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Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM VOLUME TWO
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM EDITORS
W. D. Davies
L. Finkelstein
ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD
Elias J. Bickermant Matthew Black Gerson Cohen F. M. Cross
A. M. Momigliano Gerson Scholemf Morton Smith Ephraim E. Urbach
WITH EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE FROM
Dale C. Allison Steven T. Katz John Sturdy
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM EDITED BY
W. D. DA VIES, D.D., F.B.A. LOUIS FINKELSTEIN, D.Litt., D.H.L.
ASSISTANT EDITOR
John Sturdy Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
VOLUME TWO
THE HELLENISTIC AGE
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa~o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521219297 © Cambridge University Press 1989 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1989 Fourth printing 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-21929-7 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
Preface hist of abbreviations Map of the Hellenistic Empire 1
The archeology of Hellenistic Palestine by M A R I E - C H R I S T I N E
2
3 4
5
page vii x xvi—xvii i
HALPERN-ZYLBERSTEIN,
Le Louvre, Paris The political and social history of Palestine from Alexander to Antiochus III (333-187 B.C.E.) by M A R T I N H E N G E L , Institutum Judaicum, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek in the Hellenistic age by J A M E S B A R R , University of Oxford The Diaspora in the Hellenistic age by H A R A L D H E G E R M A N N , Institut fur Neutestamentliche Theologie, Universitat Miinchen The interpenetration of Judaism and Hellenism in the pre-Maccabean period
35
79 115
167
by M A R T I N H E N G E L
6
7
The men of the Great Synagogue {circa 400—170 B.C.E.) by L o u i s F I N K E L S T E I N , The Jewish Theological Seminary of America The Pharisaic leadership after the Great Synagogue
229
245
( 1 7 0 B.C.E.—135 C.E.)
8 9
10
by Louis F I N K E L S T E I N Antiochus IV by O T T O M O R K H O L M I , Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen The Hasmonean revolt and the Hasmonean dynasty by JONATHAN A. G O L D S T E I N , Department of History, Univeristy of Iowa Jewish literature in Hebrew and Aramaic in the Greek era by M A T H I A S D E L C O R , Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne
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278 292
35 2
VI
11
12
CONTENTS
Jewish—Greek literature of the Greek period by N I K O L A U S W A L T E R , Katechetisches Oberseminar, Naumburg/Saale The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha of the Hellenistic period by M A T H I A S
13
14
15
16 17
18
385
409
DELCOR
The book of Daniel by H. L. G I N S B E R G , The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York The matrix of apocalyptic by P A U L D. H A N S O N , The Divinity School, Harvard University The Septuagint and its Hebrew text by H A R R Y M. O R L I N S K Y , Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion, New York The Targumim by R O G E R L E D E A U T , Seminaire Francois, Rome The Samaritans by J A M E S D. P U R V I S , Department of Religion, College of Liberal Arts, University of Boston The growth of anti-Judaism or the Greek attitude towards Jews by E M I L I O G A B B A , Universita degli Studi, Instituto di Storia Antica, Pavia
5 04
524
534
563 591
614
Bibliographies Chronological table
657 717
Index
-jiz
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PREFACE
This is the second of four volumes in this history of Judaism designed to cover the changes of the religion from the Persian period (roughly 539—332 B.C.E.) to the codification of the Mishnah (about 250 C.E.), points of departure and of closure which will be readily recognized as appropriate, the one having seen the emergence of Judaism and the other the definitive legal formulation of the rabbinism which developed after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 C.E. The history of Judaism in the Amoraic, Talmudic and later periods is not touched upon in these four volumes. Volume One dealt with the Persian period, when many of the Jews taken captive to Babylon in 587 B.C.E. were enabled by Cyrus to return to Palestine some fifty years later, and when other Jews had settled throughout Egypt, especially at Elephantine. It examined the experiences of these Jews in their respective Persian, Egyptian and Palestinian milieux. Within Palestine, those returning to Judah confronted Jews who had not been in exile, a situation which helps to explain the Samaritan schism described by Dr J. D. Purvis. Outside Palestine they had to come to terms with Persian and Egyptian cultures. Whether