Torah as Teacher
Supplements to
Vetus Testamentum Ediled by 'he &ard of 'he Quart"ly H.M, BUSTA" - k.V. (lOk.",,, - A. HURV'TZ ':;.N.
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BAUE~A
VOLUME 137
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- "-G .... WILLIAMSON
Torah as Teacher The Exemplary Torah Student in Psalm JI9
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Kent Aaron Reynolds
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A"cHor BibJ, Dictionary A""'i.. n ,ur C. .. hichte d... n,iken Judentum . und de. U,chri"en,um. American Standard V.rskln Bulletin of the Am"icQn &hooZ, of Orim/ai /U",arch The Bible in Ba,ic Engliehe R Publication Soci"y 191n "amla,ion of t he H,b"w Bible
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nrrologi,ehe R,aimoyidoplrdi. Ugari' -For>< h" nge n \'"u. renamm,um Suppl<ments to V"u. Tlam,",um
VTSu p WMANT YLT
Wi.",n>, which I love. I will lift up my hand. '0 your commandments, which 1 10"" and I will nm", on your "",ule.
, 49 ~ ~,
Rememl>er ' he word for fou r ",r"an', on wh ich you made me hope. Thi. is mr comfo rt in my afflic'ion, b
I hop' for)'Our word. My eye. fa il for your word ( ;'1"1I:lN), .. ying ·When will you .omfor! me'" Though! am like a wineskin in . moke, I do nol forget )'Our ".lUIes , How ma ny are the days of )'Our ",rvant' How long unlil)'Ou execu .. judgmenl on Ihe ones who oppr .... me' The inllOlenl dig pits for me, which are nol according to)'Our To .. h,
T U~'l.ATION
6
36 87 88
All you, commandm~n" .... f.ilhful. They oPP'''' m~ wilh dec~plion; h~lp m~! They alm.,.t consumNl m~ in th~ I.nd, bUI I did not .b.ndon your p'«epts. Giv~ mo lif~ acco,ding 10 your morey, .nd I will 00"'''''' Ihe stipulalions of your moulh.
\ 89
90 9t 92 93
94 9~
96
97 98 99 100 lOt 101
For,,'er,O YHWH, your word is eslablishod in th~ h~avens, Your failhfuln ... [endure>[ for g~n~,,'iom. You found.d Ih~ ~ anh , and it stood. According 10 your regulation. Ih~y stand lod.y, bKau...1l ar~ your ",rvan", If your Torah had not ""-'n my d~lighl, Ihen I would havo peri.hed in mr amiclion, I will n..'er forgot your p""~plS, fo, by th~m you gh'e me lif~. I a m )'Ou,,-..v~ m~, fo, I havo SOUghl your p,~cepl" The wkk«! wait for me in order 10 d~",oy me; I will con.ider your stipulation>. I h.w .... n a limil for e"el)~hing; )'Our commandmenl i. v~ry exp.n.i,'e.
How I low your Torah! All dar il i. my mu. ing. Your command menl m.kes me wi"" th.n mr fo, il i. mine forev~r. I h.w more dis
, II] II . II~
116 117 118 119
! h.te divided Ihing>. bUll love your Torah. You a .. my h iding pl..e and 'hield, ! hore for your word, Tum aw.y from me, 0 " 'ildoe", a nd J will keep Ihe commandmen .. of my God, SUpf'OrI me according 10 your word (;T\/lN ), .nd I will live, And do nOllet me "" a .hamed of my hore. SUpf'OrI me.., r will "" deJiver.a, a nd ! will ga"" at your .1aIut.. conlinLlally_ You h.", tossed • • ide all tho"" who ".-.y from your ".tu.... ""'au", their d«eitfuln.... i. dffeplion. You pUI an end to a ll the wicked oflh e land-the d""" Iherefore, I love your >tipulat ion •.
,
T U~'l.A TION
8 120
, 121 III
1B 124
In 116 127 128
My fi~.h bri.de. with dread of you, .nd I fear your regul.'ion •.
I h . ... done ju"ice and righleou>ne..; do nollurn me over 10 my oppre • .., .... Be a guaranI.., of goodne .. for your .....·.nl; do nollel Ihe insolenl oppre .. me. My e'fe. fail for 'four .. Iv"ion .nd fo, you, righleoU' word (;nON ). Deal with you, .ervo nl .cw,ding 10 you, mercy, .nd Ie.ch me 'four ""ule •. l a m your .....·.nl-gl>.., me in.ighl, 110 Ihal J may kOKlw you, "ipul.'ion .. lt i.ti mefo,YHWHlo K I, [l>ecau .. ] they have brok~n you, Torah. lherefore I I",.., your comm.ndmen .. more Ih.n gold-,,'en fine gold. Therefore I walk "raighl by .11 the p"",epu of everything; 1 hale ..'err p.,h of de<eplion.
, 129 130 131 132 133 134 13~
136
You, " ipul.,;ons are miraculouo; lherefore, my soul k""p' them . The opening of your word. gl>.." light, giving in.ight to Ihe callow. I opened my mouth a nd panted, bee.u .. 1 longed for your comm.ndmenu, Turn to me .nd gl>.. me grace, .ccording to th~ jwtice of tho .. who lo,'e your r".blish my in your word (;nON); do not lei any wickedne .. rule 0'..,' me, Red""m me from the oppre .. ion of men, so that 1 can ob.e,w 'four precepts, C.use you, face to shine on 'four ..,mont, .nd Ie.ch me your "",ute .. My eye. run with stream. of ...... er, l>ecau .. they do not OO .....'e your Torah.
"lq'.ll' '1 ... u,nO>' 4a!, mo J.. ·"d>:>.l,d 100.< "'~lOJ IOU 0p 1 In'l 'p",!d,.p puo IU",Y!ulI!.u! lU . I '" ...'OJ 'U~A.1'" mo": pu~ 'p"uY" Aj"'ldwo, '! \ N IJL~ ) plO'" moJ.. "P'OM ,noA "'~'Oj " 'lw,u •. 'OJ '.w ",u.ll' I'" ":I~ ·... ul"J411.J ,..,a pu~ , uo!"lnd)l' 100A ul ... um""42" P"Ulodd~ noJ.. "42"dn .,. 'UO!l"ln~'" ,no.( pu~ 'HMHA 0 "nO>'42!,.,~ noJ..
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TU~'l.ATION
1~3 1~ 1~~ 1~
1~7 1~ 1~
160
161 162 163 164 1M 166 167 168
169
look .. my affiiction and Jeliver me, for I have nol forgollen your Torah, Argue my ca5< and redeem me; gi,'e me life Kcording 10 your W< wicked, b and my enem;'. ar< numerom, bUI I have not "'ayed from your " ipul,'ions. I haw "",n Ihe "eacherom on .., and I wa. disgwledIho .. who do nol ob ..",e your word (,,"'1:]1U,,"ed me for no re.son, )'" my heall "embles aI your word. I rejoice over your word (;'1"'1:] 1, [.,,1 )"ur hand help me. becau", I choose your precepts, I long for your ... Iv,.. ion. 0 YHWH. and your Torah i, my delighl. 1.." my >oul live. Ihat it may pr.ise you; and lei your Juslice h.lp me. ! have gon•• "ray 100, a perishing .heep; ,..,k your ••"vont. because! have nol forgotten your commandmen".
CHAPnR 0""
INTRODUCTION Ilragraph., I gh.. a pr«i. of the m .... ge and an ov."i .... of ho ... this study proc.,..,n,' p.. lm 119 .. ache. that the righteous should internalize Torah to the point that it i. character forming. Instead of admoni.hing the re.der to stud), and obey Torah, the author portr.Y' someone ",ho does so. By mean. of the portrayal, the author create.-in the f"'rwna of the .pe.ker-. mooel for the re.der to follow. The .peaker lm'e. Torah, cling. to it, ye.rn. to understand it. He i. not obeying God'. I.... >.impI)' to avoid punishment; he rejoice. and d.lights in hi. oo.,Ji.nce, Thu., the .peaker moo.l. the m .... ge. He is completel), immer>alm are mu,u.lly reinforcing. For example, ponraying 'he 'peaker'. inle"'" longing for To .. h would have Ie » rhetorical elf"" if , m, conception of Tor:ah could be limi,ed '0 •• pedfic Ie,
the q ""'tion that I .dd .... in ch.pter ~ i. how to rel.te the conclu.ion. of chap,. .. 1 .nd 4-~pedally the conception of Torah-to the p .. her, the Hebrew Bible ••• whole •• nd to the hi"ory ofthe development of lud.i,m.' l.2. mOTtCO A discu .. ion of the poetic. of p, I 19 i. . ... nti.l. . inco the po<m i•
• carefully cr.fted work, The two moot prominent literary features of p, 119 are the acrostic format .nd the u .. of the number eight. Th ..e are eight ,'er ... for eoch letter of the a lphabet, The first eight ,w>e< begin with t m, first lett .. of the a lphabet-N. The next eight ,w>e< (vv. 9- 16) begin with the ""ond lett .. of the . lph.bet-:l. lhi. pattern continue> for each of the twenty-two lettn ""atutes", m ~ /) "comm.ndmen,,", O'l:l!llVC "rly deny that the artistic form of P. 1 19 i. important and that the aut hor took great care in the conmuction of the po<m; nevenhele», ,pecifying how the form contribute> to the me ... ge i," difficult and . ub;'ctive enterprise. For example. many ",hola" claim that the acrostic format contribut .. to t m, following me""g"' God', word i. complete or perfect (Ccn), That i •• it run, "from A to Z: Con n«ting the idea of completene .. with the alphabet i. not" mooern
, n.. nJ """" . • nd t ""« the .. "'" ., ..... ,"'')". t J, .... , th< "",n'ns ot 'h< .nd ,0. "'lot ....... ;p, bdw«n ' h<m 'n ,hop"" .
