The Encyclopaedia of Islam: W-Z Vol 11 (Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition)

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM NEW EDITION PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF LEADING ORIENTALISTS EDITED BY

P. J. BEARMAN, TH. BIANQUIS, C. E. BOSWORTH, E. VAN DONZEL AND W. P. HEINRICHS UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES

VOLUME XI

W — Z

LEIDEN

BRILL 2002

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Members: PJ. BEARMAN, TH. BIANQJJIS, C.E. BOSWORTH, J.T.P. DE BRUIJN, A. DIAS FARINHA, E. VAN DONZEL, J. VAN Ess, W.P. HEINRICHS, RJ. KASTELEIJN, A.K.S. LAMBTON, B. LEWIS, F. ROSENTHAL, F. RUNDGREN, A.L. UDOVITCH. Associated members: HAUL INALCIK, S.H. NASR, M. TALBI.

The preparation of this volume of the Encyclopaedia of Islam was made possible in part through grants from the Research Tools Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent Federal Agency of the United States Government; the British Academy; the Oriental Institute, Leiden; Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences.

The articles in this volume were published in double fascicules of 112 pages, the dates of publication being: 2000: Fascs. 179-180, pp. 1-112

2001: Fascs. 181-186, pp. 113-448 2002: Fascs. 187-188, pp. 449-575

ISBN 90 04 12756 9 © Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME For the benefit of readers who may wish to follow up an individual contributor's articles, the Editors have listed after each contributor's name the pages on which his or her signature appears. Academic affiliations are given (for a retired scholar, the place of his/her last known academic appointment). In this list, names in square brackets are those of authors of articles reprinted or revised from the first edition of this Encyclopaedia or from the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. An asterisk after the name of the author in the text denotes an article reprinted from the first edition which has been brought up to date by the Editorial Committee; where an article has been revised by a second author his or her name appears within square brackets after the name of the original author. F. ADANIR, University of Bochum. 215 C. ADLE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 471 FEROZ AHMAD, University of Massachusetts, Boston. 321 VIRGINIA AKSAN, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. 131, 321 R.M.A. ALLEN, University of Pennsylvania. 251 C. ALVAREZ DE MORALES, C.S.I.C., Granada. 15 A.A. AMBROS, University of Vienna. 552 EDITH G. AMBROS, University of Vienna. 132, 205, 251, 319, 350, 519 R. AMITAI, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 18 MEROPI ANASTASSIADOU, Institut Francais d'Etudes Anatoliennes, Istanbul. 283 A. ARAZI, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 13, 158 FRANCHISE AUBIN, Centre d'Etudes de Recherches Internationales, Paris. 122 A. AYALON, Tel Aviv University. 126 the late D. AYALON, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 27 ROSWITHA BADRY, University of Freiburg. 569 EVA BAER, Jerusalem. 425 M.A. AL-BAKHIT, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan. 460 QIGDEM BALIM, University of Manchester. 163 M.L. BATES, The American Numismatic Society, New York. 148 TIZIANA BATTAIN, University of Trieste. 457 M. BAZIN, University of Reims. 267 A. BAZZANA, University of Lyons. 426 PERI BEARMAN, Harvard University. 358 the late A.F.L. BEESTON, University of Oxford. 302 M.A.J. BEG, Cambridge. 151 P. BEHNSTEDT, University of Heidelberg. 280 DORIS BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF, University of London. 69 H. BELL, Oxford Academy for Advanced Studies. 13 A. BEN ABDESSELEM, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris. 133, 145 H. BENCHENEB, Paris. 544 J.P. BERKEY, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina. 463 LIDIA BETTINI, University of Florence. 523, 558 TH. BIANQUIS, University of Lyons. 181, 190, 320, 383, 392, 547 SHEILA S. BLAIR, Boston College. 298, 467 KH.Y. BLANKINSHIP, Temple University, Philadelphia. 311 F.C. DE BLOIS, Royal Asiatic Society, London. 184, 210, 223, 497, 513 J.M. BLOOM, Boston College. 298 M. BOIVIN, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. 518 C.E. BOSWORTH, University of Manchester. 2, 16, 34, 52, 100, 101, 130, 134, 135, 136, 144, 148, 178, 179, 184, 202, 205, 214, 220, 221, 224, 227, 235, 238, 246, 255, 288, 290, 294, 297, 301, 302, 312,

