The Challenge of Genadendal
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The Challenge of Genadendal
edited by: Hannetjie du Preez Ron van Oers Job Roos Leo Verhoef
IOS Press
Coordination ®MIT, Wido Quist Final editing ®MIT, Marjan Vrolijk Graphic concept CO3, Woltera Niemeijer Lay-out Studio Lampro, Karen Knols © 2009 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-58603-968-4 Published by IOS Press under the imprint Delft University Press Publisher IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6b 1013 BG Amsterdam The Netherlands tel: +31-20-688 3355 fax: +31-20-687 0019 e-mail:
[email protected] www.iospress.nl www.dupress.nl LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii N.R. Mandela, former President of South Africa The Benefits for the Moravian Church in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Angelene Swart Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ron van Oers Genadendal’s Historical Context and Project Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Hannetjie du Preez Value Assessment at Various Levels of Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Job Roos Genadendal: Conservation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Lucien le Grange and Ivan Smidt Identifying the Cultural Landscape of Genadendal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Johan van Papendorp Challenges of the Rural Housing Subsidy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 R. Rughubar Challenges of Implementing the New Rural Housing Subsidy for Existing Historical Building Stock . . . . 69 P. Pansegrouw, K. Oosthuizen and G.C. Combrink Infrastructure Provision and Service Delivery Challenges in Genadendal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Denver Damons and Marius Brand Historic Mission Settlement Education Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Michael Jonas
v
Technical Aspects of Dwellings Made of Adobe in Genadendal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Leo G.W. Verhoef and Jacques Retieff Integrated Conservation of Genadendal – A Critical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Hannetjie du Preez and Job Roos
vi
Foreword
April 2008
'XULQJRXUWHUPLQRIÀFHDV3UHVLGHQWRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI6RXWK$IULFDZHGHFLGHGWRUHQDPHWKHSUHVLGHQWLDORIÀFLDOUHVLGHQFHLQ&DSH7RZQIURP¶:HVWEURRNH·WR¶*HQDGHQGDO·ZKLFKPHDQV¶9DOOH\RI*UDFH·:HDOVRYLVLWHGWKLVKLVWRULFOLWWOHWRZQRQ2FWRber 1995. 7KHUHQDPLQJRIWKHRIÀFLDOUHVLGHQFHZDVLQKRQRXURIWKHROGHVWPLVVLRQVHWWOHPHQW in South Africa. Over the centuries it became a place associated with the coming toJHWKHURISHRSOHIURPGLIIHUHQWUDFLDOJURXSVLQDGGLWLRQWREHLQJWKHÀUVWSHUPDQHQW Khoi settlement at the Cape, it was also a place of sanctuary for more than a thousand slaves when slavery was abolished in 1838. Genadendal is blessed with a rich tangible and intangible heritage. It boasts of vernacular architecture, musical traditions and language and a long tradition of humanitarian efforts and political struggle. It is with pleasure that we learned about the completion of the restoration project due to the assistance of the Dutch Government. The improvements that were effected provided the inhabitants with infrastructure to improve the quality of their lives. May the history of Genadendal continue to inspire especially during the 270 th year of its existence.
N.R. Mandela
vii
viii
The Benefits for the Moravian Church in South Africa
In this 270th commemoration year of the arrival of the
ment in this project can be viewed as our willingness
ÀUVW0RUDYLDQ0LVVLRQDU\*HRUJH6FKPLGWDW%DYLDDQV
to share our cultural heritage, not only to our own ben-
kloof –now Genadendal–, it is indeed historic and ap-
HÀWEXWIRUWKHHGLÀFDWLRQRIERWKWKH6RXWK$IULFDQ
propriate for the Moravian Church in South Africa
and international society. Together with the Govern-
0&6$ WREHJUDQWHGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRUHÁHFWRQWKH
ment and international partners we have restored a na-
blessings of the Genadendal Restoration Project.
tional cultural heritage of which we all can be proud
From the diary of George Schmidt we learn from the letter dated 23 April 1738 that they were busy with the
of. This is an indication that it is possible for State and Church to co-operate.
construction of a house, an indication of the small be-
We do believe that the development of Genadendal
ginnings of the beautiful heritage that we were fortu-
through the restoration process is another milestone in
nate to once again restore and rehabilitate.
extending the impact of the MCSA beyond the borders
We, the Moravian Church, are indeed thankful that
of her own membership. The mission history will be
we have had the opportunity to partner with the West-
NHSWDOLYHIRUJHQHUDWLRQVWRFRPH7KHEHQHÀWVDUH
ern Cape Cultural Commission and the Netherlands
therefore both spiritual and material.