,'gh' Ili,-al ..,,-. n day" and on , I>< .igh'h day ,her. was a ",I.mn .... mbly"." (N.h &18 NRSV), AI'hough it .. imrw.ibl< '0 prove ,ha' th. au, hor was a lluding '0 ,h.se IeXl" thi> «planOlion for ,h. use of ,h. numl>< un.hakeable ord.r thOl God'. word creates; (3) ,I>< u .. of a n acro .. ic po" ibly indica ... that ,h •• u,hor of p, 119 a .. umed Iba' Torah wa, a ",rillen "XI, (4) ' he "",ition. in 'he psalm indicale 'hOI 'he world in which human I>< ing. live i. chao,k; (~) the recitalion of 'he p salm indic.... an i nvoking of ,I>< orderlin.» of God', word, I doub, ,hal ,h. do'a ca n . upporl all of ,he", conclusions. a nd 'he following puagraph ilI u. " .... 'he d ifficul,y,
• ' Enoch . "', T, .. ~ , b"" by P. Al< .. n.k, in 1M 0Ui r,".... ,'
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aI.,."", OUOrinworth, ..... , (C, rom C"r, NY , ~d ' r. ' ' ' '). 1%.
• Eri,h "'" Ssociated wilh • claim about orderliness. The .aostic i. orderly. The autho r'. w< of eight;' orderly; he u,"" e ight verses for each lett voJ , (>.d;nbu,-y., T ", 'r Clnk , '''''''). " ~-"'g". ' 'IIui"S 1m- 'f",oh .. ,... · umf.... nd< o.J ""S"',.ktur"" W,],: "y., .dol! .. ,1n;!!" ~.rik " g'i>t. in ..,"'" k order. Thi. say ,ha' ' he form .nd ,",uc'ure .ho uld be ignorecl. bu, my is no' .ignific. nce .nribu,«I 'he for mal fea'ures should be corrobor>l not .how ,hat 'hey are . he Jrmnalic <enl< """'" ~,,,,' u ,,, .. I.,a....·" "'n", , . nO , ,on""uk • ~'" tho, 1""""'" th< ,"m d"d ' " 00fin fO< po<m' ~ , ,, """"'Dono ond .. ,"'" ,,;, the " n_ d' voI_,. ("' ...... gto." c.,00l" .... " .. A"","_ to"" , 1"-'), 31_"~ Whybny ",lin'" , .. , I"' ~nh", Ml
..'" ..,1Otk. the .. conn«tion •• • nd it """m, reasonable that a p.nicular idea .parked.n a"""iation for the author, In hi. discussion of pro ... , b •. Michael Fox call •• uch conn«tion. "a.uocia.ive >eq uences.·" A."",iat iv e "'Iue nc~. do h.v~ an impa< •• bU I th.y do not nK........ rily amClunt to a structuring principle. 1.3.
G[~· ."
S g~nre poses a problem for interpretation.
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" v. """' ",.."""nW",,, "''''' ""'''' OOGn '"" an 0 ""'-"''11.- >'h1""" SOO'i).
" .. M .... T"",,",", (GOt" " !!'"' v.oo.",_
1.3,1. A Lamo1m M."", "",", • .,.j ""ml, ",_"I. ~ G:hud Ikn 1", (Gn " " "p;d~ ""d ... n~ 1OO1) . Dd Corn! A. N,..-.om, ·SP'/'"S ou, ,he l ando A Re. of P. 119 begin ",; ,h macari.m. (" Happy ... , bose, .. " ",,",~). The 'hird verse provid", fU rlh er informa, io n abo u, , he p«>ple na mOO in '"v. I and 2." Soli r«ogni.es 'hOI P. 1 19 doe. no' begin ",i,h . n addre .. '0 God, bu, he argu .. ,ha' Gunkel'. cri'.ria are · '00 defini' ive and rigid."" However J'fining a genre, which i, Gunkel', goal, should be defin i, i"e, s..:onJ ly, 'he elemen .. of lam e n' psalm. ,hal do ocrich 7-,"S". -r",.from ""gkr;,: ~ " ...... 1 V. _,A r irn, '" r,., Do .... n.! A 1'; .... '" B.ild up (G ,.oo .... ;d~ £nd","",~ , ... ), ,,.. ~ Gunkrl. 'nl",J .. I;o" '" ,I>< 1'>01.. , . "'. " , d;,cu" "" ;n'rodoctory of",. ' hr b elements borrowed from other gen",,,Mowinckel argu .. that the formal .Iements in ",me psalm. di.integrate, and he gives p, 119 a, an .""mple. "In a late p>alm like p, 119 prayer and lamen t a nd hymnal moti,-.. '" intermingle a, to make the interpr"'ero feel at. I"., with regard to the charact ... and purpose of the 1".lm, .... ' De.pite Mowinckel'. lock of a ppreciation for P. 119 and its purpo"', he doe. recognize th.t Ps 119 borro",~ from various typid< . ... m""'l' of ' h< ",idnK, h..«l by H u,,'", 'n .
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o I. "'nnrth K"nt~ -,,n. and 1', 1% i. about God', ",If-di,do>ure. Their r .. pee,'.ral of 119 .. part of , he fin.1 sh.ping of .h. Psalter ar, .h ••• m. ch.p"" di>lyI • ." Hi. discu.o,ion is rel.,ed .he question ofP. 119', g.nre. in pan due ,h •• imilari,ie> be'Wff" "'n 'hologicaJ" and ,h. label lIfiu:llg" nu"g ,h•• h • • beecondary form in a radicolly new way, "" It is poMible that t he a uthor of Ps 119 uses a genre in .uch a radkal way tha, it is difficult to cla.. ify, )'e' this po .. ibility doe. not soh'e the problem, becau.., p, 119 i. not a tran.ition from any .ingle geme. The genre elements. ph ras< ~"'''''''' of r, ,,,', g. "'_ ",&,ru~ .. of ~''''I>< m;""'"r, ""r root p>.J m', ""''''gi,·, Ililibbo" '''m ud",) "ubi;')';"" ''''1, " .
