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THE

SOFTWARE PROTECTION HANDBOOK For

the

DAVID

C-6U-

THOM

and

VIC

COVER

and

ACE

NUMBERS

ILLUSTRATION

CAMPBELL

(S) 19814 PSIDAC ALL

RIGHTS

RESERVED

PUBLISHER'S

NOTE

This book is written as an information guide for those who wish to learn about and experiment with software protection and duplication methods. It is not intended to encourage theft or illegal uses of copyrighted

software.

All information in this book is accurate insofar as can be determined by the authors and publisher. No liability can be assumed for any inaccuracies which may be inadvertently contained herein. The user of this information must assume all liabilities associated with its use. The user must also assume all risk to person or property associated with the use of the circuitry described in this book. It is recommended that the user be technically competent to determine the suitability of the application. In no event shall the authors or publisher be liable for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the use of the information

in this book. C-64,

VIC-20,and

MONITOR$8000

Commodore Business Machine, Romulatorf

Tapeworm,

are

Inc.

PSIPACK and

are all trademarks of PSIDAC.

trademarks of

its program names

^~ ~

L

C

c *** PROGRAM NOTES

use

Most of the

CBM

***

Basic programs will

"shorthand"

when typing

to

Q

require that you

avoid

excess memory

C

(~ .

use.

Programs have been

disk and 1525 tested

on a

printer.

written for the

Commodore

1541

Many of the programs have been

version of the

MSD.

The programs

"talk" to the drive controller such as error analyzers will not work with MSD.

which

Diskpicker and The others may

work.

/—

^-

(^ ^ v_ r

c

THE SOFTWARE PROTECTION HANDBOOK Copyright

part

c

of this

1984 by PSIDAC.

publication

All

may be

rights

^

reserved.

distributed

No

by any

means. The circuits and programs contained herein and on the PSIPACK disk may be copied for personal use. No

_

L

£

part of this book may be reproduced for publication.

C

SPH-64

C

VI284 THIRD PRINTING

2

USD19*95

c

O

O

Ike, pkiLoAOpy. of

tki/L book e.mb/iace.A

thn.e.e. main

I,

lo pnovide.

btioad vLe.w of

Lclwa. and

2.

lo aZe-zit

"v La Lou a.

p/Lote,ctLon

e,tkicA. th/ioug,k "LooLa.

j£ouj

tke, consume,il}

cLiLdLe,"

pote,ntLal co&t of

of. ike.

natu/ie,

p/iote,ctLon/p/tote.atLon bne.a,ke,nA.,

and

of

and

tke,

g,e,ttin$. caug,kt Ln tki/L

/LpL/iaL, 3-

lo

ne.move,

/Lome, of

tke,

muA.te.nu.

&u/L/toundine^ tke, Aub'j.e,at wkiLe. p/ioviding, a. UAe.fuL /ie.fe./ie,nce, doc.ume.nt.

***

CONTENTS

***

Preface

Pg.

6

Chapter Pg.

1 7

Chapter Pg.

2 21

Introduct ion. for

copying

Tools. book

Descr i pt ion

as

well

break ing

Chapter

Pg.

3

47

Rules,

Maps.

as

and

explanat ions. and

of

other

protected

C-6U

Regulat ions,

and Ethics

software.

tools

provided

helpful

tools

in

this

for

programs.

15U-1

Also

disk

memory maps

special

conf igurat ions

used

memory

for

with

Iocat ions

protect ion

purposes.

Chapter Pg.

4 71

Chapter 5 Pg.

88

Protect ion Methods. techniques

Pg.

6

117

cartridges

Tapes.

Specific

software

to

Pg.

7

17b

Appendix A~... Pg^

and

Covers

tapes.

procedures,

dupl icate

future

tapes.

circuits

and

Tapeworm,

Trelo.

Procedures,

analyze

protect ion

and programs on disk.

Superd irectory,

D isk-Ed itor,

Error Analyzer,

Diskpicker,

to

DD-1,

copy and

Fastback,

T/S Analyzer, Re Iocate/Loader,

Linkster.

Cartr idges. tape.

Saving cartr idges

Romulat or

CBM ASCI1-CHR$-

to disk and

system.

SCREEN CODES Chart.

Monitor use with Diskpicker.

201

Appendix C..•. Pg.

and

and

software.

197

Appendix B.... Pg.

Current protect

Disks.

and

Chapter

to

disks,

Clone piug,

Chapter

used

202

Autorun Booters- Machine and Basic

version.

***

Appendix D.... Pg.

205

Reset

GCR

208

DISK TYPE

or

Resetting

files.

wiring.

sector

encoding

with

Products

explanations.

Sector maps

notes.

avaiIable

from PSIDAC.

211

Appendix H. Pg.

***

identifications.

switch

in GCR

Append ix G. Pg.

CONT.

207

Appendix F. Pg.

Sector Byte

Deleted programs

Appendix E. Pg.

CONTENTS

Interrupt

routine

techniques.

212

NAME

=

FRACK

PSIPfiCK

(C)1984

SECTOR

VBN

3RD

ED.

NAME

BLKS

PRG

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PRG

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SUPERDIRECTORY

B

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PRG

19

13

DISK-EDITOR

0

7

PRG

I /

19

RELOCATE/LOADER

.

2

PRQ

15

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DISKPICKER

B

PRG

19

9

T/S

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10

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FASTBACK

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15

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*

10

PREFACE

Q

c the

The writing of this book was undertaken as a result of large number of inquiries and strong interest developed

after the release

of our first

book "The Software Pirate's

Handbook for the VIC-20" (SPH-20). This book will similar format to the SPH-20 and, although each are

books

in their

complement

to

own

right,

this

book

follow a complete

is designed

as

a

SPH-20.

Q

C r

Q *-

The SPH-64 will expand on both the philosophy and technique of duplicating software. In doing so we want to

C

about

r~

dispel many of copying

the doubts and

fears that people often have

C

understood so that we do not promote theft

v~

software.

legal issues are

We

also want

to

be

sure

that

or black-marketing of software which clearly are crimes.

the

At

the same time we will show you how to protect your own investments by making back-up copies of a variety of "protected" forms of software.

This book will

first cover our philosophy for copying,

and specific legal considerations. In the following chapters we will outline technical theory and concepts with

(^ *v_ (2

C

f~

specific numbered procedures and the program listings at the

(^

to

^

end

of

applicable

go directly

chapters.

In many cases you will be

to the specific

procedure for the

able

type of

copy you wish to make. However for a better understanding or in case of difficulty in making a copy, you may need to

refer

to the

concepts.

understanding

In

encountering

sections which give

of

this manner you

the

kinds

so

that

of

you

attention to theory

should be

able

can

deduce

protection

£ ~

and

C

you are

^~

to gain an

that

*-

possible

f-

(^

"countermeasures".

^

The ultimate purpose of this book is not to provide you with the "newest thing" in copy history, but rather, we will

£

try

to provide

of

C

but

are essential

themselves open and

v-

continually changing market. Our experience has shown that "packaged" protection breaking software becomes obsolete as

^~ V-

fast hole

as it is written, leaving the consumer with yet another to pour money into. Adaptive programs and user skills

C

this

book,

protection

you

systems.

with primary

These

tools

utilities which are

unprotected so that you can use,

are necessary to

tools

stay current.

and knowledge

are not candied

study,

for

appeal

and adapt them to a

(~

we offer

C

first technical reference document available on the subject.

^-

not

as

Together with the analytical We

package

authors.

and

final

word,

programs included,

but

that you find

USEFUL!

as what may be

the

this makes a powerful

for defeating protected

greatly hope

understandable,

The

the

In light of this,

s~

this

software.

book

informative,

s~

£ ~-

/~ j:

CHAPTER

ONE

INTRODUCTION

PIRACY...an issue

so clouded with fear,

and misinformation that safe,

familiar company.

book was

had

to be

to be

"The

fact

changed

that

the

piracy in any form. a

to

light-hearted

inspire

a

The original title

after a

several

book of

book

was

never meant

The use of

reference

certain

Unfortunately, and

puffery

brainchildren of this consumer

product

-

title

to

"Pirate"

II",

flatly

encourage

intended as

any copying process,

tendancy

of

there

is

being

used to

software -

humankind;

is

and

the

secret.

a great deal

new market.

but

in spite of

to

was

in

of this

advertisers

that

attraction to things mysterious or

pocus

to utter it

Software Pirate's Handbook

refused to advertise the

you dare only

intrigue,

cloak

of hocusthe

alleged

This reletively new

being hawked,

with all

c c the

vigor and

claims

of mysterious

patent medicines of

earlier years.

rhetoric is

with all the

warnings

replete

powers,like

the

C

technocratic

^-

rumored pitfalls and

^

This

of what may happen to you or your

if

r

you try to exercise your documented legal right to copy

C

the product. All of this has the detrimental end effect

^

of deluding the

consumer

overpriced,

*-

underperforming

products.

this will

£

most

undermine

certainly

equipment

into purchasing In our opinion

the

strong

beginning

and

C

It is

^~

knowldge,

*-

in changing

£

curiosity the home microcomputer market now has. our

goal

tools,

to

and

this

provide

the

attitudes

situation.

public

that will

I

see

microcomputing,

one

with

accepted

by many,

and used

and computers

rejected

be

a

some

start

two futures

for

home

C

software and

computers

^*

software

^

and

as

with

the

other with

expensive

"hyped"

toys

of a

bygone fad.

£

C

C At

this point

between what Quite

is

simply,

question.

we

must separate

acceptable the

Copying

intent for

study, your not

burn

and other personal original

piracy.

the

However

to

(If

another that

libraries

copying

an

copying and what of

sale,

personal uses is Piracy.

the

user will

difference

(]

is

v_

s~

archival,

(^

Loaning

v,

is not piracy.

person

for

original

temporary use

changed we

return

you

the

other non-

Copying for backup, uses

Piracy.

decide

distribution or

ever were

and

the

to

the

do

not

may

as

is

well

s~

Dark Ages!)

Q

own

is

C_

whole issue of

^

unethical.

We

should start

to

analyze this

8

9 0

copying software by

first classifying software amongst

the products with which it belongs. to peel

away

the issue.

some of the misinformation that To

instructions

get very basic, which

produce

physical

system.

Software

numbers

and can

be

such as;

verbal,

recipe

that

I

found

like

of

the

ROM

memory.

The

format

greater

just

one

of

these

expensive piece

of

should other

of

often

for

of

on

a and

forms

solid state

that

the examples

as common or

likely to be

is

listed as

reason

data

software.

software

which refers mainly

that

books

cost

and

the

of

to

more

times

it

is

to

vastly

program.

produce,

time

other

found in

contain

average

more

How strange

tens

and

are not commonly

than

itself,

take

Any more

write than a

then that

software

more money than

these

like products!

suppose

that

factor most

nature. thus

also

paper,

they inherently

equipment,

sell

I

the

that of

effect

many different

solid state, The

is

amounts

in

fact

typically printed materials this

a set

is written with letters

formats

with the exception of to

desired

is

surrounds

this book or a piece of music or

given are

in one

a

embodied

for example.

have

software

magnetic recording,

and so on...just a

This will also help

Few

important

people

program. is

that

not

on,

of

is

software,

it's

and

code-like

are professional programmers understand

Some the

and that the degree of the program is

real mystique

capitalized

cannot really the

the

a

might user be

the mysterious say that able

all

to use

and

language that

is

the program

secrecy or protection applied to concern.

9

We

feel

that this

is

a

little

like

a

homemakers

should only be not be

able

define

the end

care

less

eating, the

saying

that

you

able to eat the end result of a recipe,

to understand

the

product!

words

If

and numbers which

. *-

^

your

r

but if you like to understand what you are

Q

the

there really

you only wish to eat

Q

and

about

perogative,

magazine

ingredients,

that

is

should be no great mystery about

^

ingredients.

When

it comes

to

software many people

"Pirate's Handbook"

making a

get

cold

copy

of a

feet.

for the Vic-20,

piece of

In selling the

"for

Q

signed

C

statements and so on from our customers that they would

^

use

so

r~

thinking that they

£

might be required to make such a statement in the first

C

place. I have yet to meet a person who felt the need to

^~

sign

local

*-■

article,

C

archival use only".

it only for

an

grocery

purposes.

been bullied

affadavit

store

to

before

make

a

I

into

running

copy

of

situation even near

to

the

a magazine

Probably the only

C

in comparison would be the fear of

^~

attempting to photocopy

a dollar bill

to try in a bill

(it doesn't work!)

appears in

a

state law in

Louisiana.

mandate

that

the

opening

the package

act

inherently place the

of

this

biased

proposal being The of

^ Q

A recent manifestation of

software

am sorry that

up

pages of a book, recipe or whatever.

changer,

advertised

We recieved many promises,

"archival"

many people have

we

r-

law,

if

purchasing

a piece

of

thinking on

considered for enacted, and

would

C

r-.

Q V-

subsequently

software,

would

"opener" in a legal contract with

r-

Q)

C 10

O

c

the seller. from

The purchaser would be obligated to refrain

copying,

throw in.

distributing,

I hope they

and

whatever else they

have a lot

of

jail space

in

Louisiana!

One of my favorite analogies which may help you to

put this whole

ethical question in

recipe analogy. software

Consider

perspective is the

the fact that

a recipe like

is a set of written instructions which cause a

desired effect on a physical requires

a sequence

correct order in

system.

of steps to

real time.

Like

software,

be performed in

hardware,

a

specialized

As with

complete cooking system

costs thousands of dollars. requires

skill

the

Both require specialized

hardware to perform their respective functions. computer

it

easily

Developing a unique recipe as well

as

a great deal of

are

a

time.

Some

of

the

major differences

general perception of

a recipe as an ordinary everyday

commodity

often given

program as

a

It

is

easy

away

believe

and effort goes

that

are a

lot

would

argue

otherwise!

"professional"

quite sure that

If you can

perception

a

great

of professionally

software

Judging that

of a

and unfathomable product. deal more

knowledge

into a program than a recipe.

there

similar

and the

highly valuable to

result of the

I

trained chefs who from

have

However

some

of

seen marketed,

the I

am

they are right!

then,

consider that these diverse yet

copyrightable literary

equal treatment and

forms should be

respect when we

11

given

think of copying.

c c Are

womens

recipes pages

clubs

(many of of

church

they are

really cares!?

commiting

in

It

the

each category of

situation.

that

For

an

exchange

(^

copied from the

^-

act

strictest

the market.

of

piracy?

sense,

doesn't appear that

seriously affected

case,

groups

which are blatantly

magazines)

Probably

has

and

who

r

their doing so

C

taken case by

^~

If

but

information market has a

each of these

and general knowledge of methods for

C

making copies of the copyrighted product. Your right to

*~

and

know

disallowed.

machines,

their

protected

face

been

-.

recorders,

photocopy

r

even cameras could

have been

Q

potential for

information.

^

of these markets

_

misunderstanding

^~

of

a

blatant

use in

(^

of the

of

illegal

who would profit by use of copy technology. The current

nature

threat

Each

really

r

is not

real

never

those

software

the

has

tape

probably

due to

copying

facts

Otherwise,

and

outlawed

also

these

is

^ r

own

there

similar some

form of equipment

markets

^~

ethical

result of a but

question of

factual

(J

a

simple

in the

the typical perception of software versus more commonly like

a

difference

r~

information

rather

copying

in

understood

software

piracy by

recipe.

Historically software has

fact

that

form of protection.

copyright businesses Naturally

law. as the

prior

It

Also

did not

use

market

As

1980

most

home

necessarily high.

to

a

software

had no

under patent

software was

was

result

guarded

This results largely

fall

was

12

v-

been a closely

secret of the company owning it. from the

difference

not

limited

for

C

^

legal

*~

law or

C

larger

C

that

extensive.

and

the

companies were

C

price

rightfully

^-

C ^

C

C

C

worried about being

ripped-off by those who might copy

their software and sell unfortunatly,

example,

it without fear of punity.

happened too

Franklin

computer

Apple computer's operating the new laws

stopping

often.

More

this

apparently

court settlement/

the 3rd U.S.

in Philadelphia

ruled

current copyright

could

quite

to an out

protected

"Piracy"

of

this form

a

a system.

amount of

production

company.

A company stands to

investment

and marketing

that it takes

if

software systems to

competing computer.

In effect,

make

operating

a

system

performance^

systems

he

compatible

uses

must

legal

install a

in a

limited

If a competitor

alternate,

be

For technical reasons,

impossible Xo do

Although

100%

unscrupulous

this creates

monopoly for the original manufacturer.

to

The

closely linked

persons pirate these

wishes

of

was

operating systems of a microcomputer are

lose the fantastic

piracy.

software

bankrupt

to the hardware design of

of

Circuit Court of Appeals

law.

literally,

Apple from

case

finally came

that the

under

of

The uncertanty of

obvious

companies

set up

versions

protecting software prevented

Although the two

to

recently for

copied many system.

This

identical

the

in

this is virtually

without copying the operating system!

protection

has -been

for

ROM

upheld in court,

based the

operating

issue is long

from being settled.

