The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization)

The rise and rule of Tamerlane

Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization General

Editor

tMartin Hinds Advisory

Editors

Josef van Ess, Metin Kunt, David Morgan, Roy Mottahedeh

Titles in the series

B E A T R I C E F O R B E S MANZ

Andrew M . Watson.

Agricultural

innovation

of crops and farming

techniques

700-1100

Elias N . Saad. Social

history of Timbuktu:

in the early Islamic world: the the role of Muslim

scholars

diffusion

TUFTS

U N I V E R S I T Y

and notables

1400-igoo

G. H . A . Juynboll. Muslim

tradition: studies in chronology,

provenance

and

Hadith Musallam. Sex and society in Islam: birth control before the nineteenth

author-

ship of early

B. F. Suraiya Faroqhi. production

and townsmen

in an urban setting,

Nabil A. Saleh. Islamic

Towns

Unlawful

of Ottoman

Anatolia:

century

trade, crafts and

food

1520-1650

gain and legitimate profit

in Islamic law:

riba, gharar and

banking

Suraiya Faroqhi. seventeenth-century

Patricia Crone.

Men of modest substance: Ankara Roman,

house

owners

and house property

in

and Kayseri provincial

and Islamic

law: the origins

of the

Islamic

patronate

Stefan Sperl.

Mannerism

in Arabic poetry: a structural analysis of selected texts (third

century Aii/ninth century AD-fifth century AH/eleventh

century AD)

0—i v Y 1 ( 1 »;

The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIU in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since ¡584.

Cambridge University Press Cambridge New Y o r k

Port Chester

Melbourne

Sydney

P u b l i s h e d by the P r e s s S y n d i c a t e o f the U n i v e r s i t y of C u m b r i d g e T h e Pitt B u i l d i n g , T r u m p i n g t o n Street, C a m b r i d g e John Masson Smith, " M o n g o l Manpower and Persian Population," Journal

of the Economic

and Social History

of the Orient,

x v m # 3 , p. 278.

These scholars disagree among themselves on a number of issues : how great a change there was in real terms between the Seljukid and the M o n g o l iqtff, whether iqtä s were granted only to Mongols or, as most scholars believe, both to Mongols and to local soldiers, and whether the tümens they established were military or merely administrative districts. They all however agree on the working of the iqtä i n the Mongol period, and on the fact that local populations, as well as Mongols, were organized for conscription. c

c

40 The number of soldiers actually levied was presumably less than these figures suggest. The one example given i n the sources is that of Isfahan, a settled region of two tümens, which was required before Ghazan Khan to provide one thousand soldiers, and after him fivehundred. ( P e t r u s h e v s k i ï , Zemledelie,

p. 3 0 9 , L a m b t o n , Landlord

and Peasant

in

Persia,

P- 94 ) 41 Morgan, "The M o n g o l Armies in Persia," p . 8 9 . 42 Ch'i-ch'ing Hsiao, The Military Establishment

oftheYuan

Dynasty,

pp. 18-24. The Golden

Horde is much less well documented but i t seems to have had a somewhat similar system. (Grekov and Y a k u b o v s k i ï , Zolotaia Orda, pp. 109-11.) For a discussion of Mongol census taking and universal conscription, see Thomas T . Allsen, " M o n g o l Census Taking i n Rus', 1 2 4 5 - 1 2 7 5 , " Harvard

Ukrainian

Studies,

Empire

e

v # 1. P P . 3 2 - 5 3 .

45 Z N S i , p. 128. 46 Z N Y 11, p . 4 7 , M a h m ü d K u t u b ï , Tärikh-i äl-i Muzaffar,

c

ed., A b d al-Husayn N a w â ' ï

Their

( 2 n d e d . , Beirut, 1973), p. 109.) I have

63 Z N Y 1, pp. 522, 543-7,11, pp. 197, 272, 327, 350, ZNS 1, pp. 113, 158,11, p. 71. 64 See for instance Z N Y 1, pp. 3 0 3 , 338, 3 4 7 , 3 9 4 , Muntakhab,

p . 213, ZNS 1, p. 214.

65 Z N Y 1, pp. 188, 338, 4 7 7 - 8 , ZNS 1, pp. 162, 214. 66 Z N Y 11, pp. 357, 4 0 7 - 1 0 , 4 1 7 , 4 5 0 ,

Z N S 1, p . 285, n , p . 182.

67 Z N Y 1, p. 341,11, p. 450. According to Clavijo T e m ü r moved a large number of A q q o y u n l u to Samarqand, but since he mentions a rebellion at Damghan he has clearly confused them with the Qaratatars, who rebelled there. (Clavijo, pp. 134, 173.) 68 M o g h u l emirs would not be expected to use the nişba so useful i n placing the emirs of Iranian and A r a b lands, and their tribal names are little help since so many of the same tribes existed also within the Ulus Chaghatay. 69 Z N Y 1, pp. 459, 4 6 3 , 4 8 5 - 7 , ZNS 1, pp. 151-2. A n o t h e r member of the Sufi dynasty, Bayram Şüfî b. Yûsuf Şüfi, campaigned in Fars under S h â h r u k h i n 795. ( Z N Y 1, p. 4 3 6 . ) 70 Z N Y 1, p . 441,11, pp. 159-61. 71

Z N Y 1, p . 462. 72 See I b n A r a b s h â h , pp. 117-18 (Arabic, p. 174), and for the probability that many were prisoners of war, the marriage portion of foreign households given to Ulugh Beg's bride in c

f. 16b, p. 2 2 . )

73 There are a number of emirs in T e m ü r ' s army bearing the title oghlan (son) which suggests Chinggisid descent. Some of these could have been Mongols or Jochids, but they might also have been Chinggisids from within the Ulus Chaghatay. 74 Z N Y 1, pp. 3 2 2 , 3 9 2 - 4 , 398.

47 Z N Y n , pp. 165-6. 48 A l l s e n , Mongol

N . E . , vol. rv, p. 9 1 7 , and The Ghaznavids:

62 Z N Y 1, pp. 4 2 3 , 4 6 9 - 7 0 , 4 8 0 , 1 1 , pp. 167, 2 5 0 , 2 7 8 , Z N S 1, p. 146, it, pp. 165-7.

807. (Shams,

(Tehran, sh. 1335/1956), p . 123, Rüznäma, p . 8 6 , Z N S 1, p. 179.

of Islam,

and Eastern Iran 944:1040,

60 The emirs of Gharjistan had fought for the Samanids, and the Ghurs were i n armies of the Ghazevids and several later dynasties. ( B a r t o l ' d , Turkestan, pp. 261, 4 0 6 , Bosworth, The Ghaznavids, p. 114.) More recently both had been part of the armies of the K a r t i d kings of Herat. (Cinq opuscules, text, pp. 3 1 - 2 . ) 61 Z N Y n , p . 405. Clavijo also mentions Kurds in Khorasan as part of T e m ü r ' s forces. (Clavijo, p. 181.)

43 Smith, "Mongol Manpower and Persian Population," p. 292. 44 Târikh-i Tabaristân, p. 314, Z N Y 11, pp. 3 9 5 , 4 0 4 .

Encyclopaedia

in Afghanistan

been unable to identify the Saki, but the Feili are a well-known tribe of the L u r . ( V . Minorsky, " L u r , " Encyclopaedia of Islam, (old ed.) vol. i n , pp. 4 2 , 4 4 . )

ed. V . J . Parry and M . E . Y a p p ( L o n d o n ,

39 D . O. Morgan, "The Mongol Armies in Persia,"

93

58 Z N S 11, p . 172.

pp.372-3. c

x

75 Z N S 1, pp. 1 3 8 - 4 0 , 11, p. 149, Z N Y 1, p. 283, 289, 4 6 9 , u , pp. 1 6 7 - 8 , 276, J . M . Smith,

Imperialism,

pp. 1 9 2 - 3 , Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische

"Djalayir, Djalayirid," Encyclopaedia

Elemente,

of Islam,

N . E . , vol. 11, p. 401.

vol. in, p . 65. 49 H . A . Geography, f. 127a, Z N Y 1, p. 560.

76 F. S ü m e r , " K a r a - K o y u n l u , " Encyclopaedia

50 Târikh-i Tabaristân, p . 312.

77 S ü m e r , " K a r a - K o y u n l u , " p . 586, Z N Y 11, p . 200, Thomas of Metsop, p. 6 4 , Avedis K .

Akademii

Nauk

Tadzhikskoi

SSR, otdelenie

obshchestvennykh

nauk,

PP-21-33¬

53 The T i m u r i d histories often use the term M o g h u l to mean Turco-Mongolian, i n this case used as a synonym for Chaghatay. 54 H . A . Geography, f. 170a. 55 Z N S i , pp. 176, 215,11, p . 66, Z N Y 11, pp. 3 8 , 1 7 4 , 3 7 8 , 4 1 5 , Muntakhab, 56 Z N Y n , p. 47, ZNS 1, p. 179, Rüznäma, p . 86.

57 Z N Y 11, p. 299.

Sanjian, ed. and trans., Colophons

32 # 1,

52 Z N Y i , p . 440, Z N S i , p. 135, n , p. 106, H . A . Geography, f. 126a.

p. 7 5 , H . A . Continuation, p. 436.

N . E . , v o l . rv, pp. 5 8 5 - 6 , Z N Y 1, pp.

3 0 3 , 5 4 0 , ZNS 1, p. 103.

51 N . Makhmudov, " i z istorii zemel'nykh otnoshenii i nalogovoi p o l i t i k i T i m u r i d o v , " Izvestiia

of Islam,

p. 378, Rüznäma,

Middle

Eastern

History

of Armenian

Manuscripts

1301-1480:

A Source

for

(Cambridge, Mass., 1969), pp. 115-16.

78 S ü m e r , " K a r a - K o y u n l u , " p. 586, Z N Y 11, pp. 369, 4 4 8 - 9 . 79 Somewhat later T e m ü r ' s supply train was attacked by a group of Aqqoyunlu princes, but since these were the sons of Qara TJthman's brothers, and were his rivals for power, this served merely to strengthen his position within the confederation. (Woods, Aqquyunlu, pp.

51-2.)

80 Z N Y 11, p. 4 5 0 , Shams, 81

f. 134b, p. 96.

Rudi Paul Lindner, Nomads

and Ottomans

pp. 106-11. Woods, Aqiiuyunlu,

pp. 7 8.

in Medieval

Anatnlia

(llloomington,

1983),

194

Notes to pages 107-12

Notes to pages 112-17

*95

22 Z N Y i , p. 559, Muhammad-Mufld Bafql, Jâmf-i Müfidi, ed. Iräj Afshär, v o l . 1 (Tehran, sh. 1342/1963), pp. 161-2.

6 Structure and function in Temur's administration 1 The sources dealing most directly w i t h administrative affairs are Ghiyâth al-Dîn K h w â n d a m î r ' s Dastûr al-wuzarâ' ( é d . , S a ï d Nafîsï, Tehran, sh. 1317/1938-9) and the c

MuHzzal-ansâb. 2 Muntakhab,

pp. 2 5 0 , 301.

3 Dawlatshâh S a m a r q a n d ï , ed. E . G . Browne, The Tadhkiratu' Poets")

sh-Shifara

("Memoirs

of the

( L o n d o n , 1901), pp. 108, 357.

4 Z N Y u , p. 94, Z N Y 1 , p. 204, Târikh-i Gllàn, pp. 119-20. The close involvement of Turkish emirs in most of the affairs of the diwàn-i a lâ suggests that this might refer to them, rather than to the honorary use of the title amir by Persian scribes of high rank. This was sometimes done at least i n the later T i m u r i d periods; see Hans Robert Roemer, Staatsschreiben c

der

Timuridenzeit:

Das Saraf-nàma des 'Abdallah

Marwârid in kritischer

c

pp. 3 2 9 - 3 0 .

6 Z N Y 11, p. 239. A similar situation is described at the taking of D e l h i . ( Z N Y 11, p. 9 4 . ) 7 Z N Y 1, p. 561,11, pp. 284, 397, Johann Schiltberger, The Bondage Schiltberger,

in Europe,

Asia and Africa,

1396-1427,

and Travels of

Johann

trans. J. Buchan Telfer ( L o n d o n ,

1879), pp. 2 6 - 7 , Jean A u b i n , " U n santon quhistani de l ' é p o q u e timouride," Revue études islamiques,

x x x v , p. 209, Mujmal

8 H . A . Geography, f. 170b, A u b i n , Deux

des

m , pp. 1 4 5 - 6 , J a f a r î , L e n . , ff. 2 7 3 0 - 7 4 8 . c

Sayyids

(Mu'izz,

de Bam au xvsiècle (Mainz, 1956), p. 396.

We know also of one general inspection which Temiir ordered in 806/1403-4. I n this case Temiir sent superintendents from his diwân accompanied not by Chaghatays but by members of the religious classes. ( Z N Y 11, pp. 3 8 7 - 8 , ZNS1, pp. 2 8 7 - 8 . ) 9 Z N Y 11, p. 156. These were Temiir Khwâja b . Aqbugha and Jalâl Islam. 10 ZNS 11, p. 167. 11 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 9 6 - 7 .

Journal

of Asiatic

Imperialism,

Studies,

v o l . 4 6 # 2, pp.

5 4 2 - 4 , and

Harvard

Thomas T . A l l s e n ,

Mongol

pp. 112-13.

30 B . F. Manz, "Administration and the Delegation of A u t h o r i t y i n Temur's D o m i n i o n s . " 31

Dastür al-wuzarä', pp. 3 4 0 - 5 .

32 Z N Y 11, p . 405. 33 Z N Y 11, pp. 1 6 7 - 8 , 2 2 8 , D a w l a t s h ä h , p. 3 3 0 , ZNS 11, pp. 1 5 2 - 3 . 34 Z N S i , p. 204.

35 Z N S 11, p. 153, H . A . Continuation, p . 443. 36 B . F . Manz, "The Office oi Darugha under Tamerlane," An Anniversary of Francis

Woodman

Cleaves,

Journal

of Turkish

Studies,

Volume in Honor

v o l . 9 , p . 64.

37 Z N S 11, pp. 171-2, H . A . Continuation, p. 443. 38 See for example ZNS 11, pp. 171-2, H . A . Continuation, pp. 4 4 3 - 4 . 39 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 8 7 - 8 . 4 0 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 9 3 - 4 . 41

Mujmal

m , pp. 1 4 8 - 5 0 , H . A . Geography, f. 320b.

42 Z N Y 11, p. 421, H . A . Continuation, pp. 4 4 3 - 4 . 43 Z N Y 11, p. 418. 44 I b n A r a b s h ä h , p. 150. c

12 The term nâyib as used in the Timurid sources apparently means a deputy of agent - sometimes of a person, sometimes of the diwân. A s far as I can discover, it does not designate a specific office. (See for instance ZNS 1, p . 228, n , pp. 130, 152, Muntakhab, p. 65.) 13 Z N Y 11, pp. 150, 369. 14 H e had been preceded i n this office by another emir, Hâjjï Sayf a l - D I n . ( H . A . Geography,

45 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 3 , 3 7 8 - 9 . For the Mongols see Spuler, Die Mongolen 4 7 Spuler, Die Mongolen politicheskaia

pp. 2 6 0 - 1 .

in Iran,

pp. 2 6 0 - 3 , A . A . Ali-zade, SotsiaVno-ekonomicheskaia

istoriia Azarbaidzhana

xm-xrvvv.

48 H . A . Geography, f. 177b, Mäyil H a r a w l , ed., Jughrâfiyâ-i Häfiz-i Abrü: qismat-i

Z N Y 11, p. 2 6 1 , Dasttir al-wuzarâ', p. 3 4 1 .

c

c

pp. 17, 3 1 , J a f a r î , Tärikh-i Yazd,

19 A . K . S. L a m b t o n , "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq E m p i r e , " pp. 2 6 0 - 1 . 20 Savory, "The Development of the Early Safawid State," pp. 195-6, 199, 239, 2 5 7 - 8 , Vladimir Minorsky, " A Civil and Military Review in Fars 881/1476," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, x # 1. p. 166. Minorsky suggested in the case o f the Aqqoyunlu that these were guards to enhance the prestige of the departments, rather than troops which made up part of the army. I n the light of the military activities of Persian bureaucrats under other nomadic dynasties however, it is conceivable that the followings of the A q q o y u n l u scribes could in fact have been active soldiers.

pp. 2 4 4 - 5 , "> PP- 139, 197, Mujmal

c

rub -i

Khurâsân Harât :Tehran, sh. 1349/1970-1), p. 34, i b n A r a b s h â h , pp. 4 7 , 2 2 4 - 5 , Z N Y n ,

18 Z N Y 11, pp. 2 9 , 3 6 , 134, 246, 270, 3 0 4 , 3 4 5 , Z N S 11, pp. 171-2.

21 Eyegu Temiir: Z N Y 1, pp. 234, 249, 272, 3 0 2 , 3 2 3 , 334, 338, 3 3 9 , 377, ZNS 1, p. 104, 11, p. 6 2 ; S h â h m a l i k : Z N Y 1, pp. 380, 4 5 9 , 4 6 3 , 562,11, pp. 25, 3 6 , 4 7 , 6 8 , 99, 107, 112, 3 2 2 , 3 7 4 - 8 , 4 5 4 , 4 5 9 , 4 6 6 , Clavijo, p. 220, Ibn Arabshah, p. 302; Shaykh Muhammad b. Eyegu Temiir: Z N Y 1, pp. 432, 463,11, pp. 27, 4 7 , 5 6 , 6 6 , 122.

i

( B a k u , 1956), pp. 2 9 5 - 6 , 300. The thesis

advanced by Petrushevskii that Persian bureaucrats espoused the cause of the population against the majority of the M o n g o l aristocracy who wished to exploit i t mercilessly (Petrushevskii. Zemledelie, pp. 4 6 - 5 3 ) applies primarily to a few upright viziers, chief among them R a s h î d al-Dîn w h o , i t w i l l be noted, wrote his own history.

15 ZNS 1, pp. 181-2. Khwâja M a h m û d is later mentioned as one of the bureaucrats of Herat exiled in the purge by Fakhr al-Dïn A h m a d . (Mujmal m , p. 150.) 16 Z N Y 11, pp. 6 3 , 7 2 , 92.

in Iran,

4 6 Z N Y n , pp. 3 9 3 - 4 .

f. 3 i 8 b - i 9 a . )

17

f. 9 7 b - 9 8 a . )

28 H . A . Continuation, p. 436. 29 See for example E . Endicott-West, "Imperial Governance in Y u a n Times,"

Auswertung

(Wiesbaden, 1952), note, pp. 170-1, and Roger M . Savory, "The Development of the Early Safawid State under Ismà ïl and T a h m â s p , as Studied i n the 16th Century Persian Sources," Doctoral Dissertation, University of London, 1958, pp. 157, 168. 5 Z N Y 1, pp. 312, 316,11, pp. 59, 221, 3 2 7 , Muntakhab,

23 Z N Y 1, pp. 4 4 1 , 4 6 3 . Y ä d g ä r Barlas, while darugha of B a l k h , campaigned in Iran and India w i t h T e m ü r , and Taghay Bugha Barlas, governor of Bukhara, continued to accompany T e m i i r on his campaigns. ( Z N Y 1, pp. 320, 3 2 7 , 4 1 7 , 4 6 3 , 467,11, p . 6 6 . ) 24 Z N Y i , p. 4 6 8 , Z N S 11, p . 77. 25 Z N Y n , p. 36. 26 Z N Y 11, p. 4 5 0 , ZNS 11, p. 66. 27 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 9 5 , 4 0 4 - 5 . Neither of these emirs is listed i n the MuHzz al-ansäb as a tovachi.

c

ed., Iräj Afshär (Tehran, sh. 1338/1960), p. 91, Z N S 1, m, p. 143.