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THE USE OF
TRADlT!O~AL
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RELlG[OUS LANGUAGE
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. trol"'" or 'opoi 'hat ' he .uthor borrow, from .[sewhere. 'he me.ning l>ecome. more d .... Psalm 119,19b iIlu"",,,,. the phenomenon. II> 119, 1%
Tn\~!l ',00
.,ncn ~I< Do "01 hid, 1""' ,omma"am,"" from
.,
Wh.t doe. th i. mean! Surely the . uthor of Ps 119. who wrote . n extended poem .!>out To .. h , knew the command ment>, Thu •• in wh.t ",nse (ould they be hidden' /U.hi ",1,-", th e proolem by . dd ing the word n Ub!!l (mir.des); " Do not hide from me the mir.d« of )'Our commandment> which are h idden,"' His interpretation of v, 19 draw. from v, 18. which read" "Open my eyes thot I moy"'" mi",d .. ( nUb!!l) from your T o",h ," Thu •• Ra.hi h •• some contextLlal .upport, but hi. solution ma.k. a n e""fiti. l feature of the verse. namely t he lOPo.> fou nd in the following petition" II> 17,9a II> 69,180 II> IOU. II> 1417b
'mO T'~ , n cn ~M 1"T~)'0 Tl ~ 'n~n ~M\ 'mO T'~ ,nOn ';M 'm O T'~ , n cn ';M
Do not hid, )'0"' f"" from ...t, Do not hid, 1""' f"" from 1""' ,,",,,.m', Do not hia, )'0"' f"" from m" Do not Md, 1""' f"" from m"
'''/'0' .•
It i. appropria.. to 1.1> biblic.l authors in t he compo,' In some instances a ,op." may be . metaphor. for example,
, "''''n>'~ l'rn.o n'''''~' 'JJ>O , non;", 'l'" Mi< ,,' , . , 1O, t l , l U; job >«
On
"..,~~
"the world as. "age." In the n .. of "God hWing hi> faco· the '0/,' incorporat ... a figure of >ro=h, 'pecifically the anthropomorphi.m of God'. faco; however. the lof'O' i. not limited to the figure of .pee< fffh"g of God', d ; 'f'~"'" ~ ~ ;a pc;gnont. Grom.-..ld .... " ,hot ''''''''"''Y abou , God'. 1""''''' ;. " ,I>< I>< 10 ...", f"o'l m, Alphon'" Gro< loot""", bdo..-. • J"'Z Imm;.o. ',h, &>ok of Am"" on.. '''''~ w . Stot, ( """;"~kc "'"tm",,,,, lOOn Knox. "00). ''', f",,,a L Ao.k""" . nd ,,",;d Nod . ,=1"",,A ..= A ~''''" 1'",",/.,;." . ;,h Com"""'.,,, , .. A",,,", B.... "" HA (",w Yo,'" tJoubiN.Y. ''''). "'4_1'. , 1h< , ub"" of ";mm""",,: '" roo- , ..mpl< Iil01_>2 (Phil• .Jdph", .",""•• "'.., t ..n t.o< b;b/"w'phy on "'n_.",,'. Bloom, Clu«! .. 0 """-'~ of '1""'-"""" '"y "" 0> ,'" abomp
.noth. ,d. a, , ;~of H..d""~ , , ",in« K",,,,,.nd Mki,,,, Ru .... )110--". (Go",..JoI< v«w.g .... w 0, .. "'""',100'1. ' " .. n ~ , KtooW-M'r"" ron«p' of-ronh p ~,y " ..., 'n '"mw.,,,, ";,h '1« GrooJI "',w;k, "Galm. wmally with God •• th e obj«t, I' However, the ."""kef in P, 119A1 d.d ..... that he h •• trusted in God', word (T1:l1:l 'nnOJ )- anotrn" example in whkh the psalmist u""' tr.dition.1 religklU' language .nd , u bstitut.. God', word for God him .. lf, tim~.
2.2.3, Hoping in Torah -'m' ·W.it ing" or "hoping" ('m') o n the I.ord i, conuptuaUy related to trust ing, and it i. also . common motifin the p.. lm., " In p, 38,16 t he p.. lm;'t dedare."] hor< in you, 0 YHWH.· .nd in p, !3O:7 the psalmin e,h on. Israel to hor< in God hecau>< h. i. mercifuL "]n t he Psalm, 'to " .. it' I'm'l meano not giving u p, not growing tired, .. . The hor< of tho>< who wait i. I=ed on t rn, conviction that y.hweh i, gracious."" Twice in the P>alm. the object of hor< i. God', kind n ... (or "Ioy:altr" 10 n ]3,18 and 14TI I). Unlike "tnut " (n OJ ), hoping on God', word i, not uniqu., Psalm 1300~ """, "] wait for YHWH, my soul wait., .nd I hop< for h i, word" ('n':>m.1 11JTn ',",lll nmi' ;W T' 'n',i')." In p, 119 this verb occurs .ix time" and the objr< Hebrew Bible in whic h commandments (m~c ) i. 'h e object of I>0, I>«n d,,,,"..ru ""n,',,ly, , j,., foIIow_ '"8 .~"'I< U: ", l'RE. xholm I>o,~ ,""..I thai rn" GOO oe< not"," ..
'n
....
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,on< ... Wort, >.in lk;t,'!l ,..'JhwIo&< d< oh0". go«t 'nft",,,,,, on "'""''''''''''y_ ''''''',,", "'" man"'&< ..... ph< '" ,I>< prophhow tho, "Io.'"g GOO .... """ .. p"" .... ol p;< lo'ing God and keeping hi. co mma ndmen". For . .. mple, God sho,,~ mercy "to t ho", who I""e me and keep my commandments" (Deut ~: to; d . al.., Deut 7,9; 30:1 6; and bod 20:6).
1.2 .6, F<aring Torah -N"" Fearing God and keeping hi. commandments are also Juxto~ in Deuteronomy." "You .hall fear YHWH your God, in order to keep hi. "at utes and hi. commandments. whkh I am command ing you' (Deu t 6 ,2). It would al.., be po"ible to t .. n,la .. t he ~"t part of t he ,'or .. , -You . hall f•• r YHWH your Goo by keeping h i•• tatutu ... • The function of the infinith.., 11)1:1, i, open to at lea" t wo interpret ation •. Keeping the comm.ndment can ehher be (I) a demonstration of one'. f• • r for Goo. namely logically .ut-quent, or (2) a mean. by which o ne f"" .. God. and perhaps the two option. are not mutuaUy
" tn m""oc< '" '" It. Hont S«bUI"y>, ·V"'''nJI~hnn<et ""', brt,,« n kU, 10" , ""'din>«. ,nut, . 00 "" ,'''' .• ), i, "". ""'" of ,Nt",""';1" "1"00. 'h< t itutes "regul.tions" as the object of fear.
1.1 .7. Snking Torah-VI"'! In the introduction to Ps 119. the .uthor identifi., the type of re, " In hod 18, 1~ Mose. explain. he listening to the people', problem, all d.y long beeaus< they were coming to him (i ,e .. .\tose.) to inquire of God (O'mN V1TI), Psalm 119,land 10 are ,imilar to D< n" u" of ,I>< ''''''- it ~ q"it, imp"'un, i>o- ,h~ my P"'I""" .. "~,bon "only'" ",," ,I>< ofT",.!> ;" pIK< of God. f.". ",rtOO d ; K",,~"" , .." ,I>< Ofi Toni. "...ir ..
"00" ""...."'.
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. '" Olo,,), ;p,
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,t.. In" ",lmTI'
efo.. me). " lhi. >olution i. b • ....J on P. 16:8 which read •• "I h.,....,t YHWH !>efore me continually' (, 'On '"TlJ' ., '.,' ' n ' I,",)" Since the author .ubst itut.. To ... h in place of God him",lf in so many other " ..... i n the chapter. the ,ub003) "'7. ~ t om no< "lI,,;ng ,,,., t ho ..rtho.- of", It . .... 01""';"11 '0 p, ,U 'f'«;ocolly, .. t""'-'gh !h;, o."", to "' u." ~rnpk" " .... n" ""'- I d;"" .. ,ho ;"'pI... _ ,.... , of 'hH 'n"'f'T wit h lining up the hea"." Various ",hola" emend P. 119,48 b • ..J on a Iep from v. 47. The repO'alm \t . . . ,'" "'hgm of ,,,.d: in «..d,,, ,. >
" On ,I>< t"l"< '" g< ,lup'" on oommun" Wnoi.." 11.- ","m of ,I.- R< "'''' ,"', iocl""'. f",nu.t~, "",kam •• or • very .imil... format in Ioment psalm •. The following t.ble list. p\I'v'> ',"'In 'r:: Jo nO' 0' " " ;oW' 'K C'M v ""VIl"'~ n '~'
'''Y
'u," m, 0>'i> 119[ 'he most frequent la ment motiC" More than t",enty ver .... in p, 119 contain some element of antagoni.m ""t",,,,en t he .pe.ker .nd the umighteou. on", who .ba ndon God', word •• uch a. prine.. who ,it .nd .lander him (11:111 y, H), deceptive men who pursue him (Orn vy, 84. 86), and tho .. who w.it to destroy him (1:1li v. 9~), lhe .peaker hopes to h"", .n a n,wer for tho .. who rep roach him ('p n v. 4n and he compl. in. t h.t the insolent mock him g", .. ly ( C'11 1 liC W 'l~ry~ v, ~ I ). The cord. of the wici<eJ .urround the 'peaLer (tI'pW1 ry:ln v. 61), Insolent men .mear him with d«eption ("";;-r,:.' v. 69), dig tr.p' for him (nm'\V ", 8 ~) , .nd the wickod .. t a .nare for him (ry n!l D'pW1 urn v. 110), In ot her ervanen;'1) and to the regul.tion. (0"'0~1!10;') which I .m te""hing to you to do in order th.t you might Ih'~" (l"nn IY0':», The connection occur> og.in in Deut 6,24, "YHWH comm.nded u. to do . 11 these statut .. (trj:>n;'1) . .. in order to give u. life" (un'n':> D inf), Other p;o.sage. rere.t this them~ in Deuteronom)', .nd chapter 30 i... peci.lly important, Here t he re< life i. 'to love YHII'H your God, to walk in hi. way •• and to keep his commandments, statute., .nd regulation, ('"0~1!1C1 ,"npm l"m~O ) th.t you might Ii"" (n"m ).,," (Deut 30,16) . Thu", the contenl of the petition "gi"" me life" i. reminiKent of Deuteronomy. whil~ the form i•• imilar to other retition. found in I.ment psalms. Th~ 'lif~" th .t th ~ .peaker in P. 119 i. req"""ing is th~ "life" promised to tho.., who follow God', Torah. In my opinion. the be .. expl.n.tion of the .bov~ data i. that the author ofP, 119 combined the content of th e motif from Deuteronomy with a formal element bor rowed from lam~nt p>alm •. p.. lm 119 . nd Deut~ronomy . hare a p.rticular way of 'peaking .bout th~ benrnts of obedOene Of n:tl!1~ ~':» . One e"'''''pl. occur> in v. 61, where t be "forgetting" ph ... se i. Juxt.posed with. I.ment th.t the cord. of the wkk."j . urround the .peaker," "Forgetting Torah" i. unique to p, 119. However, forgelling God i.