The

heart of

the

copyright

intent

is

that the

specific expression of an idea is copyrightable but the

idea is not. However*

Ideas must be free of legal encumbrances.

if the

idea can only be expressed in one way

13

without

losing

its meaning/

then the

that idea becomes very limited. is true when

can

talk

about

Legal

not a

crescent

wrenches

answer may lie

is

lost.

and

Thus

skill

intent

Q v-

I

saws

r

There

(^

answer available for

operating system software.

in the

to be

legal ramifications.

clearly defined legal

this problem with

so common as

protection

without worrying about the

is

The same sort of thing

product names become

considered generic.

ability to protect

(~

The real

of the person making the

copy.

/~

Q

From

which

another viewpoint,

may take

write and an

a month or

an

so for a

average investment to

should

not

income.

This does not mean that

be

distributed mentality.

priced

as the

according to It

applications piracy

applications package

does

is going

accommodated

to

C.

produce and market

^

lifelong

r-

it should be stolen and

£

some

creates be common.

the market,

single person to

basis

mean that

software

c

C

modern the a

Robin Hoodian

over-pricing

of

^-

such

^~

the price better

£

climate where If

C

to

C

distribute copyrighted software would greatly diminish.

^~

Protection of

I would not even

the

for a

software

tendancy of people

is clearly not

recommend that

anyone buy software

the protection methods seem too strong.

make

backups

product

are rights

will bear out, schemes

and

some

can prove

expect

a reliable

of a consumer.

of the more

the answer.

As

The

v-

if

ability to

r~

compatible

Q

later chapters

v_

and

elaborate protection

rather unreliable.

they are

s-

obvious encumbrances to smooth loading and running of a

Q

14

Often

program. are

Furthermore,

not compatible

in the case of disks,

with other brands

The real clincher is that Commodore, manufacturer,

reserve the

hardware/software

at

the

system

any

"updated"

would

system!

time

to try

beyond

original

the

don't believe anyone

this

who has

The

to

difficulty

software

places

system

In

I

unacceptable backup

to

accessible

within

the

storage medium

it

is

still

possible

placed

systems

is

connectors.

the I

intermittent and solution switchable

on

As anyone

tell you,

has

If

you

up highly

protected position of

resulting data it would

a program

with

tear

could

done

be

loss. totally

without having a

Although failure

of

is more common with tapes and disks,

with cartridges

cartridges.

of

no

hardware.

minutes.

problems

is

an

try talking to

vulnerable

crash and

run

on

compatible"

backing

can think

work

what has been

problem,

in the

even

specifications

specifications.

"Commodore

of

Protection

manufacturer has

out

a real

you

facing complete many cases

drive

accepted

bought

defined

necessarily

figure

is

or any other drive

as needed.

the

not

The

obligation

of disk drives.

right to update their drive

schemes which operate beyond

of

they often

the

are

who been

slots but

that

the port

by

weakest

seen

link

them

these

in

become

expander are quite

15

and

in failure analysis

what else.

use

major

lot of wear

interface

knows to

a

The

constantly changing

experienced

mechanical have

cartridges.

many electronic

such

as

loose,

One

edge bent,

popular

boards expensive

with and

still limit the

total number of cartridges you may use

without switching.

RAM memory which

Our

solution is to use an external

can be loaded

from tape or

then emulate the original ROM cartridge.

RAM unit

is

left

loaded

be

put

and

away

r

Q

^-

the

^_

interfere

r

the cartridge

C

previously saved on disk or tape can

^

with any other operation.

be

This way,

in the computer and does not

program which was

disk and

c c

reloaded safely

and

When desired,

as needed. be

used

Your

only

cartridges

Q

The obvious problem with this system is that people who

C

donft own the cartridge could illegaly obtain copies of

^

the tape or disk and use the program without purchasing

*-

it.

an illegal act

Q

specific details on this

C

of piracy.

Chapter 7 gives

It is

make

^

backups.

We strongly discourage this.

to

can

system.

^

The point of copy of

each

Feeble

attempts

importance is that

without a backup

program you endanger yourself

of

software houses

needlessly.

by

r-

offering backups if your original fails,

simply do not

(^

solve

IF the backup

v.

the problems.

policy is

quick

This

to

C

remedy this

is true even

and promises

a

replacement within say

24hrs. What happens 'if the original company goes out of

r-

business?

a deadline or is in

Q

In some cases a delay of

C

What if

the user faces

the middle of a presentation? more

than some

opinion

heed:

there

recommend

fools fool who runs a program without a backup

C

those

backups

rule

and

all

should

our

Q

For

one

In

fool runs a program without a backup but

that

only

devastating.

r-

of the backup!

is

can be

take

Only a

it is a

minutes

really important be

16

stored

in

two

programs we different

s-

C

C

locations.

In

one

recovered from a

case,

one

of

disk which had

our

programs

it's protective cover

cut away and had been thrown in the trash around

of the

first things you should do especially with a new tape

It

is

to make

likely

program but copy.

is

show how

find

We

of

really such a

were

out

it

hear

about

you

willing to

program?

program

rewritten

valuable

and marketable.

a

with

The

no

truth

is

protection

is

The

irony

is

Is

violation

of copyrights.

accepted

industrial

your own version,

"improved"

practice

the program

software itself.

to modify a

needs. to

has

creates

is

the all

program to suit original

and

give you our

have

this

is that

lack

selling a even BE

a

an

distilling

the

a

then marketing common

a

their be

source

problem of

of

those

to

try

application but

for

ill

or

care

suited

to

to be

Without

and you may make

17

their able

adequate

nearly impossible.

if you buy our book we

listings

for

documentation of

legitimate need

the program.

is

a

people want

program may

modify

documentation, philosophy

more

engineering",

and

been

such a

much

that

of

product

always

Not

These people

list

a

issue which

who purchase

the

of

then,

products.

Another

many

"Reverse

the

it

that

program with significant modification may not

underlying principals

"great"

suffer

failure with no backup?

great

One

is uncopiable or very hard to

are

a

constructed!

backup.

that you may

ask?

consequences

a

they

after being

passed

disk or

to

was

Our

are happy to

any changes

that

suit

your special

wishes.

We

feel

that all software

c c s~

should be sold

with listings and documentation or that

(^

they should be

available

The

v_

feature of software

_

ability

to customize

for

a

reasonable price.

is a unique

which should be capitalized on instead of hidden.

Some

r

The

Q

this

*-

Occasionally a potentially valuable piece of

~

products are naturally custom car parts very fact.

customizable some are not.

industry has made

software is totally

a fortune on

useless to a person because of the

inability to modify it. The consumer has

to perform the

£ C

"normal" functions associated with that

C

In

merchantability of a

a

legal right

legal

terms

product.

fertilizer for

directions and using

this

is known

Imagine

flowers.

as

the

that you buy an

r-

After reading all

£

great but all

C

your other flowers die. Let's say that after talking to

^

your friend,

it would work on

s-

IF you had specialized knowledge of the

(^

a

other flowers -

it,

to expect

C

a product

type of product.

"all purpose"

r

chemist,

chemical compounds used

your roses do

you

find

and how they

successfully to other flowers. tell

you

that

you

have

legal

because

the

purpose

fertilizer without

how

use

to

application

product

it

is

^-

an all

(~

sufficient instructions on

C

microcomputer business,

there

require

A lawyer would probably grounds

for

not merchantable

harm

Only after purchasing

C_

s-

successfully,

the implication

could be applied

recovery

more

with

does

that

and

sold

(^

do many things.

C

might you find out that it would

^~

18

In

^ s~

specialized knowledge

good.

"normal" the

that

than

any

as

are many programs

they will

or even modification

to

^

C

C

make

it work

to reasonable expectations.

copying of owned

software

is

a

legal

a copy protected program itself of merchantability. reasonable

to

Time through that

need,

expect

and this

a

and demand

violates

to

be

various

"secrets"

this

I wonder if

the principal

game only to of

the

it

is

copyable.

industries

have

find

inside.

gone

in the

consumers have

to know what's

useability of the of

software

number

right

long as we have that right

again

large

protecting

As

Since backup

a

end

right,

Limiting

or

information

can

only

limit

the

equipment and

also

limits the growth

add-ons which make the original product more useful.

Software

houses would

certainly view this

the door wide to the pirates. of

profits

due

to

Already terrified by loss

piracy they

find

elaborate

and costly protection to be

this

the

is

very

thing

attractive to the pirates the

protection and

as opening

that in the

high price,

more

the

makes

and

more

answer.

Yet

the market

first place! and

Take

so away

who would need

a

pirate anyway!?

In strict by U.S.

legal terms,

copyright

copy of

software

direct

violation

available. well

with

Other

law since

and gives of

laws

law

The pricing

method

market

and

sells

the

determination small groups

19

and

is

a

in is

survived very

only

been set

it

prosecution

forms have as

has

been protected

Anyone who makes

away or

information

copyright

exchanging amongst

1980.

it

these

protection.

of

software has

by the

means

of

accepted

copying

and

or by friends has never

seriously affected the market.

sewing circle being

is.

occur

grocery

because

a

result

the

thought of a

ladies

sued for exchanging patterns seems

ludicrous because it as

The

of

C

piracy does not

^~

photocopy machines

^

C

legality

C

intimidated or

^

afraid to make

a copy of software for backup purposes.

,-

The

of

and

C

a

C

photocopy machine or tape recorder and the knowledge of

^-_

how to use

*~

clearly

is

store

(~ ■

it

wouldn't

original

Large scale

c c

be profitable. defined,

existance

information

should

no

priced low

With

one

copying

be

no

them!

20

the areas of

should feel

hardware,

more

enough

that

software,

threatening

than

C C C C c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c C c

***

CHAPTER

TWO

***

TOOLS

Without

a doubt the C64 is

a very versatile tool.

However,

a powerful computer and the first time that you

try to save a protected program you might like a

child

suddenly feel

given the task of decrypting a classified

and encoded top-secret document.

A myriad of questions

immediately

present

Where

What kind

program is

of

have been applied?

themselves.

Is

it?

often difficult first

What methods

there

does the program reside

do you start?

any way to

in memory?

of

list

protection

it?

And so on...

to decide which questions

to

Where

It

is

ask in the

place!

It

would be

copier that would

wonderful

just

someone

made

copy any software with the

a photocopy machine will

there is

if

copy this page.

no way that

a

21

a

super-

ease that

Unfortunately,

single answer

will cover

c c the

wide variety

protection.

The

of possibilities available only way to really be

task

is to have various

jobs

cannot

be

you

be

(^

for the

v_

equipped

tools.

Most of the

accomplished with only one

tools

s~

application of many different

(^

The key here is skill. The most effective tool

C

but will require

tools.

specialized

for copy

can posses

protected

skilled

is

so

a

sound

knowledge

that you can make

of each situation

of

how

of

the

software

a meaningful

can

analysis

r~

and apply the correct tools with the

(~

greatest amount of skill.

C

C In

this

chapter

familiarizing three

we The

of

disks,

will define

will

the kinds of software

and tapes.

concentrate

on

C

tools to use

on

^-

are,

^-

these categories

(~

as they apply.

C

you with the

^

media.

Within

"levels" of protection

descriptions of

general the

you with

categories

cartridges,

we

tools

applications of

specifics of

the

tools but we will

will list the procedures in a very detailed fashion. If

(~

breaking

this

*-

understanding of

-.

protected software should are

give you up

a

against

later

chapters,

is all new

good

r~-

to help you. This should also help you develop plans of

(~

attack

^-~

when you

you need

come

to

and

general what

up against

tools

to you,

available

that

you

the

_ s~

what

until

leave out which

chapter

use

will aquaint

These

are

a protected program

back-up.

~

—Cartridges—

C Cartridges

are unique

protection in themselves.

in that they

are a

form of

£

That is to say that the very

C

C 22

C

c

features of the

that

it

cartridge are what protect the program

contains.

designed

The

to autorun

break into and Since

burning

facilities,

cartridge"

the program

most

people

burners

Actually cartridges

The

simple excuse

back-up purposes making costs.

difficult to

or save

it to another

it

that

becomes

have developed

a

are good

reasons

avoiding

the

to want

hassle

have

all,

disk or tape real-estate,

to failure.

in view of PROM

method that

if

With this system

back-ups the

cost

why not have a

tape

of

or

for is

a

and

run in

RAM.

A

such as

plugging

and

Making a

cartridge can't

the program can be put

single

There

disk copy,

in a

all

little

a copy?

continuously

modification of a program residing accomplished unless

can be

to tape or disk and

unplugging cartridges when changing programs.

be

a

This makes the process very

to

After

to implement

prone

for many cartridges.

cartridges you own.

the

anyway.

really isn't realistic

desirable

"copy

duplicate cartridge for

used to transfer cartridge programs

it

a

Furthermore,

expensive

are not

then run in a RAM expander!

PROM memory

expect to make

cartridge.

of making a

We

cheap if applied

have

and circuit boards

copy cartridge would make

computer is

it

don't

they cannot

from an original

cost of PROM

that the

cartridges makes

list

format.

fact

into RAM

disk can contain

a whole

library of programs while the cartridge holds only one. Having drawers

pain.

If,

full

of

for example,

odd

shapped

you need

of cartridges

to work each day,

lunchbucket!

But with

your

cartridges

to transport

a

a

real

library

you would need an extra

cartridge

23

is

library on disk,

c c your

software

is

Remember

cartridge likely.

that

medium It

all

are

would

to sell all Magnetic

very transportable.

these

mostly

limitations

to

be much cheaper

of it's software

media does

the

copying

less

(^

software

house

v~

make for

a

on either tape

or disk.

enclosures.

Q

Cartridges exist largely because of the fear of piracy.

C

manufactured

is often

the

case,

a

/-

r-

As

require

C

in

board or

specially

not

Q

circuit

circuits

and

those with legitimate needs are

penalized by actions of those with illegitimate greed.

When the chores that

C64

does

is plugged in. Part of this is accomplished by two pins

C

on the cartridge edge connector which are identified by

^-

the names GAME

to

^

the memory is configured on the C64 so

r

the way

that the computer

be located as

The

job of

will allow Basic,

if

a

these pins

is

Kernal and ROM to

The initialization

routines

locations where a cartridge resides

(]

and they pass

^

information to the

start

running

the cartridge

r

Most of the time the entry point is not

Q

the beginning

program

is

an

bytes

a

typical

in cartridge memory.

Interrogate dump of ROM cartridge.

(reversed) display which

from.

the beginning of

but further on

Following of

computer so it knows

_

at

the

These

A program

to start

memory to run.

at

found there.

_.

then tell the computer that there indeed is a cartridge

doesn't need

is

^~

r

to

an access code

C

codes

where

if

check to see

EXROM.

necessary.

also check memory to see

to

^ r

and

is

the housekeeping cartridge

control

it

is powered up one of

s~

shows the 24

the

first

Notice

^

several

^

the ASCII

r

access code CBM80.

C

C C

c.

The

first four

start

bytes before this

and warm start

code give the

cold

addresses respectively.

CS

$8394

WS $83A0

34 83 R8 83 C3 C2 CD 38 38 82 BB 5R 30 5F EE 3D A3 C0 C8 80 57 88 57 EE

„•-

39182l»flPI»W 57 48 81 C4 04 40 CR 4R

13 CR

13 48 C4 84 81

C8

—ROMULATOR—

Romulator

is

three versions. systems

are

and

one

a

cartridge

One for

identified as

for tape. as

for C64 tape

C64 disk: systems.

The

C64 versions

for disk

leave

the

refer

a

special

cartridge

used.

program which moves

then

saves

A special

it

to

to

numbers

needed for specific procedures etc. of

in

one

book we will

and

comes

for the VIC-20,

2Romulator

In this

Romulator

copy system that

the

and

3Romulator

the

C64 system

out

except

when

Romulator consists the

contents

of

the

magnetic medium being

Romulator circuit

card

is

used which

allows changing the configuration of the GAME and EXROM lines

thus preventing

with

both

software. or

the

auto starting.

tape

and

The circuit

16K RAM expander.

the tape

or

disk

look

of a write

line which

program by software

can be

a

The RAM expander

The RAM is made to

like

means.

changed so that

card

versions

card also has

disk program can be

enable

This

of

socket is

is used the

for an

8K

the key since

downloaded

a ROM cartridge

to

the RAM.

by the use

prevents erasing of Finally,

C64

the

the RAM location

it will reside anywhere commonly

25

c used by commercial cartridges.

The

general

circuit

card

process

to

configuration,

next

the selected

with

RAM

is

to

determine

autorun and then to

to

is

use

s-

defeat the

£

copy the contents of the cartridge

C

left in

normal

the switches

magnetic medium.

interfere with any

Romulator

cartridge

set

the

the

the

to

The

Romulator card

computer.

other operation.

It

does

*-

not

*-■

The cartridge can

C

be stored away safely. When desired to run the program,

C

it is downloaded

then

^

write protected and switched into the configuration for

*-

the cartridge being

Q

into the expander

Romulator card is

run.

and cartridge codes,

the cartridge

A system reset button on the

then pressed to

Since the computer will

RAM which is

force a cold start.

see the cartridge configuration

it will run the program as though

*-

C

date we have not found

C

one that it will not work with. Chapter seven lists the

^

exact

^

16K cartridges.

procedures

to

follow

To

as

in!

