The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants (Supplements to Vetus Testamentum)

The Biblical Qumran Scrolls

Supplements to

Vetus Testamentum The Text of the Bible at Qumran Edited by the Board of the

Quarterly

H . M . BARSTAD - R.P. G O R D O N - A. H U R V I T Z - G.N. K N O P P E R S A. VAN D E R KOOIJ - A. L E M A I R E - C.A. N E W S O M - H . S P I E C K E R M A N N J. TREBOLLE BARRERA - H . G . M . W I L L I A M S O N

V O L U M E 134

The Biblical Qumran Scrolls Transcriptions and Textual Variants

Edited by

Eugene Ulrich

Based on the Identification of Fragments by Frank Moore Cross J. T. Milik

Patrick W. Skehan John Strugnell

and on the Editions of the Biblical Qumran Scrolls by Maurice Baillet Dominique Barthelemy Millar Burrows James H. Charlesworth Sidnie White Crawford Frank Moore Cross James R. Davila Julie Ann Duncan Joseph A. Fitzmyer Peter W. Flint David Noel Freedman

Russell E. Fuller Florentino Garcia Martinez Edward D. Herbert Nathan Jastram Kenneth Mathews Sarianna Metso J. T. Milik Catherine M. Murphy Curt Niccum Donald W. Parry Emile Puech Richard J. Saley

BRILL LEIDEN • B O S T O N 2010

James A. Sanders Judith E. Sanderson Patrick W. Skehan Eleazar Sukenik Eibert Tigchelaar Emanuel Tov Julio Trebolle Barrera John C. Trever Eugene Ulrich Adam van der Woude Yigael Yadin

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

ISSN ISBN

0083-5889 978 90 04 18038 3

Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus NijhofF Publishers and VSR All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

For Sarianna

CONTENTS Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

Abbreviations and Sigla

xiii

Genesis

1

Exodus

27

Leviticus

108

Numbers

138

Deuteronomy

175

Joshua

247

Judges

254

Samuel

259

Kings Isaiah: l Q I s a i a h

323 a

330

Isaiah: Fragments

465

Jeremiah

558

Ezekiel

584

Twelve Minor Prophets

590

Psalms: Fragments

627

Psalms: l l Q P s a l m s

a

694

Job

727

Proverbs

732

Ruth

735

Canticles

739

Qoheleth

746

Lamentations

749

Daniel

75 5

Ezra

776

Chronicles

778

Index of Manuscripts and Editors

779

Index of Biblical Passages

783

PREFACE presents all the Hebrew biblical manuscripts recovered during the years 1947-1956 from the eleven caves in the vicinity of Khirbet Q u m r a n . It provides the reader with the oldest and most authentic witnesses to the texts of the Scriptures as they circulated in Jerusalem and surrounding regions toward the end of the Second T e m p l e period. T h e s e m a n u s c r i p t s antedate by a m i l l e n n i u m previously available H e b r e w manuscripts and illustrate the character of the Scriptures to which nascent Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism were heir. T h e transcription of each of the identifiable fragments, together with the textual variants it contains, is presented in consecutive biblical order. As in the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert ( D J D ) series, 'biblical' is understood in the sense of the traditional Masoretic canon of the Hebrew Bible. T h a t is, only Q u m r a n Hebrew manuscripts of the twenty-four books of the Masoretic T e x t ( M T ) are included, whether written in the Palaeo-Hebrew or the Jewish ('square') script. Not included are manuscripts found at other sites near the Dead Sea; 4Q('Reworked )Pentateuch or other books which may have been considered Scripture such as Jubilees, 1 Enoch, or Sirach; recently identified small fragments which do not add in a major way to our knowledge; quotations in nonbiblical scrolls; or translations of biblical books into Greek or Aramaic, for example, the Septuagint manuscript of Leviticus ( 4 Q L X X L e v ) or the T a r g u m of Job ( H Q t g J o b ) . T h e purpose of this collection is to provide a handy compendium of all the biblical Q u m r a n scrolls. Considered essential were the texts with their significant variants; much other valuable information could not be included. T h e transcriptions and variants are for the most part identical to those in the editiones principes p u b l i s h e d in D J D volume 1 (Cave 1); volume 3 (Caves 2 - 3 , 5-10); volume 4 ( l l Q P s ) ; volumes 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 (Cave 4); volume 23 (Cave 11); and volume 32 (Cave 1 Isaiah). Several other scrolls which had been published separately, such as 1 l Q p a l e o L e v , are also presented in a format similar to that of D J D . Some revisions, however, have been introduced. Transcriptions have occasionally been revised to make necessary corrections or to provide useful context. T h e variants have often been either a u g m e n t e d to standardize for this collection or revised to simplify or to delete lengthy explanations too technical for a handy collection. For those who seek more information or more precision, the more detailed D J D volumes may supply what is required. T h e editiones principes offer detailed intro­ ductions to each manuscript, explanatory notes from examination of the manuscripts in the m u s e u m on readings which involve difficulty, and nuanced analysis of certain variants or reconstructions. As important as this information is, inclusion here would vitiate the purpose of the volume as a manageable compendium. T h i s volume provides the reader with a transcription of the remains of the ancient biblical texts that survived the two intervening millennia, and an indication of how they compare with each other and with the traditional biblical manuscripts transmitted to us through the Middle Ages. T H I S COLLECTION

