The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135) Vol. 3, Part 2

THE HISTORY OF T H E J E W I S H PEOPLE IN T H E A G E OF J E S U S C H R I S T (175 B . C . - A . D . 135) BY E M I...

Author: Emil Schürer | Géza Vermès | Fergus Millar

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THE HISTORY OF T H E J E W I S H PEOPLE IN T H E A G E OF J E S U S C H R I S T (175

B . C . - A . D .

135)

BY

E M I L SGHtFRER

A NEW ENGLISH VERSION R E V I S E D A N D E D I T E D BY

GEZA VERMES

FERGUS

MARTIN

MILLAR

GOODMAN

Literary Editor PAMELA VERMES Organizing Editor M A T T H E W BLACK

VOLUME

I I I , PART 2

EDINBURGH T . & T . C L A R K L T D 5 9 GEORGE STREET

Revised English Edition Copyright ({'^ 1 9 8 7 T. & T . (U.ARK LTD.

SKI IN MONOIYPE BASKERVILLE l o ON 11 POINT MY BRADI.KY C O M P I I I N G , LOWER SOUDLEY, GLOS. O N A MONOrYHK l.ASER(X)MP PHOTOTYPESETrER A l o x f O R i ) UNivERsrrY c:oMPLriNO SERVICE P R I N T E D BY PA(iE BROS (NORWICH) LIMITED BOUND BY HUNLER «t FOULIS LIMITED, EDINBURGH FOR

T. & T. CLARK LTD E D I N B U R G H

Schiirer, Emil T h e history of t h e Jewish people in t h e age of Jesus Christ.—New English version V o l . 3 Pt. 2 I. Jews—History—175 B.C.-135 A . D . I. Title IL Vermes, Geza I I I . Millar, Fergus I V . Goodman, M a r t i n V. Geschichte des jiidischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi. English 933 DS122 ISBN o 567 09373 5

FIRST EDITION AND REPRINTS 1885-1924 REVISED EDITION

1987

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of T. & T. Clark Ltd.

Preface As e x p l a i n e d in t h e Preface t o v o l u m e I I I . i , it b e c a m e c l e a r in t h e ( o u r s e of p r i n t i n g t h e t h i r d a n d last v o l u m e o f the r e v i s e d e d i t i o n o f Schiirer's History t h a t t h e v e r y e x t e n s i v e m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e h a d i n c r e a s e d the b u l k o f the w o r k to t h e p o i n t w h e r e d i v i s i o n i n t o t w o h a l v e s w a s essential. V o l u m e I I I . i t h e r e f o r e c o n t a i n s t h e l a r g e r p a r t , n a m e l y §31 o n the D i a s p o r a , §32 o n J e w i s h h t e r a t u r e c o m p o s e d in H e b r e w o r A r a m a i c , a n d § 3 3 A on t h a t c o m p o s e d i n G r e e k . T h e e d i t o r s h a v e a d o p t e d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f division a c c o r d i n g t o the o r i g i n a l l a n g u a g e of t h e w r i t i n g s , a s opposed to presumed geographical p r o v e n a n c e . I n the p r e s e n t v o l u m e 111.2, w h i c h b r i n g s t h e e n t i r e w o r k to a close, continuous p a g e - n u m b e r i n g with I I I . i h a s b e e n retained. It contains firstly § 3 3 6 , on J e w i s h l i t e r a t u r e w h o s e o r i g i n a l l a n g u a g e o f c o m p o s i t i o n is u n c e r t a i n , revised j o i n t l y by G e z a V e r m e s a n d M a r t i n G o o d m a n . T h e text c o n c l u d e s w i t h §34 on P h i l o , for w h i c h t h e e n t i r e a c a d e m i c responsibility b e l o n g s to M r s J e n n y M o r r i s ( W y c o m b e A b b e y S c h o o l ) , t o w h o m t h e e d i t o r s a r e e x t r e m e l y g r a t e f u l . F i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n for t h i s section for the press w a s u n d e r t a k e n by F e r g u s M i l l a r . T h e v o l u m e is c o m p l e t e d by a d e t a i l e d i n d e x c o v e r i n g t h e w h o l e w o r k . The editors w i s h a l s o to t h a n k D r L e o n i e A r c h e r , F e l l o w o f t h e O x f o r d C e n t r e for P o s t g r a d u a t e H e b r e w S t u d i e s , for c a r r y i n g o u t this i n t r i c a t e a n d laborious task. T h e e d i t o r s w o u l d n o t hke t o t a k e t h e i r l e a v e w i t h o u t p a y i n g t h e i r p r o f o u n d respects t o t h e m e m o r y of E m i l S c h i i r e r , t h e s u p r e m e q u a h t y of w h o s e s c h o l a r s h i p is best s h o w n by t h e f a c t t h a t it c a n t o l e r a t e r e v i s i o n m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y after the first e d i t i o n . I July

1986

Contents Preface . Abbreviations

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

§336. Jewish Literature o f which t h e Original L a n g u a g e is U n c e r t a i n . . . . . . . . I . R e v i s i o n a n d C o m p l e t i o n of B i b h c a l L i t e r a t u r e . 1. T h e G r e e k E z r a or I E s d r a s 2. T h e A d d i t i o n s t o E s t h e r . . . . 3. T h e A d d i t i o n s t o D a n i e l . . . . 4. T h e P r a y e r of M a n a s s e h . . . . 5. T h e B o o k of B a r u c h ( = i B a r u c h ) 6. T h e L e t t e r of J e r e m i a h . . . . I I . Pseudepigraphic Apocalypses . . . . 1. 2 ( S l a v o n i c ) E n o c h . . . . . 2. T h e S y r i a c A p o c a l y p s e o f B a r u c h ( = 2 B a r u c h ) . I I I . Biblical M i d r a s h 1. T h e Life o f A d a m a n d E v e ( A p o c a l y p s e o f Moses) . . . . . . . Appendix: Other Writings about A d a m 2. T h e T e s t a m e n t of A b r a h a m 3. T h e T e s t a m e n t s of t h e T w e l v e P a t r i a r c h s . 4. T h e B o o k of J a n n e s a n d J a m b r e s 5. T h e B o o k of E l d a d a n d M o d a d . 6. T h e L i v e s of t h e P r o p h e t s . . . . Appendix: Works of U n c e r t a i n Qewish o r Christian) Origin 1. T h e O d e s of S o l o m o n . . . . 2. T h e G r e e k A p o c a l y p s e o f B a r u c h (3 B a r u c h ) 3. A p o c r y p h o n o f Ezekiel 4. Lost P s e u d e p i g r a p h a . 1. T h e P r a y e r of J o s e p h 2. T h e A p o c a l y p s e o f E l i j a h 3. T h e A p o c a l y p s e o f Z e p h a n i a h 5. S m a l l F r a g m e n t s of A n o n y m o u s J e w i s h L i t e r a t u r e in Christian Texts . . . . . .

v xi

705 706 708 718 722 730 734 743 746 746 750 757 757 760 761 767 781 783 783

787 789 793 796 798 799 803 805

Contents §34.

T h e J e w i s h P h i l o s o p h e r Philo . I . Life a n d W o r k s Quaestiones et Solutiones Legum Allegoria De Cherubim De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat De posteritale Caini . Dr gtgantibus Qjiod deus sit immutabilis Dr a^TuuUura De plantatione Noe De ebrietate De sobrietate De conjusione linguarum De migratione Abrahami Quis rerum divinarum haeres De congressio eruditionis causa De fuga et inventione De mutatione nominum De deo . De somniis i—ii T h e Exposition De opificio mundi De Abrahamo . De losepho De Decalogo De Specialibus Legibus i-iv De virtutibus De praemiis et poenis De exsecrationibus De vita Mosis i-ii Quod omnis probus liber De vita contemplativa De aeternitate mundi In Flaccum

IL

De legatione ad Gaium De providentia . De animalibus . Hypothetica (Apologia pro ludaeis) Lost W o r k s W o r k s w r o n g l y a t t r i b u t e d to P h i l o Philo's P h i l o s o p h i c a l T h o u g h t I. God . . . .

809 813 826 830 833 833 834 834 835 835 836 836 836 837 837 837 837 838 839 839 839 839 840 844 846 846 847 847 850 853 853 854 856 856 858 859 859 864 865 866 868 868 871 880

Contents 2. T h e I n t e r m e d i a r y B e i n g H a n d 3. Creation and P r e s e r v a d o n o l 4- T h e o r y o f M a n , a r u i K f h i « »

ihr ilir

|.4»KO%

HMi

W n i l d

HHr,

Indexes I.

a. 3-

M a i n

I n d e x

G r e e k

W o r d

H e b r e w

a n d

(Narnr;*

a n d

Sul)jrtts)

List A r a m a i c

H8() 891 893 lOIO

Word

List

1013

Abbreviations AAAScHung AAB

AnglThR ANRW

Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae A b h a n d l u n g e n der D e u t s c h e n (Preussischen) A k a d e m i e d e r W i s s e n s c h a f t e n zu B e r l i n A b h a n d l u n g e n der B a y e r i s c h e n A k a d e m i e d e r W i s s e n schaften, M i i n c h e n Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum H u n g a r icae A r c h i v fiir O r i e n t f o r s c h u n g A n n u a i r e d e I ' I n s t i t u t d e P h i l o l o g i e et d ' H i s t o i r e O r i e n t a l e s e t Slaves American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Ancient History A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of Philology A s s o c i a t i o n for J e w i s h S t u d i e s R e v i e w A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of Semitic L a n g u a g e s a n d Literatures American Journal of Theology Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums A n n u a l o f L e e d s U n i v e r s i t y O r i e n t a l Society J - B . P r i t c h a r d ( e d . ) . Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (1969) Anglican Theological Review H . T e m p o r i n i ( e d . ) , Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen

AP

A. C o w l e y , Aramaic

AAM AArchAcSc Hung AfO AlPhOS AJA AJAH AJ P h AJS Review AJSL AJTh ALGHJ ALUOS AN E T

mit

APAT \ PO APOT ARW AS

Papyri

of the Fifth

Century

B.C.

(1923) E. K a u t z s c h ( e d . ) . Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (1900) E. S a c h a u , Aramdische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer MilitdrKolonie zu Elephantine ( 1 9 1 1 ) R . H . C h a r l e s , Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament I - I I ( 1 9 1 2 - 1 3 ) A r c h i v fiir R e l i g i o n s w i s s e n s c h a f t A n a t o h a n Studies

xii ASTI Ath. Mitt. AWH HA HA.'\) BA( : BAR BASOR BASP BAW

Abbm>iatwn.\ A n n u a l of the Swedish Theologieal Institute Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung A k a d e m i e der Wissenschaften, Heidelberg Biblical A r c h a e o l o g i s t j . J . Collins, Between Athens and Jerusalem (1983) Bulletino d i A r c h e o l o g i a C r i s t i a n a liritish Archaeological Reports Htillrtin of the A m e r i c a n S c h o o l s of O r i e n t a l R e s e a r c h Hiillrtin of the A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y of P a p y r o l o g i s t s Hayrri.Hi hr Akademie d e r Wissenschaften

BBB

Boiuirr Biblische Beitrage

BC'H

Hiillrtin dr Correspondance H e l l e n i q u e

BK

Hullrtin fcpigraphique, in R E G

BCilJ

Aegyptische Museen

Urkunden aus den Koeniglichen Berlin, Griechische Urkunden

(Staatlichen)

Bibl

Biblica

BIFAO BIOSCS BJPES BJRL BL BMC BO

Bulletin d e I T n s d t u t franâis d ' a r c h e o l o g i e o r i e n t a l e B u U e d n o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n for S e p t u a g i n t a n d C o g n a t e Studies Bulletin o f t h e J e w i s h P a l e s t i n e E x p l o r a d o n S o c i e t y Bulledn o f the J o h n Rylands L i b r a r y British L i b r a r y Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum Bibliotheca Orientalis

BP

E. G . K r a e l i n g , The Brooklyn

BSAA BSOAS Bull. a r c h . BWA(N)T Byz. Z BZ BZAW BZNW CBQ. CCAGr CCAR CCL CE

Museum Aramaic

Papyri

(1953) B u l l e d n d e la S o c i e t e d ' A r c h e o l o g i e d ' A l e x a n d r i e Bulletin o f t h e S c h o o l of O r i e n t a l a n d African S t u d i e s Bulletin A r c h e o l o g i q u e du C o m i t e d e s T r a v a u x H i s t o r i q u e s e t Scientifiques Beitrage z u r Wissenschaft v o m Alten ( u n d N e u e n ) Testament B y z a n t i n i s c h e Zeitschrift Biblische Zeitschrift Beihefte z u r Zeitschrift fiir die A l t t e s t a m e n t l i c h e Wissenschaft Beihefte z u r Zeitschrift fiir die N e u t e s t a m e n t l i c h e Wissenschaft Cathohc Bibhcal Quarterly Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum Central Conference of the American R a b b i s C o r p u s C h r i s t i a n o r u m , series L a t i n a Chronique d'Egypte

Abbreviations

xiii

(;KRP

A. H . M . J o n e s , Cities of tht Haxtttn Homm

('(i ('IG GIH GIHJ

(^1971) P. E . K a h l e , The Cairo (ifmâ (' IMV>' Corpus Inscriptionum (iratcarum Corpus Inscriptionum lltbtauarum A. S c h c i b c r , (Corpus Inscriptionum Hungariae (i960)

GIJ

J. B. F r c y , Corpus Inscriptionum

C-IL (ÎRB CJIS

'95') Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum I. S t r u v e , Corpus Inscriptionum Regni Bosporani Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum

CJZC

G. L u e d e r i t z , Corpus jiidischer êugnisse aus der Cyrenaika

ludaicarum

Pummf\

Judaicarum I-II

(1939,

(1965)

I)AC(L) I)B DBS DCB

(1983) C e n t r e N a t i o n a l de l a R e c h e r c h e Scientifique Classical P h i l o l o g y V . T c h e r i k o v e r , A. F u k s , M . S t e r n , Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum I—III (1957—64) C. W e s s e l y et al.. Corpus Papyrorum Raineri Classical Q u a r t e r l y C o m p t e s - r e n d u s d e I ' A c a d e m i e d e s I n s c r i p t i o n s e t Belleslettres Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae L. G o h n , P . W e n d l a n d a n d S. R e i t e r , Philonis opera quae supersunt Dictionnaire d'Archeologie Chretienne et de Liturgie Dictionnaire de la Bible Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplement Dictionary of Christian Biography

DF

B. L i f s h i t z , Donateurs etfondateurs

CNRS GPh CiPJ CPR CQ_ C'RAl ('SCO (]SEL C^SHB (' W

1) J D DOP DSS DSSE DThC DWA I'-B l'"-K KHR

dans les synagogues juives

(1967) Discoveries in the Judaean Desert D u m b a r t o n Oaks Papers G. V e r m e s , The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective ( 1 9 7 7 , 1982) G. V e r m e s , The Dead Sea Scrolls in English ( 1 9 6 2 , ^1975) Dictionnaire de la Theologie Catholique Denkschriften der W i e n e r A k a d e m i e E s t u d i o s Biblicos A. D u p o n t - S o m m e r , Les ecrits esseniens decouverts pres de la Mer Morte (1959, ^1964) E t u d e s s u r I ' H i s t o i r e des R e h g i o n s

Abbreviations EJ ESJL KThL

KvTh RMII

KIKi FlUA

FIRA FJB FPC; FRLANI GAQ GCS GJV GLAJJ GRBS HDB HelL HERE HJ HSCPh HThR HUCA HZ IBM ICC ID IDB IDBS lEJ IG I G Bulg IGLS IGR

Encyclopaedia Judaica B. Z . W a c h o l d e r , Eupolemus: A Study of Judaeo-Greek Literature (1974) Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses Evangelische Theologie F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker I. Miiller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum C. R. Holladay, Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors, I: Historians (1983) S, Ric(-ol>ono, Fontes luris Romani Anteiustiniani

Franktiirlrr Judaistische Beitrage A.-M, Denis, Fragmenta Pseudepigraphorum quae supersunt Graeca (1970) Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments j . A. Fitzmyer, The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I: A Commentary (1966, ^ 1 9 7 1 ) Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte E. S c h i i r e r , Geschichte des judischen Volkes im êitalter Jesu Christi M . S t e r n , Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism I—III (1974-84) Greek, R o m a n and Byzantine Studies Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible L. R o b e r t , Hellenica I - X I I I ( 1 9 4 0 - 6 5 ) Hastings' Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Historisches J a h r b u c h H a r v a r d S t u d i e s in Classical P h i l o l o g y Harvard Theological Review H e b r e w U n i o n College A n n u a l H i s t o r i s c h e Zeitschrift C. T . N e w t o n et al.. The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum International Critical Commentary Inscriptions de Delos The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Supplementary Volume Israel E x p l o r a t i o n J o u r n a l Inscriptiones Graecae Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie R. C a g n a t et al., Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes

Abbreviations IGUR IK ILAlg ILChV

ILS Ins. Cret. lOSCS

xv

Inscriptiones Graecae Urbis Roma* Inschriften griechischer Stddtt au% KhttMum Inscriptions latines de rAlgin^ Inscriptiones Latinat (.'hritltanae V'etttrs Inscriptiones iMtinat Stlectae Inscriptiones Creticae International Organization for S e p t u a g i n t a n d C o g n a t e

Studies lOSPE

JAC JAOS JBL JBR JDAI JE JEA JHS

I. L a t y s c h e v , Inscriptiones Antiquae Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini Graecae et Latinae H . B . S w e t e a n d R . O t d e y , Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (1920) A . - M . D e n i s , Introduction aux pseudepigraphes grecs d'Ancien Testament (1970) Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Istanbuler Abteilung J a h r b u c h fiir A n t i k e u n d C h r i s t e n t u m J o u r n a l of the American Oriental Society J o u r n a l o f Biblical L i t e r a t u r e J o u r n a l of Bible a n d Religion J a h r b u c h des D e u t s c h e n A r c h a o l o g i s c h e n I n s t i t u t s The Jewish Encyclopedia Journal of Egyptian Archaeology J o u r n a l of Hellenic Studies

JIH

A.

lOTG IPGAT 1st. M i t t .

