The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization)

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Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization

Editorial Board David ''vforgan (general editor) Virginia Aksan, :\1ichael Brett, Michael Cook, Peter Jackson, Tarif Khalidi, Chase Rohinson

Between China and the Islamic World

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Published titles in the series are lisled af the back of the book

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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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Cambridge, Nt'w Yorl", :\1elbourne, l\bJrid, Cape Tmvn, Singapore, S;lu Paulo Camhridge Universily Pre."s

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge eln 2RU, UK Published ill the Uniled States of America hy Camhridge University Pres';. New York

\vww.cambridgc.org Information on this title: \vww.c'-lmbridgc.org!9780521842266 Michal Hiran 20()) This book is in cupyright. Subject tu statutory eXL'eption and to the provisiulls relevant coliective iicensing agreements, no reprociuctiul1 of any part may take place without the writlcll permission or C; through 'vvhich 1hi[()ther-ill-law. YeW Yudu. Consequently. the prince of Jin, a leading candidate 1,,,· the throne, was execlilcd. and 1110st the eOllp organizers defected to the !lIrchens' ranks. I I These dcveloplllcl1lS not only interfered with Liao atlelllprs to ,·"ntrol the JlII'ehen advance, but also eliminated ,111 important segment of the Liao ,lite, thereby f~eililalillg the risc of relatively ,lIlonymous figures such as YeW I ):Ishi. Dashi's rise 1"0 prominence hegan ,\vheo he \V~lS am()ng Liao notables \vlio in the third lIlonth of thai year enthroned Prince YeW Chull at Yanjing as the Illst emperor or the Northern Liao, degrading TianzlIo to the rank of a prince. lliis took place after Tianzuo had decided to escape from the southern capital and continued to avoid till' approaching Jurchens. leaving the popular Prince Chun to ;'.1I:1rd Yanjing. The justiiication for Chun's enthronement, ascribed to Dashi and '\ lao Gall, a leading Xi COlli mander, was based on the Chinese precedent of 'nmg .'>II/.ong's seizure of the throne during the rebellion of An LlIshall. Tang SU70ng ,(' vv,[,2-.1) and thl' \Vugu (to il;., cast), \vhid} onen L'ausl'd trouble on the western burders. It was one or 1hc tribes \vhich Tianf',110 ;md thell the or I found rerllge lTl the I I lOs. It might be idcnti fled f{a af1ermath see, ~.g., lbn al-AthlL 11:[76-82; TJrfkh, 257-60; RawandT. 177 X4; Akh/J{ir o/-dmv/a, I L1-6; DhahabT. '1huf", 4: 12X: DhahahL 3:26-27; fhll KhaJdun. '11mf'. 5: 14S; lion al'()alanisl,

'1 For Sanjar\ COllrtict \vith the ['11-3, 1r. ) 10-12: Jbn al-Alhir, DhahabT, ,)'iror, 22: 194, where the patent is cOllllected to intcrfert to the Mongols. 1 When Chinggis Khan's messengers arrived althe UigilurclJLlrt suon afterwards, however, the Idi-qut showed them great respect. lie informed the Mongoll~mperor that he had broken his alliance with the Qara Kilitai and offered him the suzerainty of his kingdom, asking to be treated as his 11 Juwavnl. 2:7,:), 8Y-l)O, tr. 342, 357-t.;: Banhu]cl, Tur/"'esiull. 361 for the date. 11-1• 1:4g. 56, Lr. Boyle, 74; QarshT, lHulklwqiit (//-~',.umb. lJ2: Barthold. Turkestan, 36::): "Kamchaniclen.'· 44. II.~ 1:48,57, tr. Boyle, 65, 74. Khan's ri.c;e and career see, e.g., Ratchne\,:-,ky, Gcnghis KlulIl, 42-144: Allsen, .. J"he

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Il2/3()OO. JuwaYl11. J :33. II. 8oyle, 45; RashldI'AllzITd"h, "pccial rc!:Jliol1.ee. A. LII hunwine du mondc 1: I Islam ill 'f'mditiof/(l{ Chitw Miquel. "L'lnck.:· 286: Le:-.lic, /s/ml1, 58, and sec, X2-,X6; Ciardl!,I. (TchralL 1965). (Beirut 1(96). 7: . '1-05, 9:21 S; al-Uh,lrn,l!l, 48.49, to('-9. 20(J. 21 1,214; Ibn Nadii1l, Kirab Dodge as The Fihrist (~l(/{ /1';od[;11 1970),2:836 84; 13, tr. 25; I). D. Leslie, "The Identification ofChincse in {~r For {Ca.)fern ! hstor)' 25 (19X2), 12. This situation of lively maritime cOllunerciai relatiolls between Zhao Rugl.la, Zhf.t zhu (Beijing, 1996), Zhao Rugu