,

a

a

a

EUGENE ULRICH

Chief Editor, Qumran Biblical Scrolls

University of Notre Dame November 2008

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of labor upon which this volume is built was provided by my colleagues and friends mentioned on the title page. I have worked closely and at length with many of the editors, whose erudition, discipline, devotion, and attention to minute detail I greatly admire. It has been an exhilarating intellectual experience as well as a personal privilege and pleasure to have worked with and been inspired by such an excellent collection of scholars, representing ten countries. T h e y , and the larger c o m m u n i t y of Q u m r a n scholars, have modeled how scholarship should operate: as a group of collaborators sharing their insights and pre-published material generously with each other. T o g e t h e r we struggled—deciphering the paltry scraps that the Romans, animals, and the ravages of time did not completely destroy—toward an ever-increasing knowledge of that curious group who authored, copied, and studied those texts. T o my fellow editors I am forever grateful, both for our shared learning experience and for their permission to republish their work. M u c h of the computer entering, formatting, and proofreading has been performed by dedicated G r a d u a t e Assistants at the University of N o t r e D a m e : John Bergsma, Brandon Bruning, T o d d Hibbard, Daniel Machiela, and Andrew Teeter. Peter Flint, my co-editor of the series The Bible at Qumran: Text and Interpretation, encouraged the production of this volume and allowed me to use his electronic collection of the Psalms variants. Frank Moore Cross and Patrick W. Skehan were the original editors of the Cave 4 biblical scrolls, and I am grateful to them for entrusting me with the completion of their editions for publication. An e n d u r i n g pleasure is my forty-year friendship, with E m a n u e l T o v and our collaboration in guiding the transition from the original team to the new generation of editors. As Editor-in-Chief of the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series, he deserves the lasting respect and thanks of all who consult the scrolls; his wise, patient, and diplomatic leadership steered the larger publication project to an honorable conclusion. I appreciate the willingness of Oxford University Press to allow my use of so much material first published by their efforts in D J D , and I thank Jenny Wagstaffe, T o m Perridge, Elizabeth R o b o t t o m , Hilary O'Shea, and Rachel Woodforde for years of expert and devoted help. It has been a continuing pleasure to know and work with Hans van der Meij, Mattie Kuiper, and Machiel Kleemans at Brill, who from the start gave strong support to this project. Finally, the National E n d o w m e n t for the Humanities and the Dead Sea Scrolls F o u n d a t i o n with its generous donors deserve gratitude for nearly two decades of generous financial support for the Scrolls publication project. T H E IMMENSE AMOUNT

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGLA and sigla used in this volume are similar to those used in Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, and in the Gottingen and Brooke-McLean editions of the Septuagint, with adaptations considered useful or necessary. Abbreviations of journals and other sources and reference works are in accord with The SBL Handbook of Style, ed. P. H. Alexander et al. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1999. T H E ABBREVIATIONS

ft & &

certain letter, probable letter, possible letter, respectively

°

a letter which has ink traces remaining but cannot be confidently identified

intb

erasure dots placed by the scribe to indicate letters to be ignored

[

]

missing letters; space between fragments or where the surface of the manuscript is missing

{

}

in the text, indicates letters or words erased; in a reconstruction, indicates letters or words which the editor thinks should not be included

vacat

interval for paragraph-division, indicating that the writing space was intentionally left blank

deest

the text is not extant at this point

o

setwna, a closed section in HI or BHS

}

used to denote a new section of text beginning on

the same line as the end of the previous section a

petuha,

an open section in HI or BHS;

used to denote a new section of text beginning on

the line below the end of the previous section /////

erasure or damage on the manuscript

+

additional word(s)

>

word(s) lacking

\

division between lines in a manuscript

—>

indication that one Psalm is directly joined to another on the same fragment

^

is not, does not equal

*

original or reconstructed form

c o r r

2m

>

corrected reading 3 m

second, third hand

n

loss of text t h r o u g h parablepsis, homoiarkton, or homoioteleuton

1°, 2° L.

2

s u p

first, ,

i

i n f r a

second occurrence of a form (word or letters written) supralinearly above line 2, or below line 1

18 f.4

indication in the margin of the transcription that frg. 4 begins on line 18

II 4 - 5

the second column of the manuscript, lines 4 - 5

frg. 10 ii 4 - 5 2:23

init

, 2:23

10:2a, 10:2b 10:2

b

2:23[24]

fragment 10, column 2 (where frg. 10 preserves two columns), lines 4 - 5 fin

at the beginning, or end, of v 23 first part, second part of verse 2 in chapter 10 additional part of a verse, usually in the Samaritan text, as n u m b e r e d by von Gall the n u m b e r in brackets is usually the Greek verse n u m b e r

xiv

T H E BIBLICAL QUMRAN SCROLLS

01

the consonantal Masoretic T e x t (as in Biblia Hebraica A

ni

IR

T h e Aleppo Codex

L

Codex Leningradensis; vocalized form

ed

m

the edition of the Masoretic T e x t (as in m s

HI ^ HI JUUL

BHS)

Masoretic manuscript(s)

q

L

qere for the Masoretic T e x t , as opposed to the consonantal text of HI (= ketib)

or

juuL

juuL

the Samaritan Pentateuch, ed. von Gall

v G a 1 1

the Samaritan Pentateuch, ed. Sadaqa

S a d

ap

JUUL

Stuttgartensia)

>

©ap^ £ a

reading of manuscript(s) attested in the critical apparatus of an edition

P

C

fragments from the Cairo Geniza (cited from

©

the Old Greek (as in the Gottingen edition, where possible, or in Brooke-McLean)