The South Stoa and Its Roman Successors

P I E T

East End of South Stoa, Restored

D E J O NG

CORINTH RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICALSTUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME I, PART IV

THE

SOUTH

STOA

AND

ITS

ROMAN

SUCCESSORS BY

OSCAR BRONEER

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1954

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRINTED BY OFFSET IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, LIMITED LONDON, BECCLES AND COLCHESTER REPRINTED

1971

PREFACE From the published records of the excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, the history of ancient Corinth is gradually being rewritten. As whole sections of the city have been uncovered and each monument is made to tell its story, the recordshanded down by ancient historians are supplementedand clarified.Political events assume a new significance as outlined against the background of the material progress and decay revealed by the ruins. Incidents barely mentioned by the historians become important factors in the city's history because of the imprint left upon the material remains. The destruction inflicted by the Herulians upon Corinth in the year A.D. 267 exemplifies the contribution of archaeologicalinvestigation to the history of the city. The extent of the devastation is vividly revealed in the ashes and tumbled walls of several public buildings gutted by the fire. The South Stoa throws new light on another event of far greater significance to the Corinthians and to all the Greeks. This is the formation of the Hellenic League, following the defeat of the United Greeks by Philip of Macedon at the Battle of Chaironeia in 338 B.C. Corinth then became for a brief period the capital of the Greek world. This event, which marks the beginning of the transition from Hellenic to Hellenistic, coincides in time with the construction of the Stoa. The dominant position within the city, the immense size and the intricate plan of the building do much to accentuate the revolutionary changes of whichCorinthbecamethe center at this time. The League was short-lived. Sporadic attempts to resurrectit in the decades following Alexander's death came to no lasting results.

The South Stoa remained unchanged, but it was made to serve other needs of the city. It becomes particularlyimportant as a source of information on the life of Corinth during the hundred fifty years between the beginning of the third century and the destruction of the city by the Romans in 146 B.C. After the Roman colony was established underCaesar,the gigantic structure was forced into a new pattern of city planning. Although it was partially demolished and rebuilt, its fundamental character was unaltered, and it continued to dominate the architecturaldesign of the city's forum. Through more than six centuries, its fagade remained virtually unchanged. The history of Corinth during those centuries is reflected in the vicissitudes of the great South Stoa and of the many smaller buildings which the Roman colonists crowded into the space occupied by the Stoa shops. The study of a monument of such magnitude has been slow and arduous. Although part of its foundation appeared in the first campaign of excavation in 1896, the form of the South Stoa was not revealed until 1904, and then only half of the building was recognized. The south half with its shops and storerooms and its ingenious system of refrigeration became known for the first time in 1933. Then followed six campaigns of excavation in the course of which the whole vast city square was uncovered. The clearing of the South Stoa down to the Roman level had just been completed when the operations were discontinued as a result of World War II. Up to that time very little progress had been made toward a final study of the Stoa, and much of the delicate digging on which such a study would be based remained to be done.

vi

PREFACE

Work on the final publication began in 1946. In the excavation of that year, many of the shop wells were cleared to the bottom and an immense amount of pottery and of other discarded gear of the shopowners was brought to light. While these investigations were in progress, the late Leicester B. Holland began making the plans and drawings. At the end of that year, 1946-47, considerableprogress had been made both on the plans and the manuscript, but much of the work still remained to be done. The tedious task of completing the drawingslagged behind. GeorgeV. Peschke continued work on the ground plans at such times as he was able to be away from his duties in Athens. Further delay on the Stoa publication was caused by my departure from Greece in the summer of 1948 when I joined the University of Chicagofaculty. In 1950 I spent the spring and summer in Corinth, continuing the work on the Stoa. In a brief campaign of excavation an immense amount of most valuable material appeared; at the end of that season the excavation of the Stoa was completed. Mr. Peschke, and for a short time Elias Skroubelos, continued work on the ground plans, which were finishedin the fall of that year. Finally in the spring of 1952 I returned to Greecefor the purpose of starting the excavation at the Isthmian sanctuary, and to resume work on the Stoa publication. By good fortune, the American School was able to obtain the continued services of Piet de Jong, who completed all the drawings required for the publication of the Stoa. The first complete draft of the text was then written. This was further revised and partly rewritten in the fall of 1953, when I was able, as a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, to devote three months of uninterrupted work to the completion of the Stoa publication. Special problems not directly connected with the study of the ruins arise at the close

of the debris, accumulated throughout more than two milleniums of almost constant occupation, resulted in a discouraging and unsightly pile of stones covering the ancient foundations. All the blocks had to be sorted and examined and the useless stones removed and eventually built into retaiiningwalls. And in order to leave the ruins in a shape intelligible to the visitors it became necessary to assemble column drums and other architectural members from every part of the vast Agora and set them up in a position suggesting their original place in the building. This timeconsumingtask, which requiredskill and sound judgment in order to prevent damage to the antiquities and injury to the workmen, was entrusted to the foreman of the Corinth excavations, Eva,ngelos Lekkas, and a small crew of veteran excavators. During the years of foreign occupation,when the battle for survival in Greece left little time for less immediately pressing needs, the antiquities of Corinth and elsewhere were in constant danger from willful depredation and sheer vandalism. The South Stoa, which had just been uncovered when the war broke out, would have sufferedseverely from such causes, had it not been for the vigilance and exemplary devotion to duty on the part of the Senior Guard of Antiquities, George Kachros. It was originally planned to include in volume I, part IV, of the CorinthPublications a study of the pottery and other objects from the shop wells which have a very direct bearing upon the history and use of the South Stoa. G. Roger Edwards, who was a member of the American School of Classical Studies from 1946 to 1950, began work on the second part of the volume which was to contain this material. Before he was able to finish this task, he became a staff member of the Agora Excavation in Athens and subsequently he accepted a position in the University of Pennsylvania Museum.He was thus prevented from

of an excavationof such extent. The removal completinghis study of the Stoa well-groups.

PREFACE

In the meantime, my work on the architecture and history of the building was nearing its completion. This proved sufficient to fill one complete volume, and the material from the wells, vastly increased during the three campaigns of 1946-47, 1948 and 1950, would be enough to be published separately. In his preliminary study of the well-groups, Dr. Edwards amassed a wealth of data of particular value for the chronology of the Stoa. I have drawn freely upon this information, as will appear in the text. Dr. Edwards' contribution to the present study is of fundamental importance. Nevertheless, the final study and publication of all the objects from the wells will shed much new light on the use of the Stoa, especially during the period prior to the destruction of Corinthin 146 B.C. In the course of my study of the Stoa, I have enjoyed the continuous support of the American School of Classical Studies and the co-operation of the Chairmenof the Managing Committee and of the successive Directors of the School. The late Edward Capps and his successors as Chairman, Louis E. Lord and Charles H. Morgan, have unstintingly met every request for funds for excavation, drawings and photographs.To the successive directors of the School, especially Richard Stillwell, CharlesH. Morgan, GorhamP. Stevens, and John L. Caskey, I am indebted for cooperation and advice during every step in the work. To the University of ChicagoI am under obligation for granting me time away from my teaching duties and for contributing toward travel expenses on my trips to Greecein 1950 and 1952. It goes without saying that the architects, who have made the plans and drawings, have contributed much to the understandingof the ruins and the restorationof the building. In the early stages of the study I was fortunate in being able to draw upon Leicester Holland's intimate knowledge of Greek architecture and

vii

in finding solutions to the most baffling problems. To George V. Peschke I am deeply indebted for interruptinghis other activities and coming to my aid, on several occasions, when the work on the plans lagged behind. The final phase of the work was completed in close cooperation with Piet de Jong, whose artistic talents and skill as a draftsman are recognizable in the restored drawings. In every part of the restorationhis vast experience,his practical sense and sound judgment contributed far more to the final result than this inadequate acknowledgement can indicate. As a result of the final revision of the manuscript, it became necessary to make some last minute corrections and additions on the plans and other drawings. I am indebted to Margaret Surre Wilber for taking the time, often with great inconvenience to herself, to enter these changes. Other architects, not directly engaged in the work on the Stoa, have assisted with their advice and encouragement.I have frequently discussed specific problems with Gorham P. Stevens, Honorary Architect of the School, and with the Architect of School Excavations, John Travlos, and have profited by their cooperation. Professor Richard Stillwell gave freely of his time to discussions of Stoa problems duringhis directorship,1933-35; in 1948, when he spent several months in Corinth; and again during my stay in Princeton in the fall of 1953. Anyone who has undertaken any extensive research project in Corinth is aware of the mutual advantages of association with colleagues engaged in related projects. During the years that I have devoted to the study of the South Stoa, I have repeatedly drawnupon the knowledge and experience of other excavators. The names of some of these deserve special mention. It was Dr. B. H. Hill, the Nestor among the Corinth excavators, who discovered the underground system of water

the ingenuity,for whichhe wasjustly famous, channelsconnectedwith the Stoa wells, and

viii

PREFACE

in many other ways he has contributed to the present study. Among my younger colleagues, who are the authors of other volumes in the Corinth series, I would mention especially Saul S. Weinberg, Robert L. Scranton, and Carl Roebuck. Their specific contributions to the study of the Stoa areimperfectlyacknowledged in footnotes. For the section on the tiled roof, I have been able to use the material collected by Mary C. Roebuck, who has read the manuscriptand made some very important corrections. While I was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study, I had the privilege of daily contact with the members of its distinguished faculty. To ProfessorB. D. Meritt in particular I am indebted for taking the initiative in making my stay in Princeton possible. With Professor Homer A. Thompson, I discussed many problems that arose in the course of my revision of the text, and he always gave freely of his time and experience. To him and his research assistant, Mrs. Evelyn Smithson, I am further indebted for innumerable courtesies and assistance in my work. In the pleasant and stimulating atmosphere of the Institute, where every facility is offered to make the members' work productive and easy, I was able to accomplish in a comparatively short time what would have required much longer time under less favorable circumstances. My stay at the Institute was made particularly profitable because it enabled me to discuss with the Editor of the School Publications, Lucy T. Shoe, all the problems that arose in connection with the completion of the manuscript. She made suggestions for the addition of a clarifying statement where the sense of a passage seemed obscure, or for the rearrangementof material in certain sections of the book, and became responsiblefor many other improvements. Her contributionsto this volume go far beyond the services normally rendered by the editor of a series. I would like to record also my indebtedness

to several individuals who have performedthe less interesting, but equally important, jobs of typing, and proofreading the manuscript several times, checking references, etc. Those to whom I am especially obligated for such assistance are Mrs. R. L. Scranton, Mrs. A. Dervys, the late Mrs. Hubert Davis, Mrs. A. B. Mimicopoulos, Miss Chrysoula Kardara, Mrs.P. de Jong, Elizabeth Horton, Jean Littlefield and Elizabeth Fletcher. Miss Esther Smith has rendered invaluable assistance in the proofreadingand making of the Index. Most of the photographs including the colored plate were made by Emil Seraph; others by Demetrios Harisiades and Hermann Wagner. The addition of a colored plate (opposite p. 108) was made possible throughthe generosity of Mrs. William H. Hill of Washington, D. C. and Mrs. Otto Witman of Toledo, Ohio. The membersof the Publications Committee, under constant pressure from contributors to the School's publications, have devoted much time and study to the form and appearance of the present volume. They were able to steer a wise course between lavish printing with unavoidable raising of the price, and a pennywise economy that would have impairedthe usefulness of the book. The final publication of any archaeological site cannot and should not attempt to solve all the problems which the ruins present. Here too a practical compromise was necessary between a demand for perfection that would have postponed the publication still further and the urge to publish with detrimentalhaste, merely for the purpose of fulfilling a scholarly obligation. Such shortcomings as might have been eliminated by further study I hope will be balanced by the advantage of making the material available without further delay. The Roman buildings within the Stoa complex have been less minutely studied than the original Greek building. These structures pre-

sent opportunitiesfor further research by

PREFACE

students of Ancient Architecture. Architectural members both of these and of the Greek building are likely to come to light when the area south of the Stoa is excavated. Any additional information that such material might provide would be important as a check on the restoration presented here. Minor details of interest to the specialist may well have to be The University of Chicago March,1954.

ix

modified as a result of further investigation. The building as a whole deserves to become known and to be given a place of importance in the future handbooks on Ancient Greek Architecture. Both structurally and historically the South Stoa at Corinthis a remarkable creation, an example of Greeksecular architecture at its best. OSCARBRONEER

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE

.

. . . .

. . .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES IN THE TEXT

. . .

...

.....

..

...

.

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v

.

xiii

I. INTRODUCTION .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . . . .

II. REMAINS OF TILE PRE-STOA PERIODS

BUILDINGS .. W ATERW ORKS III.

..

...........

....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

XV xix

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PLATES PLANS CHAPTER

. . . . . . . . . . . .

7

.........

..............

. ...............

. . . . . . . . . . . . ..

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES ................

7 12 18

.............

FOUNDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MASONS'MARKS ....... . ...... ..................

18 26

GUTTERS AND BENCHES ........................... THE NORTH FACADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE EAST AND WEST FLANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... THIE REAR ELEVATION ....... . ......

28 30 39

THE INTERIORCOLUMNS ...... ........ THE SHOPSAND REAR ROOMS ........................ THE SHOP WELLS

................. ...... . ...... .................. ................ ...... . CEILING AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THE ROOF TILES .............................. THE TERRACE WALL ............................ REFINEMENTS ............................. PRE-ROMAN ALTERATIONS .......................... DATE AND PURPOSE OF THE STOA ........

42 45 48 59

...............

................

THE GREATDRAIN ....... THE STAIRWAYS ....... THE SECONDSTORY .......

...............

65 68 70

79 83 88 91

93 94

. ...........

IV. THE STOA IN ROMAN TIMES ...........................100 EARLY REPAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 EAST END OF THE STOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 WEST OF THE AGONOTHETEION ........................111 THE FOUNTAIN HOUSE ...........................115 THE KENCHREAN ROAD ...........................128 THE BOULEUTERION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 . 132 AREA WEST OF THE BOULEUTERION ...................

AREA NORTHOF SHOPS XX-XXIV

.....................144

THE ROMANBATHS. .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. THE ROMANLATRINE ...........................151

..

. . . . . . ..

THE WEST END OF THE STOA IN LATE ROMANTIMES..............153

...................................156 V. SUMMARY INDEX .....

....................................161

. ..145

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES

IN THE TEXT

Fig.

1. Plan of Pre-Stoa Building ........................

2. NorthwestCornerof Shop XXXIII ............................

9

12

3. Schematic Plan of East and West Ends of Stoa, Showing Lengths of Building Blocks . .....21 4. Bonding of Courses at Cross Walls .................. .. 25 ......... 5. Masons' Marks on Blocks of Stoa Foundation. ...................... 27 6. Field Sketch of Southeast Corner, Showing Seat Block Set against East Wall ......... 29 . 7. Profile of Lagynos from Seatt t Southeast Corner of Stoa .................. 29 8. Doric Capital, Details ................................ . 31 9. Doric Column Capital fro Faade .... 32 ................. ............ . 10. Architrave Block from Facade, Front Half . ... ............ 34 . ..... 11. Details of Entablature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 12. Two Fragnlents of Frieze, Showing Front and Backl ..... 36 ...... .... . . 13. Doric Order, Restored .................................. 37 . . .. ... 14. Horizontal Cornice Block . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . ... 38 . 15. Position of Cornice Block at Northeast Corner ....................... 39 16. Anta Capital Found in Well XXII ............................ 40 17. Frieze Block from West Flank ............................. 41 . 18. Block with Taenia at the Bottom .. . . . . . .............. 41 .. 19. Blocks from Rear Windows . ...... 43 . . . ..................... 20. Block from Rear Window . ............. 43 .............. . ... 21. Block with Slanting Taenia, Showing Slope of Roof, from East End of Stoa . .. 44 ...... 22. Ionic ColumnlCapital, Restored (Face). . . ........... 45 .............. 23. Ionic Column Capital, Restored (Side View) ....................... 45 21. Ionic Column Capital, Restored (Plan) ....... .. . .......46 25. Ionic Column, Base and Beginning of Shaft, Restored . ................... 47 26. Doorway and Sill of Stairway, East End of Stoa ............................. 49 27. Wall Block from Second Course East of Doorway ....... ............ 50 28. Short Blocks from Doorway, and Lintel over Shop Door .................. 51 29. Block from Top of West Door Jamb ................. . . .... .. 52 30. Lintel Block Recut for Later Use .............................. 53 31. T-Shaped Block with Taenia at the Top ......................... 53 32. Block from String Course, Inner Fagade ..................... 53 ..... 33. Two Blocks from String Course of Inner Faqade .................. ..54 34. Block with Cutting, Showing Thickness of Flooring of Second Story ............ 55 35. Block fronl Door and Window in Rear Wall of Shop .............. 56 36. Lintel Blocks from Inner Doorway ......................... . . 57 37. Block from Top of Door in Rear Room I . .............. . . . . . 59 38. Upper Part of Well Shaft, Shop XXVII ................ .. ....... 60 39. Well Curb, Plan, Profile and Section ...... . ....... 61 .............. 40. Sketch Showing Cooling System in Operation ....................... 61 41. Top of Inscribed Vase from Stoa Well . . . . ............. . .. 63 .. 42. Piers with Slots for Parapet ........................ .... .. 71 4'3. Pier Capital, Probably from Window of Second Story .................... 72 44. Anta Capital (Plate 17 3) ......... 72 ..... ............ 45. Parapet Slab from Well IX ........ 72 ................... 46. Two Pieces of Unfluted Column Shaft ..........................73 47. Piece of Unfiuted Column from Top of Shaft ..... ................. 73

xiv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig.

48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

Small Doric Capital with Fluted Neck ................... Buttress Capitals with Sloping Taenia ................... Pier Capital (Plate 18 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Block from Cross Wall at East End of Second Story .................... Fragment from Stone Parapet (Plate 18 3) ......................... ............ Anta Capital (Plate 18 4) ................... Piece of Moulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part of Pier Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Anta Capital ................................ Anta Capital of Hellenistic Period. ................... Plain Block from Architrave Course of Inner Fa9ade .................... Block from Frieze Course of Inner Fagade ......................... Block with Sloping Taenia (Plate 18 5) .......................... Sketch Showing Conjectural Use of Opaion with Trough Tile Above ............. Poros Seat Block from Well XVIII ........................... Ionic Column, Drum and Capital ............................. Details of Marble Revetment from Fountain ...................... Elevation, Plan and Sections of Fountain ......................... Details of Architrave from Fountain ........................... Doric Capital from Well XIV ..............................

....... ........ . . . . . . . . .

73 74 75 76 77 78 . . . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . . . 78 79 79 ......... 80 81 82 87 94 103 116 . 117 120 125

PLATES Frontispiece East End of South Stoa, Restored Color Plate facing p. 108 Athlete Mosaic in Agonotheteion Plate 1 1 South Stoa from the West, 1952 2 North Foundation of the Stoa, Revealed in the Campaign of 1904 2 1 East End of Stoa, Showing Stylobate Blocks in Place 2 West End of Stoa after Campaign of 1933 3 IUnderground Shrine 2 Floor and Walls of Pre-Stoa Building below West End of Terrace 4 1 Well and Channel in Pre-Stoa Building Close to Inner Column 4 2 Section Through Lower Courses of North Foundation, Showing Clearing Basin in Front of Fifth Doric Column from East End 3 Descent into Great Reservoir at Foundation for Inner Column 28 4 Stuccoed Piers in Great Reservoir 5 1 West End of Stoa Facade, from the West 2 East Side of Foundation of West Wall 3 Section Through North Foundation, West End of Stoa 4 Northwest Corner of Stoa, Foundation of West Wall, West Face 6 1 Foundation of Inner Column, Showing Notches at Corners 2 Southeast Corner of Stoa from the East, Showing Trench of Removed South Foundation 7 1 East End of Stoa from the South, Showing Large Blocks at Intersections of Walls 2 Foundations in Northeast Corner of Shop I 3 Lagynos from Southeast Corner of Stoa 8 1 Column Drums from Facade of Stoa 2 Doric Column Capital from Fagade 3 Architrave Block, Front Half, Face 4 Architrave Block, Front Half, from Rear 5 Fragment of Regula, and Hawksbeak from Cornice 9 1 Fragment of Frieze, Front 2 Metope from Frieze of Facade 3 Fragment of Doric Frieze, Rear Side 4 Fragment of Horizontal Cornice 5 Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Face and Bottom o Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Face and Top 7 Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Top 8 Fragment of Hawksbeak from Cornice and Piece from Top of Shaft of Ionic Column, Showing Designs in Color 10 1 West End of Stoa from the South, 1933 2 Block from West Wall with Taenia at the Bottom 3 Block from Window, Now Placed in Rear Wall of West Wing 11 1 Block from Rear Window 2 Block with Sloping Taenia from East End 3 Fragment from Face of Ionic Column Capital 4 Fragment from Side of Ionic Column Capital 5 View of Bottom of Ionic Column Capital 6 Base and Lower Part of Shaft of Ionic Column

xvi

PLATES Plate 12 1 Lintel of Shop Door, OuterFace, East End 2 Block from String Courseof Inner Facade 3 Lintel of Shop Door, Inner Face, West End 4 Lintel of Shop Door, Inner 7ace, East End 6 West Door Jamb of Shop XXXIII from the Inside o T-ShapedBlock with aenia,from Top of Shop Walls 13 1 Cuttingfor Double Door in Toichobate,SouthwestCornerof Shop III 2 Lintel Block from Inner Doorway,East End, North Face 3 West Door Jamb of Rear Door, Rear Room XXV 4 SouthwestCornerof Rear Room XXVII, ShowingCuttingfor Rear Door 14 1 Well Curbin Shop XXXIII 2 Well Curbin Shop VII with TerracottaLid 3 Well Curbin Shop XIV, and Top of Storage Jar 4 Fragmentof Stone Lid 5 InscribedVases from Stoa Well 15 1 GamingBoard from Well V 2 KnuckleBones from Well XX 3 Flute Fragmentsfrom Shop Wells 16 1 Roman Roof Tile with Graffitofrom Inlet into Drain 2 CementFloor of Paved Area behind Rear Room VII 3 LatrinebehindRear Room XVII 4 Latrine behind Rear Room XXVII 5 Water Pipes and Jars behind Rear Room XV 17 1 Fragmentsfrom Top and Bottom of Pier 2 FragmentfromLowerHalf of Pier 3 Anta Capital,Possibly from Windowin Second Story 4 Piers from Windowwith Parapet Slab Insertedin Slot 6 Fragmentof Small Doric Capital 6 Pieces of Unfluted ColumnShaft and Capitalwith Fluted Neck 18 1 Buttress Capitalwith SlopingTaenia 2 Pier Capital,Probablyfrom Screenof Anteroom 3 Fragment from Top of Parapet 4

6 6 7

Anta Capital

Block with SlopingTaeniafrom West End of Building Anta Capitalfrom Pre-Stoa Building Two MiniatureIonic Capitals

19 1 ReconstructedSection of Roof, Front 2 ReconstructedSection of Roof, View of Gable 3 ReconstructedSection of Roof, Rear and Flank 20 1 HorizontalSima and Antefix 2 HorizontalSima, ShowingPattern on Overhang 3 Two Pieces of Raking Sima 4 Two Types of Eaves Tiles from South Half of Stoa Roof 6 Design on Eaves Tile of Pre-Stoa Building 21 1 Antefixand Ridge Palmettes,a, b and c 2 Pan Tile with Troughat LowerEnd, and Half Tile s Two Ridge Palmettes from Repair, One from OriginalConstruction 22 1 Fragmentof OpaionTile 2 Half Tile with Turned-upEdge 3 Fragmentsof Roof Tiles with Stamps 4 Stamped Pan Tile and CoverTile

PLATES Plate 23 1 NortheastCornerof Stoa and East End of TerraceWall 2 Cuttingfor Beams in Top of Block from Frieze Course 3 Poros Seat Supportfrom Shop Well 4 Limestone Seat Supportwith Lion's Paw 241 Fourth CenturyVases from Pre-Stoa Well 2 Vases from Habitation Deposit in Shop Wells 3 Vases and Lamps from Great Reservoir 4 Selectionof Lampsfrom Shop Wells 25 1 Fragmentof OriginalIonic ColumnCapital(right) and Roman Replacement(left) 2 Graffitoon Plaster of Shop Wall 26 1 Piece of Sima, Probablyfrom Roman Reconstruction 2 Ionic ColumnDrum and Capitalfrom East End of Stoa 3 Ionic ColumnDrums, East End of Stoa 27 East End of Stoa, ShowingRoman Plaster on Rear Wall of Room "A" 28 1 Doric Capitalfrom Well II 2 Block from Springof Arches 3 Fragmentof ConcreteVaulting, East End of Stoa 4 AnimalDrawingson Rear Wall of Room "A" 29 East End of Stoa (1933) ShowingMarbleFloor of Room "B" 30 MosaicFloor in Agonotheteion 31 MosaicFloor, CentralPanel 32 1 Room "C"in Courseof Excavation (1933), ShowingColumnDrumsin Late Wall 2 MarbleSeat SupportfromWell VIII 3 Room "D" from the North 33 i Room "D" from the South, Exedra in Foreground 2 MarbleBlock with Cutting for Ceiling 3 InscribedBase in Honor of the ProcuratorCERIALIS 34 Entrance Way to South Basilica, GroundPlan 35 1 Roman Fountain House, as Found 2 Fountain House, Partly Restored 36 1 FountainHouse, Pedestal and PilasterBase, East Side 2 Fountain House, Pedestal and Pilaster Base, West Side 37 1 CrowningMouldingfrom Front of Basin 2 Fragmentsof Large Pilaster Flankingthe Basin 3 Fragmentof Pilaster Capital 4 ArchitraveRevetments of White Marble 38 1 Fragmentsof Cornicefrom Fountain 2 Colonettesof VariegatedMarblefrom Fountain 3 Three-quarter Capital,White Marble 4 TerracottaPipes and Jar South of Fountain 39 1 Entrance to South Basilica, Fountain House on the Right 2 Roman Sima with Heads of Deities 40 1 Roman Sima with Heads of Deities 2 Doric Capitalfrom Well XIV 3 Mouldingfrom Room "F" 41

Bouleuterionfrom the South

42 1 KenchreanRoad from the North 2 Bouleuterionfrom the North

xvii

PLATES

xviii

Plate 43 1 East Wall of Bouleuterion and Latrine 2 Outline of Fish in Plaster of Late Wall 3 Marble Anta Capital in Doorway into Bouleuterion 4 Capital and Base of Poros 44 1 Area West of Bouleuterion from the Northwest 2 Head of Serapis 3 Spouted Tile from Tank South of Rear Room XXI 45 1 Late Wall in Front of Room "H" 2 Room "H" from Northwest, Frigidarium in Foreground 46 1 Room "H" Showing Marble Floor, and Dais in the Rear 2 Roman Lamps from Room "H", a, b and c 47 Roman Baths from the North 48 1 Baths, Rear Walls of East and Middle Rooms, Showing Stoking Holes 2 Baths from the Southwest 49

Baths, Middle Room from the North 50 1 Baths from the West 2 North Wall With Entrance to Baths

51 1 Small Cold Water Plunge, Showing Steps 2 Cold Water Plunges and Rear of Late North Wall 52 1 Baths from the North, Showing Doorway in North Wall 2 Marble Moulding from Baths 53 1 Roman Latrine from the North 2 Brick-Lined Channel on East Side of Latrine 3 Fragments of Marble Seats from Latrine 54 1 Multicolored Stone Slabs from opus sectile Revetments 2 West End of Stoa, Shops XXX-XXXIII, from Southeast

PLANS I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb XIa XIb XII XIIIa XIIIb XIVa XIVb XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII

South Stoa, Plan, East (Shops I-IV) South Stoa, Plan, East (Shops V-X) South Stoa, Plan, Central Section (Shops XII-XIX) South Stoa, Plan, West (Shops XX-XXIV) South Stoa, Plan, West (Shops XXV-XXIX) South Stoa, Plan, West End (Shops XXX-XXXIII) Great Reservoir and Cistern, Plan Great Reservoir and Cistern, Sections Peirene Channel and Great Drain, Plan South Stoa, Plan and Elevation Curvatures of South Stoa Section, West End, Looking West; Cross Section of Foundation, West Flank Sections, East End Restored Plan, First and Second Stories Restored Elevation, West Flank Restored Fagade and Shop Fronts Restored Rear Elevation, West End; Longitudinal Section, East End Restored Cross Section, Looking West East End of Stoa in Roman Times (Restored Plan) Room "D", Entrance to South Basilica, and Fountain House (Period II) (Restored Plan) Fountain House (Period I), Kenchrean Road, and Bouleuterion (Restored Plan) Area West of Bouleuterion, Room "H" (Restored Plan) Roman Bath (Ground Floor), Roman Latrine, and West End of Stoa Shops (Restored Plan) Roman Bath (Hypocaust Level), Roman Latrine, and Drainage System (Restored Plan) South Side of Agora in Late Roman Times (Restored Plan) Animal Drawings on Roman Plaster on Rear Wall of Room "A"

THE SOUTH STOA AND ITS SUCCESSORS

CHAPTER

I

INTRODUCTION The market place of Corinth is a roughly quadrangular area with the long axis from east to west. Its length is nearly 200 m.; its greatest width at the west end is about 100 m., but at the east end it is only about 70 m. wide. As it appears today, it is chiefly a Roman creation,1 but the orientation and general shape of this irregular quadrangle was determined some three hundred years before the Roman colony was established at Corinth.The building which more than all the others was responsible for the reshaping of the public square at that time was the great South Stoa. Its orientation is very nearly the same as that of the Archaic Temple,2which was determined by religious usage. The buildings south of the Temple, along the north side of the Agora, seem to have been laid out in accordancewith the configuration of the land and the exigencies of space and communications. The same was probably true of the smaller structures erected along the southern border of the early Greek market place. Like the buildings flanking the Lechaion Road, these differ in orientation both from each other and from the later South Stoa; the latter makes a twentytwo-degree angle with the true east-west line.

After the construction of the Stoa the shape and size of the Agora remained largely unaltered throughout Hellenistic and Roman times. In view of its long existence, extending over a period of more than six hundred years, and in spite of the alterations it underwent in Roman times, the original building is in surprisinglygood state of preservation(P1.1 1). A section of the stylobate for the front colonnade is preserved at either end, and one drum of the corner column at the west end is left in situ. An interior wall near the west end is preserved to a height of three wall courses above the orthostate, with a total height of over 2.50 m. above the toichobate. The three westernmost shops and rear compartments are the best preserved; in the rest of the building the rooms in the rear half were for the most part removed in Roman times to make space for administrative offices and other public buildings. The foundations of the South Stoa were first discovered in a trench (No. VIII) dug during the initial campaign of excavation in 1896. A large circular base, originally discovered by Mr. Skias in 18923at the east end of the Agora, and again uncovered in one of the trial trenches of the first year, is still the most prominent landmark in the eastern section of the Agora.4 Trench VIII, starting 25 meters south of this base and extending due south, revealed the entire width of the Stoa.

1 The dimensions of the Corinthian Agora do not conform to the principles laid down by Vitruvius, V, 1, 2, for a Roman Forum, for which he prefers an area two-thirds as wide as it is long; they agree even less with his description of a Greek Agora which he said was laid out on the plan of a square. 2 This term is here used for the building more commonly known as the "Temple of Apollo." The time-honored identification of this prominent structure, first proposed by Rufus B. Richardson in 1896 (A.J.A., I, 1897, p. 479), with the Temple of Apollo casually mentioned by Pausanias, II, 3, 6, can no longer be maintained without reservation. Cf. Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, The Lower Agora, p. 72. Until further study of this problem has been made, it seems preferable to use the equivocal designation "ArchaicTemple."

