The Venetian Empire 1200-1670 (Men-at-Arms 210)

mmID MILITARY

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

TH V

MPIR

210

IAN

200 670

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EDITOR, MARTIN WINDROW

lmm MIUT"A.Y

MEl\"-AT-ARMS SERIES

THE VENETIAN EMPIRE 1200-1670

210

Dedication I'our :\Ii·mi·r.'.

FiN puhli,llI'd in (;1"'.11 Ihil.lill ill

I~~) h~

O'pn·~. ;Ill Impl'illt IIr R",·.I (:"tNllll"r l~ol1b

Artist's Note

I.ul.

:\ lidwlill 11,111'01.'. 81 Fulh.lII, R, t,;ltl.

IAllltl.,n sw, loRn .lUli . \Ut k1.llId. "ldIHIIl"',,'. Sillc;.lporo· .tlltl T"roilin

t: (:.lp\ric;llllljHtl R'·I'fIIIIl'·fll.tliu'lallk.H,k., l.tel. R,·prilllt'flllllJ:.!. I~IIII. I!,f,

I,j)(ic;;l. ph"l.,u 11) ill~. n"t·.,J'tlill~ Ill' ulh,'''\ i.--.·. witlu.H.11 th., PI'M Ir pl·nnls;.,i< HI "r III" n"l~ rit.:111 U\\ ",·r. ElItjuirit.... ,h(lul.1 1M' .lddr'......-.c't1ll1 Ih,' l'uilli,I,,·.....

~ic:,-,Ik.

O,wid rl\II-Il-al·arms,

21U/

I, 11:lli.tlIl1lilil;ll'~

I. Tillt-

l',n·,·'

puhli_lwr..\llt·lIIluiril-.... ,Iumld Sn.rpiu Gatl"r~

'M' ;ultln""--.c'fl to:

50 Hi.t.:h Slrl"t."l.

. \lIl'i~hh l'l·-.c'I"'Wfl. .\p;"1 li,.,m ,m~ 1.111' tko.llint: fill' tl ... I>urpo.bt· "f pl;\,Il" 'Iud~. n''\t',10 II, "ritici'lIl Ill' n·\·k,,,. a..; Ix-ollill"d u'Klt-r 1111' l~)~ ,i~lll 11t',iJ.,'lI' ,\lId l':lI,·m..;. \n, 19H1t. 11 ~llpP(l1'led by Ihosl' who rt'll1 lI"ere l'llcuuragcd lhnlu).{h rat"l"S alld l'c'g". E\'l'l') mall had his Wt',q"XlIl, Ihe mosl itlllJlIt'I:tlll ht'illgstOl'cc ,It lin'S tH' Ina 1"i III'S ltad ,llways ~ai Il·d :11Jllanl shi p, Iml tllc'ir rult, becarnt: Ill. Ire im p.II·I;] III a~ WI'" POlll') became I11m't' PO\\ l,tTlll amll'xpellsi \'e. \'I'I\l"liall~ Llst'djanlin~ as 10111.' as lll(' 1:)lh l'('tllllry. whill' otlw1" \\I';ll)(II1S im.:luded cooking PlJl.~ filled Th., forlified gIlU.,)'.harbour OIl Amasra whu.. C"'DOII'li" ship.. could shelc.,r, Dol onl)' f ..om th.. Bla.,k s.,a'.. f.,a ..1I0m., ..lOrm" bUI al ..o from ri ..... l V.,n..lian. Onoman and OIh ..r fl.,.,ts. II waS "v"r)' ..in.pl""lruClur., compa ..ed 10 Ih.. lat"'.. V..n"'lia. gall",y_ harbour al Z.dar (..",,,, pag.. 2.4)'

Carv",d ;"'01")' ~ntl ... of an ....... Iy ..."h .,.... Iory lIa.I;.....ddl",. H",re ,. knight h:IIl' a I);r..".1 h",lm and ",a.. ly form!! of pial" .rmour for hi" .rm" and I"'gll (Louv ....., Pari,,).