V'1.'
~
~
S«
t"" ..,r", his commandments. regulation •• and hi. "atuteo " ." r n ~ m l'U~lOIJ1 1'mlOl:l"llllO De u. Soi l ). but already in Judg 3,7 they were doing evil when "they forgot YHWH their God" (;'11;'1' n" tn~::r1 0;'1';'1''').'" ... «ording to the indictment< of Jeremiah, one of the reaoon. that the p«>ple will he puni.hed i. thot they forgo t YHWH their God (0;'1';'1'" ;'11;'1" n" tn~lV Jer 3,1 1;..., alo" ler 1301 ~). and h..iah also reproa 1&9 begins, "A man'. hean plam hi, way, ,," ( 0 ' 1 ::!\!In' C1 N J" ). and p, 1 19;~9 begin."! conoider"" my wayo"." ('YrT 'n::!l!In), The .. are the only t wo ver ... in 'he Bible th., use 'he phrase "'0 con.ider a "'.y' (i.~ .• t he verb ::!'.:m and 'he obi the word!1;'l but J"""iticu. use, ~C~,
L,v 2~ , 37 1""~ r, Inn M'> 1~~~ nM Do not i. which i..... d for ' teacher only in Pr.,..-er!» and p, 119." The D participle doe, occur ebewm,re. but in the ot m,r p....ge. it h a•• different .yntactic function. Thu •• the usage of the participle in Prov ' ,13 and P. 11 999 is unique. The>< are only two .. ample. from tweh-e. and Hurvitz provi be,w"" n Prov 2 and p, 119, but the ..tm il.ri. i.. bet",,,,,n the two chap«!> extend beyond the ph raseology ,hat Hurvitz d.oc,ib= !loth chapt." ar. concerned with the .opk of pedagogy, and t he parallel> boer ...« n the lwo chapt.".r< striking."
l nM l~~n 'n,~m and "Off "P my comma"d, ","h r''' l m r. .. 'n'~~ ,~'" in my h,ar< I "or,J "P """J
1""'
PrO>' n r,I1936 ProvM
P,119,72
~l\~n" 1~" ~Ul'l indi., Y"'" "'"" 10 good "m< indi", my ","" !O Y"'" "ip"lo,;"",
'rn1W"M '~""1)n
~o,~ m'~'j:'~n-c~ If}'toring up knowledge i. in the hean, "I h.,·e "ored your word in my hean " ('nJlllr ':l':>~ In"lllli) . The only oth~r p.ssage in ,he Hebrew Bibl~ that u.e. t be vern "to "ore" (Jll~) with the loca,ion .p al>out education, he used locut ion. of t.. ditional wi.dom lite .. t ur~_ Altho ugh t he ph ... eology discu.sed in ' h e previou, p.rag"'-ph occur. only in wi.dom lite .. , ur~ and p. 119, t he concept ion. are not
~ f..-. dacuWon of tt.. = r b". of rvI Cj:1~' ;"i'!)." Both pas"'ges in Deu1eronomy indude the ide. of Ie>ming the command •• which i. a p .. r"eTves God'. pr«.pt> i. th.t ".11 my way. are before you" (T111 'YTT ~~ '~). One of the wi> the ph .. '" "to from word. 0' commandment .. " In Pro" .. b. t he lad i> ",".m M not to ·.,ray from word. of knowledg." (nv-r '"1CNC nu;:'7 Prov 19,27), .nd in p, 11 9 one of th e d ... ription. of the wicked i> · tho", .,raying from yOUT comm. ndmen,,· q' m ~ c c C'IIVOI v. 21), while in v, 10 t he 'reaker petitions, "Do not c."", me to stray from )'OUT commandments" ( Tm~cc 'll;:,'n ~N) . In Pro ... "" tho~ who pr.i", wickMne .. a .. th. on .. woo .bandon instruction (;nm '~TV 1804), U. ing the same word •• the .uthor of P. 119 de",ribe. t he wickM ., tho", who .ba ndon God'. Torah qn1m '~IV ", ~3)." The word "aba ndoning" i. not n«.....,ily . n example of t he m (131) or in description. of the pillar of fire >howing the way (U3) . In every ca", when the word "way' (l'"T) i. u..,.j metaphorically in Deuteronomy. it figures oo..Jienee to God', commandmen,,_ For example, the children of I"ael are exhorted to follow the path that God h"" commanded them to walk (~ , H) and to wa lk in God'. way' (80dom literat ure and provide> additional evidence that p, 1 19 ,hould nol be da .. ifi.d.". wisdom psalm,' Ther. are. of cour... other facet. of the n ..... ge that the 'p< ",,,nb
moot
;mport . .. "'."""
of the ch. pter exftlor« the literary t«hnique • ....,d to portray the exemplary Torah student, conclud ing with. diKu .. ion of P. 119', .u •• h'e go.al •.
One of the go.t. of P. '19 i. to portray.n exemplary To .... h student, and other texts-both in the Hebrew Bible and extra-biblical Jewi.h religious lite .... tu .. -uS< a similar r"-"orical t«hnique, "Exemplary" indic .... that someth ing i. I.udable, commendable, and worthy of imit.tion. The example. di",....."j in the following p.ragraph. all have •• imilar .u •• i... aim, 'p111. Thi. formula "focu~, praise on a renon (or group) for his/her bonencent ",..,U-boing and establi,h .. the per>on a. exemplar)", . . ."' ln P. 1 the righteous m.n, who i. introduced in the macarism, i. the notional .ubjr i. a n imponant rhetoric.l aim of the book a. a ...TIolI_h'm K".~ "",I." I_50, t"r.m.Lo,Un(!. -,,so,,, ~""" ',o-f()[ ,,,.., I 9< &,,1/">, 1"'" "i'.' . 7 1' P"" 11' ,..Ju""I"" ""' • •,>I!,"l"'I'I'~"" ''''""'I''t '"-="" 'v u.v.,~ '''' .".,.", "il "" "",",,'fj """.i P ;0.,.d x>-.u .. "",," "'" " " •
'''l'
UOlnq",". u. ''''I!''''.p I! ....u "'.J • U! ,,"'.' !"'I4~!' ~41 uo Slu.wmo> . pnptl! ~41 pu. '(1 "A ~N~ t~IILIl.1 IlClJ) "u.wpu.wmo, ',P"9 U! • .(I I""t.I "4~!l'r. {II 'd U! '.'~.J-P"9 I••pi .'11 ,,"P"9 "o.j 0'1," ~UO .. AU"yp> .... ' ""!,,J ,04,n~ .... ' ~'.qM '6'{;ll 'd U\ pm!;] 'd JO SU!UU\~>< th< portrayal of In"k! Pros""'" ..- mol"" , I>< f.., ..",pi< p«>pk'..>I" load, thom ;" , I>< rommu" " r (p_ t""I, R'V'dk» of "bdl." ..- not w, OOCt"l!_ ,On ~'mriKb.n T"f< ","'h'" w..-]d of t om _ m,oIwn.pi>Hg«ond half of.he chapte, depicts a who follows God', word in light of David', mooell>eh.vior in chapter 18, " Allen not .... 'p, 19 """m. to haw been placed be.ide p, 18 in order that its "",ond half might .. rve to d"'elop thos< hints of David as a role mooel.." The term [",rvant[ doe. not el""te him .bo,·e l"ael. but bring. h im down to the I""el of .he indi,idu.l l>eliewr committed to .. rving t he same God."" Thi. "individual l>eliever" i. no. a .p< ""rbol p..-alkk. " Alk n. 'D.o,.;,I .. ""'mrt.,:...s. " "y &KripO "'" of ,1>< "l'" of ;nat,-;,!,,,,i> 'n """" "" " ;"fl", ncro Oy thr worl ol M" .... I fu" "" thr ioIIo..-'ng _ ... H " " .... 1 V_ fmc Prow ..., 'O-Jl. ~ N.", T""d.,;." ,.;/h Com ..... ,.".. 11>< And"" ";bIr, ,.01. tsB (N." H.,,,n, yolr Un;m"'T p",~
>OO'i). ""'_
It i. therefore wi", to be piou.,
M
'mc""""'''' 10-" • .. ,_ J,"'" ......