3 nlpaKT1Ka, 1892, p. 123.

4 For a description and possible explanation of this monument, see Robert L. Scranton, op. cit., pp. 79ff.; cf. Broneer, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 143-145; W. B. Dinsmoor, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 314-315.

B

CORINTH

4

In his report of the discoveries in this trench, Rufus B. Richardson5 stated: "This trench revealed a great many walls, most of which appearto belong to buildings of the Hellenistic period. - Further excavation here will enable us to give something connected and intelligible." Although the walls were not identified as part of any specific building, the results seemed sufficiently important to warrant the expropriation of the land for further excavation. In subsequent campaigns, other trenches were dug farther west, and in one of these was exposed a section of the north wall of the South Basilica, which the excavators referred to as the "good Greek wall." The actual discovery and identification of the South Stoa was made by the former Director of the American School, TheodoreW. Heermance, in the campaign of 1904. In an attempt to determine the western limit of the Agora, Heermance dug a broad trench from north to south along a line just east of the row of archaic columns discovered in the campaign of 1933 (see below, pp. 155). Here he found a fragment of the capital of one of these columns and in his report6he commented on the similarity of its profile to that of the columns in the "Apollo Temple" and suggested the possibility that it might be from one of the interior columns of that building. The trench dug in 1904 exposed a section of the foundations for the north colonnade of the South Stoa (P1. 1 2). At the extreme south end of the trench the rear wall of the Stoa proper (i. e. the front wall of the shops) appeared,but it proved impossible at this time to extend the trench further south because the American School had not yet acquired the land. Heermance, who connected the foundations he had discoveredwith those found by Richardson in 1896, some 150 m. farther east, quite naturally assumed that the whole width of the building had been exposed. Conses A.J.A., I, 1897, p. 471.

6 T. W. Heermance, A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 439.

quently, in his report of the excavations, he described only the Stoa proper, which he termed "one of the largest buildings of Greece," without knowing that only half of the building had then been discovered. In his preliminary study he was able to determine with remarkableexactitude the dimensions of the Stoa itself, the intercolumniations of the Doric and Ionic columns, and other features of the building. He commented on the poor state of preservation of the ancient structures in this section of the Agora as compared with the building remains already then laid bare on the north side and along the Lechaion Road. This inequality he ascribedto the comparative thinness of the covering fill on the south side, where a mere 3.50 m. of earth lay above the classical remains. On the north side, near the temple hill, the fill in places reached a depth of over six meters. Had he been able to expose some of the shop walls in the south half of the Stoa, Heermance might have modified his opinion about the condition of the building. Following Heermance the early excavators held firmly to the view that the monuments along the south side of the Agora were less well preserved than those on the north side, and this may have been the chief reason for abandoning for the next thirty years the project of excavating in that part of the square. To the excavators of those times, followingthe elusive trail of Pausanias in pursuit of more glamorous monuments connected with cult and religion, a mere stoa was not sufficient to fire the imagination. Temples, theaters and fountains seemed more rewarding. There were, however, more cogent reasons for delaying clearance of the extensive Corinthian Agora. Three farm houses, each with its congeries of barns, threshing floors, and garden enclosures; cultivated fields, belonging to several owners; and three village roads occupied the territory above the remains of the ancient market. To acquire these proper-

ties eitherby directpurchaseor expropriation

INTRODUCTION

was beyond the then available means of the American School. During the subsequent years other sections of Corinthwere excavated, and extensive investigations in the periphery of the ancient city were made. In the spring of 1933, when funds became available for more extensive operations at Corinth, it was at last decided to tackle the arduous task, which at the outset promised to be somewhat unrewarding, of clearing the central and southern sections of the Agora. For purely operational reasons the work was pushed from the east and west ends of this area simultaneously. In the first season the digging was begun near the circular base which had been the point of departure in the very first year of the Corinthianexcavations. Extending southward from there a section of the Agora, ca. 60 m. long and 45 m. wide, was excavated in 1933. This area included the original Trench VIII, in which remains of the South Stoa had first come to light. During this season the eastern end of the building was cleared (P1.2 i), and the plan and vast extent of the whole structure was revealed. The plan published in the preliminary report7 showed for the first time that the South Stoa was divided into two halves, a double colonnadein the front half, and two rows of small rooms in the rear. In the southwestern section of the Agora the two westernmost shops were excavated during the same campaign, together with a considerable section of the Stoa, which now had to be re-excavated (P1. 2 2). The area clearedby Heermancein 1904 lay buriedunder a meter of mud resulting from repeated inundations. During the campaign of 1933 the system of shop wells connected with the Peirene water-main was also discovered. The former Director of the School, Bert Hodge Hill, pursuing undergroundthe sources of the Peirene Fountain, discovered the channel extending in an east to west direction under the 7 Oscar Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 555, fig. 1.

5

Stoa at a depth of 10-12 m. below the floor level (Plan IX). He also discovered several of the shop wells, and noted the narrow passage between these wells and the water channel. With his customary perspicacityhe postulated the presence of shops above the channel before any of the South Stoa shops had been excavated. For the next six years the project of clearing the Corinthian Agora was pushed with relentless determination.8Usually only the spring season, from March to June, was devoted to work in the Agora, but frequently a fall campaign was added in order to speed the completion of the task. In the excavation report for 1940, Charles H. Morgan, then Director of the School, could announce that at last the entire Agora had been excavated from its eastern to its western extremity. In addition to this area, the well-preserved ruins of the South Basilica were uncoveredin 1934 to 1936. In 1936 the Bema with its adjacent waitingrooms and staircaseswas found and identified,9 and the whole line of the Central Shops to the east and west of the Bema was subsequently cleared. During the six years from 1933 to 1939 the excavated area in the administrative and commercial center of Corinth was nearly doubled. The South Stoa, one of the largest secular buildings uncovered in Greece (Plan Xa)1?, measures nearly 165 meters in length and a little more than 25 meters in width, and covers 8 For the preliminary reports see Broneer, A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, pp. 53-75; R. Stillwell, A.J.A., XL, 1936, pp. 21-45; C. H. Morgan, A.J.A., XL, 1936, pp. 466-484; XLI, 1937, pp. 539-552; XLII, 1938, pp. 362-370; XLIII, 1939, pp. 255-267; S. Weinberg, A.J.A., XLIII, 1939, pp. 592-600. Supplementary work was done in 1946-47; Broneer, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 233-247; A.J.A., LI, 1947, pp. 271-273; and Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 291-300. 9 Broneer, 'Apx. 'E9., 1937, A, pp. 125-133. 10The total area occupied by the Leonidaion at Olympia (Olympia, II, p. 84) is considerably larger, ca. 6000 sq. m., including the open court in the center. The Katagogeionat Epidauros is nearly as large (5822 sq. m.) with four open courts; Kavvadias,To 'I EpovToi 'ACFKA1ri1TouV'E1TlSatpcp),pp.

162ff. The Stoa at Kameiros, Rhodes, had a length of over 200 meters. Like the South Stoa at Corinth it had shops in the rear divided into two rows. See below, p. 61, note 25.

6

CORINTH

an area of approximately one acre. The northern half of the building was a gigantic one-story colonnade facing north, with seventy-one Doric columns in front and thirtyfour Ionic columns through the middle. In the rear wall of this colonnade were doors opening into a series of thirty-three rooms, each with a compartment in the rear, which together occupy the southern half of the building. The rear compartments at the extreme east and west ends extend ca. 1.75 m. farthersouth than the rest of the building, thus forming slightly projectingwings as seen from the back of Stoa. Over the rear half of the building there was a second story, reached by stairways at either end (Plans XI a and XII). The total floorspace of the two stories amounts to ca. 4615 square meters, not counting the space occupied by the partition walls. The material is the soft gray poros stone which was quarried extensively within the walls of the ancient city and elsewhere in the

Corinthiaand used for all the public buildings of the pre-Roman era. The walls are surprisingly thin, only ca. 0.45 m., but the orthostate course is ca. 0.47 m. thick. Clamps,all of the hook type, were used only at some of the crucial points in the superstructure. The exposed surfaces, except in the rear and on the lower part of the east and west end walls, were finished smoothly and covered with a fine stucco, varying in thickness from two millimeters to practically nothing. The entablature of the fagade and the Ionic column capitals were richly decoratedin colors,and the wooden ceiling over the Stoa proper must have been similarly painted. In its architectural design and refinements and in the meticulous care with which it was constructed the South Stoa is one of the finest examples of classical Greek architecture, comparing favorably with the best of the secularbuildingsfrom the Periklean era in Athens.

CHAPTER

I

REMAINSOF THE PRE-STOAPERIODS BUILDINGS Prior to the construction of the South Stoa the area along the south side of the Agora seems to have been occupied with a large number of smaller structures, the nature and purpose of which cannot readily be determined at the present time. They do not, strictly speaking, come within the scope of the present study, and no systematic effort has been made to uncover all the earlier foundations within the area of the Stoa. What has been uncovered in the study of the Stoa itself is part of a large complex of houses and public buildings which will be systematically investigated as a part of the Early Greek Agora. It is likely that some of these structures were completely removed when the foundations for the Stoa were laid. This is particularly true of the eastern half of the building, where the ground level in the pre-Stoa period was higher and had to be cut down. The opposite condition obtained in the western half, where the earlier ground level was considerably below that of the Stoa stylobate. The orientation of the early walls, especially those at the east end, is more nearly according to the cardinal points of the compass than is that of the Stoa, but there is considerable variation in this respect. A little to the north of the northeast corner of the Stoa, within the area of the Stoa terrace, there is a short wall extending almost due north-south for a distance of nearly 2.85 m. (P1. 2 i; Plan I). It appears to be a terrace wall with a straight line toward the east and irregular on the west side. Since it extends southward almost to the foundations for the Stoa facade, its southward extension was

probably largely removed when these foundations were laid; its north end is interrupted by the east end of the Stoa terrace, now concealed beneath the foundations for the East Portico. There are traces within the Portico of this early terrace wall, which extended toward the north for a total distance of over ten meters. The preserved top of the wall in front of the Stoa is ca. 0.33 m. below the marble pavement of Roman times. North of shop IV a small building (Plan I) of the pre-Stoa period was excavated in 1946 and 1950.1 Traces of two rectangular rooms were found, with walls of very poor construction, consisting largely of uncut stones and some squared blocks laid in a mortar of clay and preservedto a height of only 0.30 m. The orientation is very nearly north to south. The north half of the structure consists of a small room, 1.85 m. wide and ca. 3.50 m. long, measured on the inside. Within this area were found several terracotta figurines and a considerable amount of pottery. In the southwest comer of the area is a well, excavated in 1950, into which a rock-cut channel leads from the north (P1.41). The shaft, which has a depth of only 6 m., probablynever had water of its own but seems to have been filled from the conduit at the top and was thus in the nature of a reservoir. Possibly it was intended as a manhole to a cistern, which for some reason never was completed. Whatever its purpose, it was abandoned at an early date. Below the first fifty centimeters of fill the well containedmuch 1 Some of the pottery and other objects from this area are described in Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 238, and XX, 1951, pp. 293ff. 7

8

CORINTH

pottery from the first half of the sixth century B.C. The pottery from near the top, however, extends to the middle of the fourth century B.C. (see below, p. 95). A second room further south was almost wholly destroyed by the foundation for the front wall of the shops. Its east wall has been followed for a short distance beneath the floor of shop IV, where the marble flooring of a later Roman structure prevented further excavations in that direction. The deposit of terracotta figurines and vases found within the ruins of the roomsseems more appropriateto a shrine or public building than to a private dwelling. Of particular interest are a figure of Aphrodite riding a swan and a pregnantwomanseated in a chair.Both of these would be suitable dedications to Aphrodite,but they do not offersufficient evidence to identify the building as a cult place of the goddess. About four meters west of the northwest corner of the buildings just described there is a small foundation 1.65 m. long with the same orientation. A few early Greek sherds were found close to it on the west side of the wall. It may have been part of a larger structure, which had some relationto the better preserved buildingto the southeast. No systematic investigation below the Stoa floor was made at this point, and it is possible that other walls of the same complex are preservedin the vicinity. The next building encountered within the area covered by the Stoa and its terrace is a small underground shrine which has been studied and describedelsewhere.2It is located north of shop XIX (P1.3 i; Plans III, IV) and ca. 5 m. from the foundations for the fa9ade of the Stoa. It seems to have been constructed in the sixth century and was abandoned in the fourth century B.C. The terrace wall cut across the shrine so as to cover the greater part of it beneath its floor. Like the other buildings of pre-Stoa date, the shrine is oriented diagonally with referenceto the Stoa a See Charles H. Morgan, A.J.A., XLI, 1937, pp. 545ff., pl. XIII; and Broneer, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 142ff.

but deviates more from the north-south direction than the buildings farther east. It seems to be closely related to an eighth and seventh century B.C. cemetery, one tomb of which was found within the area of the Stoa north of shop XXIII. The original Greek ground level in the vicinity of the shrine is nowhere preservedand all traces of the terrace wall have been removed in this area. Almost in line with the rear wall of this sanctuary and some 17 m. farther south there is a piece of a wall extending southwestward from the foundation for the 23rd of the inner columns of the Stoa, counting from the east end (Plan IV). It is approximately 4.60 m. in length, and its width varies from 0.35 m. to 0.50 m. It consists of a row of thin blocks resting on the stereo, with its northwest face very nearly straight and the other side quite irregular. The top of the wall is ca. 0.32 m. below toichobate level; at one time this seems to have been the ground level in this area, as is indicated by well marked wheel ruts in the top of the wall. The road probably was in use in Late Roman times after the partial destruction of the Stoa (see below, p. 144). The most extensive of the pre-Stoa structures revealed within this area was investigated by Charles H. Morgan in the spring of 1953 north of shops XXVII-XXIX (Fig. 1).3 Its orientation is roughly southeast to northwest. Its walls and floors (P1. 3 2) are sufficiently well preserved to permita restoration of a large section of the ground plan. As restored by Morgan the entrance was on the northwest side. There were several rooms surroundingan open court within which stood two tables flanking the approach from the doorway, and a platform or miniature stage stood on the northeast side of the court. Facing the "stage" on the southwest side were two small cubicles of irregularshape. Of the three large rooms on the northwest side, one seems to have been a bath and another may have 3

Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 131ff.

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10

CORINTH

served as a kitchen. A small niche within the entrance way, now largely concealed beneath the Stoa terrace wall, may have contained a statue. The southeast half of the building complex was probably removed when the front foundation of the South Stoa was laid; medieval storage pits, Byzantine graves, and other late intrusions have caused further destruction to the ruins. The earliest of the walls were constructed in the sixth century B.C., but the buildingseems to have received its final shape in the course of the fifth century or possibly as late as the fourth. At the time of construction of the terrace wall, subsequent to the erection of the South Stoa, most of the building was demolished and its material re-used for the terrace foundation which extends diagonally across the court. The top of the terrace was slightly over one meter above the floor level of the building (P1. 3 2), and since the area to the north of the terrace wall seems to have been filled up about the same time, it is unlikely that any part of the building continued to be exposed. Some patches made in the floor of the entrance way, subsequent to the destruction of the building, probably date from the time of construction of the Stoa and the terrace. Although most of the building must have been demolished, parts of it may have been left standing for a time to serve as a construction shed. Within the building Morgan found a large number of drinkingvessels and many types of figurines, including snakes, doves, and female figures holding doves. These objects and the peculiar plan of the surviving part of the structureled Morganto the conclusionthat the building had served as a tavern and house of entertainment in association with the cult of Aphrodite. This conclusion receives further confirmation from the deposit of somewhat similar significancein the building at the east end of the Stoa (see above, pp. 7 f.). Other objects which apparently served some cult pur-

pose have been found in the Stoa, not far from the building investigated by Professor Morgan.4 Within the area covered by the Stoa and the shops, south of the building investigated by Morgan,there are many traces of earlier occupation. The fill is here fairly deep and wherever investigated it contained early pottery beginning with Early Helladic times and extending into the sixth century.5 Within the area covered by the Late Roman baths, over shops and rearcompartmentsXXV to XXVII, several pits dug below the Roman floor level revealed foundations and cuttings in stereo, which by their orientation and character indicate that they antedate the Stoa. In the southwest corner of shop XXVI are remains of an ancient structure, the floor of which is 1.85 m. below the Stoa toichobate level (Plan V). At this depth there was a small channel, 0.12 m. wide and 0.14 m. deep, extending diagonally from the southwest corner of the room toward the northeast. A wall of poros blocks resting on a foundation of smaller stones runs diagonally across the corner of the shop at right angles to the channel. The ground level indicated by this wall was only ca. 0.50 m. below Stoa toichobate level. From here the ground descended by step-like jogs to the southeast corner of the shop, where it was ca. 0.95 m. below the shop floor. The foundation of the Stoa wall here consists of only two courses with a combined depth of -0.87 m. (see below, p. 18, note 3), but growing deeper toward the west until it reaches a depth of 4 Of special significance in this connection is the terracotta altar found in shop XXX (Broneer, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 214ff.) and the terracotta tetrapod found in the Stoa in 1950 (Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 296, and pl. 94a; and Robert E. Carter, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 209-214). Professor Martin P. Nilsson has suggested, in a private letter, that the terracotta altar may have been used in a house cult, and perhaps some of the other dedications were similarly employed. If this interpretation is correct, the building studied by Morgan and other less well preserved structures may have been private dwellings. The prevalence of objects associated with Aphrodite is not necessarily incompatible with such a view. 5 0. Broneer, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 293ff.

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

-1.85 m. and consists of four courses close to the corner. This uneven depth of the foundations was caused by the earlier buildings at a level below the floor of the Stoa. A piece of an early foundation, ca. 0.60 m. in width and preserved to a length of 2.50 m., was found in the northwest cornerof rear room XXVII (Plan V). Its top is 0.25 m. below toichobate level. It is made of uncut field stones of about the size of a man's head with smaller stones and clay filling the interstices. In a small pit dug north of the northwest corner of shop XXVII for the purpose of laying bare the full depth of the Stoa foundation at this point, insignificant traces of a similar wall were uncovered running approximately parallel to the wall in rear room XXVII. In the north half of shop XXX there is an L-shaped foundation, poorly built of small field stones laid in clay (Plan VI). Its preserved top is 0.65 m. below the toichobate. In the fill above this foundation was found some pottery extending into the fourth century B.C., but most of it was of earlier date6. A cutting in stereo with approximately the same orientation as that of the L-shaped wall within the shop is found in rear room XXX, and in the northwest corner of this room is a well which has yielded pottery of the sixth century B.C. It has not been fully excavated because a later wall overlies its mouth. In rear room XXXI part of the flooring and an L-shaped cutting for the foundation of some structure were uncovered, but no stones from the building were found in situ. The area covered by shops XXXI and XXXII contains considerable remains of earlieroccupation. In the center of shop XXXI there is a manhole which now opens into the large pre-Stoa reservoir described below. Because this early manhole existed in the very center of the shop, the shop well was moved more than 1 m. off center to the north (Plans 6 See references in note 4.

11

VI, IX). From the manhole a wall, preserved for a length of 1.50 m. and built very largely of re-used stones and pieces of tiles laid in clay mortar, extends diagonally toward the southeast cornerof the shop. At the south end of the wall is a large stone, the width of which is greater than the full thickness of the wall. The west face of the wall is smooth, but on the east side, where the pre-Stoa ground level was higher, the wall is rough and irregular. Its highest preservedpoint is about level with the Stoa toichobate. At the north end of the wall is the manhole, which seems to have caused destruction of the wall, hence the manhole and the reservoirbelong to a period later than that of the wall. On the west side of the wall, in the northwest corner of the shop, there is a floor made of fist-size stones laid in hard cement. This floor, which belongs to the same building as the wall just described,is 1.75 m. below the Stoa toichobate. On the west side of the partition wall between shops XXXI and XXXII, in the northeast corner of shop XXXII, one large stone is preserved from a wall running parallel to the early wall in shop XXXI. The face of the stone was partly cut away when the foundation was laid for the partition. The stone is all that remains of the wall along the west side of the room with fist-size stones in the flooring. Within shop XXXII there are three rectangular cuttings in the stereo, two oriented southeast to northwest,the third one, in the northwestcorner, southwest to northeast (Plan VI). The two parallel cuttings measure 1.15 m. and 1.49 m. in width respectively, and are preserved to a length of ca. 1.75 m., but their southeast ends were cut off when the large cistern was constructed. The floor of the larger of the two cuttings is ca. 2.50 m. below Stoa toichobate level. A great deal of pottery and some terracotta figurines of the fifth century B.C. were found in the fill of these cuttings.7 The presence of the cuttings and of 7 0. Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 566; and Gladys R. Davidson, Corinth,XII, The Minor Objects,p. 17.

12

CORINTH

the cistern underneath, which here had to be roofed by stone slabs because of the deep cuttings, necessitated the construction of especially deep and heavy foundations for the Stoa (see Plan VIII, Section E2-W2). What purpose these cuttings served cannot now be determined,but their orientation and nearness to the building whose floor is preserved in shop XXXI, would indicate that they were part of the same structure. Along the west edge of shop XXXIII the stereo has been cut down along a line roughly parallel to the cuttings in shop XXXII, and close to the wall is preserved a stele base, the west edge of which is cut off by the Stoa foundation (Fig. 2; Plan VI). Part

early structures are preserved here. In a pit dug close to the west wall in 1952 the edge of a floor paved with Greek pebble cement was found in situ, and fragments of broken flooring of the same type came from the fill against the foundation. The floor level is here at a depth of -1.32 m., ca. 0.43 m. higher than the floor preserved in shop XXXI. From this cursory description of the ruins of earlier buildings it becomes clear that the whole area was thickly occupied before the Stoa was constructed. It is not possible at this stage of our study of the classical city to determine the nature of any of these buildings with the exception of the undergroundshrine and the tavern described above. Further investigation of the fill beneath the Stoa floor and to the north may elucidate this problem; such a study can be made only as part of a general investigation of all the pre-Roman remains. WATER WORKS

In addition to the buildings whose remains can be traced within the Stoa complex, and doubtless connected with them, there are two undergroundwater works antedating the construction of the Stoa. The largest of these, which extends from the southwest comer of the building for some 40 m. toward the northeast (PlansVII, VIII), consists of severalinterconnected galleries and of one smaller channel extending toward the east. At the foundation of thestele, which like the base was made of for the twenty-eighth inner column and directly north of shop XXVII, a vertical shaft was found with toe holds in the side for descent into the reservoir (P1. 4 3; Plan V). Only one side of the shaft, to a depth of 1.36 m., is now FIG. 2. NORTHWEST CORNER OFSHOPXXXIII preserved, but originally it probably extended to a higher level. The shaft, constructed out of poros,is still left in the sinkageat the top of poros slabs, ca. 0.18 m. in thickness, had a the base. The west end of the Stoa proper, width at the top of 0.98 m. but was somewhat north of shops XXX to XXXIII, has not been wider at the bottom. From the shaft a stairway with ten steps and one half step at the top pits, and it is likely that other remains of led down to the east gallery of the reservoir

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

(Plan VIII, Section El-W1). The steps at the top have a tread of ca. 0.27 m. and a rise of 0.22 m., but the two bottom steps are less high. The shaft and the stairway, like the rest of the reservoir, are covered with a heavy coat of water-tight stucco, ca. 0.03 m. thick. It is extremely hard and durable; the core contains fine gravel, and on the surface is a smoothly finished layer, ca. 0.002 m. in thickness. The sloping arched roof over the stair shaft is 2.75 m. high above the steps at the bottom of the shaft. The whole stairway and the shaft, except at the upper end, seem to have been cut out of virgin soil, which is rather crumbly and flakes off wherever the stucco is damaged. All the steps are beveled at the edge to prevent damage to the stucco and resulting leakage of water. At the foot of the stairs the stair shaft continues at the same width as above for a distance of 0.88 m., then enters the eastern gallery of the reservoirat the northeast corner of the latter. The vertical comer at the juncture between the shaft and the reservoiris beveled like the edges of the steps. From the south side of the stair shaft, at a height of 0.56 m. above the floor of the reservoir, a smaller channel extends eastward for a distance of 6.50 m. (Plans VII; VIII, Section E1-W1, left end). It is not entirely clear how this connected with the stairway, because at that point the heavy foundation for the Stoa column cuts through both the channel and the stair shaft. The channel has a width at the bottom of 0.90 m. and a clear height of 1.62 m.; like the stair shaft and all the galleries of the reservoir,it is arched at the top. It terminates at the east in a circularwell, which extends up to the floor level of the Stoa and continues down below water level, here ca. 4.50 m. below the floor of the channel, and 8.785 m. below the Stoa stylobate. On either side of the well are toe holds spaced 0.450.55 m. one above the other. The whole well shaft both above and below the tunnel is

coveredwith stucco.

13

The eastern gallery extends from the stair shaft in a nearly straight line for a distance of 5.75 m. toward the west. At the east end, where it has been cleared to the bottom, it has a width of 1.67 m. and a height of 1.83 m. The central section is filled to a height of over one meter with earth and debris, most of which was probably thrown in when the foundation for the Stoa column was laid. At the very bottom, however, there is a fill, ca. 0.12 m. thick, of accumulated mud and silt from the time that the reservoir was in use. At a distance of 1.35 m. from the west end of the gallery a short connecting branch takes off at right angles toward the south. It is ca. 1.40 m. wide at a depth of one meter below the top; its length is only 2.70 m. At its south end it connects with the central east-west gallery, which runs roughly parallel to the east gallery and extends from the connecting branch toward the west for a distance of 14.25 m. It measures 1.46 m. in width at the bottom, and the ceiling is ca. 1.90 m. high above the floor. At its west end it opens into the somewhat irregular north-south gallery, which at the point of juncture has a width of 1.65 m. and a height of 1.90 m. This continues southward from the central east-west gallery for a distance of 5.50 m. At two meters from the south end there is a catch basin across the reservoir, 0.60 m. wide and 0.63 m. deep. At the very south end the floor drops to a level of 0.30 m. below that of the rest of the gallery, and here an oval manhole, 1.10x0.70 m. in plan, extends toward the top. It has the usual toe holds in the sides and is stuccoed all around. It has been cleared from below to a height of 2.70 m. above the floor; the rest is filled with stones and earth (Plan VIII, Section S'-N1). As shown in the plan, Plan VII, it was entered ca. 3.50 m. south of rear room XXIX in the area still unexcavated.8Thenorth On the floor of the manhole was found a small deposit of pottery and lamps (see below, p. 95, P1. 243), which has an important bearing on the date of the Stoa. 8

14

CORINTH

end of this gallery curves and bulgesirregularly and finally narrows down to a passage only 0.88 m. in width and 1.83 m. in height. Beyond this narrow point it widens again and the ceiling rises to a maximum height of 2.55 m. Here it connects with the east end of the long west gallery, which extends for a distance of 16.70 m. toward the southwest corner of the Stoa. At a point where the two galleries join there are two piers built of stone and covered with stucco (P1. 44; Plans VII and VIII, Sections E2-W2 and S1-N1). The eastern pier, oriented diagonallywith referenceto the galleries, is 0.47 m. wide and 0.305 m. thick below the capital. The four corners,except at the top for a height of 0.26 m., are beveled. The shaft has a height of 2.175 m. above the floor, and at the top is a plain capital 0.82 m. long, 0.605 m. wide and ca. 0.87 m. high, with the horizontal edges beveled. The second pier, 0.61 m. further west, is almost identical with the one described, but its dimensions are slightly larger. Both piers are finished with an accuracy and smoothness rather remarkable in a work of this kind, which was never intended to be seen by the public. These two piers, the only freestanding supports of the reservoir, may have been inserted because of the width of the span at the junction of the two galleries, and also because the wall described above, page 11, rests directly over the larger of the two piers. West of the second pier the long western gallery becomes more irregular in its construction. The pre-Stoa structures in the area covered by shops and rear rooms XXXIXXXIII extend almost to the ceiling of the reservoir, and the weight imposed by the foundations of the Stoa has caused the hardpan to crumblein many places. For this reason the fill in the reservoir,which reaches a depth of over two meters, has been left unexcavated so as not to endanger the reservoir itself or the foundations of the Stoa. At a distance of 1.80 m. west of the second pier there is a

gallery and there must have been a corresponding jog in the line of the wall at a lower level. About 1.50 m. farther west, near the southeast corner of shop XXXII, the ceiling along the south side of the reservoirhas been cut through by the foundations for the wall between the shop and its rear room. Beginning at this point and extending westward for a distance of 3.05 m., the gallery has a hip roof consisting of two rows of poros slabs leaning against each other at the top. The foundations of the Stoa run diagonally through the reservoir, and beneath the southwest corner of shop XXXII a heavy pier was constructed to support the roof slabs of the reservoirand the foundations of the Stoa (Plans VII and VIII, Section E2-W2). The pier, which rests on the floor of the reservoir,consists of five courses of large blocks, ca. 1.25 m. long, 0.67 m. wide, and 0.50 m. high. Since these blocks have the same dimensions as those used for the toichobate of the Stoa wall, there can be no doubt that the heavy pier was constructedas support for the Stoa foundation. The pier almost blocks the passage at this point, and the north wall of the gallery has been roughly hacked away where the corner of the pier comes closest to the wall. In the short stretch of the west gallery over which the ceiling is constructed out of slabs, the total height above the floor is only 2.66 m., but slightly to the west of the heavy supporting pier its height is 2.86 m. At 1.20 m. west of this point there is a wall across the reservoir, extending at one point to a height of 1.67 m. above the floor (Plan VIII, Sections E2-W2 and A-A). When this wall was constructed out of re-used poros blocks, with tiles and smaller stones filling interstices, the reservoir was already in ruins. The wall reaches down to within 0.39 m. above the floor of the gallery, and the earth on which it rests consists largely of hardened mud and silt. The wall is well constructed, and at one time it probably reached almost to the top of

recess at the top of the south wall of the the reservoir.The pot sherdsfoundin the fill

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

at this point indicate that the wall was constructed in Roman times, most likely in the first century after Christ. A half meter to the west of the cross wall there is an opening in the north side of the gallery, 1.72 m. high and ca. 0.43 m. wide (Plan VIII, Section A-A, and Elevation). It is lined with poros blocks on the sides, and at the top is a heavy block serving as lintel. This doorway opens into a well shaft, ca. 0.90 m. in diameter, cut through the Stoa foundations at the southeast comer of shop XXXIII (Plans VI, VII). The well is roughly cut, first through stone and then through stereo, and on the north side is a row of toe holds, but the south half of the well is lined with stones. The shaft communicated with the Stoa channel of the Peirene system (see Plan IX), but a modem concrete slab has been inserted at a depth of 6.68 m. below the Stoa toichobate, closing the well to prevent contamination of the village water supply. The stones of the wall in the south side of the well are deeply worn and smoothed by the jars pulled up into the doorway leading to the reservoir. The wall seems to have been constructed only to fill the shaft of another well dug in the very northeast comer of rear room XXXIII. It is not apparent why the first well was abandoned and the second shaft cut so close to it, leaving an opening communicating with the pre-Stoa reservoir. The finished well is certainly later than the Stoa and both are probably of Roman date. The wall across the reservoir, which is smoother on the west side than on the east, seems to have been constructed as a barrier, closing off the west end of the gallery. At a little more than 2 m. west of the cross wall a roughly rectangular chamber, ca. 2 m. wide at the opening and 1.35 m. deep, opens out from the north wall of the gallery. A bricklined shaft, with a diameter of 0.90 m., gave access to the reservoir from the rear room

15

chamber. From the north wall of the chamber there is an opening into another well shaft, which also seems to be later than the original constructionof the Stoa, but is very carefully and smoothly cut. It has a diameter of 0.88 m. and the usual toe holds in the sides. At the depth of 3.25 m. below the Stoa toichobate there is an oval niche in the north side of the well, 0.95 m. X 0.40 m. in plan and ca. 0.62 m. high. The upper part of the shaft cuts into the foundation for the wall between shop and rear room XXXIII, and a wall of rough masonry lines the mouth of the well. It is clearfrom their construction and from their relation to the Stoa foundations, on the one hand, and to the reservoir on the other, that all three wells just described, as well as the wall across the reservoir and the rectangularchamber,are later than the Stoa. From the heavy wear in the side of the Roman well west of the cross wall it becomes obvious that this end of the reservoirwas occupied for a long time during the Roman period; and since the water from the well was not raised to the floorlevel of the shop but only to the old reservoir,it must have been intended for use within the reservoir. Some of the wear on the side of the well may have resulted from the removal of the earth when the well shaft was dug, but the other signs of occupation in the west end of the reservoir prove that the doorway opening on to the well was intended for more permanent use. The suggestion comes close to hand that the old undergroundwater works west of the Roman cross wall were used in Roman times as a dungeon. The floor level at that time was probably ca. 0.80 m. above the stuccoed floor of the Greek period. At the west end the west gallery had a width of 1.63 m. and the height of the ceiling above the floor was 2.75 m. The end of the reservoir, as shown in the plan, Plan VII, comes directly under the west wall of the Stoa, which here rests on a comparatively thin layer of stereo

XXXIII throughthe roof of the rectangular (PlanVIII, SectionB-B). A stairway,0.61 m.