Government in this integrated conservation project at
The restoration of the historical buildings on the
Genadendal. We also acknowledge the important role
werf was spearheaded by a project team assisted by
the late Rev. M.J.R. Wessels played in this initiative as
SURIHVVLRQDOVLQWKHLUÀHOGVRIZRUNRIZKLFKZHDUH
a credible and much valued representative of our
SURXG7KH0&6$KDVEHQHÀWHGWUHPHQGRXVO\LQWKDW
church.
we could share in the funding in order for our buildings
Through this restoration project the MCSA had the
to be restored and for the improvement of our environ-
chance to exercise her role as a participant in civil so-
ment. These priceless assets of our church have be-
ciety. As church we do believe that we have a public
come a very costly burden for the church and we are
responsibility, especially in the post-apartheid era in
therefore profoundly thankful that this heritage has
South Africa, in order to promote the ideals of nation
now been sustained and conserved for years to come
building and the restoration of humanity. Our engage-
and for generations to enjoy.
ix
The training, apprenticeship opportunities and
EHJLQQLQJRIDPXWXDOEHQHÀFLDOUHODWLRQVKLS:HWUXVW
workshops gave the inhabitants an opportunity to learn
that together we will be able to continue to preserve
new skills and develop their potential as persons with
RXUEHDXWLIXOKHULWDJH:HDUHDZDUHWKDWZLWKEHQHÀWV
talents and gifts. These skills will assist in creating em-
also come responsibilities.
ployment and thereby boosting the dignity and worth
Our relationship with the local community and mu-
of our people. Such skills will also be useful in main-
nicipality has also improved through this restoration
taining the church buildings.
SURFHVVDQGZHWUXVWWKDWWKH\KDYHDOVREHQHÀWHGLQ more than one way.
7KLVUHVWRUDWLRQSURMHFWZLOOVXUHO\KDYHDVLJQLÀFDQW
On behalf of the Provincial Board of the MCSA, I
impact on tourism in this region. Genadendal as a ma-
wish once again to convey our sincere thanks and ap-
jor heritage site in our country has already drawn
preciation to all the contributing stakeholders in this
masses of visitors. The restored buildings, landscaping
restoration project. We accept this restoration and
and stimulating environment will inspire many more to
conservation of our buildings as a gift from God that
visit and be inspired. This will also bring the much
will be cherished and cared for. You can be sure that
needed revenue to the community and the church and
WKHEHQHÀWVRIWKLVSURMHFWKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQDSSUHFL-
assist with poverty alleviation.
ated and enjoyed by the MCSA and will continue to
7KH0&6$KDVDOVREHQHÀWHGWKURXJKKHULQWHUDFtion with the different role players in this Project re-
play an important role in the missionary task of the Church.
garding the development, management, usage and maintenance of our properties. We were pleased to receive regular reports and to be kept informed of developments and to be part of the planning. We all learn as
ANGELENE SWART
we participate.
President
Networking could take place to assist with the development of our other mission stations nationally and internationally. We could become aware of our own potential as a stakeholder and what we have to offer. We FRXOGOHDUQDQGEHQHÀWIURPWKHFRQFHSWRILQWHJUDWHG conservation. $QRWKHUEHQHÀWLVWKDWZHKDYHEHHQDEOHWR strengthen our working relationship with the Western Cape Cultural Commission and all related departments. We have also demonstrated that we work well with our international partners and that this project can be the
x
Moravian Church in South Africa 23 April 2008
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa Ron van Oers, Senior Research Fellow at Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
1
Background to the contributions
as controversial, relating to the memory of colonial rule that is still embodied in these cultural monuments, this has provided support and funding for the
¶'XWFKPRQH\WREULQJ*HQDGHQGDOEDFNWROLIH·ZDV the eye-catching header of a news item in The Cape
conservation of the mutual heritage. In the 1990s the Dutch Government launched a new
Times of 7 February 2002, accompanied – or so it
approach, focusing on the historical dimension of the
seemed – by a photograph of Nelson Mandela with a
conservation of monuments and the importance of
broad smile. Although the photograph actually accom-
identity and collective memory. Under this direction it