333, 334, 336, 337, 343, 358, 362, 366, 371, 387, 394, 426, 432, 440, 447, 458, 459, 463, 464, 483, 485, 487, 516, 522, 540, 559, 565, 571, 575 ANNABELLE BOTTCHER, Free University, Berlin. 299 W.C. BRICE, University of Manchester. 14, 32, 271, 386 J.T.P. DE BRUIJN, University of Leiden. 361, 393 KATHLEEN R.F. BURRILL, Columbia University. 162, 202

R.D. BURROWES, University of Washington. 276 Y. CALLOT, University of Tours. 14, 32 SHEILA R. CANBY, British Museum, London. 264 S. CARBONI, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 554 A. CARMONA, University of Murcia. 78, 192 M.G. CARTER, University of Oslo. 173, 459 B. CATLOS, University of Toronto. 160 JACQUELINE CHABBI, University of Paris. 442 KHALIFA CHATER, Bibliotheque Nationale, Tunis. 490 E. CHAUMONT, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-en-Provence. 219, 299 H.E. CHEHABI, Boston University. 574 W.C. CHITTICK, State University of New York, Stony Brook. 39 P.M. COBB, University of Notre Dame. 464 P.M. COSTA, University of Bologna. 6 M. COTE, University of Aix-en-Provence. 139, 147, 366 J. COULAND, University of Paris. 176 PATRICIA CRONE, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. 312 SETA B. DADOYAN, American University of Beirut. 282 R. DANKOFF, University of Chicago. 360 R.E. DARLEY-DORAN, Winchester. 171, 200, 231 G. DAVID, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest. 142, 492, 546 RANDI DEGUILHEM, IREMAM, Aix-en-Provence. 92 F.M. DENNY, University of Colorado, Boulder. 121, 210 D. DEWEESE, Indiana University, Bloomington. 118 A. DIETRICH, University of Gottingen. 343 E. VAN DONZEL, Leiden. 178, 234, 281, 293 NELLY VAN DOORN-HARDER, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana. 530, 537 ANNE-MARIE EDDE, University of Reims. 191, 391 H. EISENSTEIN, University of Vienna. 130 MOHAMED EL MANSOUR, University Mohamed V, Rabat. 133, 201, 202, 388 W. ENDE, University of Freiburg. 47, 398, 530 G. ENDRESS, University of Bochum. 246 SIBEL EROL, New York University. 257 J. VAN Ess, University of Tubingen. 165 T. FAHD, University of Strasbourg. 404 SURAIYA FAROQHI, University of Munich. 257, 301, 341, 495, 545 HALIMA FERHAT, University of Rabat. 356, 566

VI

AUTHORS

MARIBEL FIERRO, C.S.I.C., Madrid. 15, 103, 249, 425 R. FIRESTONE, Hebrew Union College, Los Angeles. 254, 354, 373 BARBARA FLEMMING, University of Leiden. 362 G.S.P. FREEMAN-GRENVILLE, Sheriff Hutton, York. 106, 108, 283, 445, 450 M. GABORIEAU, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 120, 358, 406, 536 D. GAZAGNADOU, University of Paris. 268 G.J.H. VAN GELDER, University of Oxford. 151, 153, 184, 247 E. GEOFFROY, University of Strasbourg. 236, 406, 524 ALI GHEISSARI, University of San Diego. 239, 309 CL. GILLIOT, University of Aix-en-Provence. 152, 266 GENEVIEVE GOBILLOT, University of Lyons. 562 G. GOODWIN, Royal Asiatic Society, London. 267 MOLLY GREENE, Princeton University. 204 D. GRIL, University of Aix-en-Provence. 212 [A. GROHMANN, Vienna]. 270 AJ. GULLY, University of Exeter. 319 the late U. HAARMANN, Free University, Berlin. 175 WAEL B. HALLAq, McGill University, Montreal. 389 H. HALM, University of Tubingen. 103, 129, 405 J. HAMEEN-ANTTILA, University of Helsinki. 382 C. HAMES, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 443, 470 SHAH MAHMOUD HANIFI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 494 I. HASSON, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 522, 551 A. HAVEMANN, Free University, Berlin. 359 G.R. HAWTING, University of London. 311, 312 S. HEIDEMANN, University of Jena. 392, 452, 455 W.P. HEINRICHS, Harvard University. 37, 52, 53, 313, 364, 472 C.J. HEYWOOD, University of London. 290 C. HOLES, University of Oxford. 47 [E. HONIGMANN, Brussels]. 488 M.B. HOOKER, Australian National University, Canberra. 99, 493 D. HOPWOOD, University of Oxford. 26 J.O. HUNWICK, Northwestern University. 9, 99, 124 HALIL INALcIK, Bilkent University, Ankara. 197 SVETLANA IVANOVA, National Library, Sofia. 150, 208, 517 MAWIL Y. Izzi DIEN, University of Wales, Lampeter. 23, 58, 208 P. JACKSON, University of Keele. 174 RENATE JAGOBI, Free University, Berlin. 129, 548, 571 J. JANKOWSKI, University of Colorado. 253 J.J.G. JANSEN, University of Leiden. 57 PENELOPE C. JOHNSTONE, University of Oxford. 145, 152, 225, 486 F. DE JONG, University of Utrecht. 185 W.E. KAEGI, University of Chicago. 292 O. KAHL, Sheffield. 496 J.G. KATZ, Oregon State University. 468 BARBARA KELLNER-HEINKELE, Free University, Berlin. 341