49 Z N Y 11, p. 36.

50 H . A . Continuation, pp. 4 4 3 - 4 . 51

Tärikh-i

Yazd,

pp. 7 4 - 1 6 0 , Tärikh-i jadid,

pp.

8 6 - 2 2 7 , Renata H o l o d - T r e t i a k ,

"The

Monuments of Yazd, 1300-1450: Architecture, Patronage and Setting," Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University, 1972. 52 Mujmal

111, pp. 145-6, Tärikh-i Yazd,

pp. 3 9 - 4 1 , Tärtkh-i jadid,

pp. 9 2 - 3 , Dastür

al-wuz-

arä', p. 344, Jämi'-i müfidi, pp. 165-7, Z-NY 11, p. 321.

53 1 can think of only one example of such activity; when T e m ü r ordered the fortifications of Kerman destroyed, the head of the Kernian itiwdn, Zayn al-Din Shahr-i Uahaki. appealed the decision, citing loss of revenue. This Temiir accepted. ( I I , A . Geography. I . 17011, A u b i n , Deux sayyids,

p, 3 9 5 , )

196

Notes to pages 117-21

Notes to pages 122-32

54 C. E . Bosworth, "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian W o r l d 1217)," in The Cambridge

History

of Iran,

(A.D. IOOO-

55 L a m b t o n , "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire," pp. 2 4 8 , 267, Bosworth, "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian W o r l d , " pp. 22. 4 5 - 6 . 56 B a r t o l ' d , Boyle, " D j u w a y m , " pp. 6 0 6 - 7 . Ali-zade, SotsiaTno-ekonomicheskaia

istoriia,

pp.291-3. (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 3 2 , 34.

58 Savory, "The Development of the Early Safawid State," pp. 1 8 4 - 5 , 193-5» I99> 2 0 7 - 1 2 , 233, 2 4 0 , 2 6 1 .

59 T w o other amirs w i t h tribal affiliations appear on the list - T u t a k Nayman and Khwaja Yûsuf M e r k i t - neither of whom were prominent, or came from tribes that were powerful within the Ulus. (MuHzz, ff. 9 6 0 - 9 7 8 . ) 60 I t is possible that this is a mistake, since Saribugha was appointed amir dlwdn at T e m ü r ' s takeover in 771/1370. ( Z N Y 1, p. 162.) This appointment was made however while Saribugha was simply one of T e m ü r ' s followers, before he became chief of the Jalayir, and also before he and  d i l s h â h rebelled against T e m ü r , an incident which may have cancelled his appointment. Saribugha's son Shaykh N ü r a l - D î n Jalayir is included i n the list. However, his troops consisted of men attached to the court (khâna-bachagân-ı khâşş); it was probably his brother B i r d i Beg - not listed here - who inherited the tribal troops. (See Chapter 3 . ) c

61 Aqbugha Nayman held the rank of amir under T e m ü r ; this passed from him to his son T e m ü r Khwaja, not to his other son Buyan T e m ü r , who had been given control of the A p a r d i of Shaburqan. 62 The others are Husayn and K h u d â y d â d , w h o were T e m ü r ' s personal followers, and an emir named M i r a k (or P î r a k ) , whose provenance I have been unable to ascertain. (MuHzz, ff. 9 6 0 - 9 7 8 , also 8 3 a , 86b, 87a, 9 0 a , 9 2 b , 9 4 b . ) ff. 9 2 b - 9 3 a .

64 The other followers or their relatives identified as tovachl i n the MuHzz are Qumari I n a q Qa'uchin, Hâjjî Sayf a l - D î n , Dawlat T e m ü r Suldus, who as I have shown above was prob­ ably A q t e m ü r ' s grandson, Yûsuf Jalîl b . Hasan J â n d â r , a relative of Khitay Bahadur, and two emirs who may have been sons of K h i t a y - Jesike Khitay and K h u d â y d â d Khitay. The largest other group found among the tovachi are the qa'uchin emirs, of which there were four, including Q u m a r i . (MuHzz, ff. 9 7 8 - 9 8 8 . ) 65 MuHzz,

806/1403-4. (Tarlkh-i

Yazd,

pp. 38, 125.)

69 Thomas T . Allsen, " G u a r d and Government in the Reign of the Grand Qan M o n g k e ' , 1 2 5 1 - 5 9 , " Harvard

Journal

of Asiatic

Studies,

70 Z N Y 11, pp. 417, 250, 458; H . A . Majma , 71

vol. 46 # 2, p. 518.

f. 390b.

c

Z N Y 1, pp. 262, 441, 559,11, pp. 155, 266, 372, Z N S u , pp. 4 9 , 170, Cinq opuscules,

text,

p. 6 8 , notes, pp. 4 5 - 6 . 72 Buyan Qa'uchin was darugha of Rayy for three or four years, and then apparently of Tabriz for about the same length of time. ( Z N Y 11, p p . 1 5 0 , 3 7 2 , 417, Majma , f. 3 8 0 a . ) Temuge Qa'uchin governed Yazd from 795/1392-3 at least past 798/1395-6, but left this post before 806/1403-4. Musaka b . Chang! Qa'uchin o n the other hand remained darugha of Khorezm for at least ten years. ( Z N Y 1, p. 324, ZNS 11, p. 170.) The only group which held the position of darugha for consistently long periods was the Barlas who held a number of governorships, especially within the territory of the Ulus Chaghatay. Sayfal Barlas was appointed to Qandahar on its conquest and remained there apparently throughout his career. ( Z N Y 1, pp. 275, 3 2 9 - 3 0 , 11, p. 19.) Edigii Barlas was darugha o f Sayram o n the Turkistan frontier before his appointment to Kerman, and Nihawand was held by M a z i d c

57 Roger Savory, Iran under the Safavids

63 Mu'izz,

Muhammad Sultan to collect taxes. I n addition to these men a young relative of Khitay Bahadur, Yusuf Jalil, served as darugha of Yazd for some time between 798/1395-6 and

v o l . v, pp. 22, 54, V . V . B a r t o l ' d and J. A .

Boyle, "Djuvvaynî," Encyclopaedia of Islam, N . E . , vol. 11, pp. 6 0 6 - 7 , Roger Savory, "The Development of the Early Safawid State," p p . 1 8 4 , 1 9 3 , 2 0 7 - 1 2 . (Note that under the early Safavids, the position of waktt, especially when held by a Persian, included in it many of the powers usually held by a vizier. See Savory, pp. 2 6 0 - 1 . )

197

f. 9 7 a , 9 8 a .

66 Z N Y 1, pp. 161, 176, 287, 516,11, pp. 2 7 2 - 3 , 451, I b n A r a b s h a h , pp. 193-4. c

67 Muntakhab, p. 306. Shaykh °Alî Bahadur is not mentioned i n connection with Khorezm after his appointment there, but since the darughas of other regions also continued t o campaign with T e m ü r this is not conclusive evidence. What is more significant is the evidence of Tokhtamish's control; we have coins struck by h i m in Khorezm in 781. (Safargaliev, Raspad, p. 142.) Khorezm was reconquered in 790/1388, and in 793/1391 M ü s â k a b. Chang! Qa'uchin became darugha there. ( Z N Y 1, p. 324,11, p. 266.) 68 Shaykh N ü r al-Din was sent to Shiraz w i t h Muhammad Sultan b . J a h â n g î r in 798/1396 and left his post in 800/1398, while his brother B i r d i Beg is mentioned in 798/1395-6 as darugha of Isfahan, and in 800/1397 left Fars t o serve with Muhammad Sultân in Moghulistan. ( Z N S 1, pp. 1 6 9 - 7 0 , 11, p. 130. Rûznâma,

pp. 7 0 - 1 , H . A . Geography, f. 127b, Z N Y 1,

p. 562,11, p. 17.) There is some question also as to whether Shaykh N ü r al-Dîn should be considered a darugha in the usual sense; S h â m î ' s Zafarnâma and the Rûznâma both refer to him as darugha, but Hâfiz-i A b r ü in his Geography states that he was sent to Shiraz with

Barlas. ( Z N Y 1, pp. 160, 275, 320, 4 6 3 , 560,11, pp. 154, 5 0 3 , ZNS 11, p. 110, Mujmal,

m,

p. 122, Muntakhab, p. 4 2 2 . ) The governorships of B a l k h and Bukhara, held by Barlas emirs, were not only permanent but hereditary, as I shall explain below. 73 Manz, "Darugha," pp. 6 7 - 8 , and n . p . 68. 74 Manz, "Darugha," p. 6 8 , n. 75 Muhammad Sultanshah who administered Tabriz briefly after its conquest in 788/1386 was also a prominent emir but the size of his following is not k n o w n . 76 Z N Y 1, pp. 327, 463,11, p. 8 0 , ZNS 11, p. i n . See above, Chapter 4. 77 These were Sayfal in Qandahar, Mazid i n Nihawand, and Edigii when he was governor of Sayram. ( Z N Y 1, pp. 2 0 4 , 2 7 5 , 3 2 9 , 5 6 0 , 1 1 , p . 19, ZNS 11, p . 9 2 , Muntakhab, p. 4 2 2 . ) E d i g i i , indeed, did lead large armies within Kerman after his appointment as governor there in 795/1393. but it is striking that unlike Temur's sons, he is rarely mentioned campaigning outside his own province. 78 See for instance: Endicott-West, "Regional and Local Government in Yuan China," D o c t o r a l Dissertation, Princeton University, 1982, p . 3 0 , R a D , Khetagurov, v o l . 1, pt. 2, pp. 2 6 8 - 9 , Allsen, Mongol

Imperialism,

p . 223.

79 Z N Y 1, pp. 2 7 5 , 3 8 0 , Z N S 1, p. 123. 80 Z N Y 1, pp. 441, 5 5 9 , Tarlkh-i

Yazd,

p. 125, Tarlkh-i

jadld,

p . 175.

81 Z N Y

n , pp. 155, 372. 82 Endicott-West, "Imperial Governance," p. 542. 83 Manz, "Darugha," p. 68.

7 The struggle for succession 1 Z N Y u , pp. 458, 484, Shams,

ff. 27b, 4 5 a - b , pp. 25, 3 3 - 4 .

2 Z N Y 11, pp. 4 8 9 - 5 0 5 , Shams, ff. 4 7 a - 6 o a , pp. 3 5 - 4 3 . Khalll Sultan however installed a young prince of the senior line, Muhammad Jahanglr b. Muhammad Sultan, as a puppet ruler. 3 Shams, ff. 4 7 0 - 4 8 8 , 5 2 b - 6 o a , pp. 3 5 - 6 , 3 0 - 4 3 , Z N Y 11, pp. 4 8 8 - 9 0 , 4 9 6 - 5 0 4 , H . A . Majma , ff. 3 6 4 b - 6 s a , 3 6 6 8 - 6 7 3 . c

4 Z N Y 11, p. 4K4. Ibn ' A r a h s h a h , pp. 267, Shams, 5 Shams,

I I . 4 4 a - b , 77a

83b, Z N Y 11. p. 4 8 2 , J a ' l a r i , Zaryab, pp. 3 3 , 39, 6 Shams,

f. 138b, p. 100. I I . A . Majma'.

8 3 a , pp. 32 3 , 5 6 6 2 , I b n ' A r a h s h a h , p 261, I I . A . Majma',

f. 6 4 a , pp. 45 6.

387b. If. 3 8 2 a -

IQ8

Notes to pages 138-42

Notes to pages 132-8

7 Shams,

ff. 8 8 0 - 9 7 0 , pp. 6 6 - 7 4 , H . A . Majma , c

ff. 3 8 7 3 - 8 8 0 , Ja fari, Zaryab, pp. 3 9 - 4 1 , I b n c

'Arabshah, pp. 2 6 6 - 6 8 . 8 Shams,

40 Z N Y 1, p . 573, Mujmalm,

ff. 1 3 5 8 - 3 6 8 , pp. 9 7 - 8 , I b n A r a b s h â h , pp. 2 7 0 - 4 , Ja fari, Zaryab, p . 41, c

m , p . 172, H . A . Majma ,

Mujmal

c

ff. 3 8 3 0 - 8 5 ^ Shams,

42 H . A . Majma ,

f. 3 8 9 a , Mujmal

0

ma , 0

10 Shams, 11

0

45 H . A . Majma , 0

47 Dastür al-wuzarâ', pp. 3 4 4 - 5 , H . A . Majma ,

48 Besides Jahanmalik the list includes Hasan J â n d â r and his son Yûsuf Jalîl, who were relatives o f Khitay and Sevinchek Bahadur. ( Z N Y 1, p. 462,11, p . 167.) There were also three relatives o f Aqbugha Nayman - his son Sultan A h m a d , his grandson Shaykh B u h l ü l fa. Buyan Temiir, and his nephew, Sa'adat b. Temiirtash, as well as Sultân B â y a z î d b. U t h m â n , the grandson o f Temiir's follower A b b â s Bahadur. ( Z N Y n , pp. 4 0 8 , 426,

f. 3 6 7 a , I b n A r a b s h â h , p. 266. ff. 3 9 8 0 - 9 9 8 .

c

ff. 1 3 5 8 - 3 6 8 , pp. 9 6 - 8 .

15 Shams,

f. 167b, p. 122. See also Appendix A : Suldus.

16 Shams,

f. 9 7 a , pp. 7 2 - 3 .

17 H . A . Majma ,

c

ff. 3 9 9 a - b , Shams,

c

c

c

ff. 401b, 4 i i a - i 3 a , 418b, Shams,

ff.

i4ia-42b,

49 H . A . Majma ,

19 Z N Y 1, p. 191, Muntakhab, p . 327. Since K h u d â y d â d and his father are not listed i n the genealogy of the Barlas given i n the MuHzz al-ansâb (except i n a much later hand), i t is possible that K h u d â y d â d ' s father Husayn came from outside the Ulus; there was also a Barlas tribe i n the eastern Chaghadayid realm. 20 Z N Y n , pp. 17, 3 2 1 - 2 , I b n A r a b s h â h , pp. 2 4 3 , 2 5 0 - 5 . c

i3ia-33a,

ff.

i36a-37b,

1520-588,

pp.

11, pp. 4 3 - 4 , ZNS11, p . 140.)

93-4.

9 8 , 116-14,

I

b

n c

Arabshah,

pp. 2 7 5 - 6 . 25 I b n A r a b s h â h , pp. 2 8 4 - 9 4 , Shams,

ff. i 6 8 a - 7 6 a , pp. 1 2 3 - 3 0 , H . A . Majma',

c

f. 4 3 5 a - 3 6 b ,

44ob-4ia. c

28 Shams,

c

29 Shams, ff. 138b, 142a, pp. 100, 1 0 2 - 3 , H . A . Majma , 0

c

c

Majma , 0

f. 421b.

ff. i 6 6 a - 6 7 b , pp. 1 2 1 - 2 .

32 Shams,

ff. I33a~34b, 168a, pp. 9 5 - 6 , 123. 0

1

ff. 6 i a - b , 7 9 a - 8 o a , pp. 4 4 , 5 7 - 8 ,

f. 3 8 7 a - b .

31 Shams,

33 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 3 6 8 a - 6 9 b , Mujmal

Mujmal

Shams,

ff. 3 9 2 0 - 9 7 8 , Shams,

ff. i o 8 b - i 2 b , pp. 8 1 - 2 , J a f a r i ,

ff. 4 i 3 b - 4 i 4 b , Ja fari, Z a r y a b , pp. 4 4 - 5 , Shams, ff. 3 8 6 a , 3 8 9 a , Mujmal

37 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 3 9 9 0 - 4 0 3 8 , Mujmal

38 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 4 2 9 8 - 3 4 ^ Shams,

0

0

ff. i 4 2 b - 4 4 a , pp. 1 0 3 - 4 ,

0

54 Dastür al-wuzarâ', p. 344, H . A . Majma , 0

X L # 1, p. 39.

f. 417a.

55 I . P. P e t r u s h e v s k i î , " K istorii instituta soiurgala," Sovetskoe

vostokovedenie, v i , pp. 228¬ 3 0 , A . Belenitskii, " K istorii feodal'nogo zemlevladeniia v S r e d n e î A z i i i Irane v timuridskuiu epokhu ( x r v - x v w . ) , " Istorik-marksist, 1941, # 4 , pp. 4 6 - 5 2 , Manz, " A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and the Delegation o f A u t h o r i t y , " pp. 2 0 2 - 3 .

p. 176.)

57 T e m i i r had put the tribe under the charge o f Buyan Temiir b . Aqbugha; he is not i n evidence at this period, and his son Shaykh Buhlül is mentioned once once, participating in the rebellion o f Jahanmalik b. M u l k a t in 810/1408. Thus we cannot tell whether he was chief o f the A p a r d i . 415a,

i. 4 5 a , 142b, pp. 3 3 - 4 , 1 0 3 , H . A . Majma , 0

ff. 388a, 41 i a - b ,

412b,

418b. ff. 3 8 8 b , 401a.

60 R. M . Savory, "The Struggle for Supremacy," p. 36. pp. 8 3 - 5 , H . A . Majma , 0

m , p. 156, Clavijo, pp. 3 1 1 - 1 5 , Shams,

ff. I i 3 b - I 5 b ,

ff. 3 7 o b ~ 3 7 i a .

62 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 8 6 , 393, 3 9 9 , 4 0 6 , Ja fari, L e n . , f. 291a. c

n i , pp. 1 6 7 - 8 .

63 J. M . Smith, "Djalayir," p. 401, J a f a r î , Zaryab, p. 37.

i n , pp. 173-5.

64 H . A . Majma ,

ff. i 5 8 a - 6 o b , pp. 115-16, Mujmal

c

0

m, pp. 186-7.

39 R. M . Savory, "The Struggle for Supremacy in Persia after the Death of T i m u r , " Der Islam,

m , p . 176. I n 809/1406, he bestowed the lands taken from the rebellious leader of Turshiz on M i d r â b b. Chekii, who had been instrumental i n S h â h r u k h ' s victory over h i m . ( H . A . Majma , f. 3 9 2 b . ) I n 812, he granted Uzgand as soyurghal to A h m a d b . U m a r Shaykh. ( H . A . Majma , f. 441a, Mujmalm, p. 193.)

c

c

i n , pp. 177, 180. 0

f. 392b.

ff. 412b, 415b, Mujmal

0

61 Ja fari, Zaryab, pp. 3 5 - 6 , Mujmal

p . 43.

36 H . A . Majma ,

f. 384a.

53 H . A . Majma ,

0

0

0

0

0

52 H . A . Majma ,

59 H. A..Majma ,

pp. 1 6 8 - 7 0 , H . A . Majma ,

35 H . A . Majma ,

f. 55b, pp. 4 1 - 2 .

H . A . Majma ,

58 Z N Y n , p . 4 5 8 , Shams,

m , pp. 1 5 5 - 6 , 160, J a ' f a r î , Zaryab, p . 3 7 ,

ff. 65a, 6 8 a - 6 9 a , pp. 4 7 , 5 0 . Zaryab,

51

ff. 3 6 8 a , 3 8 6 a , 411a, Mujmal,

ff. 1 3 3 8 - 3 5 8 , pp. 9 4 - 6 , I b n A r a b s h â h , p . 275.

34 Mujmalm,

144b-

0

f. 412a.