with soap to makt' lht' l'Ilemy's dt'('ks slippl'l'y, lin'· grcllacks alld blitlding: sulphul', SWitnllllTS ('tluld en'll ;lllOu:-k lhl' IOt·'s hull.thrl':ul'nil1g Illsink hint though in li,el wry fC:w ships Wt"l"l' '.l'lually ~uttk in tlwdk\'al W;.r1ilt"t", Cro:>s!Juw:> \lt'rl' tlllW lIlt" I\l;lill long-distancl' \\'I"on, e:OIllan and IJllarcling still dl"ciding the lilla IClute. lint". I II I 3{ ):'1 tilt' ,l..(t fVt't"IIIll :md al'11le:d 1llerChamlll~'llli'ol1l I1t(,Il'r\"t'd at sea, ami 110 ll1:lI'ititll(' (1)IIdull;,ri are: n::l"Orde:d 1111lillltt;' mid-tlilh ('c'lIllIr)". A nOI hlT illl purt a Ilt lUll ndat ion l ,f'VI"IICI i:lll 1l:1 \' known 10 i\lustim marillers as t:arly as th(' 11th century alld may alS() han' been known 10 the Byz;ulJirU's, Oth(,1' tt'chnical a(h-anccs indLl(kd till' n'lllpass, which was ('karl)' or Islamit' and llllimaldy Chillt:se origin. Ramming was nu Inn~t:r all irnportant naval tat.:tic, the trill' ralll having het.:ll rq)lal't.:d by the higher ami mon' flimsy mimI' or hoarding 'bcak' cad)' in Ihc rt.liddlt· A~~'s; bUI ('\'cn ,I ml(af cOllld smash the Cllt'lny's 0,11"5 ,1l1d (Tippk his ruwers, A /{alky's ddcll(TS Wl'lT nl11l"l,.'llIralt:d in lh\, bow, whl"l"e a stl,ne-lhrowin,1{ l'alapllll might also hc

8

mOllnled in Ihe woolrnllgl~ ddi..'ll(!I·d bo\\~ poilllinj.!; 0111 10 st·a. 01' lx' mournl ~lI'n, to lilt' Iwadl n':lcl~ h, Ix' cui lou~ ~11:1 mlln1t'III'~ Iltltin.·, En'n lilt' appl.';lr;IlI ,mall ~1I11~ we're h) thcn muUlHl·d t1111-;"~11IC),.1 Ild rOllnd ship:. Itl ("Ill duwn ,hI' 1'11\'111) Ht'\\. \\ hik a ~illgh- Iargl'l' cannon could I,.,· plan'd ill a j.!;alle~ 's 1)0\\ lopicrn'lll\'t'llt'llI) 's hull or topplt: hi.. m.I"t. Sueh \\r~lpOIII') 011 III'S! pmn'd \'l'r) SUC'Tt.....d lll a~:tilhl Olluman galll'y", \\ hOSt' ncws ..Iill T1lf~,h u"t,d t'umpnsilt" btl\\~. River \Varfare \ 'I'nin' \\ .IS .Iho i 11\ 111\ t'c\ in \\ al'!;ln' along Ihe hroad l·i\'lT.... lakl·.. antlillarsht.~ Ilrnorthern Iialy. though 1101 al WOl}" \\ il h .,-:rl'al ..ucn".., l\ Ilist such campaigns a ro:-t , alin \ "'lIiIT 1'(II'(j Ill'n,d wide Il'rrilOrit.:s 011 Iiw Trrm FIIIIIII ill \\ hal an' 110\\ Lomhard), tht., \ 'cnew ami Friuli. wlwrt· ri\'('1' IIn'ls l'Hlllel support VI'll\'liall land arlllil'~. F\ltt-~izl'd ~all\')'s 0IXTalcd 011 I.akl· Garda ami ~rt'''1 l'in'rs likl' JIlt' Po, Kelt-relll'\' t\1 tl1I' liri>t pJlllrul/1 prubahly lIwalit small .{{alh·ys Wilh an llppn lig"ll1ing: ckck 0\"\'1' Ihe lI'Il'Slllt:l1. Olher \·es:'(·J.~ ilicludl'(l sailill.l;" ships. anti till' link barrllf whit'h l':tI'I'il'd only Ihrl"\' rOWl'l" and lW\, (l"\I."S1JIIWI"l·ll. Vt.'llicl· t11ililltaill(·d sizcalll\' l1n'ls of Sill'll \"\'ssels until lhe use or ,It'curatc 1·,mIlOIi. lirillg-li'lI111 a ri\'cr's hanks. plll an e11'i:cti\"(' \'lId 10 t hi~ typl' or \\'a r1:u'e al thl' wd of Ihe 151 h t't'I\IUI"), Thi~ wa1>, IHI\\'t·\"\·I·. a lorm ot" l'ombat ill whieh SAJIIW or \'cniel"s ri\'al~ \\"\'re aln'ady skittt'd. E\'en tilt' IIl't'l or six Kalkys and '.!5 smallt:r crali which \"'lIke btlll("hl·d Oil I.ake Garda ill Ih\' Willll'!' or I 1:19 -10 \\:lS aimosl inmll'diald)' dc!tII'lI)'t'd h~ \liIOlIlI"'I' lakt: cran, 'I'hi~ had IX'\'n an epic ut' milit:tr) t'lIgillcl'rin~ in \\hich. 101' 15 day..., till' Vt:IIt'liam hault'd Iheir ships up til\' Ri\'Cr Adig(' ami :\t'nJ'~:t 10\\ 1I1UUlltain ratl~c 10 I.., kt, Garda,

,

TIo", ....d"'.t Trocar. D.lrna,o., which .I.iII ....'" c.....itd V.-tiaa

..rm.