H. KENNEDY, University of St. Andrews. 128 P.F. KENNEDY, New York University. 564 R.G. KHOURY, University of Heidelberg. 36, 101, 180, 559, 565 ABDELFATTAH KILITO, University Mohamed V, Rabat. 52, 352 HILARY KILPATRIGK, Lausanne. 423 D.A. KING, University of Frankfurt. 508 E. KOHLBERG, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 162, 483 G.C. KOZLOWSKI, DePaul University, Chicago. 97 P.G. KREYENBROEK, University of Gottingen. 316 REMKE KRUK, University of Leiden. 32

V. LAGARDERE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyons. 141 ANN K.S. LAMBTON, Kirknewton, Northumberland. 87, 194, 286, 309, 473 W. and FIDELITY LANCASTER, Orkney. 160 J.M. LANDAU, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 357 H. LANDOLT, Institute of Ismaili Studies, London. 218 A. LAyISH, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 81 O.N.H. LEAMAN, University of Kentucky. 217 M. LECKER, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 19, 220, 475, 476, 496, 559, 566 F. LECONTE, Lycee Berthelot, Chatellerault. 228 S. LEDER, University of Halle. 103, 354, 552 F. LEEMHUIS, University of Groningen. 6, 148, 247 G. LEISER, Vacaville, California. 494 J. LENTIN, University of Paris. 465 Y. LEV, Bar-Han University, Ramat-Gan. 171 [G. LEVI dELLA VIDA, Rome]. 284 [E. LEVI-PROVENCAL, Paris]. 491 B. LEWIS, Princeton University. 569 L. LEWISOHN, University of London. 23 CHANG-KUAN LIN, National Cheng-chi University, Taipei. 216 P. LORY, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris. 113, 221 P.E. LOSENSKY, Indiana University, Bloomington. 53, 59, 567 R.D. McCHESNEY, New York University. 95 N. McHuGH, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado. 6, 125 W. MADELUNG, University of Oxford. 243, 250, 474, 481 D. MALLET, Institut Francais d'Etudes Arabes, Damascus. 438 [G. MARCAIS, Paris]. 24 C. MELVILLE, University of Cambridge. 432 RANA VON MENDE-ALTAYLI, Berlin. 256 [TH. MENZEL]. 138 J.W. MERI, University of California, Berkeley. 529 F. MERMIER, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyons. 277 Y. MERON, Jerusalem. 159 FRANCOISE MICHAUX, University of Paris. 246 [V. MINORSKY, Cambridge]. 238 L. MOLINA, University of Granada. 355 G. MONNOT, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris. 177 J.E. MONTGOMERY, University of Cambridge. 460 SHIREEN Moosvi, Aligarh Muslim University. 439 D.O. MORGAN, University of London. 293 J.-M. MOUTON, University of Paris. 423 W.W. MULLER, University of Marburg. 380 M. MURANYI, University of Bonn. 572 SACHIKO MURATA, State University of New York, Stony Brook. 137 R. MURPHEY, University of Birmingham. 153, 215, 331 MUSTAPHA NAIMI, University Mohamed V, Rabat. 21 HUSAYN NASSAR, Cairo University. 384 I.R. NETTON, University of Leeds. 37, 49 E. NEUBAUER, University of Frankfurt. 251, 351, 428, 517, 574 G. NONNEMAN, Lancaster University. 547 H.T. NORRIS, University of London. 385 CLAUDIA OTT, University of Erlangen. 234 AYLIN OZMAN, Hacettepe University, Ankara. 342 D. PANZAC, IREMAM, Aix-en-Provence. 4 L. PAUL, University of Gottingen. 491 J.R. PERRY, University of Chicago. 444 ESTHER PESKES, University of Bonn. 45 R. PETERS, University of Amsterdam. 63, 172, 510