panied another news item, it would certainly have
has slowly, but increasingly, been investing in the con-
been appropriate, since the eminent former South Afri-
servation of local heritage overseas (not necessarily
can President has a special relationship with this oldest
heritage shared with the Netherlands), because this
mission station south of the Sahara, as explained in his
provides opportunities for local development. As such
foreword to this publication. All in all, the cooperation
it aims to promote sustainability by strengthening local
project between the Governments of South Africa and
knowledge and capacities, which are both at the heart
WKH1HWKHUODQGVIRU*HQDGHQGDO·VUHVWRUDWLRQGUHZVLJ-
of and the ultimate goal in heritage preservation. Ge-
QLÀFDQWDWWHQWLRQDQGIRUJRRGUHDVRQ
nadendal is obviously associated with Dutch colonial
Until recently, major funding from the Dutch Gov-
history. However, as explained in Western Cape Cultur-
ernment for restoration projects in the former colonies
al Commission (WCCC) Chief Cultural Director Du
ZHQWSULPDULO\WRWKH¶JUDQG·FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFPRQX-
3UHH]·VFRPSLOHGRYHUYLHZRIKLVWRU\DQGFRQWH[WWKH
ments that had an important and obvious link to the
¶LGHDOVRIQDWLRQEXLOGLQJDQGUHVWRUDWLRQRIKXPDQLW\·
colonial history with the Netherlands. This practice
as promoted in post-Apartheid South Africa provided
ZDVMXVWLÀHGDVWKH'XWFK*RYHUQPHQWKDVUHJDUGHG
the real impetus. This was also mentioned in the ad-
WKHKHULWDJHRIIRUPHUFRORQLDOWLPHVDV¶PXWXDOKHULW-
dress by Mrs Swart, President of the Moravian Church
DJH·RU¶VKDUHGKHULWDJH·HYHUVLQFHWKHFRQFHSWZDV
in South Africa.
coined in the early 1980s. While perhaps seen by some The Challenge of Genadendal H. du Preez, R. van Oers, J. Roos , L.G.W. Verhoef (eds.) IOS Press, 2009. © 2009 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
:KLOHWKH¶PRQXPHQWDO·DOEHLWPRGHVWFRUHRIWKH
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
1
Figure 1 Dutch Money to bring Genadendal back to life ( The Cape Times, 7 February 2002, p. 4)
mission station, comprising the church and its sur-
cation of the cultural landscape, and Lucien le Grange
rounding werf, was a main component of the restora-
and Ivan Smidt of Le Grange Architects & Urban Plan-
tion project, the focus has always been on the total
ners in Cape Town, who designed and implemented the
ensemble, in which the vernacular expressions of local
Conservation and Development Plan for Genadendal. In
housing complexes and the wider setting in the land-
addition, Leo Verhoef and Jacques Retieff addressed
scape were equally important. Their restoration would
WKHGHWDLOVRIWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRI*HQDGHQGDO·VYHUQDFX-
be an important element in a socio-economic rehabili-
lar architecture, which is built from adobe.
tation of the mission station. This at least, was the vi-
The Genadendal Project was completed in Decem-
sion, as explained in the contributions by Job Roos of
ber 2008, twelve years after its initial conception in
'HOIW8QLYHUVLW\-RKDQYDQ3DSHQGRUSRQWKHLGHQWLÀ-
July 1996, and more than six years since its launch in
2
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
February 2002. While this certainly calls for celebra-
The second objective, essentially an extension of
tions, it is also a good opportunity for a critical review
WKHÀUVWZDVWRSURYLGHWKH'XWFK*RYHUQPHQWDGYLFH
of the process and its results, as presented in this
on its policy and funding strategy for this type of
publication.
project. A range of major restoration and refurbish-
7KHÀUVWREMHFWLYHZDVWRSURYLGHWKHVWDNHKROGHUV
ment projects are currently underway. Several are
with a clear overview of all the outcomes and outputs
based on an approach similar to that of the Genaden-
generated in the course of six years of implementation,
GDO3URMHFW7KHSURMHFWZDVVLJQLÀFDQWO\GHOD\HGZLWK
in addition to the physical restorations, to decide if the
some serious cost overruns, thus a critical review is
original vision has been realised and the expectations
needed to identify the causes and possible remedies.
met. In the newspaper article mentioned above, the
In the near future directions may shift and it would be
late Reverend Martin Wessels was quoted as saying
expedient to base new directions, at least in part, on a
WKDWWKH¶LQMHFWLRQRIPRQH\ZLOOFUHDWHMREVIRUSHR-
thorough review of completed projects. In this vein P.