30 Ja fari, Zaryab, p . 3 9 , I b n A r a b s h â h , pp. 2 6 7 - 8 , Shams, H.A.

ff.

56 S h â h r u k h allowed S u l a y m â n s h â h to remain there for some months i n 807/1405 to restore his forces and later sent Ulugh Beg and Shâhmalik to govern the area. ( H . A . Majma ,

I. 167b, p . 122.

27 H . A . Majma ,

50 Shams,

c

23 Shaykh N ü r a l - D î n had commanded court troops. ( Z N Y

26 Shams,

m , p. 175, Shams,

0

ff. 6 8 a , 132b, pp. 50, 94. 11, p. 17.

24 Shams,

ff. 4 1 7 3 - 4 1 8 8 , Ja°fari, Zaryab, p. 46, Mujmal

0

4 8 b , pp. 104-7.

pp.102-3.

22 Z N Y

c

Mu°izz, f. 9 7 a . )

ff. i 3 9 a - 4 i a , pp. 1 0 0 - 1 .

18 J a f a r î , Zaryab, p. 4 2 , H . A . Majma ,

21 Shams,

367b,375a,385b,386b,

ff. 4 i 6 b - i 7 b .

0

14 Shams,

pp. 1 6 7 - 7 0 ,

f. 416a. 0

c

13 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 9 9 a - i i 3 b , pp. 7 4 - 8 3 , Mujmalm,

396a, 4 0 4 b , 4 1 1 b , 4 i 2 a - b .

Z N Y 1, pp. 327, 473,11, pp. 135, 276, 304, 405.

12 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 38915-973,419b, Shams,

c

f. 139a, p. 100, see also Appendix A : Suldus. c

0

Maj-

Ja fari, Zaryab, pp. 4 3 , 51. 46 Z N Y 1,pp. 462,573,11, pp. 5 6 , 1 0 3 , 1 5 2 , 2 7 6 , 3 0 4 , H . A . Majma ,ff.

f. 139a, p . 100.)

Majma ,

m , p . 155,

ff. 3 6 5 0 - 6 6 8 . )

44 H . A . Majma ,

c

Shams,

ff. 6 8 a - 6 9 a , p. 5 0 , H . A .

ff. 3 6 6 a , 385b. The name is sometimes given as Sayyid Khwaja. (Mujmal

C

c

i n , pp. 1 6 1 - 2 , 1 6 5 - 6 .

ff. i o o a - i o 2 b , pp. 7 4 - 7 .

pp. 1 5 5 - 6 , 1 6 0 , Shams,

c

9 I t is clear that P î r A l î T â z and Pir A1I Suldus are the same person. B o t h names are used in Y a z d î ' s Zafarnâma, and both applied to the governor of the fortress Banu on the Indian frontier. ( Z N Y 11, p . 135.) The Zafarnâma identifies P î r A l î Suldus as the son of Mengli Bugha Suldus, while Tâj al-Salmânî identifies Pir A l î T â z as the son o f Mengli Temiir, giving an account which strongly suggests that the same person is meant. ( Z N Y 11, p. 4 5 8 ,

ff. 8 i a - 8 8 a , pp. 6 0 - 6 , Mujmal

i n , p. 167, Shams,

43 J a f a r î , Zaryab, p . 37, Mujmalm,

f. 39811-998.

c

c

p. i n .

41 H . A . Majma , 0

199

p.

ff. 3 7 1 0 - 3 7 2 8 , Ja'fari, Zaryab, p. 37, Shams,

ff. 1 i 6 b - i 7 a , p. 86,

Mujmalm,

156.

65 H . A . Majma',

f. 3 7 7 a , Ja'Tarl, Zaryab, p. 37, Shams,

66 H . A . Majma',

ff. 377b~378h, Shams,

ff. 1 i 8 a - b , p. 87, Clavijo, pp. 3 2 4 - 6 .

If. 118b 19a, p. 87, Mujmal

i l l , pp. 162-3.

200

Notes to pages 142-55

Notes to pages 155-8 21 Z N Y 1, p . 195, Muntakhab,

67 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 3 7 o a - 8 o a , Mujmal

i n , p p . 163-4.

68 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 3 8 0 0 - 8 2 0 , Shams,

ff. i i a b - 2 2 a , pp. 8 7 - 8 , Mujmalm,

c

c

pp. 1 6 4 - 5 , Ja fari, c

Zaryab, pp. 3 8 - 4 0 . 6 9 H . A . Majma ,

p . 415.

22 I b n A r a b s h ä h , p. 4 , B a r t o l ' d , Istoriia Turkestana, c

p . 153.

23 Z N Y 1, pp. 65, 9 8 , 100, 106, 1 4 2 - 4 , 154,157, 179, 197, Muntakhab,

f. 4 0 4 a , Mujmalm,

c

Z N S 1, p . 4 1 , Cinq opuscules,

p . 174.

70 Clavijo, pp. 3 2 8 - 3 1 , H . A . Majma ,

f. 3 7 7 b , Mujmalm,

0

pp. 117, 223, 4 1 4 - 1 5 .

71 Z N Y 1, pp. 2 9 7 , 558,11, pp. 9 2 , 1 5 7 - 8 , 1 6 2 , 371» 384, 395¬

25 A u b i n , "Khanat," pp. 2 7 - 9 , Z N Y 1, pp. 2 5 - 8 , Cinq opuscules,

72 H . A . Majma ,

26 A u b i n , "Khanat," p . 4 9 , Cinq opuscules,

ff. 4 0 5 a - b , Mujmalm,

0

73 H . A . Majma ,

p. 171.

ff. 4 o 6 a - 4 0 7 b , 4 2 0 0 - 4 2 3 ^ 4 2 8 a - b , Mujmal

0

i n , p p . 171, 178-80,

Shams,

74 This is true of Pir Husayn Barlas; T ö k e l b . U r u s Bugha and U m a r T â b â n were the sons o f c

f. 95b.

text, p . 59.

29 Mu°izz, f. 102a.

ff. 3 8 0 b , 3 8 i b - 3 8 2 a .

31 H . A . , Dhayl,

76 H . A . Majma ,

f. 4 0 7 a , Mujmalm,

32 A u b i n , "Khanat," pp. 3 4 - 5 , Cinq opuscules,

7 7 H . A . Majma ,

f. 4 0 7 b , Mujmal

78 H . A . Majma ,

f. 3 7 9 a - b .

34 Z N Y 1, pp. 3 7 - 8 , 134, Muntakhab,

79 H . A . Majma ,

f. 378b.

35 Z N Y 11, p . 19.

80 H . A . Majma ,

ff. 4 0 6 0 - 4 0 7 8 .

36 Z N S 11, p . 5 3 , Muntakhab,

81 H . A . Majma ,

f. 407b.

37 Z N Y 1, pp. 3 1 , 4 3 - 4 , Z N S 1, p . 18, Muntakhab,

82 H . A . Majma ,

f. 4 2 1 b , Mujmal

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

p . 171. m , p . 171.

ff. 8 4 0 - 8 5 ^ p. 6 3 , H . A . Majma ,

84 Shams,

f. 107a, p . 7 9 .

0

text, p. 3 9 , Z N Y 1, pp. 2 5 , 3 1 - 2 .

p . 256, I b n A r a b s h â h , pp. 9 - 1 0 . c

pp. 2 5 6 - 7 .

f. 3 8 4 a .

39 Z N Y , Urunbaev, Muqaddima, c

i ego vremia,

i n Sochineniia,

passim.

v o l . I l , pt. 2 (Moscow, 1964), pp. 3 8 - 9 ,

p. 53.

4 2 T o g a n , "Nasab," p p . 1 0 8 - 9 .

Appendix A

43 Mu°izz, ff. 2 8 a - 3 8 a .

1 R a D , Khetagurov,.vol. 1, parts 1 and 2 , R a D , A l i - Z a d e , v o l . m , Boyle, Successors, c

Secret History of the Mongols,

M u h a m m a d Zubayr as-Siddîqï, ed. a l - H a r a w ï , The

Näma-i Harät (Calcutta, 1944), H . A . , Dhayl,

The Ta'rikh

Sayyid M u h a m m a d Käzim A z ä m , ed.,

M u ï n al-Dïn M u h a m m a d Z a m c h î Isfizäri, Rawdât al-jannât fï awsaf-i c

madinat-i

Harât

(Tehran, sh. 1338/1959).

44 Z N Y 1, p . 6 0 , MuHzz, 45 MuHzz,

f. 8 8 b .

ff. 8 2 b , 9 4 b - 9 6 b , Z N Y 1, p . 36.

46 See Chapter 4. 47 Mu°izz, ff. 86b, 8 8 b , 9 0 b , 9 4 0 - 9 5 ^ Z N Y 1, pp. 4 8 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 7 , 7 2 , 9 0 , 9 2 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 4 , 1 4 3 , 160,320.

2 Z N Y i , p . 121.

4 8 See for instance: Z N Y 1, p p . 160, 176, 239, 275, 320, 4 4 1 , n , p. 5 0 4 , Mu°izz, ff. 8 8 b , 9 2 a .

3 Z N Y i , p . 32.

4 9 See for example: Mu°izz, ff. 9 1 b , 9 2 a , 133b.

4 See for instance leaders o f the A p a r d ï , Jawun-i Qurban and Borolday. ( Z N Y 1, p . 3 2 , Cinq

5 0 Mu°izz, ff. 9 0 a , 197a, 108b.

text, p p . 2 7 , 4 6 - 7 , notes, pp. 2 8 - 9 , Isfizäri, v o l . 11, p . 2 1 . )

5 Z N Y 1, pp. 3 2 , 3 2 8 . A l s o , for example: Z N Y 1, pp. 25, 7 7 , 1 2 0 - 1 . 6 Z N Y ï , p. 3 2 , Z N S 1, p . 15,11, pp. n - 1 2 , Muntakhab, 7 Cinq upuscules,

p. 204.

text, pp. 4 6 - 8 , notes, p . 2 9 , A u b i n , "Khanat," p p . 4 1 - 2 , Z N Y 1, pp. 164,

183, 2 7 6 , 3 2 7 .

51 A u b i n , "Khanat," p. 18, E . Bacon, Obok:

8 A u b i n , " K h a n a t , " p p . 3 4 - 5 , 3 9 , Cinq opuscules,

in Eurasia

52 A u b i n , "Khanat," p. 18. 53 Z N Y ï , pp. 1 3 0 , 3 2 9 .

text, p. 3 9 , Z N Y 1, pp. 25, 7 7 , 1 4 7 - 9 .

55 Z N Y ï , pp. 6 3 , 176. 56 Z N Y 1, pp. 275, 327,11, p. 4 0 2 .

10 Z N S H , p . 3 7 , Z N Y i , pp. 354, 441.

57 Mu°izz, f. 9 3 a .

11 Z N Y i , p. 327.

58 Z N Y 1, p . 29, Muntakhab,

12 Z N Y 1, p. 4 6 2 , H . A . Majma , 0

f. 4 1 2 a ; see also Chapter 7.

p. 2 6 2 , Z N S I I , p . I I .

59 Z N Y 1, p. 328,11, pp. 5 0 , 7 0 , 3 9 7 , 403.

13 Z N S 11, p. 9 , Z N Y 1, p . 155.

60 Mu°izz, f. 28b, B o y l e , Successors,

14 MuHzz,

61 I b n A r a b s h â h , p. 4 , B a r t o l ' d , Dvenadstat'

p . 145, Shu°ab-ipanjgäna,

c

f. i o i b .

15 Shu°ab-ipanjgäna,

f. 47b, Mu°izz, f. 2 9 a , R a D , Khetagurov, v o l . 1, pt. 2, p. 275, Boyle,

p. 3 1 4 , Z N Y , Urunbaev, Muqaddima,

16 S a m a r q a n d ï , Matlcf

ff. 6 4 0 - 6 5 8 .

al-sa°dayn, p . 2 8 0 , note.

62 Z N Y 1, pp. 4 3 - 4 , Muntakhab,

18 Cinq opuscules,

65 Z N Y 1, p. 202.

notes, p . 2 9 , A u b i n , " K h a n a t , " p. 4 0 .

p. 209.

63 Z N Y 1, pp. 8 9 , 1 1 9 - 2 0 , Muntakhab, 64 Z N Y 1, p. 189.

p . 117.

f. 47b.

lektsii, p. 172.

62 See Chapter 3 .

17 A u b i n , " K h a n a t , " p . 18, Z N Y 1, pp. 117, 195.

20 Z N Y 1, p. 164.

a Study of Social Structure

Publications in A n t h r o p o l o g y , # 2 5 ) , New Y o r k , 1958, pp. 6 - 7 .

54 I b n B a t t ü t a , v o l . m , p p . 561, 5 8 5 , A u b i n , " K h a n a t , " pp. 17-18, Z N S 11, p. n .

9 See Chapter 3 .

19 Muntakhab,

f. 4 7 b .

ff. 61b, 7 5 b , 7 7 a , 7 8 a , 81a.

40 R a D , A l i - z a d e , v o l . 1, pt. 1, pp. 5 3 0 - 1 , also v o l . m and Boyle, Successors, Turkestan,

Successors,

p . 205.

38 Mu°izz, ff. i b - 2 a , 2 8 b , 8 i b - 8 2 a , Togan, "Nasab," pp. 1 0 6 - 7 , Shu°ab-ipanjgäna,

41 B a r t o l ' d , Ulugbek

opuscules,

of Islam, N . E . , v o l . 1, p. 852.

p . 112.

33 Z N S 11, pp. 2 2 , 5 7 , Z N Y 1, pp. 147, 249,334,11, pp. 1 9 , 4 5 0 .

m , p. 178.

83 Shams,

text, pp. 3 8 - 4 3 .

text, p . 4 9 .

30 V . V . B a r t o l ' d , " B a d a k h s h â n , " in Encyclopaedia

emirs assigned t o A m î r â n s h â h . ( Z N Y 1, p . 2 2 5 . ) 75 H . A . Majma ,

27 Z N Y 1, p. 9 8 , MuHzz, 28 Cinq opuscules,

ff. i 4 9 a - 5 2 b , pp. 1 0 8 - 9 , Ja°fari, Zaryab, p p . 4 7 - 8 .

p p . 2 2 3 , 261, 2 7 2 , 287,

text, p. 59.

24 Z N Y ï , pp. 7 7 , 7 9 , 164, 192, 195, Muntakhab,

p. 162.

201

66 See Chapter 4. 67 Z N Y

1,

p. 87.

pp. 2 3 5 , 2 4 7 - 8 , 2 6 5 , Z N S 1, pp. 4 5 - 6 .

(Viking

202

Notes to pages 161-4

Notes to pages 158-61

68 Z N Y i , p. 155, Mu'izz,

f. 32a. (According to the MuHzz she went first to Kaykhusraw K h u t t a l â n ï , and after his death to B a h r ä m . )

71

ff. 101b,

Z N Y i , pp. 8 9 , 1 3 7 - 8 , 1 8 1 , 3 2 4 , Muntakhab,

110

pp. 158, 235, 258, 265.

73 Z N Y i , pp. 119, 147, 1 8 1 , 3 2 0 , Z N S 11, p . 15, Muntakhab, 74 Z N Y i , p. 3 2 , Muntakhab,

p . 283.

Z N Y i , p. 181.

79 Z N Y i , p . 463.

82 Z N Y

p. 155.

I,

Z N Y 1, p. 53. Z N Y ï , p . 59.

112

Mu izz,

83 Z N Y i , p. 155, Mu izz, c

c

v o l . v m , p. 20.

ff. 9 1 0 - 9 2 8 , p . 6 9 , MuHzz,

f. 9 8 a . )

114 See for example: Z N Y 1, pp. 5 3 , 59, 7 6 - 8 , 8 6 , 135. f. 3 2 a .

84 Z N Y i , p. 120, Z N S 11, p . 4 0 . 85 Z N Y i , p. 324. 86 S a m a r q a n d ï , Matla

al-Stfdayn,

note, pp. 2 8 2 - 4 , PaulPelliot, Notes on Marco

Polo (Paris,

115

Z N Y 1, pp. 1 5 5 , 1 6 1 - 2 .

116

Z N Y 1, p . 573.

117

Z N Y 11, p . 474.

118

Z N Y 1, p . 436,11, p. 100, Z N S 1, p. 194.

119

Z N Y 1, pp. 4 6 2 - 3 .

1959), v o l . i , "Caraunas," pp. 183-96, A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e des Qaraunas," pp. 6 5 - 9 4 ,

120 MuHzz,

Henry Yule, ed. and trans., The Book

121 H . A . , Majnuf, f. 4 1 6 a .

ofSer

Marco

Polo

the Venetian

( L o n d o n , 1875),

ff. 1 3 2 0 - 1 3 7 8 , 1 3 7 0 - 1 3 9 8 .

the çth to the 19th Century

122

Mu izz,

( L o n d o n ; New Y o r k , 1888), v o l . i n , pp. 3 8 8 - 9 , Hirotoshi Shimo, "The Qaraunas in the

123

Z N Y 1, pp. 3 1 - 2 , Z N S 1, p. 15, n , pp. n - 1 2 , Muntakhab,

Historical Materials of the Ilkhanate," i n Memoirs

124 Z N Y 1, pp. 7 7 , 1 9 6 - 7 , 3 8 7 .

vol. I , pp. 102-9, H e n r y H o w o r t h , History

Bunko,

topo¬

suivie de textes relatifs à

ff. 97b, 9 8 a , Z N Y ï , pp. 5 3 , 1 5 5 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 3 , 2 2 5 , 3 2 4 , 4 4 1 , 4 6 3 , n , p p . 2 2 7 , 4 1 2 , Z N S

c

p . 9 6 , Shams,

f. 412a.

ff. 9 2 a , 133b.

Nerchakhy,

113 T e m ù r ' s follower A q t e m ù r for instance is not identified as qa'uchin, although he was related to both Q u m a r ï Qa'uchin and Temiige Qa'uchin ( Z N Y 1, pp. 208, 225, 4 4 1 ) ; likewise, neither Eyegii Temiir nor his relative and successor S h â h m a l i k were called qa'uchin, although they were related to T â b â n Bahadur Qa'uchin, and Eyegii Temiir's son Shaykh M u h a m m a d is identified as qa'uchin. ( Z N Y 1, p . 3 8 0 , n , p. 412, Z N S 1, p . 122, n ,

pp. 158, 235, 258, 265.

78 Z N Y i , pp. 3 2 4 - 6 .

81 MuHzz,

i n Sochineniia,

par Mohammed

11, p . 4 9 .

75 Z N Y i , p. 63.

c

m p . 200.

76 Z N Y i , pp. 3 2 , 4 5 , 8 9 , 1 3 7 - 8 , Z N S 11, p. 15, Muntakhab,

80 H . A . , Majma ,

de Boukhara

109 Baburnàma, p. 26.

102a.

72 Z N Y i , pp. 3 2 , 3 8 , 89.

77

et historique

la Transoxiane,

69 Z N Y i , p. 104. 70 Mu'izz,

x i v , pt. 1, p p . 4 7 5 - 6 , V . V . B a r t o l ' d , review of Charles Schefer, Description

vol.

graphique

203

of the Mongols

from

of the Research

Department

of the

Toyo

125

35 ( 1 9 7 7 ) , pp. 131-81.

ff. 97b, 9 8 a , Z N Y 1, pp. 3 2 4 , 4 4 1 , n , 155, 200, 334, 372, Z N S 1, p . 9 1 , n , p . 49.

c

Baburnàma,p.

p . 204.

19.

