent and rigorous frame6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 work for understanding the Mesolithic(5) 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 Neolithic (8000 B.C.E.–4000 B.C.E.) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 transition in the Central Nile has not 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 been achieved. A. J. Arkell, the primary 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 excavator at these sites, developed a 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 model of cultural evolution based on two 6 (10) 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 basic ceramic typologies—the wavy and 6 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 dotted line—found at these sites. 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Predictably, the wavy line type are 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ceramics whose outer surface are 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 315 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 chronological index for the region? Does 6 (15) decorated with wavy lines, while the (55) 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 their geographical dispersion tell us of dotted line ceramics are decorated with 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 possible cultural uniformities across these the same grooves of the wavy line but 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 diverse regions? The answers these to with indentions, or dots, further lining 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 questions about the past hopefully lie the grooves. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 somewhere in the not-too-distant future. 6 Arkell’s model designates the wavy (20) (60) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 line type as markers for Khartoum 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Mesolithic culture and the dotted line 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 28. The main idea of the passage is 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 type as markers for Khartoum Neolithic 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. Nilotic and Saharan archaeology has 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12 culture. Yet this model became problem3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 failed to provide an adequate frame3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 atic as excavations beyond the Central (25) 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 work for understanding the Me3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Nile began to unearth wavy and dotted 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 solithic-Neolithic transition. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 line pottery across the Sahara-Sahel belt 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 B. Arkell and Canerva were incorrect in 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 in strata and in sequences inconsistent 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 their respective attempts to system6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 with Arkell’s designations. It appeared a 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 atize their research. 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 new model was needed to account for (30) 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 C. wavy line ceramics clearly are not the 6 6 1 not only chronological development but 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 chronological predecessors of dotted geographical dispersal as well. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 line ceramics. To address these issues, I. Canerva 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. dotted and wavy line pottery has not 6 put forth a classification strategy for 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 been successfully incorporated into a 6 Nilotic and Saharan ceramics based on (35) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 larger theory that explains their technique. Arkell’s model classified by 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 importance, thus leaving important motif, the ceramic’s outer decorations, 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 further research open. but Canerva focused on the techniques 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. research on Nilotic and Saharan 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 employed, such as method of hardening, 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 ceramics has matured over the past 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 and technologies needed, such as tools, in (40) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 five decades. 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 making the ceramics. This strategy 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 initially promised to provide artifact 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 29. Arkell’s model was problematic in that 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 markers for the cultural evolution from 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 A. the discovery of wavy and dotted line 6 the Nile basin to the western edges of the 1 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 pottery in the Central Nile conflicted 6 Sahara in the Mesolithic-Neolithic. This (45) 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 with his findings. approach, though, became mired in 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 B. dating discrepancies were discovered 6 questions related to determination of 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 1 within his account. technique, as the reverse inference from 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. wavy and dotted line pottery were motif to technique became dubious. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 discovered outside the Central Nile At this point major questions remain (50) 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 that did not conform to his model. unanswered concerning wavy and dotted 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 D. pottery fragments were discovered line ceramics in Mesolithic-Neolithic 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 outside the Central Nile as far west as Nilotic and Saharan regions. Do these 6 1 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the Western Sahara. ceramic typologies provide any sort of 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. ceramics that chronologically pre123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 ceded the wavy line pottery were 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 discovered in the Central Nile. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 316 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
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TEST 3 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 30. It can be inferred from the passage that 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 the author would agree with which one of 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 the following? 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 A. The work of Arkell and Canerva has 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 been thoroughly debunked. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 B. Future research into Mesolithic3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 Neolithic Khartoum should be done. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 C. Motif should be considered over 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 technique when researching ceramics. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 D. The material composition of a 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 ceramic is an important clue in 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 archaeological research. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 E. Material culture is more readily 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 studied than non-material culture. 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 2 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 66 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 1 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 3456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 12 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 6 317 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
Answers and Explanations 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This is the last sample test you will take before moving onto the computer 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 adaptive exams. Hopefully, you have tested out some new strategies and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ideas on the previous two tests and are now comfortable with them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 1. B The only way to do a problem like this is to simplify the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expressions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 For Column B, 3 5 9. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 For Column A, =32 1 72 5 =9 1 49 5 =58 , 8 since 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 =64 5 8. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B is greater. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2. C To be able to compare 2y to 6, you need to solve for y. You can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 do this by substituting y for x in the first equation. This yields: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 1 2y 5 9 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y 1 2y 5 9 → 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 3y 5 9 → 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 y53 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This means 2y 5 6. Choice (C) then is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. D A good way to attack a problem like this is try a few values for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x. At its smallest x 5 1, and Column A would equal two thirds, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 or 0.67. If x 5 2, Column A equals eight ninths, and if x 5 3, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A equals twenty-six twenty-sevenths. As you can see, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A increases as x increases. In the first case, Column B 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was greater; in the third, Column A was. Thus the answer is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 318
ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. A First, simplify the expression in Column A, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 2 2 2 b 1 2bc 1 c ! 5 @~b 1 c! # 5 b 1 c. ~ 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 b 1 c 5 180° . 0.90 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. D Remember that an isosceles triangle is not necessarily a right 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 triangle. Since the triangle is not a right triangle, you have no 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way of comparing b with c. Thus, the answer is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6. D Begin by manipulating the exponents to more readily compare 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the columns: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 a b a1b 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A: x x 5 x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x a 2 b 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B: b 5 x 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and you know that b 2 a . 1 → a 2 b , 21. This means that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 the x in Column B is raised to a negative power, but how much 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 does this tell us about its value in comparison to Column A? 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 1 b could also be negative, which would mean that Column A 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 was also raised to a negative, and a greater negative at that. Or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a 1 b could be positive, which would mean that the x in Column 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A would be raised to a positive. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the former case, Column B could be greater, depending on the 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 value of x, and in the latter case, Column A would be greater, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 again depending on the value of x. As you can see, there are a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 variety of possible outcomes. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 7. A Distribute the x in Column A, which yields x 2 x. You can 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reason that this difference is greater than zero. x’s absolute value 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is greater than 1, and x2 is positive and greater than x. Column 2 2 1 A, then, is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8. A Twenty percent of 50 is 10, and so there are 10 divers. Four times 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this number is 40. How many relay racers are there? Since each 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 member only participates in 1 event, and since there are 10 divers, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there are 40 members who are either divers or individual swim- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mers. We know there must be at least 1 individual swimmer, or 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the team would not be composed of individual swimmers; that 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means there can at most be 39 relay racers. Thus, Column A 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 is greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 319 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9. B Since the directions are due north and due west, the three towns 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 form a right triangle, and we can use the Pythagorean theorem 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to determine the distance between A and C. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c 5 400 1 900 5 1,300 → c 5 =1,300 5 10=13 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The question now becomes, “How do you compare the value of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 c with 40?” Notice that =13 , =16 5 4 and so ten times 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the square root of 13 is less than 40. Ergo, Column B is greater. 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10. B The probability of the first event, grabbing the first gray sock, is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 one third. The probability of grabbing the second gray sock is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 not as straightforward. Now there are only 24 gray socks and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 still 25 black and white socks. Thus, the probability is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something a little bit less than one third. To get the probability 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of both events occurring, we have to multiply the two 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 probabilities together. One third times something a little smaller 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 than one third is going to be smaller than one sixth, the value in 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column B. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 11. A Obviously it is going to be difficult to compare these by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiplying out the exponents. There must be another way, and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 there is 415 5 4 3 4 14 5 414 1 414 1 414 1 414, which gives us 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 four terms in Column A to compare with four terms in Column 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 B. The terms in Column B are less than all the respective terms in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Column A, and so (A) is the answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12. C Six students are competing for first place, and so there are six 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 possibilities for first. But since there will always be a first before 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a second, only five can be second. And since there will be a first 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and a second before a third, only four can be third. Multiply 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these together to get the total number of possibilities, (6)(5)(4) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 5 120. The answer is (C). You may recall the formula for these 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 n! 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 kinds of permutation problems as P 5 where P is the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ~n 2 c!! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 total number of possible outcomes, n is the number of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 participants, and c is the number of places. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13. C Consider the subtraction in the ones column and tens column, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 respectively. In the ones, since C . D, you have to borrow ten 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from the tens column. This means F 5 D 1 10 2 C. As for the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tens column, E 5 C 2 1 2 D since you borrowed one from the 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 column. Putting these two results together, E 1 F 5 (C 2 1 2 D) 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 (D 1 10 2 C) 5 9. The answer then is (C). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 320 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 14. D The numerator in Column A might at first blush appear greater, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 but be careful. If n 5 1 then n! 1 1 5 (n 1 1)!, in which case 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Column A and B are equal. If n is a large number, though, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 n! 1 1 , (n 11)!, in which case Column A would be greater. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Thus the answer is (D). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 15. D Since the triangles are similar the ratios of the side lengths are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 proportional, and you can use this to find a. You do not know 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the length of the side on the larger triangle that corresponds 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with side a, and so you need to determine the third side of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 larger triangle. Using the Pythagorean theorem, you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 determine that the third side is equal to 6. Using similar triangles 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 a 36 9 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 → 36 5 8a → a 5 5 , 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8 6 8 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which is answer choice (D). 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16. D The greatest slope means the line that has the steepest ascent left 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to right. If a line ascends right to left, then its slope is negative. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Line 4, choice (D), has the steepest slope left to right. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 17. C Recall that the y-intercept is simply the y-value where a line 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 crosses the y-axis. If the y-intercepts of two lines sum to zero, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 then they either both must have y-intercepts of zero, or they 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 must have y-intercepts equidistant from the x-axis, one with a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 positive value and the other a negative value. Line 2 and line 3 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cross the y-axis equidistant from the x-axis. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18. C To begin with, since you know the circumference of the circles, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you can determine the radius of the circles, which is 3 (C 5 2pr). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If the radius is 3, then the height of the rectangle is 6, and the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 length of the rectangle is 12. The distance between two opposite 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 corners then is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with sides 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and 12. Using the Pythagorean theorem we can determine the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hypotenuse, =36 1 144 5 =180. Choice (C) then is the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 19. C Three students constitute a 20-percent increase for the class. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 This translates mathematically to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3 3 2 1 2 0.20 5 → x 5 5 15, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 x 0.20 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 which gives you the number of original students. Add 3 to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 get 18. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 321 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 20. B Drawing a square with a diagonal creates a 45-45-90 triangle, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since the diagonal bisects the 90 degree angles. This means that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the diagonal is 4=2. But you are not looking for the length 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 from corner to corner. You are looking for the length from 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 center to corner, which would be half the length of the diagonal, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or 2=2, choice (B). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 21. B Three pounds of peanuts at 34 cents/pound costs 102 cents. Five 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 pounds of cashews at 90 cents/pound costs 450 cents. Added 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 together they cost 552 cents, and there are 8 pounds total. 552 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cents divided by 8 pounds is 69 cents/pound, or choice (B). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22. D The first thing to do is to convert the measurements in inches 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 into feet. Six inches is a foot. Two inches is a foot. The 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 surface area of a three-dimensional rectangle is the sum of areas 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the sides. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Top and bottom: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6• 5 6, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two ends: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 • , 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 2 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 two sides: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 2 1 2 5 2 • 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 6 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The sum of these is choice (D). 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 23. A Looking at the frequency column, the frequency increases as you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ascend the column. The same thing is true for the energy level 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 column—as you ascend the column the energy level increases. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Thus, (A) is the answer. If you want further confirmation of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 this—simply pick a certain frequency and read the energy level 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 at that frequency. Then pick another frequency and read the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 energy level at that frequency. If the frequency increased—then 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so did the energy and vice versa. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 322 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