SOH·+DVWKLVLQGHHGKDSSHQHGDQGKRZPDQ\MREV
Pansegrouw (Project Leader), K. Oosthuizen (Chief Op-
were created? If only a few, then what were the con-
HUDWLRQV2IÀFHU DQG*&&RPEULQN*HQHUDO0DQDJHU
straints? Such an assessment is essential, even if only
of Casidra provide a critical look at the operation and
for the local community. By identifying some of the
delivery of the services provided by their organization
mistakes made and lessons learned, future projects
with respect to housing renovation and upgrading. Sev-
FRXOGEHQHÀWLQWHUPVRISODQQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
eral others also include critical notes on this.
and expectations brought in line with known realities.
The last, but certainly not the least important, ob-
Valuable contributions in this regard have been provid-
jective is to inform the international conservation com-
ed by R. Rughubar, Chief Director Housing Delivery and
munity of the key elements of this project, which was
Infrastructure, Department of Local Government and
conceived and implemented in an integrated manner.
Housing of the Western Cape, on the important role of
Since its formalization in 1975 in the Declaration of
his department in the application of the rural housing
$PVWHUGDPWKHFRQFHSWRI¶LQWHJUDWHGFRQVHUYDWLRQ·
subsidy. Denver Damons and Marius Brand of Theewa-
has been debated, embraced and executed in a variety
terskloof Municipality have described the role of the
of ways and virtually all over the world. However, only
local government and the challenges it faces with in-
rarely has a project been thoroughly analysed using the
frastructure development projects. Despite the opera-
basic principles underlying the integrated approach.
tional setbacks, Genadendal provides important mate-
The scattered documentation that exists involves
rial for lessons in history, which were the focus of an
either early European examples (mostly from the 1970s
awareness raising and educational project described in
and 1980s), or a partial reporting on more recent
WKHFRQWULEXWLRQE\0LFKDHO-RQDV(GXFDWLRQ2IÀFHURI
projects outside Europe. Thus this publication con-
the Museum Western Cape Service, Department of Cul-
cludes with a contribution by project leaders Hannetjie
tural Affairs and Sport.
du Preez of WCCC and Job Roos of Delft University of
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
3
troduction to his report29DQ9RRUGHQVSHFLÀFDOO\ mentioned the special nature of the assistance for its restoration, since this would not be directly related to the built monuments of the colonial period. Instead, it ZRXOGLQYROYH¶YXOQHUDEOHKRXVLQJFRPSOH[HVLQIDUFRUQHUVRI>&DSH7RZQ·V@PHWURSROLWDQUHJLRQ>*HQDGHQGDOLV@DXQLTXHH[DPSOHRIDQHDUO\VWLOOIXQFWLRQLQJ multicultural settlement. Special efforts will be needed, both institutional and professional, to rehabilitate this type of settlement with preservation of its sociofunctional, spatial and environmental values. There is a danger that only the most important monuments will EHUHVWRUHGZKLOHWKHPDQ\VHHPLQJO\LQVLJQLÀFDQW houses in the two neighbourhoods of the settlement will succumb to demolition and be replaced by contemporary residences (apartments, holiday homes). Such a process would damage this rare cultural ensemble be\RQGUHSDLU· Figure 2 Frits van Voorden and Ron van Oers visiting Genadendal (Bergstraat) in July 1996 (Photo Antonia Malan)
7KHUHSRUWVSHFLÀHGWKHLQYHQWRU\DQGDUFKLWHFWXUDO descriptions found in The Old Buildings of the Cape3, in SDUWLFXODUWKHPLVVLRQVWDWLRQ·VVSDWLDOSODQLQWKHZLG-
Technology who aim to provide a comprehensive over-
er landscape setting and the detailed plan of the
view and critical conclusion after completion of the
church werf and its monumental buildings. In addition,
project to review the wider merits of integrated
his report further underlined other characteristics that
conservation.