JJP JJS J LBBM JNES JOAI JPFC JPOS JPTh JQR JRAS JRS JS JSHRZ JSJ JSS(t) JThSt

Scheiber

(ed.),

Jewish

Inscriptions

in

Hungary

(1983) J o u r n a l of Juristic Papyrology Journal ofjewish Studies G. W . E . N i c k e l s b u r g , Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah ( 1 9 8 1 ) Journal of Near Eastern Studies J a h r b u c h des O s t e r r e i c h i s c h e n A r c h a o l o g i s c h e n I n s t i t u t s S. S a f r a i a n d M . S t e r n ( e d s . ) , The Jewish People in the First Century I - I I ( 1 9 7 4 - 7 6 ) J o u r n a l of t h e Palestine O r i e n t a l Society J a h r b u c h e r fiir P r o t e s t a n t i s c h e T h e o l o g i e Jewish Quarterly Review J o u r n a l of t h e R o y a l Asiatic Society J o u r n a l of R o m a n Studies Journal des Savants Judische Schriften aus hellenistischer und romischer êit J o u r n a l for t h e S t u d y of J u d a i s m J o u r n a l of Semitic Studies J o u r n a l of T h e o l o g i c a l S t u d i e s

xvi JWSTP JZWL KAI I.ASBI' L'lliK MAM.A

MDAI MKFR MGH M(fWJ MPAT MQ^ MRR MT MUSJ NA(W)G NC NedThT NESE NGGW N o t . d . Sc. NRTh NT NTS(t) NTT OAW OGIS OLZ OTP PA PAAJR PBJS PBSR PCPhS PEFC^St PEQ_ PG

Abbreviations M . E . S t o n e ( e d . ) , Jewish mittngs of the Second Temple Period (1984) J i i d i s c h e Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaft u n d L e b e n H . D o n n e r a n d W . R b l h g , Kanaandische und Aramdische Inschriften I - I I ( ^ 1 9 7 1 - 6 ) Liber A n n u u s Studii Bibhci Franciscani L e x i k o n fiir T h e o l o g i e u n d K i r c h e Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua .Vliueilungen des D e u t s c h e n A r c h a o l o g i s c h e n I n s t i t u t s V l f l a n g r s d( "First Ivsdras'", Louis Ginzberg Jub. Vol. I (1945), p p . 395-410. S(c)halit, A., 'The Dale a n d Place of the Story about the T h r e e Bodyguards of t h e K i n g in the Apocryphal Book of E z r a ' (in H e b r e w ) , B J P E S 13 (1946/7), p p . 119 2 8 . Rudolph, W . , 'Der Wettstreit d e r Leibwachter des Darius 3 Esra iii,l-v,6', Z A W 61 (1945/8), pp. 176-90. S(c)halit, A., 'KolXr) Zvpia from Mid-Fourth Century to the Beginning of t h e T h i r d C e n t u r y B.C.', Script. Hier. I (1954), pp. 64-77. Allrik, H . L., ' i Esdras according to Codex B a n d Codex A a s appearing i n Zerubbabel's list in I Esdras 5:8-23', Z A W 66 (1954), p p - 272-92. Ryan, J . K., ' " M a g n a est Veritas et praevalebit" (3 E z r a 4, 41)', A m e r i c a n Ecclesiasdcal Review 135 (1956), p p . 116-24. Rundgren, R . , ' Z u r Bedeutung v o n OIKOFENHS in I H Esr. iii,!', Eranos 55 (1957), p p . 145-52. Lommatzsch, E., ' D i e starksten Dinge', J a h r b u c h d e r Akademie d e r Wissenschaften u n d d e r Literatur i n Mainz (1961), pp. 2 36-8. Donner, H., 'Der "Freund des Konigs'", Z A W 73 (1961), p p . 269-77. Denter, P. T h . , Die Stellung der Biicher Esdras im Kanon des Alten Testaments (1962). Turner, N., 'Books of Esdras', I D B II (1962), cols. 140-2. Z i m m e r m a n n , F., ' T h e Story of the T h r e e G u a r d s m e n ' , J Q R 54 (1963/4), p p . 179-200. Schmid, U., Die Priamel der Werte im Griechischen von Homer bis Paulus (1964), pp. i l o - i 7, 120-37. Mowinckel, S., Studien zu den Buche Ezra-Nehemia, 3 vols. (1964/5), I, pp. 1-28; I I I , p p . l O - I I.

Schneemelcher, W., 'Ezra', R A C V I (1966), cols. 598 ff. Kellermann, U., ' D a s I I I E s r a b u c h und die Nehemia-iiberlieferung', in Nehemia : Quellen, Oberlieferung und Geschichte (1967), p p . 128—33. Klein, R. W . , 'Old Readings in I Esdras: T h e List of Returnees from Babylon (Ezra 2 / / N e h e m i a h 7)', H T h R 62 (1969), p p . 99-107. Pohlmann, K.-F., Studien zum dritten Esra (1970). Goodman, W . R., A Study of I Esdras 3,1-5,6 (Diss. D u k e , 1972). In d e r Smitten, W . Th., ' Z u r P a g e n e r z a h l u n g im 3. Esra (3 Esr. I l l i - V 6)', V T 22 (1972), p p . 492-5. In d e r Smitten, W. T h . , Esra. Quellen, Oberlieferung und Geschichte (1973). .Mosis, R., Untersuchungen zur Theologie des Chronistischer Geschichtswerkes (1973). Allen, L. C , The Greek Chronicles I (1974), pp. 6-17. Cross, F. M., 'A Reconstruction o f the J u d a e a n Restoration', J B L 9 4 (1975), pp. 4 - 1 8 . Williamson, H . G. M . , Israel in the Book of Chronicles (1977). Hanhart, R., 'Zu T e x t u n d Textgeschichte d e s ersten Esrabuches', in A . Shinan, e d . , Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress ofjewish Studies I (1977), p p . 201-12. Heltzer, M., ' T h e Greek T e x t of I Esdras I I I , 1-2 — Its D a t e and Subordination at t h e Achaemenian Court', H e n o c h 2, 2 (1980), p p . 150-5.

71B

§33B. Jewish Literature of Uncertain Original Language

Crenshaw, J . L., ' T h e contest of Darius' Guards', in B, O. Long, ed.. Images of Man and G o r f ( i 9 8 i ) , p p . 74-88. Crenshaw, J . L., ' W i s d o m and a u t h o r i t y : sapiendal rhetoric and its w a r r a n t ' , i n j . A. Kmcrton, ed.. Congress Volume, Vienna ig8o (Supplement to V T , X X X I I , 1981), pp. Hilhoisi, A., 'Darius' pillow (I Esdras iii.8)', J T h S t 3 3 (1982), pp. 161-3. WilliiiniHdu, H. M . , ' T h e composition of E z r a i-vi', J T h S t 34 (1983), p p . 1-30. Jiipliri, .S , 'Shcshhazzar and Z e r u b b a b e l against t h e background of the historical a n d MIIKIOUH ICIKKMUicsof PLzra-Nehemiah', Z A W 9 5 (1983), pp. 218-29. C f «tli»i hoK'u|>l.')7 7'Heller, Bernhard ( = Dob), 'Die S u s a n n a c r z a h l u n g : cin M a r c h e n ' , Z A W 54 (1936), pp. 281-7. Torrey, C. C , The Apocryphal Literature etc. (1945), p p . 54-7. Rowley, H . H., ' T h e Unity of the Book of Daniel', in The Servant of the Lord and Other Essays on the Old Testament, ed. Rowley (1952, ^1965), p p . 249—80. Forderer, M . , ' D e r Schild des Achilleus u n d der Lobgesang i m Feuerofen', Studium Generale, Heidelberg, 8 (1955), p p . 294-301. M a c K e n z i e , R. A . F., ' T h e M e a n i n g of the Susanna Story', Canadian J o u r n a l of Theology 3 (1957), p p . 211-18. Z i m m e r m a n n , F., 'The Story o f Susanna a n d its Original Language', JQ_R 48 (1957/8), pp. 237-41. Z i m m e r m a n n , F., 'Bel a n d the D r a g o n ' , V T 8 (1958), 438-40. K a t z , P., ' T h e T e x t of 2 Maccabees Reconsidered', Z N W 51 (1960), pp. 1 0 - 3 0 , cf 27-30 : appendix; 'rrpeo^vTepiov in I T i m . iv, 14 and Susanna 50'. Frost, S. B., ' D a n i e l : . . . T h e Additions', in I D B I (1962), col. 767: W u r m b r a n d , M., 'A Falasha V a r i a n t of t h e Story of S u s a n n a ' , Bibl. 44 (1963), pp. 29-35Schmitt, A., Stammt der sogenannte " 0 " - Text bei Daniel wirklich von Theodotion? ( M S U I X , 1966). Grelot, P., 'Les versions grecques de Daniel', Bibl. 4 (1966), pp. 381-402. J o n e s , B. W . , ' T h e Prayer in Daniel ix', V T 18 (1968), pp. 4 8 8 - 9 3 . Papadopoulos, N . , 'The Deuterocanonical Sections of Daniel', Theologia 40 (1969), pp. 4 5 8 - 8 9 ; 41 (1970), p p . 340-64Fenz, A. K . , 'Ein Drache in Babel. Exegetische Skizze iiber Daniel 14:23-42', Svensk Exegetisk Arsbok 35 (1970), pp. 5—16. Schiipphaus, J., 'Der Verhaltnis von L X X - und T h e o d o t i o n - T e x t in den a p o c r y p h e n Zusatzen zum Danielbuch', Z A W 83 (1971), p p . 4 9 - 7 2 . R o t h , W. M . W . , 'For Life, H e Appeals to D e a t h (Wis. 13:18): A Study of Old Testament Idol Parodies', CBQ,37 (1975), pp. 21-47. Nickelsburg, G. W . E., J L B B M , pp. 25-30. Milik, J . T . , 'Daniel et Susanne a Q u m r a n ? , in J. D o r e et al., eds., De la Torah au Messie: MilangesH. Gazelles (i981), pp. 337-59.

4. The Prayer of Manasseh In the s a m e w a y t h a t the p r a y e r s o f M o r d e c a i a n d E s t h e r are i n t e r p o l a t e d a s a s u p p l e m e n t i n t h e Book of E s t h e r , a n d t h e P r a y e r of A z a r i a h a n d t h e S o n g of t h e T h r e e Y o u n g M e n in t h e B o o k of D a n i e l ,

/. Revision and Completion of Biblical iMttnlut*

/•{ i

so t h e P r a y e r of M a n a s s e h , in which thr king, lr(i\nirHN, was i n t e n d e d t o s u p p l e m e n t 2 Chroniclr.s. 'I'lirrr wa* |iaiiiiulai i n i a s i o n to ( o m p o s e such a p r a y e r b e c a u s e 2 Ghronii I m ''^ '!) n u ' u t i o n s t h a t the p r a y e r of M a n a s s e h is recorded rUrwhrir in t h r C h r o n i c l e s of t h e kings of I s r a e l ( 1 8 ) , o r in t h r ('lirotiidr ol Ho/.ai ( o r , a c c o r d i n g to t h e ( i r e e k texts, t h e C h r o n i c l e of thr Srrrs) ( 1 9 ) . I h e p r a y e r is n o t i n c l u d e d in t h e t e x t of C h r o n i c l e s in tlir I , X X m a n u s c r i p t s b u t is collected i n m o s t of t h e G r e e k m a n u s c r i p t s , from t h e fifth c e n t u r y a n d l a t e r , together with other p r a y e r s a n d h y m n s a s an a p p e n d i x t o the Psalms (as e.g. i n C o d e x A l e x a n d r i n u s a n d in Psalterium Turicense). I t is n o t m e n t i o n e d in a n y of t h e a n c i e n t lists of a p o c r y p h a l b o o k s , b u t t h i s m a y he b e c a u s e it w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e c a n o n i c a l . I t is n o t p o s s i b l e to s a y a n y t h i n g with c e r t a i n t y a b o u t t h e d a t e , p l a c e of o r i g i n or o r i g i n a l l a n g u a g e of t h e P r a y e r of M a n a s s e h , e x c e p t t h a t it w a s e v i d e n t l y e x t a n t hefore t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y A.D.^'^^ T h e earliest c i t a t i o n o f t h e p r a y e r is in t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y A.D. Didascalia p r e s e r v e d in full o n l y in S y r i a c t r a n s l a t i o n . F o r a c r i t i c a l edition o f t h e S y r i a c text, c f P. d e L a g a r d e , Didascalia apostolorum Syriace (repr. 1 9 1 1 ) ; E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n : R . H . C o n n o l l y , Didascalia Apostolorum ( 1 9 2 9 ) ; G e r m a n t r a n s l a t i o n : A c h e l i s a n d F l e m m i n g , Die syrische Didaskalia (1904), p p . 3 6 ff. I t is g i v e n h e r e i n full, a n d also i n the later r e v i s e d f o r m of t h e D i d a s c a l i a , i . e . t h e Apostolic C o n s t i t u t i o n s ! F. X . F u n k , Didascalia et constitutiones apostolorum I ( 1 9 0 5 ; r e p r . i960), pp. 8 4 - 9 ) . T h e w h o l e t e x t u a l t r a d i t i o n , i n c l u d i n g t h a t of t h e L X X m a n u s c r i p t s , v e r y p r o b a b l y d e r i v e s f r o m this s o u r c e (so N e s t l e a n d I'.-N. N a u ) , b u t t h e t r a d i t i o n p r e s e r v e d i n t h e psalteries s h o u l d also b e t.iken i n t o a c c o u n t . I t is i m p r o b a b l e , h o w e v e r , t h a t it w a s first c o m p o s e d by t h e a u t h o r o f t h e Apost. Const, as F a b r i c i u s a s s u m e d [Liber I obiae Judith Oratio Manasse Sapientia et Ecclesiasticus gr. et lat., e d . J o b . Alb. F a b r i c i u s ( 1 6 9 1 ) , p . 208) a n d F . - N . N a u ( R e v u e d e T O r i e n t ( h r e t i e n , 1908, p . 1 3 7 ) , b o t h b e c a u s e t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e p r a y e r definitely i n d i c a t e s a J e w i s h o r i g i n ( c f t h e o p e n i n g verse) a n d b e c a u s e It (verse 4) is a l r e a d y q u o t e d in Apost. Const. 8, 7, 5 , as b e i n g a w e l l - k n o w n w o r k . T h e v i e w of H o w o r t h ( ' S o m e U n c o n v e n t i o n a l V i e w s o u t h e T e x t o f the B i b l e , V I I I ' , P S B A 3 1 (1909), p p . 8 9 - 9 9 ) , t h a t t h e p r a y e r t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e story a r o u n d i t w a s t a k e n from t h e g e n u i n e (.}.(). O n the date, cf. J . H . Chariesworth, The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research i()7(>), p . 157: 'between 200 B.C. a n d A.D. 70', b u t Berthold, cited by V . Ryssel, in E. K.mtz.sch, A P A T , p . 167, affirms a d a t e only just before t h e composition of the Didascalia 111 i h e third century A.D. Denis, I P G A T , p. 181, asserts t h a t t h e original language was . (I lainly Greek, b u t C. C . T o r r e y , The Apocryphal Literature (1945), pp. 68 f, follows R . H . < h.iiKs, in Charles, A P O T I, p . 614, n . i, in preferring a Semitic original. T h e prayer is iiiu short for such speculation to be resolved.

732

§^^B. Jewish Literature q/ Ifrurrlain Original

Language

L X X t e x t o f C h r o n i c l e s ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g to his view of t h e l a t e r o r i g i n o f o u r G r e e k t e x t o f C h r o n i c l e s , cf a b o v e , p. 7 1 2 ) is i d i o s y n c r a t i c . T h e n o t i c e following t h e t e x t of t h e p r a y e r i n Apost. (Jonsl., t h a t in a n s w e r t o Mana.sseh's p e n i t e n t i a l confession a m i r a c u l o u s flame m e l t e d t h e i r o n o f his c h a i n s a n d freed h i m , s e e m s also t o h a v e b e e n k n o w n to l u l i u s A f r i i a n u s i n t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y A.D., cf J o h n of D a m a s c u s , Sacra farallfla (I*CJ X C V , 1 4 3 6 ) , w i t h a slightly different t e x t of t h e s a m e paH.sagr given by P i t r a , Analecta Sacra I I ( 1 8 8 4 ) , p . 292. A f r i c a n u s a p p a r e n t l y b r i i e v e d t h e c h a i n s to h a v e b e e n b r o k e n r a t h e r t h a n m e l t e d , b u t it is c l e a r t h a t he k n e w b o t h t h e l e g e n d i n t h e D i d a s c a l i a a n d t h e text of the p r a y e r , a n d this f u r t h e r l e g e n d m a y t h e r e f o r e h a v e a l s o b e e n o f J e w i s h origin. T h e L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n w h i c h h a s passed i n t o the p u b l i s h e d V u l g a t e is a s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y version m a d e from t h e G r e e k , cf. H . S c h n e i d e r , ' D e r V u l g a t a - T e x t d e r O r a t i o Manas.se', B Z N.F.4 (i960), p p . 2 7 7 - 8 2 . N o n e o f the o t h e r e x t a n t L a t i n versions is sufficiently e a r l y to b e o f a n y h e l p for t e x t u a l c r i t i c i s m , c f H . V o l z , ' Z u r O b e r l i e f e r u n g d e s G e b e t e s M a n a s s e ' , Zeitschrift fiir K i r c h e n g e s c h i c h t e 70 ( 1 9 5 9 ) , p p . 2 9 3 - 3 0 7 . Editions Funk, F. X., Didascalia et Constitutiones Apostolarum I (1905 ; repr. i960), p p . 8 4 - 9 . Swete, H . B., Tfie O.T. in Greek according to the LXX III C*i9i2), pp. 824-6 (text of Codex Alexandrinus with variants from the Psalt. Turicense). Rahlfs, A . , Psalmicum Odis (1931), p p . 362-3 (a critical text). Denis, F P G , pp. 115-17. Baars, W . , and H . Schneider, eds., Peshitta I V . 6 (1972), p p . i-vii, 1-9. Translations a n d Commentaries Fritzsche, O. F., Exeget. Handbuch zu den Apokryphen I (1851). Zockler, O., Die Apokryphen des A.T. nebst einem Anhang Uber die Pseudepigraphenliteratur {Kurzgef. Kommentar zu den heil. Schriften A. und N.T., eds. Strack a n d Zockler, no. 9, 1891), pp. 236-8. Ryssel, V . , in E. Kautzsch, A P A T I, p p . 165-71. Ryle, H. E., ' T h e Prayer of Manasses', in Charles, A P O T I, pp. 612-24. Riessler, P., AltjUdisches Schrifttum ausserhalb den Bibel, ubersetzt und erldutert (1928), pp. 348 ffConnolly, R. H., Didascalia Apostolorum (1929), pp. 72-6. Artom, Elihu (Elia) S., in A. K a h a n a , D''rS''nn a-"lBOn (^1956). Osswald, E., Das Gebet Manasses ( J S H R Z I V . i, 1974), pp. 15-27. Bibliography Nestle, E., Septuagintastudien I I I (1899), pp. 4 f, 6 - 2 2 ; IV (1903), pp. 5 - 9 . N a u , F.-N., ' U n Extrait de l a Didascalie: La Priere d e Manasse', Revue d e I'Orient Chretien 13 (1908), pp. 134-41 (with a critical edition of the Syriac text). Wilkins, G . , ' T h e Prayer of Manasseh', H e r m a t h e n a 16(1911), p p . 167-78. Norden, E . , Agnostos Theos (1913), p. 205. Bardenhewer, O . , Geschichte der altkirchlichen Literatur"^ II (1914), p p . 304-12. Stahlin, O . , 'Die hellcnistisch-jiidische Literatur', in W. v. Christ, O . Stahlin a n d W.