" For. of , ..... , 'n'''I',ru'Oom ofth< """""n 'n P",mb" "'" oh< ..!ion in chapter 2 of -rhe language of Wisdom literatur• ." For the moot part, chapter 2 examin .. the form, .nd chapter 3 .ddr..... the function. In con"ructing t he pervance is a central commitm.nt of the .pe>ker. Together the two verb. occur thiny-ono tim .. in the chapter. Their grammatical .ubjtoct i. almost exclu.;"ely the 'reaker, and with only one exception, the objtoct is God', wo,d_ Similarly, the .pe>ker rereatMly a.k> God for insight and und .. standing of Torah. Amir notes that t l>< .. ge. u", the term "Torah" in two way., and "it i, not alway. easy to discern betwe.n then" the .ystem of commandmention the one hand and t l>< study of To",h on the other,"" In p, 119, it is not so much a que>tion of the meaning of the term "To.-.h " a. it i, the mutual interderendenee of the .. activities. That is, . . . rvant of God will, of cour .. , obser".. God', instruction, and such observance i. only poMible when one know. t he instruction well, True study of Torah entail, ob",r, .. nee of Torah, true Torah oo..rvance entail. Torah study, In t he following pag .. I examine ,-uioYS face" of the characterization of t l>< 'reaker in ,uppo" of my argument that the 're.ker model. the m ....g •. Any faCel must I>< considerM indi"idually for the ,ake of d iKu .. ion, but it i. important to k""p in mind that t he author comtructs the rersona by combining all of the , .. rio", description •• nd characterization .. An apt analogy i. the concept of "faith" in the Hebrew Bibl" " [it] ha, no .J"'ing- ("1~l) are both plural panicipl .... In addition to the participles there are th r"" plural \"erb> in ",,'. 1 and J (lOllV1,., "VQ. and ' ;)'01). None of the« h •• an explicit .ubject, the notional .ubj«t for e.. h of the .. plural verb. i. the group of people introduced in ,.,.. 1 and 2 b)" the plural participle>, Plural verb. do occur throughout the remaindor of the psalm. but in general they h"'e in.nimate . ub;'ct .. That i •• the plural verb. in t he remainder of p, 119 are no. description. o[.he activity of p«>ple a. they are in w. 1-3.
,..,rh.
P>.ol,,,,
~ 1h;, ph''''''''w';, mu.... i. ,'" Hdo" ". "obI "". 'n"oo",'o
,'n
alm is addressed dir«tly ' o God • •his precludes .he notion that Torah i. oom. son of intermedi.ry M .w""n God and man. The .peaker yearn • •0 know God'. word. repea .«Ily a.k. God to teach him and give him insigh •• and Mlie ..... hat God personally instructs him (v. 101)." He i. no. ob",.sed with minu.iae of .he commandmen .. simply.o show .hat he know< something, God', word i. not an object of academic study, The commandment> are .he .peaker'. deligh •• b=tuse they are an in"an. iation of God', f.,..,r .hat i. gradou.ly grant«l (vv. 19. ~8, 132).
The fi"'-person pe"l""'.i .... which .he author u,",. exdusively after v, 3. introduces .h. elemen. of .ub;'ctivity that i. e"ential '0 .he a uthor'. goal of ponraying 'he .mo.ion. a nd volition of an id.al "uden. of Torah. There ar. ma ny ••""antic o ... rlaps in t he terminology of , ubj.cth'i.y, The "atemen' "The 'pealer i. t he .ubj«t in P. 119" can be a gr.mmatical ".temen'. In many oft"" "or.... he grammatical subject i•• he "I," The "atenlOn' can also be a way of no.ing t hat P. '19 i. about th e persona indic.ted by .he "I." Tha. is. t he aut hor's subject ma"er i •• he .xemplary Torah studen •• which th e pronoun "I" referenc.., Finally•• he "I" i. t he th inking, f""ling. desiring, and believing subje the b •• i, for individual discour"" in which e. p>.lm. The author could h ..'e given a deKription or encomium of an iJeal student of Torah, but the rhetorical effect would have been ,'err differe n t." A. mentioned abo,'e, the first-rerson re"pective begin. in v, 4 and continue> through the e ntire psalm. The pronoun> "[" and "you" occur fre<juen t l)" in P. 119, and the reret ition of th.,.., pronoun. keep. t he elemen t of . ubjectivity in the foreground of the psalm, Benveniste not~ "We will rercei,'e the nature of th i. 'mbjeetivity' ewn more dearly if we con.ider the eIf"'t on th e me.ning produced by . .. certain verb. of 're.king. In saying I promi", I s"ara"'"" ! am ac' ually m.king a promi", or. gWiton' ..,"" An example of ' hi' occur> in p, 119:~7 where ,he 'reaker dedare" -My ronion i. YHWH; I promi", to k..,p )'our words." With ,h i. "atement ' he 're.ker not onl)" Jeeia,,, something, he al.o /"rfont" romething. "Performing- with l.ng""ge is explored and analyzed in .peech act theory, "'hich de>< Ii" of ,rIr",,,,... ,I>< point. For ' " ut'-~ r""",. ,t..n ," ru!l l"S"- SoD'" tim ."" ",r",_ ,OC< fi ... 1"""'" buI ...Jd. , ho, "'. ,,"'... ... y 'I",lili''' p«foo-... ",.... " " ,,,,", "" ng th< fin' 1"""" . lyon, Sr".""', 7~ . Srom""n. who i. devotod to .piritual discipline>. One nLlanco ofthe term "devotod" i. commitment, and the .pe.ker in P:< I! 9 i. certainly committed to To ... h . Y'" the .. i. more than mere commitment involved. When lhe term "devotion" i. u>ee how th e .peaker studie. and ob",,,-,,,, Torah. The ad",rbi.1 phr .... depKt the attit ude. or mlition of the .peaker. For example, in v, 34 the 'p, -I will observe it [Torah[ wholeheaneJly· (:l~ ~j:lj, and in v. 69, "I will keep your precepts wholeheaneJly· (:1, "~~ j. The phra .. '""holehe the ",-ay one .hould seek God (4.19j, love God (6 , ~; }0,6j, a nd .. rve God (10,)2; ) 1.13j. The phr ... i. used throughout the Former Prophet. to dese how the reorle of hrael . hould repIN al"adr;n proto_D . n e,..,ntial element of 'he p .. lm', me... ge. t>ot only does the .peahr ob.." .... God', word, but he explicitly wan" to oo..rve it. The aut oor of p, 119 .mph •• i,.. the 're.ker'. willingne .. with ".temen" sIKh ", "M.ko m. walk in the p>.lh of your wmm.ndments. beur commandments more than gold~en fine gold" (v. 127) ..Y' nothing about Torah study or Torah ob~rvance, and t he v"o mr J-u,,,t," " "11>< .bom ',un 000). ,"- s< ,urn ..."",
ewhere p>.n of the ..,mantic range of the word i. " playing. · For ""mple. I", 11,8 d.oc,ibe. idyllic condition> when " child who is not yet we.nea will t.. able to play (W'y\tll •• f~y nea r t he den of " venomou • • nake. In Prov 8,30 it i. ;uxtapos Torah will avoid straying from the poth of Torah.
'0
Phr... , nO tt>
" n g"'~K
( H~ ) I ,
'n SJ",w, "" II .... . ..J otlon /I" "'''''"''' h the metaphor of clinging to God. which occur. frequen tl)· in Deutemnomy and the F",mnno>t ... f""ring God. serving God. and obeying God', co>mm.ndments, Additionally, the metaphor ha. emotional ovenon .., Tho"" "'ho cling to Goo are devote< who cling to)'OU' 1'""",. ('Tn~ln~ C'~,,~ n" l'nInO~"') "moo ',""hom, ",.,0 !W"T~ ~"'~n ~~o 1""'1.., on ,,"'or ("""'<w)1 ()"" M''' '
To .. h i, a moan. by which the 'rue ....... nt of God demom,..t", fear and 10"e of God,
3.3.1.3 . The Spe' d iocu,..d in th. aoo,.., par.graph. fu>< ,h. 'peake" relation'hip wi,h God and J"'otion to Torah. For 'he au,hor of p, 11 9 no one can be a .. m.nt of GOerve Torah wi,hou, a comm i'ment to God. Eith .. on.-a relation,hip wi,h God or a relation.hip with Torah-en .. ilo the other; they are inseparably in,enwin,"", Insight and unders'anding of Torah i. only available for a .. mint of God. a nd the 'peaker conside" himsom. , .." ... p, 119 pr.i ..... nd describe< Torah ~xpJicitly, yet ",'en th~ exaltation of Torah contrib uto. to the m .... s~ th. t Torah .hould be studied and obeyM. Recognizing this rbetorical goal of tho p>alm h.lps to explain the , .. riotion and repetition t h. t a n .,..rli.. g~n ewion of schol .... disd.ined," In order to achie,.., tho goal of ponraying the function of To ....h in a .. I.. ion.hip, the author d"",ribe. tho emotion and volition of the .peaker in .ever. 1different ways, Although there is repoetition involved, there i• • Iso vari. tion; thus, tho author i. able to portray multiple f.c~" of the 'reoke" relationship with God .nd Tora h.