history repeats itself is a familiar subject of debate; yet this first volume offers evidence of what seem to be proven - albeit intermittent — constants in the history of the Jews: their continual assertion of their link with Israel, their particular land; and their recurring engagement with alien cultures menacing it, within and without. Certain fundamental factors help to explain these constants: the geographic location of Palestine between lands which were 'foreign' to it, and the Jewish faith which demanded allegiance to the one God of Israel, all others being excluded. The history of Judaism in this Persian period was thus one of exile and restoration: it was also a struggle between the rejection of alien cultures and their assimilation. In the Hellenistic period these constants emerge in an even more emphatic form. The theme of this second volume is threefold: (1) the encounter of Judaism with the Hellenism disseminated throughout the Land of Israel by the activity and influence of Alexander the Great and vii
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PREFACE
those who succeeded him; (2) the efforts of Jews led by the Maccabees to counter this influence and to establish their own state in their own land; (3) the resulting Jewish ideologies and literary activities. The archeology of Hellenistic Palestine described by Dr Marie-Christine Halpern-Zylberstein, the political and social history dealt with by Professor Martin Hengel and the linguistic multiplicity of Palestine revealed by Professor James Barr all witness to the very extensive Hellenization of Jewish life in the period. But if Jews in Palestine were exposed to Hellenistic influences, how much more so were those who either from choice or necessity lived outside that land. The evidence for the mutual interpenetration of Judaism and Hellenism inside Palestine and in the Diaspora, described by Professor H. Hegermann, has been gathered by Professor Hengel. It is evidence for an almost ubiquitous interpenetration which is now increasingly cogent. The traditional neat distinction made between Jerusalem and Athens, between Palestinian and Hellenistic Judaism, has had to be radically modified even if it cannot be wholly abandoned. Hellenistic culture encroached intrusively and effectively on Judaism. At times and for the majority of Jews perhaps, Hellenism was insidiously attractive: at other times many Jews succumbed to its enticements. Yet for these same Jews, it was a smiling tiger: an enemy to be resisted as a threat to their religion and very existence. Acceptance and even assimilation, rejection and even opposition, were characteristic of Jews in the Hellenistic as in the Persian period. But the challenge of the Hellenistic world probably became more pointed and direct than had been that of the Persian. The chapters on 'The men of the Great Synagogue' and 'The Pharisaic leadership' enable us to enter into the minds of the leaders for whom Hellenism was a threat. But before there could be open revolt against the alien occupying power there had to come a deadly and inescapable challenge. This came through Antiochus IV, described by Dr O. Morkholm. Religious Jews could not ignore his activity. The causes of the Maccabean revolt which followed upon Antiochus' sacrilege, dealt with by Professor Jonathan A. Goldstein, are not easily disentangled. Religious, economic, social and political factors were all involved. Whatever the assessment of these various factors, the Maccabean revolt resulted in the creation of an independent Jewish state under the Hasmoneans. This independent state in Palestine lasted from 142 to 63 B.C.E. After it ceased to exist, there was to be no independent Jewish state in Palestine until the creation of the State of Israel in 1948. A Jewish-Greek literature, described by Professor N. Walter, arose which borrowed from the Hellenistic world even when that world was
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PREFACE
IX
being rejected. Jews took over the literary forms, methods of argumentation and theological usages of the Hellenistic world. Above all, there emerged the translation of the Torah into the Greek of the Septuagint, the purpose and character of which are treated by Professor H. M. Orlinsky. Even Pharisaism was later to be described as the acute Hellenization of Judaism and Aristotle deemed to be the father of Akiba. But there was also a literature in Hebrew and Aramaic in the Hellenistic period. The decline in the use of Hebrew among Jews themselves created the need for the Targumim discussed by Father R. Le Deaut. This need has also been connected with the coming into being of the Septuagint. Finally, under the impact of the totality of the forces impinging on the religious, intellectual, social