would have to play a key role in any project plan for restoration and refurbishment, such as the relatively
2
Dutch identification survey of Genadendal1
LVRODWHGSRVLWLRQDWWKHIRRWRIWKHPRXQWDLQV¶WKURXJK which it has retained its character as a place of refXJH· WKHVRFLDOGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHBergstraat,
On 21 July 1996 the late Professor Frits van Voorden,
the western entrance road, which has a lower status
Chair of Restoration and Urban Conservation at Delft
than the eastern entrance road, the Volksstraat¶DO-
8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\SDLGKLVÀUVWLGHQWLÀFDWLRQ
WKRXJKWKLVUHPDLQVLQYLVLEOHLQLWVDUFKLWHFWXUH· WKH
visit to Genadendal at the request of the then Dutch
overall state of conservation of the majority of houses,
Department for Conservation (RDMZ) in Zeist. In the in-
ZKLFKLVQRWWRREDG¶DOWKRXJKWKHKRXVHVDUHLPSUDF-
4
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
WLFDODQGWRRVPDOO· WKHSRRUVWDWHRIFRQVHUYDWLRQRI
$PVWHUGDP·ZHUHDGRSWHGE\WKH&RPPLWWHHRI0LQLV-
the landscape between the two residential streets
ters of the Council of Europe.4,WUHFRJQL]HG(XURSH·V
¶WKHHDUO\V\VWHPRIovertuinen – the small, private
architecture as the common heritage of all her peoples
garden lots on the other side of the street facing the
and it declared the intention to protect it. Aside from
houses – is still recognizable but has fallen into dis-
WKLVJHQHUDOEXWVLJQLÀFDQWVWDWHPHQWWKH'HFODUDWLRQ
XVH· DQGODVWEXWQRWOHDVWWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFVLJQLÀ-
of Amsterdam received worldwide attention because of
cance of the 19th century vernacular architecture
its holistic and forward-looking approach. Of the elev-
¶EXLOWLQDXQLTXHWUDGLWLRQEXWLQYHU\YXOQHUDEOHPD-
HQEDVLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQVÀYHDUHSDUWLFXODUO\UHOHYDQW
WHULDOV²DGREHZLWKWKDWFKHGURRIV·
to the Genadendal Project:
7KHUHSRUWFRQFOXGHGLWVLGHQWLÀFDWLRQVHFWLRQE\
1. The architectural heritage includes not only individ-
VWDWLQJ¶$VVXPLQJWKHFXUUHQWLQKDELWDQWVKDYHVXIÀ-
ual buildings of exceptional quality and their sur-
cient means of subsistence, the points of departure for
roundings, but also all areas of towns or villages of
restoration and rehabilitation of this cultural monument look favourable. The most important monumen-
historic or cultural interest. 2. Architectural conservation must be considered, not
tal buildings are in a good state of conservation and
as a marginal issue, but as a major objective of
there are relatively few intrusions in the residential
town and country planning.
neighbourhoods and open landscape. Rather recently it
3. The rehabilitation of old areas should be conceived
can be noticed, however, that demolitions and replace-
and carried out in such a way as to ensure that,
ments with contemporary buildings is taking place in
where possible, this does not necessitate a major
an accelerated fashion. In part this results also in a re-
FKDQJHLQWKHVRFLDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHUHVLGHQWV
placement of the original, poor inhabitants by a new
DOOVHFWLRQVRIVRFLHW\VKRXOGVKDUHLQWKHEHQHÀWV
middle class and by inhabitants/visitors from outside.
RIUHVWRUDWLRQÀQDQFHGE\SXEOLFIXQGV
,QWKLVVHQVHWKHJHQWULÀFDWLRQRIWKHQHLJKERXULQJYLOODJHRI*UH\WRQSURYLGHVDZDUQLQJ·
4. To help meet the cost of restoration, adaptation and maintenance of buildings and areas of architecWXUDORUKLVWRULFLQWHUHVWDGHTXDWHÀQDQFLDODVVLVW-
3
Principles and practices of integrated conservation
ance should be made available to local authorities DQGÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWDQGÀVFDOUHOLHIVKRXOGOLNHwise be made available to private owners.
3.1
Outline of the Declaration of Amsterdam (1975)
At the Congress on the European Architectural Her-
5. The architectural heritage will survive only if it is appreciated by the public and in particular by the younger generation. Educational programmes for all
itage, held in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) from 21 to
ages should therefore give increased attention to
25 October 1975, the European Charter of the Archi-
this subject.
WHFWXUDO+HULWDJHWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH¶'HFODUDWLRQRI
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
5
Figure 3 Panorama of Genadendal looking east with Volkstraat and Strydomweg (Western Cape Archives J 4535)
Figure 4 Old surveyor’s map of Genadendal (Western Cape Archives E 7372)
6
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
Further to these fundamental deliberations, the Con-
3. SURJUDPPHIRUPXODWLRQDQGDSSURYDO
gress proposed a set of recommendations, which be-
4. provisions of relevant legal requirements and
FDPHNQRZQDVWKHSROLF\RI¶LQWHJUDWHGFRQVHUYDWLRQ·
decisions.