/. Revision and Completion of Biblical

iMtftituu

Schmidt, Geschichte der griech. Literatur etc }^ II.i (i Hiiutsch, in R E IIA.2 (1923), col. 1603. Wwrey, C C, The Apocryphal Literature etc. (iii^'^t],\t\t «i7 «i Schneider, H., 'Die biblischen O d c n im ( hrimlit lint Aliriluiti, WH ilrm \ ' \ | . i h r h n n d r r l , in Jerusalem und Konstantiiio|)rl, iiii M i i i r U l i r i , MM l i r i i t i | i l , « t i H < h r n Rsalu-r', Bibl. 30 (1949), p p . 28-65, '•'39' 7'^. 43:^ '»3. V*"» • '''hi ^ n»4 7'ii \'olz, H., ' Z u r UberHeferung drn (;rl>r«r» M.iti.i^r^', /.nis< hrifi liir Kirchengeschichte 70 (i959)>PP- 293-307S( hneider, H . , ' D e r V u l g a l a - T r x l drr < )rali() Mana.sse', BZ 4 (i960), 277-82. Wikgren, A . , ' P r a y e r of Manasseh', ill IDB 111 (1962), cols. 255-6. Denis, I P G A T , p p . 177 Hi. For Jewish legends a h o u i Manasseh, cf L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews I V (1913), pp. 106-8, a n d V I (1928).

5. The Book of Baruch (I

Baruch)

I'he G r e e k B o o k of B a r u c h b e l o n g s , strictly s p e a k i n g , to t h e p r o p h e t i c p s e u d e p i g r a p h a , i n p a r t i c u l a r to t h o s e w h i c h a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y h o r t a t o r y . It is p l a c e d h e r e b e c a u s e it w a s i n c l u d e d as c a n o n i c a l in t h e ( i r e e k Bible b y s o m e C h u r c h F a t h e r s from t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y A.D. a n d after, w h o t r e a t e d i t as a s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e b o o k of J e r e m i a h . I t is possible t h a t s o m e J e w s a t a n e a r l i e r p e r i o d a l s o t r e a t e d I B a r u c h as a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e B i b l e b u t , a p a r t f r o m t h e l a t e r C h r i s t i a n a t t r i b u t i o n s of c a n o n i c i t y , t h e r e is n o o t h e r e v i d e n c e for t h i s . T h e b o o k c l a i m s t o b e w r i t t e n b y B a r u c h , t h e c o n f i d e n t i a l friend a n d c o m p a n i o n of t h e p r o p h e t J e r e m i a h . T h e c o n t e n t s a r e r a t h e r d i s p a r a t e a n d fall i n t o t w o h a l v e s , t h e s e c o n d of w h i c h c o m p r i s e s t w o f u r t h e r sections. T h e b o o k as a w h o l e b e g i n s w i t h a s u p e r s c r i p t i o n i n w h i c h w h a t follows is d e s c r i b e d as a b o o k b y B a r u c h w r i t t e n i n the fifth y e a r after t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of J e r u s a l e m b y t h e C h a l d e a n s ( 1 : 1 - 2 ) . B a r u c h r e a d this b o o k a l o u d to K i n g J e c o n i a h a n d all t h e exiles i n B a b y l o n a n d it m a d e such a n i m p r e s s i o n t h a t it w a s d e c i d e d to s e n d m o n e y to J e r u s a l e m so t h a t sacrifices a n d p r a y e r s m i g h t b e offered t h e r e for K i n g N e b u c h a d n e z z a r a n d his son B e l s h a z z a r . J e w s l i v i n g in J e r u s a l e m w e r e at the s a m e t i m e r e q u e s t e d t o r e a d t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g w o r k in t h e Temple o n festival d a y s ( 1 : 3 - 1 4 ) . T h i s w o r k , w h i c h is t h e n g i v e n in full ( 1 : 1 5 - 5 : 9 ) , is c l e a r l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t r e a d o u t b y B a r u c h , a n d h e n c e i d e n d c a l to t h a t a n n o u n c e d i n t h e t i t l e . T h e first h a l f of t h i s w o r k ( 1 : 1 5 - 3 : 8 ) is a p r o f o u n d confession of sins b y t h e exiles ( 1 : 1 5 - 2 : 5 ) , lollowed by t h e i r p r a y e r s to G o d (2:6—3:8). T h e y r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e terrible fate w h i c h h a s fallen on t h e m a n d o n t h e H o l y C i t y is t h e r i g h t e o u s j u d g e m e n t o f G o d on t h e i r sins, a n d they i m p l o r e h i m h e n c e f o r t h to s h o w m e r c y on t h e m . T h e y confess in p a r t i c u l a r t h a t t h e i r d i s o b e d i e n c e to t h e K i n g o f B a b y l o n w a s a r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t G o d himself, for i t w a s G o d ' s will t h a t I s r a e l s h o u l d o b e y t h e K i n g of b a b y l o n ( 2 : 2 1 - 4 ) . T h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e b o o k (3:9—5:9) i n c l u d e s

734

§33^- Jewish Literature of Uncertain Original

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i n s t r u c t i o n a n d comfort for t h e h u m i l i a t e d p e o p l e , (a) I n s t r u c t i o n : I s r a e l h a s b e e n h u m i l i a t e d b e c a u s e i t has forsaken t h e s o u r c e of w i s d o m . T r u e w i s d o m is w i t h G o d a l o n e . T h e p e o p l e m u s t r e t u r n to t h a t wi.sdom (3:9-4:4). (b) C o m f o r t : J e r u s a l e m will n o t b e d e v a s t a t e d forever, a n d t h e p e o p l e will n o t a l w a y s b e in c a p t i v i t y . T h e y m u s t t a k e ( o u r a g e , for t h e s c a t t e r e d m e m b e r s will b e r e u n i t e d in t h e H o l y L a n d Although t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n (1:1—14) w a s p r e s u m a b l y c o m p o s e d by the compiler of niost, if n o t a l l , of t h e rest of I B a r u c h , it is p o s s i b l e to treat the «)thrr major sections as entirely i n d e p e n d e n t c o m p o s i t i o n s b y differrnt authors.''*'' The .second h a l f h a s v e r y obviously b e e n j o i n e d quite abruptly to t h e first at 3:9.^'*" I n t e r n a l c o h e r e n c e exists o n l y in.sofar as both halves presuppose the s a m e h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a t i o n , i.e. the destruction o f Jerusalem and t h e d e p o r t a t i o n o f the p e o p l e i n t o c a p t i v i t y . Otherwise there is n o c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m a n d i t is i n d e e d i n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t t h e y b e l o n g e d t o g e t h e r from t h e s t a r t . I n a d d i t i o n , the style a n d m o d e o f expression a r e q u i t e different; t h e first h a l f is m o r e H e b r a i s t i c t h a n the s e c o n d half, a n d basic w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s r e c e i v e e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t treatment.^^^ I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e t w o h a l v e s a r e t h e w o r k s o f different a u t h o r s , t h o u g h , less p l a u s i b l y , t h e d i v e r g e n c e s m i g h t b e d u e t o different t r a n s l a t o r s i n t o G r e e k . W i t h i n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f the b o o k , t h e r e is e v e r y r e a s o n to s u p p o s e t h a t t h e w i s d o m p o e m in 3:9-4:4 was w r i t t e n b y a different a u t h o r from t h e p e r s o n r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e p s a l m in 4:5-5:9-^^° I n t h e first half, i t is n o t possible t o be so d o g m a t i c . T h e w h o l e of 1 : 1 - 3 : 8 is stylistically a u n i t y , t h o u g h t h i s m i g h t c o n c e i v a b l y b e t h e effect of a single translator, so t h a t s e p a r a t e a u t h o r s of t h e S e m i t i c o r i g i n a l s c a n still be p o s t u l a t e d . ^ ^ ' I t h a s b e e n a r g u e d t h a t 1 : 3 - 1 4 is a l a t e r i n t e r p o l a t i o n (so Eissfeldt a n d 347. See C. A. Moore, Daniel, Esther and Jeremiah: The Additions (1977), pp. 257-8, who treats I Baruch a s consisting of five separate compositions. G. W . E. Nickelsburg, in J W S T P , p p . 140-4, asserts greater unity. 348. G. W . E. Nickelsburg, J L B B M , pp. 111, 153, suggests that 3:9-13 may have been inserted as a link b y the redactor. 349. H . St. J . Thackeray, 'Notes a n d Studies: T h e Greek Translators of J e r e m i a h ' , J T h S t 4 (1903), pp. 2 6 1 - 6 ; cf A. Wifstrand, 'Die Stillung d e r enkhtischen Personalpronomina bei d e n Septuaginta', Bull, de l a Soc. Royale des Lettres d e L u n d (1949/50), p . 64; R . A. M a r d n , 'Some Syntactical Criteria of Translation Greek', V T 10 (i960), p p . 297-306, 3 0 9 - 1 0 ; E . Tov, The Book of Baruch also called I Baruch (Greek and Hebrew) (1975), P- 7350. C. A . Moore, 'Towards the Dating of the Book of B a r u c h ' , CBQ^ 36 (1974), pp. 3 1 2 - 2 0 ; idem, Daniel, Esther and Jeremiah: The Additions (1977), pp. 314-16, suggests further that I Baruch 5:5-9 is a late addition based on Psalms of Solomon 11. But the whole question of the relationship o f I Baruch t o the Psalms of Solomon is still problematic (see below). 351. T h e grounds put forward by Moore, op. cit., p p . 257—8, 291—4, for distinguishing a n u m b e r of separate authors within 1:15—3:8 a r e not convincing, cf Nickelsburg, J L B B M , pp. 110, 152, notes 24 and 26, b u t they cannot be disproved.


Lilâluit

; •^ r,

o t h e r s ) , b e c a u s e t h e s t o r y of the recitation of Raru< h'» IxMik an Bapovx (cf. S w e t e a n d O t t l e y , p . 204) ; S t i c h o m e t r . N i c e p h . (in S w e t e a n d O t t l e y , p . 208) : 'lepepîas TTpotjyrfTrjs arix8', Bapovx arix^'• B u t E p i p h a n i u s , De mensuris et ponderibus 5, w h o s a y s clearly t h a t n o text s u r v i v e d irap' 'E^palois, s h o w s t h a t it w o u l d be w r o n g to d e d u c e from these p a s s a g e s t h a t B a r u c h r e a l l y b e l o n g e d t o t h e Jewish c a n o n . O n its use i n the C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h , cf t h e e x h a u s t i v e discussion i n F. H . R e u s c h , Erkldrung des Buchs Baruch ( 1 8 5 3 ) , P P - 1 - 2 1 , 268 ff., a n d G. H . H o b e r g , Die dlteste lateinische Uebersetzung des Buches Baruch ( 1 9 0 2 ) , pp. 7 - 1 9 . T h e b o o k is f r e q u e n t l y q u o t e d as a w o r k of the p r o p h e t J e r e m i a h , b e c a u s e i t was a l r e a d y e a r l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h i s b o o k . T h e f a v o u r i t e p a s s a g e of t h e C h u r c h F a t h e r s w a s t h a t of t h e a p p e a r a n c e of G o d on e a r t h (Bar. 3 : 3 8 : fiera rovro irrl rrjs yrjs cl)dr] Kal iv rots dvdpiOTTois avvav€arpd(f>rj). I t is n o t c l e a r f r o m t h e t e x t w h a t s h o u l d be the s u b j e c t of t h e v e r b u)07). B o t h G r e e k a n d L a t i n F a t h e r s took it t o be G o d , w h o is t h e s u b j e c t of t h e p r e c e d i n g verse, so t h a t t h e v e r s e b e c o m e s a p r e d i c d o n of t h e i n c a r n a t i o n of C h r i s t a n d is p r o b a b l y a r a t h e r c l u m s y C h r i s t i a n i n t e r p o l a t i o n . T h i s v i e w is reflected in t h e L a t i n a n d S y r i a c v e r s i o n s , w h i c h t r a n s l a t e 'he a p p e a r e d on e a r t h ' . H o w e v e r , if t h e subject is t a k e n t o be W i s d o m , t h e s u b j e c t of t h e following verse, t h e r e is n o r e a s o n t o reject the verse as i n a u t h e n t i c , cf C. A . M o o r e , Daniel, Esther and Jeremiah: The Additions ( 1 9 7 7 ) , ad loc. T h e o l d e s t q u o t a d o n is i n A t h e n a g o r a s , Leg. 9 (ed. S c h o e d e l , p . 20), w h e r e B a r . 3:36 is c i t e d a s a s a y i n g of a rrpo^-qrrjs. I r e n a e u s iv 20, 4, a l l u d e s t o Bar, 3:38. I n ibid, v 3 5 , i , h e q u o t e s B a r . 4:36-5:9, w i t h t h e f o r m u l a : 'significavit J e r e m i a s p r o p h e t a ' . C l e m e n t of A l e x a n d r i a , Paedag. i 10, 9 1 - 2 , cites v a r i o u s p a s s a g e s as s a y i n g s of t h e p r o p h e t J e r e m i a h . I n Paedag. h 3, 36, h e cites Bar. 3:16—19, w i t h t h e f o r m u l a rf dela TTov Xeyei ypa^rf. H i p p o l y t u s m e n t i o n s in his Contra Moetum 2:5 (ed.


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B u t t e r w o r t h , p . 47) t h a t N o e t u s a n d h i s f o l l o w r i » i * | i | > r « « i r ( | a M i u i i K < t i o t h e r s to Bar. 3:36—8 as p r o o f for i h r i r p M l r i | > i t k » i M i i ( ; h i mioUtgy. H r himself t h e n gives a s o p h i s t i c a t e d i n t e r p r e l M i i o n o l ilir p a s s a g e [Contra JVoetum 5 : 1 - 5 , ed. B u t t e r w o r t h , p p . 7), t o est a p r t h e difficulty. Hence Baruch was a n o r i n a i i v r a u t h o r i t y l o r b o t h Noetus a n d H i p p o l y t u s . O r i g e n , In Jerem. homtl. v i i ^ ((iClS, O r i g e n I I I , p . 5 4 ; e d . N a u t i n , S C 2 3 2 , p . 348) : y4ypniTTni'anovf, "lapa-qX K.T.X. = Bar. 3:9—13. Idem, Selecta in Jerem. 31 (1*(J X I I I , 5 8 1 ) : A ' y p a T T T a t ev TW Bapovx' 'rt oTt ev yrj K.T.X. = Bar. 3 : 1 0 . ( H o w e v e r , w h e n O r i g e n in E u s e b i u s , Hist. eccl. v i 2 5 , 2, a p p e a r s t o s t a t e t h a t t h e E p i s t l e of J e r e m i a h is c a n o n i c a l it is not clear w h e t h e r h e i n t e n d e d t o i n c l u d e o r e x c l u d e I B a r u c h . C f M o o r e , op. cit., p . 2 6 2 , n. 12.) C o m m o d i a n . , Carmen apologet., 371—2 ( C C L C X X V I I I ( i 9 6 0 ) , p . 8 7 ) : ' H i e r e m i a s a i t : H i e d e u s est e t c ' = B a r . 3 : 3 6 - 8 . C y p r i a n , Testim. ii 6 : ' I t e m a p u d H i e r e m i a m p r o p h e t a m : H i e d e u s n o s t e r e t c ' = Bar. 3 : 3 6 - 8 . A m o n g the G r e e k m a n u s c r i p t s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a r e V a t i c a n u s , A l e x a n d r i n u s , M a r c h a h a n u s , a n d finally C o d e x C h i s i a n u s ( o n w h i c h see A . R a h l f s , Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften des Alten Testaments ( M S U I I I ) (1914), pp. 278-80). Sinaiticus does not contain Baruch. T h e T h e o d o t i o n t r a n s l a t i o n of I B a r u c h is a t t e s t e d o n l y b y five r e a d i n g s in t h e S y r o - H e x a p l a , cf R . R . H a r w e l l , The Principal Versions of Baruch ( i 9 i 5 ) , p p . 6-7. Editions Ziegler, J , , leremias, Baructi, Threni, Epistula leremiae (1957; ^1976). Tov, E., The Book of Baruch also called I Baruch (Greek and Hebrew) reconstrucdon of the H e b r e w of 111-3:8, a n d translation).

Ancient

(1975)

(text, a

Translations

( I ) T h e L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n , w h i c h is e x t a n t in t h r e e different v e r s i o n s : (a) t h a t w h i c h , t h o u g h n o t by J e r o m e , h a s p a s s e d i n t o t h e V u l g a t e a n d is a close r e n d e r i n g o f t h e s t a n d a r d G r e e k t e x t ; (b) a s h o r t e r t e x t f o u n d in o n l y a few m a n u s c r i p t s p u b l i s h e d in P . S a b a t i e r , Bibliorum sacrorum Latinae versiones antiquae I I ( 1 7 4 9 ) , p p . 7 3 4 ff. J . J . K n e u c k e r , Das Buch Baruch ( 1 8 7 9 ) , p p . 1 5 7 ff., a r g u e d t h a t (b) is a l a t e r r e c e n s i o n o f (a) in w h i c h t h e L a t i n is i m p r o v e d a n d r e a d i n g s c h a n g e d to a g r e e w i t h t h e G r e e k in B ; a g a i n s t h i m R . R . H a r w e l l , The Principal Version of Baruch ( 1 9 1 5 ) , p p . 29^46, a r g u e s c o n v i n c i n g l y t h a t ( b ) w a s not r e l i a n t on (a) b u t r a t h e r d e s c e n d e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y from a G r e e k t e x t w h i c h a n t e d a t e s the s t a n d a r d t e x t o f B a r u c h . (c) T h e t e x t of Codex Gothicus f r o m L e o n , S p a i n , o f the y e a r 960, p u b l i s h e d b y G . H o b e r g , Die dlteste lateinische Obersetzung des Buches Baruch (1902), w a s c l a i m e d by h i m a n d b y Schiirer in T h L Z ( 1 9 0 3 ) , p p . 3 7 4 - 6 , as a n o l d e r r e c e n s i o n o f a h y p o t h e t i c a l o r i g i n a l t e x t t h a n e i t h e r of t h e o t h e r t w o versions, b u t i t is

742

§33^- Jewish Literature oJUncertain

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Language

m o r e likely t h a t it r e p r e s e n t s a late attempt to c o n f o r m t h e (b) v e r s i o n to t h e s t a n d a r d G r e e k t e x t , cf H a r w e l l , op. cit., p p . 4 7 - 5 1 . S i m i l a r l y l a t e and

u n i m p o r t a n t is t h e m a n u s c r i p t

Haruch vetustissime

latina

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Oairn.\i, Monte Cassino ( 1 9 0 2 ) . (2)

The two S y r i a c t r a n s l a t i o n s , o n w h i c h s e e H a r w e l l , op. cit., p p .