AUTHORS T. PHILIPP, University of Erlangen. 393 CH. PIGARD, University of Toulouse. 226 ELIZABETH PICARD, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-en-Provence. 403 R. PINILLA-MELGUIZO, University of Cordoba. 14, 15, 18 I. POONAWALA, University of California, Los Angeles. 390 A. POPOVIC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 322, 446 D.S. POWERS, Cornell University. 75 CRISTINA DE LA PUENTE, University of Madrid. 17 GHADA AL-HIJJAWI AL-QADDUMI, Safat, Kuwait. 263, 571 B. RADTKE, University of Utrecht. 56, 112 ABDUL-KARIM RAFEQ, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. 334, 367 FJ. RAGEP, University of Oklahoma. 556 MUNIBUR RAHMAN, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan. 25 S.A. AL-RASHID, King Saud University, Riyadh. 16 W. RAVEN, University of Frankfurt. 161 S. REESE, Xavier University, New Orleans. 539 ANNE REGOURD, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 10, 405 S. REICHMUTH, University of Bochum. 338 A.K. REINHART, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. 101 Y. RICHARD, University of Paris. 484 M.E.J. RICHARDSON, University of Manchester. 513 A. RIPPIN, University of Victoria, British Columbia. 56, 152, 237, 249, 349, 351, 406 C.F. ROBINSON, University of Oxford. 143 E. ROGAN, University of Oxford. 159 FATIMA ROLDAN CASTRO, University of Seville. 109 F. ROSENTHAL, Yale University. 345 A. ROUAUD, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 248, 456, 481 U. RUDOLPH, University of Zurich. 7 Y. SABAR, University of California, Los Angeles. 425 ABDULAZIZ SACHEDINA, University of Virginia. 534 NOHA SADEK, University of Lyons. 371 T. SAGUCHI, Kanazawa. 347 MONDHER SAKLY, University of Sfax. 169 J.-F. SALLES, University of Lyons. 397 J. SAMSO, University of Barcelona. 462, 508 F. SANAGUSTIN, University of Lyons. 382 T. SATO, University of Tokyo. 223 EMILIE SAVAGE-SMITH, University of Oxford. 399 A. SAWIDES, Aegean University, Rhodes. 214, 333, 384, 426 AYMAN F. SAYYID, Egyptian National Library. 33 W. SCHMUCKER, University of Bonn. 245 G. SCHOELER, University of Basel. 376, 402 R. SEESEMANN, University of Bayreuth. 538 R. SELLHEIM, University of Frankfurt. 48, 317, 549 B. SEMMOUD, University of Artois. 51 J. SESIANO, Ecole Polytechnique Federale, Lausanne. 31 [C.F. SEYBOLD, Tubingen]. 21 URSULA SEZGIN, University of Frankfurt. 164 C. SHACKLE, University of London. 2, 125 R. SHAHAM, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 300 IRFAN SHAHID, Georgetown University, Washington, B.C. 369, 461