and political life of Jews in the Hellenistic period, came the apocalyptic thinking revealed in the Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphical literature. In the past this was often regarded as outside the main stream of Judaism. But the chapters by Professors Delcor, Ginsberg, Hanson and Rowland in this volume and in Volume Three (forthcoming) present Apocalyptic not as a bizarre, fringe element in Judaism, but as a significant aspect of it, illuminating the ways in which Jews regarded the Gentile world which surrounded and invaded their own. In the final chapter of this volume Dr Emilio Gabba examines an opposite theme — the attitude of nonJews to Jews and Judaism in the Hellenistic period: the Maccabean struggle profoundly influenced this. This second volume, then, puts in question the validity of longstanding dichotomies often made in scholarship and in literature between Judaism and Hellenism, Pharisaism and Apocalyptic, the Hebraic and the Hellenic. In the Hellenistic Age the Hebraic and the Hellenic so interpenetrated that Judaism survived only by adopting much from Hellenism and using it in its own interests. Athens and Jerusalem remained distinct but not isolated: there was often a taste for Hellenism among Jews, and for Judaism among Gentiles. It is a pleasure to recognize the help of the Mary Duke Biddle Foundation, Ms S. Freedman, Duke University, Ms L. Bacus, Texas Christian University and Dr Menahem Mor, Haifa University. Nor can we fail to thank Dr and Mrs L. H. Barnett of Fort Worth, Texas, and Professor David Daube and Dr J. S. Whale for their constant encouragement. The editors particularly wish to acknowledge the meticulous work of Dean John Sturdy in the preparation of this volume during its final stages of production for the press. w. D.D. L. F.
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ABBREVIATIONS
AASOR AB AcOr
AfO AGG AGJU AGSU
AHHI AJA AJP AJT ALGHJ AnBib
ANET APAT APOT ARW ASOR ASTI ATD BA BASOR BBB Bib BIFAO
BJ BJRL
Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research Anchor Bible Ada orientalia (Copenhagen) Archiv fur Orientforschung Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, philologisch-historische Klasse, Gottingen Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Spatjudentums und Urchristentums Alon ha- hevra ha-numismatith tYisra'el American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Philology American Journal of Theology Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums Analecta Biblica J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts E. Kautzsche (ed.), Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments 2 vols. (Tubingen, 1900) R. H. Charles (ed.), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English 2 vols. (Oxford, 1913) Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft American Schools of Oriental Research Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute Das Alte Testament Deutsch Biblical Archaeologist Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Bonner biblische Beitrage Biblica Bulletin de I* institut francais d*archeologie orientale Bible de Jerusalem Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library
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ABBREVIATIONS
BLE BPC BWANT BZ BZAW BZNW CAH CAT CBQ
CCHS CD ChE CIG
XI
Bulletin de litterature ecclesiastique
L. Pirot and A. Clamer, L,a Sainte Bible (Paris, 1951) Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament Biblische Zeitschrift
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Cambridge Ancient History
Commentaire de PAncien Testament Catholic Biblical Quarterly Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, 1953 (2nd edn. 1969)
Cairo (Genizah text of the) Damascus (Document) Chronique d'Egypte Corpus inscriptionum graecarum J. B. Frey (ed.), Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum
CIJ CPJ
V. Tcherikover and A. Fuks (eds.), Corpus Papyrorum Judai-
CRAIBL
carum Comptes rendus de lyAcademie des inscriptions et belles-lettres
CSCO CTM DBSup
Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium
DJD
P. Benoit et al. (eds.), Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan
DTC EB EBib Encjud
Dictionnaire de theologie catholique
Concordia Theological Monthly Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplement
Echter Bibel Etudes bibliques C. Roth and J. Wigoder (eds.), Encyclopedia Judaica (Jerusalem, 1971)
En§Miq EstBib ET ETL
Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses
FRLANT
Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments
Ensiklopedia Miqra'it (Jerusalem, 1950) Estudios biblicos
English translation
Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker, ed. F. Jacoby (Leiden,
FGrHist
i923fT.)