16

CORINTH

wide at the bottom and 0.74 m. wide above the fourth step, leads into the west end of the reservoir from the south. Six complete steps are preserved.At a height of 1.40 m. above the reservoir floor the stairway is interrupted and broken up, and two large poros blocks have been inserted upon which rests the foundation for the south wall of the Stoa. There is no indication of heavy wear in the steps, which, like those at the east end, are covered with water-tight cement and are beveled at the corners. Both stairs were apparently used for cleaning the reservoir rather than for drawing water. The water must have been drawn by buckets through the wells and perhaps also at the stair shafts at either end, not by direct descent into the galleries. The reservoir probably received its water supply from some source higher up the slope of Acrocorinth,perhaps from the source of the present Hadji-Mustapha Fountain; it is possible, however, that it took the rain waters from the roofs of the surrounding buildings. Unless it was rain water, it must have come from a considerable distance, since the water level in the area of the reservoirat the present time is ca. 4.50 m. below the floors of the galleries. Only at one point, in the well at the east end of the small channel, does the reservoir connect directly with any natural source of water, and it is unlikely that the galleries were filled with water from this well. It may, however, have served as an emergency supply. The winding course of the reservoir with its channel and several galleries is probably to be explained on the theory that the water supply served several establishments in the vicinity, each ownerwishing to have water near at hand. The floors of all the galleries have a gentle slope toward the south center, the low point being at the oval manhole south of the Stoa. The differencein level between this point and the two extreme ends, slightly more than onehalf meter (see levels in Plan VII), is not due

manhole itself extends to a depth of ca. 0.30 m. below the floor of the reservoir, and a catch basin, the floor of which constitutes the lowest level of the whole reservoir,cuts across the gallery a short distance to the north of the manhole. The purpose of these arrangements was probably to make it possible to draw from the manhole even at very low water level, and the catch basin would prevent silt from reachingthe point where the water was drawn. A smaller cistern, unconnected with the great reservoirbut perhaps planned as part of the same water works, is reached from an oval manhole in the Stoa, 2.50 m. to the north of the doorway into shop XXXIII (Plans VII and VIII, Section S2-N2). The manhole measures 0.97 x 0.56 m. at the top, and in the sides are the usual toe holds, ca. 0.50 m. apart. Its total depth below the Stoa toichobate is 5.52 m. From it a narrow channel, the bottom of which is 0.55 m. above the bottom of the manhole, extends southward in a straight line for a distance of 7.85 m. At the north end the channel measures0.51 m. in width and 1.72 m. in height. Both the manhole with its cuttings for steps and the channel are cut in stereo and covered on all sides with water-tight cement of the same type as that used in the great reservoir.At a distance of 3.70 m. south of the manhole there is now an opening in the west wall of the channel connecting with a circular well shaft in the northeast corner of shop XXXIII. The connection between the channel and this well is probably accidental, but it is not entirely clear which of the two is the earlier. Presumably the well was there, unknown to the makers of the cistern, and the wall between the two, only 0.25 m. thick, broke through at a later period. The channel continues 4.20 m. beyond the well. At the end, where it measures only 1.52 m. in height and ca. 0.42 m. in width, there is a triangular extension with a sloping roof, projecting 0.44 m. beyond the end of the channel. Since this

to accident or settling of the ground. The funnel-shapedextensionis coveredall around

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

with cement, it is obviously a part of the original cistern, but it is not clear what purpose it was intended to serve. As shown in the plan (Plan VII) the south end of the cistern comes within 0.55 m. of the north wall of the western gallery of the great reservoir, and the floor of the cistern, which slopes perceptibly toward the north (Plan VIII, Section S2-N2), is about level with the floor of the reservoir. Perhaps the funnel at the end of the cistern is nothing more than the first impression from the pick for a further extension toward the south. It may have been the intention to join the cistern with the western gallery of the reservoir, but for some reason this plan was never carriedout, and the narrowchannelwith its single opening at the north end remainedas a separate cistern. It looks very much like the result of a disagreement between two owners unwilling to share the available water supply. Since there is no other opening in the roof, the cistern must have received its water through the manhole at the north end, which would have been used also for drawing the water. The slope of the floor toward the north and the depression at the bottom of the manhole, like that in the south manhole of the great reservoir,were intended to facilitate the drawing of water at low level. The cistern is so narrow that it is difficult for a man of average size even to turn about in it, and it is rather remarkable, a telling testimony to the high

17

standard of technical skill, that the makers were able to apply the water-tight cement with such care and accuracy in this narrow space. The orientation of the cistern and of the great reservoir is approximately the same as the orientation of the pre-Stoa remains at the west end.9 The great reservoir and the cistern are so similar in construction that they were probably made about the same time. The reservoir was in use until near the middle of the fourth century, and presumably the same is true of the cistern; both seem to have been discarded and partly destroyed when the South Stoa foundations were laid. For the date of their construction immediate evidence is lacking. Their excellent state of preservation and the lack of wear on the steps are indications that their time of use was comparatively short. Since they were obviously constructed for the convenience of the occupants of the buildings, the floors and foundations of which are still partly concealed beneath the Stoa floor, they may belong to the same period as the pre-Stoa tavern, whose constructionseems to date from the end of the fifth century B.C., or from the early decades of the fourth century. 9 There are several reservoirs of analogous construction at Perachora, one of which is published by T. J. Dunbabin in Perachora,pp. 11-12, fig. 5. The reservoirs at the Asklepieion in Corinth (Carl Roebuck, Corinth,XIV, pp. 96-110) are of a different type, with draw basins in front approached from the ground level of Lerna, in a manner similar to the Corinthian Fountains of Peirene and Glauke.

CHAPTER

II

THE SOUTH STOAIN GREEK TIMES FOUNDATIONS The original ground level of the area occupied by the Stoa rose gently from northwest to southeast. At the western end it was about 1.50 m. below the Stoa stylobate; at the southeast corner, behind the Stoa, it rose considerably above the floor level of the building. The trench for the foundation of the fagade varies in depth according to the level of the ground before the construction of the building. It is approximately two meters wide, and at the east end it is two meters deep, increasing in depth at the west end.1 It is extremely well cut with vertical sides and smooth bottom. The virgin soil2 through which the trench was cut consists of a hard red, sandy soil, which in places has the firmness of rock. The trench is 0.30 m. to 0.40 m. wider than the foundation, leaving room for a narrow footing trench on either side. The foundations like the superstructureare made of the local poros stone and constructed in regular courses of headers and stretchers. At the east end the lowest course, sixth below the stylobate (P1. 4 2; Plan XIb),3 consists of headers, measuring approximately 1.60 m. in 1 Plan XIb, Section D, shows the depth of the foundation at the southeast corner, here only two courses below the euthynteria. Comparewith this Plan XIa, Section A, where the foundation for the west flank is nine courses deep. 2 In excavators' parlance this has become known as stereo,which in Greek means merely firm or hard. 3 The courses and levels, unless otherwise stated, will be referred to as plus, or minus, the stylobate-toichobate level which is numbered -1. Thus the lowest course of the foundation at the east end is designated by -6; the first course of wall blocks above the orthostates as +2. Whenever the phrase "below the toichobate or stylobate" is used, the count includes that course. Levels in the stoa area will also be given as plus or minus stylobate level at the southeast corner of the Stoa, which is 3.31 m. below the stylobate of the Archaic Temple and 81.55 m. above sea level.

18

length, 0.585 m. in width, and 0.47 m. in height, but there is some variation in their dimensions. The average width of the blocks, one-half the length of the stretchers, is equal to one-fourth the axial distance of the Doric colonnade. The stretchersin course-5 measure ca. 1.17 m. in length, 0.80-0.82 m. in width, and 0.43 m. in height. The headers of course -4 are here 0.435 m. high, their other dimensions corresponding to those of the lowest course. The blocks of course-3 measure1.17 m. in length, 0.79-0.80 m. in width, and 0.445 m. in height. This is the topmost course of the foundation proper, which forms the euthynteria. In one of the Roman reconstructionsits north edge was cut back 0.31 m. to a depth of ca. 0.26 m., or somewhat more than half its thickness (P1. 42 ). In the better preserved foundations for the east and west walls the euthynteria projects ca. 0.12 m. in front of the line of the surmounting step (Plans XIb, Sections A-D, and XIa, Section A). From the wear and tear and the splash qf water from the gutter in front of the Stoa, the exposed north edges of courses -1 to -3 were damaged and had to be repaired from time to time. At the west end, for a distance of five axial distances, other poros blocks were inserted (Plan VI), but along the rest of the front, where the original gutter was replaced by one of marble, the step in course-2 and the front part of the stylobate were cut away and restored in marble (see Plan XIb and P1. 51, showing beginning of poros step and west end of marble step at west end of Stoa). The extant blocks of course -2 now measure ca. 1.17 m. in length, 1.05 m. in

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

width, and 0.27 m. in height, but before the north edge had been cut away the width of this course was approximately 1.40 m. It formed a step with a tread of 0.325 m., which was carried around the corner at the two ends of the building, where it has a tread of 0.355 m.4 The stylobate course originally consisted of blocks measuring 1.055m.x 1.17 m. x 0.265 m. When the front steps of the Stoa were restored in marble in Roman times, some of the single blocks of the stylobate between the columns were removed and replaced with marble blocks, one of which still remains in the first intercolumniation at the east end (visible in Pls. 2 1, 23 1). Since the blocks on which the columns rested could not be removed without demolishing the fagade, only the front part was cut away and strips of marble inserted beneath the outer edge of each column (Plan XIb). The above description of the foundations at the east end applies to all but the last 20 m. at the west end. Here, because of the low ground level and the softness of the virgin soil, the foundation was made deeper by one course (P1. 5 3), and at the very west end there are in all ten courses below the stylobate level. The system of headers and stretchers described above was followed to the lowest course of the foundation throughout. All the blocks are fitted together with meticulous care, and anathyrosis, with a contact surface 0.15-0.18 m. wide, appearsin the joints of all the courses to the very bottom of the foundations. After the destruction of the Stoa in early Christiantimes, much of the front foundation was removed to be used for building material. For approximately one-third of the total length of the faqade all the courses were removed and the bottom of the trench exposed. 4 The outer edge, both of the toichobate and of the step below, is left rough and unfinished. From the drafted edge of the toichobate to the outer edge of the step the tread is 0.355 m., but the toichobate projects 0.05 m. beyond the drafting, making the tread 0.305 m. wide as measured from

the vertical edge of the toichobate. These measurementsvary slightly between the east and west ends of the stoa.

19

In the northeast corner of the building, where the inner face of the foundation for the east wall has been exposed, there are six courses below toichobate level (Plan XIb). The lower four courseshave a normalheight of about 0.45 m. each, except the bottom course, which measures 0.58 m. in height. They are laid in a regularsystem of headersand stretchers; the length of the stretchers is ca. 1.17 m., the same as that of the correspondingblocks in the north foundation. The upper courses are keyed into the foundationsfor the north fagade at the inside corner; the exact nature of the construction at the outer corner is hidden behind the foundation for the East Portico. The lowest course (-6) of the east foundation, which consists of headers, continues southward for a distance of only 1.85 m., and course -5 only a little farther. Courses -4 and -3 extend all along the wall to the southeast corner of the building, and somewhere south of the shop fronts a fifth course was added for a short stretch (Plan XIb, Section C). The north end of the foundation for the east wall, for a distance of 3.50 m. from the corner, has the same thickness as the north foundation, or ca. 1.60 m.; farther south it is decreased to about 1.30 m. The reason for this differenceis that the anta with which the wall terminates had approximately the same width as the lower diameter of the Doric columns and the entablature between the anta and the corner column had the full thickness. At a point opposite the intersection of the east wall and the wall between the shops and the rear rooms the outer face of the east foundation has been laid bare (Plan XIb, Section C).5 Here the lowest course, -5, consists of stretchers, one of which measures 1.23 m. in length and 0.40 m. in height; above lies a course of headers, 0.435 m. high. 5 Because of a modern road above the east end of the Stoa it proved impossible to leave the whole foundation for the east wall exposed. Three arched niches (P1.71) were made in the retaining wall built along the road in order to show the well preserved construction of the Stoa foundation at this point. The southeast corner has been left similarly exposed.

20

CORINTH

The stretchers of the euthynteria course, -3, have the normal length of 1.16 m. - 1.18 m., and a height of 0.445 m. The vertical edge on the north side of a joint and the horizontal edge at the bottom of each block are deeply beveled, and the face of the block is rough. Course-3 projectsbeyond the two faces of the course above, 0.10 m. on the outside and 0.30 m. on the inside of the building. As shown in Section C, Plan XIb, the lower two courses project toward the inside, and on the outside they are set back so that the euthynteria course overhangs.This irregularityin the foundation may be accounted for by the fact that the east wing of the Stoa is 0.10 m. wider than the west wing. Whether this difference was madeonpurposeorresultedfrominaccuracy on the partof the architect,it affectedthe lengths of some of the wall blocks in the three east-west walls of shop and rear room I (Fig. 3). Course -2 is the step, the tread of which is 0.355 m. (see above, note 4) and the riser 0.27 m. Upon this course rests the toichobate, which measures 0.267 m. in height and 0.61-0.70 m. in width. The blocks, like those of the north foundation, have a length of ca. 1.17 m. At the lower edge is a triple drafting, the lower band of which is 0.056 m. high, and set back 0.026 m.; the second band, 0.02 m. high and only 0.005 m. deep; and the third 0.015 m. high. Above this band the edge is beveled off, and the upper part left roughly finished. At the southeast corner of the building the foundation has been exposed to a depth of three courses below the toichobate (Plan XIb, Section D). In course -3 the corner block measures1.02 m. in length on the east side and 1.08 m. on the south side. The greater dimension on the south side is due to the differencein the length of the blocks in the walls of the shops and storerooms. The normal blocks measure approximately 1.24 m. in length in the east-west walls, and 1.20 m. in the northsouth walls, as compared with a length of ca.

1.17m. in the north,east andwestfoundations

of the building (Fig. 3).6 Course -2 is beveled at the lower edge, as it is further north, but the block adjoining the comer block toward the north is not beveled. The step course and the toichobate at the corner are cut out of one large L-shaped block having the combined height of the two courses, or ca. 0.54 m. (Plan XIb). The drafting along the bottom of the toichobate is not carried to the corner, but stops short with the block next to the corner block. The ground level east of the Stoa seems to have been considerably higher here than the level of the toichobate, and consequently the irregularities in the treatment of the blocks were not visible. The foundation for the west wall (Plan XI a) correspondsin the main with that of the east wall but extends down to a far greater depth at its north end. It proved impractical to expose the outer face at the northwest corner, because foundations of two ancient buildings not yet investigated adjoin the Stoa at this point. About two meters farther south, however, the west face of the west foundation has been exposed to the top of the lowest course. The foundation here consists of eleven courses below the toichobate, with a total depth of 4.50 m. On the inside, a little to the south of this cutting, as shown in Plate 5 2 and Plan XI a, the same foundation is only nine courses deep. The coursing is perfectly regular, but the surface treatment of the three upper courses differs somewhat from that of the corresponding courses at the east end of the building. The ground level was so much lower on the west side than on the east that courses -1 and -2 were entirely exposed when the building was constructed. The euthynteria course,-3, is somewhat more smoothly finished 6 The discrepancies in the normal length of wall blocks between the east and west wings, as seen in Figure 3, is due to the difference of ca. 0.10 m. in width between the two wings. The length 1.17 m. in the north, east and west foundations is used for convenience, instead of the theoretically correct measurement of 1.1696 m. (see below, p. 33), obtained by dividing the length of the fa9ade into the requisite number of axial distances.

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the bottom drum of the westernmost column, from the west end stands another drum (also which is in situ, rests a second drum, slightly seen in P1. 2 2) with almost exactly the same displaced (Pls. 2 2, right, 5 4). Its lower dia- measurements as the second drum at the meter is exactly the same as the upper dia- corner. Consequently this must belong to one meter of the bottom drum; there can be no of the other columns near by, but since it has doubt that it is the second drum of the corner an empolion in the bottom it cannot be the column. In the space for the second column lowest drum, and it is too large to belong

CORINTH

32

higher up in the shaft. It differs only four millimeters in height from the second drum of the corner column, and the diameters of the two drums are almost exactly the same both at the top and at the bottom. In view of the close correspondence in dimensions between these two second drums, it seems safe to conclude that the corner columns had the same diameter as all the rest. The abacus measures 1.03 m. on the side, only 0.07 m. more than the lower diameter of the column, and 0.168-0.17 m. in height (cf. Fig. 8, where the dimensions are slightly different). The echinus has no perceptible curve. There are four annulets at the base of the echinus and the usual relieving surface on the bottom of the capital. The column drums, including the capital, have cuttings for empolia .0.6

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9. DORIC

COLUMN

CAPITAL

FROM FACADE

at either end (visible in Figures 8, 9; P1. 8 2), measuring ca. 0.08-0.14 m. on the side and ca. 0.08 m. in depth. At the bottom of this larger cutting is a smaller hole, ca. 0.045 m. square, and 0.05 m. deep, making the total depth ca. 0.13 m. The smaller cutting is not always in the center of the larger one (Fig. 9). Of the drums whose ends are exposed only a single example is without empolion at the lower end. This was obviously a bottom drum, but its sides have been trimmed off so as to make it difficult to calculate its diameter with accuracy.

The Doric colonnade had a height of approximately 5.70 m. About fifty column drums have been found scattered about in various parts of the building and throughout the Agora (Pls. 5 i, 8 i). They vary in height as much as 0.15 m., and there is no apparent regularity in the order of high and low drums, except perhaps in the topmost drum which may have been somewhat shorter than the others. The only two drums preserved from the top of the shaft measure 0.552 m. and 0.565 m. respectively; the average height of the others is ca. 0.62 m. Four capitals are preserved, all having the same height of 0.395 m. (Figs. 8, 9; P1. 8 2). Thus the total height of the column calculated on the basis of the drums, with nine drums and the capital, would amount to (8 x0.62) + 0.560+0.395 - 5.915 m. But this does not correspond to the height of the wall of the inner facade to be restored with the existing blocks. Unless we postulate the existence somewherein this wall of a course of less than half the normal height-and no fragments of such a course have been found-it becomes necessary, on the evidence of the wall blocks, to restore the Doric columns to a height of 5.705 m. In view of the wide variation in height of the existing drums and the comparatively small number preserved-less than one hundredth of the total number-such a height comes well within the possible range.13This is the column height used in the restored drawings, Plans XI-XIV and Frontispiece(Plan X a was made at an earlier stage of the investigation on the basis of a slightly different calculation). The ratio of the lower diameter to the height is 1:5.94, that of the diameter to the 13Apparently some of the columns were made up of nine short drums plus the capital; in others only eight drums made up the shaft. Thus eight drums with an average height of 0.595 m., plus one of 0.55 m., plus the capital of 0.395 m.

would make up the required height of 5.705 m. If the taller type of drum was used the same result would be obtained with seven drums having an average height of 0.68 m., plus one of 0.55 m., plus the capital. Since the tallest preserved drum is 0.706 m., and the shortest, not counting the two top drums, is 0.59 m., either of these alternatives is possible.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

axial spacing is 1:2.327.14 If such a column seems squat for the fourth century B.C. (for the date see below p. 96), it is necessary to bear in mind that the Ionic columns in the same restoration become rather slender, and since the height of the latter depends on the height of the columns in the fagade, it is essential to keep the Doric orderas low as possible. To add one more drum to the outer columns would create insuperableproblemsin the restoration of the Ionic order and of the inner fagade. The interaxial distances may be calculated in three ways: a) by an over-all measurement of the length of the stylobate (with allowance for corner contraction), b) by the dimensions of the step blocks of the fagade, and c) by the dimensions of the architrave, frieze, and cornice. The total length of the Stoa, measured on the stylobate, is 164.47 m. By subtracting from this measure the length of two half corner stylobate blocks, or 1.08 m., the total distance from axis to axis between the two corner columns is 163.41 m., to be divided into sixty-eight normal axial units and two shorter ones at the two ends of the building. The interaxial distance at the two corners was reduced to 2.16 m. and the normal unit will be 164.47- (2 x0.54+ 2 x2.16) . = 2.3392. This is 68 so close to 2.34 m. that for practical purposes this dimension may be used and appears thus on the plans. The blocks in the foundation vary slightly in length, but the average block measures ca. 1.17 m., one-half of one axial distance. The architrave consisted of double blocks joined with hook clamps to each other at the back and to their neighbors at the ends. No backers from the faQade have been found 14 The nearest parallel among the dated Doric temples is the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, built between 366 and 326 B.C., approximately contemporary with the South Stoa. The corresponding ratios of this temple are ca. 1:5.86 and 1:2.29 (front), 1:2.26 (flanks). See W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece, ChronologicalList, opposite p. 340.

33

and only two incomplete blocks and some smaller fragments of the front half are preserved. The largest piece (visible in the upper left corner, P1. 8 3), now resting on a late wall in front of Shop XXII, has a length of 2.14 m. The taenia and regulae have been cut away, but faint traces remainwhich cannot, however, be measured with absolute accuracy. The preserved right end has anathyrosis, a dowel hole at the bottom, the cutting for a clamp at the top, and cuttings for two clamps, 1.07 m. apart, in the rear. The cutting nearest the preserved end is 0.70 m. from the end. If the two cuttings were symmetrically placed, a distance of ca. 0.25 m. would have to be restored at the left end of the block, making a total of 2.89 m. or about five centimeters more than the required length of 2.34 for the interaxial distance. The block is 0.45 m. thick, and since the backers probably had the same thickness, the total thickness of the architrave would be 0.90 m., which would leave 0.065 m. for the projection of the abacus on either side. Two adjoining fragments from the front half of an architrave were found built into a late wall north of shop XXIV (Fig. 10; P1. 8 3-4). One piece preserves a little more than half the total length of the block, the second piece is only 0.90 m. long. The maximum preserved length at the back is 2.29 m., only 0.05 m. short of the original length. The taenia and regulae have been cut away, but enough remains to admit fairly accurate measurements. They indicate a triglyph-metope unit of ca. 1.173 m., the regula having a length of ca. 0.468 m. and the space between the regulae ca. 0.705 m. A small fragment (P1. 8 5, right) preserving part of a regula with the comer gutta, found in one of the wells near the east end of the Stoa, supplies the missing dimensions. On this fragment the taenia at the top of the architrave measures0.062 m. in height. The height of the regula, exclusive of the taenia, is 0.04 m., the length of the gutta is 0.023 m., and the dia-

meter0.042 m. (The dimensionsin Figure11

34

CORINTH

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vary slightly from those given here). The small fragment from the well has traces of color on a thick coat of stucco, which was probably applied in Roman times. The taenia was painted red; the regula, gutta and the face of the architrave are now white. If the regula was originally painted blue, as would normally be the case, the color has completely disappeared. The height of the architrave is 0.634 m., slightly more than one-tenth the calculated height of the column. Of the frieze several blocks are preserved, three of them (one visible in P1. 8 3, upper right) now built into the late wall in front of shops XXII-XXIV, in their entire length. They measure 2.33 m., 2.34 m., and 2.343 m. respectively in length. The triglyphs and the

taenia of the front face of all three blocks have been chiseled away, but in the proper light it is possible to distinguish the slightly smoother surface of the metopes. The height of the blocks is 0.745 m.; the total width is not preserved. Near the east end of the Stoa have been found five large fragments from the frieze (Fig. 12; P1. 9 1-3), and one piece, preserving an almost complete triglyph, was found lying in a drain north of the Bema. The triglyph has a width of 0.45 m. (for profile and measurements, see Figure 11, bottom), and the metope, measuredfrom the end of the block to the edge of the triglyph, measures 0.728 m. This gives a total of 1.178 m., 8 mm. more than the required length of the unit. The discrepancywas made up by a very slight overlap of the tri-

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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. bottom) has a rough cutting in the top, ca. 0.18 m. wide and 0.04 m. deep, which must r.88 have been made for one of the wooden ceiling beams, perhaps at the time of repairs. The rafters were probably notched into the ends of the ceiling beams (as shown in Plan XIVb and Frontispiece), to remove any thrust from the walls of the building. The entablature of the fa9ade as well as the d 0^67 capitals of the interior columns and, pre,i sumably, architectural details of the shop oo 5o lt o Ei fronts were decorated with conventional deIeM ^"4 1 ..I I I6 signs, but only on a few small fragments are FIG. 14. HORIZONTAL CORNICE BLOCK the colors preserved. Two of these are shown differenceis too slight to be of significance.One in Plate 9 s. The hawksbeak moulding at the mutilated block (Fig. 14) from the cornice of top of the cornice has the usual Doric tongue the fagade was found in the foundation for a pattern, and a fragment from the astragal at Roman water tank at the west end of the the base of one of the Ionic capitals has a Agora. Its under side and part of the cyma design of chevrons in red and white. ___________

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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THE EAST AND WEST FLANKS The two steps of the facade return along the east and west flanks of the building, where they continue with approximately the same projection as they had in front (Plans XIIIa and b). At the northeast and northwest corners the stylobate for a distance of ca. 4.40 m. had the same width as on the fagade. The two walls terminated toward the north in a broad anta, the width of which correspondedto the diameter of the column, and the L-shaped projections forming the antae probably had the same thickness as the walls. At the east end the top of the toichobate at this point is not sufficiently well preserved to indicate this

BLOCK

AT NORTHEAST

CORNER

feature clearly. At the west end the broad section of the toichobate continues ca. 0.50 m. beyond the return of the wall, but the tooling and weathering seem to indicate that the eastward bend forming the anta was only ca. 0.47 m. thick (Plans VI, XII). Most of the east wall is missing except at the southeast corner, where two wall blocks are in place above the orthostates (Plan XIb, top). The orthostate blocks are ca. 1.05 m. high (but see below p. 92 on refinements), ca. 1.17 m. long, and ca. 0.465 m. thick. The height is very nearly the same as the combined height of two normal wall blocks; the length, as has been pointed out above, is determined by the dimensions of the Doric order of the fa9ade; and

CORINTH

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center, which are now missing, were in place when the building was excavated. At the base above a plain band of blue marble, 0.112 m. high, is a base moulding (Fig. 64, 6) of white marble with a narrow torus at the bottom carved with a leaf pattern. It is divided into four sections of unequal length, and the leaves of two adjacent sections run in opposite directions. The sections are separated by narrow bands decorated with small upturned leaves. Above this design is a cyma recta, on which is carved a series of festoons of olive branches between boukrania from which fillets hang down. From each boukranion a row of three clusters of triple leaves with olives extends toward either side and is met with a similar swag from the next boukranion. Where they meet, the longer leaves in the center are tied together in a double knot. A cyma reversa

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with a Lesbian leaf pattern runs along the top of the moulding. Above the panels is a crowning moulding (Fig. 64, 5; P1. 37 1) with a bead and reel pattern at the lower edge; the design on the cyma recta of the main part consists of alternating akanthos leaves and water lily leaves; above it is a Lesbian leaf design on a small cyma reversa, and at the top a plain band. The carving is exceptionally delicate but not very deep, and the whole front of the basin is still so heavily encrusted with a lime deposit from the water that flowed over the edge that much of the carving is concealed. The basin was flanked by pilasters of conglomerate purple and white marble, set on heavy white marble bases (Fig. 65; P1. 36 1-2), and spaced to correspondto the two columns of the original entrance into the room. The total height of the bases is 0.35 m. and the

118

CORINTH

width at the bottom is 0.625 m. At the bottom is a plain band, 0.225 m. high, above which there is a large cyma recta. The front edge of the bases rests on plinths of blue marble, 0.145 m. in height and projecting 0.66 m. from the face of the fountain. On the two plinths in front of the pilaster bases stand low poros pedestals, 0.41 m. square and 0.31 m. high, now stripped of their marble encrustation. The edges of the plinths have been cut back to receive a base moulding on two sides, the front and the sides facing the center in front of the basin, and discolorations caused by a top moulding are left on the marble pilaster bases in the rear. When the marble revetment around the pedestals was intact, the front of the pilaster bases was almost entirely concealed. Neither the blue marble plinths nor the white pilaster bases fit tightly against the front of the basin, and no effort was made to mask this incongruity. Furthermore, the pilaster bases stand 0.15 m. above the floor of the room and the base moulding in front of the basin continues behind the bases and the plinths, where it cannot be seen. In view of these anomalies we must assume a change in the original design. It would have been very simple to cut away the base moulding so as to push the plinth and the base up to the face of the basin; instead of that an unsightly open crack was left between them (P1. 36 1-2). In a room so sumptuously

decorated the architect can hardly have intended such an illogical arrangement,and we must assume that both the plinths and the white marble bases belong to a not very skillful reconstruction, of which there is much other evidence in the building. The pilaster bases, with their high plain band and heavy profile, are less carefully finished than the other mouldings from the fountain, and the marks from the toothed chisel are left unsmoothed. Furthermore,the flutes on the face of the pilasters were not carried down to the bases, and originally the lower ends must have

been intended to be covered with a base moulding, at least 0.07 m. high. There is no room for such a moulding in their present position. The return of the pilasters on the inside juts out beyond the stuccoed face of the basin and give the sides a very unfinished appearance. These irregularitiescan hardly have been part of the original design. The low marble plinths supporting the pedestals in front of the pilaster bases rest directly on the floor slabs, which were already in place before the pilasters were attached. Behind the western plinth is preserved part of a plain marble base board, 0.10 m. wide and 0.04 m. high above the floor. This marble piece, which rests on the mortar bedding with the floor slabs laid against it, is perhaps all that remains of an original arrangement in which the fluted pilasters came down almost to the floor level and a base moulding above the preserved marble band covered the unfluted lower part and served as a low pilaster base. In the top of each of the existing pilaster bases are two leaded iron clamps fastened to the stone masonry behind, and the ends of the pilaster returns on the flanks of the basin rest directly upon the clamps, thus the bases cannot have been added without the removal of the pilasters. If the bases were added later, as they must have been, we must assume that the sides of the fountain were largely rebuilt in the second period. There must have been strong reasons for such a thorough remodeling and we may assume that the objects supported on the two marble-linedpedestals were sufficiently important to cause the change. The water of the basin was allowed to flow over the top into a narrow gutter which connects with a tile drain extending toward the south (see Plan III). There was a considerable flow of water over the front wall, as shown by the heavy encrustation of lime deposit on the marble base moulding, but the sheet of water did not extend along the entire front of the fountain. At the two ends, for a space of ca.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