The concept of integrated conservation means giving
Finally, the local administrative framework, which in-
an active role to cultural properties in the life of local
FOXGHVÀQDQFLDODVZHOODVUHJXODWRU\DQGLQVWLWXWLRQDO
populations, which is based on:
arrangements, needs to be thoroughly investigated and
1. an integrated approach to the historic environment,
taken up in the project design phase, before project
meaning that regional planning policy must take ac-
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQFDQVWDUW0RUHVSHFLÀFGHWDLOVZLOOEH
count of the conservation of our heritage and con-
discussed during the assessment of the process and re-
tribute to it, in particular by inducing new activities
sults of the Genadendal Project.
to establish themselves in economically declining areas in order to check depopulation and thereby
3.2
SUHYHQWWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQRIROGEXLOGLQJV
Over the last decade the Dutch Government has initiat-
2. the involvement of multi-disciplinary teams of instiWXWLRQVDQGLQGLYLGXDOVLQWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQSURFHVV
Experiences and best practices
ed or funded a variety of major restoration and rehabilitation projects involving cultural heritage overseas, in
3. the integration of conservation and rehabilitation in
a number of regions, several of which were based on an
the process of urban planning and design, that is,
integrated approach. In November 2004, Delft Universi-
considering rehabilitation at all levels of planning,
ty of Technology hosted an international conference to
including the general master plan (long-term plans
bring together decision makers and professionals to dis-
on national, regional and town level) and conserva-
cuss these projects and the lessons learned.5 Its main
WLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWSODQIRUWKHVSHFLÀFDUHDRI
conclusions related to policy, research and interven-
the historic town (detailed plans for mid- and short-
tion. Some of these conclusions are highly relevant to
WHUPSHULRGV
the Genadendal context, and are summarized here.
4. the use of appropriate methods in accordance with
Adequate national policies and related infrastruc-
the character and quality of the heritage, decided
ture for cultural heritage protection and conservation
case by case.
are of the highest importance. As they are an essential
The methodological procedure for this should be multi-
component for successful project design and imple-
GLVFLSOLQDU\PXOWLOHYHOVFLHQWLÀFDOO\VRXQGDQGUH-
mentation, this should be taken upstream. In other
spect the relevant international conventions. The pre-
words, greater attention should be given to this aspect
paratory phase of conservation includes the following
GXULQJWKHSURMHFW·VLQFHSWLRQSKDVH:KLOHVRPHDV-
elements:
pects may remain uncertain until the project execution
1. VXUYH\DQGUHFRUGLQJRIWKHEXLOWKHULWDJH
starts, there should be more focus in the design phase
2. LQVWLWXWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQDODQGÀQDQFLDO
of the project on the regulatory and institutional
FRQGLWLRQV
frameworks existing in partner countries.
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
7
Furthermore, project planning and execution were
4
Approaches underpinning the Genadendal project
4.1
The Dutch approach: spatial-technical planning and design at various levels of scale
LGHQWLÀHGDVEHLQJIDUPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQLQLWLDOO\HQvisaged. In the case of Genadendal, a doubling of the time, initially earmarked for project planning and deVLJQVWLOOSURYHGWREHLQVXIÀFLHQW6RPHRIWKHFRPSOLFDWLRQVLQWKHSURMHFW·VH[HFXWLRQLQYROYHGDVSHFWV that should have been more thoroughly investigated
A preliminary project plan was established. This was
beforehand. Others, however, could not have been
based on a comprehensive set of characteristics that
foreseen.
ZHUHLGHQWLÀHGDWYDULRXVOHYHOVRIVFDOHLHWKRVHRI
The majority of projects involved Ministries of Cul-
individual houses, of the ensemble of church werf with
ture as the main partner in the conservation of cultural
residential neighbourhoods and their public spaces,
KHULWDJHZKLFKPD\VHHPREYLRXVDQGMXVWLÀHG+RZ-
and of the complete settlement in its wider setting.
ever, in many countries Ministries of Planning, Housing
This plan included the following four phases:
and/or Public Works for instance, are often deeply in-
1. surveys of existing functions, documenting the state
volved in projects that directly affect heritage conser-
of conservation and monumental values of the
vation and they tend to control larger budgets, and
EXLOGLQJVLQDVHULHVRILGHQWLÀFDWLRQPDSV
have more staff and leverage. For larger cultural heri-
2. design of a general development scheme for the
tage conservation projects therefore, partnerships
functions, which could be supplemented with alter-
with these national government bodies are equally
QDWLYHVIRUGLIÀFXOWORFDWLRQV7REHHVWDEOLVKHGLQ
important.
commission of the local council and in consultation
Some of the projects highlighted the importance of the spin-off of conservation projects to other sectors
ZLWKWKHUHVLGHQWV 3. governmental decision to embark on an integrated
of society, such as poverty alleviation through job cre-
conservation of the settlement, based on a multi-
ation, training of local specialists and tourism develop-
year programming (at least ten years) and available
ment. A focus on project spin-off would merit more at-
budgets for the restoration of monuments (residen-
tention, in the design phase, during evaluation of
tial or otherwise), public works and new housing.