3.3.4 .L il.epi mil .. ,,, t il< ",-or an a"ist u..... dark col"r to crnt~ c"n'.-.". V,,'" I H provid", a good illustration, "I callout wholeh .. rtedlyan,w" me, YHWH, '" tho, I can k~ your ""u'~.," Th". i, no inform"i"n in 'he v~r'" aoout 'he >r.. ker'. , i,u"ion. The "~r'" ~m. imply t hat tm, 'peahr i. in a .itua,ion ,h .. migh l cau", h im go ... ray (perhaps ,im ilar '0 Pm,' 3008-91, b UI the circumstance. .... 1"", 7 .. em"" of ,10< L"We of 'm.d, , .. ,,~ I'''''' D. (M aron, GA, M",,,, Vn j.mitT " " ' , 1",,"1,
'"
" S«
"osaIm" "'rid" wJ ....... ,(01), " ' .
""l'u .00 'M R,1ipon of
Qumm,,·
100" ,. CoD ... . oo I!OOcription of the enemi .. i. an explicit cont"",t to him. It i... p«i.lly clear in ". 8~ t hat the u", of enemi .. in P. 119 h ighlights Torah ob ... rvanc" the .peaker declare>, "lhe insolent d ig pits for me that ar. no' acort of pit j, according to God', Torah'- AItern.ti",ly, the antecedent of th e relat" 'e pronoun may be the action of digging pits ' ather than the pits themse!>'"" and 'he action of digging pi" i, not someth ing that a Torah student would undertake," In any ca .., Ihe a uthor of P. 119 i. not concerned with pi", the trop< i. borrowed from lament p'alm. and redeployed to charapI< of 1".. 1. ,,,,,.Idol . 00 7.«Im< ide.1 Torah student and .he unrigh.eous, lhe primes.re no. explicitly I.beled unrigh •..,,,,, or wick«l, but .h.ir ont. goni.m . gainst .h •• peak.r i. c.priciou. (em), which mean •• ha • •hey do no. fe.r God or hi. word. In v, I~ .he .pe.ker u ..... 'pati.1 metaphor.o d.scribe .he wicked and con'ra" .hem wi.h .he ide.l Torah student, "The on .. who pu""" ",I><m.. dr .... " ear, but they are far from your Torah," Elsewher< in .he H.t>r<w Bible distance i •• phy.ic.l trope....."j.o ~gur•• n .lti.ud. or .p iri.u. l condi.ion, " For .xample, in I .. 29,1l God sars . hat .1>< f'«Iple draw neor to him with .heir lips b u. m.ke .heir h •• It, J i .. ant .
,i,
~ " .. ""'I v . fox. pri .. t< romm ...... bon, " "f.oM. ~t< n ,~ l k n 'S-h,,,,),.,. ,'n'''''t< w;u.'I"'.d .. JI",,,,,< of 'f" to.! ".''''phon'' w.n_ ,1< ...1«, I. .. '0',
'n
.w.r..IonrnO'ition. It .. a relatiwly common met.phor throughout the Bible, but P. 1 19 ,1 ~ i. the only,,,,,,,, in Scripture that use> this .pat ial metaphor for an a"itude toward. Torah." The a uthor continu.. 'he .patial metaphor in th~ following , ..,,"', "Y ouare near, 0 YHWH, andan your commandmen .. are t ru~" (". l ~ l ). Th~ .. me .patial trope i. u....J for .. I,'ation in v, 1~~, "Sal"ation i. fa r from th e wicked: and the >e God nea .. " p, ). Botha, in h i. ankle "The Function of the Polarity il« of God. S« """" . ',IY Languog< of ""r,- p. "', In ""'" "Ucol COOl< """"g< ,'V,J'ng , .. n.""M>n of Too"'. "" 0.10 ... p, '36, v,,"" 150. on dlu~"'M>n of on . """,. .. v< "'q"'""'. ,;n" '1""" """rho
< F.... m'" ..
-"".." "I' ill",! " "U 'l' ill . . >Ow'" """,no "'1'.1' 'I'""" "l'1" Ii", ... "", I""~ "1'1" "..J "'" "jiu ""I JO ''''' ..... " 'fl 'm"""H 'W "(lOOl''''P'''' 'imop' .' ) ,>iu,Z ~"'r.. 'J» '.I. v~qU! ·'_I~.V ~"'~n _'I'" .... " ''fP. ,!Iu"'''''IJO ''''m.. '~ 'd g, P"'" "'I' q>U[n ~""""">WrJ "",",u"..o.> "~ ", " H' 'oG"""'"' '''''q''' '" '( . """"">[1» "," W,"O' ",,,..,, .. "'~'J , rio< "~p "" ~f9 A) W'P ' ''''''' >f""'I' 0, ' [""'!lOP ~ " o " jUD "u",op punoJ~. uO!"~Jd .. ~'U -(0< 'A) .~W! ' "'l ' u~ "u'w~rn! mo., JOJ ~U!~UOI UlOJJ u",op pu not.l S] In.,., "I~" ,SU!"""lP S] '! "'Il ,.u~'U! '" '! >J!'~p '!H "PJO'" ,_~ JOJ ~J!"P "U~IU! '.J"'I~d, ~ 4' ,,,,,ool 0, 'U"gp d, '"odmd ~ n b!un • 10J UU'W, ! WOJJ P""'O.lloq """!P JO '~m~u'l '4' """ J04,m "'l ' 'Ill,,!,"",!' >!,,!u02.,u. U! ,.~O>d, "'l ' ~u!,",,,ool 01 UO!'lPP' U! >ttl T~r[ ~VJ0.1
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will )'Ou comfort me'" (v. 82) . A .imilar ..p .... ion occu .. in 'he previous ve"", "My ,",ul fa il. for your .alva, ion, 1 hope for your word" (v. 81). A theme ,hat i•• hared in 'hese '·e .... i. 'he no.ion of w.i,ing for GoJ'. To .. h_ Yet in o,her "er>e< 'he .pe.hr dKI .... th.' he will not forget To .. h, he will oboer"e To .. h, and >0 on. If ' he .pealer promise> keep God', word, ,hen why i. he w.i'ing for i,! ThUs, it i. dear from ,hi. logical gap t ha, th. a u,hor;' ponr.ying t he .pe.ker'. duire."
'0
3. J . ~_
The lAnguage of Char~c"r Formarjon
V.... 104 .. plicitly ponr.)'ll 'he proce .. of charK'er formation, "I comid.. )'Our prKepts, ,her1 of p, 119 ' he proce» of ch.r.cter form.,km i. Ie.. explici', and 'he .uthor depicts.he proce .. in ,·ariou. Wi.dom lite ... m. also addressulllg hi, own path,M
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ages of t l>< book of Pro,'erbs beli.ved thot the wi", are on t l>< path of life rather than th e path leading to death, and . im il.rly 1', 119 emph"'i'es t hat the righteous who follow Torah are on the right path, Another point of comp.rison l>etween the 're,""r in 1'. 119 and the wi", man in Proverb. i. the depiction of .. If-control or In Pro""rb., "the ideal typ< i. the '';Ient m.n: who excel> not only in tactical reticence .nd .. if-control ( .. in .arli.. Wisdom) but in r .. ignation, and humility ..... There are m any examples in p. 119 in which the .peak.. reacts to ,n antagonistic or dangerous ,ituation by ....,ning that h. n,.dit.tes on Torah, doV Deut 6:t;). Thi' i, repV)." The ,ignificanc< of this metaphor is
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" h»., Prow .., l_', IJ1"""",", 1_ll, " ', ..t.o du" ,,,. "'rtic Hi"or)' they faned to internalize To,..h a nd consequ.ntly forgot God; the prophet, Ez<xi~1 and I~r~miah d«lared that God would solve the problem .u]X"rnatur. ny (£lex 36; ).. 31 )." On. ""ho walls in To ... h . who i. by the definition of P. 119 also a stud.nt o f Torah. und .. goes • • pidtua1 and intellectual tran.forma· tion by mem. o f internalizing Torah, The proc~ .. i> .imilar to the acqui.ition of wi.Jom d~",ribv< Go 0' ,0.- IX.,,,,,,",,,,,,,,, lIi>l"",. Sow«. r.". BibIK.J .00 1h God to incline h i. h e.n to the testimonies (" , 36). He request. thot hi. hea .. would he conti nu.lIy in the st.tu tes (v. SOl. He decl.,es thot he has inclined hi. hea .. to p< lid"", BibIr 'n "!;hI 0< th< ""'. of Ii.oo. . nd otnm """ h",.. ,um'n,d ",Iy Chri."", 1;«,.,...-. ",-.,.uId [;k<m "'o,n
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Go,r.