0.40 m., a fillet at the top raised the height of the crowning moulding above the lip in the middle part of the parapet, and the inner edge of the basin at the two ends was flat on top and covered with carved marble slabs (Fig. 65, Section). At the level of these slabs there is a horizontal groove, 0.06 m. high and 0.015 m. deep, in the return of the pilaster, the flutes of which begin above this groove (the grooves are visible in P1. 36 1-2). The pilasters are fitted into the edge of the blue marble slabs that line the upper part of the fountain on the sides and in the rear, but they jut out beyond the face of these slabs in the manner noted above. The marble slabs do not reach to the bottom of the basin, but terminate unevenly 0.28-0.45 m. above the floor, and the lower part is covered with stucco, which was painted a bluish green, probably to suggest the color in a deep body of water. The grooves at the lower ends of the pilaster returns continue the line of a moulding of white marble which ran along the flanks and back of the basin. No part of the moulding was found in situ, but with the aid of two clamps and impressions left in the mortar it was possible to replace two small pieces in their original positions on the east flank (P1. 36 1, upper right). The two fragments preserve both ends of a single strip, reaching from the pilaster at the northeast corner to the southeast corner of the basin. The moulding, which measures only 0.06 m. in height, has an astragal at the bottom above which there is a cyma recta surmounted by a plain fillet. The profile of the marble strip on the east wall is continued by another fragment which has been replaced above the rear wall of the basin (Fig. 65, d; P1. 35 2). This differs from the strip on the east wall by carrying at the top a moulding with a base cyma reversa cut out of the same piece of marble. This formed the base for a row of panels above the rear of the basin. This base moulding at the top of the strip is

119

fillet, but at intervals of 0.24 m. it turns a right angle and is carried out to the edge, forming a miniature pilaster base, 0.14 m. in width at the bottom. Only one whole and one half such bases are preserved on the existing fragment, sufficient, however, to indicate the intervals between the small pilasters that divided the rearwall of the fountain into eight panels. One fragment of pilaster of mottled green and white marble has been found fitting the dimensions indicated by the pilaster bases. It has at the top an irregularcutting with a hole through the slab for a water spout, probablyin the form of a lion's head. In the reconstructed rear wall of the fountain, it has been wrongly placed with the hole 0.15 m. above the pilaster base, whereas the spout should probably be at the very top (cf. Fig. 65, Elevation). Above these pilasters ran a crowning moulding, three contiguous fragments of which preserve one whole and one half pilaster capitals, whose dimensions and spacing fit the pilaster bases at the bottom. As now restored the panels between the pilasters are 0.33 m. high; they should probably be higher to allow sufficient space for the spouting of the water above the water level of the basin. Both the top and the base mouldings are heavily encrusted with lime deposit, showing that water was brought to the fountain at a high level and made to cascade over the rear wall with its polychrome architecturaldecoration. In the space between the two pilaster capitals, the inner edge is rounded into a lip resembling the beveled front edge of the basin (Fig. 65, e). The capitals and one fragment to the left of the complete pilaster capital are flat on top, and the moulding underneath shows no sign of lime encrustation. This fragment as now placed surmounts the panel in the extreme southeast corner where no water can have flowed. Presumably the water was made to flow over the six panels in the center, but not over the two at the ends. We may thus picture a fountain

set back 0.033m. from the edge of the outer with a sheet of water splashingover the rear

120

CORINTH

wall into the main basin and with fountain streams issuing from lion head spouts at the top of pilasters. As a prominent feature in this display we must add a figure, probably of bronze, standing on the pedestal in the basin a little to the west of center. From the basin the water flowed over the parapet, wetting the marble encrustation which thus added its colors to the rich display of running water. The architect of the fountain may have failed to take into account the high content of lime in the Corinthian water, which in the course of time covered and almost obliterated the fine details of the marble decoration. Of the flanking pilasters on the fagade a single fragment from the lower part has a dowel in the bottom which fits a dowel cutting in the top of the base, with a pour channel to the front. There were seven flutes17separated by fillets, 0.017 m. in width (P1. 37 2). The lower part of the pilasters had cable fluting which changed to regular fluting at an undeterminedheight above the floor (Fig. 64, 4). A pair of semicircles, turned in opposite directions to each other, forms the transition between the two kinds of flutes. At the top is a similar semicircle above each flute and the fillet terminates in a dart. The slabs forming the pilasters are 0.07-0.09 m. thick, but the conglomerate marble of which they are made is so brittle that the existing fragments,though numerous, are very small. A little less than a half of one pilaster capital, 0.46 m. high, is preserved, a superb example of Roman architectural decoration (P1. 37 3).18 At the bottom is a row of alternating 17 Many fragments of the pilaster were found, but none preserves the full width. Stillwell, op. cit., p. 36, refers to five flutes, but since each flute is ca. 0.064 m. wide it requires 7 flutes to make up the required width of ca. 0.47 m. The fillets along the two margins are slightly wider than those separating the flutes. 18 Although the details are very different, there is a general resemblance between this fine specimen and the large pilaster capitals from the Odeion in the Athenian Agora. See Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pl. 30. The quality of its carving is rather similar to that of several members from the marble decoration of the Bema; Robert Scranton, Corinth,I, iii, The LowerAgora, pi. 49, 2.

lobed and sharp-spinedacanthus leaves, above which is preserved one acanthus leaf folded over at the middle vein so as to show both sides of the leaf. A half acanthus leaf decorates the large volute at the corner, and at the upper edge are two upturned volutes, one with a, rosette in the center, the other with a half palmette filling the space above the tendril. There is a series of tongues above the volutes and at the top a very flat ovolo. The capital had been doweled to the wall both at the top and the sides. The existing fragment, which is not carefully finished at the right edge, probably belongs to the return of the pilaster above the east end of the basin. The architrave spanning the recess over the fountain (Fig. 66) had three fasciae, measuring 0.046, 0.054, and 0.068 m. in height, counting

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66. DETAILS

OF ARCIITRAVE

=_ FROM FOUNTAIN

from the bottom to the top, and a total height of 0.23 m. including the moulding at the top which is a cavetto-crowned cyma reversa. The bottom was coffered with a carved rosette in the center of each square. The existing fragments are thin slabs, which originally formed an L-shaped block as seen in section. The top of the block has been cut away with a saw leaving a revetment for a beam, probably of wood. Apparently a solid beam of marble was judged to be too heavy to be supported on the pilastersand the thin side walls of the fountain. In the top of some architrave fragments from the front are clamp holes for fastening the

marble veneer to the beam. Among the

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

numerous pieces of marble veneer from the fountain are fragments of other architraves, differing somewhat from the described piece both in measurement and profile (P1.37 4). No definite place in the building has been assigned to these members. No recognizable fragments of a frieze have been discovered, but a rabbet in the top of the architrave indicates that the frieze consisted of thin slabs. Fragments of a cornice, with separately attached modillions, agree in size and decoration with the architrave. Between the modillions were rosettes with a poppy capsule in the center. The modillions themselves (P1. 38 1, right), decorated with two acanthus leaves, one lobed, the other sharpspined, were fastened by cylindrical dowels to the flat panel carrying a moulding which was cut in one piece with the cornice. A second series of cornice fragments of somewhat similar design but poor workmanship also came from the fill around the fountain (P1. 38 1, left). The modillions are here cut in the same piece as the cornice and its bed moulding is decorated with an egg and dart design with small rosettes at the corners. The carving is very inferior, totally unlike that of the other members attributed to the fountain. If this cornice belongs to the same building it must be from a reconstruction. To the right and left of the fountain was the entrance to a small chamber, ca. 2.75 x1.75 m. in area, the floor of which was raised slightly above the level of the floor in the main room (Plan XVII). The walls of the western chamber have almost entirely disappeared, but a cutting for the base moulding along the west wall indicates that the arrangement here was the same as on the east side, except that the western chamber was shorter (Plan XVII). There was an opening into each chamber from the north, almost 2 m. wide, between two antae. In the rear of the eastern chamber is a raised shelf, ca. 1 m. in height, the walls of

121

marble veneer, and the disposition of the various elements in the whole building is so strictly symmetrical that we may restore a correspondingshelf behind the western chamber. What purposethey served is not apparent, but the fact that there were two similar chambers with shelves in the rear may be of significance for the identification of the building. The whole interior of the fountain house was richly decorated with marble in a variety of colors. Thereare pieces of unfluted colonnettes, only 0.105 m. in diameter at the top, and halfcolumns in conglomerate marble with a top diameter of 0.11 ni. (P1. 38 2). A base of white marble fits the half-columns, but no capital of the proper dimensions has appeared. The three-quarter capital shown in Plate 38 3 is slightly too large to have belonged to the same series. There is a wide variety of exquisitely carved mouldings, mostly consisting of architraves and cornices of different sizes, thin slabs fitted together and pinned to the walls in a pseudo-structuralstyle that would make any attempted restoration largely a matter of guesswork. The east wall of the fountain, built from reused blocks of the Stoa, was prolonged towards the south until it abutted against the rear wall of rear room XII of the Stoa, where it is standing to a height of ca. 1 m. above the floor of the basin. The correspondingwall on the west side is missing, but the arrangement seems to have been nearly symmetrical throughout. Between these two walls was a room, measuringca. 3 m. in width from east to west and 3.63 m. in length. Its floor, which is made of small lozenge-shapedbricks arranged in a herring-bone pattern (Plan III, XVI), is 0.50 m. below toichobate level and ca. 0.13 m. below the level of the marble flooring of the main room. It probably belongs to the second period of the fountain or to a still later reconstruction. The bricks were laid in a bedding of very hard mortar which in places was

which retain some of the mortarbeddingfor laid directlyon stereo.Alongthe west side of

122

CORINTH

the room, just below the level of the brick flooring,runs a terracotta channel that carried off the overflow from the fountain. This was made in sections, 0.55 m. in length, wilh an inside width at the broad end of 0.185 m. and a depth of 0.155 m. The sections narrow perceptibly towards the lower (south) end where it has a narrow flange fitting into the next section. The present cover consists of square bricks, measuring0.295 m. on the sides.19The channel begins at the west end of the narrow gutter in front of the basin, then passes southward under the floor of the basin and cuts through the brick-floored room in the rear. The bricks covering the channel are here approximately level with the herring-bonefloor of the room. The channel passes under the rear wall of the Stoa and extends southward to the edge of the great drain, then turns east (P1.38 4, Plan III). Below the present channel were found some sections of another water pipe (seen in the foreground,P1. 38 4) connecting with a terracotta jar; this may represent an earlier outlet for the overflow from the fountain, but it resembles the pre-Roman conduit south of rear room XV (see above p. 67) so closely that it may be part of a similar arrangement for bringing water from the shop wells to the rear of the Stoa. As in shop XV there is a narrow channel (not indicated in Plan III) leading from the rear of the building to the well in shop XIII. This channel, which runs underground beneath the basin, does not seem to have any connection with the fountain. The foundations for the South Basilica here extend to the bottom of the great drain behind the Stoa, some 2 m. below the level of the later terracotta channel. The latter probably turned slightly southward, then passed beneath the heavy foundations for the north porch of the South Basilica, which has a tunnel throughthe masonry, 19These bricks have exactly the same dimensions and appearance as those used in the exedra of room "D" (see above, p. 112) and in the Roman Baths which appear to have been constructed about A.D. 300 (see below, p. 145).

0.44 m. wide and 0.55 m. high, large enough to permit a man to crawl through on hands and knees. Although the connection between the channel and the tunnel has been interrupted, there can be little doubt that the tunnel was made for the purpose of conducting the water from the fountain to the east of the Basilica Porch; beyond this point its course cannot be followed because of late intrusions that have obliterated further traces. In the east wall of the room with tile flooring behind the fountain, there is an opening, 0.80 m. wide, resembling a doorway, and a little farther east is a similar opening, 1.16 m. wide (Plan XVII; Pls. 39 l, upper right, and 35 l, left of fountain).20The floor level, however, is ca. 0.50 m. lower than the bottom of the four upright poros blocks that formed the "door posts," and there are no thresholds and none of the usual cuttings for doors. The foundation blocks on which the upright stones rest and the lower part of one of the posts are in several places covered with a hard deposit of lime, showing the action of running or dripping water over a long period of time, a condition ill suited to a doorway. It is apparent that the four posts served as supports for a water tank from which the fountain was fed through a channel, the height of which was at least 1.20 m. above Stoa toichobate level and may have been higher. Some small leaks in the bottom of such a tank would have caused the lime deposit to form on the foundations. A short spur wall, jutting out from the east wall into the tile-floored room behind the fountain (Plans XVI, XVII), may have served as one of the supports for the water channel. The tank was probably constructed for the purpose of storing a sufficiently large amount of water, the flow of which could be manipulated as the occasion demanded, and it would also have functioned as a catch basin to clear the water just before it reached the fountain. 20

Cf. R. Stillwell, op. cit., p. 38.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

123

of the east anta, and to compensate for this curtailment a porch was built extending into the area of the Greek Stoa. The foundation for the new porch seems too wide for columns, and it is not unlikely that the fagade was made in the form of three arches, two of which would have been closed; that on the east to mask the heavy western wall of the South Basilica entrance way, that on the west for symmetry, while the central arch would have been open and served as entrance to the fountain house. The two original columns of the fagade either remained undisturbed or were replaced with piers. Their existence, shown by cuttings in the rear of the new foundation, would have been requiredto support the north wall of the shops which was probably still partly standing in the second century after Christ. In the restored plan (Plan XVI) half-columns have been placed against the spur walls supporting the three arches, but in the absence of architectural members that can definitely be assigned to it, the reconstruction of the new porch is largely conjectural. To the same period as the porch we may assign the modification of the front of the fountain, when the pilasters were reset on the white marble bases. The delicate little Fountain House (the date will be discussed below) with its rich architecture gives the impressionof being part of a cult building; the small chambers flanking the fountain may have been the shrines of some deities whose images were placed on the shelves at the rear. When the eastern chamber was sacrificedas a result of the encroachmentupon the area of the fountain by the South Basilica entrance way, it would have been necessary to find a new place for these cult images, which may have then been placed on the two pedestals erected to the right and left of the basin. The speculation about the use of the fountain may be advanced a step further through consideration of some fragments of terracotta sima of Roman date, discovered over a wide Housewas likewisedestroyedby the removal area from room "C"in the east to the Fountain Against the rear wall of the room with the herring-bone floor are two buttresses, one of which rests on the floor, while the other is the south end of the toichobate course for the partition between rear rooms XII and XIII of the South Stoa. Possibly these supports carried the channel that brought the water, the source of which is unknown. At some late period, after the original outlet from the fountain had been blocked, the overflow was apparently collected in the room with the tile flooring behind the fountain. At the level of this floor a terracotta pipe, circular in section, takes off from the west wall and passes westward through the foundation between storerooms XIII and XIV (Plan III). Then it curvesnorthward, passing below the floorsof rearroom and shop XIV, then through a hole cut in the front foundation of the shop, and continues northward beneath the floor of the Stoa proper. Its northward extension can be traced as far as the north facade of the Stoa, where it passed through a hole in the foundation beneath the stylobate and continued toward the north. The care taken to collect and re-use the flow from the fountain testifies to the increasing scarcity of water in Corinth as the city grew in size under the empire, a condition that eventually led to the constructionof an aqueduct bringing water from Lake Stymphalos. The fountain suffered considerable modification in the Antonine period, when the large marble gateway was constructed as an ornamentalentranceto the South Basilica. The heavy foundation which now runs along the east side of the fountain room was then laid and the delicate architecture of the earlier structure was ruthlessly curtailed (P1. 39 1, center right; Plan III). This foundation cuts into the easternchamberof the FountainHouse, which at this time may have been abandoned, and the eastern opening beneath the water tank was blocked up by the new wall (Plan XVI). The original fagade of the Fountain

124

CORINTH

House.21There are two varieties of the same size, in the first of which the details are sharp and crisp and show signs of having been retouched after the removal from the mold (P1. 39 2). At the top below a plain band runs an egg and dart moulding and two astragals in relief. In the center is a lion's head spout and to the right of it is the head of a female figure with her back toward the lion's head. The hair is gathered together at the top and tied with a fillet over the forehead. On the left side of the spout is a bearded male head, also with the back toward the lion's head. The two heads would thus face each other on adjacent sections of the sima. The heavy locks of the hair and beard, a pronounced downward curve of the moustache and the serene features of the face lend to the male head an appearance of divine majesty reminiscent of the Pheidian Zeus at Olympia. The second variety (P1.40 i) is similar in most respects, but the details are somewhat less sharp, though better modeled. The heads are slightly smaller, the female head has its knot of hair at the nape of the neck instead of at the top, and the moulding at the top of the sima is smaller and lacks the two astragals. The difference in the two varieties may be explained as the result of a reconstruction of the roof. It is not certain, however, that all the simas with the two heads come from a single building since they were scattered over a considerablearea, but the largest concentrations were in the vicinity of the fountain and the Agonotheteion. The heads are probably more than mere decorations. It was not uncommon in Greek and Roman architecture to make allusions to the use of buildings by figured representation or inscriptions on the tiled roof. We may thus conclude that the building to which the sima belongs was consecratedto the cults of a god and a goddess, whose images at first stood in cult rooms flanking the fountain but were later 21 See A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 562-3; XXXIX, 1935, pp. 58-59.

transferred to the pedestals in front of the basin.22

Shop and rear room XIV, to the west of the fountain, seem to have retained their original walls throughout antiquity, but it is likely that the east-west wall separating the two compartments was removed so as to join them into one large room (Plan XVII). The original Greek doorway into the shop, later narrowed by insertion of a block against the east jamb, is preserved to its full width, 1.58 m., and the orthostates of the north wall are all standing in their original position (see above p. 50). Over the well in the center of the shop has been reconstructed one of the original curbs (P1. 14 3). The preserved floor of the shop is ca. 0.85 m. below the toichobate, but the original floorwas probablyat a higher level. The terracotta conduit (see p. 123) passing through both the shop and storeroomis just below the level of the present floor, and a hole has been cut through the north foundations for the pipe. In the well of shop XIV, which was filled up in early Roman times, was found a Doric column capital (Fig. 67; P1. 402) with unfluted neck, the dimensions of which fit the shafts of the unfluted columns in the second story of the Stoa. Except in size, the capital is totally different from the columns, and it is probable that it was made during the early Roman repairs to take the place of one of the original capitals with fluted necks (see above p. 73). There is no clue to the use of these two rooms in the Roman period. Like shops XX and XXI west of the Bouleuterion (see below, p. 132), shop XIV with its storeroom in the rear must have served some utilitarian purpose considered sufficiently important to assure its continued existence. Its position between the fountain and room "F" suggests that is was somehow related in function to 22 For a conjectural interpretation of these and for other evidence of cults in the Corinthian Agora, see my article in Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 154-156, and the references given there in note 78.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

these two structures. Since there is no other logical approach to the rooms behind the fountain or to the west door of the South Basilica cryptoporticus, a door has been restored

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in the southeastcornerof rearroomXIV. The courseof the water pipe (Plan III) adds further probabilityto the existenceof a doorin this place. The area occupiedby shop and rear room XV (Plans III, XVII) was completely remodeledin Romantimes,but the originalpartition walls were left partly standing.The Tshapedorthostateblockin the northeastcorner is still in position with its west arm partly trimmedaway(visiblein Plate41, centerright)

125

and the first wall courseis in place at the same corner. Farther south the partition wall between shops and rear rooms XIV and XV have been removed down to toichobate level. Parts of two orthostate blocks are preserved in place in the west wall near the northwest cornerof the room, but the rest of the wall has been rebuilt. On the north foundation of the shop there is a late wall of heavy blocks in two courses, some of which have a wide drafting around the edges with a projecting panel in the center (the west end of the wall appearsin Plate 42 1, lower left and in Plate 41, to the right of the road pavement). The trimming of these blocks has been done with a rough toothed implement in typical late Roman manner. The original entrance to the room in Roman times was presumablyfrom the north, as restored in Plan XVII, but the late wall of heavy blocks covers every trace of the doorway. A heavy foundation of large poros blocks taken from the Stoa extends over the entire area of shop and rear room XV; the partition wall between the shop and the rear room had been removed before this foundation was laid. The main room constructed over this area had a length of ca. 7.50 m., its width being that of the shop; and at its south end is a cross wall of rubble masonry which originally extended across the entire width of the room. This wall rests on the heavy poros foundation which extends southward to the rear wall of the Stoa. The small room in the rear does not appear to have been used for any important purpose, since it did not have a properflooring,and the cross wall was left rough on the south side. The floor of the large room is covered with multicolored marble in intricate patterns, but its state of preservation is such that a complete restoration of the color scheme is impossible (see Plate 41, to the right of the road). It was divided into two unequal sections, a larger one on the north oriented like the room and a smaller section in the rear with its long

126

CORINTH

axis at right angles to the room (Plan XVII). The division between the two comes very nearly at the line of the original rear wall of shop XV. The larger section had a panel of small squares, 0.295 m. on the side, in three colors: a dark gray, resembling slate, a purple and white conglomerate, and the yellow and white Skyros variety. There were some half squares along the east edge which seem to have been inserted in order to stagger the rows of full squares as shown in Plan XVII. Around the panel was a border of purple and white conglomerate, which was slightly wider on the north and west side than on the east and south. The panel was off axis to the west, presumably because of the position of the door in the north wall. The slabs of the panel in the rear have mostly disappeared, and some of the existing pieces are probably patches. There seems to have been a border of blue slabs, but the color scheme of the rest cannot be recovered with certainty. Around the entire room ran a narrow border of a dark shade of conglomerate gray and red marble. Some slabs of the wall decoration are left in place in the southwest corner. At the foot of the walls was a base board, 0.37 m. high, of conglomerate purple and white marble and above that ran an elaborate moulding carved in white marble (P1. 40 s). At the bottom was a torus with an intertwined leaf pattern with small buds sprouting from the base of each leaf; the middle part, a scotia, is decorated with a tongue pattern above which is a cyma reversa carved with a Lesbian leaf design.23 Above the mouldingwere slabs, at least 0.55 m. in height, of the same type of conglomerate marble as was used for the base board. Room "F", like the small chambersflanking the fountain, would serve admirably as a cult room; the division of the floor into two panels 23 A section of this moulding was found in place on the west wall but it was carried away by foreign officers during the occupation of Greece in World War II. It is now known only from the photograph in Pl. 40 3, which appearedin Stillwell's preliminary report in A.J.A., XL, 1936, p. 39, fig. 17.

would be suitable to such a use. The small panel in the rear would indicate the place of the cult image, which may have been a small portable object. Room "F" and the Fountain House were doubtless built at the same time as parts of a single complex, to which the area of shop and rear room XIV served as connecting unit. This is shown by the similarity in the carved marble encrustation from the two rooms, and by the square floor slabs which have the same dimensions in both cases. There may have been direct communication through doors in the west wall of the Fountain House and in the east wall of "F", although no traces of such doors are now visible. The contents of well XV and the construction at the mouth of the shaft have an important bearing upon the date of room "F" and of the Fountain House. The lower fill, from a depth of 6 m. to the bottom, consisted of Hellenistic debris which had accumulated in the shop from the time of the Mummian destruction in 146 B.C. to the first Roman restoration of the Stoa after 46 B.C. Among the contents of this fill were some pieces of Stoa roof tiles; nearly all the fragments of the well curb; a considerable amount of late Hellenistic pottery, including Megarianbowls and amphorahandles of the first half of the second century B.C.; lumps of white, yellow, and red pigments; 175 small terracotta tubes, for which no convincing explanation has been found;24 and 12 coins, the latest of which extend to the second century B.C. No recognizable object in this deposit can be dated later than the destruction of Corinth in 146 B.C. The fill from 1.70-6 m. contained mixed Hellenistic and Roman objects, including tiles from the Stoa roof; much pottery, both Greek and Roman; lamps of types XVI, XVIII and XIX;25 lumps of red and blue pigments; a 24

Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 241-42, pl. LXII, 22. 25Corinth, IV, ii, pp. 56-70.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

large variety of miscellaneous metal objects; and a coin, containing the names of two duovirs, INST(eius ?) and L(ucius) CAS(tricius Regulus?), whose year of office has been placed in the early years of the Roman colony.26 At the top of the well was a fill of rubble and stones, among which was found a small sherd of Arretine ware. The mouth of the well was securely sealed over by the marble flooring of room "F", which thus is later than any object from the well shaft. Beneath the marble floor the heavy poros foundation covers the entire area of shop and rear room XV, including the waste space to the south of room "F". The purpose of this foundation, which contains much re-used material from the Greek shops, is uncertain. It does not seem to have been laid merely as a bedding for the marblefloor; it is unnecessarily solid for such a purpose; besides, it extends ca. 2.60 m. farther south than the floor. The rubble south wall of room "F" rests upon the poros foundation. When this foundation was laid the well in shop XV was still used for some purpose, although the shaft, from a depth of 6 m. to the bottom, a total of ca. 4.50 m., had already then been filled up with destruction debris. There was a small aperture, only 0.80 m. in diameter, through the poros foundation, above the well, and some fragments of the well curb were too large to go through this narrow opening. Thus the poros foundation had been laid at some time after the cleaning up of the Stoa in early Roman times but before the construction of room "F". Although no very exact date can be assigned to the late fill at the top of the shaft it seems to extend into the first century of our era. Furthermore allowance must be made for two periods of construction between 46 B.C. and the laying of the marble floor. The type of flooring used both in the Fountain House and in room "F", thin slabs of marblein a variety of colors, was introduced 26Katharine M. Edwards, Corinth, VI, Coins, p. 6.

127

at Pompeii about the middle of the first century after Christ.MarionE. Blake27makes the statement that "although the type was started in the period of the third style, its chief development occurred during the time of the fourth." No systematic study has been made of floor construction in Greece, and it would be unsafe to conclude that this chronology applies equally well in Greece where marble and mosaic floors may have followed different traditions. A comparable, though far more elaborate, example of polychrome opus sectile flooringis found in the Odeionin the Athenian Agora, which is dated in the time of Augustus, and was probably begun at the time of the Athenian visit of the donor, M. Vipsanius Agrippa, in 16 or 14 B.C.28It seems necessary to assume that the variegated marble floor came into use in Greece as early as the beginning of Augustus' reign and continued in use for some two centuries. The pavement of the orchestra in the Theater of Dionysos in Athens,29 probably a part of the Neronian reconstruction, shows a comparable use of squares and colored marble. The Bema complex and East Central Shops in Corinth30provide the closest parallels to the Fountain House and room "F", so close, indeed that the two sets of buildings must be approximately contemporary.The superiorquality of the marble carving of the Bema and its scholae compareswell, in quality more than in design, with the marble work of the two buildings in the Stoa area. The Bema, however, was designed as an unroofed structure, in which the marble covering of floors and walls had to be correspondingly heavy. The central room in the eastern group of the Central Shops was constructed and decorated like the Fountain House and room "F". The walls of this shop, unlike those of the smaller shops 27

Marion E. Blake, op. cit., pp. 45, 49, pls. 8, 9. Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pp. 59-60, 87-88. 29 A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, The Theatreof Dionysus in Athens, pp. 257-258, fig. 121. 30 Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, pp. 91-117. 28 Homer A.