~,_r

""'-I ;ala ;1. wall ...

The Army The \'1·1lt·li"n ;Inn)' \\ a~ '1"i,,' a.. dli"("lin' a, ih Ike!. cit-spilt' jihe.. Ihal lilt' ma ...... h·d\\cllitl~ \\'lleliam didn"t \';'lIIm hO\\ til riel~' prupt'rl}, Tht' "rmin. uf 131h n:ntur} h.lli;m '1.111" .tln'ad) induded IlIt'I't'I'Il;II;I':- li'lllll I1ll1t'r IlOlrt-. of tilt' I.:uunlr~ ill "del it im, It, a Ii '1Il1 ,t1 It-atlt·J'·.. I m II 111I1111111111, \Iusl ('nrl} I:~th CI.·lItUI') \\·I1\·ti,ltltroops \\1'1'('. hll\\I"\'I'I". ~liII n>(,"l'uilt·d li·"m lht· 1.1).:01111 ,11','.1, ph" a It,\\ 1);t1rn;lli,1l1 and 1~II'i,11I ll'udal nllllill~(·nt:-. In cmcr!(t'llri,.... likl' lhal HI' l.l!),!, lh~· \·ellt.'liall pari..lws rl'gi""'rrd all malt ... 1)I:I\\I't'll I i and ()o )".;1 ..... or a~l' arid li~It'l1 all IIII' \\(':'1)(/11 .. thl') pOS.'il:"Sl·CI. I h(l.~t' r;llk,d It I lit:hl 1)I'ill~' Irj.!;alli~l·d inlo groups or I:.!. Sueh dorllt.·~lit- lro"p". 1'lIlIscript~ .lTId \'Olllllll'tT'i, \\('1'1' slitt p..dtTred to rlll'rt,:ellarit'~ in I.Ilh cl'nlur~ \'t·niCt'. \In..t lilllJ.:hl 011 li.K'1 ",hilt' richer IIlt'll or arislocrat-. "1·tTt'd a.. a t·a\·alr~. as I hI') did ill att Italialll·ilies. !\ n·.L:i... tt'l' CIt" l:tiH ('slim,Hed that 3",000 \'l·llt·tialls ('ould hc'ar hin~ dewellInc·nl.; 1'1' \\ t'll-c'(l tlill!>l,'d ill!:l nll-y. 'I'hl' .\!'Sellal ilSl:lr wa~ alsu a \\ C'a P( illS !:ll'lIl1'~ and arm~ l>lorl'. as \\'dl :L~ IX'inK tilt' 1ll"'1 1;llllOU' :.hip.huildill!-{ yard ill Europc" III I:i I I lin Ie.. ." Ihall 1.131 (Tus."I)(Jw" \\tTl' "lurc'c1 \\ilhil1 il" \\alk \\hill' il hUl 1101 tllltillhe nisis or I ~JI ,!\ had pa"l'cl n'llid a ru[ [ m"'I'ha It 1 f ,I" Ihe \'I'IWd:lll milili,r ,'y'lc'lll Ill' clrl'ied nul.

ur

her 10 lill',lll'I' 'I '1'I'i Iori:t [ n,pa lI~i!lll, \'('1 rin' weill 011 III l'llllfjlll"t" a lal)(" pari (If llltrllltTtl ;lllt! IlurthCaSll'rn Ila[y. Tholl~h 111(' gH\'('l"1ll1l1'l11 am[ military organisatiun of Ihl'~\' l\·niIOl·i", I'ari,'d. il Wil~ gellt'ral[~ It':'s llppn'l>,i\'t, ,h:111 1,1:.1·11'111'1'1' ill [t:rly, \'cilin' W:tS, Ill' eClUl"I', pl·illlaril~ l'(1I1('I'l"lIl'd willI !\t..Turity, liK'K1 \llpplics .Iud aCCl',s tjl tilt' Alpil1e pa£.'l."S rat!If'r lhall mililal') ,1(101')" ~, thai hl'" li",hl hand in"pircc! CUlhidl'l'ahll' [O)allY 1111 IIII' T,.rm Fim/(l. This \la," ,'\I'll '1'11(' ill .1 h.u'k\\:lrd and :.Iill C'SSc:ntially r('uclal an'" likl' Frilili. \dll'rl' tilt' \larlikl" Friulani \1'('1'(' IIc'I,·1! a, ,,,ord'llll·ll. '/rcrm Firma urhan mililia.. or (Juli"ml:;'f lraim'(! l'al'h SUlJda~. Stal..e

or 'Orlaado' by Sooino of Milaa, '1'3- ni" Io..oh~bl. Dubroyo..ik, wu" cypical ... rly ISlb Uo.l .. ry Italiao. armour of Ibe k ••d ..>led by Ih" military Hil .. of Dalmatia (i...i,,, .... i .. sq........ Dubro..... ilt). rq>re1Jeolia~