S D
S D
S D
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 24. A On this question, you have to be careful. Notice that the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wavelengths get shorter as they ascend the column (e.g., 10213 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 meters is shorter than 105 meters). This means that the shortest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 wavelengths are at the top of the column. Which kind of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 radiation corresponds to this part of the column? Choice (A), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gamma rays, is correct. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25. A First find 10 Hz on the frequency column on the far left. Then 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 slide over to see which kind of radiation this is. It is gamma rays, 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice (A). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 26. B On a problem like this, you have to go through the three choices 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and determine which must be odd as follows: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option I—Is not odd since the two products are even and an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even minus an even is even. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option II—Is odd since an odd times an odd is even and an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 even times an odd is odd. 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Option III—Is even since an odd squared is odd and an odd 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 plus an odd is even. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 So only option II is odd, which is answer choice (B). If all that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 seemed a bit confusing, just assign odd values to the three 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 variables, plug them in, and see if the results are odd or even. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 27. E There is a helpful formula for a problem of balancing weaker and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stronger solutions, (amount of weaker solution) times (percent12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 age difference of desired and weaker solution) 5 (amount of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stronger solution) times (percentage difference of stronger and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 desired solution). In this situation, the formula reads, n(25 2 20) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5 3(40 2 25) → 5n 5 45 → n 5 9. Therefore, (E) is the answer. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 28. E There is a formula for neither or both problems like this, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 G1 1 G2 1 Neither 1 Both 5 Total. You can use this equation 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 or reason your way through this problem. If 52 students are in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 neither class, then 98 students are in algebra or geometry. This 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means that 25 are in algebra but not geometry and 36 are in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 geometry but not algebra. So, there are 73 in geometry and 36 of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 them are not in algebra, which means that 37 of those in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 geometry are in algebra. You can obtain the same result using 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the formula. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 323 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Verbal 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Antonyms 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 1. B To corroborate someone’s claim is to back it up or validate it, so 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you are looking for a word that means something like “not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 support.” Scanning the answer choices, only (B) fits the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pre-guess. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. B Inexactitude is the opposite of exactitude, or being exact, so you 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are looking for a word that means exact. Precise, choice (B), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 certainly means exact, and none of the other answer choices do. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. A To foment means to incite, and so its antonym would be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something like “un-incite.” Not a real word, but a fine pre-guess 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since it puts you on the right path. Answer choice (A), quell, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matches this pre-guess. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. B Callow has a negative-sounding connotation, and so the answer 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 will have a positive-sounding connotation. You can, at least, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 eliminate choice (C), timid, on these grounds. Callow means 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 immature. Choice (B), mature, then, is a good antonym. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. D Bacchanalian derives from Bacchus, the Greek god of wine. It 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means “unbridled revelry.” The opposite is something like 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sobriety, or a tame activity. Of the answer choices, pious best 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 approximates this pre-guess. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 6. E Pulchritude means beauty. This word was used in the first part 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the book, so hopefully you remembered it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 7. D To be stolid is to lack emotion. Thus, the antonym here is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 something like “emotional.” Choice (D) is exactly that. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 8. A If you do not know the definition of prevaricate, you might 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 guess that it has a negative-sounding connotation, and so the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer would be positive. Choices (A) and (E) are the strong 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 positives. Prevaricate means to lie, and so (A) is the correct 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Analogies 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 9. C Someone who is long-winded lacks brevity. Choices (B) and (C) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 appear to be possibilities. Attractive is the opposite of repulsive. 2 2 1 Something lean lacks excess. Choice (C) is the better of the two 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 choices. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 324 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 10. E A lawyer is an officer of the court, or a lawyer works in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 court. An actor acts in a play, but a play is an activity whereas a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 court is a location or part of a system. A janitor might work at a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 school. A manager manages a team, a prison has guards, and a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bureaucrat works in a bureaucracy. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 11. B The relationship between the stem pair is one of definition; to be 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 candid is to be frank. Which of the answer choices shares this 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship? Only (B)—to be erudite is to be learned. Choice 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (A) might have seemed appealing but realize that a sincere 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 person might be kind or he or she might be sincerely unkind. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12. B Here, the stem relationship is of lack or negation—to be austere 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 is to not be decorated. In a similar fashion, to be offensive is to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not be tactful. None of the other stem pairs share the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship of negation. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 13. A Physician studies/cares for the human body. In the same way, a 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 horticulturist studies/cares for a plant. But it is also true that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 veterinarians study/care for cows. And certainly biologists study 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 evolution. But notice that biologists do not care for evolution. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Also notice that a cow is a specific kind of animal that a 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 veterinarian cares for while human body and plant are general 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 terms. So, (A) is the best choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 14. B Craven means “cowardly” and “completely subdued by fear.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Trepidatious means “to be apprehensive or fearful.” Thus— 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 craven is an extreme of trepidatiousness. This is a relationship of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 degree. Only choice (E) shares this relationship of degree— 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exultant is an extreme of joyfulness. Choice (A) is not as strong 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a choice because miniscule and minute both mean very small, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and so there is no difference in degree. The same is true for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 migratory and transitory, choice (B). As for (C), ageless means 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 without age while ancient means to by very old. They do not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 have a relationship of degree. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 15. B If you do not know the definition of either of these words, you 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 can eliminate some of the answer pairs that have a weak 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship. Catatonic and cataclysmic do not have a necessary 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 relationship, nor do histrionic (to be overly theatrical) and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sordid. That leaves (A), (B), and (C). Turgid actually means 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 pompous or bombastic, and so the stem relationship is one of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 definition. To be turgid is to be bombastic. Is to be lazy to be 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lethargic? Maybe. To be rotund is to be portly. And to bemuse is 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to bewilder, not to distract. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 325 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Sentence Completions 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 16. A What does a successful demolition crew do? It demolishes 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 buildings, and so you are looking for a word like demolish. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Which of the answer choices fits this pre-guess? Certainly not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 construct or erect. Incapacitate and deactivate do not fit the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 context. Raze means to destroy completely, so it completes the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sentence well. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 17. A Begin with a pre-guess. Something like punishable/responsible 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 works, since it is generally thought that if something is an 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 accident then one is not fully punishable/responsible. Looking 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 down the list, culpable matches our pre-guess. Reading it back 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 into the sentence, it works well. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 18. E Remember to do a two blank sentence one blank at a time. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first blank is clearly a negative term since publicity surrounding 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mismanagement would hurt a company’s credibility. Thus, we 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 can eliminate choice (C), aided. Belabored, choice (A), also does 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not fit with the notion of hurt. On the second blank, we can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 infer that it must be a positive since it is on its account that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 company remained solvent. This eliminates (D) and (B) also, 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 since evolving is a more neutral than positive term. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 19. B The though at the beginning of the sentence clues you into the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 fact that the official’s hopes were not achieved. Thus, his 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 assurances must not have had their desired effect. Assurances 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 are meant to calm, and that is a good pre-guess. Looking at the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices, assuage, choice (B), is the only choice that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 matches the pre-guess. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 20. D The sentence structure indicates that the word in the blank is 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 described by the younger sibling . . . taking on mannerisms . . . 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What are the younger siblings doing? They are copying their 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 older siblings. Which answer choice matches with copy? 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Emulate, choice (D), means to copy, and it is the best answer 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 choice. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 21. A Start with the first blank here. Since the visitor was unfamiliar 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 with the region’s customs and you know that he offended his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 host, you should suspect that his actions were culturally 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 improper. Looking at the answer choices, we can eliminate (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 Moving to the second blank, since he was unaware of his poor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actions, it makes sense that he did not realize he had offended 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 his hosts. Unaware does not fit the context, and blind does not 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 fit as well as oblivious or ignorant. That leaves choices (A) and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 326 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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ANSWERS 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (B). Reading both back into the sentence, (A) works better. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Curtness does not capture the idea of culture improperness like 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 impropriety does. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22. E The second blank is quite approachable since you know that it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 means “allowing no light through” or something like that. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Which answer choices fit this? Opaque, choice (E), really is the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 only good fit. Translucent works well in the first blank, and so 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (E) is the best choice. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 23. A Here the sentence is contrasting the way that history was written 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 in the past with the professional standards of history writing 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 today. In the past, the sentence reads, historiography . . . tended 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to hagiography. In this usage, hagiography means overly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sympathetic and full of praise. Thus, today’s requirements 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should be in strong contrast to this. With this in mind, which of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the answer choices is a good modifier for tone in the second 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 blank? Reserved and careful are good choices. Looking at the 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first blank, even, choice (E), does not fit with distance, while 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 critical does fit well. Therefore, choice (A) is the best choice. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading Comprehension 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 24. E The passage reads, “The semi-empirical practitioners . . . 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 criticized the ab initio methodology as overly laborious and 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ultimately less productive.” That is I and III. II, on the other 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 hand, is actually a criticism of the semi-empirical method. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 25. B The second half of the first paragraph clearly explains that the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 major hurdle in working with Schrödinger’s Equation was that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 it was difficult to solve. If you have been keeping track of the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 flow of ideas in the passage, it will be easy to locate the pertinent 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 part of the text and answer the question. Choice (B) is correct. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 26. C Lines 27–31 read, “. . . the so-called semi-empirical method, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simplified the computational hurdles by neglecting possibly 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 negligible components of the calculations and by extensively 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 employed empirical data.” Thus, it was empirical in that it 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 employed extensive empirical data in obtaining a result, which is 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choice (C). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 27. A A question about the author’s intent will include both the main 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 idea of the passage and the author’s tone in expressing the main 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 idea. What was the main idea of the passage? The introduction 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of electronic computers produced a bifurcation in methodolo- 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 gies in quantum chemistry. What was the author’s tone in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 327 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part IV: Three Practice GREs
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expressing this idea? Primarily explanatory as opposed to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 argumentative. Which answer choice captures both of these 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elements? Choice (A) does. All the other answer choices are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 either wrong in tone or wrong in content. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 28. D You should read with this question in mind, because questions 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 like this are standard. The passage discusses the inadequacies of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 current theories of wavy and dotted line pottery in the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, and points to the need for 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 further research in this area. The answer should include both of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 these aspects. Choice (A) includes the former but not the latter. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Choices (B) and (C) are too specific, while choice (E) is too 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 general. Only choice (D) contains both aspects of the passage, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the shortcomings of contemporary theories and the need for 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more research. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 29. C The passage clearly states that Arkell’s model was problematized 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 by the discovery of wavy and dotted line pottery outside of the 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Central Nile in strata and progressions that conflicted with his 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 account. That is answer choice (C). 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 30. B On inference questions like this, you have to bear down and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 read through each answer choice and compare it with what you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 know of the author through reading the passage. In choice (A), 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the word thoroughly sounds extreme in comparison to the tone 2 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the passage and so should give you caution. Choice (B) 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sounds like something the author would recommend. As for (C), 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the author never makes any specific methodological suggestions 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of this kind. Choice (D) might be something that the author 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 would agree with but the author never mentions composition in 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the passage, and the same could be said for choice (E) and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 material vs. non-material culture. Choice (B) is best. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 328 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