CORINTH

128

on either side, were built of poros blocks and revetted, at least to the height of the dado, with marble slabs backed by heavy plaster. The variegated floor pavement, the design of which centers around a rectangular slab of onyx31 identical with the stone used for the central panel in front of the basin in the Fountain House, gives the surest indication of the contemporaneity of the two buildings. The date of the Bema complex has been fixed to the period shortly before the middle of the first century after Christ, and the shops are little if any later than the Bema. All the evidence points to this time as the most likely period of construction of the Fountain House and its annex, room "F", to the west. THE KENCHREAN ROAD Over the area of shop and rear room XVI there is a road pavement (PI. 42 i; Plans III, XVII) of heavy limestone blocks similar to those used for the pavement of the Lechaion Road. They are 0.10 m. to 0.20 m. thick and vary considerably in size, one of the largest measuring1.62 m. x1.03 m.i n area. The pavement extends up to the very north edge of the shop and fits closely to the partition walls on the east and west sides; this indicates that when the pavement was laid these walls were standing, at least to a height of the orthostate course. Where the pavement terminates at the front wall of the shop there was a gateway, somewhat less than 3 m. in width. There are traces of large circular cuttings at the ends of the threshold, indicating that a double gate closed the entrance at this point. The long marble block, which is now used as a step at the north edge of the pavement, was placed there in early Christian times, but the difference in level between the road pavement and the Stoa floor required a step like that restored in Plan XVII. At the line of the partition wall between shop and rear room XVI, 31Probably a stalagmitic form of onyx marble.

there was a low step, only 0.132 m. high, in the road pavement and farther south along the line of the rear wall of the Stoa there were two steps, probably of slightly greater height. Since the pavement occupies the full area of the shop and rear room, its width through the Stoa is ca. 4.50 m., but directly behind the Stoa it cannot have been more than ca. 3.35 m. Its east wall makes a jog ca. 0.90 m. deep, then turns slightly westward. The west edge of the pavement is not preservedat this point, but it seems to have continued approximately parallel to the east edge for a distance of 3 m., then turning an almost right angle toward the west it probably extended up to the wall of the Bouleuterion. At the distance of ca. 13 m. south of the Stoa there seems to have been another step, but the pavement is here very poorly preserved. The road may have turned eastward at a point slightly south of the South Basilica and then joined with another road out of the city in the direction of the harbor at Kenchreai. The road enters the Agora a little to the east of the axis of the South Stoa, which is also the middle of the Upper Agora (Plan XXI). A short distance to the north of the Stoa, directly in front of the point where the road emerged into the Agora, stood the Rostra (Bema) which was the focal center in the Administrative section of the city. The Lechaion Road, the principal approach to the city from the north, also points towards the Rostra.32In the first century after Christ, at the time of St. Paul's visits to Corinth, these two roads were probably the principal thoroughfares into the city from the two harbors. Since both were interrupted by steps they could not have been used for wheel traffic. The merchants who brought their wares on carts, if they came by these roads, had to unload 32

The course of the Lechaion Road was determined before the Bema and Central Shops were laid out. The Kenchrean Road, approximately contemporary with the Bema, seems to have been laid out with reference to it and to the Lechaion Road.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

before they reached the principal business section, and take their goods on pack animals or by hand into the city. The road issuing into the Agora through shop XVI was not the only approachfrom the south. At the west end of the South Stoa there was a road, whose successive layers can be traced from the level of the Stoa floor up to the present ground level. In the bank of earth at the edge of the excavation appears the east edge of a paved roadway, sloping toward the north and entering the Agora at its southwest corner.Beforethe constructionof the Southeast Building closed the entrance, a road from the south seems to have led to the Agora at that point also. Both there and at the west end, the Agora could be entered through the South Stoa; the heavy wear on the stylobate between the corner columns and the corresponding antae shows that these entrances were in frequent use. After the construction of the road leading into the Agora through the middle of the Stoa this would offer the most convenient approach to the city to visitors arriving from the harbor at Kenchreai. For the date of the pavement there is no certain evidence, but the awkward jogs it makes south of the Stoa can best be explained on the supposition that the road was in existence before the construction of the Bouleuterion, but later than room "F". If the waste space between the east wall of the Bouleuterion and the road had been available (see below, p. 130) it seems likely that it wouldhave been utilized so as to make the road of approximately uniform width throughout. When the pavement was laid, shop XVII was presumably still in use and the road builders were restricted to the width of a single shop. Once the roadhad been made and the gateway constructed, it seems to have remained unchanged throughout the Roman period. The well of shop XVI, beneath the road pavement, contained no objects of Roman times except

129

The shaft was found empty to a depth of 5.70 m., but a hole in the pavement directly above the well was covered with a loose marble slab, and the two coins could have been carried by streams of water forming on the sloping pavement during heavy rains. THE BOULEUTERION The first of the Roman buildingsconstructed to the west of the Kenchrean Road is the elliptical structure identified as the Bouleuterion, whose massive walls are the most prominent of the ruins in this section of the city (P1. 41; Plans III, XVII). Between its eastern wall and the west edge of the road there is a space, ca. 1.35 m. wide, where the walls of the Greek building seem to have been left standing, at least to the height of the road pavement and possibly higher. What purpose this space served after the construction of the Bouleuterion is not apparent. The partition wall between shop and rear room XVII has been removed, but a new cross wall, built directly south of this partition, divides the space between the road and the Bouleuterion into two sections of unequal length. The partition wall between rearrooms XVI and XVII, which became the west edge of the road, may have continued standing to the level of the original ceiling over the two rear rooms, and the space between this wall and the Bouleuterion could have been roofed over and used as a storeroomor tool shed. In the southeast corner of rear room XVII, the L-shaped orthostate block of the Greek building is standing in its originalposition, and the top, which was only slightly below the level of the road pavement, shows signs of wear. Between this block and the east wall of the Bouleuterion, there is an opening, 1.05 m. wide, through which it was possible to reach the eastern end of the paved area behind rear room XVII. The enclosing walls of the

two coinsfromthe fourthcenturyafterChrist. areaare standingto a heightof 0.22m. above

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toichobate level. The south wall lines the north edge of the great drain, and at this point, close to the wall of the Bouleuterion, was found a poorly constructed latrine (see above, p. 66, P1. 16 3), which seems to have undergone several modifications during its period of use. The three sides of the niche are made of separate stones, ill fitted together, and the seat block is very crudely carved as a separate piece. Unlike the seat in the latrine behind shop XXVII (P1. 16 4), which was carved out of a single block, the patch work arrangement of this structure has no trace of cement lining. That it continued in use after the construction of the Bouleuterion is shown by the fact that a small block in the wall of the Bouleuterion has been notched at the back to make room for the west side of the latrine niche (P1.43 i). The Bouleuterion or Council House of Roman Corinth is of unique design (Plan XVII). It consists of a truncated ellipse, the inside width of which is 11.80 m. at the widest point; the greatest length of the large chamber is 13.85 m. on the axis. At the north, open end the walls turn and extend in a straight line for a distance of ca. 2 m. as far as the front wall of the building, which had three doors, a wider one in the middle and narrower ones on the flanks. The middle doorway had an opening somewhat over 2 m. in width. The original door jambs are missing, and two upright stones inserted at a later date have narrowed the doorway to slightly over 1 m. (P1. 42 2). A Corinthiananta capital of marble (P1.43 3), now placed on the east side of the door, may have occupied this position at a higher level. The western side entrance now has a door opening 1.26 m. wide, but a cutting for the east door jamb seems to indicate that the original door was only ca. 1.00 m. in width. The correspondingdoorway on the east side is not preserved, but the wall between the east side door and the central doorway is still

standingto a heightof 1.70m.

In front of the north wall with the three doorways there was a shallow porch, 2.60 m. in depth, terminating in an apse at either end. A colonnade of four columns, spaced in pairs, has been restored on the foundations for the front walls of the shops, and a marble block, found at the east end of the porch (P1. 42 2, lower left comer), probably formed the east anta. On the front and right side are sunk panels surrounded by mouldings; the other two sides are rough, showing that they were covered by masonry. Both this anta block and the Corinthian capital of the doorway may be from a reconstruction; in the first period the entire building may have been of poros. A base and a capital of a poros pier with an attached half column were found in the vicinity (P1.43 4); it is not unlikely that these were originally used on the fagade. The west wall of the elliptical porch is standing at one point to a height of five courses, 2.83 m. above the floor of the building, and at the south end four courses of the wall are preserved. The east wall, with the exception of five blocks of the orthostate, was missing at the time of excavation, but a number of curved wall blocks found within the building and in the vicinity have been placed upon the foundation. The west wall shows signs of fire near the floor, probably caused by the same fire that destroyed shops XX and XXI in A.D. 267 (see below p. 134). A headless statue of a man wearingthe toga was found in the building and is now standing against the east wall. Among the poros blocks removed from the mediaeval walls within the building are several pieces from a bench with profiled front, the curvature of which correspondsapproximately to that of the elliptical wall. They are ca. 0.40 m. in height, but their width and depth vary considerably. In the top are shallow grooves which may have held arm supports of wood. Eleven pieces of various lengths have

been found and placed against the rear wall

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

of the building (P1. 42 2; Plan XVII). They may have been used originally as a continuous bench running along the walls of the entire room. The pavement within the large room seems to have consisted of packed earth mixed with clay. The ground level was much disturbed by building activities in the middle ages, but in many places the originalfloorlevel is preserved, and it seems unlikely that all traces of a hard flooring should have disappeared had it once existed. The floor sloped gently down from the south end of the chamber to the entrance on the north. Immediately inside the doors it was about level with the toichobate course of the Greek shops, which is preserved across the entire width of the chamber. At the south end the floor covered the retaining walls around the paved areas behind rear rooms XVII to XIX, and these walls are ca. 0.17 m. above toichobate level. In the southwest corner of the area behind rear room XVIII a part of the hard pebble pavement is still preserved, and near the east end of the area there is a funnellike cutting in the south retaining wall which provided an outlet into the great drain. The paved area behind shop XVII, which was cut in two by the east wall of the Bouleuterion, has two such outlets into the drain, one just inside the Bouleutprion and the other at the east end where the late latrine was discovered. The roofingof a building of this shape would have presented great difficulties to the architect. The simple expedient of constructing a rectangle around the ellipse as support for the roof was not adopted, although the original shop walls might have been partly utilized for such a purpose. No tiles of peculiar shape have been found that would indicate a roof made to fit the elliptical chamber,nor are there any bases for interior supports. Possibly the chamber had no permanent roof, but merely an awning of a type used in outdoor theaters33 33In theaters and amphitheaters such use of awnings is well known. See Lucretius IV, 75; Ovid, Art. Amat. I, 103; R. Cagnat, I.G.R.R.P., IV, 1632. The canvas was stretched

131

to protect the members against the sun and rain. Furthermore,the treatment of the walls, which are neither revetted with marble nor very smoothly finished on the inside but have only the joints touched up with mortar, and the absence of a hard flooring would be more suitable in a building without a permanent roof. This would also account for the gradual slope of the floor from south to north, a necessary precaution to provide drainage in an unroofed building. The area to the south of the Bouleuterion (Plan III) presents a confused picture of walls and floor levels from different periods. The ground level in Roman times was here ca. 1.50 m. above the floor of the Bouleuterion, and at that level there is a terracotta water channel close to the rear wall. The preserved section, which is only 1.55 m. long, slopes steeply down towards the east. Farther east another channel, built of rubble masonry and using large tiles for the floor, extended from south to north for a distance of 3 m., until it reached the wall of the Bouleuterion, where it turned northeastward and probably emptied into the large drain behind the Stoa. This drain was in use until mediaeval times, as is shown by the fact that many of the late channels at high levels pouredtheir contents into it. Evidence for the date of the Bouleuterionis not abundant. Of the three shop wells underlying the building, one, XVII, is unexcavated; the fill of the other two, XVIII and XIX, contained Roman pottery of the first century after Christ. Well XIX, however, seems to have been openedat a later period, toward the end of the second century, but this might be due to settling and an accidental breakthrough in the floor of the portico. So far as the contents of the wells offer any evidence, the building might have been constructed any time before the end of the first century after Christ. The masonry is very similar to that of from masts anchored in the rear of the wall encircling the auditorium.

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the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica, in which we find the same type of large poros blocks, the joints similarly touched up with mortar on the inside. Both the South Basilica and the Julian Basilica, in which the same kind of stone work is found, appear to have been constructed in the time of Claudius, and the Bouleuterionprobably belongs to the same era of expansion and lively building activity in Corinth.34 For the identification of the building as the Council House or Bouleuterion, the peculiar shape alone would offer sufficient evidence.35 Although no very close parallel to the shape is known, there is a general resemblanceto the Bouleuterion at Olympia. The shape lends itself best to an assembly hall, and the curved seats found within the building indicate that the chamber was so used. Furthermore, its central position in the administrative section of the Agora and its location in relation to that of the Bema, which is rather similar to the position of the Curia relative to the Rostra in the Roman Forum, are in keeping with this identification. There seems to be little doubt that the elliptical structure was the meeting place of the legislative body of Roman Corinth. AREA WEST OF THE BOULEUTERION West of the Bouleuterion two shops and rear rooms, XX and XXI, appear to have remained standing with some modifications throughout Roman times and into the early 34 Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, pp. 130ff., connects this burst of building activity with the administrative change of the provincial government between A.D. 15 and 44, when the Province of Achaia was placed under the governor of Moesia. 35The portico with its two apses is very similar to the entrance hall of the Church of Santa Costanza in Rome, but there the main chamber is circular. See Michael Stettler, Rom. Mitt., LVIII, 1943, pp. 76ff., and Beilage 1. For the elliptical shape of the main room I know of no close parallels, but the south wing of the Bouleuterion at Olympia with its apse, its curving side walls, and front porch is an early ancestor of the type. It is possible that Plutarch (Cleomenes, 19, 1), speaking of the liberation of Corinth by Aratus but with the Roman city of his own time in mind, refers to the Bouleuterion, as William A. McDonald, The Political Meeting Places of the Greeks,p. 149, has suggested.

Christianera (P1.441; Plans IV, XVIII). Most of the orthostates are still standing in their original position, and many of the wall blocks in the first course are in place. The orthostates in the front wall of shop XX are preserved to the east of the doorway, and the doorjamb on the east side is still standing, but its west face and the door trim have been roughly hacked away. The distance from the east wall to the east edge of the door trim measures 1.755 m. at the height of 0.50 m. above toichobate level. A rough cutting in the south face of the orthostate block east of the doorway measures ca. 1 m. in height and 0.65 m. in width, but does not extend through the full thickness of the block. A small hole, ca. 0.10 m. in diameter, extends from the top of the block into the cutting, and near the bottom is a somewhat larger, irregular hole through the north face of the block. These small holes appear to be water-worn on the edges, indicating that the larger cutting served some function in connection with the drainage of the shop in post-classical times when the floor was at a higher level. Here, as elsewhere throughout the building, the north face of the shop wall is much worn from long exposure to the elements. Of the door jamb on the west side nothing is left, and the original condition of the door sill has been obliterated through later alterations. A threshold block of pinkish grey limestone, now in place, belongs to one of the Roman reconstructions. It measures 0.55 m. in width, 1.75 m. in length, and 0.12-0.18 m. in height. It has a pivot hole at either end and two smaller cuttings, resembling pry-holes, along the long axis of the block. To judge by the position of the pivot holes, the late doorway represented by the limestone threshold measured approximately 1.75 m. in width, some twenty centimeters more than a normal shop doorway. In the northeast comer of the shop the Tshaped orthostate block is preserved; but its

THE STOA IN-ROMANTIMES

133

height of the orthostate, and in the threshold are cuttings for doors enlargedand reshapedin later times. The west wall of shop XX is preserved for a distance of 1.80 m. from the southwest cornerof the shop; ca. 0.50 m. to the east of this wall runs the tiled water channel described below. The inside of the walls preserve traces of a late stucco, extending from the top down to within ca. 0.15 m. of the toichobate in the northeast corner of the shop. In the southeast comer the level was higher, indicating that the floor sloped perceptibly toward the north. The stucco is of a poor, rough quality and left unpainted at the base, but at a height of ca. 0.83 m. above orthostate level there was a wide red band. Underneath the final coat of stucco are traces of earlier stucco with paint, which seems to have been applied in patterns. Beneath the partition wall between the shop and rear room a rough hole, ca. 0.25 m. in diameter, has been cut in the top of the toichobate course, probably as inlet for a water channel which is not preserved. At the distance of 0.89 m. from the northeast corner of the rear room a door opening, 0.915 m. in width, has been cut in the east wall, and 0.335 m. farther south there is a second opening of slightly smaller dimensions. Both have been blocked up in a manner similar to that of the two openings in the east wall of shop XX. In the south opening of the rear room the toichobate is deeply worn as if this doorway had been in use through a long period. Nothing remains in situ of the south wall of rear room XX except a small bit of the orthostate in the southeast corer. The orthostates of the west wall are all preservedexcept for an opening, 1.15 m. wide, close to the southwest corner of the room. In late Roman times the rear wall of rear room XX was removed and an addition was made, extending ca. 3.33 m. towards the south. but the west door jamb is preservedto the The east and west walls of this extension are

eastern arm, which extended in front of shop XIX, has been cut away. The east wall of shop XX shows a number of changes which must have taken place prior to the construction of the Bouleuterion. At the distance of 0.59 m. from the northeast comer a door opening, 0.91 m. wide, was cut through the wall (a similar opening in the same relative position may be observed in the partition wall between shops XXX and XXXI). The door opening in the east wall of shop XX has been neatly filled up with blocks taken from the shop walls. Since the space between shop XX and the Bouleuterion is too narrow to serve as a passageway and its walls are too irregular on the inside to have been visible, the door in the east wall of shop XX must have been in use before the construction of the Bouleuterion, either during the first period of reconstruction after the founding of the Roman colony, or before the destruction of 146 B.C. To the south of the opening a small piece of the second orthostate block and most of the third orthostate remain in their original position; but the top has been partly cut away at some late period. South of the third orthostate block a second opening was made in the wall, having a width of 1.46 m. It is not clear what purpose this served, but its period seems to be the same as that of the door farther north, and it has been similarly filled up very carefully with masonry made of blocks from the Stoa. Both the larger opening and the smaller doorway were walled up prior to the construction of the Bouleuterion, which blocked communicationwith the area to the east. The partition wall between shop XX and rear room XX is partly preserved.The western arm of the cross-shaped block in the comer and the orthostate block adjoining it remain in their original position, and in the top are rough cuttings for two late doorways, 0.44 and 0.25 m. above toichobate level respectively. The western half of the wall has been removed,

CORINTH

134

made of Stoa blocks, probably from the removed original rear wall of the room. The south wall of the extension was built of tall upright blocks from the Stoa, set far apart, and the spaces between them were filledwith rough masonry of smaller stones and tile fragments. At the time that the southward extension was made the floor level was ca. 0.45 m. above toichobate level. This floor, sloping gently from south to north, could be traced over the entire area occupied by shop XX and its enlarged rear room. At the time of the excavation a well marked layer of ash was found above the floor, and near the center of the rear room was found a cache of 64 coins, much corroded and damagedby fire. Fifty of the coins could be identified as follows :36

MarcusAurelius (A.D. 161-180) 1 Septimus Severus (193-211) 1 Caracalla,Patras (198-217) 1 Alexander Severus (222-235) 2 Julia Mamea 1 Maximinus I (235-238) 1 Valerian I (252-259) 3 Valerian I or Gallienus1 Gallienus (253-268) 27 Salonina 5 Salonina or Gallienus 1 Obverse illegible, but reverse of Gallienus6 Wholly illegible 14 With the coins were found the iron trimmings of the box in which the cash had been kept at the time of the fire. The preponderance of coins of Gallienus and his wife Salonina indicates that the fire took place during their reign, and this correspondsto the date of the invasion by the Heruliansin A.D. 267. Further evidence for the extent and magnitude of the fire is furnished by a limestone statue base,

standing close to the east wall of the room.37 The top of the block has disintegrated in the fire, but the lower part, which was probably covered by debris, is well preserved. The base has been twice inscribed, the first dedication having been erased to make room for the second. The latter contains a dedication to the Roman colony of Corinth, whose complete name, COLONIALAVS IVLIACORINTHIENSIS, became known for the first time from this inscription. The base must have supported a statue in the form of a personificationof ti'e colony,38but in the position in which it was found it probably served a less important function as support for some store furnitureor household object. Against the south wall of the southward extension stands a rather carelessly constructed base, which in its present condition rises to a maximum of 0.60 m. above the late floor of the building. Among the ashes in front of this structure was found a marble head of Serapis (P]. 442), wearingthe polos. Though the head was damaged and cracked in the fire, it was possible to determine that the face had originally been entirely covered with gold leaf, and much of the gold still adheres to the marble. There were no traces of any other parts of the statue, which were probably of wood and would thus have perished in the fire. The rubble structure in front of which the head was found may have been some kind of house altar, but is too poorly preserved to make any kind of reconstructionpossible. Beneath the late Roman floor is a complex of poorly constructed walls and an open drain, ca. 0.21 m. wide, sloping from northwest to southeast and originally emptying into the large sewage canal south of the Stoa. Underneath these late ruins there are traces of the original refuse area. The walls of rear room Hesperia, X, 1941, pp. 388-390. coins of Corinth represent the Genius of the Colony in the form of a male figure holding cornucopia and patera. Br. Mus. Cat. of GreekCoins, Corinth,etc. Nos. 553, 558, 560; Katharine Edwards, Corinth,VI, Coins, p. 9, Nos. 104, 123. 87

86

Josephine M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 145. The destruction wrought by the Herulians in Athens has received factual documentation from several discoveries in tbAAgora; Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 202, 206; XVIII, 1949, p. 217.

38 Some

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

XX, together with those of the southward extension, were covered on the inside with a poor, crumbly plaster applied in several layers. At the bottom is a band painted in a speckled grey and white, probably to imitate common stone. A black horizontal line separated this from the upper section of the wall, which was decorated in a marbled red and yellow color scheme. Part of the wall seems to have carried a figure decoration, of which only uncertain traces now remain. The stucco also covered the rubble structure tentatively identified above as a house altar. The front wall of shop XXI has been entirely removed down to the level of the toichobate, and for a distance of almost 2.50 m. the foundation too is missing, but in the southeast comer the walls are preservedto the top of the orthostate. In the wall between the shop and the rear room, at a distance of 1.00 m. from the east wall, there is a cutting in the top of the orthostate for a late doorway, ca. 1.13 m. wide, at the height of 0.68 m. above the toichobate. The entire length of this wall is in place, and the original Greekdoorway between shop XXI and its rear room is comparatively well preserved.The door opening, at a distance of 2.88 m. from the east wall, measures 1.405 m. in width at the bottom. At the time of excavation two large blocks filled the doorway, the lower of which rested on a fill of earth, 0.19 m. thick, in which are further traces of the fire that gutted the two shops and rear rooms. Thus the doorway must have been blocked some time after the fire. The east wall of rear room XXI is well preserved to the top of the orthostate, except for the opening in the southeast comer, made at some late period to provide communication between rear rooms XX and XXI. The rear wall of rear room XXI is preserved to the top of the first course of wall blocks, a total height of 1.605 m. The orthostate blocks have the normal length of ca. 1.24 m., and the normal

135

southwest corer the doorway, ca. 0.92 m. in width, into the paved area has been filled with rubble masonry resting on a layer of earth, 0.28 m. thick. Like the fill in the doorway between the shop and the rear room, this represents the floor level in late Roman times. The fill of the doorway in the south wall, however, seems to antedate the destruction of A.D. 267. The wall block east of the doorway has a length of 1.38 m., and the block at the east end of the wall is 1.42 m. long (see above p. 58). The west wall of rear room XXI is completely preservedto the top of the orthostates. It was left standing when the large room "H" with the marble floor to the west was built and probably owes its preservation to this construction. The inside of the walls in rear room XXI are covered with a crumbly stucco, the lower edge of which is 0.25 m. to 0.40 m. above toichobate level. Here, as in the adjoining rear room XX, the floor level in Roman times sloped perceptibly to the north. At a distance of over three meters to the south of rear rooms XX and XXI there is a terracewall (P1.44 i; Plan XVIII) constructed out of small stones with a few pieces of tiles intermixed. Its good face is on the north, its other face having been concealedby the higher groundlevel to the south. The wall has a thickness of 0.65 m., and at one point it is preserved to a height of ca. 1.00 m. Its north face was at one time covered with stucco, and the same coat of stucco extended over the east face of the west wall and on the south face of the rear wall of rear room XXI. Here the lower edge of the stucco extends down to within 0.62 m. of the Stoa toichobate, where the ground level was at the time that the stucco was applied. The area between the rear wall of rear room XXI and the terrace wall served some important use requiring that the walls be stuccoed. No very clearly defined floor level cor-

wall blocks are of the same length. In the respondingto that lowerline of the stuccohas

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of the same area the rubble wall turns a right angle and extends eastward for a distance of ca. 2 m. along the south wall of rearroomXXI. The face of this wall was stuccoed. At the same time the floor level was raised to ca. 0.90 m. above toichobate level at the west end of the area; it slopes towards the east and north until in the northeast comer it is only about 0.45 m. above the Stoa toichobate. Along the west edge this area was paved with large tiles, 0.57 m. square; the rest is covered with a water-tight stuccoshowing a striatedtreatment of the surface. This floor extends eastward as far as the east wall of rear room XXI, where there is a cross wall constructed out of reused material, probably from the demolished rear wall of room XX. In the northeast corner of this area there is a doorway, 0.91 m. wide, and the cement floorextends into the doorway. Theremay have been a low cross wall here, but the flooring is so poorly preserved that the exact arrangement remains doubtful. Just inside the cross wall, close to the northeast corner of the area, the cement flooring slopes down and forms an outlet through a terracotta pipe, which opens into a terracotta channel extending northward through rear room and shop XX. Except at the very mouth of the channel, where the water pours through a tubular terracotta pipe, the channel is rectangular in section, built of tiles with flat bottom and vertical edges and covered with square tiles. It measures 0.19 m. in width and 0.10 m. in depth, and has a slope towards the north. Its cover tiles were just a little below the floor level represented by the layer of ash from the Herulian destruction. At the partition wall between shop XX and its rearroom, the channel rests on the original stone sill of the doorway, where the floor level at that period seems to have been about 0.25 m. above toichobate level. At the north wall of shop XX the level of the channel is low enough to pass under the limestone thresholddescribedabove. west end of this area.At the northwestcorner No trace of the channel has been found north

been observed, however, and the exact use to which the area was put in its earliest phase is uncertain. The terracewall originallyextended eastward from the southeast corner of room "H" as far as the east wall of shop and rear room XX. It does not run exactly parallel to the line of the Stoa. At the east end of the terrace wall the distance between it and the Stoa measures 2.60 m. as comparedwith 3.17 m. at its west end. Since the rear wall of rear room XX was removed and the addition made at a late period, it is impossible to determine whether the whole area between the terrace wall and rear rooms XX and XXI formed a single unit prior to these alterations. We may assume, however, that this was the case, since the north face of the terrace wall retains traces of stucco where it was hidden by the south wall of the extension to rear room XX. It is likely that the roughly built walls and the curving water channel south of rear room XX were somehow connected with the use of this area. The water from the roofs of the surrounding buildings may have been collected and led off through the curving channel into the large drain behind the Stoa. Regarding the date of the terrace wall there is more definite evidence at hand. Its west end abuts against the southeast comer of room "H", and the stucco on the east face of the east wall of this room was applied after the construction of the terrace wall. Hence the terrace wall is probablycontemporarywith, or not much later than, the construction of room "H", the south wall of which, as will be shown below, had buttresses and served as a terrace wall to support the fill to the south where the ground level was much higher. At a period subsequent to the construction of the terrace wall and room "H" the area behind rear rooms XX and XXI underwent considerable modification. A rubble wall constructed of small stones and tile fragments was built against the east wall of room "H", at the

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

of this point, where mediaeval cellars and storage pits have caused the complete removal of the earlierfloorlevels. It is obvious from the care with which the water channel was constructed, that the water collected in the area behind rear room XXI was intended for use, and we may thus interpret this enclosed area in its latest phase as a collection tank for the water from the roofs of the adjoiningbuildings. In the tank were found numerous fragments of Roman eaves tiles terminating in a spout (P1.44 3) which may have served some purpose in connection with the collection of rain water from the roofs. The water may have been brought through the channel to the vicinity of the Bema. At the time when the tank was used for the collection of water, the area behind rear room XX had already been added as an annex to this room, perhaps to serve as a shrine. The south wall of this extension is built directly against the terrace wall, and rests partly upon the cover slabs of the great drain which have been trimmed down to make a bedding for the wall. The history of the space covered by shops and rear rooms XX and XXI seems to be as follows. In the pre-Roman period the two shops were used, like those of the rest of the building, as taverns and places of entertainment. The floorlevel at that time was probably not much below the level of the toichobate, but nowhere have any traces of the Greek shop floors been discovered. In the space between the back wall of rear room XX and the great drain was the refuse area, the level of which was only a few centimeters above toichobate level. The first Roman reconstructionmay be represented by the doorways in the east wall of shop and rear room XX, antedating the construction of the Bouleuterion, and providing communicationwith the shops and rear rooms toward the east. Then followed the construction of the Bouleuterion, probably about the middle of the first century of our era, and

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closed and the masonry covered with stucco. The floors of that period must have been lower than the floor level of Greek times, as shown by coins and Roman lamps found in the fill considerablybelow the toichobate of the shops. Room "H", west of shop and rear room XXI, was built later than the Bouleuterion,certainly as late as the Antonine period. By the time of its construction the two shops and rear rooms just described had probably acquired some official use in connection with the functions of the Bouleuterion, perhaps as club rooms for the magistrates and administrative staff, or possibly they continued to function as shops until their destruction by the Herulians. The next period is represented by the construction of the terrace wall on the south and the stucco on all the walls surroundingthe area enclosed on the south by the terrace wall. At this time the rear wall of rear room XX was probably still standing, but the rear doorway in the southwest cornerof rear room XXI had already been closed, as is shown by the stucco on the rear face of the south wall which extends across the rubble filling of the doorway. The floor within the building had now risen to some 0.25 m. above the Stoa toichobate; its level is indicated by the rubble wall of the doorway which rests on an earth fill of that thickness. In the next period the back wall of rear room XX was removed, the extension to the south was constructed, and a cross wall built along the line of the partition wall between rear rooms XX and XXI, extending as far south as the terrace wall. This enlarged rear room was now stuccoed and decorated with conventional patterns and perhaps with wall paintings. Not much later the bench-like structure against the south wall was built, apparently to serve some religious purpose. Its occupants were foreigners or at least worshipers of foreign gods, as indicated by the discovery of the Serapishead. The area behind

at that time the doorwayshad alreadybeen rear room XXI was now convertedinto a

138

CORINTH

collection tank for rain water and the terracotta conduit was laid, bringing the water into the Agora. This represents the latest reconstruction of Classical Roman times, and the building probably continued to serve some commercial purpose even at this late date. It was totally gutted by fire resulting from the invasion by the Herulians in A.D. 267, and subsequently fell into ruins. Its post-classical occupations are represented by the doorways cut in the wall between the shops and rear rooms; the later history of the area belongs to a study of Mediaeval Corinth. The largest of the Roman administrative buildings (Plan XVIII, "H") constructed over the rear half of the South Stoa is an almost square room with an inside measurement of 14.18 m. from east to west and 13.75 m. from north to south. On the south side it extends ca. 3.82 m. south of the Stoa wall. At the present time its east wall, and parts of its west and south walls are preservedto the top of the orthostates. The Greek partition wall between shops XXI and XXII was left standing, at least to orthostate height; the building material taken from the demolished shop walls was used in the construction of the southward extension. Along the north wall of this large hall there is now a late wall (P1. 45 1), constructed entirely from re-used material and standing to a height of more than two meters. This massive wall covers the foundations for the fagade, but on the north edge of the Stoa toichobate may be observed the cuttings for four piers and a projecting anta on either side. There were five openings into the building, the central one being the widest (Plan XVIII). Whether the supports consisted of square piers or columns cannot at present be determined, nor are there any blocks in the vicinity that can have served as columns or piers. It seems unlikely that all five openings in the front wall were intended for the use of doors, and we may reconstruct a series of five arches with a door

Since the middle wall of the Stoa probably remained standing and carried the roof, such a fa9ade with arches would provide better support than a colonnade. The south wall is constructed entirely out of re-used material from the shop walls demolished when room "H" was constructed. The T-shaped orthostate blocks at the back of the rear rooms were reversedso that the tail of the T is turned to the south, forming a series of outside buttresses. Since the ground level on the south side was probably higher than the top of the orthostates, these readymade buttresses are on the wrong side of the wall for effective support. A bench or dais was constructed against the south wall of the room. Only the base moulding at the east end is preserved (P1. 44 , center right), but the traces left on the wall and the floor indicate that it was ca. 0.42 m. high and projected 0.82 m. from the face of the marble veneer on the wall. If it was placed symmetrically against the wall, as is likely, its length was ca. 7.70 m. The interior of this large hall was covered with marble veneer, at least to the height of the orthostates. The floor is made of very thin marble slabs, some of which are only a little over a centimeter in thickness, and as much as 1.60 x0.90 m. in area. Such thin slabs can hardly have been intended for heavy wear, nor do they show any signs of long, continued use. The lower part of the walls is covered with slabs of a multicolored gray, white and pink marble, of a very brittle nature, much thicker than the slabs of the floor. They are attached to the poros walls by mortar bedding, in some places having a thickness of 0.10 m., and at the top they were fastened to the orthostates by iron dowels imbedded in hard cement. The end of the dowel attached to the marble slab is hooked, the other is straight and inserted into a small hole in the poros wall and made fast with cement. At the wall base runs a

in the centerand windowsin the otherarches. white marblemoulding,on whichthe colored

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

slabs rest. Above orthostate height the walls were presumablystuccoed. For the west wall of the room the partition wall between shops and rear rooms XXIV and XXV was used. The orthostate blocks of this partition now support the east wall of a Roman bath of later date (see below p. 145). The fact that no wall blocks are here preserved above the orthostate level shows that the Greek wall had already been demolished before the Roman bath was constructed. It is clear that room "H" had fallen into disuse and that the ground level had risen to 1.501.65 m. above the marble floor before the bath was built. Two cold water basins, which were part of the baths, were constructed in the northwest comer of room "H", and the condition of the walls of these basins indicates that the ground level was ca. 1.60 m. above the marble flooring at the time of their construction (P1. 45 2; Plan XXI). A considerableportion of the marbleflooring still remains in place (Pls. 44 l, 46 1) and the mortar bedding for the marble slabs is intact over most of the area where the slabs are missing. In spite of the large dimensions of the room, there were no columns or other interior supports, and we must assume that the roof was carried on large trusses. There is no evidence of alteration in the building between the time of its construction and the late third century after Christ, when its floors became buried in a deep deposit of debris and several walls were built over it. In the southern part of the room there is a well constructed wall (Pls. 45 2, 46 1, right center; Plan IV) preserved to a height of 2.30 m., and measuring ca. 8.65 m. in length from east to west. Its orientation is different from that of the earlier building. It rests directly on the mortar bedding for the floor of room "H"; the marble floor slabs had been removed along the line of the wall before its foundation was laid. North of the wall the floor slabs were in

place at the time of excavation,quite intact

139

up to the very edge of the wall, but on the south side only in a few places is the marble flooring preserved. The ends of the wall are irregular,as if they had abutted against a bank of earth, and only the south face of the wall is smooth with carefully plastered joints from the bottom to the preserved top. In the upper section the stones have been roughly outlined with double strokes of a trowel, and near the west end of the wall the rough outline of a fish was similarly traced in the plaster (P1. 43 2).39 The north face of the wall is rough and unplastered to a height 1.65 m. above the marble flooring, but the upper part is more smoothly finished. At the east end a roughly constructed wall extended at nearly right angles toward the south (see Plan IV), where it abutted against the rear wall of room "H". It was loosely built and unplastered, and has since been partly removed to give access to the area south of the late wall. A second wall extends southward from the west end of the long wall for a distance of ca. 4.70 m., where it crosses the south wall of room "H" and continues into the unexcavated area to the south. Its east face is smooth, except for the lowest part to a height of ca. 0.50 m. above the floor level. Those two north-south walls are not bonded into the east-west wall, which extends 0.90 m. west of the juncture with the westernmost of the two north-south walls. It is not clear what purpose these late walls served, but they may have been built partly as terrace walls at a time when the ground level had risen to ca. 1.65 m. above the marble floor of room "H". The north wall of room "H" with its five doorways had been entirely removed before the Roman baths were built. On the foundations for the front wall of the shops now stands the heavy wall of late construction referred to above (P1. 45 1), which is made entirely of re-used material of the Stoa. Its 39Such figures of fish have been observed elsewhere in Corinth on walls from Early Christian buildings; Broneer, 'Apx. 'Eq., 1937 A, pp. 129ff.; A.J.A., XXX, 1926, p. 50; cf. J. F. deWaele, A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, pp. 453f.