ArUlies al hOUle and abroad V,-nin" s liJ-S1 M'riuu,' ill\'n1t't'llll'IH on I1w 7 rnll Firma daled Ii'om ':J:iB. \\ilh Iwr elt-r('al of Padua and SC:iZllft' (,I' 'I'r('\ i'>ll. J-1('llcdill'll, \ 'l'nicC' was ,I major pmlt'r 111I lilt' Iialian lll:tin[:llld, and after q:.!3 a lilllllarlll'nlal ,hili in \'I'IIt'dan policy cOllllllilll"d

'3

I sia nIHil l (:or'~1 ;1I1l iIlClph') ill 1'W'I, \ 'I"nin' ca t't'fully a l1l11l1 bel' Ilrslr" tq~i(' Il'TTi tnl"il'." ;I~ lilT ~hal"l' or Ibe ~hallt'l"ed ByZ,Il11ilH' Empirl', SIll' was lH,t inll'!'l'sl('(1 ill btW' mainland lI'ITilori,'s whid1 \\Ol,ld 1)1' dink-lilt 10 ddi'ml ami I'Xpl.'tlsin' 10 gon"l'n, Rall,,'r Ihl" \'I'I1t'li;ltI~ \\;lI1t("(1 dumination or Ih,' IU(T,ui\'t' Irack rOllll'~, :-11 tht') IlHlk parlOr I S(;lll bul ilst'll: a ('ha i n Ilri~lallds a II(llllo~1 Ill' til(' hesl harhllurs around (;n'('ce. Fin"l1~ 1I11'~ hlltl.~ht IIIl" greal i~laml ore",'I\'I()!' 3(1lh~ of~llld. ,'\"nin' had thl", al (lilt' slrok,', WOIl an I'mpirt', Orl-::ltli~il1,1{ il was alllilher lila tl("I', "'h\" (,lei \',',,,'t i:lll ll'l"ril"ri('~ in lilt' Adnatil' had f('tailll"d Ilwir tr.Hlilillnal ~'SH'm~ or gOH'l"llllll"nl, lhoUJ.:::h IImlt-r \'t,,1t'li,1II ellulll~ tlr lucalliUlIilil':' or prll\ I'll It,~ alt~. TIll" 1It"\\ ('mpir(' in 'Romania '. :I~ it \\a~ kml\\ n, \\ a~ plat','C1 unrl(T ~OH'rnnrs M'nl din'(,II~ Ihlln \'t'lIin·. Cn'H' \\a:. sli~hll) dilli.'n'lll 011 ;\Ct' t hOSt, Ii.'" (; rt'l"k arisllKTa IS \\ ho l"('tai 11t'{1 1Ill,ir blld. Permanl'l11 rnilitar~ Ir,rc,,,, YMIII "PI)(';ll'I'{1 d!o('wh\"n' ill thi~ l'mpi"I', lon~ hdi,rt, Ihl') did ill tilt" Trrm Fimw, :\ItJ~t \\','rl' enli~II"(1 li'urn Ihe IlIct! M'lt'('l~'d

'SI M •.,....,I.. _ " ~IDLiD! by V"«ou ofK.~ln', 0474,. P.rt of • .",.,Ie of ~inl'''I. i" l'OIrb whi.,h i.e1ud", lypic-lIy V"'D"""" w"'pDlllIlIu ..h •• Ihe Ihr_blad«l ......"" .nd, •• h..re, typi ... 1 Germ. . . .rmour, V,.neli.n 1.lri. w •• bounded by AUlilria while "un•• ry ."d Ollom.. n- .... led Bo....l. I.. y just Dyer Ih", moua ...l"li (i.. #t .. .,hllr..h ofSt, M .. ry, s..... mJ,