GCS
Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte
GRBS HAT HAW HKAT
Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
Handbuch zum Alten Testament Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft Handkommentar zum Alten Testament
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ABBREVIATIONS
Xll
HSAT HSM HTR HTS HUCA IB ICC IDBSup
IG Int
JAC JAOS JBC JBL JEA JHS
JP
JNES JRAS JRS JSS JTC JTS KAT Les LD MBPAR MGWJ NEB NJV NovTSup NRT
Die heilige Schrift des alten Testaments, ed. F. Feldmann and H. Herkenne (Bonn, lyz^fi.) Harvard Semitic Monographs Harvard Theological Review
Harvard Theological Studies Hebrew Union College Annual
Interpreter's Bible International Critical Commentary Supplementary volume to the Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, ed. K. Crim Israel Exploration Journal Inscriptiones Graecae, ed. Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, i873ff.) Interpretation Jahrbuch fur Antike und Christentum Journal of the American Oriental Society R. E. Brown, J. Fitzmyer and R. E. Murphy (eds.), The Jerome Biblical Commentary (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1968) Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Journal of Hellenic Studies Journal of Jewish Studies Journal of Near Eastern Studies Jewish Quarterly Review Journal of Religion Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Journal of Roman Studies Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period Journal of Semitic Studies Journal for Theology and the Church Journal of Theological Studies
Kommentar zum Alten Testament Lefonenu
Lectio divina Miinchener Beitrage zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums
New English Bible New Jewish Version Novum Testamentum Supplements Nouvelle revue theologique
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ABBREVIATIONS
NTS OBO OGIS OTL OTS PAAJR Pap. Giss. PCZ PEFA PER PG PL
PJ P. Lond. P. Petrie PSI PVTG PW PWSup QDAP ijgAf
RAC RB RechBib REG RE] RevQ
Xlll
New Testament Studies Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Orientis Graecae Inscriptiones Selectae, ed. W. Dittenberger, (Leipzig, 1903—5, repr. Hildesheim, 1970) Old Testament Library Oudtestamentische Studien Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research Griechische Papyri %u Giessen, ed. O. Eger, E. Kornemann and P. M. Meyer C. C. Edgar (ed.), Zenon Papyri 4 vols. (Catalogue general des antiquites Egyptiennes du Musee de Caire, Cairo 1925-31) Palestine Exploration Fund Annual Palestine Exploration Quarterly Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, seriesgraeca (Paris, i875fT) J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina (Paris, i844fT) Paldstina-Jahrbuch des deutschen Evangelischen Instituts F. G. Kenyon et al. (eds.), Greek Papyri in the British Museum (London, 1893^ J. P. Mahaffy and J. G. Smyly (eds.), The FlindersPetrie Papyri (Dublin, 1891^) Pubblica^ioni della Societa italiana per la Ricerca dei Papiri greci e latini in Egitto: Papiri greci e latini ed. G. Vitelli et al. (Florence, i9i2fT.) Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti graece Pauly-Wissowa (eds.), Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1894$) Supplement to Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Alter turnswissenschaft (Stuttgart, i9O3ff) Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns) from Qumran Cave 1 Milhdmdh (War Scroll) Serek ha-yahad (Rule of the Community, Manual of Discipline) Reallexikon fur An tike und Christen turn (Stuttgart, 195 off) Revue biblique Recherches bibliques Revue des etudes grecques Revue des etudes juives Revue de Qumran
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XIV
RGVV RHPR RHR RPh RSR SAH SAW SB SB
ABBREVIATIONS
Religionsgeschichtiche Versuche und Vorarbeiten Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses Revue de I'histoire des religions Revue de philologie, d'histoire et de litterature anciennes Recherches de science religieuse
Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse SitzungsbericHte, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse Sources bibliques Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Agypten, ed. F. Preisigke
et aL (Strasbourg etc., 1913ff.) SBLASP SBLMS SBLSCS SBS SBT SC SCO SD SEG SJLA SPB SUNT SVF SVTP TAPA TDNT Texts S Textus TF TLZ TRev TRu TSU TU TWNT
Society of Biblical Literature Abstracts and Seminar Papers
Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies Stuttgarter Bibelstudien Studies in Biblical Theology Sources chretiennes Studi classici e orientali
Studies and Documents J. J. E. Hondius et al. (eds.), Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity Studia postbiblica Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha Transactions of the American Philological Association G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.), Theological Dictionary ofthe New Testament (Grand Rapids, i964fT.); ET of TWNT Texts and Studies Textus, Annual of the Hebrew University Bible Project Theologische Forschung Theologische Literatur^eitung Theologische Revue Theologische Rundschau Theologische Studien and Kritiken
Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.), Theologisches Wbrterbuch Neuen Testament (Stuttgart, 1933ft) Verbum salutis
VS
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ABBREVIATIONS
VT VTSup WMANT WUNT ZAW ZDMG ZDP V ZNW ZTK
Vetus Testamentum Vetus Testamentum Supplements Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Zeitschriftfur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft Zeitschrift des deutschen Paldstina- Vereins Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift fur Theologie und Kirche
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XV
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20j°E\
r
UOFE
Black [ 2
^
6
S e a
Amphipolis ^ \ o c
Q
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"3
cQT Pergamum -^ng^nos
^C^^sy?V> Conn^\i^ 'Sparta . 6
V<jjj 83-113-
CHAPTER 18 THE GROWTH OF ANTI-JUDAISM OR THE GREEK ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE JEWS General works Abel, F.-M. Geographie de la Palestine. EBib. 2 vols. Paris, 1933-8. Adriani, M. 'Note sulF antisemitismo antico', Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni, 36 (1965), 63-98. Bickerman, E. J. 'The historical foundations of post-biblical Judaism', in The Jews. Their History, Culture and Religion, ed. L. Finkelstein, 3rd edn. Vol. 1, pp. 70-114. New York, 195 5.
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B I B L I O G R A P H Y TO C H A P T E R l 8
713
Bohl, F. M. T. de Liagre 'Die Juden im Urteil der griechischen und romischen Schriftsteller', Theologische Tijdschrift, 48 (1914), 371—89; 473—98, repr. in Opera minora, pp. 111-33; 485ff Groningen, 1953. Davis, S. Race-relations in Ancient Egypt: Greek, Egyptian, Hebrew, Roman. 2nd edn. London, 1951. Drioton, E. and Vandier, J. Les peuples de rOrient mediterraneen 2. L'Egypte, 3rd edn. Paris, 1952. Eddy, S. K. The King is Dead. Studies in the Near Eastern Resistance to Hellenism 354-p B.C. Lincoln, Nebraska, 1961. Fraser, P. M. Ptolemaic Alexandria. 3 vols. Oxford, 1972. Gager, J. G. Moses in Greco-Roman Paganism. SBLMS 16. Nashville—New York, 1972. Hengel, M. Judentum und Hellenismus, Studien t(u ihrer Begegnung unter besonderer Berucksichtigung Paldstinas bis t(ur Mitte des 2. Jh.s.v. Chr. WUNT 10. 2nd edn. Tubingen, 1973. ET: Judaism and Hellenism. London, 1974. Juster, J. Les Juifs dans I'empire Romain. 2 vols. Paris, 1914; reprinted New York, n.d. Lagrange, M.-J. Le Judatsme avant Jesus-Christ. EBib. Paris, 1931. Meyer, E. Geschichte des Altertums. 2, 1—2. 3rd edn. Basle, 1953. Ursprung und Anfdnge des Christentums, 1—2. 4th—5th edn. Stuttgart, 1924—25. 3. 1st— 3rd edn. Stuttgart, 1923. Radin, M. The Jews among the Greeks and Romans. Philadelphia, 1915. Rostovtzeff, M. The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. 3 vols. Oxford, 1941.
Schiirer, E. Geschichte desjiidischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 3. 4th edn. Leipzig, 1909.