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CORINTH

east end, as now preserved, reaches almost to the northeast corner of room "H"; its west end abuts against the west door jamb of shop XXIV, where it is continued by the Greek shop wall, here preserved to a height of two courses above the orthostate level (cf. P1. 50 2, extreme left). The north face of this north wall is smooth and was apparently exposed from the toichobate level up to its preserved top. On its south face the lowest section, to a height of 1.50 m., is rough and unfinished(P1. 51 2). Here, as in the southernhalf of room "H", the ground level, as stated above, was 1.50 m. to 1.65 m. above the marble floor at the time when these late walls were constructed. The high north wall consists of four courses of large blocks. In the lowest course are short blocks, measuring ca. 0.57 m. in length and 0.56 m. in height, some of which seem to have been removed from the demolished foundation of the east-west wall between shops and rear rooms XXII-XXIV (Pls. 44 , 46 i; Plan IV). The floor of room "H" originally extended over this foundation, which was crudely broken up after the room had fallen into disuse and the toichobate blocks were removed to be used in the late north wall. The blocks in the second and third courses in the high wall were taken chiefly from the inner fagade of the Stoa at the height of the frieze course (see above p. 81, and Fig. 59). The fourth course consisted of frieze blocks from the north fagade of the Stoa, trimmed down to give the desired thickness. The regulae and taeniae and the rear face have been chiseled away; but the original length, 2.34 m., and height, 0.75 m., of the blocks are preserved. Upon the foundation for the partition wall between shops XXIII and XXIV now rests a late wall built of small stones laid in earth (P1. 46 1, lower right corner). Its north end abuts against the rear face of the long north wall in such a way as to indicate that the north-south wall is of later date. In the middle of this wall is a doorway, 0.74 m. in width, its

end (P1.45 2, left center). Its poor construction would seem to place this wall at a very late date, but its east face is finished down to the level of the marble flooring, which, as indicated above, had become buried beneath a deep layer of earth before the long north wall was constructed. The short north-south wall may have been part of a cellar excavated in this fill not long after the high north wall was constructed. Since the door opens into a small space to the east of the unfinished back wall of the two cold water tanks of the Roman bath (see below), the cellar must have been in use before the construction of the tanks and the Roman Bath. There are traces of a similar cross wall along the line of the partition wall between shops XXII and XXIII (P1. 461, center foreground), but the doorway, if one existed here, has disappeared.These two walls extend southward to the line of the wall between the shops and the rear rooms. There probably was a late wall constructed along this line, joining the south ends of the two north-south walls, but this is not preserved. Near the west edge of room "H" and ca. 5 m. north of its south wall is a large manhole, ca. 0.70 m. square (P1. 46 1, right center; Plan IV), leading down to a drain running from south to north. The mouth around the manhole, which is 1.55 m. above the marble flooring, is built largely out of re-used stones, several of which are Doric cornice blocks of late, careless workmanship.The regulae measure 0.31 m. in width and the viae are 0.06 m. wide. The floor of the drain, at 2.10 m. below the marble pavement, consists of large tiles which project beneath the poros block on either side of the manhole. A terracotta pipe with an inner diameter of ca. 0.18 m. lies ca. 0.15 m. below the tile floor. It is preservedfor a distance of ca. 0.80 m. to the south of the manhole, where it is broken off irregularly. How far it extended in this direction cannot be determined, since the existing floor of the

doorjambsmadeof largere-usedblocksset on drainis here lowerthan the level of the pipe

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

would have been. This water pipe and the drain offer the best evidence for the date of construction and later history of room "H". About 0.50 m. south of the large manhole is a smaller opening, now covered at the top with a slab. This too is encased with poros blocks, extending down to ca. 0.50 m. above the tile flooring of the drain. The sides of the drain are here cut in stereo, and the roof is made of large poros blocks. About 1 m. south of the manhole the drain passes under the foundations for the south wall of the Stoa, which extend down to within 0.70 m. of the tile floor of the drain. At a distance of ca. 2.00 m. to the south of the large manhole, within the paved waste disposal area of shop XXIV, the drain passes through a circularwell. The shaft is larger in diameter, ca. 1 m., than the wells of Classical Greek times, and its sides and toe holds are less carefully cut. The fill below the bottom of the drain contained very little pottery, a few coarse sherds and some of distinctly Roman character. The shaft stopped 5.75 m. below the Stoa toichobate, before any water can have been reached, and it is obvious that the well was left unfinished. In the lowest toe hold on the north side a lamp was found of local make, type XXVII B, with the signature CEKOYNDOY impressedin the wet clay before baking (P1. 46 2, a). It had probably been used by the diggers and inadvertently left standing when the well was abandoned about the middle of the second century after Christ. The drain, which runs through the top of the well, was made or re-opened after room "H" had been abandoned. To tile rear of the Stoa, where the sides of the channel were built and covered with stone slabs, the mortar bedding for the marble floor has been broken through and the loose black fill extending down to the top of the channel contained lamps (P1. 46 2, c) and pottery of the fourth century after Christ. The well must have been

141

present form was made, and before the construction of room "H"; it is unthinkable that a crude well shaft was sunk through the marble floor and left unfinished while the room was in use. When the drain was made, probably not earlierthan A.D. 400, the square manhole near the west edge of the marble room must have been built to give access from the higher level to which the ground had risen by that time. There may be a purely accidental connection between the drainand the terracotta conduit at its bottom, which certainly antedates the construction of room "H". The southern extension of the conduit was apparently destroyed when the drain in its latest form was made. It is impossible at the present time to determine where the conduit started or where the sourcefor its water supply was located. All we know for certain is that the water flowed from a source south of the Stoa toward the north, where it was probably used to supply some fountain in the Agora. Since the conduit lies deep below the foundations of the Stoa, it could have existed before the erection of this building, but this is unlikely. The channelin which the conduit was laid was apparently rediscovered by the makers of the drainin the second century after Christ, who enlarged and used the same channel for their own purposes. South of the well in which the Secundus lamp was found, for a distance of about 1 m., the lower part of the drain is cut in stereo, but the upper part is constructed of bricks and small stones laid in mortar. At the point where the drain passed through the large drainage canal south of the Stoa the sides of the northsouth drain are likewise built up of rubble masonry. The top consists of poros slabs laid at a height of 1.50 m. above the bottom. The drain has been cleared for a distance of 3.50 m. south of the unfinished well, and at that point there is a short brick wall across the top, and below the wall the channel con-

dug and abandonedbeforethe channelin its tinues towards the south. It is here cut in

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CORINTH

stereo and is only 0.45 m. wide, barely enough to permit a man to work. We return now to the large, square manhole into the drain, at the bottom of which there is a circulardepression,0.60 m. in diameter and 0.42 m. in depth, cut through the tile floor of the channel. In the sides of this hollow, the top of the terracotta pipe appears. North of the manhole the drain was apparently at one time interrupted by a poros block, 0.43 m. high, through which a narrow channel was subsequently cut. Farther north the drain is cut in stereo for a distance of 2.90 m., and then passes under the east-west partition wall between the shops and the rear rooms. North of these foundations the drain has a cover consisting of marble slabs and one unfluted poros column. The well of shop XXIV, which has not been excavated, opens out from the side of the drain, at a distance of 2 m. to the south of the foundations for the front wall of the shop. The upper part of the shop well is lined with poros slabs carefully cut in a perfect circle with a diameter of 0.75 m. North of the well an unfluted column like that mentioned above serves as cover over the drain. Up to this point our digging operations were carried on underground through the square manhole, but directly south of the front walls of the shops, i. e. in the rear of the high north wall, a pit was sunk through the mortar bedding of the floor in order to reach the drain from the top. There were no tiles on the floor of the drain, but the terracotta pipe encountered below the manhole was found intact at this point. The channel continues under the foundations for the front wall of the shops, where its sides are cut in stereo, the Greek foundations forming the roof over the channel. North of this point poros slabs cover the drain at a somewhat lower level than the foundations for the shop walls. In the Stoa proper, close to the base of interior column 25 and ca. 5 m. north of the

front walls of the shops, a sectionof the con-

duit was exposed for a length of a little more than 2 m. The channel is here cut entirely in stereo, and no cover slabs were found. It measures only 0.47 m. in width at the bottom. A well preservedstretch of the terracotta pipe was exposed, one section of which has a hole in the top, ca. 0.04 m. in diameter, apparently made for cleaning. Directly south of the front foundations of the Stoa, another section of the drain was cleared. The top of the pipe at this point is 2.50 m. below stylobate level as compared with 2.35 m. south of the front walls of the shops. Thus on a distance of ca. 12 m. the northward slope of the terracotta pipe is ca. 0.17 m. (the stylobate of the north fagade is here ca. 0.02 m. lower than the toichobate at the front of the shops). Sections of the pipe measure 0.37 m. in length, exclusive of the flange fitting into the next section. The joints between sections are filled with a white substance, which appears to be pure lime. A tunnel, 0.50 m. wide and 1.30 m. high, had been cut through the foundations of the Stoa fagade and in it the terracotta pipe was laid, ca. 0.27 m. below the lowest course of the foundations. It is clear from the nature of the tunnel that it was cut after the construction of the Stoa. At this point there is no sign of a flooring above the pipe, as is the case farther north and at the manhole in room "H". The fill of the tunnel through the Stoa foundation consisted of loose black earth with many animal bones and some fragments of nondescript pottery. North of the Stoa the drain continues underneath the ruins of a mediaeval bath40(see 40 The bath is mentioned in the excavation report for 1950; Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 297. In that brief campaign a marble relief of a maenad was found built into the hypocaust of the bath. The ruins were apparently laid bare in 1937, but there is no reference to it in the report for that year, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, pp. 362-370. Cf. plan in A.J.A., XLIII, 1939, p. 256, fig. 1, which shows boundariesof the areas clearedin the campaigns of 1936-1938. This late bathing establishment, which goes beyond the chronological limits for a publication of the South Stoa, will be published by Robert L. Scranton, who is making a study of the post-classical building remains of Corinth.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

below p. 145), near the west edge of whlichand 4 m. from the Stoa faqade a broken section of the terracotta pipe was found. Here the sides of the channel are built with stones and mortar and the flooring is made of marble slabs. The west wall of the channel in places extends below the level of the marble floor slabs, which are laid against the wall, whereas the east wall rests upon the slabs. There is a cover of poros slabs over the channel, ca. 1.14 m. above the level of the marble flooring. At a distance of 8 m. north of the Stoa, the terracotta pipe was again found intact, and at ca. 10.50 m. from the Stoa the pipe emptied into the lower half of a terracotta jar, with an inside diameter of 0.54 m. Originally a pipe issuing from the basin extended toward the west, but the opening has been blocked with a stone packed around with lime. The jar contained some loose fill and at the bottom were found two bronze coins, one of which is too poorly preserved to be identified, the other is a coin of Lucius Verus. This coin offers conclusive evidence for the use of the water pipe in the second half of the second century after Christ. North of the jar the drain divides, one channel continuing almost due north and another in a northeasterlydirection. The northern branch may have led to a reservoir at the north edge of the upper Agora, and its water was probably here used to feed a public fountain. From this description of the water pipe and the later drain, it becomes clear that the construction of room "H" is not earlier than the Antonine period and may be as late as A.D. 200. The technique of the marble veneer is similar to that in room "F", which may have been built before the middle of the second century after Christ. The same type of veneer was used in the Odeion at Corinth, which was rebuilt and revetted with marbleat the expense of Herodes Atticus, as late as ca. A.D. 175.41 41Corinth, X, The Odeum,p. 146.

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The lamp with the Secundus signature, from the middle of the second century, and a Corinthian coin of Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161180), found in what seems to have been undisturbed earth packed against the south wall of the room, give the terminus post quem for the construction. The top of another lamp of the same type (P1.46 2, b) but of a definitely more advanced date came from the fill of well XXII, which was covered over by the floor of room "H". It cannot be earlier than the last quarter of the second century after Christ and may even date from the beginning of the third century. In the same well were found quantities of Roman roof tiles, some with stamps of the first century after Christ. They had probably been used for the roof over the shops demolished before the construction of room "H". The sequence of events in this area may be summed up as follows. Before room "H" was built, while the shops in the rear of the Stoa were still standing, a conduit was laid beneath the Stoa foundations, bringing water from somewhere south of the Stoa into the Agora. The well dug in the paved area behind rear room XXIV may have been intended as the source of the water, or it may have been dug merely to test the ground. In any event it was dug about the middle of the second century but was abandoned before being finished. Water was probably found at some source farther south, and the pipe continued to bring water into the Agorauntil late in the Antonine period. At that time shops and rear rooms XXII-XXIV were demolished and the material used in the construction of room "H", the largest single unit created by the program of reorganizationwhich turned the south half of the Stoa into the administrative sector of the city. The building continued in use for some three quarters of a century until the Herulian destruction. After this event the debris was allowed to accumulate over the

marblefloorto a depth of 1.50 m. About the

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CORINTH

end of the third century the dilapidated walls and fagade of the Stoa were taken down and the high north wall was built along the front of room "H". Perhaps at that time it was intended to serve as a retaining wall for the fill that had collected on the floor of room "H" since the destruction of 267. The floor in the Stoa proper seems to have remained at about its original level until the end of the fourth century after Christ, whereas the level in the South half of the building rose rapidly after the destruction. A little later than the construction of the high north wall the fill to the south was removed and two cellars were constructed in the area of the Greekshops XXIII and XXIV. Probably not long after that, about A.D. 300, the Roman bath was built, partly over the area of room "H", and the basements then became useless and were abandoned. In the course of the fourth century, another building was constructed in the south half of room "H", and the channel dug to contain the water pipe was now rediscoveredand enlarged to be used as a drain. The square manhole was then built, giving access to this channel, which seems to have continued in use into the Middle Ages. Nothing has been found in room "H" to indicate what purposeit served. From its large dimensions and sumptuous interior finish it would seem to have been an important unit in the complex of administrative buildings of Corinth. It might have served as office of the chief executives, the duovirs, who were the colonial counterparts of the Roman consuls. Against that interpretationit could be pointed out that the building came late into existence and remained in use only for a comparatively short time. It is quite large enough to house a large body of people, and, though it is not constructed as an assembly hall, it might conceivably have been intended as an annex to the Bouleuterion to provide a comfortable meeting place for the senate in times of in-

Over most of this area (Plan IV) the mediaeval ground level was lower than that of classical times; Byzantine cellars and storage jars have been sunk deep below the Stoa floor. In front of Shop XXI the foundation for the front colonnade is missing for a distance of about 5 m. Of the foundations for the inner colonnade that of column 20 has been entirely removed, those of 21, 22, and 23 partially preserved. Of the foundation for column 24 only the cutting in stereo is left; one stone of the foundation for column 25 remains in place, but other blocks found in the vicinity have been used to restore the foundation to its full height. In the south half of the area the original floor level of the Stoa is preservedin some places. Stereo comes here to within 0.30 to 0.40 m. below toichobate level. The pre-Stoa wall described on p. 8 has well marked wheel ruts in the top, which run approximately parallel to the Stoa at a distance of 1.60 to 3.40 m. north of the shop fronts. Similar wheel ruts are visible at the east end of the Stoa where they cross the foundations between the eastern anta and the corner column of the north facade. In late Roman times, but before the Stoa proper had been entirely demolished a wagon road seems to have run from one end of the building to the other. Along the southeast face of the pre-Stoa wall a narrowchannel had been cut in stereo to a depth of ca. 0.55 m. below the top of the wall, and a terracotta water pipe with an inner diameter of 0.13 to 0.19 m. laid in the channel (Plan IV). The sections measure 0.41 m. exclusive of the flange, which is 0.06 m. long. The pipe runs diagonally across the Stoa and has been followed eastward to a point north of shop XVIII; farther east it has been destroyed by later intrusions. At the southwest end of the pre-Stoa wall a late, probably a Turkish, pit

clementweather.

hascausedthe destructionboth of thewall and

AREA NORTHOF SHOPSXX-XXIV

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

the water pipe. The latter must have curved at that point following a line parallel to the Stoa. A short, well preserved section has been exposed in front of shop XXIII (Plan IV), and in front of shops XXVII and XXVIII (Plan V) the pipe is preserved for a distance of nearly three meters. It is here only 0.30 m. below the toichobate, as comparedwith 0.70 m. at a point 20 m. farther east in front of shop XXIII. Thus the water flowed from west to east, but neither its source nor its purpose has been determined. The area between the north fagade of the Stoa and the terrace wall north of shops XXII-XXIII is occupied by the ruins of some mediaeval structure with a poorly preserved hypocaust (Plan IV). On the east side three vats or basins can be distinguished, still containing the water-tight lime mortar on the floors and walls. They may have originally connected with each other but the evidence for any such arrangementhas been obliterated. The hypocaust was heated from the east through a vaulted passage between the north and the middle basins. A narrow passage extends from the furnace toward the north and south, passing beneath the floors of the three basins and terminating in vertical flues at either end. The floor of the hypocaust, ca. 7 m. square, consisted of irregular slabs of poros and an assortment of marble blocks of various shapes. The ancient drain from below shop XXIV (see above p. 142) passes under the west edge of the room with the hypocaust. When the building was constructed the facade of the Stoa had long since been removed and the foundations had been demolished to the fourth course below the stylobate. The south wall of the room with the hypocaust and the southernmost of the three basins at the east end rest on the lower courses of the Stoa foundations. The orientation of the late building is differentfrom that of the Stoa. The masonry consists of a mixture of ancient blocks, bricks and mortar, forming a fairly

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hard opus incertum.Probably the building was a bath, a late successor to the more elaborate establishment to the west of the marble room "H". It shows the unmistakable earmarks of mediaeval times; a more detailed study of its meager remains will be made in connection with the other post-classical remains of Corinth. THE ROMAN BATHS West of room "H" a bath of late Roman times (Plans V, XIX, XX) occupies the area

of shopsand rearroomsXXV-XXVII. In the south half of the building are three chambers (P1. 47), oriented north to south. The largest is on the east side, a rectangular room, measuring 4.85 m. in length and 1.80 m. in width on the inside. The air space and brick lining of the walls, traces of which remain at the floor, had a thickness of ca. 0.10 m., thus reducing the width to ca. 1.60 m. The walls show a mixture of stone and brick construction, and the inside, exposed to the heat from the hypocaust, is lined with bricks, liberally interspersed with stone masonry. The bricks were originallysquare, measuring0.29-0.30 m. on the side, and 0.03-0.04 m. in thickness, but they were normally cut in half and laid so that the finished edges are turned toward the face of the wall. The mortar between the courses of bricks is 0.02-0.03 m. thick. The east wall of the room rests on the orthostates between rear rooms XXIV and XXV, which had been left standing and became part of the west wall of room "H". The base moulding and marble veneer of room "H" still adheres in places to the east surface of the orthostate blocks. That room "H" had fallen into disuse already before the construction of the bath is indicated by two large poros blocks (see Plan V), projectingirregularlybeyond the line of marble veneer at the south end of the wall. At the time when the baths were con-

structed,the groundlevel over the area was

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CORINTH

ca. 1.50 m. above the marble floor. Above that level the east wall of the Baths is smoothly finished on the east side. The west wall, dividing the east room from the middle room of the bath, is constructed chiefly out of poros blocks and rubble masonry with a scant interspersal of brick masonry, but its west face is lined with brick. Brick and rubble constructions are so thoroughly intermixed that there can be no question that these types of masonry belong to the same period. The south wall is faced with bricks on the inside, the outside showing the usual combination of brick and rubble (P1. 48 1, right). The floor of the east room, which is well preserved over most of the area, was ca. 1 m. above Stoa toichobate level at the north end, rising gently towards the south. It was originally paved with large bricks, ca. 0.58 m. square and 0.04 m. thick, but there has been some patching, chiefly along the east wall, where a large marble slab has been inserted among the bricks. At the south end of the room are traces of a rectangular basin, ca. 1.25 m. wide and probably about 1.75 m. long (Plan XIX). In the north wall of the room are cuttings for a threshold, where the principal entrance to the bath from the north room seems to have been. A doorway, ca. 1 m. wide, provided communication between the east room and the next room to the west. The walls in the east room lack the usual flues, except at one point in the east wall, 0.75 m. from the northeast corner of the room, where there is a shallow flue beginning at the height of the orthostate, here ca. 0.12 m. above the floor of the bath. The inside lining of the wall consisted of square bricks with bosses, 0.06 m. in length, which served to separate the brick lining from the wall. This air space connected with the hypocaust and allowed the circulation of hot air through the walls. The floor over the hypocaust is supported by four rows of columns constructed of circularbricks ca. 0.20 m.

XX). The bricks set close to the walls were shaved off on one side so as to form engaged columns. All the columns were originally covered with a heavy stucco, very little of which now remainsin place. The circularbrick columns, five in each row, extend from the north end of the hypocaust to a point 2.75 m. north of the south wall; the south end of the room with the basin is supported on rectangular brick piers. The piers in the first row from the north, which measure 0.88 m. in length and 0.28 m. in width, are built of square bricks similar to those used in the construction of the walls. The piers in the second row are only 0.20 m. long, and engaged half piers are set against the walls on the east, west and south sides. The hypocaust has a clear height of 0.78 m., and the floor above it, which has a total thickness of 0.27 m., consists of four layers of large bricks separated by thick layers of lime mortar. The hypocaust was heated from the south end (P1. 48 l, right center) where there is an opening for stoking, 0.40 m. wide and ca. 1.10 m. high, at the entrance. The opening is spanned by large bricks, above which is a brick arch. The south wall rests on the toichobate of the south wall of the Stoa, which has been cut down beneath the opening to permit cleaning of the hypocaust. The east room was seldom heated, as we may judge by the fact that the opening and the hypocaust show only slight traces of the effect of fire. A rectangularroom in front of the furnace south of the east room, measuring 1.58 x2.00 m. on the inside, probably served originally as a storeroom for the fuel, but it seems to have been constructed later than the baths. In its south wall is an outlet into the large drainage canal. At a late period, probably after the baths had ceased to function, part of this room was converted into a lime pit, the floor of which was ca. 0.25 m. above the Stoa toichobate. The middle room (P1.49), which has an apse

in diameterand 0.06 m. in thickness (Plan at the east end, measures1.98 m. in widthand

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

3.45 m. in length at the middle of the apse; like the other two large rooms it had a hypocaust which has largely disappeared. The floor of the hypocaust consists of rough stones, about the size of a fist, laid in a thick layer of mortar, which rests on a loose fill containing many broken roof tiles and bricks. In a pit dug close to the north wall a second floor level, consisting of trodden earth, was encountered at a slightly lower level. Only a centimeter or two below it is a layer of loosely fitted poros blocks, probably inserted to fill a pit of preStoa date (see above p. 67). The north wall of the room extends down to the deeper floor level, which continues beneath the wall, showing that the trodden earth floor antedates the bath. The west wall rests on the toichobate of the partition between rear rooms XXV and XXVI. All the walls up to a height above the hypocaust, ca. 1 m. above the floor, are entirely lined with brick, similar to the brick masonry of the east room. The upper parts of the walls, less exposed to the heat, are constructed of mixed brick and rubble. The wall of the apse is standing to a height of 2.20 m. above the floor of the hypocaust, which is approximately the same as the toichobate level of the Stoa. Since the floor of the middle room is not preserved and even the inside linings of the walls have disappeared, it is not clear whether there was a semicircular basin in the apse, similar to that in the west room, but we may assume that this was the case. The fact that the room had its own furnace, although its hypocaust is connected with that of the west room, may be regarded as evidence for the presence of a basin directly above the fire. There are four vertical flues in the walls, beginning 0.12-0.15 m. above the hypocaust floor. The opening through which the hypocaust communicates with that of the west room (P1.49, lower right) is 0.39 m. wide and 0.90 m. high. The lintel consists of a double thickness of large bricks surmounted

147

gular flue to the south of the opening and a smaller flue farther south also provided circulation between the two rooms. There is at present no communication between the hypocausts of the middle and east rooms, and it is unlikely that one ever existed. The hypocaust of the middle room was stoked from the south through an opening, 0.51 m. wide, in the axis of the room (Pls. 48 1, center; 49, center). It seems to have been arched over, but the present brick arch is modern, built to prevent the further destruction of the ancient masonry. The sides of this opening are completely crumbled and corroded from intense heat. At a level slightly above the main floor the doorway, previously described,communicatedwith the east room, and another doorway in the west wall, 0.90 m. wide, with a preserved marble threshold provided access to the west room. At the west edge of the door opening are two shallow cuttings presumablyfor the pivots on which the door swung. As there seems to have been no doorin the north wall, the middle chamber could be entered only through the east room. South of the middle room is an enclosure, measuring 2.18 m. from east to west and ca. 2.80 m. from north to south which may have been partly open to the sky (P1. 48 1). It was from this area that the hypocaust of this room was stoked. In the west wall of this enclosure is preserved an orthostate block of the Stoa, showing the cuttings for the rear doorway (P1. 13 3) and for the wooden threshold, and at the height of 0.45 m. above toichobate level there is a hole for the wooden dowel by which the door frame was fastened. The westernmost of the three compartments in the south half of the bath consists of an almost square chamber, measuring ca. 2.40 m. on the side, from which an apse extends toward the south (Pls. 47, 48 2). Like the other two rooms it has a hypocaust, with a clear height of 0.95 m., supported on square piers set

by an almost horizontalbrick arch. A trian- againstthe wallsandon circularcolumns,each

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CORINTH

resting on a square brick. The flooring of the hypocaust is made like that of the middle chamber of small stones set in mortar. The piers and apparently the walls were originally covered with a heavy plaster, most of which has disappeared,and only a part of the ceiling above the hypocaust is preserved (P1. 47). It consists of two layers of large bricks separated by a thick layer of mortar and supporting a thick flooring of rubble masonry. The total thickness is more than 0.30 m. There are five vertical flues, two in each of the east and north walls, and one in the west wall close to the northwest corner. In the west wall of the hypocaust is an opening, 0.39 m. in width and 0.80 m. in length, spannedby large bricksabove which is a horizontal brick arch. The room is apsidal on the south end. The hypocaust in the apse is entirely preserved and, like the other hypocausts, its ceiling rests on brick columns covered with mortar. A brick wall separates the apsidal part of the hypocaust from that under the square room. In the middle of this wall is an opening0.41 ni. wide and 0.68 m. high, and on the east side is a triangular flue. There is now a second openingclose to the west wall, but this does not seem to have been part of the original construction. The floor of the square room was originally covered with bricks or marble slabs, probably the latter. Only the mortar bedding remains, but pieces of marble veneer adhere to the lower sections of the walls. The square room is separated from the apse by a thin wall, whose originalheight was probably 0.55 m. Thereis a single step for descent into the basin, the floor of which was 0.42 m. lower than the floor of the square room. The walls were lined with mortar and revetted with marble, and two large marble slabs still cover the floor. The water was led into the basin through a pipe at the southwest corner of the square room, and a small lead pipe at the bottom of the basin provided a means of emptying out the water.

brick, has a thickness of only 0.13-0.19 m. and is separated from the outer, heavier wall by an air space, ca. 0.09 m. wide (P1. 48 2, center). The outer wall is of conglomerate masonry, lined with bricks on the inside; two large upright flues in this wall communicate with the hypocaust. To the south of the apse the orthostateblocksof the South Stoa are standing in their original position (P1. 50 1), and the ground level at this point was higher than the top of the orthostates. West of the square chamber was a small rectangulartank (P1. 50 1), entered by a single step from the squareroom,and underneaththis tank was a hypocaust, communicating with that under the west room. In the west wall of the hypocaust beneath the tank was the furnace for heating this part of the bath. It is lined with a heavy coat of mortar, and the stones and bricks of the sides have disintegrated from the intense heat. Therewas a brick arch above the opening, but only the spring of the arch on either side is preserved. The tank had an inside measurementof ca. 1.40 x0.97m., and the depth seems to have been ca. 0.60 m. Its floor and walls were originally covered with marble slabs. Like the walls of the semicircular basin, the walls of the tank have an air space in which bossed tiles separate the inner thin lining from the heavier outside walls. Two rectangular flues, one in the north and the other in the south wall, communicated with the hypocaust. The tank was apparently used to heat the water piped to the semicircular basin of the west room, which had no furnace of its own. Being directly above the spot where the hypocaust was fired, the water in the tank could be quickly heated and led off to the basin, but the tank was provided with a step on the side of the door and would thus have been used as a hot water tub. The pipe bringing the water from the outside into the bath has not been found; a hole through the south wall near the bottom was used for emptying the

The inner wall of the apse, made entirely of tank. The water flowedout into a small area

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

lined with bricks south of the tank (P1. 48 2, lower left), and from there a tile drain at one time led southward to the main drainage channel behind the South Stoa. The lead pipe from the semicircularbasin of the west room emptied into the same brick-lined area. The floor of this area is now ca. 0.60 m. above the Stoa toichobate, but may have been lower during the first period of the bath. A drain covered with marble slabs and rough stones leads diagonally across rear room XXVII at a level slightly below the toichobate (Plan XX). There is a roughly cut opening for the drain through the toichobate course of the partition wall between rear rooms XXVI and