'•, JH. (a) The P e s h i t t a , i.e. t h e u s u a l S y r i a c t e x t , cf a b o v e , p . 1 8 4 . ( b ) Ihr Syro-Ilexaplar v e r s i o n , p u b l i s h e d b y A . C e r i a n i , Monumenta sacra et pro/ana

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mainiHcripi pid>lishe \ , |>|> Hn 111 Hautsch, E., in R E IIA.2 (1923), COI.H, tfioj 4 Heinisch, P., 'Zur Entstehung drs HiKhm |lam< h', I hrologir uiid (Jlaulx- 20 (1928), p p . 696-710. Oesterley, W . O. E., An Introduction to Ihr lim>k \ of ihr Apocrypha (1935), pp. 2 5 6 - 6 7 . Torrey, C. C , The Apocryphal l.ileralurr rti. { n>|5), pp. 59-64. Pfeiffer, R. H . , History ofN. 7 . limes {I94 PP- 463-75Wambacq, B . M., 'L'unite litteraire de Baruch i-iii,8', E T h L xii (1959), 455-60. Tedesche, S., 'Baruch, Book of, I D B I (1962), cols. 362-3. Wambacq, B . M., ' L ' u n i t e d u livre de Baruch', Bibl. 4 7 (1966), pp. 574-6. Bonnard, P.-E., La Sagesse enpersonne annoncie et venue: Jesus-Christ (1966), p p . 81—88. Batdstone, J . J . , ' A n Examination of t h e Literary a n d Theological B a c k g r o u n d of t h e Wisdom Passage of t h e Book of Baruch' (Diss. Duke U n i v . , 1968). Rocco, B., ' L a jxawa di Baruch 1,10', Bibbia e Oriente a (1969), p p . 273-7. Le Moyne, J . , 'Baruch', D B suppl. V I I I (1972), cols. 724-86. Moore, C. A . , 'Towards t h e D a d n g of the Book of Baruch', C B Q , 3 6 (1974), p p . 3 1 2 - 2 0 . Tov, E., The Septuagint Translation of Jeremiah and Baruch. A Discussion of an Early Revision of the LXX of Jeremiah 29-52 and Baruch 1:1-38 (1976). Tov, E., ' T h e Relation between the Greek Versions of Baruch a n d Daniel', i n M. E . Stone, ed., Armenian and Biblical Studies (1976), p p . 27-34. Martin, R. A . , Syntactical and Critical Concordance to the Greek Text of Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah (ComputerBible, 12) (1977). Goldstein, J . A., ' T h e Apocryphal Book of Baruch', P A A J R 46-47 (1979—80), p p . 179-99Burke, D. G., The Poetry of Baruch: a reconstruction and analysis of the original Hebrew text of Baruch 3:9-5:9 (1982). Cf O . Eissfeldt, The O.T., An Introduction etc. (1965), 592-4, a n d introductions to t h e apocrypha. C f above, p. 715 f 6. The Letter of Jeremiah T h e L e t t e r of J e r e m i a h , w h i c h i n s o m e of t h e l a t e r G r e e k follows i m m e d i a t e l y after quite separate

work.

manuscripts

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C h u r c h F a t h e r s from t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y A.D., b e i n g i n c l u d e d b y n a m e in a n u m b e r of c a n o n lists a n d c o n s i d e r e d b y o t h e r s as a n a d j u n c t to t h e Book of J e r e m i a h i t s e l f , i t w a s e x c l u d e d from t h e H e b r e w c a n o n least by t h e t i m e of J e r o m e , cf. Comm. on Jeremiah,

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363. C. A. Moore, Daniel, Esther and Jeremiah : The Aalditions (1977), p. 325.

are

744

§ 3 3 ^ - Jewish Literature oJ Umertmn Original Language

u t t e r l y u n a b l e t o d o e i t h e r g o o d o r b a d . In this w a y t h e a u t h o r s o u g h t t o r e s t r a i n his f e l l o w - b e h e v e r s from a n y p a r t i c i p a t i o n in h e a t h e n c u l t s . T h i s s m a l l w o r k is e x t a n t o n l y in G r e e k , a n d , as t h e d i s c o v e r y of a ( J r e e k fragment a t Q u m r a n d e m o n s t r a t e s , i t c i r c u l a t e d in t h i s l a n g u a g e in P a l e s t i n e d u r i n g t h e first c e n t u r y B . c . (see b e l o w ) , f h e r e is q u i t e go

quem for t h e a d o p t i o n of J e w i s h works by ChrUtiuiiK pnm LO A i». 1 c a n b e i n v o k e d i n t h e case of 2 Enoch, t<M).*" Thr (ihiti IOIIII NFIHR IRXI, as reflected in t h e S l a v o n i c manuscripts, MUMI have IRMUHRD FI(»ni a l o n g a n d c o m p l e x e d i t o r i a l process which IL IN 110 huiKri possible t o r e c o n s t r u c t w i t h a n y degree ofassuraiue (Andrisen, O T P 1, p . 9 5 ) . T h e M e l c h i z e d e k legend ap|)eii(lrd LO 2 Enoch c o n t a i n s a m i r a c u l o u s b i r t h story which in its concrete details differs from a n y k n o w n v e r s i o n , b u t fits into the intcr-'I'estamental s p e c u l a t i o n s o n t h e b i r t h o f h i s b r o t h e r , Noah ( i En. 106 7 ) ; G e n . A p . 2), a n d o n M e l c h i z e d e k ' s a r r i v a l in the world aTtaruip d/Li^TCT>/o dyeveaAoyr/TO? ( H e b . 7 : 3 ) . I t s d e p e n d e n c e on the New T e s t a m e n t is, h o w e v e r , m o s t u n l i k e l y ( A n d e r s e n , O T P I, pp. 9 6 - 7 ) . F o r t h e Q u m r a n M e l c h i z e d e k f r a g m e n t s , see a b o v e , pp. 4 4 9 - 5 1 . T h e G r e e k c o m p o s i t i o n is often a s s o c i a t e d w i t h E g y p t b e c a u s e of t h e m e n t i o n of phoenixes a n d chalkydries, or b r a z e n serpents, with lions' feet a n d tails a n d t h e h e a d s of crocodiles ( 1 2 : 1 ) , a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e a u t h o r ' s i d e a s t o those of P h i l o , S i r a c h a n d t h e B o o k o f Wisdom.^ T h e r e is n o c e r t a i n reference t o 2 E n o c h in p a t r i s t i c l i t e r a t u r e . I t is possible, h o w e v e r , t h a t O r i g e n ' s allusion t o E n o c h ' s a c c o u n t o f t h e c r e a t i o n c o n c e r n s 2 E n . 24—30, since i E n . d o e s n o t discuss t h e s u b j e c t . ' N a m et i n eo libello . . . q u e m H e r m a s c o n s c r i p s i t , i t a r e f e r t u r . P r i m o o m n i u m crede q u i a u n u s est deus, q u i o m n i a creavit a t q u e c o n p o s u i t ; q u i c u m n i h i l esset p r i u s , esse fecit o m n i a . . . S e d et i n E n o c h l i b r o h i s s i m i l i a d e s c r i b u n t u r . ' {De Principiis i ^, 2 , e d . K o e t s c h a u , G C S 22, p . 5 1 . ) Editions Sokolov, M., Materialy i zametkipo starinnoj slavjanskoj literature. Vypusk tretij VII. Slavjanskaja Kniga Enoka, II. Tekst s latinskim perevodom. Cetinija, University of Moscow (1899). Vaillant, A., Le livre des secrets d'Henoch: Texte slave et traduction franâise (1952, 1976). Translations English Charles, R. H . , and W . R. MorfiU, The Book of the Secrets of Enoch (1896). hellinistique et romaine (1969), pp. 1 0 9 - 1 6 ; S. Pines, 'Eschatology and the Concept of T i m e in the Slavonic Book of E n o c h ' , Types of Redemption, ed. J . Z. Werblowsky a n d J . C . Bleeker [Numen suppl. 18] (1970), pp. 7 2 - 8 7 ; J . C. Greenfield, ' P r o l e g o m e n o n ' to H . O d e b c r g , 3 Enoch or the Hebrew Book of Enoch (1973), p p . xviii-xx; U . Fischer, Eschatologie und Jenseitserwartung im hellenistischen Diasporajudentum [BZW 44] (1978), pp. 38-41. 6. T h e medieval dates assigned to 2 Enoch a r e generally held to b e untenable. Mrs A . S. D. M a u n d e r ' s claim that it is a Bogomil work ('The Date a n d Place of W r i t i n g of t h e Slavonic Book of Enoch', T h e Observatory 41 (1918), p p . 313-16) h a s been rebutted b y A. Rubinstein in 'Observations on the Slavonic Book o f Enoch', J J S 13 (1962), p p . 3-4. J T . Milik's theory concerning a n i n t h century Byzantine authorship [The Books of Enoch (1976), pp. 107-16) is equally far-fetched. Cf Collins, art. cit., p . 533, n. 7. 7. Charles, A P O T I I , p. 426. Cf. also Fischer, op. cit., p . 4 0 ; CoUins, art. cit., pp. 533-4.

750

§33^- Jîîsh Literature oJ line tf lam Original

Language

Forbes, N., a n d R. H . Charles, '2 Enoch or the Book ol ihr Srdris oi Enoch', A P O T I I , p p . 425-69. Andersen, F . I., '2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch', O TP 1, p p . 91 221. French Vaillant, A., op. cit. German Bonwetsch, G . , Die Biicher der Geheimnisse Henochs (1922). Riessler, P., Altjiidisches Schrifttum (1928), p p . 425-73, 1297-8. Bibliography Fothcringham, J. K . , ' T h e Date a n d Place of W r i d n g of the Slavonic Enoch', J T h S t 20 (1919), p . 252. Charles, R. H . , ' T h e Date a n d Place of Writing of the Slavonic Enoch', J T h S t 22 (1921), p p . 161-3. Schmidt, N., 'The T w o Recensions of the Slavonic Enoch', J A O S 41 (1921), pp. 3 0 7 - 1 2 . Lake, K., ' T h e Date of the Slavonic Enoch', H T h R 16 (1923), pp. 397-8. Gry, L . , 'Quelques noms d'anges et d'etres mystcrieux en II H e n o c h ' , RB 49 (1940), p p . 195-204. Rubinstein, A . , 'Observations on t h e Slavonic Book of E n o c h ' , J J S 13 (1962), pp. 1-21. R e p p , F., 'Textkritische U n t e r s u c h u n g e n zum Henoch-Apokryph d e s cod. slav. 125 d e r Osterreichischen Nationalbibliothek', Wiener Slavistisches J a h r b u c h 10 (1963), p p . 58-68. Philonenko, M., ' L a cosmogonie du Livre d e s secrets d ' H e n o c h ' , Religions en Egypte hellinistique et romaine (1969), p p . 109-16. Pines, S., 'Eschatology a n d the Concept of T i m e in t h e Slavonic Book of Enoch', Types of Redemption, ed. R . J . Z . Werblowsky and C . J . Bleeker [Numen suppl. 18] (1970), p p . 72-87. Idem, 'Enoch, Slavonic Book of, E n c . J u d . 6, cols. 797-9. E. T u r d e a n u , ' U n e curiosite de I'finoch slave: Les phenix du sixieme ciel', R E t S l 67 (1968), p p . 53-4. Idem, 'Dieu crea I'homme d e huit elements et Ura son n o m des quatre coins d u m o n d e ' , R . E t . Roumaines 13-14 (1974), pp. 163-94. Fischer, U., Eschatologie und Jenseitserwartung im hellenistischen Diasporajudentum [BZNW 4 4 ] (1978), p p . 30-70. T u r d e a n u , E., Apocryphes slaves et roumaines de I'Ancien Testament (1981), pp. 37-43. Chariesworth, J. H . , P M R S , pp. 103-6, 283. Nickelsburg, G. W. £ . , J L B B M , p p . 185-8, 191-3. 2. The Syriac Apocalypse oJ Baruch (2

Baruch)

T h e S y r i a c A p o c a l y p s e o f B a r u c h w a s first r e v e a l e d i n its e n t i r e t y

in

1871 w h e n A. M . C e r i a n i e d i t e d it f r o m t h e C o d e x A m b r o s i a n u s 1 3 . 2 1 I n f (folios 257a—265b) in h i s Monumenta sacra et profana V ii, p p . 1 1 3 - 8 0 . H e h a d issued a L a t i n t r a n s l a d o n of t h e w o r k i n 1866. C h a p t e r s 7 8 - 8 6 (Baruch's

letter)

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a n d m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y b e t w e e n 4 E z r a and 2 Barui li, ini|N»H i

oil Testament d'Adam (IHFJ^); ('.. l i r ^ O L D , ' | ) . M .TTIIIMM II.iiluopisc lie l e s t a m e n t u m Adaiiii', in Onenlahuht Sludirn Ih Soldekr i;f!i'idmft I I ( 1 9 0 6 ) , p p . 8 9 3 < ) I I » ; M . K N U M I K O , ' RNTLIIINCNLUIN A t l a r ' , in K (Jraffin ( e d . ) , Patrologia Syriaca II iMH»7'. p p ':{l .ibraham (Ph.D. diss., L o n d o n , 1953) ; idem, 'The " T e s t a m e n t o f A b r a h a m " : Problems 111 Bibhcal Greek', N T S t i (1954-5), PP- 2 2 2 - 3 ; R- A. M a r t i n , 'Syntax criticism of the 1 (stament of A b r a h a m ' , in G. W . E. Nickelsburg (ed.). Studies on the Testament of Abraham i

e s t a b l i s h e d . T h e l o n g e r r e c e n s i o n ( A ) m a y prrsrrvr ihr UMKMI.II Innn ol the story b e t t e r t h a n t h e s h o r t r e c e n s i o n (B). %\tur «inir rlrtnrnis of t h e n a r r a t i v e , s u c h as t h e j u d g e m e n t scene, s e r v e .in Mn|MMt,ini liin< l i o n in A b u t , t h o u g h p r e s e n t , a r e not signiHcani in \\ Nit k r i s h u r g ) . t h e l o n g r e c e n s i o n , h o w e v e r , c o n t a i n s m o r e signs o f ( i h r i s t i a n e d i t i n g a n d m o r e w o r d s of d e m o n s t r a b l y l a t e ( i r e e k o f the lilth o r sixth c e n t u r y A.D., c f N. T u r n e r , N T S t i (1955), pp. 221 2, s o it r e m a i n s possible t h a t t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y s i m p l e , c l e a r a c c o u n t in t h e s h o r t r e c e n s i o n (B) m a y b e closer to t h e o r i g i n a l ( T u r d e a n u ) . A t t h e least, B m a y r e t a i n m o r e of t h e o r i g i n a l v o c a b u l a r y . O n t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e recensions see t h e articles i n G. W . E. N i c k e l s b u r g ( e d . ) . Studies in the Testament of Abraham

(1976), p p . 2 3 - 1 3 7 . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t m a n u s c r i p t s for t h e l o n g r e c e n s i o n (A) a r e t h e f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y P a r i s F o n d s g r e c . 7 7 0 a n d t h e fifteenth c e n t u r y J e r u s a l e m m a n u s c r i p t , P a t r . S. S e p u l c h r i 66. P r i m a r y for t h e s h o r t recension (B) a r e t h e fifteenth c e n t u r y P a r i s F o n d s g r e c . 1 6 1 3 a n d especially M i l a n A m b r o s . g r . 405, w h i c h d a t e s t o t h e e l e v e n t h or twelfth c e n t u r y . C f i n g e n e r a l D e n i s , I P G A T , p p . 3 2 - 3 ; F . S c h m i d t , Le Testament d'Abraham I ( P h . D . diss., S t r a s b o u r g , 1 9 7 1 ) , p p . 1 - 2 0 , for t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f A m b r o s . g r . 4,05; S. A g o u r i d e s , ' T h e T e s t a m e n t of A b r a h a m : a n unpublished Modern Greek manuscript', Deltion Biblion M e l e t o n i ( 1 9 7 2 ) , p p . 2 3 8 - 4 8 .