■

This can be done

with 8K or

itself were plugged

C

well

as

the

programs

and

circuits needed.

This

book

has

Brown Fox word

system.

r~

been written with the

(^

The cartridge is safely stored in a drawer. It

C_

unexpected

to be "glitch"

free

of the

destroy

temporarily out of business. an

overworked

or

fail

edge

altogether.

system for your

run on a

C

r~

Romulator

is very nice

processor which we

aid of Quick

anxiety of having some

the

cartridge

put us

r

Also gone is the fear that

(^

connector will become

If you decide

computer you will

26

to

and

intermittent

V_

set up a Romulator find

it

a

valuable

/-

C

C

c

accessory.

—DISKS—

There are a wider variety of protection schemes in

existence

for

disk

than

any

understandable

that

many forms of

protection since an

so easy to copy.

software

other

a much

and to break

you

super

and

purchased.

and

a

few might

quality of

the

purchasing

a

As

insecurity they

to

program is

weigh the

software. second

need to make a

from

appropriate,

we will spell out

to normal

the

you should

upon best

the

if

you

disk

user.

If

thing around,

disadvantages

eventual

function

a back

disks because of the

force

original

the

consumer,

You might perhaps

protection

will

your own disk software

"super protected"

protected

will have

problems

so

protection methods we

protection when you

you have

limitations

The

you to protect

avoid purchasing

the

developed

unprotected disk is

from a friend,

lower price.

one

is

make a profit by selling pirated copies at

cover will help

up of

houses have

It

Many people would be tempted to avoid

purchasing by copying even try to

medium.

versus the settle with

need

maximum

crash.

When

specific limitations and

introduced

by some

forms

of

protection.

We will

discussion "standard

define

easier. level",

"levels"

These

but

in comparing different

also help you copy so of

that

of protection to make our

are

not

in

line

are merely to give us

kinds of protection.

with any

a yardstick

This

may

in classifying programs that you wish to you can select

the most

"attack".

27

appropriate form

c —PROTECTION LEVELS—

Level

0

Unprotected.

saving.

Contains

Can

basic

be

saved by

only or basic

loading

and

loaded machine

Q

language.

s-

Level 1 Contains auto-run feature and a STOP disable poke in program. Doesn't allow saving but can

£ r

copy

r-

be

direct copied

or Relocate/loaded and

systems;

Direct

Relocate/Loader) Level

2

Contains

"bad

prevents most commercial

saved.

Duplicator-1

sector"

[DD-1]

(see and

errors on disk which

disk duplicators from reading

past. Creates "shuts off in the middle of copying" syndrome with many disk copy programs. >Iay also contain

LI techniques. DD-1 will copy these.

Level 3

Same as

without

above except program

error sectors

being

put back

will not run

into the copy.

Requires Error Maker program or modification of program

to take out sections which "look" for bad sectors.

Level

4

protection.

normal

produce

This

what we will

drive formatting

symptoms

encoded data or

under

is

errors",

is one of

call

"advanced"

error

It involves altering the parameters of the and/or

such

as

format info,

and

so

on.

extra

The

writing.

tracks,

This

will

specially

modified headers,

so

called

"half

"data

tracking"

these non-standard writing techniques.

This

seems to be the direction of newer software and can create severe compatibility problems. Diskpicker can be

used

to both

analyze

anything that fits

and develop

into the altered

routines

that is its primary purpose. Level

5

Disk requires

"Dongle"

protected.

hardware module

Requires

to break

DOS category,

Dongle

to

operate.

synthesizer or

modification of program so that it does not look dongle. This is a "valid" form of protection if

allows

"Piracy"

backup

disks

to

while giving the

be made.

as

It

for it

will minimize

owner crash protection.

l_

^ s-

^ C _.

C

^ Q

s-

^-

_

C

r

^

C ^

^ Q _

C /-

^-

^

^-

f~

C r-

C c This

listing

does

possibility under the

common

methods that

levels which require will

need

programs

an

to make

not

sun but

we

it

to

does

cover

cover

have encountered.

modification of

understanding the

attempt

necessary

28

of

the

how

changes.

every

the

For

program,

to A

more

s-

those

Q

you

v-

disassemble full

fluency

r

C

C.

c

in

machine

language

and really is

is beyond

an aquired skill.

the process however interest

in going

probably

the one

the first place

a

further

public

is up

to you.

that you should If you can

highly

whatsoever

We will try to define

to give you some chance.

similar quality without

though/

the scope of this book

find

a

similar

the protection.

quality of the

domain programs

that

are

Level

4 is

avoid purchasing in

protected program

to the

Your own

program of

Don't

be fooled

has

no relation

program.

I have seen

significantly

better

than expensive commercial versions!

Attacking level

Diskpicker. routines

The

we

four

protection can be

error

give

making and

will

get

done with

header

you

modifying

started

in

this

direction.

—

Direct and

is

WHOLE

DISK

DUPLICATORS

Duplicator-1

listed

was written by

as a part

of this book.

copyrights on this program.

limitations

of other

especially true for

which attempt

will to

stop

DD-1

"whole disk"

some

copiers. where

the

Other

by sector duplication

of

bad

the disk.

sectors

duplicators

that

This

but

can

may be and

which does not often work. of

is

errors

copiers

errors might

1

and sector on

holds

protected disks containing

"second guess"

sector

PSIDAC

copiers.

last,

a

Vic Numbers

overcomes many of the

do those sections does

—

DD-

every track

It will transfer the contents

cannot

get

reproduce

through the

29

an

error.

errors

Most

can't

duplicate

the

are needed.

errors

so

programs

called

Error Makers

These programs and means of clearing errors

will be described

later.

disk

a version for

owners and

DD-1

has

a version for single

The

(^

single disk version (1DUPDAC and 1PSIMAIN) will require

C

swapping

disks.

2PSIMAIN)

is

The

essentially

versions will print optionally "error

gives

dual

disk version a hands

free

(2DUPDAC and system.

printer/

protection".

if the

original contains

This

is

a powerful

information

if

you have

which

very unusual

tests each

over any sector no

program

feature

byte of data

a

to

data.

This

copy but

duplicate almost in half.

will

reinstall it run.

"fast write"

in no

it can cut

The

idea

full of data

to more than one disk. would be redundant

and skips

Q

format data but

^

time

the s~

Another really handy feature

Q

DD-1

has

read

to make

of

very

rate.

fast

the

programs that you Generally,

if

the

time by

buffer

This saves the extra read

C c c r-

which

Q

since the buffer still contains the

v_

same disk

This

is

can be

Thus making

accomplished

a

c r~

(^

have written and wish to distribute.

v-

original

using the fast

30

very handy

at

for disks of

programs and you wish to make

save

a

that this data can be written

data until a new 150 block section is read. many copies

c

a

is that once

(150 blocks)

s~ £

the ability to write more than one copy per original

read.

V_

r~

way affect

the

Q

mode

on a sector

which contains normal

validity of the

is

is

in

feature that

errors or modify the copied program to make

One

Both

the type of error on the screen or

to the

needed

dual disk owners.

contains more several

than three

copies,

you will

r

write mode and

multiple

Q

O c c

copy features of DD-1. machine

language

(PSIMAIN)

Since this system is written in

(DUPDAC)

with

basic

controller

speed and flexibility are natural.

DD-1

is

simple

to

use

protection on the original. very direct,

to get an disk.

a

you will

and

usually

overcomes

Since the whole process

avoid spending the time

understanding of what

is

required

is being done

on the

It is best for the lower levels of protection.

There

are

several

other noteworthy copier programs

on the market which you might find especially suited to your needs.

We will point out

and

limitations from

the

trade name

Ware,

of

of

our viewpoint.

a

Butler,

some of their advantages

set

New

of

Clone

programs

Jersey.

It

released

offers

backup program along with other programs

variety we give other types of

Machine

you in chapter tools

Machine

is

by Micro

a whole

disk

similar to the

6.

We will

cover the

later in this

chapter.

The Clone

disk duplicater

program provides

a

"graphic"

display indicating the

reading and writing of sectors.

The

locked

version

encountered.

then

used

to

the copy

this

menu

extremely

menu process can

tiresome device

8

when

from the

cumbersome

an error

track and

options and

process

automatic error skipping

you will be

up

This meant writing down

returning

continue

found

we

then point

compared

features of DD-1.

sometimes be tedious

sector,

trying to ended.

to

The

keep telling it

each time!

31

We

the

whole

since typically

doing the same thing over and over.

having to

was

It

is

that you1re using

Clone machine uses

reasonable

a

copy times

multiple copies or

120

block buffer which allows

for backup purposes.

high speed are

copying

an original

with

would be

frustrating.

In

is

The Unguard error

writer seemed to

provides a simple

direct way of

onto

a

disk.

obsolecence

The

says

it

C

not supported,

and

C

errors

^-

Clone

*-

be useful.

C

protection

will

problem

as new forms

for

respects

Machine does what

and

though. can

function well,

it

C

back

^-

one of

^

shelves.

£

writing errors

will be

mainly

of protection hit the

Our biggest complaint would be the price. At $49.95

it

is hard to justify owning for the value obtained.

Another

good

copier

Telecommunications.

It

is

is

^

Uses

lots of most

c

Supercopy

by

relatively fast

*-*

Richvale and

has

^

a

nice menu display.

Once again,

locked up

/-

giving you little

opportunity to modify it and keep it

£

current

with

believe a

the

copy

changing

the program is

C

forms

program should be

forms of protection

of

protection.

open so

that

We

^_

as new

come along you can add routines to

accomodate them.

r-

(]

c c There

are

(mid 1984) that features

are

minute average)

several

very new entries

you may wish that and

they

by

these

certainly

does

C

times (4

^

including

^

The copy protection used

Q

indicate

In the mean

"state-of-the-art"!

32

Q

The major

copy

automatic error writing

"current popular errors".

obsolescence however.

to consider.

provide fast

the

programs

to the market

Among

their

time

inevitable

C

though they are

those we have tried

*-

c

c

c

or

that have

come well

recommended

Starpoint Software of Gazelle, available from Computron

Oregon,

MI. are

and

"ULTRA

"DI-SECTOR"

California,

Business

COPY"

are

from

"GEMINI

2.0"

Systems of Portland,

from Ultrabyte

of Dearborn,

There may be more good copiers hatching than there good

programs

We have simplify

errors.

to

copy!

included

and

speed

up

The programs

is used to

two programs which

examine

any errors found.

copying

the disk

log is

This later use or

up against.

skipped.

The original

time

the

The

checking

on each

copier

Fastback replace

waste

10

copy

can be saved

the

on see

to copy and which

in a very fast copy. error log is

backups

time

as does

DD-1

error

themselves.

go

back with

sectors

as

spread

you make.

the

error

and most

other

logging routine which

minutes can operate

can

that

repeating

is that the

programs

you

of

no

Another note

about

through

primary purpose for the

to make the

number

need

takes

T/S

and log

simply examined to

This results

spent

total

Fastback

copiers.

several

Any unused sector or a sector containing

an error are

the

log

to tell Fastback which sectors

ones to skip.

over

sector by sector

The check is made out

another disk for

with

are T/S Analyzer and Fastback.

track number 35.

what you are

disks

will greatly

unattended unlike

After an

needed,

doing

the

error maker

and

or

remove

the

sections of the program that look for the errors.

There

are

that you may whole

several

copy programs

run into.We have

disk copiers

usually

"floating"

around

commonly found that the have no

33

fast or multiple

c features

and often

Although

DD-1

are

cannot

awkward in

handling

solve every copy

situation,

we

r

tried to

easy to

C

use.

T/S Analyzer and Fastback are especially handy if

*^

intend to

itself

make several

is useful

to own and

^-

have

you

make it economical

errors.

backups.

if you want

T/S

to find

Analyzer by

out what kind of

errors you are going to find on a particular disk.

(See

listings chapter 6 ) Contrary probably

protected disks.

data

is

fed

through the

from one drive

the

first

has

a computer

diskette The

on

place

duplicate

This

relies

on

the

a

is

going

Q

is basically a

V.

protection in

inside that decides which data from the

£

could

for

bad,

care of

and which is

less,

it

users.

ugly.

writes what

any system of

low end

it ^

currently

Q

such a system. At

C

We

this are

interest.

means

running...

the

and

when you

it's

time

Load"$",8

doesn't

^

C

its name says it is.

programs which cannot load

be

tell eveything!

you

them and

whats on

the

they

C

take off

^

As you know,

Q

disk but

C

Superdirectory will

34

When

copied by whole

for Superdirectory.

tells

v_

type yet

on the market

Superdirectory is what

disk

r-

^

lot depends

into

v~

"smart"

— OTHER TOOLS —

you run

C

that your disk drive

which is

fact

considering developing and marketing this point

Dumb copier

The effectiveness of

We have not heard

the market

a

to another without

of the system.

is good,

dumb copier

sees!

it may sound,

The principle of dumb copying is that

dubbing process.

r

^-

effective way to

logic

^

c

to how

the most

c

it

tell you a

c

c

SUPERDIRECTORY

DISK HfiME = PSIPRCK VI C TYPE PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG PPG PRG

PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG

DEL

PRG PRG PRG

PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG PRG ^Rfi

PRG PRG

PRG PRG

TRRCK 17 17

19 13 17 16 19 17 17

16 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 19 17 17 17 16 16 17 19 19 19 19 13 16 14 14

SECTOR 0 1 0 13 19 2 9 2 15

7 2 3 4 6

8

9 12 4

6 7 16 0 1

a

6 5 14 7 15

3

9 15

NfiME

ELKS

IPSIMfilN 2P3IMRIN SUPERDIRECTORY DISK-EDITOR RELOCfiTE/LORDER DISKPICKER T/S RNRLVZER FRSTERCK 1DUPDRC 2DUPDRC fiDMRCH NRCHRELO 3R0MULRT0R 2R0MULRT0R ZMRCH RNRLYMRCH MONITOR*8000 ERROR RNRLVZER 20 NO HERDER 21 ERRSE TRK 22 NO DfiTR 23 DRTCHK3UH SYNC URITER HELP NRITE HDR RERD HDR COPY HDR CON HDR ICON HDR LINKSTER TMRCHRELO TRELO

2 2 8 7 2 17 8 7 17 17 1 1 4

35

HEX.RDD 0801 0801 0801 0801 080 1 0301 0801

0801 CQ00 C000 C000 0348 0R00

4

MUlCilH

1 1 17 7

C000 CS40 0101 0801 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300

1

1

1

1 1

4 1 1

1 1 1 5 1 7

.

DEC.fiDD

2049 2043 2043 2U49 2043 2043 2043 2043

43152 43152 49152 340 2568

UnWU

0801

3300 4300 3300 530O 5300 0801 1F48

43152 51264

257 2043 13856 13056 13056 13056 13056 2043 13056 17152 13056 21248 21248 8088 2B43

lot

about whats on your disk so that you can decide how

to handle each program and file.

c c Q

C

C On

the opposite

page is a

Superdirectory listing. and number of

track

blocks,

and sector

programs

for

each.

listed.

written over/

they are

for protection

that as well as

you are

are

used

Note

sample printout of

Until

also told

C

the name

the starting

s-

Note

also

that DELeted

Q

they

have

actually been

v_

still on the disk.

/r

know they were present!

Appendix D shows how to restore

Q

scratched

The

v.

programs.

Superdirectory is program by its

the computer.

do

you

makes it easy routines

in normally

r

this info you can often load and

(_

separately. can

a

load

Without

them but

you

knowing don't

these

know where

^

are up

two primary functions.

sync

C

that as

C

Erased tracks it will also tell you if

*-

track by

been

operation can

good idea on

v-

is

This is

well as finding

you

that load

s~

quick

anything has

^

and to locate autorun and

systems

With

to separate machine

them!

formatting.

This

lists each

Q ]

Error Analyzer has to

section which

of

equivalents of its starting address in

programs

find

feature

r ,

from basic

addresses,

valuable

the

This

below hex 0801.

to

second

protection boot

"pick"

most

wouldn't

starting track and sector and gives

hex and decimal

other

the

one normally

This can be even

routines

since

a

track check

done out to

put

be

beyond

in

a

normal

track 44 so

normal

track ranges.

£

a new program disk to get an idea of what

C

The second 36

few seconds

mode is a

and

is

^

a

against.

done

the

for

One

sector by

^~

o C

sector check which

is similar but gives you a complete

listing of errors by sector. one

does

other

not

make

a

difference is

read

which operates

improves

its ability

log

of

that

Unlike T/S analyzer/ errors

it is

for

"tolerate"

normal DOS. the errors

without bumping and

grinding the head

The

can

error listings

permanent

able to

0801

The

be printed

This

it finds

in the process.

if desired for

a

record.

Relocate/Loader "picking"

Fastback.

a machine controlled

OUTSIDE of the to

this

programs.

load

but the

is For

another

useful

example you will

and pick any

tool

in

probably be

program addressed

above hex

ones starting lower than this may lock up

the computer.

The trick is to load them somewhere else

and pick them.