VII

B. SHOSHAN, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. 3 MOHAMMAD YUSUF SIDDIQ, Zayed University, Dubai. 237 HUSSEIN SIRRIYEH, Leeds University. 476 G.R. SMITH, University of Manchester. 48, 225, 236, 269, 274, 292, 342, 381, 524, 572 S. SOUCEK, Princeton University. 225 J.L. SPAULDING, Kean College, Union, New Jersey. 11 F.H. STEWART, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 174 N. STILLMAN, University of Oklahoma, Normal. 242 W. STOETZER, University of Leiden. 28, 181, 200, 377, 509 JACQUELINE SUBLET, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 346 R. TALMON, University of Haifa. 349 H.G.B. TEULE, University of Nijmegen. 262 the late G.R. TIBBETTS, Oxford. 105, 108, 110, 369 AMIN TIBI, University of Oxford. 355, 427, 466, 516, 559 [J. TKATSCH]. 5 SHAWKAT M. TOORAWA, Cornell University. 105, 106, 108, 369 HOUARI TOUATI, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 533 [A.S. TRITTON, London]. 572 J.F. TROIN, University of Tours. 24 ABDEL-MAGID TURKI, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 396 D. URVOY, University of Toulouse. 142 B. UTAS, Uppsala University. 135 [V. VACCA, Rome]. 485 D.M. VARISCO, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York. 487 CHANTAL DE LA VERONNE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 183, 239 C.H.M. VERSTEEGH, University of Nijmegen. 378, 379, 434 K.S. VIKQR, University of Bergen. 213, 466 the late F. VIRE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 109, 183, 283, 294, 458 J.O. VOLL, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 451 E. WAGNER, University of Giessen. 127, 281 D. WAINES, University of Lancaster. 370, 381, 486 P.E. WALKER, University of Chicago. 209 WIEBKE WALTHER, University of Tubingen. 387, 477 B.G. WEISS, University of Utah. 7 [A.J. WENSINCK, Leiden]. 213 I. WILKS, Ceredigion, Wales. 138 R. WISNOVSKY, Harvard University. 253 CHRISTINE WOODHEAD, University of Durham. 57, 163, 202, 254 O. WRIGHT, University of London. 492 M.E. YAPP, University of London. 198, 363 E. YARSHATER, Encyclopaedia Iranica, New York. 555 NEGUIN YAVARI, Institute of Ismaili Studies, London. 222 S. YERASIMOS, University of Paris. 335, 337 [G. YVER, Algiers]. 146 MUHAMMAD QASIM ZAMAN, Brown University. 188, 258 TH. ZARCONE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 115, 296, 452, 535 [K.V. ZETTERSTEEN, Uppsala]. 129 E.J. ZURCHER, University of Leiden. 332, 363 A. ZYSOW, Harvard University. 422

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA VOLUME I P. 511b, ANKARA^ add to BibL T.M. Cross and G. Leiser, A brief history of Ankara, Vaccaville, Calif. 2000. P. 1131b, BAYHAKI, add to BibL: F. Bertotti, L'opera dello storico persiano Bayhaqi, Naples 1991: Julie S. Meisami, Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century, Edinburgh 1999, 79-108.

VOLUME III P. 455b,

P. 885b,

P. 1117a,

HIND BINT CUTBA, add to BibL Renate Jacobi, Portrait einer unsympathetischen Frau: Hind bint 'Utba, die Feindin Mohammeds, in W^KM, Ixxxix (1999), 85-107. IBN AL-MUKAFFA', add to BibL J.D. Latham, art. Ebn al-Moqqffac, in EIr, viii, 39-43 (includes material expanding the same author's ch. in CHAL, II, (Abbasid belles-lettres, Cambridge 1990, 4877, and making certain corrections to it); Mirella Cassarino, L'aspetto morale e religioso neWopera di Ibn al-Muqaffac, Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro) 2000. ILEK-KHANS or KARAKHANIDS, add to BibL Re§at Gene, Karahanli devlet tefkilati (XL yiizyil), Istanbul 1981; M.N. Fedorov, Notes on the Qardkhdnids and their coinage - /, in Suppl. to the Oriental Numismatics Society Newsletter, no. 165, London 2000, 1-52; Notes... - II, in Suppl...., no. 168, London 2001, 1-48.