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Chapter
8 Closing Remarks 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Congratulations! You have just read through a mountain of GRE-related 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 information! Consider yourself an expert on a subject, but don’t go 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 bragging about it at social functions because it’s not likely to impress 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 people. Believe me; I speak from experience. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you have studied all the strategies and techniques, learned the formats 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 for each section, and practiced on the sample questions, then you should 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 feel pretty good about your chances on the real test. There’s only so much 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 preparation you can do, and if you’ve finished this book, you’ve done 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 more than most people taking the test. Be confident about your chances on 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the real test, because at the very least, this book has shown you what to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 expect on the GRE. You would be surprised at how people’s scores 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 improve when a test leaves the realm of “mysterious, unexpected exam” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and becomes “just another standardized test.” 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 That’s all the GRE is, really. By now, you should realize that the GRE says 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 nothing about your potential as a graduate student or your abilities as a 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scholar. It’s little more than a hoop you must pass through to get into 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 graduate school, testing you in subjects that have a bearing on higher 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 education in only the vaguest, most general sense. If you do well on the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test, then you’re a good standardized test-taker, nothing more. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 I would wish you luck on the GRE, but if you’ve read this book, then you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will have made your own luck. Your GRE score will reflect it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 329
PART
V Appendix About the CAT
332
PART V
About the CAT 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 to Apply for the GRE How 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The best way to learn all the relevant facts about the GRE is to go on line 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to the official GRE Web site, www.gre.org. There, you will find a list of 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 testing centers in your area, registration information, stuff about score 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 reporting, and scads of other GRE-related trivia. If you don’t want to go 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 on line because you don’t like computers, you should keep in mind that it’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a computer-based test you are about to take. It’s time to start familiarizing 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yourself. There is a phone number to call during business hours, 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 609-771-7670, but the recorded voice there will harangue you to use the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Web site. You can eventually get a person, but it normally takes a while. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you do want to speak to a person, a better approach is to call someone at 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 a local testing center. Since you may potentially give them your money, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 they are often more amenable to answering any questions you might have. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The GRE CAT Interface 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The three simulated screen shots on pages 333, 335, and 336 show the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 GRE CAT interface for the Analytical Writing sections, the Quantitative 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 section, and the Verbal section. Let’s first examine the features of the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 interface that are common to all exam sections. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The CAT Title Bar 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A dark title bar will appear across the top of the computer screen at all 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 times during all test sections. (You cannot hide this bar.) The CAT title bar 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 displays three items: 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Left corner: The time remaining for the current section (hours and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minutes) 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Middle: The name of the test (GRE) and current section number 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Right corner: The current question number and total number of 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 questions in the current section 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 332
About the CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Name and Number 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CAT Title Bar of Text Section Time elapsed 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 The following appeared in a memo from the manager of UpperCuts, a hair salon 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 located in a suburb of the city of Apton, to the salon's owner: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 "According to a nationwide demographic study, more and more people today are 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 AWA Topic moving from suburbs to downtown areas. So in order to boost sagging profits at 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 UpperCuts we should relocate the salon from its current location in Apton's 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 suburban mall to downtown Apton, while retaining the salon's decidedly upscale 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 approach in terms of services, products and pricing. After all, HairDooz, our chief 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 competitor at the mall, has just relocated downtown and is populr among 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The AWA 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Editing 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Screen 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ? 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Next Confirm Help Exit Quit Time 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 button Answer button Test Selection button 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 button button button 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1The CAT Toolbar 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A series of six buttons appear in a toolbar across the bottom of the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 computer screen at all times during all test sections. (You cannot hide the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 toolbar.) Here’s a description of each button’s function: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 QUIT TEST 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Click on this button to stop the test and cancel your scores for the 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 entire test. (Partial score cancellation is not allowed in any event.) 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 If you click here, a dialog box will appear on the screen, asking you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to confirm this operation. Stay away from this button unless you’re 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 absolutely sure you wish your GRE score for the day to vaporize 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 and you’re willing to throw away your GRE registration fee. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 EXIT SECTION 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Click on this button if you finish the section before the allotted 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 time expires and wish to proceed immediately to the next section. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 A dialog box will appear on the screen asking you to confirm this 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 operation. Stay away from this button unless you’ve already 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answered every question in the current section and don’t feel you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 need a breather before starting the next one! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 333 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 00:28
Computer-Adaptive GRE-Section 2:Analytical Writing 2
Beginning
The manager's argument relies on a series of unproven assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands. To begin with, the argument assumes that Apton's demographic trend reflects the national trend. Yet, the mere fact that one hair salon has moved downtown hardly suffices to |
Cut
Paste
Undo
Test
Section
Quit
Exit
Answer
Time
Help
Confirm
Next
Part V: Appendix