Once the

them and change load

back to

rather

the address on where

than even

reload it so that save

the program

lockup

"picking"

anyway!

supposed to.

a program,

you

it won't run or lock up. - which defeats The

saved

you can save

the disk so that they

they were

picking

is done,

Somtimes

may simply Then you can

the purpose of

version of

the

the

relocated

program will need two bytes changed on the disk so that

it will then

load back to its normal disk location and

run normally. relocated

A

programs.

Relocate/loader version

50K byte buffer All

efforts

itself small.

called Trelo

is

which

is a

were made

There

program

37

for your to

keep

is also a

tape

is describe^

section of this chapter and chapter

Disk-Editor

available

in the

tape

display

any

5.

that will

c sector

of

the

disk

change any bytes

ability

in that

to change

track and sector

like

and

allow

you to

This will give you the

the address contained

in the first

^

with Relocate/loader

r

Also you may find occasions when you would

Q

a

in the

computer.

This

have been saved

some

deleted

location on a disk.

are called disk

data on file

or

a

particular sector,

otherwise

Some other programs

doctors and also

confound

similar

Makers

^

to this

r

have the ability

to

programs

which can

reproduce

V'

to the computer

/r

which tells it to do something outside its

(^

on

a

disk.

machine

operating

is

paramaters.

problems

other than the

1541

by other

This

usually

language program

compatibility

used

^

C C

by sending a

normal

C

accomplished

certain errors

in the disk

are

^

some

change data on the disk. Error

C

is normally done

to

which tells where

r

^

to scramble

reactivate

sector.

of a program

that

techniques.

screen

that

program loads

on programs

on the

when

since

Often using

there

will be

these with

disks

the operating system programs

manufacturers

are not

identical

C

to the

1541.

*Q

C c Diskpicker

is a

system which allows

disk drive software

execute

^-

memory.

We have

^

which can be

r

write the errors as desired

Q

on a disk. The primary purpose of Diskpicker however is

^-

directly

provided

the more

sent to the

to

give you

devise

in

the disk drive

commom error

disk drive to

a

your own

development

error

load,

Q

and

programs

you to write,

development

routines

system

writing,

on

which you

modified

can

formating,

~

r ,

C 38

C

encrypted

data

writing,

Diskpicker is designed,

such

as an

execute

error

it

operated

and

it

then

wanted.

continually change with

find

then

into

Commercial

error

allow for this

writing

and

are

send

used

by

features

changing

locations.

Other

the

techniques for

you

may be able to

routine and you can

it

and

The

give

although other monitors can be auto

load

and

should not

monitor be

it

unique program that gives you a

current

it.

generally

by Commodore to

this

a

execute

do not

$C000 as is

if you

thus prematurely obsolete.

monitors

area

it

the market will

Alternately,

programs

Diskpicker requires Monitor$8000 it the monitor

if

you a way to develop and

an error making

to

As

disk and

to see

Since

as needed.

Diskpicker

so on.

to the

disk

machine programming,

someone with

use

it

new errors and

Diskpicker gives

use new error routines are not

send

read the

you

and

lets you develop a routine

writer,

the way

protection,

routines

is used by Diskpicker.

call

located

at

Beyond that

chance to

stay

in this volatile pastime.

Linkster is a

simple basic program that gives you

a display and printout

by a program.

It

of the

tracks

is very handy

exactly which tracks

and sectors used

when you need to know

and sectors are being used by any

given program.

There are have

some

other tools which

that we have not

included

in our kit.

tools are BAM view and Track and

are

readily available

in

to

Two notable

Sector display.

the public

39

you may like

domain

These

and are

furnished

on the

demo with your

1541

drive,

thus

we

c c r

have made no effort to include our own version. The Bam

C

view is nice

display of

^

disk.

The

^

get

£

our Disk-Editor. A block at a time can be

C

displayed or printed. The data is in hex with the ASCII

^-

representation shown off

^

what

tracks

track

to give you and

and sector

when you use

it

allows

you

"coherent"

unlike

been

next

the most

used

to

see things

It

like

is a passive

on

a

to what you

to the side.

Disk-Editor which

of these

The

have

display is similar

data.

the

contents

are

sectors

a more graphical

This

is nice as

names and

other

£

and

C

change

^-

program only,

allows

you

to

locations.

group powerful

of

^

tools

but

that

also

the

are the Editor/Assemblers.

To

allow you to write,

change,

view,

manipulate machine language most programmers and

you may need hardest

to use

to use.

the uninitiated, save,

programs.

r t

these

C

and generally

v~

The secret that that

/-

breaking

Q

protected programs you need an understanding of machine

^

in

order

language

too

to

and the

many

seeing

become

use

pirates alike

They

really

proficient

at

of editor/assemblers.

possibilities

an

try to keep

for

undefeatable

There

any likelyhood

protection

is

breaker.

of

are

ever

Get

editor/assembler and start learning how to use it. may never become

will

be

a

a machine

powerful

language programmer,

tool

even

if

but

your ability

r

an

Q)

You

t !

it

is

limited.

r

Q

c There are many

E/As that will do the

free to use one that you like. 40

job and

feel

If you have no previous

Q

C c C

c

experience we disk called System".

recommend two which Commodore sells on a

"Commodore

64 Macro Assembler

The two programs are called

"Monitor$COOO" reside.

We

after the

recommend

range of memory

which they

these partly because

the entire

accessed

extend up

of

you

the command switching

structure quite

There

major

two

unforgivable

in a

with these

area used by one

always

use

the

identical Also

this

weaknesses

be

second

so

that

have

this

it will

restored from a

fixes you should

save any range

are

of

E/As

complete

books exist on

it

saved is

"ZMACH"

be The

or

awkward

assembler.

We

that can be

the monitors to do this. find them quite

can

in memory.

cannot be

basic and

routine

machine programs and various

language

first

B which you

manner Monitor$8000

that page zero

utility

loaded when using

use

in Appendix

forth between

included a

The

The

We have included

monitor command and thus

and

nearly

the memory locations where

locations

In

problem is

to go back

is

Monitor$8000 so that this problem can

eliminated.

modified

save

are

system though.

so you can't copy them.

in

assembler

which

they reside,

should change

Also

You will need it to use Diskpicker.

commercial

of memory

other!

for each which makes

will not

range

If a

the

is that they

a

two.

into

painless.

.

are

can

is

readily available

and

in

can be

assemblers,

"Monitor$8000"

hex locations

program happens to the

Development

With these

usefull in attacking

forms of protection.

and

the

subjects

details

of

in themselves.

machine Many good

the subject and you should purchase one

along with the Commodore

64 Reference guide.

41

Two

books,

either

of

which

language

are

Leventhal

and

will

the

started

the

6502"

Scanlon.

Q;.

guide is especially important because

C'

Software Design"

which can be a great aid The

by Leo J.

complete memory maps

in trying to figure out what a two

give good expanations

the

by

machine

^

explanations and

doing.

on

Lawrence

"6502

Kernal

program is

you

"Programming

The 64 reference of

get

6502 machine

language

books

Q

of machine language commands and

C

simple examples of their use.

Many of the routines that

you

involve

will

be

routines

disassembling

along with

tracing the kernal get a

"skeleton"

specialized learn what

it.

By

to

program you can often

C

in with

what

are doing you can

the

then

been done.

a good

^ ( (~

conversions

is invaluable to a serious machine programmer. is

^~

Q

A good calculator with Hex to Decimal

Sharp EL-510S

Kernal

By

filling

machine programs has

jumps

specialized machine routines.

jumps in the of

^

as well

as

The

c r~

£ *-. C

New forms of protection are

CARTRIDGE

backups,

it

but along with them comes the questions

compatibilty

pirating.

protection

makes

or the coldstart

we disconnect certain lines on

then

turn

on

know the cartridge not

occur.

We

can

the

computer

the

there so

the

then switch

the

is

into certain areas of the computer and

contents

or

RAM system

or

save

them

to

tape

or

"look"

disk.

An

which emulates ROM through the use

84

€

^ \

C r ■)

*- • £ i

of

a

write

original

protect

cartridge

location,

then

can

later

code,

run

as

be

loaded with

switched

though

into

it

were

the

the correct

the cartridge

itself!

The

most

cartridges

difficult

is

the

configuration

used

with memory,

to

by

the

the

Although

protection in

effect.

The

procedure specifically

is required

the C64

Even

sense,

system

does

"where"

is

the GAME and

true

Romulator which

(See

cartridges can be

the

not

is

"filled"

though this

is

7)

the same

gives you a

you

seen

at.

to

know

All

that

that you determine the configuration of EXROM lines which ultimately control what

the computer does with memory and start up routines. have

3

in

has

require is

Chap.

"switched"

it

(Chap.

the cartridge

with

hardware memory

original.

place of some other memory device. not

overcome

duplication of the

Hardware Reconfiguration) up

obstacle

encountered no

other

forms

of

protection

We

with

cartridges.

TAPE

Tapes

have severe

protection others,

except tape

available

the

locations

PROTECTION

instead

compared

autorun

and method

that

limitations

the of

can and

is

autorun

in the

to disks. usually

really the routine will

kinds

As is

with the used.

same as the boot

of

in

The

disk

from the

the disk.

In the next chapter we will cover the clone system which will duplicate all tapes

85

regardless of protection

FIGURE 4.1

LOAD DATA AUDIO

&

SAVE DATA AUDIO

LOAD

IK/i

TO RICORDIR

SAVE

I Ra

TO RICORDIR

PIN # A-1

B-2

C-3

Dl

F-6

FUNCTION

Ground

+5 Volts

Cassette Cassette Cassette Cassette

Motor READ WRITE Switch

The JiOAD data audio circuit provides an audio output during LOAD operations. This is useful in determining characteristics of pre-recorded program tapes* It also provides a simple way to align the tape head by "ear". (Chapter five - Head aligoment procedure). Installation can be in the computer or on lines D-[|. and A-1 where they enter the datasette. If you are using a Tapeworm, or similar interface, parts can be mounted on the

interface unit itself.

(Use earphone for speaker)

The SAVE data audio circuit .is primarily for "Relocate Loading"

which is detailed in chapter five. You may choose to wire two aligator clips to an earphone with a 1K ohm series resistor. In this manner, you can simply clip it across E-5 and A-1 when you are performing header changes . The SAVE data audio circuit provides audio only during the time that the computer is

saving data to tape*

86

used.

As with disks,

several of

often a tape program will

sections which

each set up

the program and all

attempted after it

loading

saved

and

other

than cloneing

put

this,

requires stops

in you blank

be alert

sections.

in

certain parameters

to

run.

If

a

save

is

the program only part would be

would be useless.

section starts and and

are needed

load

so

To

duplicate

that you

this

know when each

that you can stop the

to make

a

copy.

by

Also,

tape

if you

try

for machine sections mixed between basic

You will need to use

an editor/assembler for

the machine sections.

Figure

4.1

shows

the

output which greatly helps sections. followed

A

taped

by a

tone

leader

the

program.

saving,

program consists of

followed If

one

find

distributing

one drawback

it

tone leader then another

taped

programs

is by

tapes can

is

use

is

the

nothing to prevent you

it will

just

keep you

from

them or running on more than one computer.

own use.

if

a

data burst which

copy

that

tapes,

this

itself,

to

there

As with disks, The

audio

the circuits very helpful.

However

backup

(header)

longer

you hope

protection

hardware key. from making

by a

an

in identifying separate load,

short data burst

you will

The

connections for

fries,

is not a

real is

problem then for your

the

reliance

you are out of business!

87

on the key

c c c c

***

CHAPTER

FIVE

c c c c

***

s~

C

TAPES

C

The very size of the C64 memory allows programmers to write some very powerful programs.

require large amounts quite slow if tapes are

loaded

of data, from a

they

As these programs

also tend to

datasette.

As a

not as popular as with the Vic 20.

even if you

.primarily use a

disk drive,

it

be

of a

datasette

have developed a expense of

(tm)

is still

(f

an

If you

allow you

The cost

In answer to this we

to

Chapter five

€•

o s-

£ \

the

features TAPEWORM

inexpensive interface

for standard

do not own a datasette this circuit

add a

\L

r

simple device which lets you avoid

datasette.

which is

recorders.

will

a

rare function.

£

However,

may prevent you from wanting to own one

for this somewhat

*~

result,

handy to have a tape drive available. You may encounter a taped version of a program you wish to have.

c c c c c c c c c

tape drive for

very little

^ Q •

C'

o

88

^ C'

oxpenso.

If

"clone"

you

tapes

Tapeworm will

drive as

already own a using

audio

such as message

is

that if

inherent Tapeworm

make

this

cassette

motor

work cannot

the datasette

since

it utilizes

Tapeworm

recorder circuits.

makes

It

turns digital the

the

for the computer.

aspects

for those

more technical

so

simple

tapes.

to

any tape

have

success

had

recorders,

it

audio signals function

tape

recorder

The

detail

severe

format.

if

An

Cloneplug

is

audio

a

with

of

digital

doing

this

with

some audio

The amount of signal degradation

data

is

not

clone is

even

been

converted to, worse

cloned

clone

digital

signals or audio-conditioned digital

method we will

done over

89

digital

in successive

The

be

two

so

purely audio clones

clone.

can

copier

Although

which have

cloning

these

which is

generations

that

to a

(tm)

dumb

can be duplicated.

well. the

of

theory of about

audio dubbing

is very unlikely that

will work very is

allows

essence,

virtually

an audio

inclined.

plug that In

all

digital signal

This chapter also features CLONEPLUG a

will

done at

opposite

digital

operation will give

be

into

output of the

signal

the

external device

converting the audio

level

interface

is entirely an

and

another

Another of

no change

computer data

recorder

the

lapse recording etc.

Audio

which

to add

to

you wish to do audio work

possible.

processing.

for

the means

playback or time

the

wish

duplication,

for dubbing purposes.

major differences

with

type

provide you with

required

datasette and

from

a

previous

show you relies

several

on

signals so generations

c without

the

inbreeding

problems.

c c

TAPEWORM

,-

DESCRIPTION

TAPEWORM between

provides

the

20 and

C64

the Vic

cassette

tape

proper

interface circuitry

computers

and

most

c C C C ^

standard

recorders.

c c FEATURES

The TAPEWORM to

is

an inexpensive

the purchase

of

*-

C C and

single use

reliable

alternative

cassette data

recorders

such as the datasette.

|~

(2

C When not

being used with

the computer,

your cassette

recorder can be used for normal recording applications.

r .

No

|T

changes

or

modifications

need

be

made

to your

recorder.

TAPEWORM

recorder

under

\- '

allows

to play

the

computer

and

program command;

security monitoring... recording...

to

control

the

record voice/sound

i.e.,

telephone

cassette

c c r

information

£ \

answering...

^'

slide show sound...

time

lapse

etc.

r

c TAPEWORM allows level

of

the

manual adjustment of the volume output cassette

recorder

90

so

that

you

havo

the

^~ r

C

q

5.1

When recording,

RECORDEt

^^^

When playing, IC1B circuitry restores the digital le

vel to the EAR signal from the cassette.

the recorder.

the Tapeworm conditions the computer signal to feed the MIC input on

Computer output and input must be 5V square waves.

IE "LTL

♦ M£

E "LTL

FIGURE

TAPEWORM BLOCK DIAGRAM

c ability to compensate

for tape quality variations.

C With an

optional modification,

during

the

load

operations

the to

data can be heard aid

in

analyzing

protection methods, A.C.

adapters

obtain

all

are

not

power

with

needed.

from

The

the

cassette

computer

and

TAPEWORM

just

like

a

£

C

^-

CLONEPLUG,

duplication

*,-

datasette does. Used

C

using

TAPEWORM

standard

facilitates

recorders

and

tape

or

one

*f-

datasette and one standard recorder, (fig. 5.7)

C

Simple to hook up. Ear, Mic, an power plugs provide all

^

cassette

*r

interface

connections

without

modifying

recorder.

£

Recommended tape Other

tape

in record

recorder:

SANYO SLIM

1 or SLIM

recorders may work with TAPEWORM.

levels,

fidelity,

voltages,

etc.

between

technical

discretion before

6VDC

Variations

connector polarity,

manufacturers requires

making

2.

C' c ^

some

Q

cassette recorder

C_

substitution.

TAPEWORM

THEORY

Refer to figure

function

5.1

of Tapeworm.

by the

computer

square

waves.

computer expects

to

r

Q

drawn at the left of the diagram

L

is

As

the cassette write

C c

and

block.

This

OPERATION

for the block diagram showing

Note

cassette read signals

OF

shown,

the normal

"see".

92

both

are

digital

five volt

signal

Cassette recorders

c

the

^

on the

Q

other hand, are much

do

not

better

suited

sinewave

shown

microphone

input

a

lOmV to

20mV

like

at

five volt square waves.

to smoother lower

on

a

fed

(0.020V)

through

and the

the

IK/100

right.

signal,

the

input

NOT 5

voltage deck

The

level

circuitry

to about

figure

5.1

For

of the The

show the

The

recorder

output circuitry

of the

of

the

This

5

is fed

square wave of the

into

the cassette read

you

can

see

from the

cassette switch line to

always

are depressed

print

"Press

If

think so that

Play...."

eliminate the need

schematic

figure

is always grounded.

cassette

depressed.

must

volt

As

switch

6 volts.

of IC1B • and Ql

cassette port on the computer.

the

in

the output

sinewave of about

the

to

cassette

taking place.

line of

the

the

signals

to the computer,

fast risetime

computer

reduces

from

as a high gain clipping amplifier and

correct polarity.

the

IC1A

squarewave of 5 volts to the computer.