VOLUME V P. 486b, AL-KURDJ, 1. 16, add: Concerning the etymology of the name, Pers. gurdj. and gurdfi are ultimately identical with Grk. Iberes. The Armenian virkh for "Georgians" shows that the original form was *vir. An Arm. form without the pi. suffix -kh is vrastan "Georgia", with normal loss of i in a nonfinal syllable, cf. Pers. gura^istdn, older gurdj_astdn. Pers. gurdji shows the normal development of O Pers. vi- to NP gu- and palatalisation of the velar before i, gurdj. being a back formation. European designations like Ital. Georgia are transformations by popular etymology of guraji, possibly from a Class. Ar. djirffi so far unattested. Georgian kartuelebi, sakartvelo, etc. originally designated only the area around Tbilisi, so that *vir is probably the original name of the Georgians. (F. Thiesen) VOLUME VII P. 445b, MUHAMMAD MURTADA, add to BibL ZiriklT, Aclam\ vii, 297-8; Kahhala, Mu'allifin, xi, 2823; cAbd al-Rahman al-Ahdal, al-Nafas al-yamdm, Sanca' 1979, 239-52; Kattam, Fihris al-fahdris, Beirut 1402/1982, i, 527-43, ii, 621-4; M.M. al-Dimyatl, Mu'&am asrna* al-nabdtdt al-wdrida fi Tddj. al-carus li 'l-^abldi, Cairo 1966; H. al-Djasir, Na^ardt fi kitdb Tddj_ al-carus min ajawdhir al-Kdmus li 'l-Sayyid Muhammad Murtadd al-^abidi, al-Riyad 1987; H.T. Shalash, al-Adwiya wa 'l-adwd* f, mu'ajam Tdaj alc arus, Baghdad 1408/1987; H. Nassar, al-Mucdjam al-'arabi, Cairo 1408/1988, ii, 604-40; R.L. Lari, c Alldma Sayyid Murtadd Bilgrdmi ^abidi. Haydt awr cilmi kdrndma, Lakhnaw 1990; S. Reichmuth, Murtadd az-^abidi (d. 1791) in biographical and autobiographical accounts. . ., in WI (1999), 64-102. P. 1007a, NASIR-I KHUSRAW, add to BibL Alice C. Hunsberger, Nasir Khusraw: the ruby of Badakhshan. A portrait of the Persian poet, traveller and philosopher, London and New York 2000. VOLUME VIII P. 64a, NISHAPURI, add to end of first paragraph: The alleged text of the Salajiik-ndma, indifferently published by Isma'il Afshar at Tehran in 1322/1953 is, in the opinion of A.H. Morton, the work of Abu '1-Kasim Kashanl (whose literary activity seems to span the years between 699/1300 and 716/1316), and is quite closely related to the section on the Saldjuks in the ^dmic al-tawdnkh of Rashld al-Dln Fadl Allah [q.v.]. Mr Morton is producing a critical text, based on the R.A.S. Pers. ms. 22b, of an anonymous history of the Saldjuks dedicated to Sultan Toghril III b. Arslan and apparently written during his reign. This seems to be one of the later works exploiting the original Sala^uk-ndma (if this was indeed its actual name) of Zahlr al-Dm, and the editor believes that his final text, which will take into account readings from parallel historical sources, will be as close as we are likely to get to the text of the original Salajuk-ndma. VOLUME X P. 164b, TALIB AMULI, add to BibL Mireille Schnyder, Die "Wunderfiigmsse" der Welt. %ur Bedeuting von Metapher und Vergleich in der deutschen und persischen Dichtung des 17. Jahrhunderts, Bern/Frankfurt a.M., etc. 1992, 167-81. P. 530a, TINA, replace beginning of second paragraph, II. 43-55, with: As a technical term of philosophy, tina is used in some early Arabic translations from the Greek, and in the first period of Arabic philosophical writing, to render the basic meaning of Greek i)A,T|, Ar. hayuld [q.v.], as "matter, material substrate" (synonymously with mddda], especially in the sense of the Aristotelian Prime Matter, the substratum of the forms of the primary bodies or aioixeux (ustukussdt, fandsir], while hayuld renders the general usage of \)X,rj as of "matter relative to form". See e.g. tina for \$Aj| in Ibn al-Mukaffac's introduction to the Organon (al-Mantik li-Ibn al-Mukqffaf, ed. M.T. Danishpazhuh, Tehran 1978, 4,4); in an early version of Aristotle's De anima, 403bl8, ed. CA. Badawi, a P. 644 , TUNISIA. II. HISTORY, (a) The pre-Islamic period, add to BibL arts. C. Nicolet, Les guerres puniques and J. Desanges, L'Afrique romaine et libyco-berbere, in Nicolet, Rome et la conquete du monde meditenaneen, ii, Paris 1993; Cl. Lepelley, L'Afrique, in F. Jacques, Rome et ^integration de I'Empire, ii, Paris 1998; A. Mahjoubi, Villes et structures urbaines de la province romaine d'Afrique, Tunis 2000.