XXVII. The space of rear room XXVII was apparently used for storage of the fuel required to heat the bath. The orthostates of the south and east walls are standing in most places to their original height, except at the opening into the hypocaust of the tank where a lined tunnel was made for the stoking of the bath. In the center of rear room XXVII is a rough unfluted column, 0.52 m. in diameter, and correspondingto it a pier, consisting of a single block, stands against the east wall. These were probably used to support the ceiling over the room duringthe last period of the bath. A short spur wall abutting against the south wall of the room may have served the same purpose. The west wall of rear room XXVII is the best preserved part of the whole Stoa (see above, p. P1. 13 4). It has a total height of 2.65 m. and consists of three regular wall courses above the orthostate course. The wall between rear room XXVII and its shop has been almost entirely removed, and slightly farther south there is now a late wall of re-used blocks consisting of a single course of large building blocks from the demolished walls of the Stoa (P1. 50 2, center foreground). The bottom of the wall is ca. 1 m. above the toichobate level. When the baths were constructed

the originalwall between the rear room and

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the shop with its doorway at the west end was probably standing. The north half of the baths consisted of a large rectangular chamber, from the east end of which are the descents into two water tanks, probably used for cold plunges (P1. 51 1-2). Though built over the marble floor of room "H" (P1. 45 ; Plan XIX), these tanks are clearly part of the bath establishment. The walls are built of the same type of rubble masonry as the rest of the bath, and the drain from the two tanks is joined by the drain from the east room. The walls of the tanks are very heavy, constructed largely of poros blocks and rubble masonry with some bricks and tiles interspersed. The south wall of the smaller, southern tank, which measures 0.60 m. in thickness, is rough on the south side up to a height of ca. 1.80 m. The east wall, which has a total thickness of 1.15 m., is also rough on the outside, showing that the ground level in the area occupied by room "H" had risen to a height of over 1.50 m. at the time when the bath was constructed. The smaller tank, measuring 1.19 X1.12 m. on the inside at the bottom, was entered from the west by a series of three steps (P1. 51 1), the lower two of which are preserved.Both the steps and the inside walls were lined with marble slabs of different colors, and on the north side is preserved a large slab of mottled grey and white granite. At the height of 1.18 m. above the marblefloora strip of marble is laid flat with the edge toward the inside, and 0.20 m. above that there is a similar strip, the two beingdivided by narrowslabsof alternating white and colored marble. This forms a frieze, dividing the dado from the upper part of the walls, where the marble veneer continued. The effect of this polychrome covering of the walls is pleasing, but the workmanship is careless and the different colors of the marble are fitted together without much regard for regularity or symmetry. Unlike the semicircular basin and the tank at the west end, which

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were obviously made for hot water, the two tanks at the east end have solid walls and no hypocaust. At the northwest corner of the smaller tank a lead pipe passed under the steps and emptied into a tile drain to the north (Plan XX). The partition wall between the two tanks, which has a thickness of 0.55 m., exclusive of the marble veneer, is built of rubble masonry with very sparing use of bricks. The east wall of the larger tank has about the same thickness at the top as the partition, but is considerably thicker at the bottom. Here large, re-used building blocks were employed, with rubble masonry and brick filling the interstices. For its north wall the larger tank makes use of the late poros wall constructed in front of the room "H", but since this wall is very uneven on the south side, it has been lined with rubble masonry and marble (P1. 51 2, center). The descent into the large tank was from the west by means of three steps. The inside measurements at the bottom are 1.68 m. x 2.37 m.; floor and walls, as well as the steps on the west side, were lined with marble slabs set in mortar and fastened with iron clamps. The marble veneer was obviously taken from other buildings, and one slab retains the original moulding, which is out of place in its present position. Although the south wall of the larger tank is preserved to a height of 1.65 m., there is no trace of the inlet for the water, which must have come in above that level. An outlet is provided near the southwest corner, where a lead pipe passed under the steps and west wall and emptied into a small clearing basin, with a length of 1.29 m., a maximum width of 0.48 m., and a preserved depth of 0.86 m. (P1. 47, lower left corner, Plan XX). The water from the largertank entered the clearing basin at a height of 0.45 m. above the floor of the basin; the tile drain from the smaller tank emptied into the basin at a higher level. A

from a small catch basin in front of the east room into the clearing basin at a height of 0.78 m. above the bottom. This pipe, which has since disappeared, is clearly visible in Plate 47, lower left. The outlet from the clearing basin was at the west end, where a tile drain takes off at 0.27 m. above the floor. On the bottom of the basin was found a layer of sand extending to the height of the outlet, and in this silt were found twenty-two small bronze coins in very poor condition. Only eleven survived the cleaning process, and of these only one is sufficiently distinct to be identified. It appears to be a coin of Julian II (A.D. 355-366), and the rest seem to be coins of the late fourth century. The north hall of the baths, west of the two cold water tanks, has suffered so much from mediaeval intrusions that its original condition can only be conjectured.A small section of the Greek wall is standing to a height of two courses above the orthostate in the northeast corner of shop XXV (P1. 50 2, left) and one orthostate block remains in situ in the northeast corner of shop XXVI. In the doorway of shop XXV there is a late threshold, 0.62 m. above the Stoa toichobate (P1. 52 1, lower left), which represents the approximate ground level in this area at the time when the baths were in use. On the south wall of the room the plaster extended down to the same level, and in the southwest corner is a short wall reaching the same height above the Stoa toichobate. At the west end of the area, close to the partition wall between shops XXVI and XXVII, a piece of mortarbedding is preserved with impressions from the brick flooring, 0.70 m. above toichobate level. These scanty remains tend to show that the area occupied by shops XXV and XXVI was a single large hall, the floor of which was about level with the floors of the three rooms to the south, and since the two cold plunges as well as the three heated rooms could be reached only through

third pipe, also built of tiles, led the water this largeroom,it was obviouslythe entrance

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

hall of the baths, but may also have served as dressing room (apodyterium). Although a very small and unpretentious structure, this late bathing establishment contains all the essential features of the large Roman thermae. The westernmost of the three principal compartmentswith its two hot water basins was the warmest part of the building and probably served as sudatorium. The central chamber, which had its own furnace, was doubtless the calidarium; and the large eastern room, though equipped for heating, seems to have been used as tepidarium. Thus the bather after undressing in the apodyterium would first enter the tepidarium and pass through all the rooms to the west end; then, beginning in the sudatorium he would go from a warmer to a colder chamber until he reached one of the unheated tanks of the frigidarium, where he could take a cold plunge before returning to the dressingroom.42 The baths were the last of the buildings of any pretention to be constructed over the shops and rear rooms of the Stoa. The question of the date of their construction is closely related to the period of use and destruction of room "H", which, as shown above, was built not earlier than the last quarter of the second century and was destroyed in the Herulian invasion in A.D. 267. The baths cannot have been constructed before the ground level had risen to a height of ca. 1.50 m. above the marble floor of room "H" and not before the high wall had been built along the north faqade of the room. The north fagade of the Stoa was demolished at that time and the material built into the wall. If we allow time 42 The disposition of the rooms in the Roman thermae seems to have remained substantially unchanged from early imperial times. Few of the small Roman baths in Greecehave received much attention from the excavators. One, resembling very closely the Baths in the South Stoa, though of earlier date, was excavated in Athens southwest of the Agora. See Rodney S. Young, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 279ff. A small bath, probably of a private establishment which was excavated in Corinth in 1932 west of the Oakley House Annex, has not been published. It is very similar, both in plan and construction, to the Baths in the South Stoa, and is probably of approximately the same date.

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for these changes to take place before the baths were built, we must bring their construction down to about A.D. 300. A marble moulding (P1. 52 2)43 of late design, found in the bath, may have been used at one time as architectural decoration of the building. The coins found in the clearing basin beneath the floor of the apodyteriumshow that the baths were in use as late as the second half of the fourth century. The last definite date relating to the building is provided by a hoard of 387 coins found in 1937 within the hypocaust of the east room. With the exception of one Sikyonian piece from the third century B.C., these coins range in date from the time of Numerianus (A.D. 282-284) to the time of Justinian I (A.D. 527-565).44 As there were only six coins of Justinian and ninety-two of his predecessor, Anastasios I (A.D. 491-518), it seems likely that the hoard, which was found concealed in a terracotta jug, had been buried during the early years of Justinian's reign. While it does not necessarily follow that the baths were in actual use at the time when the hoard was deposited, the building cannot have been completely in ruins, since the access to the hypocaust was still open. THE ROMAN LATRINE West of the Roman baths is the large building "J" (P1.53 i; Plan XIX), consisting of two parts, an entrance room on the north side, the floor of which was ca. 0.30 m. above the Stoa toichobate, and a larger room to the south, where the floor level was ca. 1 m. above toichobate level. It was entered from the north through a large hall, measuring 6.60 m. in width and 4.85 m. in depth on the inside. In the center was an impluvium, ca. 2 m. x 2.25 m. in plan and sunk ca. 0.15 m. below the 43 The design of the rinceaux seems too late for the original construction of the Baths. If it belongs to the building it is likely to be from a reconstruction; more likely it has come from some other building of early Byzantine times. 44Charles H. Morgan, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, p. 363; Josephine M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 145.

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level of the surrounding area. The floor was once covered by marble slabs; at present only the mortar bedding remains and through it several pits have been dug for late burials and other purposes. The toichobate of the fa9ade is not preserved, but there were probably two doors with a solid wall between them in front of the impluvium. Several voussoir blocks of poros were found in the vicinity; these may have come from arches over doors or windows of the fa9ade. The north half of the building may have been unroofed, like the entrance court in front of the South Basilica, which also had an impluvium; more likely the court in "J" had a roof on four sides shedding the water into the impluvium. From this lower area on the north two stairways, 3.51 m. apart, led to the higher floor level on the south. The eastern stairway, which is the better preserved, had an inner width of ca. 1 m. In the south half of the building at the higher level was a roofed colonnade, ca. 3.65 m. in depth, and an open court in the center, the floor of which was slightly lower than that of the colonnade. The building had a total width from east to west of 11.90 m., measured on the inside. The east wall of the Roman structure incorporated the Greek partition wall between rear rooms XXVII and XXVIII of the Stoa, here preserved to a height of 2.65 m. (P1. 53 , left center). The western wall consists of rubble masonry lined with bricks on the inside. On at least three sides of the building, north, east and west, ran a channel with an inner width of ca. 0.47 m. and a total depth of ca. 1.05 m. below the cover slabs. The floor of the channel is made of flat roof tiles laid end to end (P1. 53 2), and the walls of the east and west branches were lined with bricks. This brick construction returns at the northeast and northwest corners and continues for a distance of over 2 m., but the middle section of the channel on the north side lacks the brick lining. Where the bricks are

missing, especially along the east wall, the

poros orthostate blocks of the Greek building have disintegratedto such an extent that wide openings have formed along the vertical joints (P1. 53 2). The clue to the purpose of this channel and of the building is given by the discovery of several fragments of marble slabs with circularholes, the typical seat blocks in a Roman latrine (P1. 53 3).45 None of the slabs was found in situ and only some small pieces are preserved, but the purpose they served is unmistakable. Only the north half of the building has been excavated. The east and west channelsextending toward the rear probably connected with a fourth channel along the south wall. On the north side of the large room there was an exedra between the two stairways, with an inner measurement of 2.48 x ca. 1 m. This may have been employed as a niche for statuary. In front of the exedra and the stairways the north channel is covered with heavy poros blocks, 0.46 m. in height, and since this is only a connecting channel no brick lining was required. The interior of the building was encrustedwith marble. Numerousfragmentsof very thin slabs were found in the fill, including a wide variety of stones of many colors, some cut into narrow strips, which appear to have been used for decoration in opus sectile (P1. 54 i). There were also a few mouldings of white marble, mostly rather flat and obviously late Roman work. The building does not seem to be earlierthan the end of the second century after Christ.46Possibly it was part of a larger establishment, perhaps a gymnasium extending towards the south, to which 45A better preserved, smaller latrine with seats of poros stone has been excavated on the east side of the Lechaion Road, near the ruins of a large Roman bath. See Guide to the Excavations of Ancient Corinth, Fourth Ed., p. 22. A very elegant latrine, exceptionally well preserved, was found in the gymnasium at Philippi; see P. Lemerle, B.C.H., LIX, 1935, p. 288; Paul Collart, Philippes ville de Macedoine, p. 365, pl. LV, 1. The excavators suggest the Antonine period as the date of the Gymnasium. 46 Opus sectile decoration of a similar character formed an important element in the second period of the Odeion at Corinth, dated in the time of Herodes Atticus; Corinth, X, The Odeum,p. 145.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

the Roman baths were added about a century later. There were no clear indications of fire among the marble fragments; presumably the fire which destroyed the structures west of the Bouleuterionin A.D. 267 did not extend so far toward the west, nor could there have been many things that would have burned in a building of this kind. Just above the tile pavement of the east channel was found a coin of Gallienus(A.D. 253-268), and from the west channel, among the pieces of marble revetments and fragments of the seats, came a coin of Theodosius I (A.D. 379-395). The latter probably dates the destruction of the building. THE WEST END OF THE STOA IN LATE ROMAN TIMES The Roman baths and the latrine would have utilized a considerableamount of water, and the disposal of sewage from these adjacent buildings became a matter of special importance in late Roman times. The large drainage canal in the rear of the Stoa was probably filled up, and its very existence forgotten by the beginning of the fourth century after Christ. At the time when the Roman baths were built and even somewhat earlier, a new set of channels was constructed, leading off the waste water toward the north. An outlet was found through an earlier pre-Stoa drain (Plan XX, "a"),47extending diagonally across the Agora from the southwest corner toward the center, where it was joined by the large east-west drainage canal in front of the Bema. Slightly north of the Stoa terrace, directly in front of column 65, there is a square opening, measuring ca. 0.80 m. on the side, into which all the many drains in this area poured their contents. The earliest of these (Plan XX, "b") takes off from the west end of the marble gutter, in front of the seventh Doric column from the 47Charles H. Morgan, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 134ff., fig. 1; Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, p. 75.

153

west end of the Stoa (inner column 32) where a small hole (seenin Plate 1 i, lower left corer) is cut through the north edge of the gutter to permit the water to flow into the drain. There may have been an earlier channel slightly further west, where there is another outlet from the gutter. Here a late building north of the Stoa seems to have caused the displacement of the drain. Channel"b", which follows the east wall of this building, is ca. 0.25 m. wide and 0.24 m. deep, built of small stones and brick and floored with overlapping roof tiles. It may have been intended to be left open, as indicated by a tile covering on its east wall; later it was roofed with marble slabs, which seem to have been taken from the Agora pavement. At the Stoa terracethe channel was cut through the terrace wall. At this point another late drain (not labeled in Plan XX), conducting rain water from some mediaeval structure, joins channel "b" whose course has been altered to a certain extent by the construction of the new channel. The early date of "b" is indicated by the fact that its water came from the Stoa roof, which must have been taken down before the construction of the Roman bath. In its latest period of use "b" poured its water into a large channel "c", 0.43 m. wide and ca. 0.50 m. deep, which in turn emptied into the large opening in "a". Channel "c" runs from west to east, but a mediaeval wine vat interrupts it, and its further extension toward the west has not been investigated. The next channel (Plan XX, "d") in chronological sequence comes from shop XXX. It began apparently as an open gutter, in the southeast corner of the shop, where the rain water from the near-by roofs, especially of the Latrine, poured through a vertical channel into "d". Following the south wall of shop XXX to the southwest cornerit turned a right angle, and continued along the west wall of the shop. It is here ca. 0.50 m. wide and 1.15 m.

deep; its walls are built of bricksand covered

154

CORINTH

with stucco, and its floor is paved with roof tiles. At the northwest corner of the shop this deep gutter emptied into the covered drain "d", which passed through a hole in the front foundation of the shop, then across the Stoa close to inner column 32 and through the foundation for the north fa9ade. Its bottom was here covered with tiles, 1.40 m. below stylobate level (one tile from the floor of "d" is seen in Plate 5 3, at the top of the third course from the bottom). North of the Stoa fagade "d" turned slightly eastward and continued for a distance of ca. 5 m. and then merged with channel "e", which took the water from the Roman bath. Channel "d" is now blocked at the junction where it emptied into "e", but originally it must have followed channel "e" as far as the opening into the large drain "a". Channel "e" comes from the rear part of the Roman bath, whereit provided an outlet for the waste waters from the sudatoriumat the west end. Close to the north wall of shop XXVII it was joined by channel "f", which served as outlet for the water used in the tepidariumand the two cold water tanks at the east end. How the water from the middle room (calidarium)was disposed of is not clear, but there may have been a connection with the eastern chamber, which poured its waste waters into the clearing basin in front of the large basin of the frigidarium.From the coins found in the basin and in the hypocaust it appears that the baths were in use as late as the end of the fourth century and probably up to the time of Justinian. By that time channel "d" had fallen into disuse and its outlet was blocked. Within shop XXX it was partly destroyed and completely buried when a tile floorwas laid over the area at a level ca. 0.15 m. above the Stoa toichobate and 1.25 m. above the bottom of the channel. The tile floor probably belongs to a period after the destruction of the Roman latrine, when channel "d" was no longer needed, and its outlet into

channel"e" could be blockedup to prevent

the waters from the bath from backing up through "d" into the area of the Stoa. The gradual demolition of the rear half of the Stoa to make room for Roman buildings did not extend all the way to the west end. The

last three shops, XXXI-XXXIII, together with their rear compartments apparently remained standing until mediaeval times (P1. 54 2); and, if we may judge from the large number of coins found on their floors,48they continued in use as commercialestablishments at least as late as the sixth century of our era. Not only did the rear half of the building at this end escape the complete remodeling that the rest of the shop area underwent, but the fagade of the Stoa seems to have retained its original characteruntil the end of the classical era. This is indicated by the fact that the marble gutter and marble steps inserted in Roman times extended from the east end of the Stoa only as far as the sixty-fifth Doric column north of shop XXXI, where the gutter poured its water into drain "b". From this point to the west end of the building, a stretch of ca. 13.50 m., the steps and the gutter are of poros, the original stones having been replaced by new blocks in the same material. It is quite likely that the repairs in poros, which certainly antedate the marble steps and gutter, extended farther toward the east, possibly along the entire fagade, and that the repairs in marble represent a second reconstruction which stopped short of the west end of the building. The abrupt termination of the marblegutter in front of the sixty-fifth column and the absence of wear and weatheringon the remaining portion give the impression that this part of the fagade was somehow protected or covered over in late Roman times. There are ruins of a late foundation, extending from the west end of the marble gutter to the west end of the Stoa (Plans VI, XX), but its construction is so irregular and its remains so 48 Katharine M. Edwards, Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 249; cf. A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 565f.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

scanty that no intelligible plan can be restored from them. The problem is further complicated by the heavy foundation at the west end of the area supporting a row of archaic monolithic columns (P1. 542, right of center; Plan XXI), which seem to have been taken from the interior of the Archaic Temple.49This colonnade, continuing the line of the Stoa west wall toward the north for a distance of ca. 25 m., carried an aqueduct that brought water to a large tank at the west end of the central shop complex. A heavy mass of masonry abutting 49 See A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 566. T. W. Heermance, who discovered a capital of one of these columns in 1904, commented on the similarity of its profile to that of the columns in the "Temple of Apollo"; A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 439.

155

against the Stoa foundation at the northwest corner of the building probably supported the westward extension of the aqueduct, which may be part of the Hadrianicwater works that brought water to Corinth from Lake Stymphalos. A final publication of this interesting structure, which closed the quadrangle of the upper Agora at the west end, must await the excavation of the area west of the Stoa. The paved way that entered the Agora from the south at this point is at least partly preserved, and the place where it passed under the aqueduct may have been markedby a gateway correspondingto the gate at the north end of the Kenchrean Road, and the Propylaia through which the Lechaion Road entered the Agora.

CHAPTER

V

SUMMARY The great South Stoa with its impressive array of Doric columns on the facade became the dominant architectural feature of the CorinthianAgora. Before its erection the area appears to have been fairly crowded with smaller buildings, mostly private houses and individual establishments. Until a complete study has been made of the pre-Stoa building remains, it is too early to comment on the character of the city square in that era. The important fact in connection with the new city plan is that the South Stoa cut ruthlesslyacross the lines of streets and buildings of the earlier period. Its effect upon the whole aspect of the Agora was one of complete dominance with a total disregardfor anything that went before. Such a break in architectural development and city planning presupposes a decisive turn in the city's political history. The date of the building, as indicated by its architectural features, by the pottery found in areas concealed by the construction of the Stoa, and by lamps and vases from the shop wells, coincides with the historical changes occasioned by the defeat of the united Greeks at Chaironeiain 338 B.C. The victorious Philip embraced the policy of Panhellenism and chose Corinth as the administrative center of the new Hellenic world.1In this programof united efforts,under the strong hand of Macedon, the unique plan and immense size of the South Stoa at Corinth find a logical explanation. The fourth century B.C. was a period of unprecedented progress in the development of civic architecture throughout Greece. In 1

On the events relating to the organization of the Hellenic League and the settlements between Philip and the members of the League, see Carl Roebuck, C.P., XLIII, 1948, pp. 73ff., and the referencesgiven in his notes.

Athens it was the era of Demosthenes and of his associate Lykourgos, under whose administration more non-religiousbuildings were erected than at any earlierperiodin the history of the city.2 At Epidauros and Olympia and other cult centers many large buildings arose to serve the needs created by the movement toward world unity. At Megalopolis, which another conqueror, Epaminondas of Thebes, had founded in 371 B.C. to be the capital of the united Arcadians, the market square received organic form through the erection of an immense stoa named Philippeion3in honor of the Macedonianbenefactor. The choice of Corinth as the capital of United Greece was hardly accidental. A contributing reason may have been the fact that the Corinthians had taken no active part in the war against Macedon,but the geographical location alone would have been enough to recommend the city as the most suitable center of the Hellenic League. The honor bestowed by Philip upon Corinth was doubtless accompaniedby more materialadvantages. Delegates from most of the Greek states came to Corinthfor the sessions of the assembly, and this obviously stimulated traffic and commerce with all the cities represented by the 2 Note especially the stoas projected (although never completed) on the Pnyx; Hesperia, XII, 1943, pp. 269ff., fig. 7. A much smaller building with a plan rather similar to that of the South Stoa at Corinth, though without the projecting wings in the rear, has just been excavated along the south side of the Athenian Agora, Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pp. 34, 39-45, fig. 1; it has been dated at the end of the fifth century B.C. and is referred to as South Stoa I. 3 E. A. Gardner, et al, Excavations at Megalopolis, pp. 59ff. In details the Stoa at Megalopolisdiffers markedly from the South Stoa, but its plan, with projecting wings on the facade and two exedras in the rear, shows a certain relationship to the Corinth building.

156

SUMMARY

League. Those who had goods or talents to offer for sale would be on hand to take advantage of the congregation of visitors from out of town. The South Stoa seems to have been planned originally as a Grand Hotel, in which the important delegates and other distinguished guests could be housed and entertained in a manner suitable to the high purpose of Panhellenic organization under the patronage of Philip. Work on its plans may have begun shortly after the victory of Philip at Chaironeia, before the first assembly was held at Corinthunder Philip's presidencyin the winter of 337. With unlimited funds available, the construction probably proceeded very rapidly but even so it must have requiredconsiderable time to complete the gigantic structure. There is nothing in the building to suggest a change in plan or delay in construction; on the other hand, the meticulous care with which every detail was finishedgives no indication of haste. If it was begun shortly after the League was organized, it can hardly have been finished during Philip's lifetime, nor is it likely to have been ready to receive delegates at the time of Alexander'svisit in 336 B.C., when the Greeks assembled at the Isthmia and voted for his leadership in the expedition against Persia. The architect of the South Stoa deserves a special place of honor in the history of architectural design. Facing the task of creating a suitable building to house the representatives of a new world order, he accomplished his purpose with inventiveness and ingenuity without departing from the accepted canons of architectural form. He chose an existing type for the basic plan of the new building and by dividing it into two parts, a double onestory colonnade in front, and a two-story complex of small roomsin the rear, he was able to combine the elements of monumentality, diversity and practical use in a successful design. He lavished his attention on subtle

157

which seem almost out of place in a secular structure. He invented a practical system of refrigeration and added measures of sanitation and sewage disposal unparalleled in ancient Greek architecture. The facade of the building containing these utilitarian features he designed as a gigantic curtain, screening the Agora from the private city quarters that probably extended up the lower slope of Acrocorinth. But such are the gaps in our knowledge of the architectureof the Greeksthat no information about the South Stoa has come down to us from ancient authors and the architect's name is likely to remain unknown. How long the Stoa continued to serve its original purpose we do not know. In the confusion created by the death of Alexander, the Panhellenic movement could not prosper, and the League, like so many later efforts to unite the feuding factions of any geographical area, was destined to early failure. Steps were taken to revive the League near the end of the century under Demetrios Poliorketes, but this abortive attempt to stem the tide of disintegration came to no lasting results. The South Stoa remainedas a monumental symbol of the hope and frustration of the Greek people in their first effort to unite and live as a single nation. The impetus given to trade and commerce by the founding of the Greek capital at Corinth doubtless continued after the League had ceased to function. Even before the time of Philip, Corinthhad traded on its reputation as the amusement center of Greece, and the entrepreneurs who leased the shops on the ground floor of the Stoa doubtless did everything they could to enhance this reputation. The building itself, erected to serve a more sublime purpose, was well adapted to become the locale of the world's most celebratedentertainers. As the center of such enterprise, Corinth continued to attract people from all the world. After the liberation of the city from

refinementsandmeticulousexecutionof detail, Macedonianoccupation in 243 B.C., when

158

CORINTH

Corinth became the head of the Achaian form in which they had been left a century League, the Stoa may have revertedto the earlier. The South Stoa was restuccoed and use for whichit was constructed.In 196 B.C. reroofed. The decayed wood work and other the Greek people were summoned to the damaged parts of the building were replaced, IsthmianSanctuaryto hear the proclamation and for some years the building appears to of the freedomofferedby Rome,but the period have functioned more or less in its original of hope was destinedto be of short duration. capacity, except that the shop wells were The Greekswereslow to lear that liberation largely discarded and filled up. After the first acceptedas a gift becomessynonymouswith two or three decades, characterized by the foreign conquest. The Achaian League soon completion of many such emergency projects, becamea thornin the fleshto the worldrulers a new era of city planning began in which the at Rome, and Corinth - like Carthage in North Africa - was too important a rival to

civic center was converted from its original Greek form of agora to a Roman forum. The remainunpunished.Exactly fifty years after immense Stoa with its numerous small subthe "liberation"it was sacked by the libera- divisions in the rear did not fit into the new tors. This time the destructionwas thorough. city plan, which, however, did not entail the The city becamedepopulated,its womenand complete destruction and removal of the childrenwere carriedaway into slavery, the building. The colonnade itself, reconstructed male populationgiven to the sword. For a and partially refitted with new interior collittle overa centuryCorinthwas a ghosttown, umns, continued to serve as a monumental its lands occupiedby neighboringcities, its backdrop to the daily drama enacted in the buildingsand public monumentsdemolished Agora by the new settlers. Only the south and carriedaway to embellishthe capitaland half of the building was gradually sacrificedto private villas of the conquerors.The bronze make room for a series of structures required statues,whichhad gracedthe approachto the to serve the public life of the city. The CoStoa, were wrestedfrom their bases and the rinthian Agora, one of the largest known, now dedicatoryinscriptionsbrokenup andusedfor became divided into two parts, the lower and other purposes.Overthe foundationsof these largerof which became the forum of the people, structures,two cart roads now crossed the the upper and smaller section the adminiAgora;theirrutscut deepinto the foundations strative quarter. The conversion of the buildof the monumentsby the cartsuponwhichthe ing began at the east end and proceededin no buildingmaterialand artistic treasureof the strict order toward the west. The first three of the new structures, "A", "B" and "C", were city werehauledaway. In this generaldestructionthe South Stoa erected in the area vacated by shops and rear itself appearsto have escaped,with only such rooms I-VII. Room "C" doubtless served as damagesas time and the elementswould in- the office of the Agonothetes, and possibly fict. A century later Corinthwas chosen by "A" and "B" provided office space for other Julius Caesaras the site of a new colony and officials connected with the Isthmian games. was destinedonce moreto becomea centerof The next in chronological order are the commerce and the hub of communication Fountain House and its annex, room "F", between the East and the West. When the probably erected shortly before the middle of new colonistsarrivedfromacrossthe sea there the first century after Christ. This may have was little time for elaboratecity planning. been part of a larger building project, inWhateverbuildingsexistedin conditionto be cludingthe Southeast Building, with its Portico

used,the colonistsrestoredmoreor less in the at the east end of the Upper Agora, and

SUMMARY

the Bema and Central Shops separating the Upper from the Lower Agora. Not much later, about the middle of the century, followed the construction of the South Basilica and its twin creation, the Julian Basilica. At about the same time or somewhat later a new entrance was made into the Agora close to the middle of the South Stoa, where a paved roadway was constructed, which probably communicated with the eastern harborat Kenchreai. This was followed by the construction of the Bouleuterion, which may have been built as late as the reign of Nero. In the time of Hadrian a new building period was inaugurated. West of the Agonotheteion, room "D" was constructed, possibly to serve as office of the procuratorof the Province of Achaia, and about this time the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica was filled up. About the middle of the second century a new imposing entrance was made from the Stoa to the main floor of the South Basilica. Toward the end of the Antonine period, but probably before the beginning of the third century, a large square room "H" with marble-encrusted floors and walls was constructed west of the Bouleuterion,but what purposeit served remains unknown. About the same time, the large latrine was built near the west end of the Stoa, perhaps as a part of a more extensive building complex, which still remains to be excavated. In the area between the Bouleuterion and room "H", shops and rear rooms XX and XXI continued to function either as commercialestablishments or as public buildings of some kind. The next important event in the history of the Stoa is the invasion of the Herulians in A.D. 267 during the reign of Gallienus. The Bouleuterion and the area to the west of it were gutted by fire, and over the marble flooringin room "H" the debris was allowed to accumulate. The Herulian destruction marks the end of the South Stoa as a colonnade. The

159

and its material re-usedfor retainingwalls, and here and there cellars were dug down to the originalfloorlevel. Perhaps some columnswere still standing, but the vast area of the Stoa must have presented a picture of devastation and neglect. For a time the Stoa may have served as a thoroughfare between the southeast and southwest corners of the Agora. It was probably in the reign of Diocletian that the small Roman bath was constructed in the space originally occupied by shops and rear

roomsXXV-XXVII. Its east end encroached upon the area of room "H", which by this time was completely buried. The baths were the last unit of any importance to be constructed in the area of the Stoa during the Roman period; they continued in use at least as late as the end of the fourth century and possibly into the reign of the Emperor Justinian. After their destruction and possibly to take their place, another bath was constructed to the north using the type of masonry common to post-classicaltimes. The last quarter of the fourth century was a period of destruction and general decline in Corinth as in the rest of Greece. The earthquake of A.D. 375 caused the demolition of many buildings, but during the next twenty years efforts were made to rebuildthem. So far as it is possible to trace the effects of the earthquake and the character of the subsequent repairs, the picture it presents is one of overwhelming disaster and material decay, reflecting a general exhaustion and deterioration of the creative ability of the people. In A.D. 395 the invading Goths under Alaric delivered the coup de grace to this unhappy period of twilight of Classical Corinth. After this destruction Corinth ceased to exist as a GrecoRoman city. In the Early Christian period and during the first centuries of the Byzantine Empire, many of the classical buildings continued to be used, but the ruins of that era bear the marks of material dilapidation, ar-

fa9ade was now, at least partly, demolished tistic declineand civic helplessness.