commandm.nt>-which
3.3,6, Incom;"end« '" 'he PO"M},"I The portr.yal of the ex.mplary Torah >!ud~nt i. not alway. comi>!ent. Whybray I.bel, >ome of the "atement> paradox< them to t he p.. lmi, Thi. confidence stem. from hi, petition in v. ~ for God to help him ob",rw the I.w, Verse 22, he"',,..,r, I> with. petition for God to remo,'e hi. reproach. The .... ond half ofth. ye..., pro"id« the rea IW
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".
.>h'ns""",
. The example. of incons;",,,nd .. listed abo"" ore ."btl., but 0.1> (v. ~ 2 ). If t he 're.ker of p, 119 neyer err...!, n",-er n.,.,Jed God', help, never exreriencM dim... fu] ,i,ua,iono, .nd hi> 'f"'< path ' Many ver",. include the motif of dan~"'r or antagoni.m on the path, but in v, U t l>< .peaker declare> that he will walk about in ON:urity and in v. 32 that he will run in the p"th. Running on the path and walking in >e for proper behavior. and what i. more. r , 119t..c,,", thot those who internali"" Torah will natur.lly ch .... the right p"th-thot i., the righ t beha>'ior. Their choice. will flow from their charocter. which ha. been .haped by immersion in Torah . Petition •• nd claim. of innocence in the chapter also ill"'tra« that rhetorical concern. control t l>< p"rayal of the ideal Torah student, As noted . bove, numeroWi ver",. juxt.p", petition. with claim. of
innoc~nc~.
Th..., '·er.... indicate that the 'peax.r b< who To .. h . The 'peaker reperve God', ,Utute .. If the .p hi. commitmen' to God'. word. The metaphor of the path, which;' so pen'a.h.., in P. '19,;' a trope that the a uthor u ••• to portray different ",enes." The pat h function. a • • setting in which the .peak"" acts or reacts to others, who are . Imo" exclu.ively the wicked, For example. 'Wicked men..,t a . na .. for me. but I did not ""y from your pree.pI'· (v. 101). In this example t he .peaker doe. not interact with the wicked, but he doe ...act to danger by rem.ining faithful and committed to God', preeept>. lust a. lif. for the righteous i. not . lw.y. free from danger or antagonism. so al, there i. a mimetic function to the trope that i, important fo, the portra)-al of the >peaker. The trope of the path i. not mimetic in the .. me ,,-oy tha, • narrative i •. How",'er. the p.. h function> a. a setting in which tl>< "",,-ant . cts, o. to mi. , imiles, like a background on which diff.r< .oov.';,,:C" d;..o""""
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pe"'peed abo,.., ha,-e a cumulative effect on inlerpret.tion, For ... mpie, in v. 161 the .pealer lamen"', ·Princ~. pursue me for no re • ..,n." The trope of the path is not .. plicit , th.t i., the pursuit could ta xe plac~ anywhere. How,,-.r, .inc~ the troj>< of the path i. so frequent throughout the chap"r, it i. natural to .. ad this ver .... an example of t l>< us< of t l>< trope. Additionally. oth~r occurr~nce. of t l>< trope involve some sort of danger for the 'peaker, .uch as trap. or .nares, which are typically plac"" on. path in order to be effective, Grouping v . 161 logether with the other ,-ers and to complete the e.pan. j,'e ac'o>tic, but the r~p< ""'m ""1'..... Vni,.""ity r"", '97'1, 2M. H ' " ' " .... in,roduct"r ''''pt''' for • da.u""'" ol tl>< po«o.. of tl>< ,..,urn . n (v, 62), and Torah is h i, conversation portner all day long (v. 97) , In fact, he prai",. God for hi, won:! '",,'en tim .. a day" (v. 164), The .peaker deJigh" .nd rejoices in God', word. but he doe. not I.ke hi. commitment lighlly, He fear> God'. judgme nts (v, 120), and his hean trembles at God', word (v. 161), lhe cumul.ti", elfect demon",.t .. th.t the repetition
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OmLAk' TOkAIi STU""NTIn SUASI"" FOkC.
In th~ abo ... p.aragraph •• I .rgue th.t th~ aut hor comtructs, persona who moJ~ls the mes ..ge. The a uthor doe. not exhort the r.. der to obey and .. udy Torah. imtead he ro""Y' oom of Torah "udy. 'pedfic.lly a .itu.tion of """uri.y. Another ad,.. ntage of following Torah i, t be ovoid.nce of ,hame. Th .. i. a n important motif throughout the Bible. and the >< J.;""' ...... of WldthJnUTOWD"'"" on< of""
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,,.iorne ver ... make tha explicit. "Then I "'iIl n.,t he .. ham.d, when I ga"" at all of yo>ur co>mmandm.nt' (v. 6). The conjunction "then" (Iii) at the beginning.,f the "er.., make> the benelit of avoiding ,hame logically depend.nt on v. ~, which emph •• iu. the 'peake,', desire t., ob",r", God', "atutes properly. Yet the .",ond h.lf of v. 6 mak .. the benelit lo>gically dependent on "gazing at all of your commandmente ..... u] .. in the ability to p rais< God correctly, 'p t he dose" to linking the two topi .. explicitly, "0.,.1 wit h your .. rnnt according 10 your mercy, and teach me your
t>!udent in different . itu.tiom. The implication for lhe reader i.,hot following Torah en.ure> God', help, even if it i. delay..J for some unknown ,.ason. l .4.2 . A &mnJary Function of TraJjrjonal R.ijgjou, r'mguag< The author poortr.Y' the 'I"'.ker a. someone whose .poee language, A. I argue in the above ..,ction., one eIf"'t of placing thi. language in th e mouth of the 'I"'ahr is to characterize th e 'I"'aker •• >omeone who i. immer>eCttve/y ,uppl)'inS tbe mi"ins . .... mplloo • • nd conciu.;o,,", the
read .. p.a"'''p.al'' III the ''''''''''ing p'''' .... aOO by llIlpa
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What i. til< concept of Torah in Psalm 119' It promo,", an expan.i"" conception of Torah, but there i. no explicit d.,jinition of Toroh in the psalm. h proi..,. a nd ... lts Toroh, but •• Abraham He> are also inherently just and demand justk., Since God i. merciful and good, God de.ires to do good things for
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ClfAPTEO f()V.
creation, e'pecially t he cre.ture, made in GoJ', image, Therefore if one wiU follow God', instruction, i, will lead '0 true life, For the mos' part, the implications listed in the previous par.graph assume a ,'ef)' exp.nsive conception of Torah. In order to construct thi:! expan,;,'e concep'ion, the psalmi" repe.t> cert.in locution. with alteration. and heaps up term. for Torah, The process of multiplying ,'arioli term. i•• imilar '0 the way that the book of Pro,'erbs usndIKl>i
th.,
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jah",,_!hl>t' n 8< are all a .ingle. uni~ed en'ity, becau.., 'hey are all from the mouth of God. None of 'he inst. n,iation. men,ion«l in p, 119 are uni~ue. For example, in both P.119 and in the Pentateuch, "regulation," (D'O~''''D ) i. a word that refe" '0 .ul.. 'hat humans ,bouW obey, The relation.hip be,w«n God'. word and nature t hat i. deKrii>ed in P. 119 ,89-91 i. no' a fr"luen' motif in 'he Hebrew lIible. bu, i, doe. occur, God', control of creation by mea", of hi. word i. found in the books of P.alm. and Job. It aloo occurs in Proverb. and, of course, Gen",i .. ' Since 'hese notion. are included in Ps 119, t he auth or i. promoting something mot< ,han a collectk>n of commandments. In 'he previous chapter, I argue ,ha' P. 119 describe> 'he function of Torah in 'he ...,Iationship betw""n God and 'he .ption i. Torah, bu, it is no' an imtan,i.t ion of Torah in the .arne ",ay th.t a 'pedfic comm.ndment i,. Included in , he constell.tion of ide. . . bout God .nd the ",Iation,hip l>etween God a nd human ity i, the usumption ,h.t God desires to '''''.,.1 to humanity K>mothing abou, the being and de""" of God. How does the . uthor know thi.l He know. becau.. Torah te.ct.... him. Since Torah ' each .. that God .peala ' 0 h um.nity and Tonh is the word of God, Torah te.ches .bout Torah. Thi • ..,If-",feren,ial no,ion i. an import.nt facet ofthe "'pan" ... concept of Torah, d e.pite the f.ct 'hat p, 119 ney", m.k .. i, explicit. 4.2. WHAT P'ALM 119
Ex.o.".,
Although P.alm 11 9 d.,... no' <xplicitly define Torah, it doe. include explkit statements about Torah, and discumng , he .. ""ements helps clarify the conception of Torah in the psalm. The explicit dedara'ions demons".te 'hat the au thor'. conception of Torah c.nnot be limi,ed to the Pentateuch Of any o,her specific text. One pi«e of evidence that .upport. thi. claim i. , he Jiot inc,ion between explicit ""emen" that de>orne of the d ata in tbe following "",ion •• in which I first discw> the eight To.-.h term. and secondly explore the explicit .tatemen" them .. I,"",.