126 I b n Arabshah, p. 2.

87 A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e , " pp. 6 9 - 7 3 , Shimo, "The Qaraunas," pp. 162-70.

c

88 A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e , " pp. 6 9 - 7 5 .

127

89 A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e , " pp. 7 9 - 8 1 , Shimo, "The Qaraunas," pp. 163-70.

128 Z N Y 1, pp. 225, 234, 266, 312, 3 8 8 , 401, 4 4 1 , 4 6 2 , 11, pp. 150, 166, 167, 2 9 0 , 3 0 4 , 361,

Mu izz,i. c

MuHzz,

90 A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e , " pp. 7 4 - 5 , 87, Shimo, "The Qaraunas," pp. 1 3 3 - 8 , 141-53, 163,

9 8 a , Z N Y 1, pp. i n , 127, 131, 162, 167, 170, 1 9 6 - 7 , etc. f. 97b, 9 8 a .

129 Togan, "Nasab," p . 108, Shu ab-ipanjgàna,

171-5, 180.

c

130 Z N Y 1, pp. 25, 3 1 , Muntakhab,

131 See Chapter 2.

93 A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e , " pp. 8 3 - 6 , 91, H . A . , Dhayl, pp. 1 3 8 - 4 0 .

132 Z N Y 1, pp. 4 5 , 67, Z N S 1, p . 19, Mujmal,

94 Z N S i , p. 15, A u b i n , "Khanat," pp. 17-18.

133 Z N Y

95 Z N Y i , p. 21, Togan, "Nasab," p. 112. 96 Z N S n, p. 11, Z N Y I , p . 29.

134 Z N Y 1, p. 83, Z N S 1, p . 3 0 .

97 Muntakhab,

136 Z N Y 1, p. 3 9 , Z N S 1, p. 17, Muntakhab,

135

pp. 123, 197, 204.

98 B a r t o l ' d , Dvenadstat'

lektsii,

137

p. 170.

254¬ 101 Muntakhab,

pp. 123, 1 2 5 - 6 , 2 0 9 - 1 0 , 215, 2 3 2 ,

Z N Y 1, pp. 5 9 - 6 0 , 8 3 , Muntakhab,

p . 207.

Z N Y 1, p. 155.

139 Z N Y

p . 415, Mujmal,

m , p . 107.

1, p . 364. c

c

however the histories begin to mention a new and powerful emir - Dawlat Temiir T o v a c h ï , identified i n the Mu izz al-ansâb as a Suldus. This might very well be the son o f Shaykh T e m i i r , now known by the name of the tribe he led. ( Z N Y 1, p. 467,11, pp. 2 5 , 5 3 , 2 5 0 , 3 0 4 , 3 2 2 , 4 2 6 , MuHzz, ff. 9 8 a , 127a.) The similarity of names is an argument for this supposition; it was common to pass on part of a name to the next generation, as indeed A q t e m ù r had done in naking his son Shaykh Temiir. Shaykh l emur is last mentioned in 796/1393 while Dawlat Temiir first appears in 800/1397 8, remaining active throughout the rest of T e m i i r ' s life and after his death; thus he was clearly of a younger generation, the c

104 A u b i n , "Khanat," pp. 18-19, Z N S n , p. 292 (index), Roemer, " T i m u r , " pp. 4 3 - 4 . f. 93a.

106 G . Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische

Elemente

ff. 9 8 a , 127a. Z N Y 1, pp. 3 6 4 , 3 6 8 ,

Z N S 11, p. 98. There is no mention after 793/1391 of the Suldus tumen. A b o u t 800/1397-8

p . 2 2 3 , Z N Y 1, pp. 7 7 , 79.

105 Z N Y i , p. 176, Mu izz,

p. 258.

p. 217.

140 Z N Y 1, p. 467,11, pp. 2 5 , 5 3 , 2 5 0 , 3 0 4 , 3 2 2 , 4 2 6 , Mu izz,

pp. 123, 197, 204, Z N S u , p . 12.

102 A u b i n , "Khanat," pp. 2 9 , 39. 103 Muntakhab,

i l l , p . 9 5 , Muntakhab,

1, p . 32.

138 Z N Y 1, p. 193, Muntakhab,

99 Z N Y i , pp. 9 6 - 1 2 8 , Z N S i , pp. 3 8 - 5 0 . 100 See for example: Z N Y 1, pp. 5 7 , 6 3 , 133, Muntakhab,

f. 4 7 b , MuHzz, f. 29a.

p. 117.

91 A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e , " pp. 88, 9 0 , Shimo, "The Qaraunas," pp. 1 6 3 - 7 0 , 180. 92 A u b i n , " P E t h n o g é n è s e , " p . 88, Shimo, "The Qaraunas," pp. 163-70.

im Neupersischen,

v o l . 1, p . 423, Z N S 1,

P- 134¬ 107

Tärikh-i Rashidl, p . 301. 108 E . Q u a t r e m è r e ed., " H a f t I q l ï m , " in notes to "Matla-assaadein," Notices

et

Extraits,

204

Notes to pages 168-71

Notes to pages 164-8

14 This term was used under the Ilkhanids. Ali-zsde, SotsiaTno-ekonomicheskaia istoriia, pp. 2 9 0 - 1 , Z N Y 11, p. 270, H . A . Continuation, pp. 4 4 3 - 4 , H . A . Geography, f. 318b.

identification o f an outside leader by the name of the tribe he led was not uncommon; the examples of the Jawun-i Qurban and the A p a r d i emirs have been cited earlier to illustrate this practice.

15 Z N Y n , pp. 226, 239, 261, Z N S 11, p. 171, Dastür al-wuzard', 16 Z N Y 11, p. 270, Z N S 11, p. 171, Dastur al-wuzard', p . 341. 17 H . A . Continuation, p. 444.

141 For example: P I r A l i Suldusb. M e n g l i B u g h a , Z N Y i , p. 473,11, pp. 4 0 , 1 3 5 , 3 0 4 , 3 2 1 , 4 0 5 , 458, also D a w l a t T e m ü r T o v a c h i S u l d u s , Mu izz, f. 9 8 a , ZNY11, pp. 8 3 , 2 5 0 , 2 9 1 , 3 2 2 , 4 2 6 . 142 See Chapter 7. c

c

143 B a r t o l ' d , Dvenadtsat' passim. 144 B a r t o l ' d , Dvenadtsat'

p. 341.

18 Z N Y 11, pp. 226, 239, Z N S 11, p . 236. 19 Z N Y 11, pp. 94, 156, 239, 246.

lektsii, p . 172, A u b i n , "Khanat," p. 27, H . A . , Dhayl, pp. 106-58,

20 Z N Y 11, p. 325.

21 I n the few clear references to a vizier as head of the dlwdn, i t is coupled with another title such as sdhib dlwdn or şdhib mâl. (Ja'farî, L e n . , f. 274a, Dastur al-wuzard', pp. 3 4 1 , 343, 345-8.)' '

lektsii, p. 164.

145 Z N Y 1, pp. 32, 106, 109, Muntakhab, pp. 117, 240, A u b i n , "Khanat," p. 27. 146 Z N Y i , p. 90. 147 Z N Y 1, p. 109, Muntakhab, pp. 2 4 0 - 1 .

22 Ja fari, L e n . , f. 274a. c

23 For the use of the term mâl, see also M . M i n o v i and V . Minorsky, " N a ş i r a l - D î n T ü s î on Finance," B S O A S , x # 3 (1940), pp. 758, 761, 762, 763, 771, 773, 775, 788, and Heribert Busse, Untersuchungen zum islamischen Kanzleiwesen an Hand turkmenischer und safawidischer Urkunden (Cairo, 1959), pp. 1 5 0 , 1 5 2 , 159, 1 6 5 , 1 8 3 . See for T e m ü r ' s time:

148 MuHzz, f. 97a. 149 ZNS 11, p. 4 0 , Z N Y 1, p . 201. 150 Muntakhab, p. 281. 151 Z N Y 1, pp. 162, 2 8 0 , 3 4 0 , 417, 445. 152

205

pp. 6 5 - 6 , Z N Y 11, p. 321, Z N Y 11, pp. 2 8 4 - 5 . 394» J a f a r i , L e n . , f. 286a.

Muntakhab,

Z N Y 1, p. 565,11, p . 326.

24 Z N Y i , p. 565,11, pp. 2 8 4 - 5 , ZNS 11, p. 129, H . A . Continuation, p. 442, H . A . Geography, f. 320b, Mujmal i n , pp. 148-50.

25 H . A . Geography, f. 127a, Dastur al-wuzard', pp. 3 4 3 - 5 , Mujmalm,p. 145, Jdmi -i mufldi, p. 167, Z N Y 11, pp. 2 7 8 - 9 . See also Sayyid Hasan K h w ä r a z m i . ( A u b i n , " U n santon," p. 2 0 9 . ) c

Appendix C 1 For the Jalayirids we have Nakchiwani's Dastur al-katib, ( M u h a m m a d b. Hindushah Nakhchiwani, Dastur al-katib ft ta yln al-maratib, ed. A . A . Ali-zade (Moscow, 1971-6), which although written under the Jalayirids also reflects Ilkhanid practice, and for the late T i m u r i d period the Sharafndma of A b d A l l a h M a r w a r l d . ( A b d A l l a h Marwarld, H . R. Roemer, ed., Staatsschreiben der Timuridenzeit: Das Saraf-nama des 'Abdallah Marwarld in kritischer Auswertung (Wiesbaden, 1952).

26 Dastür al-wuzard', jadld, pp. 9 2 - 3 .

c

c

30 A . A . Ali-zade, SotsiaVno-ekonomicheskaia istoriia, p . 269, Z N Y 11, pp. 165-6. 31 I n the Mu izz al-ansdb under many princes the first people to be listed are the "dlwäniyän", who were Chaghatay emirs. These might well be the same as the amir dlwdn, since these lists correspond to the lists of "umard"' given under other princes.

c

c

c

istoriia,

p. 290, B o s w o r t h , The Ghaznavids,

Tdrlkh-i

28 Muntakhab, p. 411, Z N Y n , pp. 165-6. 29 Z N Y 11, pp. 191, 275.

2 The MuHzz mentions U m a r Shaykh Mirza b . A b u Sa id born i n 860/1456, but not his son Babur, born in 888/1483. The numerous titles accorded to Sultan Husayn Bayqara and the large number of emirs listed under h i m suggest that this recension was written after his conquest of Herat in 1469. (Mu izz, ff. 155a, 1 5 6 0 - 1 5 9 ^ ) 3 Ali-zade, SotsiaTno-ekonomicheskaia

Yazd, pp. 3 9 - 4 1 ,

27 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 7 8 - 9 .

c

c

pp. 3 4 3 - 4 , Mujmal i n , pp. 145-6, Tdrlkh-i

(MuHzz,

-

ff. 9 6 b , 102b, 104b, 107b, i o 8 b - i o 9 a ,

nob,

117b, 119b, i 2 5 b - i 2 6 a ,

141b,

I5ib-i52a.)

pp.82-5. 4 Z N Y 11, p. 122, Z N S 1 , p. 204.

32 Z N Y i , pp. 161-2.

5 These people sometimes remained for several years i n the regions to which they were assigned. (Jean A u b i n , " U n santon quhistani," p. 209, Mujmal, m , pp. 145-6, Z N Y 11,

33 One other amir dlwdn was Aqbugha's grandson, L u t f A l l a h , who was given this post on his appointment to Fars i n 805/1402-3. ( Z N Y 11, p. 367.) The fact that he was the grandson of one of T e m ü r ' s umarä' dlwdn suggests that this office was hereditary.

pp. 3 2 1 , 3 7 8 - 9 .

34 See Chapter 6. 35 M a n z , "Darugha."

6 See for example ZNY.11, pp. 321, 3 9 6 - 7 , Z N S 11, pp. 2 9 4 - 5 . 7 ZNS 1, p. 243.

8 Jean A u b i n , Deux Sayyids, p. 395, Clavijo, p . 205. 9 Clavijo, pp. 181, 186, 195. 10 Actually despite frequent mention of the dlwan-i (fid, no one person is definitely identified as belonging to i t ; scribes are simply mentioned as members of the "dlwdn." We do know of Persians who were members of a central dlwdn, and know some of those who headed i t . This dlwdn could be identical with the dlwan-i a ld, or could simply be part of i t . c

11 Z N Y n, pp. 3 7 8 - 9 , 3 9 6 - 7 , H . A . Geography, f. 318b, Ja'farl, L e n . , ff. 2 7 3 0 - 7 4 3 , H . A .

Continuation, p . 443. One should note thst the dlwdn in Samarqand was not the central diwdn, which traveled with the sovereign, but was essentially a provincial dlwdn, though one which possessed greater power and prestige thsn most others. 12 H . A . Geography, f. 318b, H . A . Continuation, p. 443, Ja farl, L e n . , ff. 2 7 3 0 - 7 4 8 , Jdmi -i mufldi, 1, p. 162, A u b i n , Deux sayyids, p . 395. 13 A . K . S. L a m b t o n , " D I w a n " - " I r a n " , Encyclopaedia of Islam, N . E . , v o l . 11, p. 333. c

c

36 See Manz, "Darugha," pp. 6 0 - 6 . 37 See for example Muntakhab, p. 311, Tdrlkh-i äl-i Muzaffar, p. 123, Z N S 1, p . 177. 38 Tdrlkh-i' dl-i Muzaffar, p. 123, Z N S 11, p. 185. 39 See Z N S 1, p. 177,11, pp. 104, 140, H . A . Continuation, p . 438. 40 Z N Y 11, pp. 3 3 4 , 3 7 9 . 41

ZNY

I,

p. 312.

42 Z N S 11, pp. 55, 126, Z N Y l , p. 259, Ja'fari, L e n . , f. 264a. 43 Muntakhab, pp. 6 5 - 6 . 44 Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts 1301-1480,

p. 130.

45 Doerfcr, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, vol. 11, pp. 565 -8, B a r t o l ' d , "Persidskaia nadpis' 11 a stene A n n i l s k o i mccheti," in Sochineniia, vol. iv, pp. 3 3 2 - 3 , Allsen, Mongol Imperialism, pp. 158-62. 46 Z N Y a, p. 335.

2o6

Notes to pages 173-5

Notes to pages 171-3

47 V . Minorsky, " A Civil and Military Review i n Fars i n 881/1476," pp. 153, 157, 170-1, B a r t o l ' d , Mir Ali-Shir ipoliticheskaia Zhizn' i n Sochineniia, v o l . n , pt. 2, p. 232, Woods, Aqquyunlu, p. 11, V . Minorsky, ed. and trans., Tadhkirat al-mulük: A Manual ofSafavid Administration (c. 1137I1725) (Cambridge, 1943), pp. 62, 132-3.

86 H . A . Geography, f. 318b, Muntakhab, p . 319, Cinq opuscules, notes, p. 45. 87 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . 1, pp. 2 6 0 - 2 . 88 Z N Y 1, p . 25, M i n o r s k y , " A Civil and Military Review," pp. 1 5 2 , 1 6 3 , Woods, p. 11, A k h m e d o v , Gosudarstvo kochevykh Uzbekov (Moscow, 1965), p. 104.

48 MuHzz, f. 9 8 a , Z N S 1, p . 122,11, p. 96, Z N Y 1, p . 123. 49 I t was also held by an emir called A b d A l l a h , whose identity is unclear. (Mu izz, 50 Woods, Aqqoyunlu, p. n .

89 Muntakhab,

c

51

f. 9 8 a . )

c

52 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . iv, pp. 6 4 - 6 . 53 B a r t o l ' d , Turkestan, Sochineniia v o l . 1, p . 559, Ali-zade, Sotsial'no-ekonomicheksaia istoriia, p. 269, Dastür al-kätib, pp. 2 9 - 3 0 , Ahsen, Mongol Imperialism, pp. 9 4 - 5 . 54 ZNS 11, p. 110, Z N Y 1, p. 462.

55 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . 1, pp. 4 2 9 — 3 2 , Baburnäma, Minorsky, Tadhkirat al-mulük, pp. 1 5 , 4 4 , n S - r S -

p. 188,

56 Z N Y n , p . 25, Z N S 11, p. i n . 57 Mu izz, ff. 103a, 105a, 120a, 127a, 139a. 58 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . i n , pp. 5 4 8 - 9 , Fedorov-Davydov, Obshchestvennyistroi, pp. 9 6 - 7 . 59 Roemer, Staatsschreiben der Timuridenzeit, pp. 172-3. 60 MuHzz, ff. 103a, 105a, 108a, 120a, 127b. 61 Z N Y 1, p. 462, Z N S 11, p. 110. 62 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . I , pp. 117-18, B a r t o l ' d , Turkestan, Sochineniia, v o l . 1, p . 448, Secret History, pp. 5 6 - 7 , Allsen, " G u a r d and Government," c

P- 509¬

63 Mu izz, ff. 103a, 120a, 128a. 64 Z N Y 1, pp. 261, 294, 496, 562, 5 7 7 , 11, 153, 419, 451, 4 8 3 , 4 8 9 - 9 0 , I b n Arabshah, pp.193-4. c

c

65 Z N S 1, pp. 1 3 3 - 4 , Tärikh-i äl-Muzaffar,p. 125. 66 Doerfer, Türkische und Mongolische Elemente, vol. 11, pp. 3 0 1 - 7 . 67 B a r t o l ' d , Turkestan, Sochineniia, v o l . I , p . 4 4 7 , Secret History, p . 55, Dastür al-kätib, v o l . 11, pp. 5 3 - 4 , Fedorov-Davydov, Obshchestvennyi Stroi, pp. 9 6 - 7 , Minorsky, Tadhkirat al-mulük, p. 15, M i n o r s k y , " A Civil and Military Review," p . 7 1 , Minorsky, "The Aq-qoyunlu and L a n d Reforms," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, xvn, p. 453, Woods, Aqquyunlu, p . I J . 68 Roemer, Staatsschreiben, pp. 155-6. 69 Z N Y 11, p. 158. 70 MuHzz, ff. 103a, 108a, 120a, 127a, 134b. 71 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . 1, pp. 2 0 2 - 5 . 72 B a r t o l ' d , Turkestan, Sochineniia, v o l . 1, p . 447. 73 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . 1, pp. 2 0 2 - 5 . 74

Z N Y I , pp. 321, 354, 436, 462, 533,11, 227, 2 8 0 - 1 , 301,

416.

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . 20, pp. 2 8 5 - 6 . Z N Y i , pp. 4 5 7 , 4 6 2 . Mu izz, ff. 103a, 108a, 120a, 127b, 134b. Woods, Aqqoyunlu, p . I I , Ali-zade, Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskaia istoriia, pp. 268, 291. Fedorov-Davydov, Obshchestvennyi stroi, p . 90. Mu izz, ff. 91b, 92b. Clavijo, p. 213. MuHzz, f. 88b. c

c

83 Z N Y 1, pp. 3 2 7 - 9 , 3 4 2 , 5 6 3 , 1 1 , pp. 6 9 , 1 0 2 , 118, 3 5 8 - 9 , ZNS 1, p . 200.

84 H . A . Geography, f. 315a. 85 Z N Y i , pp. 3 2 9 - 3 0 , 3 3 7 , ZNS 11, pp. 7 7 - 9 .

7

Aqquyunlu,

p. 292, Z N S u , pp. 7 0 , 9 3 , Z N Y 1, p . 487, n , p . 152.

90 Z N Y 11, pp. 4 4 7 - 8 . 91

Z N Y 1, p. 463,11, pp. 153-4.

2 0

Z N S 11, p. 109, Z N Y 11, pp. 2 8 2 - 3 .