SURSRVDOVDQGZKHQDVVHVVLQJWKHÀQDOUHVXOWV3URSRV-
Preparation of a demolition and building regulation,
als for conservation and restoration projects should
introduction of public information sessions and
aim to serve, and describe in concrete terms, associated objectives such as strengthening of national cultural
JXLGDQFHDQGDGYLFHIRUORFDOUHVLGHQWV 4. the actual implementation, which includes three
identity, increasing sustainable development potential,
key elements:
working with other international or national partners
restoration, renovation/maintenance and new
and providing for educational opportunities, to name just a few.
8
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
FRQVWUXFWLRQ
public works, environmental rehabilitation, tourLVPIDFLOLWLHV
sions and resolutions taken at the International Symposium on the Conservation of Smaller Historic Towns,
research and documentation (archaeology, architectural history).
further expanded in the ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas, adopted
Where possible, this was to be executed and imple-
at the 4th ICOMOS General Assembly in Washington, in-
mented with the assistance of students, both from
spired and directed the approach.
South Africa and the Netherlands, to provide for study
The project proposal under the HGIS-C Programme
and research, internships and on-the-job training for
(a joint programme of the Dutch Ministries of Foreign
young professionals.
Affairs and of Education, Culture and Sciences) resulted in the approval in July 2001 of a subsidy of just over
4.2
The South African approach: stakeholder-driven and actionoriented
one million Euros. The Faculty of Architecture at Delft
,Q0DUFKMXVWDIHZPRQWKVDIWHUWKHÀUVWYLVLW
menting agents asked to direct the project together.
and report by Van Voorden, the Genadendal Communi-
The plan was set up according to the concept and prin-
ty Tourism Plan was drafted6 with a strong involvement
ciples of integrated conservation, involving role-players
of the local community. A set of action plans were de-
from a number of provincial departments, local gov-
veloped by the stakeholders to guide the implementa-
ernment and the community, that were all contributing
tion of the Plan.
WRWKHSURMHFW·VLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQWKHLUVSHFLÀFZD\V
Based on similarities in vision and implementation,
University in the Netherlands and the Western Cape Cultural Commission in South Africa were the imple-
One of the requirements of the subsidy approval was
Frits Van Voorden of Delft University and Hannetjie du
that South Africa contributed 58% towards the total
Preez, Chief Director Cultural Affairs and at the time
cost of the project, in cash or in kind. To meet this re-
WKH$FFRXQWLQJ2IÀFHURIWKH:HVWHUQ&DSH&XOWXUDO
quirement, an innovative element was included in the
Commission, decided in February 1999 to work togeth-
SURMHFW·VEXVLQHVVSODQZKLFKSURSRVHGWKDWIXQGLQJ
er. They submitted a joint project proposal for funding
for restoration and maintenance operations was not
to the Dutch Government under their international co-
only to come from the Dutch Ministry of Culture, but
*
operation scheme for culture (or HGIS-C Programme)
would target available funds at other South African
for the 2000-2002 cycle. The Genadendal Restoration
government departments, among which the newly
Project was conceptualized in late 1999/early 2000 and
launched rural housing subsidy scheme, not utilised be-
a business plan with application for funding was sub-
fore in South Africa. Infrastructure investment would
mitted in April 2001. This plan aimed to preserve the
be targeted by submitting applications through the mu-
cultural heritage and historical infrastructure of Ge-
nicipal infrastructure grant mechanism to the provin-
nadendal and to develop heritage tourism. The discus-
cial and national departments responsible for local
* Homogene Groep Internationale Samenwerking-Cultuurmiddelen
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
9
government. By identifying potential funds and com-
Notes
bining available budgets the necessary in-cash compo-
1
nent for the project was generated.