XVI opposite P. 770, P. 787 a ,

P. 824a, P. 833a, P. 836b, P. 846b, P. 928b,

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA

C

UD, Fig. 1, 3rd col., 1. 10, for 8182/6561, read 8192/6561. 'UKAYLIDS, add to BibL 1. Sources. Ibn al-KalanisI; Sibt Ibn al-Djawzi; Ibn al-cAdrm. 2. Studies. Th. Bianquis, Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fdtimide, 2 vols. Damascus 1987-9, i, 154-6, ii, 601-15; H. Kennedy, The 'Uqaylids of Mosul, in Adas del XII Congreso de la U.EA.L, Malaga n.d.; Bianquis, Rahba et le Diyar Mudar, de la fondation de la ville a la conquete seljoucide, in BEO, xlixlii (1989-90), 23-53. 'UMAR B. HAFSUN, 1. 4, for [see BARBASHTURU] read [see BUBASHTRU, in Suppl.]. C UMAR KHAYYAM, J. 3, for 28, 32, read 28, 33. 'UMARA AL-YAMANI, add to BibL P. Smoor, 'Umdm's elegies and the lamp of loyalty, in AI, xxxiv (2000), 467-564; idem, 'Umdm's odes describing the Imam, in AI, xxxv (2001), 1-78. UMAYYADS, 1. 14 from below, add to BibL: al-Baladhun, al-Ansab al-ashrdf, complete ed. S. Zakkar and Ziriklr, 13 vols. Beirut 1996. USUL, 1. 5 from bottom, for harf/^arr, read harf (garr.

VOLUME XI P. 2a, VIDJAYANAGARA, 1. 6, for (1568-1614) read (1586-1614); 1. \Q, for Sri Raya Ill's read Sn Ranga Raya Ill's; and add to BibL'. H. Heras, The Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara, Madras 1927; B.A. Saletore, Social and political life in the Vijayanagara empire (A.D. 1346-A.D. 1646), 2 vols. Madras 1934; N. Venkataramanayya, Studies in the history of the Third Dynasty of Vijayanagara, Madras 1935; R. Sewell, A forgotten* empire - Vijayanagara, repr. New Delhi 1962; N. Karasimha, Towards a new formation. South Indian society under Vijaynagara rule, Delhi 1992; S. Subrahmanyam, Agreeing to disagree. Burton Stein on Vijayanagara, in South Asia Research, xvii (Autumn 1997), 127-39. P. 246b, YAHYA B. AL-BITRIK, 1. 10, for and literature of the Rum of his time, read and writing system of the Rum of his time, in BibL, 1. 2, add pp. 290-1 to references in Plugel's edition. P. 309a, YAZDI, 11. 9 and 14, for Dirgham al-Dawla KashkaT, read Daygham al-Dawla Kashka'f. P. 333b, YERLIYYA, 1. 13, for page reference in U. Heyd, Ottoman documents on Palestine, 1522-1615, Oxford 1960, read 68-9. 11. 18-21, replace al-Muhibbr, Khuldsat. . . al-Tabbakh, flam, iii, 129) with al-Muhibbi, Khuldsa, ii, 129, iii, 156, 299, 427-8, iv, 449-50; al-Muradl, Silk, i, 106-7, ii, 63; al-Ghazzf, Nahr al-dhahab, iii, 266, 279; al-Tabbakh, flam, iii, 219). P. 334a, 11. 37-8, for 1154-1175/1762-1741, read 1154-1175/1741-1762. P. 355b, YUSUF B. 'ABID AL-IDRISI, 1. 3, for the deathdate 0/992/1584, read after 1036/1627.