and tlllalkd ahollt :)O,Olllll1WIL ItllllallY an'a~ Ihe old l'll\llllr~ k\'il'~ had n'lllailled l'lIi'erin' fighlin~ lroop~ t1lrllu,!..;'ho1l1 till' l:llh {'t'tllllI'Y. Such forcl'S Wt'l"l' rt'\,jnxl ";Irly ill lilt' tlilh celliury wht'll Ihey wel"l' kllO\\"1 a~ rl'll/it/r, El-wwlwt't, Ihl' IJI"asalllry ~t'r\'nl a~ rllral g'll1'rrilla~, hara:.~ill.1{ {' i~IaII(I, \lilll.1 Ira(lili"11 f,t'lliraq, ,llid ril!t' 111l1U~h 11:t1iall l'a\'all") \ll'n' mill"(' ran,ly ;"l('lTS., 1'I 1111' \ i I,d I; U't'l>h frol" \\ hieh nU~1 \','11"[ iall rt'i"nrckd, I.oeal ,/rflflioli prll\'idrdllw bulk orhor~l'­ ~hip" \Wrt' huill. Otlll'rwi,,' \'c'lIin' h:lcl 110 i11ll'n"1 '111(lit"'s, 11\ I hI' bkak li1ll,"1 ('11\' 11H ,unwill' "I' I Ill' hinllTl:t ml. I':adl pan orlhe \'I'll1'li,1II t'11Ipin' dilli:rnl ill tilt' Sornl' dIll''' IIt'l"" ohli,L:I'c1 III ~lIppl~ "hips to 'hv details oril., Illilil:1 I) 1 Ir)..\a Ili~a Iit Ill. I". ri:t had rill,. II y "I'lll'li;llll1t'I" Zadar 110 II'~S Ihall :\0 g-nlley~ fillly b'TII 1'!'ll(lltl'l'l'd 1"1,' ill Ih,' 1:~lh Cf'Il111ry "tiel" a manned "'hill' all had III 'lIpply ,'i:lilors, plus snit's Ill' a n1llhi I,il Ill' up,'r" Ii( 'liS lJ) g:a Iky llet'ls .. rill.: lIlililias fi'1" 111"it' OWll ddi'lIt'c. '1'11t1l1J..(h 111l' lllrl i lil'a Iilllll> 1'1' 1111 N' pla("t'~' likc ·I'ric.'ll: ane! KoplT cou111ry~idl' 1'1'III
had less armour-penetrating- 'apabilil than rossbows, thollgh Ihey wer(' rh ',,!wr; bUI il11prov 'l11('nl: illih '111 nuhrlurt' I'salLJ eln' '1I1d the IISI' r10ngcr barrels rapidly in rcast'd Illuzzk vclnril ',The gr 'al cilcli. n rondl/lliff/-leader. :olkolli, was popularly CTt'dilt'd wilh lirl't using lid I arlilkr ' Oil l1lobik carriages, an I Ihou~h ht' mig-hl Ilnl aClUally han' b n tht' Ii r:t. h ' ('cn a i 11 h, us 'd IIll's(' 111'\\' w 'a pon: ,"I" '11 ll't"ril"ric'~

:LII(I till'

Tt'ITt/ /'j"rfl/a

WITI' \a~ Ihal lhe Ottoman Htilun' to conquer Ital)'. Iarg:d~ as;1 rcsult Ur\'('IU'lialr reSiSI. fi'Olll Norlh Alrica. VI'I rill')' \\,(·ft' l1()t piralt'~ ill till' Inw ~"'I\I·. ,illn' dll'ir' ,ll'Ii\·ilit.:>.. like lhosl' or Christian I'lJr~:l1r, atta('killg' ~lu~lirn ";!Iippirlg, \\lTt' g'l'rlnall~ lil'crN'd II} llwir n·'pc,,·tin· gCI\,e1'llll11'lll '.

Veneli.n wnodeul !Ihowing Ihe ~iege nf P.d.... NOle lhe besiegers' .. _ of degli AgoSlini, U S"cuu; Bell.'ci p .. bli"hoffi in '521),

'.!l

'SI GecriP' by Carpll""io, ",1:;00, Tl!p Kllinl 's shown a,. a full)' equipped V",.."'l'a.. mll..... I-lIrml;, Ihough wilboul a h"lm"'l U" S"uola di S" Giorgio d"gle S"hiavoni, Venice},

.,'t"

TIll' maill tlir~'at to \"ellin"\ O\'I,:rs('as po~~~SSiOllS 11,. III rally ea me li"llm II Il' Oll( HIM ns. 'I 'he Empire f)(l ,\fafl' \\'a,~ Ih 1I"~ divided i1110 Ii 'Ill' ddi:llsi Vt· %Ol1t'S: tlH' Gulfof\"t:nin: ,wei 1~lria: Dalmatia ami ils isl:lnds: Ihl' {;In·k j,bmls and Crl'l!": :Ind, 1;11' In til(' (':LSI, Cypru:i, which had only I;dlt'rl umlt-r Vl'llt'lian nltmol in q!l!J' Ihllllalia st'ITt'd as Ihl' maillslar of \'l'nClian 11,1\',.1 pOll"c'r ",hilt- thl' rt~llIrtl1l' m:ll"ilimc t,tnpin' n:lairlt'd ib ori,~illal slralt'gil' functiOl1 as :I chaill or hC,IVil~' dt'f;"ndl'd baSt'S, 1Iluu,~h lht, Ollllllla ns had :11 read) hr{Jkt'lI IhroLl,l~h thi"~ chain in 111 a lly plan's" '1'111:1'1,' was abo a II in,reasi 11g 1I'IIdl"lll"y {fl!' \'('niel"s Crn'k ami Iblk:in sul~i("("L~ lu nl'l' the I,TCl" IlI'avicr hand nfVt'III",iall t'ol('llial ruk li)r lhc rt:l:tli\'t' rrcl'duill of OllOlllan tt:-rrilOry, To sunw CSIClll V('!Iin- was sun"j,"iug on her pasl rcpulalion" III fact. SIKh was Illl' :I,\','SOllW nUll(" or lilt: Arsenal Ill:It II~'WS clf :LllI II III.: r dn'as(a ling" t:Xplll:.icln in ISi19 wa" said III ha,"(' t'III'UIlraKl-d the Ollomans IQ irl\'a(k, and ultimat..!r sc'iz(' Cyprus"