92 Mujmal,m,p. 143,ZNYi,pp.466,530,552,n,pp. 157,265,H.A.Continuation,p.446. 93 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . i v , pp. 2 1 6 - 1 7 , B a r t o l ' d , Turkestan, Sochineniia, vol. 1, pp. 4 4 7 - 8 , Shîrîn B a y ä n l , Tärlkh-i äl-iJaläyir (Tehran, sh. 1345/1967), p. 179, Dastür al-kätib, pp. 6 2 - 7 . 94 Z N Y 1, p. 522 11, p . 230. 95 Z N S 1, pp. 199-200, Z N Y 11, p. 113. For another mention see Muntakhab, p. 311. 96 Z N Y i , pp. 441, 4 6 3 , 573, Z N S 11, p . i n . 97 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, v o l . rv, pp. 166-72. 98 Dastür al-kätib, pp. 5 7 - 8 , see also Minorsky, Tadhkirat al-mulük, text, p . 64, commentary, p. 3 3 , Minorsky, " A Civil and M i l i t a r y Review," p . 171, Woods, Aqquyunlu, p. 11, A k h m e d o v , Gosudarstvo kochevykh Uzbekov, p. 102. 99 H . A . Continuation, p. 446. 100

Z N Y n , p. 376, Z N S 1, pp. 2 8 0 - 3 .

101 Mu izz, f. 98b, Rüznäma, p. 52, Z N Y 1, pp. 467, 533,11, pp. 25, 122, 299. 102 Muntakhab, p . 221, Mu izz, ff. 88b, 9 6 0 - 9 7 8 , H . A . Continuation, p. 434, Rüznäma, p. 136. 103 I n the Golden H o r d e , the w o r d beg was a recognized title and denoted either a member of the tribal aristocracy of fairly high rank, or a leader i n government. ( G . A . FedorovDavydov, Obshchestvennyi stroi, pp. 4 6 - 7 , 9 0 . ) For the later T i m u r i d period see Roemer, Staatsschreiben, pp. 170-1, 173. The exact nature of this hereditary rank however seems to have remained uncertain, as is shown by the disagreement over whether M i r A l i Shir N a w ä ' I , born into the high service aristocracy, d i d or d i d not inherit the title of beg. ( B a r t o l ' d , Mir Ali-Shir, p. 212, M a r i a Eva Subtelny, "The Poetic Circle at the Court of the T i m u r i d , Sultan Husain Baiqara, and its Political Significance," Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University, 1979, p. 100.) c

c

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104 Mu izz, ff. 9 6 b - 9 7 a . One cannot on the other hand assume that its listing of amirs is complete, or that such a listing i n itself proves the existence o f a definite and limited number of amirs. 105 Even when amirs had several sons, only one usually appears on the list, and that i f the father died during T e m ü r ' s lifetime. There are some exceptions to this, for example the descendants and relatives of Aqbugha Nayman, of which several are listed, and also the listing of T ö k e l Barlas, whose father Y ä d g ä r Barlas probably did not die before T e m ü r . (MuHzz, ff. 9 6 b - 9 7 a , Z N Y 11, pp. 2 8 6 , 4 2 6 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 8 (for S a ä d a t Nayman), Z N Y n , p . 367 (for L u t f A l l a h Nayman), Z N Y n , p . 426 (for Y ä d g ä r Barlas). c

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106 See Z N S , v o l . 11, index, Z N Y , ed., Urunbaev, index, Z N Y 1, pp. 441, 475, Z N S 11, p . 61, Cinq opuscules, text, p. 14. 107 Baburnäma, pp. 272, 273, 278, Tärikh-i Rashldl, pp. 3 0 5 - 9 , 459. 108 Tärlkh-i Tabaristân, p. 301. 109 Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische Elemente, vol. 11, pp. 3 6 6 - 7 . Mirza Haydar, distinguishing the bahadurs from the amirs, wrote that they were a different set of people, who fought alone without a following, but had distinguished themselves in past battles. (Tärlkh-i Rashldl, p. 301.) n o Z N S a, p. 38. m Z N Y 1, p. 162, MuHzz, ff. g8n-«)Kb. 112 Z N S Ii, index, Z N Y , c d . , Urunbaev, index, and I I N example*: A q t c m ü i , Z N Y 1, pp. 179,

2o8

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261; Khitay Bahadur, Z N Y i , pp. 1 6 7 , 1 7 0 , 179, 197, 202, 207; Sevinchek Bahadur, Z N Y 1, pp. 234, 270, 2 7 8 , 3 2 3 , 3 3 5 , 354, 3 7 5 , 3 8 1 , 417.

113 The list includes Shaykh T e m ü r , who in 793/1391 is mentioned as emir of a tümen.

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A b a r q u h , 112, 122 ' A b b ä s Qipchaq, Bahadur, 46, 74, 7 6 , 7 8 , 121, 163, 186 n. 131, 199 n. 48 A b d al-Jabbär K h w ä r a z m i , 17 A b d A l l a h b. Qazaghan, of Qara'unas, 34, c

c

44» 47» 55» 5 8 , 64, 164,181 n. 7 6 , 206 n. 49

A b d A l l a h b. Tayghu, 182 n. 6, 183 n. 21 A b d a l - R a h m ä n , tovachi, 100, 124 A b d a l - R a h m ä n Qorchi, 124 A b u I s h ä q , 60, 61 A b u Sa'id, Ilkhan, 177 n. 11 A b u Sa'id b. Tayghu, 183 n. 31 A b ü Sa Id B e s ü d , 158 A b ü ' l - L a y t h Samarqandl, 60 A b ü ' l - M a ' ä l i , K h ä n d z ä d a , of T i r m i d h , 60 Ä d i l A k h t a c h i , 172 'Ädil Malikbt. KayqubädKhuttaläni,57,159 Ä d i l s h ä h Jalayir, 61, 6 2 , 64, 7 5 , 119, 158, 163, 196 n. 60 Afräsiyäb, of L u r - i Buzurg, 92 Agha Begi bt. T e m ü r , 132 A h m a d , Atabeg of L u r - i Buzurg (PIr A h m a d ) , 9 2 , 9 4 , 101 A h m a d b. ' U m a r Shaykh, 140, 186 n . 3 1 , 1 9 9 n . 53 A h m a d Jalayir, Sultän, 7 0 - 3 , 101, 103, c

c

c

c

c

c

' 4 2 - 3 , 199 n. 53

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1 4 2 - 4 , 146, 186 n. 31

81-108.

"Turco-Iranica u: Notes on a Timurid Decree of Eastern

AbäBakrb.

pour

of

l'histoire

Near de

A h m a d b. Shaykh Hasan, 169 A h m a d D ä ' ü d , 169 A h m a d Yasawi, Shaykh, 17 Ajodhan, I i i akhtachi, 170, 172 A l a m u t , 191 Alanjak, 95 A l e p p o , 73 AIT DarwTsh Jalayir, 5 1 - a , 57, 61,63, 15H, C

18311.38

A l i Dai wish Harías, 187 n. 45 ' A l i I . i i a l u . Shah, 191 11. 33 ' A h Kiya, Sayyid, 92

c

' A l ï Mu'ayyad S a b z a w â r î , Khwâja ( S a r b a d â r ) , 95 ' A l ï Shïr N a w à ' ï , 207 n. 103 ' A l ï S i m n â n ï , Khwâja, 168 ' A l ï Sultàn T o v a c h ï , 100 ' A l ï Y a s a ' u r ï , 5 2 , 5 3 , 56, 164, 165 A l l â h d â d , Bahadur, 76, 110, 186 n. 28 Alughu Khan, Chaghadayid, 23 amir, 14, 4 3 , 5 7 ; in Temur's administration, 110, 1 1 9 - 2 0 , 123, 126, 151, 164, 1 7 4 - 5 ,

194 n. 4 , 207 nn. 104, 105, 109; amir al-umarâ', 121, 123-4, 141, 156, 170, 173, 189 n. 76; amir diwân (see also diwâni, diwâniyâri), 165, 169, 175, 185 n. 14, 196 n. 6 0 , 205 nn. 31, 33 A m ï r Kulâl, 178 n. 41 A m ï r W a l l ; see Walï, A m ï r A m ï r à n s h â h b. T e m ù r , 77, 9 3 , 98, 102, 157, 168, 169, 173, 189 n. 81, 200 n. 7 4 ; appointed governor of Khorasan, 7 0 , 8 5 , 189 nn. 76, 87; appointed governor of W . Iran, 72; attempted rebellion, 7 2 - 3 , n o - i i , 114; sons, 8 7 - 8 , 131, 138, 186 n. 3 1 ; after Temur's death, 1 4 1 - 4 A m u l , 17, 9 2 - 5 Anatolia, 1, 10, n , 7 2 - 3 , 80, 90, 9 3 , 103 Andkhud, 17,27,31,51,56,132,140,154-5, 178 n. 41, 181 n. 66 Andijan, 6 2 , 8 5 , 87, 134, 161 Angren River, 23 A n k a r a , 73 A n û s h ï r w â n b. Aqbugha, 85 Apardi tribe, 154-5, 187 n. 3 8 , 200 n. 4 , 203 -4 n. 140; origins, 28, 180 n. 29; within the Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 - 8 , 31, 3 5 , 4 3 - 4 , I 5 9 , 161, 17911.24, 182 nn. 5, 6; during Temiir's rise, 51, 5 6 7; during Temur's reign, 5 9 6 0 , 6 2 , 75 6, 79, «2 3, 8 5 , 8 8 , t H ) , 1H4 11. 67, 185 n. 23, 188 1111. 5 2 , 5 4 , 196 11 6 1 , n l i r r Tcmllr's death, 136, 1411, .199 n S 7 A q b u g h a l l r s u i l , 158

J17

2i8

Index

Index

Aqbugha Nayman, A m i r , 6 0 , 8 5 - 6 , 1 7 3 , 180 n . 4 3 , 1 8 5 n . 2 3 , 187 n . 3 8 , 189 n . 7 6 , 196 n. 61, 199 n. 4 8 , 205 n. 3 3 , 207 n. 105

A q q o y u n l u , 11, 12, 7 2 , 8 5 , 100, 101, 1 0 3 - 4 , 107, i n , 171, 188 n. 6 2 , 193 nn. 6 7 , 7 9 , 194 n. 20

A q t e m i i r , Bahadur, 6 1 , 7 5 - 6 , 8 2 , 119-20, 139, 164, 187 n. 3 5 , 196 n. 64, 203 n. 113, 207 n. 112, 208 n. 114 Arabs, 16, 90, 9 6 - 7 , 1 0 1 , 104 Aras River, 174 A r d a b i l , 144 A r g h u n s h ä h , 131 A r g h u n s h ä h Akhtachi', 172 A r h a n g , 3 5 , 56, 119, 136, 1 5 4 - 5 , 159. 188 n. 54 A r i g h B ö k e , 5 , 14 A r l a t tribe, 155-6; i n Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 - 8 , 3 0 - 1 , 4 3 - 4 , 161, 180 n . 3 1 , 1 8 1 n. 6 6 ,

182 nn. 5, 6; during Temur's rise, 51; during Temur's reign, 5 9 , 6 1 - 2 , 7 9 , 1 1 9 , 187 n. 38; after Temiir's death, 140 A r r a n , 87 A r z u M a l i k bt. B ä y a z l d Jalayir, 158 Ashbara, 87, 116 Astarabad, 70, 137 A t Bashi, 182 atabeg, 92, 94, 101-2, 171 A w n i k , 122 Azerbaijan, 11, 87, 9 5 , 102, 129,131, 138, 141-4,146, 168,174

Babur, Zahir a l - D i n , 161, 163, 172, 204 n. 2 Badakhshan, 21, 2 5 , 2 7 - 8 , 4 4 , 4 7 , 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 4 , 5 6 , 5 7 . 9 9 . 1 5 6 . 182 n . 6

Badghis, 25, 9 1 , 1 6 0 Badr a l - D î n , M a w l ä n ä , 53 Baghdad, 1 1 , 7 2 - 3 , 8 7 , 9 5 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 3 , i n , 122, 157,172

Baghlan, 24, 2 5 , 27, 6 0 , 7 5 , 81, 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 - 1 , 187 nn. 4 8 , 50 B a h â ' a l - D î n , S h ä h , o f Badakhshan, 47, 156 bahadur, 7, 120, 123, 1 7 4 - 5 , 207 n. 109 B a h r ä m Jalayir, 3 8 , 4 6 , 4 9 , 5 1 - 2 , 54, 57, 6 1 , 6 3 - 4 , 75, 82, 1 5 8 - 9 , 181 n. 7 5 , 202 n. 68

bäj, 168, 171 Bakht M a l i k Agha Y a s a ' u r î , 165 Baktut b. Uladu b. Sali Noyan, 2 5 , 1 6 0 , 179 n. 22 Balkh, 4 , 2 4 - 5 , 2 7 , 3 2 , 3 4 - 5 . 4 6 , 4 9 - 5 1 . 5 4 ~ 7 , 6 0 , 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 - 3 , 122, 124, 1 3 2 - 4 , 1 3 6 , 164, 181 n . 66, 187 n. 4 2 , 195 n. 23, 197 n. 71

Balkhash, Lake, 4 Baluch, 101 Banu, 198 n. 9 Baraka, Sayyid, 5 6 - 7 , 178 n. 4 1 , 1 8 4 n. 57 Baraq, Chaghadayid khan, 23 Barlas tribe, 1 , 6 0 , 1 5 6 - 7 , 1 8 5 n. 12,198 n. 19;

position within Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 - 8 , 3 1 , 3 5 . 3 7 , 3 9 . 4 3 - 5 . r 6 4 ; leadership, 2 8 , 3 2 , 3 8 , 180 nn. 3 1 , 4 2 , 4 4 , 1 8 1 n. 52; troops, 3 1 , 3 4 ;

during Temiir's rise to power, 4 6 - 7 , 4 9 , 5 2 , 5 8 , 6 2 - 3 ; during Temiir's rule, 7 4 , 7 6 , 7 9 - 8 3 . 8 5 - 6 , 8 8 , 1 1 9 - 2 4 , 126, 151, 173-4, 186 n. 26, 187 n. 3 5 , 188 n. 58, 197 nn. 71,

76; after Temiir's death, 7 9 , 132-3, 135-6, 142

B a r q ü q , Mamluk sultan, 168 Bash Khamra, 116 Basin, 190 Basra, 87, 9 5 , 1 1 2 bavurchi, 170, 172 B ä y a z l d Borloday, 135 B â y a z î d Jalayir, 2 7 , 4 5 , 4 7 - 8 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 61, 8 2 , 158, 183 n. 21 B â y a z î d , Ottoman sultan, 7 3 , 1 0 3 Baylaqan, 87 B a y r â m Şüfî b. Yûsuf Şüfî, 193 beg, 3 0 , 31, 207 n. 103 Beg M a l i k Agha bt. K h w ä j a Yûsuf A p a r d i , 155

beglerbeg, 173 B e s ü d tribe, 157-8 Bikesh b. Melesh A p a r d i , 189 n. 67 B i r d i B e g b . Saribugha Jalayir, 1 2 2 , 1 3 4 , 1 5 8 , 188 n. 51, 196 nn. 6 0 , 6 8 Blue Horde (sometimes called White H o r d e ) , 11,69-70

bökevül, 170, 172 B o l a d Ch'eng Hsiang, 9 Borolday tümen, 3 3 - 4 , 4 4 , 4 9 , 78, 154, 158, 1 6 0 - 1 , 200 n. 4

Borolday Orona'ut, emir of the Qara'unas, 2 5 , 3 4 , 4 4 , 158, 160, 187 n. 50

B u h l ü l b. Muhammad Darwish Barlas, 189 n. 81 Bukhara, 3 7 - 8 , 5 3 , 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 122, 124, 131, 140, 164, 181 n. 6 5 , 195 n. 23, 197 n. 71 Bursa, 168 B u r u j i r d , 87 Burunduq b. J a h ä n s h ä h Barlas, 121 Buyan Qa'uchin, 124, 143, 197 n. 71 Buyan Q u l i Khan, 4 4 , 182 n. 6 Buyan Suldus, 27, 3 4 , 4 4 , 4 7 - 8 , 5 4 - 5 , 57, 6 4 , 119, 1 6 4 , 1 8 2 n. 6, 184 n. 54

B u y a n T e m ü r b . Aqbugha, 6 0 , 7 6 , 8 2 - 3 , 1 5 4 , 185 n. 22, 187 n. 3 8 , 188 n. 5 2 , 196 n. 6 1 , 199 n. 57 Buyan T e m ü r b. Bekichek, 102 Caucasus, 7 1 - 2 Chaghadai, son of Chinggis Khan, 1 , 4 , 23, 2 8 , 3 1 , 155-8, 1 6 0 , 1 6 3 , 186 n. 31

Chaghadayid dynasty, 9 - 1 1 , 13, 1 6 , 2 1 - 8 , 3 3 , 36,39,41-3,51,54-5,57-8,71,149,155-7, 159, 163-4, ' 7 7 " - i ' . 184 n. 63

Chaghadayid khanate (see also eastern Chaghadayids), 1, 6 - 7 , 9 - 1 1 , 13, 21, 2 3 - 8 , 3 5 - 6 , 3 9 , 4 2 , 6 9 , 155-7, 159^60,163, 177 n . n , 179 nn. 19, 22 Chaghaniyan, 27, 3 2 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 5 6 , 7 9 , 8 2 , 133, 164, 1 8 1 n . 66

Chekene Barlas tribe, 180 n. 44, 181 n . 52 C h e k ü Barlas, 4 7 , 5 6 - 8 , 6 0 , 7 4 - 5 , 8 1 , 121, 124, 141, 1 5 7 - 9 ,

l 6 l

> 7 3 , 1 8 7 n. 48 r

cherik, 9 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 Cherkes Such'i, 172 China, 3 - 7 , 9 - 1 0 , 1 3 - 1 4 , 2 1 , 3 5 , 7 3 , 9 8 , 124, 173, 186 n . 27

Chinggis K h a n , 1 - 7 , 1 0 , 1 3 - 1 5 , 2 3 , 2 8 , 3 4 , 3 9 , 57,66,71,83-4,88,123,151,156,158,163, 1 7 2 , 1 8 2 n. 14, 186 n . 3 1 , 188 n. 63

Chinggisid dynasty, 3 , 5 , 7 , 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 5 , 4 3 , 5 7 , 9 0 , 1 5 6 , 1 9 3 n. 73

Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de, 15-16, 3 7 , 4 5 - 6 , 7 3 , 8 1 , 1 0 4 , 1 7 3 , 1 9 3 nn. 6 1 , 67

D ä ' ü d Dughlat, A m ï r , 4 6 , 5 7 , 6 2 , 7 4 , 7 8 , 121 D ä d m a l i k Barlas, 187 n. 35 Damascus, 1 7 , 7 3 , 9 5 , 103, n o ,

114,168,

219

eastern Chaghadayid khanate, 11, 13, 24, 4 5 - 6 , 4 9 , 5 8 , 6 9 , 7 1 , 9 0 , 1 0 2 , 1 5 9 , 198 n . 19