Stahelin, F. Der Antisemitismus des Altertums. Basle, 1905. Stern, M. (ed.), Greek and Latin authors on Jews and Judaism. Vol. 1: From Herodotus to Plutarch. Jerusalem, 1974. Susemihl, F. Geschichte der griechischen Literature in der Alexandriner^eit. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1891-92; reprinted Hildesheim, 1965. Tcherikover, V. Hellenistic Civilisation and the Jews. Philadelphia, 1959. Tcherikover, V. and Fuks, A. and Stern, M. Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, 1, pp. 1-47. Cambridge, Mass., 1957. Textes d'auteurs grecs et latins relatifs au Judatsme. Revised, translated and annotated by T. Reinach. Paris, 1895, reprinted Hildesheim, 1963. Willrich, H. Juden und Griechen vor der makkabdischen Erhebung. Gottingen, 1895. Judaica. Gottingen, 1900. Greek authors on the Jews Abel, E. L. 'The myth of Jewish slavery in Ptolemaic Egypt', REJ, 127 (1968), 253-8. Austin, M. M. Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, Supplement 2. Cambridge, 1970. Baldry, H. C. The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought. Cambridge, 1966. Berard, J. 'Les Hyksos et la legende d'lo. Recherches sur la periode premycenienne', Syria, 29 (1952), 1-43. Bernays, J. Theophrastos' Schrift Ober Frommigkeit. Berlin, 1866. Bickerman, E. 'La Coele-Syrie. Notes de geographie historique', RB, 54 (1947), 256-68.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Bidez, J. and Cumont, F. Les mages hellenises. 2 vols. Paris, 1938. pp. 240—2: 'Hecatee sur les Juifs et Democrite'. Burton, A. Diodorus Siculus, Book I. A commentary. Leiden, 1972. Cole, A. T. Democritus and the Sources of Greek Anthropology. Cleveland, 1967. Dihle, A. 'Zur hellenistichen Ethnographie', Grecs et Barbares, pp. 202-32. Entretiens sur l'Antiquite Classique, 8. Geneva, 1962. Eichholz, D. E. Theophrastus, De lapidibus. Oxford, 1965. Festugiere, A.-J. 'Grecs et sages orientaux', RHR, 130 (1945), 29—41. Froidefond, C. Le mirage egyptien dans la litterature grecque d'Homere a Aristote. Paris, 1971.
Gager, J. G. 'Pseudo-Hecataeus again', ZNW, 60 (1969), 130-9. Huxley, G. 'Choirilos of Samos', GRBS, 10 (1969), 12-29. Jaeger, W. 'Greeks and Jews. The first records of Jewish religion and civilization', JR, 18 (1938), 127-43, repr. in Scripta Minora 2, pp. 169—83. Rome, i960. Diokles von Karystos, pp. 134-53. Berlin, 1938, reprinted 1963: 'Theophrast und der alteste griechische Bericht iiber die Juden'. Katzenstein, H. J. 'Is there any synchronism between the reigns of Hiram and Solomon?', JNES, 24 (1965), 116—17. Levy, I. La legende de Pythagore de Greceen Palestine. Paris, 1927. Recherches esseniennes et pythagoriciennes. Geneva-Paris, 1965. Cf. V. Nikiprowetzky, RE], 125 (1966), 313-52. Lewy, H. 'Hekataios von Abdera FTspi 'lovSoacov', ZNW, 31 (1932), 117-32. 'Aristotle and the Jewish sage according to Clearchus of Soli', HTR, 31 (1938), 205-35.
Luria, S. 'Die Belagerung von Jerusalem bei Alkaios', Acta Antiqua 8 (i960), 265-6. Meyer, E. Aegyptische Chronologie. Berlin, 1904; Chronologie egyptienne. French tr.: Paris, 1912.