The Fleet Dert:llCI' or "'"t'l'lwas baSI'S slill fl'sled primarily till Ilw g:allcy fln"t whoSI' news wnc still used as land or alllphjhillll.~ (;!1Tt'~" SlJ/ll"I/rll//lili ,~allc'~ caplaim. \\'1'I"t'

11ll' ('Iitl.: of llle \"'~rKtial1 ll1ilit:lr~ 1'"~I7'2) ,'0 lllwr l11el11l)('r, Ihe crrw I ad tu hdp luad, shill and (,\'l'n lir' Ihe gUliS, Th ',l' \1'('1"('

or

\'01 U I iOIl,

ThulIgl lire-pot and ther Iradilional ineClleliary k\'in's w 'I'(' slillleing usul, l'undal11'nlal change' in lIa\'al gunnery \ el'l' bccoming apparent , ' dlorls were 1'11idcrabk IHyall), to Veniet" whih- lilt' supposedly ('i\'ili;1I1 lirolw/illlri look ,HI inlTeasing-ly illlpunalll njk ill positiolls (II' (Olllllland, At their ht'ad a 1'l'r}lIt'di/lll' Ul'/Il'ml had his OWIl guard of I '.! 10 'lj halhcrdit't"~, plus a I"ull slall: OthiT IJI'Qlw/ilol'; l'ommalldnl lilt' li,l{hl ('a\'alry and I/mdiu/i" while a special t'Urps or 1~/IIl'I'llill!I'i rllIl' FOl'/I'::';:'1' was eSlahlisltl'd in 15,1'" tn Sllpt'T\'isl' Ill\' Rt:puhlic's fixed ddl'm'(':., Others arn1l'd alld Ir(lincd lhe peasant \'ollintecrs or tll(' Trn'iso area, cuntrolled tilt' liccnst'd pilla,~illg ofl'tLcmy lCl'ritory. till' allocali(\tl or :milln)" Ill' llw Slll'\'l')'ing or li"Olllicl's, The Arst:nal \\'as ;tlst! nlll liy!lful'rtlilori,