V VAN [see WAN]. VARDAR [see WARDAR]. VARNA [see WARNA]. VEYSEL [see 'ASHIK WEYSEL, in Suppl.]. VIDIN [see WIDIN].' VIDJAYANAGARA, the name of a mediaeval Hindu power which covered large parts of the Deccan from the mid-14th century to the later 17th century and which is relevant to this Encyclopaedia because of the incessant warfare between its Radjas (some sixty of whom, from various, distinct lineages, issued royal inscriptions claiming sovereignty over India south of the Krishna river) and the Muslim sultanates of the Deccan. It appears in Indo-Muslim sources as Bidjanagar. The name Vidjayanagara, meaning "City of victory", was that of the state's original capital on the upper Tungabhadra river. Its ruins lie at HampT in the Bellary Division in the western part of the modern Karnataka State of the Indian Union (lat. 15° 20' N., long. 76° 25' E.); for the mediaeval city and its buildings, see HAMPI. The kingdom arose from the ruins of four great Hindu dynasties which had ruled the territories south of the Vindhya range on the eve of the first Muslim penetration of the Deccan by the Dihli Sultan cAlas al-Din KhaldjI in 693/1294 [see KHALDJIS] . A Hindu reaction came in the time of the Sultan Muhammad b. Tughluk [q.v], when an infant Hindu state arose in the Andhra coastlands along the Bay of Bengal. The ancient Hindu Hoysala kingdom was overthrown by Vidjayanagara in 1346, but expansion by the new state was challenged in the south by the existence of the recently-established Muslimsultanate of Madura on the Malabar coast [see MA'BAR]. Nevertheless, this last ephemeral independent sultanate was extinguished by the Vidjayanagara Radjas in ca. 779/1377, and the Malabar region held by Hindu rulers until the short-lived Muslim conquest in the later llth/17th century by the Mughal emperor AwrangzTb [q.v.]. To the north, the sultanate of the Bahmanids [q.v], much more powerful than Madura had been, formed a barrier against both Vidjayanagara and the other main Hindu state of the eastern Deccan, Warangal [q.v.]. The Bahmanids conquered Warangal by 830/ 1425 but were never able to subdue Vidjayanagara. Warfare between the two powers was frequent, with the Raycur [q.v] do'db, the land between the Tungabadhra and Bhlma rivers, which Muhammad b. Tughluk had overrun, being the main bone of contention. The Bahmanids attacked Telingana [q.v] in 763/1362, and there were several wars over the next decades between Muhammad I Bahman Shah (759-76/1358-75) and his successors, such as Tadj al-Din Ffruz Shah (800-25/ 1397-1422), and the Rac^as of Vidjayanagara, with Ffruz Shah frequently allied with the Hindu Velama

ruler of Warangal. However, there were also periods of peace, with a rough balance of power emerging in the Deccan, as Muslim powers suspicious of Bahmanid expansion, such as those to the north, Khandesh, Gudjarat and Malwa, gave tacit support to Vidjayanagara, and there was also some cultural interaction; Firuz Shah took a Vidjayanagara princess in marriage. But it was an ignominious defeat at the hands of Devaraya I at Panagal in 822/1419 which led to Flruz Shah's enforced abdication in 825/1422. His successor Ahmad I Shah wrought a condign revenge on both Vidjayanagara and its recent ally Warangal in 827/1424 and then on the former in 836/1433. According to the Muslim historian Firishta, Devaraya II, the greatest ruler of the Sangama line of Vidjayanagara recruited Muslim archers and cavalrymen for his army (an inscription of 1430 says that this ruler had 10,000 Turuska, i.e. Muslim, lit. "Turkish", horsemen in his forces), and in 1433 used his armies to invade the Bahmanid lands. The historian cAbd al-Razzak al-Samarkandf led a mission to Vidjayanagara in 8467/1443 and describes the splendour of the capital and its court and the flourishing state of the kingdom, and especially of its ports on the Bay of Bengal (Matlac al-sacdayn; cf. S.H. Hodivala, Studies in Indo-Muslim history, i, 1939, 410 ff.). The Bahmanid sultanate had a resurgence of power later in the 9th/15th century under Muhammad III Shah and his able minister Mahmud Gawan [q.v.], and the latter in campaigns of 873-6/1469-72 captured Goa, which had in previous decades passed into the orbit of Vidjayanagara, and brought Bahmanid authority to the coastal region of Konkar [q.v. in Suppl.] on the shores of the Arabian Sea. Yet after Mahmud Gawan's death in 886/1481, the Bahmanid sultanate fell into chaos and by 934/1528 dissolved into five local Muslim sultanates of the Deccan. Vidjayanagara, too, was plunged into confusion towards the end of the 15th century but was rescued after 1509 by the energetic Tuluva line of Radjas. By now a new factor was appearing on the coastlands of the Arabian Sea in the shape of the Portuguese, established at Goa and elsewhere, and it was also now that Vidjayanagara's main Muslim enemy became the c Adil Shahs of Bidjapur [