Momigliano, A. 'Intorno al Contro Apione\ Rivista di Filologia N.S., 9 (1931), 485—503. Montet, P. 'Le roi Amenophis et les Impurs', Revue des Etudes anciennes, 42 (1940), 263-9. Le drame d'Avaris. Essai sur la penetration des Semites en Egypte. Paris, 1941. Murray, O. 'Hecataeus of Abdera and pharaonic kingship', JEA, 56 (1970), 141-71. Potscher, W. ed. Theophrastos, TTepi EOaepeiocs. Philosophia Antiqua 11. Leiden, 1964. Robert, L. 'De Delphes a l'Oxus. Inscriptiones grecques nouvelles de la Bactriane', CRAIBL, (1968), 416-57. Reprinted in P. Barnard, ed. Fouilles d'Ai Khamoun. Paris, 1973. Rowton, M. B. 'Manetho's date for Ramesses IF, JEA, 34 (1948), 57-74. Schaller, B. 'Hekataios von Abdera iiber die Juden', ZNW, 54 (1963), 15-31. Schwartz, E. 'Hekataios von Teos', Rheinisches Museum, NF 40 (1885), 223—62. Schwartz, J. 'Les conquerants perses et la litterature egyptienne', BIFAO, 48 (1949), 65-80. 'Le "cycle de Petoubastis" et les commentaires egyptiens de l'Exode', BIFAO, 49 (1950), 67-83. Spoerri, W. Spdthellenistische Berichte iiber Welt, Kultur und Go'tter. Schweizerische Beitrage zur Altertumswissenschaft 9. Basle, 1959. Stern, M. and Murray, O. 'Hecataeus of Abdera and Theophrastus on Jews and Egyptians', JEA, 59 (1973X i59~ 68 -
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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE SYRIA
EGYPT
LAND OF ISRAEL (PALESTINE)
33Z Egypt conquered by Alexander the Great
-332 Palestine conquered by Alexander
ROME
333 Battle of Issus 331 Battle of Gaugamela 330 Death of Darius III
33°
GREECE
3 3 3-Battle of Issus 331-Battle of Gaugamela
33O
323 PTOLEMY I SOTER
(323-i83/5?)
-323 Death of Alexander
323 Death of Alexander
323 Death of Alexander I- 323
320
320
-315 Palestine overrun by Antigonus -312 Palestine overrun by Ptolemy I
312
SELEUCUS I NICATOR (3 1 2 - 2 8 1 )
Seleucus at Babylon WARS OF
310
310
DIADOCHI ONIAS 1
High priest 301 Battle of Ipsus
-301 Palestine conquered by Ptolemy
U 301
300
300
290
290
SIMON SON OF ONIAS
High priest
280
285/3? PTOLEMY II PHILADELPHUS (285/3? -246)
ELEAZAR BROTHER OF
28l ANTIOCHUS I SOTER (281-262/1)
280 War between Ptolemy II and Antiochus I
SIMON
280 War between Ptolemy II and Antiochus I
c. 274 First Syrian 272/271 I War
High priest
c. 274
.1
First Syrian War
272/27
270
280
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
270
EGYPT
LAND OF ISRAEL (PALESTINE)
SYRIA
ROME
GREECE
264 _ 262/1 ANTIOCHUS II THEOS (262/1 - 2 4 6 )
260
260_
260—
260
Zenon's visit -Second Syrian War
258 1
-First Punic War
- Second Syrian War
250
250
246, PTOLEMY III EUERGETES ( 2 4 6 - 2 2 1 )
246,
Ptolemy invades Syria 241J
SELEUCUS II CALLINICUS (246-226)
— Third Syrian War
-Third Syrian War
241.
241 -« 240
240
ONIAS II
Son of Simon High Priest (?)
230
230
2 2 6 SELEUCUS III CERANUS ( 2 2 6 - 2 3 3 ) 223 ANTIOCHUS III THE GREAT ( 2 2 3 - 1 8 7 )
221 PTOLEMY IV PHILOPATOR ( 2 2 I - 2 O 4 )
22O
22O
2I
f Fourth Syrian War 21 7
218 Antiochus III in Palestine 217 Battle of Raphia: Antiochus defeated by Ptolemy
9, 'FOURTH SYRIAN WAR
217'
— Second Punic War
210
SIMON THE JUST
2IO
High priest (?-