33

IIH1llg-h it prll\'nllilr ea'llT t~1111alllll:lt'llln't'llf)l1f{h \\t'apnt!s IIt:l.lllog":ltlwllll" thl' lnlllps wht'rt' and WIII'Il Ih..:~ \\I'l"I' IU·l·rkd. 'I'he arm y it.~,'Ir.'1 ill induckd lllili Ii", frOl11 \ "t'nin' ,md Ilw 'I"m FilII/fl. and many llwmbl't"s Illl' pOlln'r at'i~t(lITa('y had Ii II It' l'!loin' hUI IU bl"nl1lw l>lIldi~T~. Yt'l til,' n"nall quality o(\\·tl..:lian arlllil" had cll'dilll'd I>adly I)~ Ihl' c;,rl~ 17111 '·ellllll·y. I-I..:a,·y col\alry III filII pl,'tt' armour amI riding'bardl'(l' or announ·r1 hor!ws WI'1"I' anachronistic in Ibis n..:\\' agr or 'in'arlll~ but lli..:y WlTI' rl·taitl..:d. lhoug-h in dt'l"l"easing llUmhl:I'~. li.1' rl'a~om or prt·sti.I.;"(· and ttl gin' lilt' ricltl'l" al'iSI{l(Tal'Y a :-,'Il:-{' 01" military Pl1l']lO~t'. Such Iwa,')' c";l\'alry Wl't"(: ~till "r~alli.s,·d ill 1(/1I:;i (,1"01\,' man-aI-arms. lWO liJ.{hlJy ,Irnwd ridtTs \,'ilh ~pl';lr or ("ro~sh(lw. alld a mUlltllnl .~I'r\,'llll. EtJ(wt., II. n'lTllil IHII)kml'11 aJj lighl ,·a\,.,lry \\1"1"1' only panially ~lleccssrlli. lhough I1H: i:;,~uillg: or hl'''\')' llll'ti-al-anns with a pair 01" pistols did prolong th..:ir mililary riJlt-. By tilt' 17lh l·..:lll11ry, en'alry !ann' ;Uld sword h;ld finally hCl'n aba nch ,l1l:d iII iiI \'011 r 1.1' pi~t III a ncl sword .. nil: gun, Ilw'mally Illl\V a I'diabk \,'Iwdloek weapOI1 Ihat 1ll:nled I1U maid], would be fiH'djuSI helor\.: contact wil h Ille lill:, wlwl'Cli p'lll Ihe :-\\"ol'd I\'('uld be dra \\'11. Such tal·lin' w('l'e. 1111\\·(·\·1.... co:-dy in hnrsl·~. LJl1rinK thl: \'arl) part lbe IGth ('l:llIlIry, Vel1l:lia II li.~ht l'a \'alry or Iia lia 11 origin WCl'e moslly ., rmed wi Ih cl'Ilssbo\\"s or a rq Ill'bmes a lid. II nli kc lIlt· J/mdiuli, lfJughl more as rnomHed illl~lIltr)' than real ca\·alry. ~IaIIY of' tho~,· invol\'t'd ill the almost glll'l'l'il1a warf;tn' 01" till' Friuli,lIl I"roillil'l' cal'l'icd s11l;11l l1l,lldllnck handglllls. alll'C~IOrS or thl: tnl..: pi~IOI. Ot!wrs, calkrl rm·llfll'rilllrgj.!irm. woa' platcd lia 11':· all Iw1lwd m"inl:!ill culU'sinn ill 1J;11l[", whill' a [('w milili" Ullih t'H'll won' till' rl'd alld whil,' 1I1lifilnll livery llfllw \\'1I1·ti,m Captain C.·11IT;I!. \'I'lli('"I"" militia, Illa~ h;l\'.· ht"t'1J nltln' dll'clin' lhall those nfnilln Ellrnpeallll:llilll1.~,yet tht'ir n'al valut' app":rrs to han' hl','n IIHlral ratlHT lh;llI milit ,'mpirIur)', showing a t)'pical Italian Ilword of lhe period, (LouvrP, Pari")

GirnlallltJ l'rillii 1101\'r\ifil"llions ( I' Ihl' 'mpire Ofl I/(lre had. ill lal'l, bcell o\'crlooked lilt" . car:, bUI IhoLl~h Ihl' ' \\'t're small and old 1~lshillncd llw)' had gel1l'1'ally b('cl1 well maintained, Such c!l'IlIIlS \\tTI' IlwlJ rt·\'XI>I\rll'd ,III O"t'I' Europt' :ltlc! Ih.. Iblk;lII~. -1'1

Forlijirnliol/: .\, Ddln \':llk {·e1il.. l'OIr:ill r i 7/1,,/';. Srol/I"; I' CIJ/!lrlllill IIi 111/1 cil"ililu f~lil,1ll 19!i:l' indudt .... anid{'Sunl'lrlilkaliclIl & mililar~ l"IllllilJ1ltalilltl. G. Gl'ml". I //IUlllilllrllti l'N/flr lIr1fi'o/fI fli (.",,/(1,;; \ol~ \ '{'nin' 1!j(lfl :i! 1 P. ~I:tl't.'h,,,,,i. I'illlr::.::.r 1·,./II'::,wI/r 1],/1 'i!Ji ~Iilall I~}H'I '

L". Piunrdlll &

\',

flr/r.lf,IOIalr III I"mr::.ifl

Fntll:lll,l. \'l'nin'

I'irll('

r

!.r.!!om

l!tH:i '

,lIi!ita~l' 111;!1,(/IIi}flliOll:

J,

K. Hale. ·~lt-Il alld \\\',lpon,: TIl{' Fig:hlitl~' l'oil'lllial of Si"({'('lllh-CI.'llIUl'~ \·t,tl\·tian (;allqs.' ill II"fIr am! Som~l': .1 rf(/,-hfll)~ uJ .\lilit",), 1-1;~tlJl"l" nlil, B, Bonel & I, Kl'~ {I,lllldt'll I~J75l, pp, I '13, ;\1. It ~lalkLl & J. R, Hal< .. 'FI,,' .IIilitfl~1" (h,l!.rllli::.alilJl/ rtf (/ }(ru/li'~(lIIrr SI",(': "f'/Iirr I, I l'It' In Ifili (Carn1l1'id.L;\' l~II'Il. :\, TI'Ilt'tl1i. I'il'l/(I' & 11i(' /),'dillr '!.I "l'IIill' Il.ondotl t~l-jl J.