E d i g ü , of Golden Horde, 103 E d i g ü Barlas, 81, 9 9 , 110, 191 n. 3 3 , 197 nn. 71, 76 Egypt, 103 Elchi,75,85 Elchi Bugha, 208 n. 112 E y e g ü T e m ü r , 7 5 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 4 , 1 7 1 , 194 n . 21, 203 n. 113 Fakhr al-Din A h m a d , Khwäja, 1 1 5 , 1 6 9 , 194 n. 15 Farah, 137, 138, 191 n. 33 F a r h ä d Apardi', 5 1 , 1 6 1 F a r h ä d Qara'unas, see F a r h ä d Apardi' Faraj, M a m l u k sultan, 168 Fars, 1 1 , 7 1 , 8 5 - 7 , 9 1 , 9 5 , 9 9 , n o , 112, 131, 1 3 9 , 1 4 2 , 1 6 0 , i 9 3 n . 6 9 , i 9 6 n . 6 8 , 2 0 5 n. 33

Faryab, 155 F a r y ü m a d î , 161 Feili tribe, 101, 193 n. 59 Ferghana Valley, 2 2 , 3 5 , 6 0 , 6 9 , 9 0 - 1 , 182 n. 16 Firuzkuh, 122, 138

174, 191 n. 30

Damghan, 9 5 , 140, 193 n . 67 D ä r al-Fath, Yazd, 116 D a r b a n d , 72 darugha, 7, 6 0 , 6 2 , 8 3 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 105, 111-12, 114-16,121-6,143,169-72,174, i 8 8 n . 5 i , 1 9 0 n n . 1 , 1 5 , 1 9 5 n. 2 3 , 1 9 6 - 7 n n . 6 7 , 6 8 , 7 1

Dasht-i Qipchaq (see also Qipchaq Steppe), 6 2 , 7 0 , 9 0 , 101, 106, 112, 188 n. 5 8 Dastür al-kätib, 172, 174, 204 n . i Dastür al-wuzarä', 19, 113, 194 n . i Dawlat Geldi bt. Payanda Sultän Barlas, 157 Dawlat Khwäja A b ï w a r d î , 93 D a w l a t Khwäja ï n a q , m Dawlat T e m ü r Suldus, tovachï, 8 2 , 164, 196 n. 64, 203 n. 140, 204 n. 141 Daylamites, 9 6 - 7 D e l h i , i , 4 4 , 72, i n , 168, 1 9 4 n . 6 D h ü ' l Qadr, 101 D i l s h ä d Agha, wife of A m ï r Husayn, 57, 155 diwän, 1 0 0 , 1 0 9 - 1 1 , 1 1 3 - 1 7 , 146, 1 6 7 - 7 2 , 175, 194 n. 8, 204 nn. 10, 11, 205 n. 2 1 ; provincial diwâns, 110-11, 113-17, 167-8,

204 n. \ 1; diwän-i a lä, 109-10, 114-15, 167, 169, 175, 194 n. 4 , 204 n. \o\ diwän-i buzurg, 109, 169-71, 175; diwän-i khässa, 168; diwän-i khäss, 168; diwäni, diwäniyän. 169, 174-5, 205 n. 31 (see ulso amir diwän) Diyar Hakr, 11, 87 Dughlat tribe, 46, 6 2 , 69 dologhan jachan, see Duhm Juwun Dulaii lawiin, 33 4 , 4 9 . V ' c

Ganges River, 72 G a w h a r s h ä d bt. G h i y ä t h a l - D î n T a r k h a n , 1 8 6 n . 31 Geikhatu K h a n , 9 Georgia, Georgians, 1 7 , 7 1 , 7 3 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 9 3 , 142,168-9,174

Ghancha, see hazära-i ghancha Gharjistan, 9 7 , 101, 193 n. 60 Ghazan K h a n , Ilkhan, 7, 9 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 160, 192 n. 4 0 ghäzi, 9 7 Ghazna, 2 5 , 179 n. 22 Ghaznevid dynasty, 192 n. 3 8 , 193 n n . 5 9 , 60 G h i y ä t h a l - D î n K a r t , M a l i k , 70, 156 G h i y ä t h a l - D î n , Sayyid, of Sari and A m u l , 9 2 - 3 , 190 n. 11 G h i y ä t h al-Din Sätär S i m n â n î , 1 1 6 , 1 4 0 , 1 6 9 G h i y ä t h a l - D i n Tarkhan, 7 5 , 186 n . 3 1 , 189 n. 7 0 Ghur, Ghurs, 9 7 , 1 0 1 , 1 3 7 - 8 , 1 9 3 - 6 0 Ghurid dynasty, 193 n. 59 Ghuristan, 91 Gilan, 71, 9 2 - 3 , 189 n. 8 1 , 1 9 0 n . 18 Golden Horde, 1 , 6 - 9 , 11, 14, 2 3 , 3 5 , 7 1 - 2 , n

1 0 2 - 4 , 107, 171, 173, 177 n. 12, 192 n . 4 2 , '207 11. 103

governors, governorships: of cities, regions (see also darugha, hakim), 79 8 0 , 9 5 , 9 9 , 126, 18711.42, 1971111. 7 4 , 7 6 ; o l provinces, 7 0 , 7 2 , Hi ,8S 8 , 9 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 4 , 1 6 2 , 1 7 3 , 1K9 nn. 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 6

türrxrn,

14, .S7

220

Index

Index

Gurziwan, 61, 155, 187 n . 3 8 G ü y ü g Khan, 4

Ilkhanid dynasty, 5 - 7 , 9 , n - 1 2 , 2 4 - 5 , 2 7 - 8 ,

Häfiz-i A b r û , 25, 133, 135, 161, 163, 173,

I l y âs Y a s a ' u r î , 164-5 Ilyâs Khwaja b. Tughluq T e m ü r Khan, eastern Chaghadayid, 4 8 , 5 8 , 60 I m â d al-Dîn of Simnan, 191 n. 34 India, Indians, 1 0 , 1 7 , 4 4 , 7 2 , 8 0 , 8 6 - 7 , 9 0 , 9 5 ,

179 n. 2 2 , 1 8 1 n. 7 6 , 182 n. 10, 188 n . 5 4 , 191 n. 31, 196 n. 68

Haftiqlim, 161 Hâjjî Beg Barlas, 27, 3 8 , 4 4 - 8 , 6 2 - 3 , 8 1 , 8 3 ,

97-9,107,116-17,155-6,159-60,164,167, 1 7 0 - 2 , 177 n. 11, 2 0 4 n . i , 2 0 5 n . 14

c

1 5 7 , 1 6 4 , 183 n. 21, 187 n. 45

Häjjl Beg Jawun-i Qurban, 95, 112 Häjjl M a h m ü d s h ä h Y a s a ' u r î , 3 7 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 5 2 - 3 , 6 1 , 8 2 , 119, 1 6 4 - 5 , ! 8 5 n. 14, 1 8 8 n . 57

Hajji Tarkhan,72 hâkim (see also darugha), 1 7 0 , 1 8 7 n. 3 8 , 190 n. i Hamadan, 8 7 , 1 9 0 n. 2 H a m i d Kera'it, A m i r , 4 6 , 4 8 Hamza b. M ü s ä Taychi'ut, 85 Hasan K h w ä r a z m l , Sayyid, 205 n. 25 Hasan J ä n d ä r , 199 n. 48 Haydar A n d k h ü d î , 183 n. 31 Haydar Kiyä, Sayyid, 191 n. 18 Hazar Jarib, 140,191 n . 34 hazara, 3 1 , 3 4 , 7 9 , 8 5 , 1 3 3 , 1 6 4 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 2 n. 16, 187 n. 34; hazâra-i ghanche, 51 Helmand River, 138 Herat, 1 1 , 1 7 , 4 4 , 4 8 , 5 3 , 7 0 , 9 1 , 9 4 - 5 , 115, 1 2 2 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 8 - 9 , r § 5 - 6 , 160, 1 6 2 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 8 - 9 , 183 n. 4 5 , 187 n. 3 8 , 1 8 9 n . 7 6 , 193 n. 6 0 , 1 9 4 n. 15, 204 n. 2

H i l l a , 87 Hindustan (see also India), 132 Hisar-i Shadman: see Shadman H i m s , 73 Hsiung-nu, 186 n. 29 Hiilegii Khan, Ilkhan, 6, 8 7 , 1 1 7 , 160 Husayn, Barlas, Bahadur, 57, 7 4 , 1 3 4 ,

9 8 , 1 0 0 , 111-12, 116, 131, 133, 156, 159, 174, 191 n. 3 3 , 1 9 5 n . 2 3 , 198 n. 9

injii, 13 iqtâ , 9, 97, 192 n. 39 c

I r a n , 2 , 4 - 7 , 9 - 1 1 , 13, 1 5 - 1 6 , 7 7 , 1 0 1 , 103-4, 106, 125, 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 , 144, 159, 176 n. 9 , 190 nn. 11, 1 5 , 1 9 3 n. 5 9 , 1 9 5 n. 23; con­

quest, 7 0 - 3 ; administration, 8 6 - 7 , 114-18, 142; Iranians within the administration,

3 4 , 3 7 , 4 4 , 47-59, 6 1 - 5 , 7 5 , 8 1 , i33~4, 1 5 4 - 6 , 158-62 passim, 164, 182 n. 6, 183 nn. 20, 21, 2 5 , 3 1 , 1 8 4 nn. 5 4 , 5 7 , 185 n. 11

Husayn Bayqara, Sultän, 204 n. 2 Husayn Şüfî Qungirat, of Khorezm, 69

I r a q , 'Iraqis, 80, 8 5 - 7 , 9 0 , 94, 9 6 , 9 9 , 101-3, 112, 114, 1 3 2 , 1 3 6 - 7 , 1 4 1 - 3

I r a q - i °Ajam, 94, 143 I r y a b , 1 1 2 , 116 î s â A r t u q i , Sultân, 190 n . 7 Isfahan, 71, 87, 9 1 , 9 8 - 9 , 112, 1 4 2 - 3 , 168,

c

c

171, 189 n. 8 1 , 1 9 2 n. 4 0 , 196 n. 68

Isfizar, 122 Iskandar b. U m a r Shaykh, 7 7 , 87, 1 0 2 , 1 3 9 , 169

Iskandar Shaykhl, of Mazandaran, 7 3 , 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 112, 1 2 2 , 1 7 5

Islam Agha bt. Khidr Y a s a ' u r î , 57 I s m â ' î l Safawî, S h â h , 117 Ismat Allâh B u k h â r î , 109 Issyk K u l , 23 î t i l m î s h Qa'uchin, 186 n . 28 Izz a l - D î n , M a l i k , Atabeg of L u r - i Kuchik, 94, 190 n. 7 I z z a l - D î n b. I m â d al-Din S i m n â n î , Sayyid,

c

c

c

c

140,191 n. 34 c

Izz a l - D î n S h î r K u r d , M a l i k , 9 3 , 1 0 1 , 1 4 4 , 190 nn. 2 , 1 5

J a h â n g î r b . T e m ü r , 54, 77, 8 8 , 1 5 9 , 165, 183 n. 4 5 , 1 8 5 n . 2 4 , 190 n. 87

J a h â n m a l i k b. M u l k a t , 139, 146, 163, 199 nn. 4 8 , 5 7

J a h â n s h a h b. C h e k ü Barlas, 81, 83, 8 6 , 1 2 1 , I b n A r a b s h ä h , A h m a d , 27, 3 5 , 3 7 , 4 5 - 6 , 7 4 , c

116, 135, 1 5 5 - 6 , 158, 185 n . 10

I b n K h a l d ü n , 17 I b r ä h i m b. Qara T J t h m ä n A q q o y u n l u , 103 I b r ä h l m Sultân b. S h ä h r u k h , 87 I b r ä h i m s h ä h , A m i r , of Kurdistan, 190 n. 2 Ijal b. A m î r â n s h â h , 186 n . 31 Ijal b. Qarachar Barlas, 157 il, 29 Ildiz b. Qarachar Barlas, 157 Hi River, 23, 60

1 0 3 - 5 , 129, 136, 1 4 2 , 1 4 4 , 167, 172, 191 n. 18, 204 n. 1

Jam (Torbat-i Shaykh-i Jam), 1 7 , 4 4 Jam? al-tawârikh of R a s h î d a l - D î n , 157 J a m s h î d Q â r i n of Quhistan, 9 5 , 9 9 jarghuchi: see yarghuchi jasagh: see yasa Jawun-i Q u r b a n , 5 3 , 7 0 , 9 3 , 9 5 , 1 3 6 - 7 , 1 5 4 , 180 n. 5 1 , 200 n . 4, 204 n. 140 Jaxartes River, 69, 134, 137 Jesike K h i t a y , 196 n. 64 Jibal, 101 Jochi, son of Chinggis Khan, 4 , 6 , 1 6 0 Jochid dynasty, 6, n , 13, 9 0 , 159-60, 179 n. 20, 193 n. 73 Juwayn, 9 5 , 160

9 0 - 6 , 105 c

185 n. 1 2 , 1 9 6 n. 6 2 , 198 n. 19

Husayn b. M u s a l â , emir of Qara'unas, 2 7 - 8 ,

Jalayirid dynasty, n , 7 0 - 3 , 80, 9 4 , 1 0 0 - 1 ,

1 2 4 , 1 4 1 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 8 , 1 7 3 , 1 8 6 n. 2 8 , 1 8 7 n. 4 8 , 188 n. 54

Jalâl i s l â m , 100, ı ı o - ı ı , 116, 168, 1 9 4 n . 9 Jalâl a l - D î n , Khwaja, 114 Jalayir tribe, 158; origins, 2 8 , 3 9 ; within the Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 - 8 , 3 1 - 2 , 35, 3 8 , 4 3 , 4 5 - 7 , 120, 163, 180 nn. 3 1 , 4 2 , 181 n. 7 5 ; during T e m ü r ' s rise, 4 7 , 5 1 - 2 , 5 7 , 6 3 , 7 5 - 6 , 79, 8 1 - 2 ; during T e m ü r ' s reign, 6 1 - 2 , 64, 8 5 , 8 8 , 119, 151, 185 n. 23, 196 n. 60; after T e m ü r ' s death, 134-5

K a b u l , 2 4 - 5 , 4 7 , 5 4 , 7 5 , 8 5 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 8 , 132, 157, 173

Kalat, 138 K a m â l a l - D î n , Sayyid, of A m u l , 9 4 Kart dynasty, 11, 17, 48, 5 2 - 3 , 70, 91, 9 4 - 5 , 104, 1 5 5 - 6 , 182 n. 5 , 193 n. 60

Kashan, 9 8 , 101, 104, 112, 193 n. 59 Kashghar, 8 5 , 8 7 - 8 , 161 Kashka River, 37 Kashmir, 114, 159, 167 K a t , 61, 6 9 kotwâl, 170 Kaykhusraw K h u t t a l â n î , 2 7 , 3 5 , 4 8 - 5 0 , 5 4 - 7 , 6 0 - 1 , 6 4 , 7 5 , 136, 159, 188 n. 5 8 , 202 n. 68 K a y q u b â d K h u t t a l â n î , 57, 64, 159 Kebeg K h a n , Chaghadayid, 9 , 24, 28, 3 3 - 4 , 4 9 - 5 0 , 8 3 , 1 6 3 - 4 , 172, 177 n. 11, 179 n. 2 2 ;

tümen of Kebeg Khan, 34, 83 Kebekchi Y u r t c h i , 174 K e r a ' i t , 4 6 , 48 K e r m a n , n , 8 1 , 9 5 , 99, n o , 131, 143, 160, 1 6 8 - 9 , 191

3 3 , 1 9 5 n . 5 3 , 97 nn. 71, 76 l

keshig, 172 Khalaj, 9 7 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 4 , 193 n . 59 K h a l i l Sultan b. A m î r â n s h â h , 7 7 , 87, 109, 122, 1 3 1 - 4 0 , 142, 1 4 6 - 7 , 197 n. 2

K h â n d z â d a shaykhs of T i r m i d h , 57, 60 kharâj, 37, 1 6 7 - 8 khazanchi, 170-1 k h a z î n a , 171 Khidr Khwâja K h a n , eastern Chaghadayid, 71

Khidr Y a s a ' u r î , 27, 4 6 - 7 , 52, 5 7 , 6 0 , 164-5 Khitay Qipchaq, Bahadur, 74, 8 5 , 86, 120, 163, 197 n. 68, [99 n. 48, 208 nn. 112, 114 Khiva, 4 8 , 69 Khorasan, 11,17, 22. 2 4 - 5 , 2 7 - 8 , 34, 4 5 , 48, 5 2 - 3 . 5 5 . 6 1 , 6 3 , 9 0 . 117, 133, 154 o, 159 6 2 , 164, 180 11. 51, 181 nn. 66, 7 6 ,

182 n. 5 , 187 n. 50; conquest, 70; adınlni»-

221

tration,77,85-7,9i, i n , 115-16,168,173, 1 8 6 n . 2 8 , 1 8 8 n. 5 2 , 1 8 9 n n . 7 0 , 7 6 ; soldiers of, 8 0 , 8 2 , 9 7 - 1 0 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 3 2 , 1 9 3 nn. 59,61;

local rulers and emirs, 9 3 - 5 , 105, 121-2, 126, 1 2 9 , 1 3 7 - 8 , 152, 174, 191 n. 3 0 ; after T e m ü r ' s death, 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 - 2 , 135, 1 3 7 - 4 2 , 146

Khorezm, Khorezmians, 2, 1 1 , 4 4 , 6 0 - 1 , 63, 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 5 , 8 2 , 9 0 , 9 2 , 9 5 , 102, 1 2 1 - 2 , 137, 185 n. 6, 196 n. 67, 197 n. 71

K h u d ä w a n d Muhammad of A l a m u t , 191 n. 18 K h u d ä y d ä d b . Husayn Barlas, 134-6, 185 n. 12, 196 n. 6 2 , 198 n. 19 K h u d ä y d ä d b. Khitay, 196 n. 64 Khujand, 27, 3 5 , 37, 47, 52, 61, 79, 134, 158 K h u l m , 3 4 , 4 9 , 56 khuriltay, 50, 5 9 , 70, 73, 174 khutba, 16, i n Khuttalan, 27, 3 5 , 49, 5 1 - 2 , 56, 5 9 - 6 1 , 7 9 , 8 2 - 3 , 119, 136, 154-5, 159-60, 182 n. 6, 187 n. 3 8 , 188 nn. 5 4 , 58

K h u t t a l â n î emirs, 159; within Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 - 8 , 31. 35. 3 9 . 4 3 - 4 , 154. 180 n. 29; during T e m ü r ' s rise, 4 8 - 5 2 , 5 4 - 7 ; during T e m ü r ' s reign, 6 0 - 4 , 75, 78, 8 2 - 3 , 119, 188 n. 58; after T e m ü r ' s death, 136; tümen of Khuttalan, 3 5 , 188 n. 58 Khuzistan, 101 Khwäja A l î b. Khwäja Yûsuf A p a r d i , 136, 155, 187 n. 38, 188 n. 54 Khwäja Yûsuf A p a r d i , 5 9 , 75, 8 2 - 3 , 136, c

1 5 4 - 5 , 1 8 8 n. 54

Khwäja Yûsuf M e r k i t , 196 n. 59 K h w ä n d a m l r , G h i y ä t h a l - D î n , 19, 114 Kish, 27, 3 4 - 5 , 3 7 , 4 4 - 8 , 5 3 - 5 , 157, 162 Kishiliq (Qishliq), 186 n. 31 Kiyä M a l i k H a z â r a s p î , 191 n. 18 K ü n c h e Oghlan, of Golden H o r d e , 103 Kurdistan, Kurds, 7 1 - 3 , 87, 9 6 - 7 , 101, 136, 142, 144, 190 n. 2, 193 n. 61 La°l Barlas, 186 n. 28 L ä l a b . Qarachar Barlas, 157 L ä h m Bahadur Qa'uchin, 112 Lashgar S h ä h of Badaksshan, 156 L u g h m ä n b. T a g h a y t e m ü r , of Mazandaran, 137, 190 n. 4 L u r - i Buzurg, 9 2 , 9 4 , 101 Lur-i Kuchik, 87, 94, 101, 171, 190 n. 7 Luristan, Lurs, 7 1 - 2 , 101, 193 n. 59 Lu{f A l l a h , grandson of Aqbugha Nayman, 205 n. 3 3 , 207 n. 105 Mahmud Slulmb. Khwnja, 111, 194 n. 15 Mahiiuiilsliali Yusii'url, see Ha||l M11 In 111K Khali Makinin. ,|M. 53, lH\ 11 41