Ancient Versions f h e b o o k exists in m a n y a n c i e n t v e r s i o n s , of w h i c h t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t are t h e following. (1) Two Rumanian versions. O n e o f t h e s e is a n a b r i d g e m e n t of t h e l o n g G r e e k r e c e n s i o n A, c f e d i t i o n a n d t r a n s l a t i o n b y M . G a s t e r , ' T h e A p o c a l y p s e of A b r a h a m , F r o m t h e R o u m a n i a n T e x t ' , T r a n s l a t i o n s of the Society of B i b l i c a l A r c h a e o l o g y 9 ( 1 8 8 7 ) , p p . 1 9 5 - 2 2 6 ( = Studies and Texts in Folklore, etc. I ( 1 9 2 5 ) , p p . 9 2 - 1 2 4 ) . T h e o t h e r is closer to t h e s h o r t r e c e n s i o n B. C f E . T u r d e a n u , ' L e Testament d'Abraham e n slave et en r o u m a i n ' , O x f o r d S l a v o n i c P a p e r s 10 ( 1 9 7 7 ) , p p . 1 - 3 8 . (2) Slavonic. T h i s v e r s i o n is closest to r e c e n s i o n B. C f T u r d e a n u , art. (it., a n d idem, ' N o t e s sur la t r a d i t i o n l i t t e r a i r e d u T e s t a m e n t d ' A b r a h a m ' , i n Silloge bizantina ... S. G. Mercati ( 1 9 5 7 ) , p p . 4 0 5 - 9 . C f , o n b o t h t h e R u m a n i a n a n d t h e S l a v o n i c , E . T u r d e a n u , Apocryphes slaves rt roumains de I'Ancien Testament ( 1 9 8 1 ) . (3) Coptic. T h i s v e r s i o n is close to r e c e n s i o n B . E d i t e d b y I. G u i d i , 'II ii'sto c o p t o d e l t e s t a m e n t o d i A b r a m o ' , R e n d i c o n t i d e l l a R e a l e A c c a d e m i a d e i L i n c e i , Classe sc. m o r . stor. filol. V , 9 (1900), p p . 158-80. (4) Arabic and Ethiopic. T h e s e a r e b a s e d o n t h e C o p t i c , cf. D e n i s ,

7^^

§ 3 3 ^ - Jewish Literature oJ (I'turrlairi Original Language

I P G A T , p . 34; M. Gaguine,

The Falasha

Version of the Testaments

of

Abraham, Isaac and Jacob ( P h . D . , M a n c h e s t e r , i()()5). CJf. on t h e v e r s i o n s in g e n e r a l M . D e l c o r , Le Testament d'Abraham ( 1 9 7 3 ) , p p . 15—22. The

Coptic, Arabic a n d

E t h i o p i c versions link t h e T e s t a m e n t

of

A b r a h a m w i t h t h e T e s t a m e n t s o f I s a a c a n d J a c o b . T h i s seems t o h a v e b e e n a l a t e p h e n o m e n o n , p e r h a p s in r e s p o n s e t o the m e n t i o n in Const. Apost. (), 16, 3 of a p o c r y p h a l b o o k s TWV rpiajv Trarpiapxoiv. The T e s t a m e n t s of I s a a c a n d J a c o b a r e l a r g e l y d e r i v e d from t h e T e s t a m e n t of A b r a h a m . I n their p r e s e n t f o r m t h e y a r e C h r i s t i a n w r i t i n g s , a n d i t is impo.ssible to tell w h e t h e r they a r e b a s e d o n e a r l i e r J e w i s h w o r k s , see b e l o w , p. 805. Kditions J a m e s , M. R . , Ttu Testament oJ At>Taliam (1892). Schmidt, F., Le Testament d'Abraham (Ph.D. diss., Strasbourg, 1971). (The short recension B, taking account of the manu.s{ ripi Amhros. gr. 405, which was not known to James.) Stone, M. E . , The Testament of Abraham : The Greek Recensions (1972). (James's text with English translation.) Translations and Commentaries English Box, G . H., The Testament of Abraham (1927). Sanders, E. P . , 'Testament of A b r a h a m ' , in Chariesworth, O T P I, p p . 871-902. French Delcor, M., Le Testament d'Abraham (1973). (A full commentary.) German Janssen, E., Das Testament Abrahams ( J S H R Z HI.2) (1975), p p . 193-256. Riessler, Altjiidisches Schrifttum (1928), pp. 1332-3. Bibliography Kohler, K., 'The Pre-Talmudic Haggada I I : T h e Apocalypse of Abraham a n d its K i n d r e d ' , J Q R 7 (1895), pp. 581-606. Riessler, P., 'Das Testament Abrahams, ein jiidisches Apokryphon', T h Q i o 6 (1925), p p . 3-22. T u r n e r , N., The Testament of Abraham (Ph.D. diss., London, 1953). Turner, N., 'The "Testament o f A b r a h a m " : Problems i n Biblical Greek', N T S t i (1954-5), pp. 219-23Piatelli, E., ' I I testamento d i A b r a m o ' , A n n u a r i o di Studi Ebraici 2 (1964-5), pp. 111-22. Delcor, M., 'De l'origine de quelques traditions contenues dans le T e s t a m e n t d ' A b r a h a m ' , in P. Peli (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress of Jewish Studies I (1969), p p . 192-200. (Reprinted with corrections in Religion d'lsrael et Proche Orient Ancien (1976), p p . 241-50.) Denis, I P G A T , pp. 31-9. Fishburne, C . W., ' I Corinthians III.10-15 a n d the Testament of Abraham', N T S t 17 (1970), p p . 109-15. Schmidt, F., Le Testament d'Abraham (Ph.D. diss., Strasbourg, 1971). Schmidt, F., 'Traditions relatives a A b r a h a m dans la litterature hellenistique juive', Ecole Pratique des Hautes-Etudes, Section : ReUgion, Annuaire 82 (1973), pp. 191-4.

///. Biblical Midrash

7«. 7

Schmidt, F . , ' L e monde a r i m a g e du bouclier d'Arhillr", R I I R im"^ H(74 , i^j d Kolenkow, A . B., ' W h a t is the role of testament in THR IRAININRITI •»( MILIHIIIII' , I I I LIH 67 (1974), pp. 182-4. Nickelsburg, G. W . E. (ed.). Studies on the lestamfnl 0/ Aftfiifnini M)/ Nickelsburg, J L B B M , pp. 2 4 8 - 5 3 . Collins, BAAJ, pp. 226-8. Nickelsburg, G. W . E., in J W S T P , pp. 6 0 4.

J . The Testaments of the Twelve

Patriarchs

T h e T e s t a m e n t s of t h e T w e l v e P a t r i a r c h s f o r m a p s e u d e p i g r a p h i e w o r k in w h i c h t h e m a i n c o n s t i t u e n t f e a t u r e is d i r e c t e x h o r t a t i o n . T h e w o r k is p r e s e r v e d in its e n t i r e t y i n G r e e k , first p u b h s h e d b y J . E . G r a b e in Spicilegium SS. Patrum ut et Haereticorum saeculi post Christum natum I , I I & I I I ( O x f o r d , 1698), after h a v i n g c i r c u l a t e d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y in a L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n p r e p a r e d by R o b e r t G r o s s e t e s t e in t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y . ' T h e e x t a n t G r e e k t e x t of the b o o k c o n t a i n s n u m e r o u s d i r e c t references to t h e d o c t r i n e of t h e I n c a r n a t i o n a n d for t h i s r e a s o n w a s c o n s i d e r e d by its first s t u d e n t s to b e the w o r k of a C h r i s t i a n . I t c a n however be argued that Jewish d o c u m e n t s underlie the composition issued by a C h r i s d a n e d i t o r . T h e b o o k , as i t s t i t l e i n d i c a t e s , b e l o n g s to the c a t e g o r y of t e s t a m e n t a r y l i t e r a t u r e i n s p i r e d by t h e ' d e a t h - b e d ' d i s c o u r s e s o f J a c o b ( G e n . 49) a n d M o s e s ( D e u t . 3 3 ) , a n d c o n t a i n s t h e s p i r i t u a l ' t e s t a m e n t s ' left b y t h e twelve s o n s of J a c o b . T h r e e e l e m e n t s m a y b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d in e a c h T e s t a m e n t , i. T h e p a t r i a r c h r e c o u n t s his life-story, b e w a i l i n g his sins a n d c o m m e n d i n g h i s v i r t u e s . T h e b i o g r a p h i c a l d a t a , t h o u g h g e n e r a l l y in line w i t h t h e biblical n a r r a t i v e , a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y e n r i c h e d w i t h fresh h a g g a d i c d e t a i l . 2. T h e p a t r i a r c h a l a u t o b i o g r a p h y is followed b y a p p r o p r i a t e a d m o n i t i o n s w h i c h stress t h e n e e d to a v o i d t h e a n c e s t o r ' s sin o r to e m u l a t e h i s v i r t u e . 3 . T o w a r d s t h e e n d of e a c h T e s t a m e n t , p r e d i c t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e f u t u r e o f t h e t r i b e a r e g i v e n at s o m e l e n g t h , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e T e s t a m e n t o f G a d , w h e r e t h i s section is f o r e s h o r t e n e d . A p a t r i a r c h m a y foretell his d e s c e n d a n t s ' a p o s t a s y from G o d ( o r , w h i c h s e e m s at t i m e s t o be q u a s i - s y n o n y m o u s , t h e i r r e b e l h o n a g a i n s t L e v i a n d J u d a h ) a n d t h a t , a s a result, t h e y will incur punishment, particularly captivity a n d dispersion. Such a p r o p h e c y is f r e q u e n t l y a c c o m p a n i e d by a n e x h o r t a t i o n t o h o l d fast to t h e tribes of L e v i a n d J u d a h . Brief C h r i s t i a n a l l u s i o n s to s a l v a t i o n a r e l i n k e d to these p r o p h e c i e s in t h e T e s t a m e n t s o f S i m e o n , L e v i , Z e b u l u n , D a n , Naphtali, Asher, Joseph a n d Benjamin. I . Cf S. H. T h o m s o n , The Writings of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln (1940), p p . 4 2 - 4 ; H . J . d e J o n g e , ' L a bibhotheque de Michel C h o m a t e s et l a tradition occidentale des Testaments des X I I Patriarches', in M . d e J o n g e , Studies on the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (1975), p p . 97-106.

7^8

§33^- Jewish Literature of Utufrtoiti

Original

Language

T h e i d e a s c o n t a i n e d in the T e s t a m e n t s are very v a r i e d . M a n y of t h e m a p p e a r to b e e x p h c a b l e o n l y on t h e h y p o t h e s i s o f a J e w i s h a u t h o r . T h e story of t h e p a t r i a r c h s is told w h o l l y in the style of h a g g a d i c m i d r a s h . T h e w r i t e r displays a lively i n t e r e s t in t h e J e w i s h t r i b e s as such ; he l a m e n t s t h e i r a p o s t a s y a n d d i s p e r s i o n ; he e n c o u r a g e s t h e m to ac( «'pt b e v i a n d J u d a h as t h e i r l e a d e r s a p p o i n t e d by God;^ h e h o p e s for tin-ir h n a l r e p e n t a n c e a n d d e l i v e r a n c e . M o r a l p r e c e p t s d o m i n a t e his otulook. H e c o n d e m n s envy, avarice, w r a t h , falsehood and u n c h a s t i t y ; he calls l o r th). «he p a s s a g e H i n d i s p u t a b l y b e l o n g i n g t o this c a t e g o r y a r e limited in (puiniiiy;''' ligure only

in p r e d i c t i o n s ;

sentences

are

grouped,

or s e n t e n c e clauses;

narrative.

when

and

they

extend

usually i n t e r r u p t

beyond the flow

single of

the

I n t h e f a c e o f these fact.s, the ine.scapable c o n c l u s i o n is t h a t

t h e fully C h r i s t i a n u n i t s arc s e c o n d a r y a n d m u s t b e [pace d e J o n g e ) r e c o g n i z e d as s u p e r i m p o s e d o n a n e a r l i e r J u d a e o - C h r i s t i a n o r J e w i s h composition. T h e m a n y

allusions t o the

i m p o r t a n c e of o b e d i e n c e

to

G o d ' s L a w ( T R e u b . 6:8; T L e v i 9 : 6 - 7 ; 1 4 : 4 ; T J u d . 26:1 ; T D a n . 6 : 1 0 , e t c . ) , g e n e r a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d as a s o u r c e o f m o r a h t y , m a y testify t o ( c ) , i.e.

Jewish

Chrisdanity,

but

more

probably

to

Judaism

especially since the T e s t a m e n t s i n c l u d e a n u m b e r o f features

(=

d),

scarcely

15. T h e passages which are unquestionably Christian represent in all less than t w o printed pages in M . de J o n g e ' s editio minor w h e r e the Testaments in toto cover 86 pages. 16. The following passages m a y be identified as Christian. T S i m . 6:5 : o n Kvpiog 6 Oeog /xeyay TOV '/apaijA âivopevos iirt yrjs ô)S avdpwirof^. ( T h e last t w o words a r c omitted in manuscript a. Charles noted t h a t this m a y b e simply a theophany. Cf Testaments, p . Ixi.) T S i m . 6:7: OTI deos au)fia AajStov Kal aweadituv dvOpdnTois caotaev dvOptunovs. T S i m . 7:2 : deov Kal avBpwnov. oSros awaei rravTa TO. edvr] Kal TO yevos TOV VapaÂ. T L e v i 4 : 4 : ttAtjv 01 viol aov imâXovat x*'P*s ^"^^ avTOv, TOV aTToaKoXorrCaai avTov. Ib. 10:2: ciV tov aioTrjpa TOV Koapov. Ib. 14:2: o'tii'cs iiTiâXovai Xîpas avTcov im awTrjpa TOV Koafiov (cf. 4:4). Ib. 18:7: nvevpa ... KaraTravaei err' avrov iv Tw vSaTi ( T h e last three words which consdtute t h e Christian element a r e missing from manuscript e.) T Z e b . 9:8 : Kal ot/ieadf ffeov ev crx^âri dvOpcorrov (cf. above TSim. 6:5). T N a p h t . 8:3 : 66Tâ(Tai 6 deos KaToiKtltv ev dvdpwwois (cf above TSim. 6:5). T A s h . 7 : 3 : [o uîffTos'] eXdujv oiy dvOpwrros, fxerd avOpconcav iadiwv Kal irivoiv. T J o s . 19:6 (11): dvaTeXet vptv [6 dpvos TOV Otov], xdpiTi a

Versions 1. Armenian Yovsep'eanc, S., "Pangaran hin ew nor naxneaf I. Ankanon gitk' Am kutkatnntti itH<j, dvhpl yevofxevu)

dew evâctdai

SvvaTCjTaTip,

TTXTJOOVS TOV rctiv AlyvTioiv

oi napaaTrjvai

aîoudevTes

VTTO rov

OVTOL -âav, TU>V T€ avpopa)v a? o

Movaaios

rds veaviKOTaras avrcov iniXvâdai a)riaiv, TOVS nepl 'lavvrjv Kal 'lafx^prfv iv iXKeai

KoXaadfievos,

Trap€TTip.ipaTO

Kai

TTJV

darepov

TOVTOOV

fx-qripa

ro)

davdrcp

( c f D e n i s , F P G , p . 69).*

Alleged quotations from J a n n e s a n d M a m b r e s a p p e a r in t h e Greek A c t s of S t . C a t h e r i n e . Cf. J . V i t e a u , Passions des saints Ecaterine et Pierre d'Alexandrie (1897), p p . 7, 30; G. B . B r o n z i n i , ' L a L e g g e n d a d i S. 4. I n addition t o this Greek fragment, an A r a m a i c quotation from the Book of J a n n e s and J a m b r e s figures, according to K. Koch, in T a r g u m P s e u d o - J o n a t h a n on Ex. 1:15, where the t w o magicians interpret P h a r a o h ' s dream concerning a lamb that outweighs the whole o f Egypt as representing Moses. Cf. 'Das L a m m des Agypten vernichtet. Ein Fragment a u s J a n n e s u n d J a m b r e s u n d sein geschichthcher H i n t e r g r u n d ' , Z N W 57 (1966), p p . 79-93. However, t h e Targumist is just as hkely to h a v e freely supphed the words rather than to have borrowed t h e m from a written source.

///.

Biblical Midrash

]\\\

( .iiriiiiii d'AIessandria', A A N L 9 (i960), pp. aGi 7:4, Driiu, i r C i A I . I> I turc is also a bilingual Latin/AiiKlo-SNXoii iimiiuiii npi datuig In the eleventh century. Cf. M. R. Jamrti. 'A KraKiiiriu ol thr "Pruittt\ eclectic text). Gaylord, H . E., '3 Baruch', in Chariesworth, OF'I' I, d*, j /«( prtulU I ii.iinl.iiiciini d Slavonic and Greek). Sparks, H. F . D., The Apocryphal Old Testament (ii(H.j), pp H(); ,1 leviM-d version ol Hughes's transladon). German: Bonwetsch, N., ' D a s slavisch erhallenr B a r u c h h i u h ' , NCKJW (1896), p p . 91-101 (based on Slavonic ms. N). Ryssel, V., i n Kautzsch, A P A T H , pp. 448-57. Riessler, P., Altjudisches Schrifttum (1928), pp. 4 0 - 5 4 , i269fr. Hage, W., Die griechische Baruch-Apokalypse ( J S H R Z V.i) (1974), pp. 15-44 (based on Slavonic ms. 5). Hebrew: Artom, E. S., in A. K a h a n a , ed., CJIS-'nn DnBOH I (1936), p p . 4 0 8 - 2 5 . Artom, E. S., D-llSTin DnDDH (1967). Concordance Denis, A.-M., with Y. Janssens, Concordance de I'Apocalypse grecque de Baruch

(1970).

Bibliography J a m e s , M. R . , i n j . A. Robinson, ed., Apocrypha Anecdota II (1889), p p . h-lxxi. Ginsberg, L . , 'Greek Apocalypse o f B a r u c h ' , J E II (1902), p p . 5 4 9 - 5 1 . Liidtke, W., 'Beitrage zu slavischen A p o k r y p h e n : 2. Apokalypse des Baruch', ZAW 31

(1911), pp. 219-22.

J a m e s , M. R., 'Notes on Apocrypha v i : T r a c e s of the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch in other w r i d n g s ' , J T h S t 16 (1915), p p . 4 1 0 - 1 3 . Turdeanu, E., 'Apocryphes bogomiles e t apocryphes pseudo-bogomiles', R H R 6 9 (1950),

pp. 177-81. T u r d e a n u , E., 'Les apocryphes slaves et r o u m a i n s : leur a p p o r t a la connaissance des apocryphes grecs', Studi bizantini e neoellenici 8 (1953), pp. 5 0 - 2 . Goodenough, E. R., Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period V I (1956), p. 1 3 1 ; V I I I (1958), p p . 4 2 , 69 ff. Turdeanu, E., 'L'Apocalypse de Baruch en slave'. R e v u e des etudes slaves 48 (1969), p p . 23-48. Picard, J . - C , 'Observations sur I'Apocalypse grecque de Baruch I : C a d r e historique fictif et efficacite symbolique', Semidca 20 (1970), p p . 77-103. Denis, I P G A T , p p . 79-84. Guggenheim, J. Y., 'Baruch, Greek Apocalypse of, E n c . J u d . IV (1971), cols. 273-4. Rost, L., Einleitung in die alttestamentlichen Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen (1971), p p . 86-8. Jacobson, H . , 'A note on the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch', J S J 7 (1976), p p . 201-3. Fischer, U., Eschatologie und Jenseitserwartung im hellenistischen Diasporajudentum (1978), p p .

71-84.

Nickelsburg, J L B B M , pp. 299-303. Collins, BAAJ, pp. 232-6.

