The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2b: Islamic Society and Civilization

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ISLAM

VOLUME 2B

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

ISLAM VOLUME 2B

ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION EDITED BY

P. M. HOLT Professor of Arab History in the University of London

ANN K. S. LAMBTON Emeritus Professor of Persian in the University of London

BERNARD LEWIS Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York ww w.cambridge. org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521219495 © Cambridge University Press 1970 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in two volumes 1970 First paperback edition (four volumes) 1977 First four-volume hardcover edition 1978 Volume 2B reprinted 1980, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995, 2000 A catalogue recordfor this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 73-77291 ISBN 978-0-521-21949-5 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-29138-5 paperback Transferred to digital printing 2007

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS List of Plates

page vii

Acknowledgements Preface Introduction PART

VIII. 1

ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION

THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING

x xi xiii 441 443

by x. DE PLANHOL, University of Nancy

2

3

THE SOURCES OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION 469 by the late G. E. VON GRVNEBAVM, formerly at Near Eastern Center, University of California ECONOMY, SOCIETY, INSTITUTIONS

JII

by CLAUDE CAHEN, University of'Paris

4 5

LAW AND JUSTICE by the late j . SCHACHT, Columbia University, New York

539

RELIGION AND CULTURE

569

iyLOUiSGARDET, College Phihsophique et Tblologique, Toulouse 6

MYSTICISM

604

by the late A. j . ARBERRY, University of Cambridge 7

REVIVAL AND REFORM IN ISLAM

632

by FAZLUR RAHMAN. Central Institute of Islamic Research, Karachi

8

LITERATURE: (A) ARABIC LITERATURE

657 657

by IRFAN SHAHID

(b) PERSIAN LITERATURE by E. YAR-SHATER, Columbia University, New York

67I

(c) TURKISH LITERATURE iyFAHiRiz, University of Istanbul

682

(d) URDU LITERATURE

695

^ A Z I Z A H M A D , University of Toronto

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS

9

ART A N D A R C H I T E C T U R E

JOZ

by G. FEHERVARI, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

IO

SCIENCE

741 I, Institut Dominicain tTEtudesOrientales,

11

Cairo

PHILOSOPHY

780

by s. PINES, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 12

WARFARE

824

by the late v. j . PARRY, formerly at the University of London 13

T H E T R A N S M I S S I O N OF L E A R N I N G A N D LITERARY I N F L U E N C E S TO WESTERN EUROPE

851

by F. G A B R I E U , University of Rome

Dynastic List

890

Bibliography

891

Glossary

907

Index

911

VI

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

LIST OF PLATES \a Damascus, the Great or Umayyad Mosque, the so-called 'Baradd' mosaic panel under the western portico b The Umayyad palace of Mshatta: audience hall with the triple apse za Qusayr 'Amra, view from the north b Qusayr 'Amra, painting of the enthroned monarch in the alcove 3