222

Index

Index

mâl, 167; mäl-i diwän,

37, i n ;

mäl-iamän,

93, 110,168,171

M a l i k Muhammad K a r t , 155 M a l i k Muhammad U b a h l : see Muhammad Übahî M a l i k Shams al-DIn G h u r ï : see Shams a l - D ï n Ghurï M a m l u k sultanate, 1 2 , 7 3 , 1 0 3 , 1 6 8 M a n ş û r Muzaffarï, S h ä h , 7 2 , 9 5 , 172 Maragha, 142, 144 M a r d i n , 87, 101, 19ün. 7 marriages: T i m u r i d dynasty, 54, 56, 6 0 , 7 8 , 155-6, 157-9,

I 0

5 , 186 n. 31, 188 n. 5 8 ;

tribal, 51, 52, 57, 155, 158-9, 164, 165; Chaghadayid, 51, 54, 57, 155-6, 158-9 M a r w , 5 2 , 5 5 , 1 8 5 n . 11 Mashhad-Tus, 53, 7 0 , 1 3 6 - 7 , 1 3 9 , 1 8 0 n. 51 M a s ü d Sabzawârï, Khwäja, Sarbadär, 95, c

122,137

M a s ü d S i m n ä n i , K h w ä j a , n o - i i , 168 M a s ü d s h ä h , of L u r - i Buzurg, 92 M a w d ü d G h u r ï , 138 Maymana, 155 Mazandaran, Mazarandarani, 11, 17, 7 0 , c

c

7 2 - 3 , 9 2 - 3 , 9 5 , 9 8 - 9 , 101, 1 0 5 , 1 2 9 , 131, 137, 1 7 5 , 1 9 0 n. 4 , 191 nn. 18, 30

M a z ï d Barlas, 197 nn. 71, 76 Melesh Apardi', 189 n . 67 Mengli Bugha Suldus, 4 9 - 5 0 , 79, 133, 164, 183 n. 31, 184 n. 54, 198 n. 9 M e r k i t tribe, 46, 9 9 , 180 n. 3 1 , 182 n. 16, 1 9 6 n . 59 M i d r a b b . C h e k ü Barlas, 112, 1 4 0 , 1 7 3 , 187 n. 4 8 , 199 n . 53 M ï r a k ( P ï r a k ) , 196 n. 62 M i r k h w ä n d , Muhammad b. K h w ä n d s h ä h , 155

Moghulistan, Moghuls, see also eastern Chaghadayid khanate), 24, 29, 56, 8 7 , 9 0 , ı o o - ı , 106, 122, 169, 182 n. 16, 196 n. 6 8 ; relations w i t h Ulus Chaghatay, 38, 4 5 - 5 2 , 54, 5 8 , 6 3 - 4 , 1 5 8 - 6 0 p a s s i m , 1 6 3 - 4 ,

184 n. 51; campaigns i n , 6 0 - 2 , 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 5 ; M o g h u l emirs i n Temiir's army, 8 5 , 102, 104, 193 nn. 6 8 , 73; as synonym for Chaghatay or Turco-Mongolian, 9 9 , 192 n. 5 3 ; after Temiir's death, 135 M ö n g k e K h a n , 4, 1 5 9 , 1 9 0 n. 10 M o n g o l Empire, 2; administration, 3, 5 , 7 - 9 , 123-4; formation of Turco-Mongolian tradition, 6 - 7 ; traditions i n Temiir's time, 3 , 1 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 8 , 107, 113, 1 2 4 - 6 , 149-50, 152, 1 5 6 - 7 , 1 7 0 - 2 , 176 n . 9

Moscow, i , 72 movement of peoples, 8 0 , 1 0 2 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 6 , 1 5 0 , 193 n . 67 Mu'ayyad A r l a t , 5 6 - 7 , 6 2 , 7 4 , 155 M u b ä r a k s h ä h Khan b. Qara Hiilegii, 23, 25

M u b ä r a k s h a h M e r k i t , 182 n . 16 M u b ä r a k s h ä h Sanjari, T u r k m e n , 4 8 , 5 2 , 183 n. 45 Mubashshir K a r t î , of Khorasan, 9 4 - 5 , 1 9 1 n . 20 mufarrid, 169 M u h a m m a d Darwish b. B ä y a z l d Jalayir, 61 M u h a m m a d Darwish Barlas, 8 3 , 1 8 7 n . 45 M u h a m m a d Haydar Dughlat, M i r z ä , 161, 207 n. 109 M u h a m m a d J a h â n g î r b. Muhammad Sultän, 197 n. 2 M u h a m m a d K a r t , M a l i k : see M a l i k Muhammad K a r t M u h a m m a d Khwäja A p a r d i , 1 5 4 - 5 , 1 6 1 , 179 n . 24, 182 n. 6 M u h a m m a d M i r k ä b. Shîr Bahrain K h u t t a l â n î , 61, 159, 188 n. 58 M u h a m m a d Sultân b. J a h â n g î r , 77, 7 8 , 8 5 , 8 7 122, 134, 190 n. 87, 196-7 n. 68 M u h a m m a d S u l t ä n s h ä h , of Khorasan, 9 3 - 5 , i n , 115, 173, 189 n. 81, 197 n. 7 4 M u h a m m a d Tughluq, Sultan of D e l h i , 44 M u h a m m a d Ü b a h î , M a l i k , 95 muhaşşil, n o , 115, 169-71 muhr-i khäss, 171 muhrdär, 112, 121, 123-4, 170-1 MuHzzal-ansäb,

19, 9 3 , 1 1 9 - 2 0 , 1 5 6 - 7 , 1 6 2 ,

1 6 7 , 1 7 1 - 5 , 187 n . 4 5 , 1 9 4 n . i , 198 n. 19, 205 n. 31

M u i z z al-Din Husayn K a r t , M a l i k , 4 8 , 5 2 - 4 , 155, 182 nn. 5, 6 M u l ü k S a b z a w ä n , S a r b a d ä r , 9 3 , 9 5 , 112 Muntakhab al-tawärlkh, of M u î n al-Dîn N a t a n z î , 160-1 M u r â d Barlas, 57 MüsâTaychi'ut, 49,51-4,56,59,64,85,158, 180 n. 4 3 , 189 n. 70 M ü s â k a b. C h a n g î Qa'uchin, 196 n. 6 7 , 197 n. 71 Muzaffar al-Dîn N a t a n z î , 1 1 0 , 1 1 4 Muzaffarid dynasty of Fars, 11, 7 1 - 2 , 9 1 - 2 , 9 4 - 5 , 104, 191 n. 18 c

c

55, 148,181 n. 66; i n T e m ü r ' s army, 101; non-Chaghatay nomads, 1 0 0 - 6 , 1 2 8 - 9 , 1 4 2 - 3 , 193 n . 5 9

noyan, 7 N ü r m a l i k Barlas, 159 Ögödei Khan, 4 - 5 , 1 5 9 - 6 0 oghlan, 193 n . 73 Öljey Bugha Suldus, 2 7 , 4 6 , 4 9 - 5 0 , 8 2 , 1 3 3 , 164

Öljeytü K h a n , 25 Öljeytü Apardi', 5 3 - 4 , 5 6 - 7 , 59, 8 3 , 1 5 4 , 182 n. 6, 184 n . 6 7 , 1 8 7 n. 3 8 , 1 8 8 n. 54

Olmes b. T ü m e n , 4 9 Orona'ut tribe, 154, 1 6 0 , 1 8 0 n . 31 Ottoman dynasty, 2, 7 3 , 103 Oxus River, 2 2 , 2 4 - 5 , 2 7 , 3 7 , 4 5 - 6 , 4 8 , 5 0 , 7 1 , 132-3,154

Oyirat tribe, 8 7 , 1 0 1 , 1 5 4 Oyirat Mongols, 10 Ö z b e k K h a n of Golden H o r d e , 7 , 9 Pamir Mountains, 4 , 22 P ä y a n d a Sultän Barlas, 157 personal following, followers, 5 1 , 5 3 , 182 n. 14; membership, 4 5 - 6 , 7 4 - 5 , 163; as T e m ü r ' s elite, 66, 6 9 , 7 4 - 8 , 8 3 - 4 , 1 5 0 - 2 ; military command, 7 6 - 7 ; intermarriage w i t h dynasty, 7 8 , 186 n. 31; i n armies of princes, 85^6; relations w i t h princes, 8 6 - 7 ; ranks, 119-20; offices, 121-4, 171; after T e m ü r ' s death, 1 3 4 - 5 , 1 3 8 - 4 3 , 145 Persian bureaucrats, 1 0 8 - 1 1 , 1 1 3 - 1 8 , 125-6, 1 6 7 - 9 , ! 9 4 n. 4 , 204 n. 10

Pîr Pîr Pîr Pîr

c

A h m a d of L u r - i Buzurg: see A h m a d A h m a d Barlas, 173 A h m a d S ä w a ' i , 190 n. 2 A l î T â z b. Mengli Bugha Suldus, 79, 8 2 ,

112, 1 3 2 - 4 , 136, 164, 198 n. 9 , 204 n. 141

P î r Husayn Barlas, 200 n . 7 4 P î r M u h a m m a d b. J a h â n g î r , 7 7 , 8 5 , 8 8 , 128, 1 3 1 - 5 , 139-41- 146, 1 5 5 , 1 6 5 , 1 7 8 n. 4 3 , 189 nn. 7 0 , 81, 190 n. 87

P î r M u h a m m a d b. U m a r Shaykh, 7 7 , 8 6 - 7 , c

Naqshbandi order, 17 Nâşir a l - D î n U m a r , M a w l ä n ä , 111 N a ş r A l l â h T a m g h a c h î , 171 nâyib, 111, 194 n. 12 Nayman tribe, 27, 3 2 , 3 5 , 6 0 , 7 4 , 1 5 4 , 186 n. 26, 196 n. 59 N e g ü d e r , Mongol commander, 160 N e g ü d e r î tribe, 25, 160-1, 182 n. 6 Nishapur, 180 N ü k ü z tribe, 3 2 , 4 6 , 7 4 Nihawand, 87, 197 nn. 7 1 , 7 6 N î k r û z Jawun-i Qurban, 93 nöker, 9 9 , 171 nomadism: in the Ulus Chaghatay, 3 6 - 8 , 4 6 , c

9 2 , 9 9 , 110, 114, 139, 169

P î r Muhammad K a r t , 155-6 P î r ( P î r a k ) P ä d i s h ä h b. L u g h m ä n , of Mazandaran, 9 3 , 137, 139 PIrak: see M i r a k ; Pir Pädishäh Püläd B e s ü d , 158 puppet khans, 21, 4 3 - 4 , 5 0 , 5 6 - 7 , 184 n. 63, 197 n. 2

Qandahar, 2 4 - 5 , 27, 7 0 , 1 9 7 nn. 7 1 , 7 6 Qara Muhammad Qaraqoyunlu, 103 Qara T J t h m â n A q q o y u n l u , 103, 193 n. 7 9 Qara Yûsuf Qaraqoyunlu, 1 0 3 , 1 4 2 - 4 , 190 n. 15 Qarabagh, 116 Qarachar Barlas, 2 8 , 3 1 , 1 5 6 - 7 Qaraqorum, 15 Qaraqoyunlu, 1 1 - 1 2 , 7 1 - 3 , 9 3 , 1 0 0 - 5 , 107, 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 , 138, 1 4 1 - 2 , 1 4 4 , 190 n. 15

Qaratatars, 8 0 , 102, 136, 193 n. 67 Qara'unas, 159-61; origin and early history, 25, 159-60, 179 n. 19, 180 n. 29; use of

term, 81, 160-1, 187 n. 47; in Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 - 8 , 3 3 - 4 , 3 7 , 3 9 , 4 3 - 4 , 5 2 - 3 , 62, 154, 157-8, 181 n. 6 6 ; during T e m ü r ' s reign, 5 8 , 75, 81, 121, 141, 173; after T e m ü r ' s death, 81, 187 n. 50 Qarin, 9 5 , 9 9 Qarluq, 85 Qarshi, 24, 2 7 , 3 4 , 37, 5 1 - 3 , 132, 160, 162, 185 n. 11 Qasim Beg Qa'uchin, 161 qa'uchin, 3 3 , 161—3; organization, 3 6 , 203 n. 113; within Ulus Chaghatay, 3 9 , 7 4 - 5 ; during T e m ü r ' s reign, 8 5 - 6 , i n , 120-3,

29, 3 2 , 163-4 O g ö d c y i d , 23, 155 Salid, 9 5 , 191 11. 31 al-Din ( ' I l d e , 102 a l - D i n Dughlat, 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 9

I 2

6 , 151, 1 7 4 , 1 8 9 n. 7 0 , 196 n . 6 4

qawm, 29, 160, 164 Qazaghan, emir of Qara'unas, 3 3 - 4 , 3 7 , 4 3 - 4 , 4 7 , 4 9 , 5 7 - 8 , 6 0 , 6 4 , 81, 1 5 4 - 6 , 158-^61, 164, 181 n. 7 6 , 182 nn. 5 , 6, 183 n. 3 1 , 184 n. 67, 187 n . 50

Qazan K h a n b. Yasa'ur, 24, 2 7 , 4 3 , 5 7 , 155, 164, 182 n. 5 Qazwin, 92 Qipchaq tribe, 3 1 , 4 6 , 6 2 , 7 4 , 7 6 , 8 5 , 1 2 0 , 1 6 3 , 187 n. 50 Qipchaq Steppe (see also Dasht-i Qipchaq), 22, 9 0 , 9 3 , 1 0 0 - 2

Qishliq: see Kishiliq qorchi, 170, 172 qoshun, 7, 94, 9 9 , 1 6 3 - 4 , 1 7 2 , ¡ 7 5 . 186 nn. 27, 28 Qubilai K h a n , 5 - 7 , 9 , 1 4 Quhistan, 9 5 , 9 9 , 182 n. 6 Q u m , 9 6 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 4 , 1 1 2 , 1 9 ü n . 2 , 1 9 3 n . 59

Q u m a r i Inaq Qa'uchin, 74, 8 5 , 1 3 9 , 1 6 3 , 185 n. 2 2 , 196 n. 6 4 , 203 n. 113 Qumis, 98 Qunduz, 2 4 - 5 , 27, 51, 56, 6 0 , 7 5 , 81, 158, 160 1,187 nn. 4 8 , 50 Qungirat, 1 1, 6 0 , 69 qushihi,

qabila, Oaidu, Qal'a-i Qamar Qamar

223

172

Q u | h a l D i n , Shflh, of Sistan, 138, 191 n. 33 Q u | h al D i n , relation of Qamar al-DIn ( heir, l o j O u | h ill D i n Q i i i a m l , 115-16 Qiilltic| Till ken Anlın, T e m ü r ' * «İnler, 4ft

224 c

Ras a l - A y n , ı o ı Rashid al-Dîn T a b î b , 9 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 6 , 195 n . 47 R a y y , 7 0 , 9 8 , 1 1 2 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 3 , 1 9 ü n . 2, 197 n. 71

rebellions, insubordination: tribal, 5 9 - 6 2 , 7 8 - 9 , 133, 1 5 4 , 1 5 8 - 9 . 163, 188 n . 5 8 ;

subject population, 7 0 , 7 2 - 3 , 9 1 - 2 , 9 4 , 9 9 , 112, 168; dynastic, 7 2 , 9 8 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 , 1 1 4 , 132-6,169

R u m , 8 0 , 95, 101, 102, i n , 132, 136, 169 Russia, Rus', 3 - 5 , 12, 177 n . 12, 188 n . 62 Rustam b. Taghay Bugha Barlas, 76 Rustam b. ' U m a r Shaykh, 77, 8 7 , 1 3 9 Rustamdar, 137 S a ä d a t b. T e m ü r t a s h Nayman, 139, 1 9 9 n . 4 8 , 207 n . 105 Sabzawar, 70, 9 5 , 137, 168 Ş a d r a l - D î n , Sayyid, 168 Safavid dynasty, 2 , 1 0 4 , i n , 117,119, 1 9 6 n . 54 şâhib diwän, i n , 114, 116-17, 168, 205 n . 21 sähib mal, 168, 205 n . 21 Sa'id Khwaja (Sayyid Khwaja) b. Shaykh A l î Bahadur, 139, 146, 199 n . 43 Saki tribe, 101, 193 n . 59 Sali Noyan Tatar, 25, 1 5 9 - 6 0 Sali Saray, 3 7 , 4 3 . 5 3 . 1 3 6 , i 5 4 , 1 6 0 , 1 8 7 n . 38 Samarqand, 1, 24, 4 6 , 6 0 , 6 2 ; i n Ulus c

c

Chaghatay, 27, 3 5 , 3 7 , 4 3 - 5 , 4 7 , 5 3 , 8 2 ,

164; Sarbadars i n , 5 1 ; as Temiir's capital, 1 6 , 5 5 , 5 7 - 9 , 7 2 - 3 , 9 2 , 191 n. 3 3 , 9 3 n . 6 7 ; r

governors of, 7 9 , 9 4 , 121; diwan, 114-16, 168, 204 n. 11; after T e m ü r ' s death, 131-2, 134-5

Saray, 72 Saray M a l i k bt. Qazan K h a n , 57 Sarbadar dynasty, 7 0 , 9 3 , 9 5 , 137 Saribugha Jalayir, 57, 6 1 - 2 , 64, 7 5 - 6 , 8 2 - 3 , 8 5 , 1 1 9 , 1 3 4 , 1 5 8 , 163, 185 n . 2 3 , 1 9 6 n . 60

Sari, 9 2 - 3 , 9 5 , 9 8 - 9 S â r u ' A d i l , 9 4 , 1 9 1 n . 18 Satilmish Q u h i s t ä n l , 182 n . 6 Sawa, 101 Sayf al-Dîn N ü k ü z , Hâjjî, 4 6 , 6 0 , 7 4 - 6 , 7 8 , 8 3 , 8 5 - 6 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 5 , 1 3 9 , ı8on. 4 3 , ı 8 6 n . 3 i , 189 n. 76, 194 n. 14, 196 n . 64

Sayf al-Dîn T ü n î , Khwaja, sähib

225

Index

Index

diwän,

168

Sayfal Barlas, 197 nn. 7 1 , 7 6 Sayram, 8 7 , 1 3 4 , 197 n n . 7 1 , 7 6 Sayyidî A h m a d b. ' U m a r Shaykh, 140 Sayyid A h m a d Tarkhan, 140 Sayyid ' A l î b. Shaykh ' A l î Bahadur, 9 2 , 208 n . 114 Sayyid Baraka: see Baraka, Sayyid Sayyid Khwaja: see Sa'id Khwaja

Sayyidî A h m a d , of Shakki, 142 Secret History of the Mongols, 154, 172 Seljukid dynasty, 2, 97, i n , 117, 168, 192 n . 39 Sarakhs, 140 Sevinch Qutluq bt. Mu'ayyad A r l a t , 155 Sevinch Q u t l u q A g h a bt. Tarmashirin, 57, 158-9