3. Apocryphon of Ezekiel T h e B y z a n t i n e a u t h o r , G e o r g e N i c e p h o r u s , i n c l u d e d in his list of t h e a p o c r y p h a of t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t a wôrk a t t r i b u t e d t o Ezekiel, a n d t h e s a m e b o o k is m e n t i o n e d in t h e synopsis of P s e u d o - A t h a n a s i u s . I t is

794

§33^- iôrks oJ Uncertain Origin

likely t h a t a t least s o m e of t h e m a t e r i a l a t t r i b u t e d to Ezekiel i n t h e e a r l y C h r i s t i a n w r i t i n g s b e l o n g e d to t h i s b o o k . A long f r a g m e n t o f a p a r a b l e q u o t e d b y E p i p h a n i u s , Adv. Haer. 64, 70, 6 - 1 7 (ed. HoU a n d D u m m e r , G C S (^1980), p p . 5 1 5 - 1 7 ) , is exphcitly a t t r i b u t e d b y h i m to a n a p o c r y p h o n w h i c h p a s s e d u n d e r t h e n a m e of Ezekiel. T h i s p a r a b l e c o n c e r n e d t h e story of t h e b l i n d m a n a n d the h i m e m a n w h o c o m b i n e d to r o b t h e o r c h a r d of a k i n g . T h e t a l e is a c o m m o n o n e a n d it is possible t o find parallels i n P e r s i a n a n d I n d i a n .sources' as well a s in t h e G r e e k a n t h o l o g y (cf. Anth. Pal. ix 1 1 - 1 3 ) . M o r e significantly, t h e s a m e n a r r a t i v e is f o u n d i n r a b b i n i c texts ( b S a n h . 91 a - b ; M e k h . S h i r a t a , 2 ; L e v . R. 4:5) i n a s o m e w h a t g a r b l e d form w h i c h m a y suggest d e p e n d e n c e u p o n t h e o r i g i n a l text o f the a p o c r y p h o n c i t e d by E p i p h a n i u s . ^ A c c o r d i n g to h i m , t h e p a r a b l e w a s i n t e n d e d to d e m o n s t r a t e t h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e o f the b o d y a n d the soul w h e n j u d g e m e n t after d e a t h w a s at issue. I t is possible t h a t he c o n t i n u e s to p a r a p h r a s e the s a m e text a t Pan. Haer. 64 ( e d . H o U a n d D u m m e r , G C S Epiphanius II (^980), pp. 5 1 5 , 517)• T h e o t h e r f r a g m e n t s a t t r i b u t e d t o Ezekiel a r e m u c h s h o r t e r . A p a s s a g e c o n c e r n i n g r e p e n t a n c e i n t h e style of biblical p r o p h e c y , q u o t e d by C l e m e n t of R o m e , Ep. i ad Cor. 8 3 , is also g i v e n in p a r t b y C l e m e n t of A l e x a n d r i a , Paedagogus i 10, 9 1 , 2 = G C S , C l e m e n t I, p . 1 4 3 , fines 2 0 - 1 , w h e r e i t is specifically a t t r i b u t e d to Ezekiel. C l e m e n t of A l e x a n d r i a , Quis Dives Salv. 39, 2 = G C S , C l e m e n t I I I , p . 185, q u o t e s the s a m e p a s s a g e , b u t w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o Ezekiel. A s m a l l p r o p h e t i c f r a g m e n t a b o u t the i m p o s i t i o n of j u d g e m e n t o n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l is found in C l e m e n t of A l e x a n d r i a , Quis Dives Salv. 40, 2 = G C S , C l e m e n t I I I , p . 186, P G ix, 645, a n d is assigned t o Ezekiel b y E v a g r i u s , w h o r e p r o d u c e s it in t h e L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n of A t h a n a s i u s , Vita Antonii i8 ( P G X X V I , 869). T h e s e n t e n c e , ' a n d t h e heifer shall b e a r a n d t h e y shall say, " S h e h a s n o t b o r n e ' " , is f r e q u e n t l y q u o t e d i n e a r l y C h r i s d a n texts as a witness to the v i r g i n b i r t h of J e s u s , e.g. C l e m e n t of A l e x a n d r i a , Strom, vii 1 6 ; Acta Petri 2 9 ; E p i p h a n i u s , Pan. Haer. 30, 30, i ( G C S 25 (iQi^S)) P- 374)- It is q u o t e d b y t h e m a l w a y s a s a p r o p h e c y , a n d is assigned b y T e r t u l h a n , De Carne Christi 23 (PL I I , 790 C ) , to E z e k i e l . Finally, C h e s t e r B e a t t y P a p y r u s 1 8 5 , o f the f o u r t h c e n t u r y A . D . , c o n t a i n s t h r e e f r a g m e n t s o f a p r o p h e t i c t e x t similar t o Ezekiel 3 4 . T h i s text is n o t p a r a l l e l e d in t h e M T or L X X , b u t o n e p a s s a g e is p r o b a b l y q u o t e d b y C l e m e n t o f A l e x a n d r i a , Paedagogus i 9, 84, 2-4 ( = G C S 12 (1936), p . 139) a s d e r i v i n g from E z e k i e l . It is possible b u t n o t at all c e r t a i n t h a t a l l these passages stem f r o m a

5. Cf. Denis, I P G A T , p. 188. 6. M . R. J a m e s , ' T h e Apocryphal Ezekiel', J T h S t 15 (1914), pp. 238-9.

Appendix

/(jr,

single book.^ T h e s e n t e n c e r e l a t i n g t o the heilrr has piohably brrn e x c e r p t e d from a n a r r a t i v e , possibly a parahir radin ihiiii .1 pn»phr( y, a n d it m a y t h e r e f o r e b e l o n g with (hr apotiyphon ly liave n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h the

present

fragments.

The

legends

Epiphanius,

Vitae

Prophetarum,

apocryphon

since

material

Paralipomena

Jeremiae

u n c e r t a i n , cf

M. R. James,

may

from

were

used

about have

the

Kzekiel

derived

Martyrdom

there

in

this

The Lost Apocrypha

in

from of

way,

Pseudothe

Isaiah but

of the Old

lost and

this

is

Testament

(1920), p p . 68—70. T h e r e is n o r e a s o n to c o n n e c t t h e a n o n y m o u s s t o r y a b o u t a precious stone, given in Georgius C e d r e n u s (PL C X X I , 225 C - 2 2 6 B ) , w i t h t h e E z e k i e l a p o c r y p h o n , cf D e n i s , I P G A T , p p . 1 8 8 , 3 0 2 - 3 , co«/ra M . R . J a m e s , J T h S t 15 ( i 9 i 4 ) , p p . 2 4 1 - 2 . Editions Holl, K., ' D a s Apokryphon Ezechiel', in Aus Schrift und Gesch. Theol. Abhandlungen A. Schlatter dargebr. (1922), pp. 85-98 = idem, Gesammelte Aufsdtze zur Kirchengeschichte I I , Der Osten (1928), pp. 33-43 (without the Chester Beatty Papyrus 185 text). Papyrus text in C. Bonner, The Homily on the passion by Melito, Bishop of Sardis, with some Fragments of the Apocryphal Ezekiel (1940), p p . 183-5. Full text in Denis, F P G , p p . 121-8. Translations English: James, M. R . , The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament (1920), p p . 64-8. Mueller, J. R . , and S. E. Robinson in Charlesworth, O T P II (forthcoming). German: Riessler, P., Altjiid. Schrift. (1928), p p . 334-6, 1288-9. Eckart, K. G*., Das Apokryphon Ezechiel ( J S H R Z V , 1974), pp. 45-55Bibliography Resch, A., Agrapha Aussercanonische Schriftfragmente ... (^^1906), pp. 305, 322 ff., 381-4. James, M . R., ' T h e Apocryphal Ezekiel', J T h S t 15 (1914), pp. 236-43. James, M . R., The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament (1920), p p . 64-70. Kutsch, E., 'Ezechiel, Apokryphon', in R G G II (^1958), col. 844. Stone, M . E., E J VI (1971), col. 1099. Denis, I P G A T , p p 187-91. Guillamont, A . , ' U n e Citation de I'apocryphe d'Ezechiel dans I'exegese au sujet d e I'ame (Nag H a m m a d i I I , 6)', Essays on the Nag Hammadi Texts in Honour of Pahor Labib, e d . M. Krause (1975), p p 25-39. Scopello, M., 'Les Testimonia dans le traitc de I'exegese de I'ame [Nag Hammadi I I , 6 ) ' , R H R 191 (1977), p p 159-71. Stroker, W . D . , 'The Source of an A g r a p h o n in t h e M a n i c h a e a n Psalm-Book', J T h S t 28 (i977)>PP- 114-184.. Lost

Pseudepigrapha

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e x t a n t p r o p h e t i c p s e u d e p i g r a p h a (cf § 3 2 . V ) , m a n y o t h e r s i m i l a r w o r k s c i r c u l a t e d in t h e a n c i e n t C h u r c h , as is k n o w n p a r t l y from

the canon

lists, p a r t l y

from

the incidental

quotadons

of the

C h u r c h F a t h e r s . I n m o s t cases, it c a n n o l o n g e r b e d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a n y

Appendix

;riTov arixoiv x (600). L Zaxaplov rrarpos 'lojdvvov arixcov (f>' (500). la' Bapovx, 'ApcôKOvp, '/eê/ci-Â K a l AavLrjX ipevhenly pa(f>a.

(2) T h e so-called Synopsis Pseudo-Athanasii e x c l u s i v e l y r e p r o d u c e s , in the p o r t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e a p o c r y p h a , t h e S t i c h o m e t r y o f N i c e p h o r u s , b u t w i t h o u t a n y e s t i m a t e of t h e n u m b e r of verses. C f M i g n e , P G 28, col. 4 3 2 B ; J . A. R o b i n s o n , ' C o l l a t i o n of t h e P s e u d o - A t h a n a s i a n S y n o p s i s ' , Texts and Studies I I I , 3 ( 1 8 9 5 ) , p p . 1 0 5 - 2 0 . (3) R e l a t e d to t h i s is a n a n o n y m o u s m e d i e v a l c a n o n list, s o m e t i m e s called t h e S i x t y Books. Cf. T h . Z a h n , Geschichte des N.T. Kanons I I , i (1890), p p . 2 9 0 - 2 ; E . P r e u s c h e n , Analecta, p p . 1 5 8 - 6 0 ; D e n i s , I P G A T , p p . xi-xv. T h e c o m p l e t e list o f the O l d T e s t a m e n t A p o c r y p h a r u n s as follows: a ' A8dp j8' 'Ev^x y Adpex S' Harpidpxoi e ^lojorfcf) irpooevxri s 'EXSdp. K a l Ma>8dp, {al. 'EX8d8 Kal McoBdS) C Aiady^Kr) Moiaecos f 'H dvdXr]il/ig Mcoaecos 6' WaXpLol SaXopoivros i' 'HXiov drroKaXvipis la' 'Haaiov opaais tj8' Uoovlov dvoKdXvipis ly' Zaxaplov drroKaXvipis iB' "Eo8pa dnoKaXvipis.

T h e m a i n b o d y o f this list is i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t of t h e S t i c h o m e t r y of

7rk\ oJ I hirer lain Origin

N i c e p h o r u s . ' ^ T h e first ten i t e m s a r e r e p e a l e d in t h e i r e n t i r e t y , w i t h t h e single e x c e p t i o n o f n o . 6, A b r a h a m . M o r e o v e r , these t e n n u m b e r s a r e all p r o b a b l y p r o p h e t i c p s e u d e p i g r a p h a , i.e. w r i t i n g s c l a i m i n g e i t h e r t o h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n by t h e r e l e v a n t m e n of G o d t h e m s e l v e s , o r t o c o n t a i n i c v c h i t i o n s a l l e g e d to d e r i v e from t h e m ; a n d it is p r e s u m a b l y t o t h i s < ir( u i n s t a n c e t h a t they a r e i n d e b t e d for their relatively w i d e c i r c u l a t i o n in t h e (Church. T h e last o f these identifies itself b y i t s d d e Zaxapiov TTfiTpov 'liodi'vov lis a C h r i s t i a n a p o c r y p h o n . ' ^ Six o f t h e o t h e r s ( E n o c h , the Tesiainents of the Patriarchs, the T e s t a m e n t a n d Assumption o f Mo.ses, the A p o c a l y p s e of M o s e s , a n d E l d a d a n d M o d a d ) h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n di.s(u.s.sed ( c f p p . 250-68, 767-81, 278-88, 757-60, 781). T h e r e m a i i d n g three (Prayop€VTjv Tcuarj(f> irpoaevx^v, dvriKpvs TOVTO TO 86ypa Kal aaa)s €lpr]fj,€vov (Keidev XiîfteTai, d)s dpa ol dpxriQ^v iâlpcTov T i iax^jKores irapd dvdpcoTTovs, TTOXXU> KpciTTOVs Tvyxdvovres TCOV XoiTTcov ifjvxcov, ttTTO TOV ctvai dyycXoi irrl TT)V dvOpcoiriv-qv KaTaê^-qKaai

(j>vaiv. (fyrjal yovv 6 ' / a / c c i j S ' D yap XaXcov Trpos vpuds iyd) '/aKCOjS Kal ^lapar/X dyyeXos

deov

ei/xi eya> Kat TrveOpia dpxi-Kov,

Kat A^padp

Kat

'/aaa/c

8e 'laKco^, 6 KXTJOCCS VTTO dvdpcoTrcov ' l a K w ^ , TO ovopid pov ^lapa-qX, 6 KXrjdels VTTO 9eov ^lapa-qX, dvrjp opcov deov, on iyu) TrpcoToyovos TravTOS t,a)0V ^coovp,€VOv vrro deov.' Kat TrpocKTiadTjaav

Trpo rravTOS epyov

iyoj

15. Concerning a Slavonic version, see A . Berendts, Studien iiber âcharias-Apokryphen und Zacharias-Legenden (1895), p p . 3 AT.; W. Liidtke, 'Beitrage zu slavischen A p o k r y p h e n ' , Z A W 31 (lyi i ) , pp. 230-5. O n a kindred Armenian list, see T h . Zahn, Forschungen zur Geschichte des ?N. T. Kanons, p a r t V (1893), p p . 115-48. 16. T h e r e is no positive evidence that nuTpos 'Iwavvov is a later addidon. See Berendts, op. cit., p . 10.

Appendix

7 dvaiaoTTjpicp Kat dXXa TroXXd K€vo(f>a)vias efxTrXea. Nevertheless, t h e identity of the ' L a d d e r o f J a c o b ' a n d t h e 'Ascents o f J a c o b ' of E p i p h a n i u s is u n c e r t a i n a c c o r d i n g to M . R . J a m e s , 77!^ Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament ( 1 9 2 0 ) , p p . 1 0 2 - 3 , H. Weinel, 'Die s p a t e r e c h r i s t l i c h e A p o k a l y p t i k ' , Gunkel Festschrift ( 1 9 2 3 ) , p p . 1 7 2 - 3 . T h e S l a v o n i c texts i n c l u d e n o s u c h p o l e m i c a g a i n s t t h e T e m p l e c u l t u s . O n t h e other h a n d , they show points of contact with E n o c h , 4 E z r a a n d t h e A p o c a l y p s e of A b r a h a m . T h u s J e w i s h m a t e r i a l of o n e k i n d o r a n o t h e r m a y u n d e r l i e this d o c u m e n t ; b u t m a r k e d d i v e r g e n c e s a m o n g t h e S l a v o n i c r e c e n s i o n s testify t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e e d i t o r i a l f r e e d o m . T h e texts a r e p r e s u m a b l y l a t e . C f H . G . L u n t , O T P I I ( f o r t h c o m i n g ) . O f a n e q u a l l y late d a t e a n d h i g h l y p r o b l e m a t i c J e w i s h p r o v e n a n c e a r e t h e G r e e k Apocalypse of Esdras (cf D e n i s , I P G A T , p p . 9 1 - 6 ; C h a r l e s w o r t h , P M R S , p p . 1 1 6 - 1 7 ; M . E . S t o n e , O T P I, p p . 5 6 1 - 7 9 ) ; t h e Testament of Isaac ( D e n i s , I P G A T , p . 3 4 ; C h a r l e s w o r t h , P M R S , pp. 1 2 3 - 5 ; F . S t i n e s p r i n g , O T P I , p p . 9 0 3 - 1 1 ) ; t h e Fifth Book of the Maccabees ( C h a r l e s w o r t h , P M R S , p p . 1 5 3 - 8 ) ; t h e Apocalypse of Sedrach (Denis, I P G A T , p p . 9 7 - 9 ; C h a r l e s w o r t h , P M R S , p p . 1 7 8 - 8 2 ; S. A g o u r i d e s , O T P I , p p . 605—13); a n d t h e History of the Rechabites in t h e A p o c a l y p s e of Z o s i m u s ( C h a r l e s w o r t h , P M R S , p p . 2 2 3 - 8 ; idem. The History of the Rechabites. Volume / .• The Greek Recension ( 1 9 8 2 ) ) .

5 . Small Fragments of Anonymous Jewish Literature in Christian

Texts

M a n y a n o n y m o u s q u o t a t i o n s i n t h e w r i t i n g s o f the e a r l y C h u r c h a r e p r e s e n t e d as d e r i v i n g f r o m e a r h e r a u t h o r i t a t i v e b o o k s , o r e v e n S c r i p t u r e , t h o u g h it is i m p o s s i b l e to find t h e w o r d s c i t e d i n a n y of t h e s c r i p t u r a l texts n o w e x t a n t . S o m e m a y h a v e b e e n e x c e r p t e d f r o m e a r h e r J e w i s h b o o k s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e so f a r d e s c r i b e d , b u t it i s v e r y difficult t o b e c e r t a i n i n i d e n t i f y i n g s u c h f r a g m e n t s . S i n c e a l l t h e s e t e x t s are, b y definition, c o n g e n i a l t o t h e C h r i s t i a n a u t h o r s w h o use t h e m .