IC1B is designed provides a

then

shaping

consisting

of

5V square waves

sketches

is a

to see

IC1A functions as

input

approximate

loading programs

tape

a

consisting

divider

at the Mic

20mV.

provide a clean

Ql

voltage

seen

Furthermore,

from the computer

ohm voltage divider.

computer.

the

volts!

signal

an integrator which rounds off the the

like

cassette recorder expects

To accomplish this, is

waveforms

They

you are

the

messages.

for wiring

which

the

closes

This

buttons

the

causes of

the

computer will not This

is

done to

inside the cassette deck when

technically able

93

5.2,

the

buttons

are

to determine the,

wiring on your

particular deck and wish to do so,

circuit board has ground your

link on deck.

recommend

The

As

provision for this. line F6 and this

wire

Simply

it to

is awkward

to

the

c c ^

cut the

Q

the switch in

v~

do,

we

do

not

it.

r~

Tapeworm board

from

^

Six volt DC

r

directly from the computer pin C3 to your

C

There is enough power at this output to

*-

the computer via the

power is fed cassette deck.

obtains operating power

5VDC output on pin B2.

easily drive most modern 6VDC recorders.

careful of polarity for your recorder,

You should be

^

(see note below)

£

c c ASSEMBLY

C

c Figures for

5.2-5.4 give

Tapeworm.

Appendix

the schematics and D

lists kits

layouts

_

available from

f

PSIDAC or you may use your own resources.

C

c Before

should

that

installing any

be cleaned

the copper

installed

grade

rosin core

iron of to

the board-

25

orient

scrubbing pad so

C

All parts

are

*-

the board with

the

^

the copper FOIL

Q

Soldering should be done with solder and a

IC

£

the holes on

to 40 watts maximum. the

board

shiny.

BLANK side of

through

the circuit

alcohol and

is bright and

from the

leads protruding side of

with

parts,

correctly.

small,

radio

clean soldering

Be especially careful Use

the

\_'

pin

1

dot or

notched end and the component layout for reference.

^ ^ •

C_

c The edge connector

is soldered directly to the PC 94

(^

8

EAR

RECORDER

FIGURE

5.2

I

TAPEWORM SCHEMATIC

•0047of

P-6

E-5

D-I4.

Cassette Switch

Cassette HEAD Cassette WHITE

+5 Volts

Cassette Motor

0-3

FUNCTION Ground

PIN # A-1 B-2

tl'

r COMPUTER

FIGURE PRINTED

5.3

CIRCUIT

LAYOUT

(c)

'82

tapeworm I*. I

PT#

QTY

POSITIVE

PC

LAYOUT

DESCRIPTION

C1

. 0047ufr

C2

.1uf

Disc

Disc

RADIO

Cap.

Cap.

C3

.47uF

IC1

LM3900

Quad

Q1

2N3904

NPN

Electrolytic OP

100

R4

4.7K

R5

10K

ohm

Resistor

R6

22K

ohm

Resistor

R7

100K

R8-9

1M

(All

ohm ohm

P1-2

1/8"

P3

DC

*

For

271- 1330

271- 1335 271- 1339 271- 1347

Resistor

Mini

plug

complete

271- 1311 271- 1321

Resistor

edge

phone

(to

connector

PSIDAC

plug

see

Mic.

wire,

Appendix

96

#CONN*

274-286

match recrdr)

solder,

kit,

271- 1356

1/4 Watt)

.156"

ties,

276- 1713 276- 2016

Resistor

resistors pin

272- 1417

Resistor

ohm

ohm

6

16V

Resistor

ohm

EQUIV.

272- 135

Transistor

1K

SHACK

272- 130

Amp

R2-3

EC1

12V

12V

R1

Misc — Wire

( FOIL SIOI SHOWN)

274-1551

etc. —

G-Price

List.

s

FOIL

IS

ON

nFTFRMINF

NOTE:

OPPOSITE

OF

PC

SLIM I* II

FIGURE

COMPONENT

YOUR RECORDER

BOARD.

RICORDfRS

SANYO

MOST

SIDE

nDRRFCT POLARITY ON

THE

LAYOUT

5.4

(sit mow)

board

traces.

You

"puddle" on each

should

first make

of the end

the edge connector.

By

alignment

heating

a

small

c c

solder

r

foil traces which are for

£

in

*-

your

^_

Do the same

r

with the other end. This will hold the connector firmly

(^

in place.

^-

iron,

the

and

then

you can

"tack"

holding the edge

the

If necessary,

connector

until

it's

lead

terminal

back and

with

in place.

you can remelt and reposition

it

is perfectly

.solder the middle terminals down to the

go

connector

resolder the two

aligned.

foil.

Then

-

Finally,

r

end terminals to

get a

good shiny connection.

**-

Note that the Mic ground is not soldered at the PC board

end.

prevents

It

is

"ground

(JT

soldered at loop"

the

Plug end.

interference

C

This

while

still

*-

An optional

|^

LED circuit is shown in the schematic. You can add this

t-

maintaining shield properties of the cable.

by drilling extra light

This

up when

holes

data

helps you

in the PC board.

is being

determine

The LED will

loaded to the

whether data

computer.

r-

is present as

£

well as being an aid in deducing the number of separate data

loads

prefer this

the

program must

go

through

to

run.

Some

to the audio modifications shown in chapter

4 and later in this chapter.

C c f

Q>

C

C

POLARITY

C

c c> Re extra careful in wiring the audio plug. use

will

any

recorder

need

to

other

than

determine

the

Sanyo

the polarity.

98

If you

recommended,

Most

you

recorders

(-

have

a

negative

figure

5.4

center pin.

inset.

If

system)

you

is

your recorder

lead connected to the Mic and ground

Sanyo

has

opposite! the

Ear ground pins

will not be

able

to use

See

positive

(Positive Tapeworm.

(Some Panasonics are wired this way)

If you make a mistake on the power connections, will

blow the

cause

any

computer

other

fuse.

It

it

is highly .unlikely to

damage.

USE

OF

TAPEWORM

HOOK-UP

- Always plug the

Tapeworm into the computer COMPONENT

SIDE UP with the computer TURNED OFF! -

Make

sure

all

cassette recorder switches

are up or

OFF before switching the computer on. -

Use high output,

low noise tapes of good quality.

-

Insert

EAR

marked

-

MIC and

MIC

Insert

and

plugs

the

cassette

jacks

EAR.

Tapeworm plug

jack marked

into

DC6V or

marked DC6V into

the cassette

6V power.

OPERATION

-

Turn

on

computer.

- You can advance or rewind tapes at -

The

cassette

recorder

3/4 of full volume.

volume

this time.

should

be

set

to

about

This setting may vary depending on

tape quality and recorder used. - The motor can be disabled by typing SAVE or S shift A

99

c c

RETURN then hitting Run/Stop.

r

- The computer SAVE,

LOAD,

now

accordance

function

in

and VERIFY operations will with

the

computer

instruction guide. NOTE:

The

RECORD

*-

"PRESS

ON TAPE"

C

PLAY ON TAPE"

messages

and

will not

"PRESS PLAY

AND

Q

be displayed when

C

using the unmodified Tapeworm.

- REWIND

of

tape

is

computer in READY

This

will

control

of

turn the

best

accomplished

state and using

on

tape

the motor

placing

*■

the VERIFY command.

(£

voltage

by

and give

you

deck.

-Press RUN/STOP to disable manual control. - We

C

recommend that

you always advance

leader when performing

*~ tape past the

Q

SAVE operations so that no data

C

is lost trying to record on leader.

c

c OPTIONAL MODIFICATION

When the Tapeworm recorder,

the speaker

into the jack.

r

EAR plug is in the is shut off

jack on your

by a switch

(*

By jumping this switch with a resistor,

C

like.

is present on the tape.

on a Sanyo

/r

built

a comfortable audio output will be obtained. feature you may

c c

This is a

It allows you to hear when data

s-

Figure 5.5 shows how to do this

£

Slim 1 or 2.

For other recorders,

use the

L

information in figure 4.1.

c c c c ioo

C

c

USE A

SMALL PIECE

RESISTOR

FOR

OF

TAPE

UNDER

INSULATION

FIGURE

SANYO

(USE FIG.4.1

SLIM

I

&

5.5

II

FOR OTHER RECORDERS)

HEAD ALIGNMENT

Normally all be

tapes

in alignment

However,

tapes

with

the tape

made

in difficult

older tape

recorder,

It

once

Otherwise

you will

SURE

you

it

and

each

recorders

other.

or some

to

are using an

align

using it

loads

is not a is

If you

may need

before

assure accurate

alignment

tapes,

loading.

made tape

your own tapes.

recorder will

not be aligned with your machine,

resulting

This will

head

on different

commercial tapes may

commercially

recorded on your

of

adjusted for

end up with

extensively.

commercial

good

idea

it with a

to

normal

a mess of

tapes AND

change the tracking.. misaligned

each requiring realignment to load properly. IT

IS

NECESSARY

BEFORE

ALIGNMENT!

101

PROCEEDING

WITH

BE

HEAD

If you are using a datasette you will need to wire

the

"LOAD DATA

oscilloscope. equivalent,

AUDIO" circuit

(fig.

4.1),

or

use an

If you have this circuit already or it's simply ignore

the reference to

"Ear Plug"

in the following procedure. "Ear"

c'

-

Unplug

-

Put

-

Locate alignment hole left of tape head,

-

plug.

in tape do not close cover.

- Set volume Adjust

(see sketch)

1/4 to 1/2 of full - Press Play.

screw for

c c c c c c c c

loudest output.

**Do not turn far!

A

c

slight adjustment back and forth only!**

TYPICAL

LOCATION

ALIGNMENT

ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION

102

c c c c c

OF

HOLE

HEAD

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

Other brands of Tapeworm.

than

However,

6VDC,

Instead,

recorders usually work

you

you

if

recorder voltage

cannot can

use the

use

the

is

different

power plug supplied.

adapter

or

normally supplied with your recorder.

power

source

This will

require

that you control

your recorder MANUALLY

normally controls

the

recorder

well with

since Tapworm

through the

6VDC

power

plug.

Another recorder

inherent

feature

with Tapeworm

recorder and as

and

can

start

such can be

The

most

using only the and

stop

the

efficient

similar to this

using

it

is

is that

control of your computer. plugs

of

used

standard

still

a

normal

for audio work under

By unplugging the Mic and Ear 6VDC

power

recorder

way

a

to do

plug,

under

this

the

computer

program

command.

is

to

use a

line

for turning motor ON:

100POKE1,PEEK(1)AND223 For

turning motor OFF:

110POKE1,PEEK(1)OR32

CLONING

Fighting

tape

protection

frustrating experience.

more time consuming just

need

original that

to

describe.

least,

than desireable a

backup

for safekeeping.

under all

"Clone"

make

In the

schemes

normal

the original

so

you

As a dumb copier,

be

a

can become

can

if you file

the

reasons we suggest

circumstances using

it

especially

that

For these

can

that

the cloneplug

you simply system

we

the cloning method does not

103

FIGURE 5.6a CLONE CIRCUITRY CASSITTI PORT

ClONI

PLUG

90° PI mi

t

FIGURE 5.6b

y' CLONE MOD. ON TAPEWORM SPOT

SWITCH

CUTAPfflT LEADING FKOM PADS

tape

Figure 5«6a is the schematic of a clone plug. You are using one or more datasettes,

90° plug.

Note that if

that you will need the

See figure £.8 for PC layout.

Figure .6b shows how to modify a Tapeworm so that you will not need a clone plug. (You must use two standard recorders which work in the normal manner with Tapeworm bo use this modification) You can either modify the artwork of figure 5.3 or remove traces from two lower pads and use jumpers fop changes indicated in solid black. Clone is C-D, normal C-N#

104

depend on or vary with the type of protection used.

Although useable and

we have

copies with

two tape

as

used

audio

tolerance

digital

but

by

The the

we do

not

reason lies

The

to wow and

people obtaining

straight audio

computer

signals.

signals.

induces

a

recorders,

very good method. signals

heard of some

that

it

in the

fact

that

not

is not

As a result,

seriously degrade

feel

frequency

flutter

problems which

are

to audio method

exactly

the

is

a

the same

requirements

and

as great with these

the audio to audio method

are minor

in

audio recordings

digital data.

If

attempted at

all,

the audio

method should use high quality reel

reel

recorders

and the

copies

should

always be

to

made

from an original.

The Cloneplug system is a simple arrangement which uses the

the Tapeworm digital

characteristics

sending them on will

and/or datasette

possible,

original

good

removed

best

is used

two

can

use

two

results

standard

with Tapeworm

available.

before

to four or

are still

However,

obtained

This five

when

when the

for cloning.

shows the different have

clones up

of

the Cloneplug

recorders

datasettes and no Tapeworm,

standard

signals

from the original.

One major feature you

the

to restore

to the recorder making the copy.

normally allow

"generations"

of

itself

and

a

and

or a

system is

one

that

Tapeworm,

or

combination of a

datasette!

Figure

5.7

hookups to match the equipment you

This

way you should

be

cloning with a minimum hardware aquisition.

105

able

to

use

FIGURE 5.7

CLONE HOOK-UPs

PLAY1ACK

C64

CASSETTE

PORT

CLONE

TAPEWORM

PLUG

RECORD DECK

TWO STANDARD RECORDERS

>°Plug 32 = P0KE253,0 30 PRINT"msKI TRELO/LOflDER IPSIDRC : P0KE251, NL 40 SVS8008:SVS8103

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130 GETfl*:IFfl*OMirTHEN 130140 PRINT'-TTl^RESS PLFiV flND RECORDS 150 PRINT":BlffTIME FOR *XflCTLVfa 13.1 SECONDS* 160 PRIHT"«!F7 WHEN REflDY11 170 GETfl$:lFfl*Ollll"THEN170 ISO SVS8043

a ■ POKE 1,PEEKOR32 " = PRINT"jflTHEN HIT SRUN/STOFS"

200 PRINT"MUSE DISK-EDITOR TO RESETS LOflD TOk flDDRESS"

115

TMACHRELO

1F4S 1F4B 1F4D 1F4F 1F51 1F54 1F56 1F58 1F5R 1F5D 1F5F 1F61 1F63 1F66 1F69 1F6R 1F6B 1F6E

1F70 1F72 1F74 1F77

1F79

1F7B 1F7D 1F39

1F82

1F84 1F86 1F88 1F8R 1F8C 1F8E 1F91 1F34 1F95 1F97 1F9R 1F9C 1F9E 1F9F 1FR0 1FR3 1FR5 1FR6 1FR7 1FR9 1FRC

IFfiF 1FB0 1FB2

20 R9 R2 R0 20 R5 R2 R0 20 as f\6 R4 20 28 60 00 20 R9

R2 R0 20 R5 fi2 R0 20

R5 85 R5 85 R9

f\6 R4 20 28 60 R5 3D 29 85 60 00 RD 85 63 00 f\6 BD 9D CR B0 60

95 IF JSR $1F95 LDR #$01 01 01 LDX #$01 00 LBV #$00 Bfl FF JSR $FFBfl FB LDfl $FB 41 LDX #$41 LDV #$03 03 BB FF JSR $FFBD 00 LDfl #$00 FB LDX $FD FE LDV $FE D5 FF JSR $FFD5 R0 IF JSR $1FR0 RTS BRK 95 IF JSR $1F95 01 LDfl #$01 01 LDX #$01 FF LDV #$FF BR FF JSR $FFBfl LDR $FB FB Bl LDX #$B1 02 LDV #$02 BD FF JSR $FFBD FD LDft $FD STR $*FC FC FE LDR $FE STR $FD FD FC LDfl #$FC RE LDX $flE RF LDV $flF 113 FF JSR $FFD8 R0 IF JSR $1FR0 RTS 01 LDfl $01 R7 02 STfl $02fl7 FE RND #$FE 01 STfl $01 RTS BRK R7 02 LDfl $02R7 01 STfl $61 RTS BRK LDX $FB FB 40 03 LDfl $0340,X B0 02 STfl $02B0,X DEX BHE $1FR9 F7 RTS

116

***

CHAPTER

SIX

***

DISKS

If

let me

the

point

restate

has not

it here,

been,

used

on

a

single software

disks.

advertisements

can

offer a

breaking.

it's

in general,

is

endless

vicious

products

to

expense! become

a

that

a

cycle

of

true

are adaptable

to the

make

attempt

sorts

situation. to

of

for protection

the

disk drive and

becomes.

makes

What

caught

protections

in an

and

new

at

your

money

lie

in

and

to have tools

your ability to

With this

supply

117

protection

we nor anyone else

you get

Everyone

and may

the optimism

point

new

solutions of

is not now,

method

consumer

them.