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 TIME 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Click on this button to display the time remaining to the nearest 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 second. By default, the time remaining is displayed (in the upper 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 left corner) in hours and minutes, but not to the nearest second. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 HELP 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Click on this button to access the directions for the current 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question type (for example, Data Sufficiency or Sentence Comple2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tion), as well as the general test directions and the instructions for 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 using the toolbar items. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 NEXT and CONFIRM ANSWER 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Click on the NEXT button when you’re finished with the current 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question. When you click on NEXT, the current question will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 remain on the screen until you click on CONFIRM ANSWER. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Until you confirm, you can change your answer as often as you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 wish (by clicking on a different oval). But once you confirm, the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 question disappears forever and the next one appears in its place. 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Whenever the NEXT button is enabled (appearing dark gray), the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CONFIRM ANSWER button is disabled (appearing light gray), 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and vice versa. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Analytical Writing Screen 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 As illustrated in the screen shot on page 333, the Analytical Writing 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 prompt appears at the top of your screen, and your essay response appears 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 below it as you type your response. (The screen in the figure includes the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 first several lines of a response.) Notice that you have to scroll down to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 read the entire topic and question. You compose your essays using the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 CAT word processor. (Just ahead, you’ll look closely at its features and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 limitations.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Quantitative and Verbal Screens 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 To respond to multiple-choice questions, click on one of the ovals to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the left of the answer choices. You can’t use the keyboard to select 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answers. Notice that the answer choices are not lettered; you’ll click on 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 blank ovals. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 334 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
www.petersons.com
X-Ref
About the CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 In the sample questions throughout this book, the answer choices were 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 lettered for easy reference to corresponding explanations. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Split screens. For some multiple-choice questions, the screen splits 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 either horizontally or vertically. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading Comprehension: The screen splits vertically. The left side 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 displays the passage; the right side displays the question and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative questions that include figures: The screen splits 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 horizontally. The figures appears at the top; the question and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 answer choices appear at the bottom. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Vertical Scrolling. For some multiple-choice questions, you’ll have to 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scroll up and down (using the vertical scroll bar) to view all the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 material that pertains to the current question. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Reading Comprehension: Passages are too long for you to see on 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the screen in their entirety; you’ll need to scroll. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quantitative questions that include figures: Some figures— 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 especially charts and graphs—won’t fit on the screen in their 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 entirety; you might need to scroll. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 01:06 Computer-Adaptive GRE-Section 3:Quantitative 21 of 37 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Test Section 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 ? Answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 335 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 Richard began driving from home on a trip averaging 30 miles per hour. How many miles per hour must Carla drive on average to catch up to him in exactly 3 hours if she leaves 30 minutes after Richard? 35 55 39 40 60
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Part V: Appendix
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 01:09 Computer-Adaptive GRE-Section 4:Verbal 6 of 41 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Questions 6 to 8 Beginning 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Test Section ? Answer 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The CAT’s Word Processor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 During the two GRE essays section, you’ll use the simple word processor 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 built into the CAT system. While the word processor includes some 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 features standard in programs like Word and WordPerfect, it also lacks 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 many of these programs’ features. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Keyboard Commands for Navigation and Editing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here are the navigational and editing keys available in the CAT word 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 processor: 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Backspace removes the character to the left of the cursor. 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Delete removes the character to the right of the cursor. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Home moves the cursor to the beginning of the line. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • End moves the cursor to the end of the line. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Arrow Keys move the cursor up, down, left, or right. 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Enter inserts a paragraph break (starts a new line). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Page Up moves the cursor up one page (screen). 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 • Page Down moves the cursor down one page (screen). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 336 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 The Andean cordillera is made up of many interwoven mountain ranges, which include high intermountain plateaus, basins and valleys. The Northern Andes (5) contain several broad ecosystems falling into four altitudinal belts. Its northern subregion is distinguished from the rest of the region by higher relative humidity and greater climatic symmetry between the (10) eastern and western flanks of the range. The Central Andes are characterized by a succession of agricultural zones with varied climatic conditions along the mountains' flanks and by large, high(15) altitude plateaus, variously called puna or altiplano, which do not occur in the Northern Andes. The soil fertility of the northern altiplano is generally good. The western Central Andean ranges are (20) relatively arid with desert-like soils, whereas the eastern ranges are more humid and have more diverse soils. The eastern slopes of the Central Andes in many ways are similar to the wet forests
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In the passage, the author's primary concern is to describe the climate and topography of various regions of the Andean cordillera discuss the factors affecting the climate of the Andean cordillera suggest various alternative explanations for the diversity of climate among the various regions of the Andean cordillera examine the effects of topograpy on the climate and vegetation of the Andean cordillera compare and contrast the climate and topography of the Northern Andes to that the Central Andes
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About the CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Certain often-used features of standard word processing programs are not 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 available in the CAT word processor. For example, no keyboard 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 commands are available for: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • TAB—disabled (does not function) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Beginning/end of paragraph (not available) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Beginning/end of document (not available) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • No key combinations (using the CTRL, ALT, or SHIFT key) or other 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 so-called “macros” are available for editing functions. (You’ll use 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your mouse for cutting and pasting text.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mouse-Driven Navigation and Editing Functions 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Just as with other word processors, to navigate the editing screen you can 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 simply point the cursor to the position at which you wish to begin typing, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 then click. The CAT word processor also includes mouse-driven CUT, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 PASTE, and UNDO. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Selecting text you wish to cut. You select text the same way as with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 standard word processing programs: either (1) hold down your mouse 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 button while sweeping the I-beam on the screen over the desired text, or 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (2) hold down the SHIFT key and use the navigation keys to select text. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 The CUT Button. If you wish to delete text but want to save it to a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 temporary clipboard for pasting elsewhere, select that text (see above) then 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 click on the CUT button. Cutting text is not the same as deleting it. When 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you delete text (using the DELETE key), you cannot paste it elsewhere in 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your document (but see UNDO below). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The PASTE button. If you wish to move text from one position to another, 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 select and cut the text, then reposition your cursor where you want the text 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to go and click on the PASTE button. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The UNDO button. Click on this button to undo the most recent delete, 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cut, or paste that you performed. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Limitations of CUT and UNDO. The following mouse-driven features are 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 not available: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • DRAG-AND-DROP cut-and-paste (not available) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • COPY (not available; to copy you need to cut, then paste, in the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 same spot) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • MULTIPLE UNDO (the CAT word processor stores only your most 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 recent delete, cut, or paste, or keyboard entry.) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 337 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part V: Appendix