8o6

§33B. Works oJ Uncertain Origin

t h e i r c o n t e n t s m a y also often have been c o m | ) o s e d by e a r l i e r C h r i s t i a n a u t h o r s ; t h e l i n e b e t w e e n J e w i s h a u t h o r s h i p a n d t h a t of s o m e o f t h e v e r y early C h r i s t i a n s is f u r t h e r m o r e often impossible to e s t a b l i s h b y c o n t e n t a l o n e , a n d t h e r e is m u c h e v i d e n c e of a n extensive C h r i s t i a n apocryphal hterature. O t h e r quotations which some scholars a r e t e m p t e d to assign to n e w p s e u d e p i g r a p h a t u r n o u t on closer i n s p e c t i o n to consist in n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h e c i t a t i o n o f v a r i a n t r e a d i n g s i n biblical a n d o t h e r e x t a n t texts o r c o m p o s i t e q u o t a t i o n s from a n u m b e r of such texts. T h i s p r a c d c e seems to h a v e b e e n p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m m o n i n the early Church b e c a u s e of t h e u s e of t e s d m o n i a a n d florilegia of biblical texts both by J e w s a n d b y e a r l y C h r i s t i a n s , in w h i c h s c r i p t u r a l citations might be subtly modified for p o l e m i c a l p u r p o s e s . ' ^ O t h e r apparent p s e u d e p i g r a p h i c a l c i t a t i o n s m a y b e s i m p l e a l l u s i o n s o r inexplicit q u o t a t i o n s of already k n o w n texts, o r they m a y form n e w p a r t s of o t h e r identified works. T h e following c i t a t i o n s a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y d e r i v e from lost J e w i s h books. (1) C l e m e n t of R o m e , z a947).' K a t z , P . , Philo's Bible : The Aberrant Text of Biblical Quotations in Some Philonic Writings and its Place in the Textual History of the Greek Bible (1950). Brehier, E., 'Philo J u d a e u s ' , in Etudes de philosophie antique (1955), pp. 207-14. S a n d m e l , S., Philo's Place in Judaism: A Study of Conceptions of Abraham in Jewish Literature (1956;'1971)Danielou, J., Philon d'Alexandrie (1958). (Introductory discussion.) Arnaldez, R., 'Introduction Generale', in Les Oeuvres de Philon d'Alexandrie I (1961), p p . 17—112. Colpe, C., 'Philo', R G G V ( 3 i 9 6 i ) , cols. 341-6. Smallwood, E. M., Introduction to Philonis Alexandrini, Legatio ad Gaium (1961), pp. 3 - 4 3 . Goodenough, E . R., An Introduction to Philo Judaeus (^1962). J a u b e r t , A., La Notion d'Alliance dans le Judaisme aux abords de I'he chritienru (1963), p p . 375-442, 477-98. Boyance, O., 'Etudes Philoniennes', R E G 76 (1963), p p . 64-110. Theiler, W., 'Philo v o n Alexandria und d e r Beginn des kaiserzeitlichen Platonismus', i n Parusia, Festgabe fur J. Hirschbergert, ed. K. Flasch (1965), pp. 199-218 = Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur (1970), p p . 4 8 4 - 5 0 1 . Borgen, P., Breadfrom Heaven. An Exegetical Study of the Concept of Manna in the Gospel of John and the Writings of Philo (1965). Mondesert, C., Cadiou, R., Menard, J . E., and Arnaldez, R . , 'Philon d'Alexandrie o u Philon le J u i f , D B S u p p . V I I (1966), cols. 1288-348. Chadwick, H., 'Philo', in A . H. Armstrong, ed.. The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy (1967), pp. 133-57. 2. See review by A . Posner, R E J 93 (1932), p p . 8 9 - 1 0 2 ; a n d I. H e i n e m a n n , M G W J 76 (1932), p p . 267-9. For further reviews of i m p o r t a n t Philo studies see A N R W II.21.1 (1984), p p 9 3 - 6 . 3. O n Goodenough's approach see S. Sandmel, Philo of Alexandria (1979), pp. 140-7. Goodenough summarizes his own position and reviews the other major studies of Philo of the 1930s and 1940s i n An Introduction to Philo Judaeus (^1962), p p . 11-29. 4. See Goodenough, op. cit., pp. 14-16. 5. See review by E. R. Goodenough, J B L 59 (1940), p p . 420-3. 6. F o r criticisms a n d assessments of Wolfson's methodology see E . R. G o o d e n o u g h , 'Wolfson's Philo', J B L 67 (1948), p p . 8 7 - 1 0 9 ; A. Mendelson, ' A Reappraisal of Wolfson's M e t h o d ' , SP 3 (1974-5), PP- ' 1-26.

Bibliography

MM

A r n a l d e z , R., ed., Philon d'Alexandrie, Colloques n a d o n a t i x v Kal îXoao^las OVK antipos. H e gives n o other explicit information about Philo's writings. T h e other testimonia a r e from lexicographers (the Suda a n d Photius) or Christian authors (Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Ps.-Justin, Anatolius, Ps.-Chrysostom, Eusebius, J e r o m e , Basil, Ambrose, Epiphanius, Augustine, Theodoret, t h e Armenian translator of Philo's works, Sozomenus, Isidore of Pelusium, Anastasius t h e Sinaite, the author of the Sacra Parallela attributed t o J o h n of Damascus (see n. 17 below), Arethas, a n d Theodorus Metochita). T h e i r testimony to Philo's works is more useful than their sparse ' a n d dubious references to his life ; see n. 17 below.

/. Life and Works s u l ) s t a n t i a t i o n i n the e a r h e r sources:'-^

even

KiiHrl>iiilinirni (ha* to t h e c o r r e c t classification of the w o r k s . F o r this w e a r e a l m o s t e n t i r e l y d e p e n d e n t u p o n the c o n t e n t s of t h e

works

themselves,

including

one

or

two

internal

references

permitting the establishment of a partial relative chronology. Both t h e classification i n t o g r o u p s o r s e q u e n c e s a n d t h e c h r o n o l o g y or t h e w o r k s (especially

in

relation

to

Philo's

journey

to

Rome)

have

been

citations from patristic literature these contain citations from p a g a n authors. O n t h e l''lorilegia a n d Gnomologia a n d their relationship to t h e Sacra Parallela see C. W a c h s m u t h , Studien zu den griechischen Florilegien (1882); R . Cadiou, ' S u r un florilege philonien', R E G 70 (1957), p p . 93—101; 71 (1958), p p . 5 5 - 6 0 ; M . R i c h a r d , 'Florileges grecs', Diet, de Spiritualite V (1962), cols. 475—512 = M. R i c h a r d , Opera Minora I (1976), n o . i ; H . {]hadwick, 'Florilegium', RAG V I I (1969), cols. 1131-60; F . Petit, L'ancienne version latine, pp. 2 5 - 8 ; idem, Quaestiones in Genesim et in Exodum {Oeuvres X X X I I I ) , p p . 2 1 - 8 ; idem, ' E n marge de I'edition des fragments de Philon (Questions s u r la Genese et I'Exode), les florileges damasceniens', Studia Patristica X V . i (TU C X X V I I I , 1984), p p . 20-5 ; cf C - W , vol. I , p. x v i i ; I V , pp. xxiv-v; V, p . xvii; V I , p p . xi-vi; G o o d h a r t a n d Goodenough, Bibliography, pp. 44—5. 41. A recension of this Catena was published u n d e r the title Zecpa eVos Kai Trevr-qKovra eis TTJV OKranvxriv Kat ra rdiv jSaaiAeicDi', eTriêAeia NiKr]6pov... (1772—3); see F . Petit, 'Les fragments grecs d u livre V I des Questions s u r la Genese d e Philon d'Alexandrie', Le M u s e o n 89 (1971), p p . 105-6, n. 5 5 ; for the relationship between this itxt a n d Procopius of Gaza's Commentary see G o o d h a r t and G o o d e n o u g h , Bibliography, p p . 164-5. All previous Greek editions a r e combined i n PG L X X X V I I . O n the Catenae see liirther Harris, Fragments, pp. 4 - 5 ; C - W vol. I I , p p . xv-xvii; I I I , p p . xv-xvi; IV, p p . xxii-iv; V, p . xvi. See also e.g. H . Achehs, Hippolytusstudien ( T U X V I . 4 , 1897), p p . ()4 i i o ; G . K a r o and J . L i e t z m a n n , ' C a t e n a r u m G r a e c a r u m Catalogus', N G G W , Phil.-hist. K l . (1902), p p . 1-66, 229-350, 5 5 9 - 6 2 0 ; A. Rahlfs, Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften des Alten Testaments (1914), pp- 3 7 7 - 8 ; R. Devresse, 'Chaines exegetiques grecques', D B S u p p . I (1928), cols. 1 0 8 4 - 8 ; idem, 'Anciens c o m m e n t a t e u r s grecs de r O c t a t e u q u e ' , R B 44 (1935), p p . 1 6 6 - 9 1 ; 45 (1936), pp. 2 0 1 - 2 0 ; Les anciens commentateurs grecs de I'Octateuque et des Rois {1959); F . Petit, 'Les chaines exegetiques grecques sur la (Jenese et I'Exode. P r o g r a m m e d'exploration et d ' e d i t i o n ' , Studia Patristica X V I I ( T U C X V , 1975), pp. 4 6 - 5 0 ; idem, ' U n e chaine exegetique grecque p e u connue? Sinai gr. 2. Descriptions et analyse', Studia Codicologica, ed. K. T r e u ( T U C X X I V , 1973), pp- 341-50. vTTOiJivr]fiaTi.aTU>v

42. Eusebius, H.E. ii 18. See K . L a k e , Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History (Loeb, 1953), pp. xl-xliv ; C-W, vol. I, p p . xi,.xxxxviii-ci; I I , pp. x-xi; I V , p. x x v i ; V , p . xviii; V I , p p . ii-iii, xlvii. O n t h e relationship between this catalogue a n d the m a n u s c r i p t tradition see .ibove, p. 822. J e r o m e ' s information rests entirely u p o n Eusebius' c a t a l o g u e : De vir. ill. 11 (C-W vol. I , pp. ci-ciii). T h e catalogue in the Suda (s.v. 0CXo)v) is in t u r n copied from t h e (Jreek translation of J e r o m e , with only a few additions ( C - W v o l . I, p p . cx-cxi). Some independent material is provided by Photius, Bibliotheca ( e d . R. H e n r y , 1962), Cod. 103, 104, 105 ( C - W v o l . I, p p . cix-cx). T h e extensive fragments from various works of Philo (I noted in Eusebius' Praeparatio Evangelica a r e also extremely valuable. See below, p p . H56, 866-8 ; F. C o n y b e a r e , Philo about the Contemplative Life {1895), p p . 181-91.

826

534. T h e Jewish Philosopher Philo

reconstructed in several different ways. What does emerge, however, is that a careful consideration reveals more coherence in Philo's oeuvre than might appear from the superscriptions in the editions. T h e majority of his works can, in fact, be seen as sub-divisions of a few large major works. Starting from the distinction between works on the Pentateuch and others, the former category comprises more than three-quarters of all that has beer1 preserved of Philo's works ; it consists of three major series, the Quae.rti0ne.r (pp. 826-30), the Legurn Allegoria (pp. 83-40), and the Exposition (pp. 840-54).'~

(Luaestzones et Solu tiones (Zr/~Tjpara KU; Xdaeis) These form comparatively brief catechetical expositions of the Pentateuch in the form of questions and answers.44 Our extant fragments of the work are confined to the Quaestiones on Exodus and Genesis, and are incomplete. Even when account is taken not only of the basic Armenian text, but also of the Latin additions and the Greek fragments from various sources, it remains uncertain .whether Philo 43. The scholarship on the classification and relative chronology of the works of scriptural commentary is survcyed by V. Nikiprowetzsky, Le Commentaire, pp. 192--102. See also below, n. 55 and pp. 841-4. The Questiones and Legum Allegoria are both exegetical commentaries; the latter is more extensive (see below, n. 55) and is generally agreed to consist of Leg. i, ii, iii, Cher., SacnJ, Deter., Poster., Gig. and Deus, Agric. and Plant., Ebr., Sobr., Confus., Migr., Heres., Congr., Fug., Mutat., and Somn. (discussed in this order below). For a different view on the content of the Legum Allegoria see L. Lucchesi, L'usage de Philon duns l'oeuwe extgttique & Saint Ambroise (ALGHJ i X , 1977). p. 123. 'l'he Exposition (which is not Philo's title) contains C)plf., Abr., jos., Dec., Spec. i-iv, Virt., Praem. (taken in this order; for the position of OPzc see below, pp. 832 and 844-5). There is disagreement regarding the classification (and in some cases the authenticity) of the remaining works, which are discussed in the following order below: Mos., Prob., Fit., Aet., Legal. and Flacc., Prov., Anim., Hypoth. (Apologia). (Note that Schiirer, GJV 111 (*rgog), pp. 687 ff., considered Vit. and Aet. under the heading of spurious works.) It is generally agreed that the division of the series into books is Philo's, even if in some cases the original division has been distorted in transmission. See E. Lucchesi, 'La division en six livres des Quaestione.r in Genesim de Philon d'Alexandrie', .Muston 89 ( I 976). p. 393 ; cf. J. Royse, SP 4 (1976-7), pp. 7 7 4 . See further below, p. 835. 44. On the form and character of the Qmstiones see P. Borgen and R. Skarsten, 'Qpaestiunes et Solutiones: Some Observations on the Form of Philo's Exegesis', SP q (1976-7), pp. 1-15 ; R. Marcus, Qgestions on Genesis (Loeb Philo Suppl. I ) , pp. ix-xv; F. Petit, L'ancienne version, pp. 2-3 ; S. Sandmel, 'Philo's Environment and Philo's Exegesis', .JBR 22 (1g54), p. 249 (the Quaestiones as preliminary notes) ; P. Borgen, ANKW 11.2I . 1, pp. 134-7; S. Belkin, 'The Midrash Quaestiones et Solutiones in Genesim et in Exodum of Philo Alexandrinus and its Relation to the Palestinian Midrash', Horeb.14 (19601, pp. 1-74 (Hebr.) ; idem, 'The Earliest Source of the Rabbinic Midrash-Quaestiones et Solutiones in Genesim et Exodum of Philo Alexandrinus', Abraham l4'ei.r~Jubilee Volume, Hebrew section, ed. S. Belkin ( 1964),p p 579-633. For V. Nikiprowetzky's view that the Quaestiones method of exegesis is cent~alto Philo's approach, see 'L'Exegkse de Philon d'Alexandrie', RHPR 53 ( I973). pp. 30~--29 ; idem, O Cornmenlaire, pp. 170-80. For the relation between the Quzestiones and the Alle,gory of the Laws see below, n. 55.

I. Life and Works

827

completed the series for the rest of the Pentateuch, or even planned to do so.45 T h e work was available to Eusebius only for Genesis and Exodus (H.E. ii r8, r and 5 ) ; and the extant texts and numerous citations in the S"5'cra Parallela extend almost exclusively to these two books. Of the exposition of Genesis six books can be certainly traced, . there ~ ~is no trace of any sequel, but they extend only to Gen. ~ 8Since 45. See J. Royse, "The Original Structure of Philo's Quaestiones', SF 4 (1976-71, pp. 41-78. It is highly unlikely that the Quaestiones originally covered the entire Pentateuch. T o d o so it would have been very extensive, and it is inherently unlikely that a work of this length would have suffered such losses by the time of Eusebius. The evidence for Quaestiones on books other than Genesis and Exodus is not decisive. I t consists of: ( I ) I n Codex Vaticanus 1553 of the Sacra Pardlela there are three citations with the lemma Glhwvos scjv v Upcov

dXXrjyopla)^^

T h e .scriptural texts t r e a t e d i n t h e f o r m of s h o r t e x p o s i t i o n s w i t h p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n d a l l e g o r i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n i n t h e Quaestiones a r e d e a l t w i t h a t g r e a t e r l e n g t h in t h e l o n g s e q u e n c e e n t i t l e d The Allegory of the Laws. S o m e r e g a r d this a s P h i l o ' s magnum opus. I t is a n a l l e g o r i c a l c o m m e n t a r y o n selected p a s s a g e s o f Genesis.^'^ T h e r e a r e f r e q u e n t c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e Quaestiones a n d t h e Allegorical Commentary in c o n t e n t , s i n c e b o t h p r e s e n t a l l e g o r i c a l exegesis, t h o u g h t h i s is perhaps more thoroughgoing in t h e l a t t e r . H e r e , the deeper

2 8 - 8 4 ; E. Lucchesi, 'L'usage de Philon dans I'oeuvre de Saint Ambroise' (ALGHJ I X , 1977) ; H. Savon, Saint Ambrose devant I'exigese de Philon le Juif (1977) ; idem, 'Ambroise et J e r o m e , lecteurs de Philon', A N R W II.21.2 (1984), p p . 737-44. 52. See Royse, p p . 62—3. This hypothesis was originally suggested b y R. M a r c u s , Questions on Genesis, pp. xiii-xv. Royse (p. 82) suggests that textual features of t h e Quaestiones confirm M a r c u s ' s view that 'Philo is not following a cycle which was peculiar to him, or to some sectarian group, but rather than this division w a s suflficiently in t h e mainstream ofjewish practice of that time that a division very much like it became t h e established norm'. 53. This title is also given in Eusebius, H.E. ii 18, i ; Photius, Bibliotheca cod. 103; cf Origen, Comm. in Matt, xvii 17 ( G C S X L , p. 635); Contra Celsum iv 51. T h e singular aXXr^yopla prevails as the designation of t h e Allegorical Commentary throughout the citations in the Sacra Parallela (eK TOV a T-fjs voficov lepwv dXXriyoplas etc.). In general the tradition alternates between singular and plural. 54. O n the Allegorical Commentary in general see L. Cohn, 'Einteilung', p p . 3 9 3 - 4 0 2 ; M . Adler, Studien zu Philon von Alexandreia (1929), p p . 1—67, esp. pp. 8 - 2 4 ; Goodenough, Introduction, p p . 46-8 ; idem. By Light, Light.', p p . 2 4 5 - 5 5 ' ^- Sandmel, Philo of Alexandria, pp. 76—8. For a list of the treatises and biblical texts covered see S. Sandmel, loc. cit.; F. Petit, L'ancienne version, p. 3. E. Lucchesi defines the Allegory of the Laws differently, so t h a t it comprises Opif, Leg. i, ii, iii, Cher., Sacrif, Deter, a n d Poster.; see above, n . 45. For t h e position of Opif, see below, p p . 832, 844—5. 55. O n the relationship between the Quaestiones and the Allegory see V. Nikiprowetzky, 'L'Exegese d e Philon', in D . Winston a n d J . Dillon (eds.), Two Treatises of Philo of Alexandria (1983), p p . 5-75, esp. p p . 67-9. Cf S. Sandmel, Philo of Alexandria, pp. 79-80. T h e suggestion that the Quaestiones represented a catechetical t r e a t m e n t of material pursued in a more scholarly fashion in t h e Allegory, Schiirer, G J V I I I (''^1909), pp. 648 ff., is now generally regarded a s misleading; the method o f the Quaestiones is employed in t h e Allegory (and even in the Exposition) and there is overlap of content too. V. Nikiprowetzky regards the form of t h e Quaestiones as the key to Philo's method of composition throughout his expository works; see also above, n. 44. It is difficult to determine the chronological relationship of the Quaestiones and the Allegorical Commentary. Disagreement arises from t h e difficulty of identifying clear cross-references in Philo's works (see further below, pp. 8 4 1 - 4 ,

/. Life and Works

M{ i

allegorical m e a n i n g o f H o l y S c r i p t u r e is establishrd \T\ .1 wik iii on ( » r i i ^ H b n j , Book iv on Gen. 3 : 2 0 - 2 3 . The citations in die .^tuta l*antUflit a i r in hue with this reconstruction. In particular ihr third IxMik (the (oininentary on Gen. 3:8b—ig) is frequently quoted with the ieniina TOV y TTJS vopcov i€p(x>v dXXTjyopiasThis third book is described in the manuscripts as dXXrpyopia Sfvrepa,^'^ but this could be explained by the assumption that in the archetype of these manuscripts the real second book was already lacking. De Cherubim {LTept

TCOV

Xepovîpi)^

The treatise On the Cherubim covers Genesis 3 : 2 4 and 4 : 1 . From this point in the series, the individual books are no longer transmitted under the general title vopucov tepcjv dXXrjyopia but under special headings. According to the reconstruction of the Leg. suggested above, the present treatise would be thefifthbook, though it might have formed the fourth combined with the (lost) commentary on Gen. 3 : 2 0 - 2 3 . ^ ^ De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini {Llepl a>v lepovpyovaiv

On Gen.