Sevinchek Bahadur, 8 6 , 199 n . 4 8 , 208 nn. 112, 113 Shaburqan, 2 7 , 3 1 , 3 5 , 3 7 , 5 1 , 5 4 , 5 6 , 5 9 - 6 o , 6 2 , 7 5 , 7 9 , 8 2 , 88, 132, 1 4 0 , 1 5 4 , 182 n. 6 , 184 n. 6 7 , 187 n. 3 8 , 1 8 8 n . 5 2 , 196 n . 61

Shadman (Hisar-i Shadman), 4 4 , 4 7 , 5 1 , 7 9 , 132-3,136,164

S h â h Ismâ'îl Safawi: see Ismâ'ıl S h â h m a l i k , A m i r , 8 3 , n o , 116, 1 2 4 , 1 3 1 - 2 , 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 1 7 1 , i 9 4 n . 21, i 9 9 n . 5 6 , 2 0 3 n . 113

shahna, 37 Shahr-i M u n g , 37, 4 3 , 159 S h ä h r u k h b. T e m ü r , 7 7 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 9 , 186 n. 31, 189 n. 87; as governor of Khorasan, 8 7 - 8 ; army of, 8 5 , 1 6 2 - 3 , 172, 1 7 4 , 1 8 6 n . 28,

189 nn. 6 8 , 7 0 , 8 1 , 1 9 3 n . 6 9 ; after T e m ü r ' s death, 1 3 1 - 2 , 1 3 5 - 4 2 , 1 4 6 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 8 - 9 , 167, 187 n . 38, 199 nn. 5 3 , 56

S h ä h r u k h i y y a , 116, 134 S h ä h s h ä h ä n - i Sîstânî, 95 Shakki, 142 Shâmî, Nizâm al-Dîn, 160-1,181 n. 76, 184 nn. 6 0 , 6 3 , 191 n . 3 3 , 196 n . 68 Shams al-Dîn G h u r î , M a l i k , 9 5 , 191 n . 31 Shams a l - D î n b. ' A b b â s , tovachl, 121 Shams a l - D î n b . Ü c h Qara, 189 n . 81 sharfa, 17 Shasman,98 Shaykh ' A l î , Bahadur, 75, 8 5 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 9 , 196 n. 6 7 , 208 nn. 1 1 3 , 1 1 4

Shaykh ' A l î , Shâh of Badakhshan, 156 Shaykh Arslan, yarghuchl, 8 3 , 172 Shaykh Buhlül b. Buyan T e m ü r b. Aqbugha, 199 nn. 4 8 , 57 Shaykh i b r a h i m S h î n v â n î , 9 3 , 1 4 2 , 172 Shaykh Muhammad, S h â h of Badakhshan, 56-7,156

Shaykh Muhammad b . Buyan Suldus, 50, 5 4 - 7 , 6 1 , 7 5 , 119, 164, 184 n . 54

Shaykh Muhammad b . E y e g ü T e m ü r , 171, 194 n. 21, 203 n . 113 Shaykh N ü r al-Dîn b . Saribugha Jalayir, 76, 110, 122, 131, 1 3 4 - 6 , 151, 169, 185 n. 2 3 , 188 n . 5 1 , 196 nn. 6 0 , 6 8 , 1 9 8 n . 23

Shaykh T e m ü r b. A q t e m ü r , 8 2 - 3 , 1 1 9 , 1 6 4 , 203 n . 140, 208 nn. 113, 114 Shaykh I b r â h î m S h î n v â n î , 9 3 , 142, 172, 190 n. 2 Shibartu, 50 Shi'ism, 17, 191 n. 30

Shîr ' A l ı Barlas, 135 Shîr B a h r â m K h u t t a l â n î , 4 9 - 5 0 , 52, 61, 159, 1 8 8 n . 58 Shiraz, 7 1 , 9 1 , 96, 9 9 , 115-16, 139, 168-9, 196 n . 68

Shirgha b. Qarachar Barlas, 157 Shîrîn Beg A g h a , T e m ü r ' s sister, 56, 155 Shirwan, 9 3 , 172, 190 n. 2 Shushtar, 9 5 , 101, 122 Sighnaq, 7 0 , 134 Simnan, 191 n . 3 4 Sirjan, 99 Sistan, 4 8 , 7 0 , 9 0 , 9 5 , 105, 129, 1 3 1 , 1 3 7 - 9 , 143, 1 6 0 , 1 9 1 n . 3 3

soyurghal, 140, 199 n . 53 Spain, 16, 73 sucht, 170, 1 7 2 - 3 Sufi dynasty of Khorezm, 1 1 , 6 0 - 1 , 6 9 , 71, 102,193 n. 69

Sufi shaykhs, orders, 1 7 - 1 8 , 5 6 - 7 , 6 0 , 178 nn. 3 9 , 4 1 , 184 nn. 5 7 , 7 0

Sulaki tribe: see Saki S u l a y m â n Y a s a ' u r î , 53 S u l a y m ä n s h ä h b. D ä ' ü d Dughlat, 7 8 , 8 3 , 1 1 2 , 122, 138, 140, 146, 199 n. 56 Suldus tribe, 1 6 3 - 4 ; Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 - 8 , m

3 9 , 4 3 - 4 , 4 7 - 5 1 , 5 5 - 8 , i 8 o n . 3 1 , 181 n . 6 5 ,

184 n . 5 4 ; structure, 3 1 - 2 , 3 4 - 5 , 46, 180 n . 4 2 ; during T e m ü r ' s reign, 6 1 - 4 , 7 5 - 6 , 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 8 , 119, 187 n . 3 5 ,

203 n. 140; after T e m ü r ' s death, 1 3 2 - 6 , 1 4 2 Sultân A h m a d b . Aqbugha Nayman, 199 n . 48 Sultän ' A l î S a b z a w ä r i , 137, 139 Sultän Bakht B e g i m , 7 8 , 159 Sultän B â y a z î d b. ' U t h m ä n Bahadur Qipchaq, 199 n . 4 8 Sultän Dughlat, 46 Sultän Husayn, T e m ü r ' s grandson, 114, 132, 138, 146

Sultän M a h m ü d b . Kaykhusraw K h u t t a l â n î , 61, 136, 159

Sultän P î r A h m a d Barlas, 173 Sultaniyya, 70, 9 3 , 103, 142-4, i 8 8 n. 5 2 , 191 n. 18

Syria, Syrians, 10, 73, 80, 90, 9 4 - 5 , ıoo-ı, 103, 116, 186 n. 28

Talas, 2 3 , 6 0 lamgha, 170-1 tamgachl, 170-1 tamma, 4 , 2 5 , 8 6 , 159 Taraghay Barlas, T e m ü r ' s father, 182 n . 11 Tärikh-i T a b a r i s t ä n , 175, 190 n . 11 Tarim River, 10 tarkhan, 186 n . 31 Tarmashirin K h a n , Chaghadayid, 7, 2 4 - 3 , 2 7 , 4 3 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 158-60, 177 n .

n

T a r u m , 92 Tashkent, 4 6 , 5 3 - 4 , 71, 87, 131, 133-4, H ° taxes, tax collection (see also muhaşşil, tamghachi), 37, 4 0 , 5 3 , 9 3 - 4 , 9 9 , n o , 115, 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 1 4 2 - 4 , 148, 167-71, 197 n . 68

Taychi'ut tribe, 3 2 , 5 1 , 85 T a y g h u , 1 8 3 n . 31 Temüge Qa'uchin,34,112,124,174,197^71 T e m ü r : descent, 156-7, 165, 182 n . 11; b i r t h , I , 176 n . 1; youth, 4 5 ; rise to power within tribe, 4 5 - 8 ; connections to Moghulistan, 46, 182 n. 16; wounded in Sistan, 4 8 ; assumption of power over Ulus Chaghatay, 5 6 - 8 ; campaigns, 6 0 - 1 , 6 7 - 7 3 . 9 ' , marriages, 5 2 , 57, 155; provisions for succession, 8 7 - 8 , 131, 189-90 n . 87; death, 128; personality, 16-18; legitimation, 1 4 - 1 6 , 1 5 6 - 7 ; attitude towards religion, J 5 , 1

17

T e m ü r Khwäja b. Aqbugha, A m i r , 194 n . 8 , 196 n. 61 T e m ü r Q u t l u q , of Golden Horde, 103 T i r m i d h , 57, 60 tiyiil, 140 Toghril Beg, Seljuk, 117 T ö k e l b. Urus Bugha, 200 n . 74 T ö k e l b. Y ä d g ä r Barlas, 207 n. 105 T ö k e l Bavurchi, 172 Tokhtamish K h a n , of Blue and Golden Hordes, 6 9 - 7 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 1 , 1 8 5 n . 6 , 1 9 6 n . 67 T o l u i , son of Chinggis K h a n , 4 Toqta K h a n , of Golden H o r d e , 7 , 9 tovachl, 8 4 , 100, 112, 116, 121, 1 2 3 - 5 , ¡ 7 ° , (

172-4, 195 n. 2 7 , 1 9 6 n. 64

Transoxiana, 1 , 4 , 1 0 , 1 8 , 9 4 , 5 , 1 6 1 ; u n d e r Chaghadayid rule, 5 , 9 , 2 3 - 5 , 3 5 , 1 7 9 n . 20; in the Ulus Chaghatay, 11, 21, 27, 3 3 , 3 6 , : i

4 5 - 6 , 4 8 - 5 1 , 5 3 - 5 , 6 3 , 162-3, ' 8 2 n . 6;

T ä b ä n Qa'uchin, Bahadur, 74, 8 5 , 203 n. 113 Tabas, 122 Tabriz, 9 , 7 0 , 71, 94, 103, 122, 124, 142-4, 189 11. 8 1 , 191 n. 1 8 , 1 9 7 nn. 71, 74

Taghay Bugha Barlas, 75, 79, 122, 187 n. 42, 195 n. 23 Täj al-Salnianl, 135, 146, 181 n. 52, 198 n. 9 Tajik, Ta|iks, 38, 9 0 , 100, 111, 114, 156 T a k r i l , 8 7 . 102, 112, 159, 162, 172 -3, 18711.45, 188 n. 58,'18911.81

geography, population, 22, 38; under T e m i i r ' s rule, 17. 6 7 , 79 -80, 8 4 - 5 , 8 8 , 9 2 , 102. 104; T o k h t a m i s h ' s invasion of, 7 1 ; after Temür's d e a t h , 129, 131-2, 1 3 5 - 4 0 , 147, 187 11 50 tribes, lıibalİMiı: tribal structure, 2 8 - 3 2 ; tribal vs nun I n h a l p i n u p s , 32 6 , 5H; tribal h o l d i n g i anıl luliiiiiiistuitioii, 37 4 0 , 14H; 'leudcıslııp. »1111 r . M ı i n , ,| I , y>, h\, 149; viilnciliblllly I n I c n i l l l , ,1« 9 , 6 4 5,

226

Index

Index

tribes, tribalism (COM.) changes of leadership under T e m ü r , 7 5 - 6 ; loss o f land and military power, 7 8 - 8 0 , 8 8 - 9 , 151,187 n . 38; structural stability, 8 0 - 3 ; i n provincial armies, 8 5 - 6 ; ranks granted to tribal leaders, 119, 126, 196 nn. 5 9 , 6 0 ; after Temiir's death, 129; 1 3 2 - 6 , 140-1

Chaghadayid invasion, 4 5 ; level of violence, 4 2 - 3 , 4 9 , 5 3 , 5 9 , 6 1 , 64; tribal vengeance, 4 9 , 56, 6 1 , 6 4 ; transformation under T e m ü r , 74, 145-7; Ulus Chaghatay w i t h i n T e m ü r ' s army, 96 TJmar b. A m î r â n s h â h , 7 7 , 8 6 - 7 , 9 3 , 131, 1 4 1 - 4 , 146 c

Tughluq Suldus, 4 7 , 5 0 , 164 Tughluq T e m ü r Khan, eastern Chaghadayid,

9 9 , 102, 131, 1 4 2 - 3 , 1 5 4 - 6 , 158, 161, 185 n. 24, 189 n . 68

TJmar Shaykh M î r z â b. A b ü S a î d , 204 n. 2 U m a r T â b â n , 200 n . 7 4

7 , 4 6 - 8 , 5 0 , 54, 6 4 , 1 5 8

c

Tughluq T e m ü r Borolday, 158 T ü m e n N e g ü d e r î , 4 9 , 182 n . 6 T ü m e n Qutluq, Chaghadayid, wife of Kaykhusraw K h u t t a l â n î , 54

c

umara' dlwan, urugh,174

tümen, 7, 9 7 , 160, 192 n n . 3 9 , 4 0 ; i n

Chaghadayid khanate, 9 , 24, 2 8 , 3 5 ; size, structure, 7 7 , 186 nn. 27, 2 8 , 1 8 7 n . 3 4 ; leadership, 4 8 , 7 5 - 7 , 8 2 , 8 5 , 8 7 - 8 , 9 3 , 102, 122, 154, 1 6 4 , 1 7 4 - 5 , 185 n n . 2 2 , 2 3 , 186 n . 26, 188 n. 51, 191 n. 2 0 , 203 n. 140, 208 n . 113; Barlas tümen, 3 1 , 4 6 , 1 5 6 - 7 ,

180 n. 4 1 , 187 n . 4 5 , 1 8 8 n . 5 8 ; Borolday tümen, 4 4 , 7 8 , 158, 161; tümen-i kalan,

U m a r Shaykh b. T e m ü r , 6 2 , 6 9 , 7 2 , 7 7 , 8 5 - 8 ,

see

169, 175, 205

U r u s Khan o f Blue H o r d e , n , 6 2 , 7 0 U r u s Bugha Jalayir, 85 T J t h m â n b . A b b â s Qipchaq, 76, 8 5 , 1 6 3 , 189 n . 76 c

U t r a r , 13, 7 0 , 7 3 , 7 9 , 122, 1 2 8 , 1 3 4 , 158

Uzgand, 8 5 , 8 8 , 1 5 4 , 1 9 9 n . 53 V a n , Lake, 71 viziers, i n , 1 1 3 - 1 4 , 1 1 7 , 139, 168, 195 n . 4 7 , 196 n . 5 4 , 205 n. 21

Barlas tümen; tümen o f Kebeg K h a n ,

wakll,

4 9 - 5 0 , 8 3 , 1 7 2 ; tümen o f Khuttalan , 3 5 , 6 1 ,

W a l l , A m i r , o f Mazandaran, 7 0 , 1 9 0 n. 4

1 1 7 , 1 9 6 n. 54

1 5 9 , 1 8 8 n . 5 8 ; tümen o f Öljey Bugha Suldus, 4 9 - 5 0 , 7 9 , 1 3 3 - 4 , 164; tümen-i san siz, 76, 123

Turfan, 4 T ü r k e n A r l a t , 155 T ü r k i s t a n frontier, 8 0 , 87, 9 2 , 94, 1 1 6 , 1 3 4 , 197 n. 71 Turkistanis, 136,163 T u r k m e n , Turkmens, n - 1 2 , 4 8 , 7 1 - 3 , 9 3 , 101, 103, 106, 117, 1 4 1 - 2 , 1 7 2 , 1 7 7 n . 19

Turshiz, 139-40, 199 n . 5 3 Tus: see Mashhad-Tus tusqal,

188 n . 58

Tutak Nayman, 196 n. 5 9

Y â d g â r Barlas, 7 9 , 8 3 , 122, 195 n . 2 3 , 207 n. 105 Y â d g â r s h â h A r l a t , 140, 155-6 yarghu, 169,171 yarghuch 'i, 7, 1 7 0 - 2 yâsd, 5 , 7 , 1 2 , 170, 174, 176 n . 4

Yasa'ur, Chaghadayid prince, 2 5 , 2 7 , 1 5 6 , 164, 179 n. 22 Yasa'uri tribe, 1 6 4 - 5 ; origin, 2 8 , 164, 180 n . 29; within Ulus Chaghatay, 2 7 , 3 1 , 3 7 - 9 , 4 3 , 154; during T e m ü r ' srise,4 5 - 7 , 5 2 - 3 , 5 7 ; under T e m ü r ' s rule, 6 0 - 3 , 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 8 , 119, 185 n. 14 yasavul,

Ü c h Qara, Bahadur, 7 5 , 139 U l a d u b . Sali Noyan, emir o f Qara'unas, 160 U l a j u , 164

170, 174

Yasi, 17 Y a y i q Şüfî, 102

ulamâ', 1 7 - 1 8 , 5 4 , 1 0 9 , m , 1 1 5 , 1 6 1 , 1 9 4 n . 8

Y a z d , 9 1 , 9 9 , 112, 116-17, 1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , 1 6 8 - 9 , 1 7 4 , 1 9 7 n n . 6 8 , 71

U l u g h Beg b . S h â h r u k h , 8 7 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 5 , 1 6 2 , 193 n. 7 2 , 199 n. 56

Y a z d i , Sharaf al-Din A 1 1 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 8 5 , 9 9 , 1 6 0 , 161, 181 n. 7 6 , 182 nn. 10, 11, 184 nn. 6 0 ,

ulugh ming see also tümen-i kalan, 3 1 , 8 1 , 151, 187 n. 45 ulus, 4 - 6 , 2 3 , 3 4 , 4 5 , 8 6 , 158, 159, 160, 164

Y e s ü n t e M ö n g k e b . Qarachar Barlas, 157 Y ü a n dynasty, 5 , 9 , 3 5 , 9 8

c

Ulus Agha bt. Buyan Suldus, 57 Ulus Jochi, 71, 1 0 3 , 1 5 9 Ulus Chaghatay: formation, early history, 21, 2 3 - 7 , 1 5 9 - 6 1 ; khans of, 27, 164; Qara'unas takeover, 4 3 - 5 ; geography, economy, 2 1 - 2 ; membership, 2 7 - 8 ; leader­ ship, 4 2 , 5 5 , 5 8 , 6 4 - 5 , 1 4 8 - 5 0 ; eastern

C

6 2 , 6 3 , 188 n . 5 4 , 191 n n . 3 1 , 3 3

yurt, 3 7 yurtchi,

170, 174

Yûsuf b. S u l a y m â n s h â h Dughlat, 78 Yûsuf Jalîl b . Hasan J â n d â r , 1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , 196 n. 6 4 , 197 n. 6 8 , 199 n. 48 Yûsuf J â m î , Khwaja, 189 n . 76 Yûsuf Şüfî, o f Khorezm, 61, 6 9 , 82

Zafarnäma, o f N i z â m al-Din S h ä m i , 181 n . 7 6 , 1 8 4 nn. 6 0 , 6 3 , 196 n . 68

Zafarnäma,

o f Sharaf a l - D ï n A l î Y a z d î , 51, c

5 7 , 8 5 , 9 9 , 161, 181 n . 7 6 , 182 nn. 1 0 , 1 1 , 184 n. 6 3 , 191 n. 3 3 , 198 n. 9

Zarafshan Valley, 22

227

Zayn a l - A b i d ï n Muzaffarî, 71 Zayn a l - D î n Shahr-i B ä b a k i , 195 n. 53 Zinda Hasham A p a r d i , 27, 5 5 - 7 , 5 9 - 6 0 , 64, 7 5 , 1 5 4 - 5 , 1 7 9 » . 24, 183 nn. 2 1 , 3 1 , 184 n. 67 Zungaria, 1 , 4 , 1 0 c