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The vertical scroll bar. Once you key in ten lines or so, you’ll have to scroll 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to view your entire response. A vertical scroll bar also appears to the right 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of the AWA prompt. Be sure to scroll all the way down to make sure you’ve 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 read the entire prompt. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Spell-checking, grammar-checking, fonts, attributes, hyphenation. The 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 CAT word processor does not include a spell-checker or grammar-checker, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 nor does it allow you to choose typeface or point size. Neither manual nor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 automatic hyphenation is available. Attributes such as bold, italics, and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 underlining are not available. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 As for words that you would otherwise italicize or underline (such as 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 titles or non-English words), it’s okay to leave them as is. The readers 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 understand the limitations of the CAT word processor. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The 2 1 GRE CAT Test-Taking Experience 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 When you take a test as important as the GRE, it’s a good idea to minimize 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test anxiety by knowing exactly what to expect on exam day—aside from 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the timed test itself. Let’s walk you through the various pre-test and 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 post-test procedures and describe the physical testing environment. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1When You Arrive at the Test Center 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here’s what you can expect when you arrive at the test center: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • The supervisor will show you a roster, which includes the names 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 of test-takers scheduled for that day, and will ask you to initial 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the roster next to your name, and indicate on the roster your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 arrival time. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 • The supervisor will ask you to read a two-page list of testing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 procedures and rules. (I’ll cover all these rules in the pages 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 immediately ahead.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • The supervisor will give you a “Nondisclosure Statement.” You’re 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 to read the printed statement, then write the statement (in the space 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 provided on the form) and sign it. In the statement, you agree to the 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 testing policies and rules, and you agree not to reproduce or disclose 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 any of the actual test questions. The supervisor will not permit you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 to enter the exam room until you’ve written and signed the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 statement. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 338 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
About the CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • You’ll probably have to sit in a waiting room until the supervisor 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 calls your name. A 5- to 10-minute wait beyond your scheduled 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 testing time is not uncommon. (Taking the GRE is like going to the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 dentist—in more than one respect!) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • The supervisor will check your photo identification. (You won’t be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 permitted to take the test unless you have one acceptable form of 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 photo identification with you.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 • The test center will provide a secure locker (free of charge) for 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 stowing your personal belongings during the test. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • To help ensure that nobody else takes any part of the exam in your 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 place, the supervisor will take a photograph of you. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • The supervisor might give you some rudimentary tips about 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 managing your time during the exam. Just ignore the supervisor’s 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 tips, because they might not be good advice for you! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 • Before you enter the testing room, you must remove everything from 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your pockets except your photo I.D. and locker key. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • The supervisor will provide you with several pieces of scratch paper 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (stapled together), along with two pencils. These are the only items 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’ll have in hand as you enter the testing room. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Testing Procedures and Rules 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • If you want to exit the testing room for any reason, you must raise your 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 hand and wait for the supervisor to come in and escort you from the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 room. (You won’t be able to pause the testing clock for any reason.) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • No guests are allowed in the waiting room during your test. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 • No food or drink is allowed in the testing room. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • No hats are allowed. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • You must sign out whenever you exit the testing room. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • You must sign in whenever you re-enter the testing room (the supervisor 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will ask to see your photo I.D. each time). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 • If you need more scratch paper during the exam, just raise your hand 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and ask for it. The supervisor will happily replace your bundle with a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 fresh one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 • The supervisor will replace your tired pencils with fresh, sharp ones 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 upon your request anytime during the exam (just raise your hand). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 339 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part V: Appendix
www.petersons.com
Alert!
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 What You Should Know about the CAT Testing 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Environment 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Individual testing stations are like library carrels; they’re separated by 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 half-walls. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • The height of your chair’s seat will be adjustable and the chair will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 swivel. Chairs at most testing centers have arms. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Computer monitors are generally of the 15-inch variety. You can adjust 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 contrast. If you notice any flickering, ask the supervisor to move you to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 another station. (You won’t be able to tell if you monitor has color 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 capability, because the GRE is strictly a black-and-white affair.) 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can’t change the size of the font on the screen, unless you specifically 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 request before the exam begins that a special ZOOMTEXT function be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 made available to you. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • If your mouse has two buttons, you can use either button to click your 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 way through the exam (both buttons serve the same function). Don’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 expect that nifty wheel between buttons for easy scrolling, because 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’re not going to get it. For all you gamers and laptop users, trackballs 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 are available, but only if you request one before you begin the test. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Testing rooms are not soundproof. During your test, you might hear 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 talking and other noise from outside the room. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Expect the supervisor to escort other test-takers in and out of the room 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 during your test. Do your best to ignore this potential distraction. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • If the testing room is busy, expect to hear lots of mouse-clicking during 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 your test. Because the room is otherwise fairly quiet, the incessant 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 mouse-clicking can become annoying! 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Earplugs are available upon request. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 • Expect anything in terms of room temperature, so dress in layers. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • You’ll be under continual audio and video surveillance. To guard 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 against cheating, and to record any irregularities or problems in the 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 testing room as they occur, the room is continually audiotaped and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 videotaped. (Look for the cameras or two-way mirrors, then smile and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 wave!) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 340 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Alert!