,I: 71i,. 1:Jlft .11: I'rut/illll

I'I'I/tlll)'

~/Ii,f{hl, ml"{l'

qlh

fI'llllI~r

I)uritl~ lhl' t'ady l:i1h ('I"tlllll)' Vt'lll'lian arm" ami arlllour wert' hasit':dly thl' s;llln' a_~ 111lI~e nflh(" rl.'~1 of ltnly, Earlier L'ly".r.atllilw inllul'I1l"I' had I"rg:d~ disa ppt:'ar('d alld Illt'r,' had a~ yCI IK.... n lilile Urit'llla I itllllll'nf(' from tht' \'t"lI'ti:lll O'TI~'a~ t:lupirl'. On Ihc otllt.:r halld Italian ,t~k.. tllt'lll~d\'l" difl.Iorosilli has bC('11 ~i\'t'n a l>anil"ularly lil1\' lornl 1'1' Ilalr arrnOlll' wilh a matching- lobSler-tail 11wnTlt' hdlllt'l \\"orn 1)('1H';llh his I~ picallblbll ll'athel'l'd Clp. this "olulltcl'l' is dl'a1'l~ fl"llrn Ollt' f,r \·(.·llic("\ Halbll lerrilnril'~. pnlhalJl~ 1101'1111'1'11 Ihlrnalia. 'rht' dt'l'orali\,(' bauds ;HTms his tUlllt' had lhl' sam(' lwig-ill as (lIe 1:'II'rd"cnr;,tic)ll~ Wlfnl II}' Ilus:-;lr lig-hl C':f \';' Iry. A p;I rt [i'ol11 ;( si IIlplr' da,l{~I'" t';t pi Un·d li'urn Ih,' Oltulllalls_ IH' is al"llll'd witll :a slr;tIl,~'" :tll-infll cOlllhinl'd war-aXI' ami whvdlul.'k musket. [1\l;tin sourc('s: 'Scappoli' ill \'l"\'dlio's C'o'(IJIIlt' Iju"k: ax\"· gUll. I'arly 171h C... \rlllnllr~ IIftl1\' 1Jf),~c"s P;lla\"('. \'('nice.l

-'7

NOles sur leli planches en couleur A.

l~' l.,,~c 1~"N-I,,'r tI,-

r,,,,,,,,,,,

Farbtafeln

(., d,n"li..,", 1< fa" 'l'>'il,O. D] Ih,..n q".. d.. I", f ... :"-all.';e )("".,~,-" ",,,do-, f3 lli" ~ ..,'(ht>(I..." ..\' .. 'n~' ..•.", d,.. ,(" ~;i"

~" ... Ii'"

.l.. h.hund.,,,

~""l...,, .,1,,,.,,,,.,, ..."""".

CominUt!d

160 44 41 90 106 111 199 211 111 88 116 181 U1

151 149 192 161 172

185 189 B.4

114 119 151 116

110 104 161 98 106 116 96 17

78

115

from

Nap's Nap's Nap's N.1IH Nap's Nap's

t«k 'o~,

Guard Infantry (2) German NIleS (I)

GerrNl> Allies (2) German Nlies (3) German Allies (4) German Allies (5) Nap's Spe,;,alLst Troops Nap's o,.erseas Army Nap"s Sea Soldlllrs Nap's It.lhan Troops Ausv"", Army (I ~ Infantry Austn.1l1 Army (2~ Cavalry AuIUl.1l1 SpeooI'lt Troops Pf\JS\.laO l.II1e "'Ianlry PrvsSlaO L'ghllnf.mtry Prvs\W> Reserve 8. Ircegulars Prussw> Cavalry 1792 1607 P"hSl·6 56 Mco<J of WW2 115 The Royal Air Focce 10 US Army 1941.45 216 Thl: R.cd Army 1941-45 146 The fl.omanIiIn Army 220 The SA 1921 45 1
'! """"""', •D~~

I

I sa I 175 3 180 ~. 243 5

GallIC & BrItISh Celts Po1I'th4ans & Sassantds $pain 118 8.C.·19 B.C. rhe ~gton', Army

(I); 1775·1778

NAPOLEONIC PER'OD 157 Napoleon\ ~ III Italy 79 Napoleon·s EgyplJin Campa>gn

87 Napoleon's Marshals 64 Nap's CUlr~ssltrs & CaribK1iers SS Nap·s Dragoons & Lanc.ers 68 N~p·s lJne Chaosseurs

76 Nap's Hussars Nap's Guard Cav~I')' .41 Nap's U"" Inf&r1!')' .... Nap's Ught Infantry IS] N~p·s Guard Infantry {11

n

.84 PollShArmoes 1569·1696(1) Tille tiu cOIIfitlUed 00 imide bock co"",

Avec annotatIons en fran,.als sur les plandtes .., couleurs. Mit Aufzeichnunaen auf Deutsch Ilber den hrbufeln,

ISBN 0-&5045-899-4

9

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