Many surveys and studies involving Genadendal and other mission stations in South Africa had been conducted prior
Thus, in February 2002 all the elements seemed in
to Dutch involvement, as explained by H.M.J. du Preez in
place and the Genadendal Project was launched in the
KHUFRPSLODWLRQRI¶*HQDGHQGDO·V+LVWRULFDO&RQWH[WDQG
SUHVHQFHRIKLJKOHYHORIÀFLDOVIURP6RXWK$IULFDDQG
3URMHFW6HWXS·
the Netherlands, the Genadendal community and the
2
media, all with high expectations. To quote L.H. Fick, Minister of Planning, Agriculture and Tourism of the
nadendal op 21 July 1996, TU Delft, 9 September 1996. 3
Western Cape Provincial Government (in his foreword to the 2000 report Conservation and Development of
H. Fransen, M.A. Cook, The Old Buildings of the Cape, Cape Town 1980, pp. 339-340.
4
Genadendal ¶7KHVXFFHVVRIWKLVSURMHFWFRXOGVHUYHDV an inspiration and stimulus for other conservation and
F.W. van Voorden, Rapportage van het bezoek aan Ge-
For the Declaration of Amsterdam, visit http://www.icomos.org/docs/euroch_e.html
5
L.G.W. Verhoef, R. van Oers (eds.), Dutch Involvement in
development projects in South Africa, providing a role
the Conservation of Cultural Heritage Overseas, Proceed-
PRGHOIRUUHSOLFDWLRQLQWKHUHVWRIWKHVXEFRQWLQHQW·
ings of the Second International Symposium on Restora-
&RQFHUQLQJWKHSURMHFW·VVXFFHVVRUQRWSHUKDSV the last sentences of the conclusion in the contribution
tion, Delft University of Technology 2005. 6
A. Roussouw: Genadendal Gemeenskaptoersimeplan. A
by Roos & Du Preez seem relevant to keep in mind:
Brand New World commissioned by LANOK (now CASIDRA),
¶3ODQVDQGEXGJHWKDYHVLQFHEHHQHDUPDUNHGIRU*H-
Paarl, March 1997
nadendal (which was not the case before). Other Moravian settlements such as Mamre and Elim have now indicated an interest to implement a similar project. This should indeed be seen as a major success of the Genadendal Project and an opportunity not to be missed WRNHHSWKHPRPHQWXPXSDQGVSUHDGLW· The results of this important project are presented in this publication and can also be seen on the ground as well. Please do visit Genadendal and consider staying a few days to enjoy its hospitality and surrounding natural environment – in doing so you would make an important contribution to the further implementation of the Genadendal Project.
10
Introducing the Genadendal Integrated Conservation Project in South Africa
Genadendal’s Historical Context and Project Set-up Hannetjie du Preez, Western Cape Cultural Commission, South Africa
1
Introduction: early church history
secution, members of the Moravian Brethren Church settled on the Berthelsdorff estate of the young nobleman Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700-1760)
On March 1 2007 the 550th commemoration of the
in neighbouring Saxony in 1722. Von Zinzendorf played
foundation of the Moravian Brethren Church, also
an important role in the new Unitas Fratrum and was
known as Unitas Fratrum, was celebrated all over the
DOVRLQÁXHQFHGE\KLVVWHSIDWKHUWKHSLHWLVW3KLOLSS
world. The Moravian Church was established in 1457 in
Jacob Spener (1635-1705). Other refugees from Moravia
Hapsburg-controlled Bohemia and Moravia, now the
and Bohemia arrived at Berthelsdorff, which eventually
north-western part of the Czech Republic. A number of
led to the establishment of a congregation on 13 Au-
church leaders of the 15th century have had a strong
gust 1727 at Hernnhut at Berthelsdorff (situated near
LQÁXHQFHRQWKH5HIRUPDWLRQOHGE\0DUWLQ/XWKHUDQG
the present-day border between Germany and the
John Calvin in the 16th century. One was John Hus
Czech Republic). Under the name Herrnhutters, the
(1370-1415), Professor of Philosophy at the University of
Moravian Brethren Church exercised an important reli-
Prague, followed by Gregory the Patriarch, at Kunewal-
JLRXVLQÁXHQFHRQDFFRXQWRIWKHLUPLVVLRQDU\DFWLYLWLHV
de where members of the Unitas Fratrum established
that started in the region as early as 1722.
the Moravian Brethren Church in 1457. This church was
From this small start the Moravian Brethren Church
episcopal in organisation and protestant in nature, and
spread to all corners of the world. In 1732 overseas
therefore regarded as the oldest Protestant Church in
missionary activities were initiated on the Caribbean
the world. During the Reformation the Moravian Breth-
island of St. Thomas (at the time controlled by Den-
ren Church established contact with the new Lutheran
mark) to start working among the black slaves. Further
and Reformed Protestant church leaders.
congregations were established in England and in
From 1620, after the defeat of the Bohemian and
Greenland (1733), Lapland (1734) and in Surinam (1735)
0RUDYLDQQREOHVGXULQJWKH7KLUW\