About the CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before You Begin the Test—The Computer Tutorial 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Okay, the supervisor has just escorted you into the inner sanctum and to 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your station, and has wished you luck. (Some supervisors have been 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 known to encourage test-takers to “have fun!”) Before you begin the test, 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the CAT System will lead you through a tutorial which includes five 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 sections (each section steps you through a series of “screens”): 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. How to use the mouse (6 screens) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2. How to select and change an answer (6 screens) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. How to scroll the screen display up and down (6 screens) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. How to use the toolbars (21 screens); here you’ll learn how to: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Quit the test. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Exit the current section. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Access the directions. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Confirm your response and move to the next question. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 5. How to use the AWA word processor features (14 screens) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Here’s what you need to know about the CAT tutorial: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • You won’t be able to skip any section or any screen during 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the tutorial. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • As you progress, the system requires that you demonstrate 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 competency in using the mouse, selecting and confirming answer 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 choices, and accessing the directions. So you can’t begin taking the 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 actual test unless you’ve shown that you know how to use the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 system. (Don’t worry: no test-taker has ever flunked the CAT system 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 competency test.) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 • At the end of each tutorial section (series of screens), you can repeat 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 that section, at your option. But once you leave a section you can’t 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 return to it. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Don’t choose to repeat any tutorial section. Why not? If you do, you’ll be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 forced to step through the entire sequence of screens in that section again 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (an aggravating time-waster, especially for the 21-screen section!) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 341 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Part V: Appendix
Alert!
www.petersons.com
Tip
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • The Analytical Writing section of the tutorial allows you to practice 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 using the word processor. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • If you carefully read all the information presented to you, expect to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 spend about 20 minutes on the tutorial. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 On test day, you’ll already know how the CAT system works. So step 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 through the tutorial as quickly as you can, reading as little as possible. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 You can easily dispense with the tutorial in 5–10 minutes this way. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Remember: The less time you spend with the tutorial, the less fatigued 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’ll be during the exam itself. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Post-Test GRE CAT Procedures 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Okay, it’s been about 4 hours since you first entered the testing center, and 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’ve just completed the second of two multiple-choice GRE sections. You 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 may think you’ve finished the CAT, but the CAT has not quite finished with 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 you yet! There are a few more hoops to jump through before you’re done. 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. Respond to a brief questionnaire. The CAT will impose on you a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 brief questionnaire (presented in a series of screens) about your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 test-taking experience (believe it or not, these questions are 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 multiple-choice, just like the exam itself). The questionnaire 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 might ask you, for example: 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Whether your supervisor was knowledgeable and helpful 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Whether the testing environment was comfortable 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • How long you waited after you arrived at the testing site to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 begin the test 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Whether you were distracted by noise during your exam 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. Cancel your test, at your option. The most important question 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you’ll answer while seated at your testing station is this next one. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The CAT will ask you to choose whether to: 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 • Cancel your scores (no scores are recorded; partial 2 2 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cancellation is not provided for) or see your scores 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 immediately. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 If you click on the CANCEL SCORES button, the CAT will then give you 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 yet another 5 minutes to think over your decision. So you really have 10 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minutes altogether to make up your mind. 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 342 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Note
Tip
About the CAT
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Once you elect to see your scores, you can no longer cancel them—ever! So 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you should take a few minutes to think it over. The CAT gives you 5 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 minutes to choose. If you haven’t decided within 5 minutes, the CAT will 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 automatically show you your scores (and you forfeit your option to 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 cancel). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 3. View and record your scores. If you elect to see your scores, you 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 should write them down on your scratch paper. When you leave 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 the testing room, the supervisor will allow you to transcribe them 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 onto another sheet of paper (one that you can take home with 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 you), so that you don’t have to memorize them. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 4. Direct your scores to the schools of your choice. Once you’ve 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 elected to see your scores, the CAT will ask you to select the 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 schools you wish to receive your score report (the CAT provides a 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 complete list of schools). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 1 You can select as many as five schools at this time—without incurring an 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 additional fee. This is your last chance for a freebie, so you should take 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 full advantage of it. Be sure to compile your list of five schools before 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 exam day. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Before You Leave the Testing Center 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1 Upon exiting the testing room for the final time, the following will happen: 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1. The supervisor will collect your pencils and scratch paper, and 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 will count the number of sheets of paper to make sure you aren’t 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 trying to sneak out with any. (Then, if you’re lucky, you’ll be 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 allowed to watch while the supervisor ceremoniously rips up your 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 scratch paper and drops it in the trash basket!) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2. The supervisor will remind you to collect your belongings from 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 your locker (if you used one), and turn in your locker key. 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 3. The supervisor will provide you with an ETS pamphlet that 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 explains how to interpret your test scores. (You can take this 2 2 1 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 home with you.) 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The supervisor might also provide you with a postcard-sized invitation to 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 “blow the whistle” on anybody you suspect of cheating on the exam (the 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 22 1 invitation ends with the assurance: “Confidentiality guaranteed”). 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2 343 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