4:2-4.

"AêX Kal

Kdiv)^^

Until Cohn's restoration, there was a lacuna in the

65. The remark i n Sacrif. 12 ( 5 1 ) : TI 8e CCTTI TO yrjv epydêaBai, Sid TCOV irporipcov î^Xcov e8T]\<x)aafi€v seems t o be a reference to this lost c o m m e n t a r y on G e n . 3:23. Agric. i (2) h a s been suggested as t h e allusion, see A. Measson, De sacrif. {Oeuvres I V , 1966), p . 1 1 7 , n. 3 ; but this is unlikely in view of the priority of Sacrif. in t h e sequence of books in t h e Commentary. An allusion t o Quaest. Gen. is possible, though it is perhaps unlikely t h a t Philo would refer to a separate work (rather than a separate treadse within a work) with t h e words bia rotv rrpoTepwv ptpXcuu. 66. See C - W v o l . I, notes o n pp. 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 2 3 , 128, 129, 1 3 0 , 1 3 6 , 148, 153, 1 6 2 . There a p p e a r to b e only two citations from o u r book i in t h e Sacra Parallela which give a book number. T h e first is introduced with t h e l e m m a €K TOV Sevrepov TTJS vopccDv Upatv dXXrjyopias (C-W, n. on p . 72) ; the other w i t h t h e l e m m a €K TOV a TTJS vopcwv Upuiv dXXrjyopias (C-W, p . 74). T h e first citation m u s t therefore be a mistake (but see Cohn's alternadve explanadon, p . Ixxxvi). C i t a d o n s with t h e l e m m a IK TOV 8' TTJS vopcwv Upwv dXXrjyoplai are to be found in the Sacra Parallela a s follows: Codex Berolinensis gr. 4 (Rupefuc.) fol. 29 , Codex Laurentianus V I I I , 22 fol. 69 , Codex Coislinianus fol. 1 2 6 , Codex Vaticanus 1 5 5 3 fol. 57^, 93'^, 111*^, 115^, 252"^"^. See Harris, Fragments, p p . 6-8. 67. See C - W vol. I, p. 1 1 3 . 68. C-W vol. I , pp. 170-201 ; Loeb vol. I I (1929), p p . 1 - 8 5 ; J . Gorez, De Cherubim (Oeuvres I I I , 1963). 69. The full title r e a d s : irepi TCOV Xtpovîp Kal r-qs Xoylvr)s popov Kdiv eyyovwv Kal ws fjifTavdaTrjs yiverai.

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Vaticanus 381 (first pubfished from this by iMangry' .iixl AdinmnMs Bibb Nat. 880.^^ In both, it follows Deter., whiUi in dir p.ipMiis 11 follows ^^r., probably because the order of the papMun is in diNaiiay.'' Codex Atheniensis Bibl. Nat. BBo yields valu.ililc leadings lor llie last .sections oi^ Poster. Like the preceding book, l*o\lfi. is cited in die Sacra Parallela with the formula TOV f nai tijs" vofuov Upuiv aAAr/yopia?. Eusebius, in his catalogue in //.A', ii i H, does not u.se the special titles of the books from the Allegorical (.'ommerilary listed above, whereas he does use these titles for the books which follow. This is presumably because for him the former were included under the general title vopcov iepcov aXXrpyopla, whilst the latter were not. It may be added that in the Sacra Parallela, also, it is only up to this point that citations are given under the general title. It is possible that Philo himself issued the following books with special titles, but not those above. (On the authenticity of the book divisions, see above, n. 46.) There is justification for this, insofar as in the books which follow it is no longer the uninterrupted text but only selected passages which are commented upon. The exegetical method, however, remains uniform throughout. De gigantibus On Gen.

[TJepi

ytyavrcuv)

6:1-4.

Quod deus sit immutabilis On Gen.

{"On aTpeTTTov

to detov)^^

6:4-12.

Although these two sections stand separately in the manuscripts and editions, they really form a single book. The Sacra Parallela cite passages from Deus with the formula IK TOV irepl yiyavrcov;^^ Eusebius refers to the work as Trepi yiydvTcov rj nepl TOV prj TpeVeaât t o deiov [H.E. ii 1 8 , 4 ) . A few citations with the formula CK TOV irept yiydvTtov cannot be traced, so it would appear that a passage is missing.^^ Massebieau conjectured that there is a reference to a lost commentary on Gen. 5 : 3 2 in Sobr. 11 (52) : €(f)api€v ndXai on I^rfpL eTTcovvpos IOTIV dyadov. Between Gig. / Deus and Agric. he also inserted the two lost books Trepl SiaO-qKwv to which 77. For details o f subsequent textual work by Tischendorf, W e n d l a n d and H o l w e r d a see C-W vol. II, p p . xix ff. 78. For Poster, in Cod. Athen. 8 8 0 see P . Alexander, 'A Neglected Pahmpsest', p p . l o - i i (n. 3 6 above). 79. SeeJ. Royse, 'The O x y r h y n c h u s P a p y r u s ' , p. 1 5 9 , n. 8 . 80. Five references are given i n C-W vol. I I , nn. to p p . 5, 6 , 1 3 , 2 1 , 3 1 . 8 1 . C-W vol. I I , p p . 4 2 - 5 , 5 5 - 9 4 ; L o e b Philo I I - I I I ( 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 ) ; A. Moses, De Gigantibus, Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis {Oeuvres V I I - V I I I , 1 9 6 3 ) . See esp. D . Winston a n d J . Dillon, Two Treatises of Philo of Alexandria : A Commentary on De Gigantibus and Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis ( 1 9 8 3 ) . For Gig. and Deus i n Cod. Athen. 880 see P. Alexander, 'A Neglected Palimpsest' (n. 36 above). 8 2 . See C-W vol. I I , n n . to p p . 5 7 , 6 5 , 66, 6 7 , 70, 7 1 and xxi. 8 3 . See Harris, Fragments, p. 9 ; C-W vol. I I , p . xxii, n. i.

836

§34- The Jewish I'hthsnpha

Philo refers in Mutat. (see below, p. De agricultura {Uepl On Gen.

839)."''

yecopyias)

9:20a.

De plantatione Noe [Tlepl vTovpyLas On Gen.

Philo

Nate TO Scurepov)^'

9:20b.

These are probably to be considered as the two boc»ks nept yecopyias to which Eusebius refers, H.E. ii 18, 2 (cf. Jerome, vir. ill. 11 : 'de agricultura duo'). Eusebius, Praep. ev. vii 1 3 , 3—4: ev TW rrepl yewyias iTpoTepw ... ev TW Sevrepco. The end of the second Tjook is perhaps missing, for at 37 (149) Philo announces that he interi-ds to discuss the two opposing views on 6 aoô? pt-edvad-qaerai and on ov pLedvaOrjaerai, but the plan is only carried out for thefirstview, 3 7 ( 1 5 o)-42 ( 1 7 5 ) . For the second view, only the TrpwTos xal SwarcoTaTog Xoyas is presented in 42 (i 76), and the rest appears to be missing. De ebrietate [flepl

pedrjsf'^

On Gen. 9:21. According to Eusebius, H.E. n 18, 2 ancd Jerome, De vir. ill. 1 1 , Philo wrote two books -rrepl fxedris. It is dispu ted whether the extant book is thefirstor second. Neither the internal cAîdence from the treatises themselves, nor the labels in the manuscripts and the Sacra Parallela are entirely conclusive. The oldest evidence, from a papyrus, seems to indicate that the extant book is the second.^^ 84. Le Classement, p p . 2 1 - 3 ; C - W vol. I I , p. x x i i ; C o h n , 'Einteilung^, pp. 397, 4 3 0 - 1 . 85. C-W vol. I I , pp. 95-132, 133-69; L o e b Philo I I I ( 1 9 3 0 ) ; J . Pouilloux, De agricultura {Oeuvres I X , 1961); idem, De plantatione {Oeuvres X , 1963). See H . von Arnim, Quellenstudien zu Philo von Alexandria (1888), p p . 101-40 (for Philo's p h i l o s o p h i c sources); R. G . Hamerton-Kelly, 'Some Techniques of Composition in Philo's Allegorical Commentary with Special Reference t o De Agricultura—A S t u d y on t h e Hellenistic Midrash', in Jews, Greeks and Christians. Religious Cultures in Late Antiquity, ed. R. G. Hamerton-Kelly a n d R. Scroggs (1976), p p . 4 5 - 5 6 . 86. See C - W vol. I I , p . xxvii. For Agric. i n Cod. Athen. 880 s « e P. Alexander, 'A Neglected Palimpsest' (n. 3 6 above). 87. C-W vol. I I , pp. 1 7 0 - 2 1 4 ; L o e b Philo I I I (1930); J . Gc^rez, De ebrietate. De sobrietate {Oeuvres X I - X I I , 1962). See H. von A r n i m , Quellenstudien, p p . 101—40; M . Adler, 'Bemerkungen zu Philos Schrift Trepi ix4dris\ Wiener Studien 42 ^ 1922-3), p p . 9 2 - 6 ; 4 4 ( 1 9 2 4 - 5 ) , p p . 2 2 0 - 3 ; 45 (1926-7), p p . 117-20; 245-8. Ebr. 8-11 ; 11-13 ; 14; 17-18; 219-21 ; 221-3 is on P.Oxy. I X , n o . 1173 ; Ebr. 223 is on PSI X I , no. 1207; Ebr. 1-4, 4-8 is on P . H a u n . , no. 8. For Ebr. in G o d . Athen. 880 see P. Alexander, ' A Neglected Palimpsest' (n. 36). 88. T h e a r g u m e n t s for supposing the extant book t o be t h e first a . r e : ( i ) T h e opening words of our book, r d fiiv rots aXXois iXo<j6ois eipiy/ievo nept iitdrjs j cos oiov rt -fjv, ev rrj •npo ravTTji iiT€p.vfjaafxev j3i/3Acf> refer to t h e conclusion of Plant. (2) N e a r t h e beginning of our book, 2 (4), an outhne of the topic is presented, from which one e x p e c t s that the final subject for discussion will be wine as avfifioXov evpoavyr)S a n d yvfjcvoTTjTos. Since these secdons are n o t present in the a r g u m e n t , it m i g h t b e argued that *hey formed the lost second book, a c o m m e n t a r y on Gen. 9 : 2 i b - 2 3 . T h e opening of time following treatise, Sobr., appears to confirm t h i s : rd irepl fiedjjs KOI TTJS eirofievrjs avrfj yvûvorrjTos elpr]p,eva rw vofioBerrj SieieXfjXvdoTes rrporepov. See Massebieau, Le Classement, p p . ^24 ff.; and esp. C - W

/. Life and Works

\\\]

De sobrietate {Llepl TOV iêvjjijfe Ntve)^^ O n G e n . 9 : 2 4 - 2 7 . T h e u n u s u a l b r e v i t y o l IIUH i i r a i m r h.i\

lr«l t o the

s u g g e s t i o n t h a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t o f it is niiKntng.''" ( '.i»hn i h o u g h i t h a t Sobr. a n d Confus. o r i g i n a l l y formed o n e IMMIII.'*' s u p p o r t f r o m t h e fact t h a t in t h e Sacra Parallela is c i t e d w i t h t h e f o r m u l a

tK

TOV

De confusione linguarum {Depl On Gen.

TTtpi

vîftas

TOV

air/xôfujs

TIMH s u p j x j s i i i o n a s e n t e n c e from

o

vovs

gains Confus.

(vx^Tai.'*^

SiaXfKTcov)^'^

11:1—9. E u s e b i u s q u o t e s s e v e r a l passages from

this w o r k

in

Praep. ev. x i 1 5 , w i t h t h e e r r o n e o u s s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e y a r e f r o m irepl TOV TO xî^pov TO) KpeiTTovi

iX€tv

iTTiTideadai.

De migratione Abrahami

{Llept d.TTOLKias)^'^

On Gen. 12:1-6. Quis

rerum divinarum

heres sit

{IJept

TOV

TIS

6

TCOV

deicov

TrpaypaTcov

KXr)pov6pos)^^ On Gen.

15:2-18.

vol. I I , pp. xxvi-viii; M. Adler, Studien (1929), pp. 53-66. T h e evidence afforded by t h e Sacra Parallela is n o t decisive, since it proves that a n o t h e r (lost) book existed, but t h e lemmata a r e unreliable; see C - W , loc. cit. T h e texts are given b y P. W e n d l a n d , Jêu entdeckte Fragmente Philos (1891), pp. 2 2 - 5 ( b u t 9 a n d 11 should be d i s c o u n t e d ; see J . Royse, ' T h e O x y r h y n c h u s Papyrus', p . 161, n. 10). However, t h e evidence from t h e papyrus appears t o prove the opposite view, since at P . H a u n . fol. 2"^, just before t h e beginning of Ebr., there is [...] /S', which appears to b e designating the e x t a n t book as t h e second; see T . Larsen, P.Haun. I , p. 50. P.Oxy., fr. 4 and P . H a u n . , fr. i , would then be fragments of the lost book i. See further J . Royse, art. cit., p p . 160-1. 89. C-W vol. I I , p p . 215-28; Loeb Philo I I I (1930), p p . 437-81 ; J . Gorez, op. cit. F o r Sobr. in C o d . Athen. 880 see P . Alexander, 'A Neglected Pahmpsest' (n. 3 6 above). Instead of t h e title given here, Eusebius, H.E. ii 18, 2 , has irepl Sv vijiltas o voOs evx^Tai Kal Karapdrai. J e r o m e , De vir. ill. 11 h a s : 'de his q u a e sensu p r e c a m u r et detestamur'. Similarly t w o of t h e four manuscripts (including C o d . Athen. 880) and t h e Cod. Coisl. of the Sacra Parallela; see C - W vol. I I , p . xxx a n d n. t o p. 2 6 1 . C o d . A t h e n . 880 gives t h e fullest version of t h e title: 'iTt(pi) V 8eKa Xoylwv, TO TpiTov, TO TCTapTov, TO TTepLiTTov, TO Wept evopKMs Kal acâopov Trjs Upas e^Sopris Kal yovecov Tipris.

150. Mangey gave just a small portion of t h e book (II, p p . 270—7) a n d followed it with de septenario as a separate piece ( I I , pp. 2 7 7 - 9 8 ) , b u t with t h e text incomplete; de colendis parentibus was entirely missing, moreover. M o s t of w h a t was missing was given b y Mai, De cophinifesto et de colendis parentibus (1818) and i n Classicorum auctorum IV, pp. 402-29. T h e complete text of t h e entire book was first given by Tischendorf, Philonea, pp. 1-83. See Colson in Loeb Philo V I I , pp. xv-xvii. 151. Full title: Trept TU}V ava€popevcov ev eiSei vopuov els 8vo y4vt] TCOV SeVa Aoytcov, TO eKTOv Kal TO e^Bopcov, TO Kara ôi'xcov Kal ITOVTOS aKoXdarov Kal TO /card avhpor Hnfnlilutrf''^ .w belonging elsewhere—either as an indrpendrni iir.itisr, .ii p.m ol another treatise, or as part of the othrrwinr vef\ «ihoM sec tion De paenitentia. This last possibility is probably iv)^^°

These treatises are attached to the Exposition as a kind of epilogue.'^' In the prologue Philo says that after he has dealt in his earlier writings with the three principal categories of the Mosaic revelation—the KoapLOTToua, the laropLKov and the vopbodeTiKov (n. 134 above)—he wishes now to pass over to the rewards destined for the good and the punishments in store for the wicked. Although De exsecrationibus is treated as a separate work in three of the four manuscripts, it follows naturally from the last section of De praemiis, which deals with the 'blessings' {evxai or evXoyiai).' A considerable lacuna occurs in the text at 1 3 (78), before the beginning of the section on blessings,'^^ for the discussion De poenis begins at 1 2 (67) but is evidently far from complete. The work falls into two pairs of sections: (i) on rewards and punishments, and (2) on blessings and curses, Lev. 2 6 , Deut. 28.'''* The transition from the first half to the second falls in the lacuna. Goodenough regarded the Exposition as a whole as directed towards 168. O n t h e position of De nobilitate see W e n d l a n d , H e r m e s 31 (1896), p p . 4 4 2 - 3 . 169. See Colson, Loeb Philo V I H , p p . xvii-xviii. 170. C-W vol. V , p p . 336-65, 3 6 5 - 7 6 ; L o e b Philo V I H (1939), p p . 3 0 7 - 4 2 3 ; A. Beckaert, De praemiis et poenis. De exsecrationibus {Oeuvres X X V I I , 1967). S e e J . Cazeaux, 'Systeme imphcite dans I'exegese de Philon. U n e x a m p l e : le De praemiis', SP 6 (1979-80), PP- 3-33171. T h e two sections are separated r a t h e r crudely. Eusebius, H.E. ii 18, 5, refers to Trepi Twv npoKeifievwv ev TW v6p, TOIS fxev dyaBois ddXcDV, Toig Se Trovrfpois eTTinpioiv Kat apwv. The title nept adXoiv Kat eTriTipiotv also a p p e a r s in the Sacra Parallela : Cod. Rupefuc. fol. 128^, 131"^, 284^; see C-W vol. V , nn. to pp. 340, 347, 3 5 1 , 357. Hept evxrjs Kat evXoyiwv is also f o u n d : C o d . Rupefuc. fol. 276"^ ( = Praem. 17), see C - W vol. V, p . 359, n . 172. For the view that the sections o n blessings a n d curses formed a separate work see E. R. Goodenough, 'Philo's Exposition', pp. 118-25. 173. See C-W vol. V, p . 353. 174. C-W vol. V , pp. xxviii-ix, adopts a threefold division: nept ddXcuv Kat eninpliov Kat dpaiv (but note t h e twofold division in Eusebius and the single title in t h e Sacra Parallela, above, n. 171).

854

§34- The Jewish Philosopher Philo

gentiles, and yet found the second section of the work, 14 (79)-20 (126), 'explicable only as designed for Jews'. His opinion that this section did not originally belong at the end of the Exposition was jusdfied chiefly in terms of the content, and involved the hypothesis that the present ending was inserted by a copyist to replace a lost original. Such a solution allowed Goodenough to preserve his conviction that the Exposition was for gentiles, but the hypothesis has not commanded a.ssent. '^^ In addition to these three great works on the Pentateuch, Philo also wrote several .separate treatises, of which the following are extant, some complete and some fragmentary. De vita Mosis i-ii [Tlipl rov ^lov

MwiJaews)'^^

Although, strangely, this work is missing from Eusebius' catalogue, its authenticity is no longer in doubt.'^^ It was already cited by Clement, Strom, i 23 ( 1 5 3 ) : 1^ rjaL

The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135) Vol. 3, Part 2

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Who Was Jesus? Fingerprints of The Christ

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Christ in Egypt: The Horus-Jesus Connection

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