"detective"

little

neither

you understand

as

break

The

of

the clearer this

happens

the chapter

solution to the

solution or

The more

potential,

There

Regardless

100%

clear enough yet,

at the beginning of

you may have turned to first. never be,

made

in mind,

overglossed,

that

we (and

c priced),

declining

developed

some

information,

term

raw

utilities

look into

disk operating systems, control

of

This

what

should

chapter

first

will

what

it

cover is,

disk,

tape,

chapter

will

follow will

several

give

some of

utilities

program.

The

listings

override

Q

and

give you

^-■

to

done.

of

^

three main

sections.

the disk utilities what

to

you

it

does,

in

a

special

two gives a shorter, the

various

The

some

the

The

in terms of

and

this

s-

procedures

to

(^

problems.

It

C

common ways you would combine logical

sequence

section gives

programs

and any

to you

breaking a

^

the

actual

£

loading

C_

pertinent

^y SECTION

1

-

UTILITIES

SUPERDIRECTORY

(»ives you an expanded directory of whats normal disk

include

directory.

identification of

for each program and and

given

t.

part of

details.

the

£

for

second

specific

less

s-

utilities

different types of

third

of the

in general,

cartridge.

in attacking

cover

and modify programs,

Chapter

and

have

r~

generally

introduction

we

to obtain

be

each of

Instead

which allow you

consists

operating details. specific

software.

files,

in

innocuous

determining

and

hex at

the

and first

what

you

The

the

file,

additional

starting

track

in

features and

sector

listing of deleted programs

starting address

decimal. glance,

may

listed

Although it

be up

us

of

is

each program

this

really

against

may seem a

on a

key

to

given

program.

If for example,

address of

the program shows a starting

less than $0801,

it will

zone and may be an autostart. be needed

blocks what

you wish to

used

its

first

if

by

the program will

likely

it

first,

often

you

it

you may

but

addition,

if

may not run

the

to

it cannot

to try disassembly

routine

In

short

If

the

list

the program can lose control

correctly as the

other

program

by

There

is

not run a

listed

after you

loaded

loaded

language,

Do be

of

loaded

it.

be machine

also.

program is

if

of

idea

routine

is probably basic and

no reason that

be ready

run

a

you will probably be able

however,

so

Again,

The number

give you an

autorun or autoboot.

begins at 0801, itself,

Relocating will probably

save or pick.

function may be.

is

affect the control

beftfre run

it.

separately,

it

sections are often

needed.

Programs

starting

usually machine the

tape

the

$033C-$03FF range

are

routines or access keys which reside

buffer.

meaningful

in

In

these

dissassembly

or

you

ASCII

should

code

look

in

for

a

representing

information.

Programs language Blocks

above

will

routines or hex data in

the

$8000 and

machine programs

in

its

is

$C000

be

machine

by the main program.

range?

utilizes

the

operation.

Supordirectory will Supordirectory

used

often

are

popular

for

and data.

Superdiroctory

"ADMACH"

$0801

Loading

automatically

simple,

after

119

machine

load

loading

and ADMACH. and

routine

running Use of

running,

it

o will give you

the option of

printer as well as the to

be

examined.

sending the output to the

screen,

We

then asking

recommend

that

for the disk

you

print

a

*^ f ,

Superdirectory for every disk you have, and make it one

C

of the first things you do with new disks.

^-

C

RELOCATE/LOADER

One

of

copiers

only

the

is that

a small

Many people so

Q;

of using

an entire disk

portion of that

like

that they

several

disadvantages

disk

may be required

when

£

used.

C

disk is actually

might

have several

on.

games on one

another,

business

In order

to "pack" a

another,

and so

different

programs you usually need

prgrams

SAVE commands.

do

^

to combine similar programs on a disk

utilities on

or machine

c

whole

not

lend

packages

know,

on

disk with

to use normal

As you well

usually

disk,

basic

commercial

themselves

to

this

operation.

r

£

l_--' fi r~

£

O

c The

premise

program

is

loaded

control

of

the

The

of

operation.

is that the address supposed

of to

Relocate/loader

is

to the WRONG PLACE,

system.

will. its

of

R/L has

the The

Thus

you

most

it will

are

SAVE routine

free

as

important

that

an

to

if

not

thing

to

at

part

remember

relocated copy will always have a starting $0A00, reside.

until its starting

regardless Thus

the

of

where

relocated

C'

take

SAVE

inherent

a

*-■'

the original

was

O ^

copy cannot

RUN

r^

That is

Q)

address has been doctored.

one' of the primary purposes of Disk-Editor.

^

If

you wish

relocated

to pick the

version

before

The disk version basic

program

programs.

basic

routines.

process.

the

are

"MACHRELO"

is

a

the vast

this

short

relocating

loaded

through

the name

the

of these

system

during the relocating size of

the basic

routines allows us to sgueeze size of

the

back.

the things done by the

switched out

The

R/L on

address

machine

This along with the compact

buffer.

use of

the

routines

One of

is

main and machine byte

. control

The machine

that basic

change

you can use

of Relocate/Loader uses

main program.

machine

is

to

you

program,

buffer

majority of

should

"long"

in a

50K

allow the

programs.

DISK-EDITOR

As one of allow you

we

to

will go

the primary uses change

the

addresses

into this next.

is

is

256

longer by

bytes 4:5

allows you to

the

block is next

can

"link"

any

third

when

all

On the

first

These

two

on the disk.

disk

of data

actual GCR format

contained bytes

Disk-Editor

of data

block.

tell

the

are

the

two

On

which

together which belong to

a

program,

starting address

the

it

the drive

Disk-Editor shows the

first block of

"resetting"

in the

In this manner,

of the blocks

bytes give

program.

"block"

see Appendix F).

the data

given program.

green.

the

dump any block on the disk to examine

or to change any of every block,

(binary,

to

on a disk,

sector of

and then a

in size

ratio,

contained

Each

contains header information which

of Disk-Editor is

bytes

address, on a

121

you

links in

the second and

(hex) need

to

of the change

relocated program.

Oncfi

these

values,

though

addresses

the

relocated

it were

the

bytes you change format

of

remember

of

have

low

that

been

reset

program

can

original!

are in hex byte

first,

These

be

their original

loaded

Remember

an

run

as

that the two

some of the

data

high

second.

Also

^

sector

r

rest of the

Q

byte

on the

starting

locations in the

^-

times when you

to

change

within a particular sector of

a disk.

postition the

change, completed

and

will

all

in the new

the

the RETURN key

It

cursor over the

type

changes

cause

([,' *-

Disk-Editor gives you this option. you

r

standard 6502

sectors contain program data. There may be

^

and in the

they are contained

the program.

to

c c

for

want

is simple to use, bytes you wish

values. a

the changes

given

When you sector,

to be

read

to

have

hitting

and

prompt

(^

C!

c • *- >

you on whether you desire to actually write the changes

(V»

onto the disk.

C

O Disk-Editor

is

a basic program

which loads its

machine subroutines under the name ADMACH. others,

you

must

machine routines. need

to re-RUN

run the basic

As with the

program to

machine

manner.

the main program,

program

This

the

If you get into a situation where you you

can always

the first line which calls the machine load, the

load

is

has

not

true of

been

all

wiped

of our

as

out

skip

long as in

some

basic/machine

programs.

LINKSTER

Linkster complete

list

is a of

basic program which sector

links

122

for

a

gives you

a

given program.

C'

^'

Linkstor

allows

you would

of

all

the

like

the

to specify which

to begin with/

tracks and

program.

beginning, point

you

will

from

the

point

than

sectors

disk,

when

a

some data.

a

and

then

to

stops

disk

sector.

In

replace

what

"repaired" ERROR

so

in the

the

the number

where

and returns

is

link

from

a

can

of be

program is

you

that

defective

program which

If

bad

list

from

printout

becomes

You can then concentrate on

previous

The

a

out which sector

really

a

linkster can be used to find bad

from. it

linking

the ones

finding out

If you have a

linkster to find

print

from that point

start

started.

sector

and printer.

program

looses

bit

you

simply

stored on your

used

Linkster also counts

screen only or screen

Other

it will

just give you

you choose.

blocks

sectors

You do not have

it

then

track and

may

cases you can

is

missing by hand

disk error,

"fixing" able

the program

some

loads

the error

be

the

to

and

the

for

use

is coming sector.

change the

"skips"

list

and

the bad

program

and

then resave

the

program!

ANALYZER

Error Analyzer checks an entire disk for errors by either a check.

sector Error

by sector check or by a

Analyzer

checks

tracks

This gives you

the ability to

protection

been

track

has

check

indicate

tracks and

is

if sync

used

primarily has

all

find out

on the

a sync

been wiped

disk.

the

if

out

way

to

44.

any level 4

The track

locator

if any has been written on the

123

track by track

by

which can

on any

"extra"

normal

inner

tracks above

35.

wiping out a extra

Many of the protection methods

track,

tracks can

bo detected

information

or

the

tracks,

"extra"

detect

that,

The

and

and

programs. more

protection

by

is

The

a

designed

so as to

it

machine

uses

a

the next.

with lots of doesn't

only

as

on

are

Error Analyzer

you a

found.

These

should

be

as

copied

program

protection you will

sound

a

as

get

"patching"

these

chores

the

program is

which can be

technigue

Instead

which

like

feature

cleaner,

its

will

options

on

paper

work

and

cow.

both checks.

the

by our programs

back

through

With

errors in various

printouts

a

listing of

supplied

you

on disks

safer,

having

it operating.

on your

is

four times and then go on

convenient

involving many

need

found

45

on new

longer but

some disk drives.

printouts

to

takes

about

test

the disk head

printer

"map"

time.

primary

is guicker,

lias

errors

the

It

of

takes

appreciate this

make your disk

used

a

programming

errors.

If any

boen written to

check

"bump"

You will

to the

program.

amount

sector test

alignment

This will give

this

writing

short

recheck each track or sector to

or

the only program that will

errors

not

detrimental

by

idea

by

When to

a

track

sector

thorough.

is

in

good

sync,

codes have

this

do so

track

seconds

erasing

such as

to work your

your

current

locations, way through

copy disk.

T/S ANALYZER

T/S Analyzer a

error

along

has

log which to

Fastback.

the primary purpose of producing

can be

stored

as

a

file

Although T/S does

124

and

passed

not have the

advanced

reading technique

have several logging for Fastback.

you should

on,

a disk especially

In this manner,

once when the

disk to be

you will build a

need to do

and

lot of copying,

to hold your

the log only need

copied

is new.

file of error logs and

the

appropriate error

program in question.

The output of T/S

errors are encountered

T/S

be done

As time goes

if you ever

another backup you can simply load

through it,

it does

options and serves as a map maker

If you plan to be doing a

format

error logs.

of Error analyzer,

Fastback

log

for the

tells both what

as well as which sectors contain

data and which sectors are unused on the disk.

This can

be helpful

but

not

to

locate

called through

sector

what

has been

sectors which

the

have data

normal linking

destroyed,

linkster

is beyond the bad sector.

method.

cannot

are

If a

find

T/S can give you a

out

clue

as where to pick up from!

T/S

loads

"ANALYMACH".

its

As before,

of the program.

T/S

analyze

the

tested.

Once this

log or

final

is

option

You can then make your

need arise.s or printout. and

logs

this

and is

is done

(3)

saving

that at

Sectors

done you

to load

print

routines under in the

on

have

out

name

first

line

it

the

for your

to your log disk.

The

time and

previously saved. This

then

appropriate,

convenience.

FASTBACK

125

disk being (2)

if you desire.

it becomes

to

of

an error log

one

First

the choice

The number of errors counted

printed

the

gives you four options.

Tracks

printing the

to

machine

allows you

later as

the

you can make a is

kept

track of

The

error

relieves

or bad are

loq

Fastback

from

loaded

into

the

Thus

copier can be.

copier

which

program.

easily

The

Fastback

just

copies

BAM

a

Fastback

the error

log

or

errors

need

be

used

to

put

copy has

errors

is

a

on.

in

the

on

fast

as DAM

not using

an

list

made,

you

can

use

where changes,

or

Diskpicker

can

Alternately you may choose

and

try to

first

its

line

modify

you

will need

machine

of

to

the

There may be data

errors that loads

of

copiable.

for the errors.

with

saved

containing

verified

Error writers

Fastback

"ANALYMACH"

it

been

the program

sectors

recover.

sectors

that

are

as

data

is comparable to a

rather

and

to be.

sections which look

the

is

about

printouts which indicate

list/disassemble

in

is

those

but

which sectors have data

Once

Only those with valid

operation

for,

bother with any empty

subsequently

difference

destroyed

to

Fastback asks

buffer and

The

only

which

having

sectors on the disk.

your copy disk. a

from T/S,

the

to

counterpart

program.

DD-1

DD-1

is the name of a group of four programs which

provide

direct duplication

programs

are

are

1DUPDAC

for single

controller

disk

2PSIMAIN

two disk drives. as

Fastback,

an

on

the

spot

and

you

via whole disk

its controller

copies.

are

used

2DUPDAC

for

whole

backup of

find a

DD-1

less

126

is

The

1PSIMAIN which

and disk

Although not as advanced will

copy.

its basic copies

with

in technique

very handy to make

protected

disk.

It

can

be quite and

fast

you make

The

if the original use

of

programs

the

are

able

level

protection disks

track

by track

BAMs,

and

allows

to copy

since

duplication

are

reading simple

handled

and

which does

A

the

by

direct

not depend on

Track and sector

machine

speed.

and

a

lower

150 block buffer is

swaps.

writing

operation

many of

they provide

minimum number of

manipulations

full

copy features.

it skips over errors.

used for a

maximum

fast

is only partially

routines

Error

for

decoding

circumvents many

error

protect ion schemes.

The

system also

features

can be sent

to a printer

writing

removal,

or

an error

display which

for logging and

DD-1

later error

will skip sectors

which

contain errors designed to stop whole disk copiers. the program requires

the errors to

If

be present you can

use diskpicker or an error writer to replace them.

The.

"fast

write"

program to skip contain

look

for

program

writing

a

data

with other

normal

checks

it and

of

over the writing

only format

compatibility

feature

format

the

if

drives,

contents

causes

the

of any sectors which

and no

of

DD-1

program

this

"ONEs"

of

or

the

data.

can

For

be set to

"ZEROs".

The

sector

before

it contains only format data

it will

skip to the next.

The

Multiple Copy

one copy per original This

will

allow

you

Option

-

without to -read

127

allows making

rereading in

a

more than

the original.

section

of

the

o original,

tlion write it to several copies,

'This

saves a great

only

read

chosing

corresponding

basic

number

of time

since

the original

^'

is

^

once.

After

the

amount

and so on.

DUPDAO

is

PSIMAIN

of

procedure

either

this chapter

or

loaded.

version

drives for

1

you

1)0-1

2

disk

Then

type

drives,

the

NEW and

load

that corresponds

are

are given

to

using.

The

in

procedure

the

the

options

*

(\

C

and

part

of

(section 2).

r ,

£>

DISKPICKER

C c

Diskpicker

development

C

system for the 1541 disk drive. It is designed to allow

^

you

is

to develop

memory space From

there,

menu

in

a

machine

machine

and the

language

language

routines

in

routines

Diskpicker.

drive memory contents

then be examined,

can

The

be

executed

from a

into the

printed,

various

editor

machine

utilizes

C64

memory

modified

assembler

language

ZMACH which

control

memory transfer features of

for

gives

It

C

Since

C

you have a

*-

accomplishing

it the

Diskpicker

the

^

also

£

ability to switch

effortlessly between its basic and machine functions. You may wish drive

ROM

ra'ther

routines to

using

large

that

FFFF and

to make

a

ROM

listing

diskpicker.

The

16K

size

of

will make

however.

The

disk

you

need

most

reside

will

thus makes

a

the

much shorter

128

a

controller

listing.

C s

^

your disk

printout

^

can

an so on.

tasks.

of

the disk

space.

Diskpicker uses the Commodore MONITOR$8000, featured

C64

then transfer them to the disk drive.

diskpicker allow you to transfer any or all

full

the

from F24D

In

addition

disk drive,

the

disk

memory

can

writing

drive

to see

and

what

is

images

created

normally.

With

routines

can be

these

out

The

given

data

other

and

the

available are

will

diskpicker,

special

This

allows

format

produce

to

the

from

to computer you to

information

Also modified

written to find

headers

errors

if

read

machine language

and

read data

gives you the

after

power to

methods of your own as well

that would otherwise

procedure

next as

see.

sent

sectors

back

,

which

specific

in

to load

Diskpicker

modified headers.

read

bo

there.

experiment with protection as

to

transfer them

you normally couldn't be

routines

you will also be able

look at header that

to

for

section

be

hidden.

Diskpicker will

but

the

menu

be

options

follows:

1...Transfer disk memory to buffer

(in C64)

2...Enable monitor

(machine E/A)

3...Transfer

buffer to disk memory space.

(C64)

4...Direct execute user program. 5...Job

Que

execute

user

program.

6...Load Sector to disk buffer. 7...Initialize disk

I/O.

8...Format Diskette.