160

CORINTH

Before that state is reached the story of the South Stoa comes to an end. In the minds of later generations a picture remained, distorted and misjudged, of a pagan past which made Corinth a synonym for luxury, beauty and moral corruption. The South Stoa, more than any other of the ancient buildings, has

helped to remove the disfiguring additions of later times and to reveal the originalcolors and clear contours of that picture; its ruins preserve a reflection of the brief era of Hellenic unity during which Corinth bore the distinction of being capital of the ancient world.

INDEX provinceof, 113, 132 n. 34, 159. Abacus,32, 45, 102. Acroteria,83. Administrativebuildings,Roman, 23, 104, 106, 138. Adonismosaicin Antioch, 109. Aegae, 56 n. 23, 59 n. 24. Agonotheteion,124. Agora:Athenian,120 n. 18, 127; Corinthian,3 and n. ACHAIA,

Attalos, Stoa of, Athens,42 n. 17, 48 n. 20. Axial distances,20 n. 6, 22, 24, 25 n. 9, 33, 85. Axis, 92. BACON,

F. H., 56 n. 23, 86 n. 40.

Barrier,15. Base: circular,3, 5; marble, 113, 117; pilaster, 118, 119.

Basin, 143, 145, 148, 151; circular,69; coldwater,139; of fountain,116, 119, 120; in mosaic,108; rectangu143, 153, 156, 158; lower, 3 n. 2, 159; upper, 128, 143, 158, 159; see also MarketPlace. lar, 146; semicircular,148, 149. Baths, 8; medieval, 142, 145; Roman, 10, 60, 67, Agrippa,M. Vipsanius,127. 145-151, 153, 154, 159. Akarnania,64 n. 30. 159. Alaric, Batter, of doorjamb, 56. Beams: marble,120; wooden,81. Alexanderthe Great,98, 157. Beam cuttings, 53. AlexanderSeverus,134. Bema, 5, 34, 120 n. 18, 127, 128, 132, 159. Altar, 10 n. 4, 134. 97. Bench,28, 101, 138; marble,111;marblecovered,107, Alterations,pre-Roman,93-94, 33. 131 n. 108; poros,22, 130, 131; stone, 30, 93. Amphitheaters, Amusementcenter, 99. Beveling, 24, 40, 42. AnastasiosI, 151. Beyen, H. G., 110 n. 10. 113. Birds, 108. Anathyrosis,19, 22, 33, 58, 77, 82, 107, Animaldrawings,105. Blake, MarionE., 106 n. 4, 107 n. 6,108 n. 7, 127 and 32. n. 27. Annulets, Blister ware, 95. Anta, 19, 22, 39, 40, 70, 77, 111, 115, 121, 123, 138. Anta capital,40, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 100, 130. Bohn, Richard,56 n. 23, 59 n. 24. Ante-chambersof secondstory, 75, 76, 77, 98. Bonding of courses, 25. Boukrania,117. Antefix, 85, 86 and n. 41, 87. 97. 66, 67,128,129-132 andn. 35, 144,159; Gonatas, Bouleuterion, Antigonos constructionof, 137; at Olympia,132 and n. 35. Antioch, mosaicsfrom, 108. Aphrodite, 8, 10; on Acrocorinth,99; in mosaic, Bowls: large, 62; Megarian,126; mixing, 98. Antioch, 109. Bricks, 55 and n. 22, 112, 141, 145, 149, 150, 153; 151. circular,146; lozenge-shaped,121; square,122 and Apodyterium, n. 19; unbaked,69. Apse, 130, 146, 147, 148. Buttresses,75, 76, 77, 123, 136, 138. Aqueduct,90, 123, 155. Arcadians,156. CAESAR,62, 100, 158. Arches,105, 123, 138, 152; brick, 146, 147, 148. Architrave,33, 34, 36, 40, 42, 120, 121; backers,33, Cagnat,R., 131 n. 33. Calidarium,151, 154. 79; coloron, 34; of innerfagade,80. Cantilevers,36. Argos,97. Canvas,131 n. 33. Aristophanes,61 n. 25. Arretineware, 127. Capitals:Doric,30, 32 and n. 13, 36, 73, 74, 77; Ionic, 38, 45, 46, 81, 102; of miniaturecolumns,79; piArris,30. laster,119, 120; seealsoColumns. Asklepieion,17 n. 9, 89 n. 46. Caracalla,134. Assos, 56 n. 23. Casa del Citarista,Pompeii, 106 n. 4; delle DanzaAstragals,38, 64, 98, 102. 61 25. trici, 106 n. 4; dei Gladiatori,107 n. 6; see also Athenaios, n. House. 28 n 96. Athens, 1, Cash 108. box, 134. Athlete, AtriumHouse, Antioch, 108, 109. Cassander,64 n. 30. 1, 4, 5, 7, 30, 89, 90, 91, 93, 98, 124 n. 22, 138, 141,

161

162

INDEX

Catchbasin, 13, 16, 29, 122, 150. Ceiling,6, 13, 14, 15, 44, 57, 76, 81, 102, 105, 112, 148, 149; beams of, 35, 38, 53, 54, 55, 79, 81, 82, 93; domed,105; heightof, 53, 57; slanting,76; wooden, 113. Cellars,137, 140, 144, 159. Cement,11, 12, 16, 55, 60, 87, 105, 138; pebble, 42, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70; water-tight,17, 97, 116. Cemetery,8. CentralShops, 5, 128 n. 32, 159. Cerialis,Gaius,113, 114. Chaironeia,battle of, 98, 156, 157. Chamber,15, 121, 123; rectangular,149. Chamonard,Joseph, 74 n. 35, 110 n. 10. Channel:on doorway,55; water, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 22, 59, 61 n. 25, 65, 68, 69, 93 n. 52, 96, 122, 131, 133, 136, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153. Chevrons,38. Chronology,62; see also Date of Stoa. Cistern,7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 28. City planning,156, 158. Clamps,6, 33, 36, 41, 82, 96, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119. Clampcuttings, 38, 112, 120. Clearingbasin, 28, 150, 154. Clerestory,57, 76. Cock,108. Coffers,81. Coins,65, 94, 97, 110, 114, 126, 127, 129, 134, 137, 143, 150, 154; silver, 64 n. 30, 67. Collart,Paul, 152 n. 45. Colonnade,152, 155; Doric, 18, 28, 32; of Fountain House, 115. Colonnettes,unfluted,121. Colony,Roman, 62, 89, 134, 158. Color,6, 34, 38, 46, 84, 100, 105, 108, 109, 113. Colorscheme,125, 135. Columns,69, 79, 111, 117, 142, 149; archaic,monolithic, 4, 90, 155; brick,146, 147, 148; Doric,outer, 6, 19, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 80, 91, 92, 93, 102, 153; height of, 32, 34; spacing of, 101; Doric, small in second story, 73, 74, 76, 77, 100; Doric unfluted, Roman, 105, 124; Ionic, interior, Greek,4, 8, 12, 13, 22, 23, 33, 38, 45-48, 64, 81, 82, 100, 102, 104; Ionic, interior,Roman, 102-104, 110. Columndrums,height of, 32. Compartments,rear, 6, 55, 57, 58, 68 and n. 33, 69, 82, 99, 104, 154; of secondstory, 75. Conduit,28; terracotta,124, 138, 141. Construction,of Bouleuterion,133; of Stoa, 18, 96. Coolers,61 and n. 25, 98. CorinthianLeague,98 and n. 69, 99, 157. Corners:drafted,83; projecting,23, 25, 26. Cornercontraction,30. Cornice,54, 58, 59,62,64; Doric,horizontal,33, 36-39, 42, 44, 81, 83, 84, 100, 104, 140; raking,42; Ionic, 121. Cornicecourse,83.

Cornucopia,134 n. 38. Corridor,57, 75, 76; see also Passage. Counters,64. Courby,C. M., 96 n. 59. Coursingof wall blocks,40. Court,8, 152. Cryptoporticus,50, 115, 125, 132, 159. Cubicles,8. Cultbuilding, 123. Cultimage, 126. Cult rooms,124, 126. Cups,63, 95, 97, 98. Curia,132. Curtains,75, 76. Curvature:horizontal,91-92; of Parthenon,91 n. 49; see also Refinements. DADO,105, 111, 128, 149.

Daimon,64. Date of Stoa, 13 n. 8, 94-99. Davidson (Weinberg),GladysR., 11 n. 7, 97 n. 65. Deities, 63, 64. Delegates,accommodationof, 98, 99, 157. Delos, 74 n. 35, 109, 110 n. 10. Delphi, 33 n. 14, 96. Demeter,64. DemetriosPoliorketes,64 n. 30, 97, 157. Demosthenes,156. Deposit: destruction,64, 95, 101, 109; habitational, 62, 95, 98, 99, 109; of pottery, 94; of terracotta objects, 94, 96, 97. Destruction:Herulian,135, 136, 137, 143, 144, 159; by Mummius,62, 67, 68, 79,89,93,99,109,126,158. Destructiondebris,see Deposit. Diamondpattern, 107, 108. Dice, 64. Dimensions:of CorinthianAgora,3 n. 1; of reardoors, 58; of shops, 24, 48; of Stoa, 33. Diminutionof columns,30, 91. Dinsmoor,WilliamB., 3 n. 4, 33 n. 14, 87 n. 42, 91 n. 49, 96 n. 60. Diocletian,159. Doors, 93, 133, 152; front, of shops, 41, 48-52, 57, 70, 76; inner, 55, 56, 57, 68, 69; in partition walls, 93; in rear wall, 42, 44, 58, 68, 93. Doorframe, 93; wooden,48, 50, 52, 58. Doorjamb, 48, 49, 50, 55, 58, 69, 78, 93, 107, 111, 130, 132, 140. Door trim, 48, 49, 50, 52, 132; of inner door, 56, 57. Doorway,15, 49, 52, 58, 100, 111, 113, 130, 132, 135, 136, 146, 149, 150; normal,49, 50; rear, 147. Dorpfeld,W., 87 n. 42. Doves, 10. Dowels, 36, 38, 120, 138; cylindrical, 121; wooden, 49, 147. Dowel cuttings, 33, 48, 50, 56, 111, 120. Drafting,20, 22, 44.

INDEX Drain,28, 60, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 154; great, 42, 65-68, 93, 94, 122, 130, 131, 146; tile, 118, 150, 153. Dressingroom, 151. DrinkingContestmosaic, Antioch, 109. Drinkingparties, 64. Dunbabin,T. J., 17 n. 9. Dungeon,15. Duovirs, 127, 144. Dwellings,see Houses. Dyggve, E., 87 n. 42, 96 n. 60. EARTHQUAKES,107 n. 6, 109, 159.

East CentralShops, 127. East Portico, 7, 19, 89 n. 45. Eaves, 44, 82. Echinus, 32. Echo Colonnadeat Olympia,95 n. 58, 96. Edwards, G. Roger, 62, 64 n. 30, 95, 96. Edwards,KatharineM., 127n. 26, 134n. 38, 154n. 48. Eisagogeus,111. Eleusis, 61 n. 25. Elevation, rear, 42-44 and n. 18. Ellipse, 130, 131. Empolion, 31, 32, 46. "Encrustationstyle", 110 n. 10. Entablature,19, 38, 40, 44, 100; see also Architrave, Cornice,Frieze. Entasis, 30, 91. Entrance,to Roman Bath, 146, 150; ornamental,to South Basilica, 115, 123. Epaminondas,156. Epidauros,5 n. 10, 156. Epigram,Latin, 89 n. 46. Erechtheion,46 n. 19, 58 n. 24. Euthynteria, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 91, 92. Exedra, 112, 114, 152.

Flues, 145-148. Flutes: of bone and ivory, 98; on columns, 80; on pilasters,118, 120. Foot length, 25. Forum,Roman, 3 n. 1, 158. Foundations,7, 8, 10-15, 18-26, 28, 33, 67, 89, 92, 104, 106, 114, 125, 127, 145, 154; of interiorcolonnade, 22; of South Basilica,66; of terracewall, 90. Fountain, of Hadji-Mustapha,16. FountainHouse,Roman,109, 115-124, 127, 128, 158. Frieze, Doric, 24, 33, 34-36, 40, 42, 79, 81, 140; of inner fa9ade,80, 140; in cold water tank, 149. Frigidarium,151, 154. Fuel, storageof, 146, 149. Furnace,145, 148. GABLE, 83; east, 85, 86.

Galleries,12-17. Gallienus,134, 153, 159. Gambling,64. Gamingboards,64, 98. Gardner,E. A., 156 n. 3. Gateway,155. Geniusof the colony, 134 n. 38. Glauke,fountainof, 17 n. 9. Goddess,8, 64 and n. 29; of GoodFortune,108. Gods,foreign,137. Goths, 159. Graffiti,65, 101. Granite,149. Graves,10. Grill,56. Groag,Edmund,113 n. 12. Guillochepattern, 108. Gutta, 33, 34. Gutter, of Roman Fountain, 118, 122; of Stoa, 18, 28-30, 101,153, 154. Gymnasium,152; at Philippi, 152 n. 45.

FAiADE, north, Doric, 22, 26, 30-38, 39, 81, 83, 88,

91, 100, 140, 151, 154; inner, 27, 80, 81, 101, 140; ornamental,115. Fasciae, 22, 78, 79. Female head, 124. Figurines,7, 8, 10, 11, 97. Fire, 130, 134, 138, 153, 159; pre-Mummian,109; see also Destruction.

Fish, 139. Flank, 82; east, 29, 30, 42; west, 29, 30, 40, 41. Floor, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 76, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 148; cement, 68; late Roman, 134; marble, 106, 141, et passim; packed earth, 90, 104, 147; pebble cement, 12, 90; tile, 142. Floor level, 18, 122. Floor space, 6. Flooring, 55, 60, 148; brick, 150; cement, 136; in shops, 97. Flowers, 108.

163

HADJI-MUSTAPHA,

Fountainof, 16.

Hadrian,113, 159. Half-column,79, 121, 123, 130. Handles, stampedamphora,62, 126. Harbors,128. Harris, JosephineM., 89 n. 46, 134 n. 36, 151 n. 44. Headers,18, 19, 23. Heermance,TheodoreW., 4, 5, 22 n. 8, 25 n. 9, 94, 155 n. 49. HellenicLeague, 156 n. 1. Hellenodikai,110. HerodesAtticus, 143, 152 n. 46. Herring-bonepattern, 121, 123. Herulians,134 and n. 36, 136, 137, 138, 143, 151, 159. Hill, Bert H., 5. Hill, Ida Thallon,83 n. 37, 86 n. 41, 101 n. 2. Hinks, R. P., 108 n. 7. Holland,Marian,28 n. 11.

164

INDEX

House, of the Faun, Pompeii, 110 n. 10; of Polyphemus, Antioch, 108, 109; of Sallust, Pompeii, 110 n. 10; see also Casa. Houses, 8, 10. Housholder, F. W., 101 n. 1. Hypocaust, 67, 142 n. 40, 145-149, 151, 154. Hypocaust Bath at Olympia, 55 n. 22. IMPLUVIUM, 151, 152. Inscriptions, 63, 134. Intercolumniations, 4, 19, 48. Intersection of walls, 19, 25, 26. Inundations, 5. Invasion, Herulian, 151, 159. Isthmia, 157. Isthmian Games, 110, 158. Isthmian Sanctuary, 89 n. 46, 158. JAMBS, see Doorjamb.

Jar, 67, 68, 143. Joint, 22, 24; beveled, 20. Judeich, W., 42 n. 17, 48 n. 20. Julia Mamea, 134. Julian II, 150. Julian Basilica, 132, 159. Justinian I, 151, 154, 159. KALYDON, 87 n. 42.

Kameiros, 5 n. 10, 61 n. 25. Kantharos, 95 n. 53. Karystos marble, 116. Kavvadias, P., 5 n. 10. Kenchreai, 129, 159. Kenchrean Road, 66, 128 n. 32, 128-129. Kent, John H., 91 n. 48, 113 n. 12. King, Lida Shaw, 83 n. 37, 86 n. 41, 101 n. 2. Kitchen, 10. Kitchen ware, 62. Knucklebones, 64. Kotyle, 95 n. 58. Kourouniotes, K., 61 n. 25. Kunze, Emil, 55 n. 22, 95 n. 54, 107 n. 6. LAGYNOS,29, 62.

Laidlaw, W. A., 110 n. 10. Lake Stymphalos, 123, 155. Lamps, 13 n. 8, 64 n. 30, 89 n. 46, 95, 96, 156; Roman, 109, 114, 137, 141. Lang, Mabel, 62 n. 26. Latrines, 65, 66, 67, 68, 130, 131; Roman, 151-153, 159. League: Achaian, 158; Aitolian, 67, 68; Corinthian (Hellenic), 98, 99, 156 and n. 1, 157. Lechaion Road, 3, 4, 128 and n. 32, 152 n. 45. Lekythos, 95. Lemerle, P., 152 n. 45. Leonidaion at Olympia, 5 n. 10, 96.

Lerna, 17 n. 9, 89 n. 46. Levels, 18 n. 3. Lime pit, 146. Lining, brick, 152. Lintel, 15, 41, 50-53, 56, 57, 147. Lintel course, 55, 58. Lion's head spout, 84, 85. Loomweights, 96. Lucius, 101. Lucius Verus, 143. Lucretius, 131 n. 33. Lykourgos, 96, 156. MACEDON,156.

Male head, bearded, 124. Manhole, 7,11,16,17,24,59,60,95,140,141,142,144. Marble: from Karystos, 116; from Skyros, 115, 116. Marcus Aurelius, 134, 143. Market Place, 3; see Agora. Masonry, 145; brick, 146, 147; rubble, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150. Masons' marks, 26-28. Masts, 131 n. 33. Mau, August, 110 n. 10. Maximinus I, 134. McDonald, W. A., 132 n. 35. Meander pattern, 84. Measurements, see Dimensions. Megalopolis, 156 and n. 3. Metopes, 34, 40, 41, 100. Middle Stoa, in Athenian Agora, 74 n. 35. Mitering, 96. Modillions, 121. Moesia, governor of, 132 n. 34. Morgan, Charles H., 5, 8, 10, 90 n. 47, 151 n. 44, 153 n. 47. Mortar, 11, 55, 87, 121, 131, 132; earth, 106; lime, 52, 100, 104, 105, 111, 145, 146. Mortar bedding, 110, 112, 118, 138, 139, 142, 148, 150, 152. Mosaic, 107-110, 114. Moulding, 55, 57, 75, 78,79, 81, 93,112,113,116,119, 121, 124, 126 and n. 23, 151, 152; base, 117, 118, 119, 121, 138, 145; cavetto, 52, 85; crowning, 119; cyma recta, 117, 118, 119; cyma reversa, 38, 45, 54, 85, 117, 119, 120, 126; hawksbeak, 38, 40, 42, 52, 54, 96; ovolo, 84, 85, 120; scotia, 126; torus, 117, 126. Moulds, 84, 97. Mummius, 30, 62, 64, 67, 89, 93, 100, 109, 126. Mutules, 36. fluted, 74 n. 35. Nemea, 85 n. 38. Nero, 159. Niche, 10, 15, 112, 152. Nilsson, Martin P., 10 n. 4, 63 n. 27. NECKS,

INDEX Notches, 22, 84, 86. Numerianus, 151. ODEION OF AGRIPPA,in Athens, 110, 120 n. 18, 127. Odeion at Corinth, 143, 152 n. 46. Olympia, 5 n. 10, 55 n. 22, 87 n. 42, 95 n. 54, 96, 98 n. 69, 107 n. 6, 110, 132 and n. 35, 156. Olynthos, 95 and n. 53, 96. "Onyx", 116, 128. Opus incertum, 105, 145; see also Masonry, rubble. Opus sectile, 127, 152. Orientation, 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, 116, 139, 145. Orthostates, 6, 39, 40, 50, 93, 105, 107, 113, 124, 125, 129, 130, 132, 133, 139, 145, 147, 148, 149. Orthostate level, 3, 22, 42, 43, 55, 56, 104. Overflow from fountain, 122. Ovid, 131 n. 33. PALM BRANCH, 108.

Palmettes, on Ionic capital, 45, 102; ridge, 86, 88, 101. Pandroseion, 59 n. 24. Panels: marble, 106, 107, 116,119,126,130; of mosaic, 108, 109; stuccoed, 105, 109. Parapet, 71, 72, 76, 77, 120. Parrot, 108. Parthenon, 91 n. 49. Partridge, 108. Passage, 69, 75. Patching, 108, 113. Patera, 134 n. 38. Paton, James M., 46 n. 19. Pausanias, 3 n. 2, 4. Paved areas, 42, 58, 65, 66,67,68,88,93,131,135,136. Pavement, 104,128,131; cement, 94; marble, of Agora, 89, 153; pebble, 131; of road 128. Pease, M. Z., 95 n. 55. Pedestal, 116, 120, 123; poros, 118. Peirene, Fountain of, 5, 15, 17 n. 9, 59; channels of, 96. Perachora, 17 n. 9. Peristyle, 74 n. 35. Pernice, Erich, 106 n. 4. Personification, 63. Philinus, Cn. Babbius, 89 n. 45. Philip, 98, 156, 157. Philippeion: at Megalopolis, 156; at Olympia, 96. Philippi, 152 n. 45. Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., 127 n. 29. Piers, 14, 100, 105, 111, 138, 149; brick, 146; capital of, 79; low, of second story, 76; poros, 130; thin, of second story, 70, 71, 72, 77, 81. Pigments, 126. Pilasters, 117, 119, 120, 123. Pins, metal, 84. Pipe: lead, 148, 149, 150; terracotta, 67, 68, 122, 123, 125, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145. Pitchers, 62, 98. Pivot holes, 48, 49, 107, 111, 132, 147.

165

Plaster, 128, 135, 139, 148, 150; Greek, 52. Plinth, 60, 111; marble, 118. Pnyx, 156 n. 2. Pompeii, 106 n. 4, 107 n. 6, 109, 127. Porch, 130; of South Basilica, 115; see also Portico. Poros stone, 6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, et passim. Portico, 111, 131; see also Porch. Posts, wooden, 75. Pottery, 7 and n. 1, 8, 10, 11, 13 n. 8, 14, 62, 65, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 114, 126, 141, 142, 156; Roman, 109, 131. Pour channel, 111, 113, 120. Preservation, state of, 3, 4, 17. Priene, 48 n. 20, 74 n. 35. Procurator, 113, 114. Proportions, 46 n. 19. Pry-hole, 52, 82, 132. Ptolemy III, 97. Purlin, 82, 102. Purpose, of Stoa, 94-99, 157. QUARRIES,89.

RABBET,38, 55, 76, 90, 113. Rafters, 38, 75, 76, 81, 82, 83. Rebuilding, of Stoa, 102. Recesses, 112. Reconstructions, latest, 138; Roman, 18, 107, 124, 130, 132, 137; see also Alterations, Repairs. Refinements, 6, 91-93, 157; see also Curvature. Refreshments, 64. Refrigeration, 61, 98, 157. Regula, 33, 34. Relief, of maenad, 142 n. 40. Relieving surface, 32, 45. Remodeling, of Fountain House, 118. Repairs, 93, 94, 97, 110; pre-Roman, 88; early Roman, 100-102, 104, 124; to roof, 84, 94, 101; see also Alterations, Reconstructions. Reservoir, 7, 11-17, 22, 24, 61 n. 25, 91, 92, 95 n. 58, 143. Retouching, 84. Revetments, 115; marble, 116, 118. Richardson, Rufus B., 3 n. 2, 4. Riser, 20. Road, 4, 8, 30, 89, 90, 93, 129; modern, 4, 19 n. 5, 65; wagon, 100, 144, 158. Road level, west of Stoa, 22. Robinson, D. M., 95 n. 53, 96 n. 61. Roebuck, Carl, 17 n. 9, 89 n. 46, 98 n. 69. Roebuck, Mary C., 83 n. 37, 101 n. 2. Roman Forum, 132. Roof, 36, 41, 42, 74, 82, 83, 88, 93, 101, 131, 138; arched, of reservoir, 13, 15, 16, 17. Rosette, 120, 121. Rostra, 128, see Bema; in Roman Forum, 132. SACREDFOUNTAIN, 90, 91.

166

INDEX

Saint Paul, 101 n. 1, 128. Salonina,134. Sanctuary,8. Sandpiper,108. Santa Costanza,Churchof, 132 n. 35. Schede,Martin,48 n. 20, 74 n. 35, 96 n. 62. Schleif,H., 55 n. 22, 107 n. 6. Scholae,127. Schrader,H., 74 n. 35. Scranton,Robert L., 3 n. 2, 89 n. 45, 120 n. 18, 127 n. 30, 132 n. 34, 142 n. 40, 153 n. 47. Screen,76, 79. Seat block, 29, 94. Secundus,141, 143. Septimius Severus,134. Serapis,head of, 134, 137. Setting line, 26, 42, 52, 82, 107. Sewage,disposalof, 59, 153, 157, seealsoPaved areas. Shaft: of pier, 14; unfluted,74 and n. 35; of wells, 13, 16, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 95, 127. Shelves, 121, 123. Sherds,see Pottery. Shield, 108; terracotta,96. Shoe, Lucy T., 96. Shrine,137; underground,8, 12; see also Sanctuary. Shutter,wooden,56. Sikyon, 97. Sill: of anta, 22 n. 7; of door, 48, 50, 104, 132, 136; of window,56. Sima,horizontal,38, 44, 84-87, 101; marble,85 n. 38; raking,44,85,86,87,101; Roman,102,109,123,124. Skias, A. N., 3. Skyphos,95. Skyros,marblefrom, 115, 116, 126. Sleepingquarters,99. Slots, 84. Snakes,10. Soffit, 42. South Basilica, 50, 66 and n. 32, 101, 109, 114, 115, 122, 123, 125, 128, 132, 159. SoutheastBuilding,89, 129, 158. Spintharos,96. Square,public, see MarketPlace, Agora. Stage, 8. Stairways,6, 13, 16, 24, 48, 68-70, 75, 77, 94, 152; marble,115. Stamps: on amphorahandles,62; on tiles, 88. Statue, 10, 93, 113, 134, 158; equestrian,89. Statue bases, 89, 90. Steps, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 29, 30, 39, 101, 148; marble,18, 19, 154. Stereo, 18 n. 2. Stettler, Michael,132 n. 35. Stevens, GorhamP., 46 n. 19, 59 n. 24, 86 n. 40, 91 n. 49, 92 n. 50. n. 43, 115 n. n. , 10, 88 n Stillwlll, Richard,5 8 28 n. 120 17. 15,

Stoa of Attalos, Athens, 42 n. 17, 48 n. 20. Storagejars, terracotta,62, 97, 144. Storagepits, 10. Storerooms,68 n. 33, 146. Story: lower,74 etpassim;second,6, 70-79,80,82,98. Stove, terracotta,98. Stretchers,18, 19, 20, 23, 24. String course,54, 55. Stucco, 6, 13, 28, 29, 34, 40, 52, 56, 72, 73, 79, 100, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 119, 135, 136, 137, 146, 154. Stylobate,3, 13, 18, 19, 22, 26, 30, 33, 39, 88, 91, 101. Subdivision,25 n. 9. Substructures,23. Sudatorium,151, 154. Swan, 8. Symmetry,44. TABLE,

8; marble, 64, 98.

Taenia, 33, 34, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 81, 83, 93; slanting, 44, 82. Tank,137, 149, 150, 155; cold water,140, 154; rectangular, 148. Tavern,10, 12, 17, 98, 99, 137. Taylor,Lily R., 89 n. 46. Temple:of "Apollo",3 n. 2,4; of Apolloin Athens,96; of Apolloat Delphi, 33 n. 14, 96; Archaic,3, 18 n. 3, 155; of Ares in Athens, 28 n. 11; of Jupiter at Pompeii,110 n. 10; at Tegea,96; of Zeusat Nemea, 85 n. 38, 96. Tepidarium,151, 154. Terracewall, 7, 8, 9, 10, 88-91, 93, 100, 135, 136, 137, 139, 145, 153. Terracottas,architectural,62, 79, 83 n. 37, 96. Terracottaobjects, deposit of, 94. Tetrapod,10 n. 4. Theater: at Corinth,28 n. 10, 88 n. 43; of Dionysos in Athens, 127 and n. 29. Theaters,awningsin, 131 n. 33. TheodosiusI, 153. Thermae,151; see Baths, Roman. Tholosin Athens, 87 n. 42. Thompson,HomerA., 48 n. 20, 74 n. 35, 87 n. 42, 95 n. 54, 96 n. 60, 110n. 11, 120 n. 18, 127 n. 28, 134 n. 36, 156 n. 2. ThrasyllosMonument,96. Threshold,48, 49, 68, 104, 107, 111, 113, 128, 132, 133, 136, 146, 147, 150. Thrust,38. Thyrreion,64 n. 30. Tiles, 14; bossed,148; in drain,140, 149; roof: 44, 62, 64, 65, 68, 83-88, 101, 126; half, with upturned edge, 82, 87; Lakonian,88 and notes 43, 44; opaion, 87; overlapping,153; ridge cover, 83; Roman, 67, 102, 109, 137, 143, 152, 154; saddle, 86; size of, 86 n. 40; with trough,87. Toe holds, 12, 13, 15, 60, 141. Toga, 130.

INDEX Toichobate,8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18 n. 3, 19 n. 4, 20, 22 and n. 7, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 39, 55, 56, 58, 65, 66, 69, 70, 92, 104, 114. Tomb, 8. Tonguepattern, Doric, 38. Tread,19, 20. Triglyphs,34, 35, 41, 85. Troizen,coins of, 97. Trusses,139. Tub, hot water, 148. Tunnel,13, 60, 122, 142. Tympanum,42. UNIFORMITY,50.

Units, of length, 24, 25. 134. Valve, of door, 49. VALERIAN I,

Vases, see Pottery.

Veneer,marble,106, 111, 112, 115,120, 121,138, 143, 145, 148, 149. Vespasian,109. Vessel, in mosaic, 108. Vessels,drinking,10. Vesuvius,eruptionof, 109. Vitruvius,3 n. 1, 92 n. 50. Volutes, 45. Votives, 97, 99. Voussoir,105, 152.

167

89 n. 46, 139 n. 39. Walls: cross, 114, 129, 137; east, 27, 39, 40, 93; interior east-west, 25; middle, 41; partition, 25, 50, 54, 69, 70, 75, 82, 92, 93, 101, 104, 106, 109, 110, 114, 115, 133, 150, 152; rear, south, 25, 43, 48, 68, 93 n. 52, 104; rubble, 137; west, 27, 40, 41, 93. Wall decoration, 126. Water tank, 38, 122, 123. Water works 12-17; Hadrianic, 155. Weinberg, Saul S., 5 n. 8, 63 n. 27, 66 n. 32, 114 n. 13, 115 n. 14. Wells, 7, 11, 13, 15; in shops, 5, 11, 59-65, 99, 156. Well curbs, 60-65, 68, 70, 97, 124, 126, 127. West, Allen B., 89 notes 45, 46. Wheel ruts, 8, 89, 90, 144. Wiegand, Th., 74 n. 35. Windows, 43 and n. 18, 56, 57, 58, 78, 100, 101, 104, 109, 138; clerestory, 82; rear, 43, 44; second story, 72, 76, 77, 80, 81; service, 57; slit, 42, 58. Wings, 6, 42, 44, 58, 82, 156 n. 2; east, 42, 58, 87; west, 20, 82, 87. Wreath, 108.

DE WAELE, JOSEPH,

88 and n. 44, 93. XENOLAOS, YOUNG, RODNEY

S., 151 n. 42.

ZEUS, OF PHEIDIAS, AT OLYMPIA, 124.

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