ZMACH

Zmach load

any

is a time

short you

machine routine

are

particularly Monitor$8000.

using Zmach

129

an

which you can

editor assembler,

provides you with

a

way to save? fortli

and

between

necessary

exiting

to

from

restore

basic

and

prevent,

the

zero

machine

"lock

editor

page as you

up"

qo back and

language. of

assembler.

the

When

This

is

computer

when

loaded,

before

going to the E/A, you SAVE ZERO PAGE by typing SYS'19152

Q

RETURN. Later, after you exit from the machine monitor,

^

you

type

SYS491H4

to

RESTORE

ZERO

PAGE.

SECTION 2 — PROCEDURES

We will to

follow with

remaining

1

start

this

section with general

any new disk

individual

^

and

we will

(] !

notes to make

you aware of additional options that may

t '

not

from

Do

a

with

users standpoint.

a SUPERDIRECTORY

disk.

programs

cover

special

be obvious

utility

then

procedure

listing of what

is on your

new

If you have a printer, make a hard copy for your

records.

2

Run use if

an of

error

errors

making

3...Choose Go

ERROR ANALYZER TRACK check. protection

show up.

hardcopy

as

Next

to

do

a

tracks.

TRACK and

identify

Make hardcopy

SECTOR

analysis,

needed.

copy method.

directly

and extra

This will

DD-1,

procedure

DD-1

for

FASTBACK or RELOCATE/LOAD. method

PROCEDURE

chosen.

([ •

t-

1•..SELECT

and

LOAD

"1PSIMAIN",8

2... SELECT

and

LOAD

4...SET

a

and

change

last

line of

menu

NOTE:

if

have chosen this to

conserve

FAST COPY

NEW

and

LOAD

1

P=0 to P=l

after each error is

changed

for

STOP after

have

read

on

track

?PEEK(25G2).

If

POKE49751rl.

If

both

for

DD-1

MULTIPLE COPY

POKE49174,

Thus poke

on.

default

1

device

device number 9

few sectors

?PEEK(2561)

0,

of

and

POKE49747,1

and

then do nothing.

0

FAST COPY.

Default

makes

EXTRA copies desired].

for

value

program with

first

then

poke will produce

cycles.

6...DUAL DISKS;

the

1

option.

[number of

the value you

are

for your

space.

DD-1

one.

both PEEKs were

value

buffer

Run selected

but

been

from

method of configuratioA

memory

MODE.

to

you use this option a

copied

The

line

program

disk to be

5...SET

LOAD

wish to save the modified version

We

is default

and

then

must be pressed

to SYS49881.

lot you may

over

F7

unless

own use.

NEW

drives.

List

printer.

SYS49903

"2DUPDAC",8,1

for dual

3...PRINTER option.

printout

then

for single drive users.

"2PSIMAIN",8

turn on

"1DUPDAC",8,1

2 copies, 0

for

3

produces

one

copy.

8

for copy disk.

131

for

copy.

Note that

that many EXTRA write 2

number

one

copies

and so

original disk,

and

7...Run

J)D-1

formatted

option.

program disks

chosen.

for

copies

If you forget,

in normal way.

(Do

You

must

use previously

since DD-1

has no format

just RUN/STOP and format disks

not use wedge),

then

RUN again.

Follow PROMPTS on screen.

^ s-

Q

C 8...Bell

indicates program read or write

SECtor,

and

ERRor

displays

and any errors encountered.

is

active.

indicate current

TRack,

location

s-

You will have time to write

(^

the info down if an error was found.

You must press F7

L

after error to continue with copy process.

FASTBACK

1...LOAD and

printout

run T/S

PROCEDURE

analyzer.

if desired.

SAVE

Follow

error

PROMPTS.

log on

Make error

disk reserved

for that purpose.

&■

£

C

2

LOAD and RUN FASTBACK. Follow PROMPTS.

^ O

3...After copy is

done,

use error log

and

error maker or

Diskpicker to write errors back on copy disk.

4...As

an alternate

original these

program

routines

to error writing, and

may

Relocate/Loader

try

be

to get

in

the

boot,

into these

routines.

you may need

routines.

RELOCATE/LOADER PROCEDURE

132

C

to disassemble

remove error checking

Q

•

As

to use

1...L0AD and

2...Follow to bo

3...Type

RUN RELOCATE/LOADER.

PROMPTS

and

select

program

from

Relocate/loaded.

in

EXACT program name when asked

4...Save the

Relocated

program you can needed

for

often

as

copy.

load

picking. needed

If you are

The

for

relocated

copy can

study purposes.

need

start

"picking".

While picking,

normal machine

relocating

completed address,

the

any go

to

language

has

address

the

and

RUN

IF

track

and

which is

a

It

as

will have a

2560.

until

loaded

You do not

you are

done

changes

COPY and and

now

if

you have

need

to

reset

PROCEDURE.

PROCEDURE

DISK-EDITOR.

select

RESETTING sector

the

to

DISK-EDITOR

2...Follow PROMPTS and edit.

be

tools

routine.

DISK-EDITOR

1...L0AD

to pick the

you can save the program as a

been done

needed

it.

Editor /Assemblers or other

$0A00 or decimal

to change

for

trying

starting address of

5...If

original disk

for

first

Superdirectory

track and sector desired to

ADDRESS, the

this will

program.

track and

listing to

If

be the

you

sector you will

find

133

out.

do

not

need

first know

to do

c 3...Once desired sector display with the The

first

two

lias been loaded,

you will have i

hex values of each byte are

green

r

(Convert these to decimal to find

Q

next track and sector and convert any desired values to

^

hex before trying

to

if

and

next

track

replace

are

the

current

sector

is

NEXT

sector. and

SECTOR values IN HEX.

and

in the

*-

ones)

given as

TRACK

For example 17

10;

the

decimal value is 23 16. If you wish to change this link

C

to.

^

to say track 1 sector 12 you would type in 01 0C.

4...If you want

in

the 3rd

to change

and

the LOAD-TO address,

r ,

C

ones) Remember this only applies to the first sector of

^-

The

values

high

all

are

byte

in

load to

hex with

00

the

If

copy,

these numbers:

will

others contain data

second.

relocate/saved

(Two

is given

following the green

the program,

4th bytes.

it

C c

you 0A

location

in

low byte

you

location.

first

and

Which means

r

a

{T

this location

*-

that

at

the program

r

address back to what is used on the original disk, look

Q

up the correct start address from the HEX.ADD column of

*-

your

^

listing of

that

resetting

r

the

Superdirectory

If you are

_

the

are looking

would see in

$0A00.

this

disk.

C 5...Once all desired

PROMPTS one.

to either

changes have been

made,

SAVE changed sector

SAVED sector will

replace

itself

on

follow the

C

or get another

^-

the disk.

~

C G C C C C

8

DISKPICKER

The

uses

of

simple procedure allows will

you

to

Diskpicker

can

give you.

to use the

example error

routines

Beyond

you will need

this,

sucessful.

MONITOR$8000 disk. the

As

options

Note

cannot

is

the

occupy

locations. space

lines

that call).

the

beyond is a

fluency

that

and

to the disk.

call

Remember that

of basic

developing

information

read

routines

from the disk.

and

a

copy of

PSIPACK to change

MONITOR$8000. other monitors

RAM

You will need some free RAM to use

for

language

your

if you want

load and

we

give you some

obtain

saved on

beginning

system that

in machine

you must

be

what a

in the disk,

which you can send

which should

program

it

to use

Other monitors may be used

(SYS32768

will

go well

develop programs

explain how

to be

PROCEDURE

or

as buffer

for

Typically a

$C000

storing

couple of

K

be enough.

1...L0AD and

RUN Diskpicker.

2...MENU OPTION

1

-

Transfer disk memory to buffer.

The purpose

of

locations

in the

memory

of

the

study,

and

this option

disk drive to

C64

modify

options

will

allow

memory.

Since

the

from where

to

to allow any valid

be transfered to you

as desired. you

is

The

make

can dissassemble,

monitor printer printouts

of

total RAM in the disk is only

135

the

this 2K in

size,

you

have

for this

v

purpose. The requirements of Diskpicker do limit you to

^

using memory between

^

Option DISK

locations

you

buffer

STRONGLY

64

is

starting

transfer

to

will

recieve the

that

you

if

you want

you should use

or 4300 or

5300 etc.

NOTE:

the

$7FFF which

for the

to

to the C64

meaningful

in

the

20K.

and

ending

_

C64.

These

f

It will then ask you where you want the

which

Thus

ask

want

recommend

offset.

room

$3000 and

one will

must be in HEX!

C64

plenty of

because

We define

We

*-

page

^

$0300-$03FF

r

a buffer start such as 3300

C

will make disassembly more

^

page

00-FF as

use

to be.

the

to transfer disk

This

all

always

data

(/

addresses

location

will

same

be the

address;

same.

-

000-F00 as

C

page address; and 0000-F000 as block address.

C

c 2...MENU OPTION

This

2

-

Enable Monitor Mode.

option puts you

. use Monitor$0000

typical

you

can

machine

routine

option

3.

from a

select a can

be

looking at

an ASCII as

well as hex dump.

be

acess

meaningful

in

this mode.

For

Q

a

C_

memory,

Keep a

to

the

disk

by

that you have

s-

we recommend

Q

will give you

L

This can be useful when

codes or particular ASCII.

s-

area and write

command which

We The

information

disk through disk

assembler. purpose.

transfered

(intorrogate)

for

in

memory

using the I

looking

for this

are available

which

When

the editor

Commodore)

E/A features

example,

loaded

(by

into

f

copy of

^'

info which would

r-

figure

C

3.3

(disk

map) handy when using the monitor.

C '

C To EXIT the monitor mode,

type G C020.

This will

C

I

return

you

to

the

programs or data

intact as long on

top of

This

main

menu

that you were

in

basic mode.

Your

working on will remain

as you do not try to transfer something

them or

gives you

erase

them with a

the ability to

disk memory or machine routines

monitor

command.

keep many "images"

of

in memory at one time.

3...Transfer Buffer to Disk Memory

This option allows you to send the data or program that you have in the C64 buffer space TO the disk drive

memory. system

Remember that purposes and

programs to these 0300,

0400,

the disk uses you

will not

locations.

0500,

0600,

uses.

$0000 to $02FF for normally

The buffers

and 0700

transfer

in the disk,

are perfect

for

such

S

4...Direct Execute User Program.

Assuming

disk drive, program

address to

you have

this

to be

(hex)

begin.

executed!

in The

proper

memory*

is

in the

You

the disk at

to cause

is

a program

option will allow

Diskpicker It

transferred

you to cause that

will

be

asked

for

the

which you want execution

commands will

that program to

a good

to the

be

sent by

RUN in the

disk

idea to make sure a scratch disk

drive the first

few times you try a routine

in case it backfires.

Direct manipulate

Execute is data

reading or writing

rather

primarily than

.to sectors.

137

for routines

routines which The reason

which control

for this

is

that

direct

track and

execute

does

not

provide

for

automatic

sector preparation as does Job Que

Execute.

o ^

Q

C 5...Job

Que

Execute.

This option provides A

PART OF

r

the

r

drive will find the track and sector you have selected,

C

and then execute

your routine

*-

normally have

^

The

r

if

would

been

of

you

the

select

say

ROUTINES.

a Job Que

the

save you

might

disk routines.

the trouble of

In

WRITE,

Normally

to affect what

through

functions

lets

DISK

your routine.

be designed

done

EXISTANT

^

other

words,

one

execution of your routine AS

job que

trying to get

the

motors going, find track and sector, etc. The

following

list

gives

the

C ^

direct

execute

\~

commands:

128-READ -Reads

in selected

sector.

*-

144-WRITE -Writes to selected sector. 160-VERIFY -Compares

sector with one

176-SEEK TRACK -Locates 184-SEEK

SEC -Locates

specified

specified

Q in memory.

track.

sector.

192-BUMP -Runs head to stop and bumps 208-JUMP -Jumps 224-EXECUTE

Que,

finds

or

track and

of one of data

is

its

s-

(resets head)

£

specified memory location.

-Puts Track

goes to your routine

to

v.

and

sector,

Sector to

loads

machine routine.

Note

in

j:

header there and

s~

that your machine

Q v.

the five buffers, $0300 through $0700. Since

^

from

the disk

start

header,

drive inoiuory will bo affected.

at

affected

beginning

read

jump vector must

the

be

V

the

variables

in

the

r

Q

C 138

C

C

6...Load

Sector To Disk Buffer

This

option will

and sector) memory.

and

the headers

(track

will then load that sector to the disk

From there

for study.

ask you for

This

it can be transferred

option is useful

to C64 Memory

to examine specific

sectors.

7...Initialize disk I/O

This is essentially

the

disk to

wiping

power up conditions.

out all

Useful when you

other

a RESET command which returns

of memory like need

operations.

command any time

to be

It

a

sure

is a

It

does so without

C64 RESET the

good

disk

would do.

is

clear

idea to

for

use this

you have uncovered and error and wish

to send new commands to the disk.

This makes

sure the

disk is ready to receive the data properly.

8...Format Diskette.

This

option allows

breaking out of

to format a

program.

will typically be

diskette without

This can be useful

since you

trying to do things which can

"mess"

up your practice scratch disk!

9...Resetting.

If reset.

the

system

In extreme

locks

up,

use

SYS49184

cases you may need

turn off the computer.

a

reset

(See Appendix E).

139

for

a- warm

button or

X is used to

c c escape an input mode question.

(

C c C C c

ADVANCED TECHNIQUES In making protection,

go

beyond

simply

program test the

writing

There

an

some

error

error by trying

Error writing programs option.

there are

things which

and

r~

having the

to load the

Q

sector.

C

to date leave you with little other

are many things

possible

of which we will

s-

try to start you thinking about a few.

Consider first,

Q

how a disk sector

c

or partial

Q

track could be erased. The disk would normally find

C

this sector by its header, which

*-

has

been erased.

bad,

you can

However,

if you know which sector

front of it, which is good. Once the preceeding good

C

sector is found, the disk is programmed to wait for a

*-

certain

^

and

write

"nonexistant"

look

for the

some data.

sector.

This

sector

^ C

period

the disk to

is in

to the

tell

can't be done if it

data

then goes

A similar process can be

r

used to read this data. A quite effective means of

C

protection since it is difficult to reproduce the exact

^-

parameters used

^

be

used

on

the

Other ways

to write "extra"

the data!

tracks

to protect

GAP at the end of a

track.

This

beyond

include

variation can

35.

r

putting data

in

C

the

r-

If your copy maker is not

Q

aware that data is there it will not look there. With the machine be

road

in

a

routines

we have

included,

fashion

similar

to

the

the gap data

above

process.

C

can >

s-

C

140

C

c

Tracks and Sectors can be given

illegal numbers by

changing this data in the header.

(Appendix F)

The

normal DOS will not accept out of range values. machine routine used by the disk drive can do

A

this.

The

diskette could also be entirely or partially formatted in an abnormal pattern which would only be recognized by a modified

DOS

routine.

Another devious means would be sync pulses

pulses

could

spacing.

on

an unused

be encoded

part

have

a

to

as

These

simple

through normal

as

be

exactly according

of

the diskette which cannot

DOS routines.

routines.

is hard enough to understand how the normal

routines function/ done

idea of

if you go outside the confines of

DOS and develop both reading and writing

someone has

to a

or the program checking

These examples should give you a clearer what can be done

sync

Breaking such a system would require

sophisticated analysis

be done

disk.

"encoded"

the time between consecutive

predetermined VARIABLE spacing/ them would abort.

the

by a means

In other words,

sync pulses would

of

to write

let alone trying

beyond

this.

the It

DOS

to figure out what

These methods

will not be compatible with other drives.

by nature

It

is

also

interesting to note that copier programs usually will not copy themselves... obsoleted

in other words

by their own manufacturers

developed protection that they

can

cannot

do

copy

it,

so

itself,

can

they are since

they have

foils their OWN product!!

anybody else.

you may rest

141

If

certain

a

copy

that

If

program

within a

VERY short

time

o c

there will be many new programs out

that it also cannot copy!

r \

If the market continues to

develop in this direction, we will likely continue with our development of

a

disk

"Dumb Copier".

Such a

Q"

^~

system

will put to rest any protection that does not involve

/-

external hardware or physical modification of the disk

Q

drive.

v.

C C ERROR WRITING PROCEDURE

Following

are

some examples of

*~ c c

how

to send error

writing routines to the disk via Diskpicker. In the program section of all

the error

this chapter we have

routines

included.

C

listings for

You may prefer to

write a basic program which "sends"

Q

*r

these routines to

C

the disk and then executes them. We have chosen not to

C

as such error writers are abundant already and become

*-

outdated

^

as

fast

familiar with

as

they

are

sold.

the techniques of

If

you

become

Diskpicker,

you will be

able to add and modify routines as YOU see fit.

IMPORTANT:

Although

every

these procedures compatible

apparently

four revisions

Commodore.

As

compatibility

explained

can not guarantee on

all

past

earlier,

is of

many

forms

can of

procedures.

C

to make

there are

ROM put out

this

by

C C< **

Q

L ;

lead to

^-

protected

s-

is

Q

We

L

making routines will

^

future versions.

142

made

1541s,

questionable

that all error and

was

of the DOS

AS error making

why such protection

work

with all

problems with

software AS WELL

attempt

Q

This

validity.

s-

C

O

SPECIAL

INSTRUCTIONS AND CAUTIONS

NOTE:These techniques should not be attempted if you do not understand the underlying principles. Indiscriminate use could cause the disk head to stick which may require partial disassembly

1.

To

Escape

requested

back to

input

Main

Menu,

to correct!!

Input

letter

X for

value.

2.

To escape from Monitor$8000, space btween G & C020)

input G

C020.

(requires

3.

If disk or computer locks up, (and if you have a reset button), press reset and enter SYS49184 to restore system.

4.

Always Format disk to be written to with the same disk ID# as

5.

the original.

Never select tracks above 44 or disk head will bang against end stop and may get stuck. If this happens you will need to open disk case and gently push head back to

center.

6.

If head gets stuck, first operation or call the Job Que

7.

Always input valid header # and when using the Job Que. ERROR

20

try by using Initialize Bump command, #192.

NO

data

Load and run Diskpicker.

2.

Select menu option

3.

Input

L"20

NO

2.

track &

sector

HEADER

Erases header from specified

1.

for

track and sector.

Set printer choice

HEADER",08

After

"N". load,

Input

G

C020.

4.

Place diskette

5.

Select menu option 7.

6.

Select menu option 3.

7.

Input disk start

8.

Input disk end

9.

Input

Buffer

10.After Data 11.Input

to be written on in drive.

address

0300.

address 034F.

address

transfer

Job choice

execute address.

3300.

to disk, 224.

select menu option 5.

Select

choice

F0R

ONE

SECTOR

FOR

ALL

SECTORS.

143

SET

1

(0300)

for

MULTISECTOR*'N'

SET

MULTISECTOR*'Y'

12.For header #1,

13.For header#2, Note:

If

track # desired to write ON.

(USE 0 FOR SECTOR #s

sector

0 is to

highest sector'number

manual).

Q>

input value ONE LESS than sector desired

to write ON.

*

input

i.e.:

Input

being chosen.

14.REPEAT the above

1)

be written to,

the

C

a 20 if sector 0 on track 1 is

v-

on this track.

(see

select

O

Q

drive user

steps 8-11 for writing type 20 errors

to other headers of your choice. * Intermixing read, write and load operations may write over the error

routine being held in the disk memory buffer.

/-

Q

C. f

C

15.To test your errors, select option 5 (Job Que Execute).

^-

16. Input

v-

17.For

job choice

header #1

,

128.

enter

track #desired

to

read,

and

header#2, enter the sector number to read.

for

18.If everything went right, you will see the proper error message and OP status code.

**

For error

routines 21 ERASE

DATCHKSUM,

and

instructions

SYNC

as given

track and sector

around

thru

above

#s you wish

is

needed on sector 0)

44.

This will change

is usually used

reading

FOUND.

TRACK,

WRITER,

22 NO

repeat

DATA,

the

EXCEPT select

23

same

the EXACT

to write on.

(No wrap

The SYNC WRITER routine

to write sync pulses to tracks from 35

these areas

the error returned

from sync not

•

found

C

^

Q

C

Q

C r

^-

when

Q

to HEADER NOT

^

L

C READ HEADER

C

c This routine reads the GCR header from

a disk and

Q

allows you to put it in the computer for analysis or modification. By using this routine and the HDR WRITE you can "SPLICE:" bad headers from original disks on to your copy disks. In many cases this is more effective

^ v_ r

than

been

trying to

used

for

reproduce the header

protection.

1.

Load and run Diskpicker.

2.

Select

3.

Menu

Input

HUH",00

4.

After load,

5.

Place*

option

2

and

printer

choice

after load,

input. (] C020 to

be

read

(_ s-

Q

L"READ I!DR",08

diskette

errors that have

"N".

input

v.

LMCOPY

^

C *-

into drive.

^

C 144

C

6.

Select menu option 7 then option 3,

7.

Input disk start address

8.

Input disk end address

9.

Input buffer address 4300

10.After data

transfer,

11.Input Job choice address SECTORS

0300

034F

select

224

and

Of 0300. FOR ONE MULTISECTOR='V

12.For header #1,

menu option

enter

5.

select choice

SECTOR,

1

for execute

MULTISECTOR*'N'

FOR

ALL

track header you wish to copy is

on.

13.For header #2,

enter

sector value ONE LESS

value with header you want, ie: Input 0 choice. ** For sectors 0, seiect last sector on 14.Select menu option 15.Input disk start

16.Input disk end 17.Input

buffer

if

than sector

sector

that

1

was

track!.

1.

address

of

address of

address

of

18.After data transfer, printer option.

0400.

05FF.

6400.

select

menu option 2

19.Use memory dump command ( M ) image of the header and data memory locations from 6400 to explanation of GCR image. main menu.

and desired

of monitor to display GCR now contained in computer 65FF. See Appendix F for G C020 will return you to

COPY HEADER

Writes object

GCR image

diskette.

header from for

1.

Follow steps

2.

Insert disk to be written to

3.

Select menu option

4.

Input disk start address

5.

Input disk end address

6.

Input

7.

After

buffer

1-19

of

Useful

disk buffer

to

SPLICING.

for Read Hdr routine.

in drive,

(object disk)

3.

address

transfer of

ERROR

0300.

035F.

3300.

program

to disk,

5.

145

select menu option

c c 8.

9.

Input Job

Choice

224

and

select

choice

1

for execute

address of 0300.FOR ONE SECTOR, MULTISECTOR='N' SECTORS MULTISECTOR='Y1 For header #1/

to.

10.For

header#2,

sector

choice.

enter

to be

the

track header

sector

ie:

ONE

Input

is

LESS

to be written

than desired

0 if 1

is your

use highest sector value on THAT track,

in other procedures.

11.If everything went right, thru 19 to written! !

value

written to.

* If choice is 0, as described

enter

FOR ALL

look

you can use READ HDR steps 5

at and

verify

the

new

header

just

(~

^ C r

V ^

^-

(~

C

r~

Q ^ v-

C EXTRA NOTES

C

c Remember,

control

is written

and

give

sent

to

you

Q

is a disk development system especially for

which are

simple to use

C

programs are obsolete shortly after they are sold. With

^

DOS routines which are by nature short and easily traded, and use Diskpicker to transfer and execute these routines. Dedicated error writers generally try to keep you from getting into the program let alone

^~ v_ C

they have decided

Diskpicker you can

but restrict you

^

to

what

should be used

for errors.

concentrate on collecting

Such

modified

modify and update it.

Below are listed

some protection possibilities to

look for on original diskettes:

1.

(^

experimenting with and testing modified DOS routines. Do not confuse its intent with that of "turnkey" error

writers

what

designed to

^

It

exactly

is

the

disk.

of

Diskpicker

Missing or extra sync bytes.

this.

Use READ HDR to look for

f~

(^

C ^~

Q

C

r

2. Missing header or illegal header ID.

C

3. False header checksum.

^~

4.

Illegal

5.

False

ID

or missing

sectors.

numbers.

_ r

6. Protection data in GAP area.

Q

7. Missing or illegal data block ID byte.

^>

8.

Data

^

9.

False

block data

10.Protection

missing. checksum.

data

in end

of

track GAP.

146

11.Protection

data

combinations. ♦Note: It is

encoded

possible

using

to achieve

sync

some of

pulse

the

errors on tracks 36 thru 44 as these are available using the disk controller software.

above readily

Even though protection errors will cause loading problems under normal conditions, it is a fairly simple process to recover useable data from a bad sector. This is done by analyzing the error and writing a short machine program to recover the data. The trick is to sync up on a previous sector's sync pulse and count bytes to the location you wish to read from. When counting bytes, sync pulses show up as ONE byte even though several have occurred. A valid sync pulse does not

always

show

up

on

a

GCR sector

read

out

as

an

"FF".

The general philosophy for precise error writing is to place the GCR data you wish to record in one of the disk memory buffers, find a valid sync pulse on a nearby preceeding sector, count bytes up to the area you wish to write to, switch the disk controller to its write mode and dump the buffer to the diskette. Switching from read to write is Best accomplished during the gap time when GCR 55*s are being read. The read/write techniques just described will allow a clever programmer to read or write desired information to/from any place on the diskette!! Good luck!!!

***

IMPORTANT:

Diskpicker

When

procedures,

switching be

diskettes during

sure

to perform

Initialization - Menu option seven. This will insure that the drive page zero memory locations are initialized to the current diskette identification parameters. THIS DOES NOT HAPPEN ON POWER UP!

147

o c c c c CREATE

1.

2. 3. 4.

For

checksum

error

HEADER

ERRORS

in header,

^

load

monitor mode of Diskpicker.

ICON

If checksum in header error is not desired,

through monitor mode.

HDRthrough

t f

load CONHDR

v-

Q

Load WRITE HDR through monitor mode.

PUT

OBJECT

Select

desired.

DISKETTE

6

IN

v

DRIVE.

from main menu

and

r

enter

track#

and

sector#

C

5. Select choice 1 - (Transfer disk mem. to buffer)

^~

Start addr. 0000

■ 6.

End

addr.

Buff. addr. 6000 Interogate

mode.

8.

9.

.

memory

Refer

Locations"

7.

Q

OOFF

to

identify byte

Change locations

Disk

locations 6000 -6030

to Appendix

ID #s might

F

form monitor

"Important Disk

functions.

to value desired

normally be changed.

Memory

to create errors.

The GCR image of this hdr can be seen in computer buffer locations 6024-602B. (Which come from disk

(L.

f~

C

*-

£ _

C.

END ADDR Select 3

r

001B BUFF from main

Start addr. 0300 addr.

ADDR 6016 menu.

Q

031F

r

Buff. addr. 5300 10.Select

4

^

from main menu.

11.GCR image is now ready for transfer

Entry addr.

0300

r

in disk memory locations 03E0-03E7, to the object disk. Make sure object

disk is inserted in drive.

12.Select 3 from main menu.

r

Q

^~

Start

addr.

0300

Q

End

addr.

036F

r

Buff. addr. 3300

14.

^

memory 0024-002B) SELECT 3 FROM MAIN MENU START ADDR 0016

End

13.

r

Select

5

L

from main

menu.

Job

execute start addr, select 1

choice

(0300)

=

224.

For

For Hdr #1, use track desired. For Hdr#2, use ONE LKSS than desired. ("wraparound as in earlier procedures),

IT).To check

ie:

errors,

For

sector

follow

1

enter

read header

148

a

0.

techniques.

( *( _

C

(

\

1PSIMAIN 1 SVS49891P=0 2 SVS49844 3 SVS49516:X=PEEK:0NXGGT04,3/5/18

4 T=PEEK : S=PEEKc:49157> = PRINT#15/ MU1 "2; 0; T;S: G0SUB25 = SVS49691:60T03 5 SVS49853-2=0 6 SV349939:X=PEEKo© wen©

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2DUPDAC C2R4 C2fi5 C2R6 C2fl7 C2R8 C2fiB C2flE C2B1 C2B4

C2B5 C2B6 C2B7 C2B3 C2BB

C2BE C2C1 C2C4 C2C7 C2C8 C2C3 C2Cfi

C2CB C2CE C2D1 C2D2 C2D3

C2D4 C2D5 C2D3 C2DB

80 68

89 20 20 20 20

60

00 00 00 20 20 20 20

60 RTS BRK BRK BRK 3B C0 JSR SC83B CD C0 JSR $C8CD 46 Cl JSR $C146 R0 C0 JSR $C8R0 RTS BRK BRK BRK 3B C0 JSR $C8SB CD C0 JSR $C0CIJ 59 Cl JSR $C159 Fl C0 JSR $C8F1 8B Cl JSR $C18B RTS BRK BRK BRK 3B C0 JSR SC88B

20 60 00 80 00 20 20 5E C0 JSR *C65E 60 RTS 00 BRK 00 BRK

00 BRK 20 SB C0 JSR SC08B 20 R0 C0 JSR *C0R0 60 RTS DATA

TABLE

CDF0 93 20 20 20 20 28 20 20 CDF3 20 05 72 72 72 72 72 72 CE00 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72

CE03 CE10 CE18 CE20 CE23 CE30

72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 0D 20 28 20 20 20 28 20 05 43 2D 34 20 44 49 53 4B 20 41 43 4B 2D 55 50 20

44 55 50 44 41 20 R3 R3 R3 20 20 50 31 42 55 11 28 4F 20 28 56 45 28 2fl 2@ 11 11 11 11 05 20 49 4E 53 45 43 4F 58 59 20

CE38 20 20 20 20 CE40 R3 R3 R3 R3 CE48 R3 R3 R3 R3 CE50 R3 R3 R3 R3 CE58 R3 0D 20 20 CE60 20 20 20 28 CE68 23 43 29 20 CE70 41 43 20 9E CE73 0D 11 9F 9F CE80 49 43 20 4E CE88 52 53 0D 04 CE90 9E 2fl 20 2fl CE98 45 52 54 20 CER0 49 4E 41 4C CER3 4B 20 49 4E

CEB0

CEB8

43 20 R3 R3

R3 20 20 53 39 59 4D 11 49 52 44 44 2fl 2R 52 44

CEC0 CEC3 CED0 4B 20 49 4E 20 44

8D 20 R3 R3 R3 20 20 49 38 20 42 11 4E 49 49 52 8D 28 54 49 52

72 20 36 42 32 20 05 R3 R3 R3 20 IE 44 33 56 45 11 53 47 53 49 94 2fl 20 53 49

56 45 11 11 52 45 2fl 20 2R 28 29 4D CF03 41 42

CED8 CEE8 CEE3 CEF8 CEF8 CF00

CF10 CF13 CF20 CF23 CF30 CF33 CF48 CF48 CF50 CF53 CF60 CF63 CF70 CF73 CF30 CF33 CF90 CF93 CFR0 CFR3 CFB0 CFB8 CFC0 CFC3 CFD0 CFD3 CFE0 CFE3 CFF0 CFF3

158

2R 2R 4D 42 3D 2R 41 4D

20 28 44 0D 00 15 00

07 03

0B 15 0F 15 00 FF 00 IB 12 IF 11 BB 00

0D 20 4F 4C 04 20 54 50 2fl 52 49 04 00 02 15 00 15 00 0E 06 12 13

16

13 00 IE 02 22 00 00

20 2fl 28 2R 9F 2fl 20 2R 53 53 28 46 2R 8D 84 11 2R 28 52 45 4F 44 45 20 4C 45 44 26

04

11

11 57 52 49 44 45 20 45 44 20 11 11 9F 44 55 50 49 4F 4E 4C 45 54 0D 11 11 45 4D 4F 53 43 20 00 00 08 88 00 00 80 15 03 85 00 15 15 03 00 09 00 15 15 0C 00 00 15 0F 15 10 80 00 13 13 15 00 13 11 13 17 19 00 12 12 1C 00 00 12 IF 11 20 00 00 11 23 00 00 88 00 00 80

05 54 45 2R

9F

©4 58 20 9E 44 45 4E 8D 28 37 11 41

2R 28 2R 28

45 28 4E 41 20 2R 2R 26 49 43 43 4F 20 2R 20 2R 45 28

4C 20 45 2R 56 2R 20 2R 00 88 66 00 81 68

60 15 84 86 00 15 83 FF 63 8R 00 15 15 8D 68 86 86 FF 15 11 68 00 13 14 16 86 11 68 13 13 1R 66 12 12 ID 88 06 02 FF 11 21 66 00 11 FF 88 86 68 80 86 66

SUPERDIRECTORY 5 IFfl=0THENfl=l:LOflD"ADMflCH11,8,1 10 POKE53280,11 P0KE532S1,11:TR=18 SE=1:DIMfl:DIMB 15 HX*="0123456783RBCDEF" 18 P^INPUT'TlaPRINTER V/N";VN$: IFVH*="V"THENP=1

20 25 30 35

PR I NT" 7X1 SUPERBIRECTORVil 34 PSIDRC VfiN4" IFP=1THEHOPEN4,4 = PRINT84 = PRINT#4,CHR$< 16) " 15SUPERDI RECTORV" : PR I NT #4: CL0SE4 PRINTMMINSERT SOURCE BISK IN BRIVE" INPUT°MDISK NRME";BN*

40 IFPD=1THEN50 41 PRINTMM«PRESS F7"

42 GETA$:1FR*OI1II'ITHEN42 45 IFP=1THENOPEN4,4:PRINT#4,"DISK HRME = "BN$:pRINT#4 CL0SE4

50 OPEH15,3>15:OPEN2,3,2>"#M:PRIHT#15,1IUl:ll2;0;TR;3E

60 SVS49152 70 CL0SE2 CLGSE15 80 FORRP=0TO255

100 R

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Handbook of Public Protection

Industrial Fire Protection Handbook

A Practical Handbook for Software Development

Being Geek: The Software Developer's Career Handbook

Being Geek: The Software Developer's Career Handbook

Software Engineering Handbook

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Global software development handbook

Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection

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Chemistry for Protection of the Environment

Textiles for Protection

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