4.2.]. Th< Toral, T..-"" In .dd ition to Torah «11m), ' he ""'en other teft'" in p, 119 are "word" (;nlll'l ), "word " (""1:1""1). "regul. tion" ( O~I:'I:l ), "commandmen, " (;1Wl), "".,ute," (C'j.ln), -"ipulation." (n1W ), .nd ·precepts" (C'"T1j.l~ ).LL It
w",
" t " ,.. , ..... , ,,..,,,",,,, .. new en"ironmen' ."" Exploring 'he contextual meaning. of 'he eigh' Torah ' em" i. much more helpful fo r e"abli>hing
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o.",ronomr ,o.n ","" 1"'" of olu: "dM-"" Bib! the context better than "te could theoret ically represent a defect;,'e .p< .. m< ... y.• "''''I>< .. ~ c"..-", OrjKJ IN,......,. of 11>< 'mpomn' pcin' food i,,," ...... n "", ,t.. fon", ",m g"p" "''''r Od< n' i an,/ an Ab",..,a Concept Th" eight term. are u..,.j in d ill"erent way. to .. fer to two .. mantic level.-the . b"'act concept and the individual commandment .. Although """mantic I",..,t." i ••• pat ial metopoo, and i. therefore not oxtr"rnely p,,,d .., i. provides a ba.i. for furt h", di..:u»ion. Initially, the . ight term. em "" >oned according to which .. rm. or" ",manti,a lly Ie .. specific and which are more 'p "",..ral example" a cow i.a kind of anim." a roo< i. a kind of flower; and so on, The lerm anim.1 i. ",uperordin.te" 10 the lerm cow-a differenl "level" of me.ning." Similarly. any comm.nd menl, >!at ule, or prKer' mu>! be deliveroo 10 mankind in word., The ".'emenl -h um.nily h •• ".'u'e. from God" implies , h., "humanily h.. word. from God: bUI Ihe rever .. i. nol nec.... rily Ihe ca"" Word • • re nol nK..... rily "atute., Thus, ""atUI"'" (o';:>n) i•• hyponyrn of "word" ("1:11). and Ihe ~ Iwo lerm. corre.pond wilh Iwo semanlic level. used 'hro ugooul P. 119, For the two lexeme. U1 and ;nm~, Ihe implication work.> bolh dir«Iion" i, is bilateral." Thus U1 i. a kind of ;nIlN, a nd ;'"'II:l" i. a kind of "1:1"T, "The definilion of hyponymy in lerm. of unilate",1 implication en.bl ... "" 10 defi ne synonymy . s bilateral, or .ymmetrical hyponymy; if x i•• hyponym of y and )' i •• hyponym of '", lhen x and yar•• yno nymou.:" Using 'his defini' ion Ihe Iwo lexeme. "'1:11 and ;'"'I nN are .ynonymous, The synonymily i, nol created in r, 119. bUI it i, reinforced by 'he aUlhor'. US< of Ihe Iwo lerms. Thi •• ynonymily. however. arpli .. only 10 the lexical meaning of the lerm., The lerm ;'"'II:lN i. UoM more often Ih.n "'I~' wilh l he conlex,u.1 meaning of ·promise" ( ... below at p, 119), Thu", Ihe lexic.l meaning' may be 'ynonymous, bu, Ihere are differences belweUp'""d"',,· . 00 ,.,." ""''''pondi,,!! " "" i, "'" "'Ipfu! '" u,< mor< 'P"'!ic "'m~ ~ • " "" ,hot ~ oJ .. oJr " "d in UnS"""O '" .10" ,,,,,", • 'T"tKt'" .. r.,.,,,,h'p, l)"ft~
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ClfAPTEO f()V.
1h. term. "".t UI"," (C'i'n), ·"ipulotion' (nl1)1), and ·prff.pu"
(O""i'll) always refer to instantiation> of God', word and alway. occur in the plu ... l form. In con'"",' , Torah alway. ref.rs to the ,1>1;' '''e enumerated, . nd this i •• imilar to the m. of t he . ingular in ", 9;" ·Your commandment make. me wiser than my enemies" ('::I'NIl lnlllll 'JIl::lnn),"The remaining two term. (""1::"1 a nd Dll,",ll) occur in
~ '0Il'. romm n). "pr"'~p" (C'"!';:>!). and ""ipul.tion' (n nv) denot~ dirKt;"e. th>t can be enumerated and .hould bt' obeyed. observed, or perfornled. ThW! they refer to inst.ntiation. of Torah. Distingui.hing between the .. t~rm. i. difficult, in part, bec.use thore i • ..,m~ ",mantic overlap between the term" For example. out>iJe of P. 119 it migh' bt' ptutes" (c';:>n), th.t is. ,be lexem~ ",,>tute." (C'i'n) has a broader range of meaning than "commandment>· (nIlZC ), Yet ~ven if this i. true for t he lexical meaning, th~ distinction breau down in p, 119 du~ to the author'. use of t he term •. The same can be uid for "p rec~pts" (C'"!';:>!) and "stipulation," (m ,., ). Each ofth~ .. four term, i, uS«! wit h the met.phorof t h~ p.th, for example, ·way of rour st.tu,e' (T i' n T'1' v. 33), and ""'ay of your prec~pts" (T"i' !) 1"" ". 27). lhe author WI with other words for commandment .. the m~aning "i. u.ually completely homogenizM; the word. ",rYe then, a• • ynonymoW! J.,.ignation. for Yahweh 's ordinanc~. and commanJm~nt ... " h it po";ble 'h>t the a uthor thoughtle .. ly interchange. the eight Toroh t~rm.l 00.. he 'imply follow the poetic const,aint> of using one of t he term. in ~>ch ver",> For example, the author u... "righteous" (jT1 llJ to desc,ib< GxI', "ipul.tiom (nnv v, 144), and God'. "ipulations ..~ not d...,rib1,''''' by recognizing th.t Torah canno' b< limitek< P-'~ of i" forn..t "",,'" lor- ;" 'ubj«'ior. but it i, also different .ince it doe. not refer to directive> that can"" enumerat"", The phra", "according '0 your word" de",,,,,", fu rth er con.ideration, beau"" it i. uS«! differently in r. 119 th.n it i. anywhe", el.. in the Hebrew Bible and I>«:au"" it i. used in different ",-aY' within this psalm.
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...... pon not to leave h im buried in Eg)l"_ Joseph repH•• that he would do - ..cording to your word" 11"1::1:1 Gen 47,J()) . The referent of "word" i ••1.., de .. when the ph""" include. a proper name, for example, "accord ing 10 the word of Mo ... • (ExoJ 8,9). II i. <Sp
)'Our won!." In v. 49 t il< 'reak~r retition., "Remember the word ("~l 1~') for your ..,rvant, uron whkh you made me hore." The author rerea" the combination of hoping on God'....ord ",yeraJ time. in the remainder of the p.. lm. Four different , .." ••" ( 74, 81, 114, and 147) end with 'he phrase "I hore for your ...ord" (' n'm' l 1.:I1'J). There i. an additional dim.nsion to the ""emen" di>'iou. paragraph. du. to the fac' that God i. obligated keep God', ...ord . It i. not merely a po»ibili'y thot God will .ct in a cert.in .... y, bu, rather, more imrortantly, a certainty. By ghing God'. word, God obligates God; the retitions of 'he 'realer are therefore not .imply th., God win act in a certain way but ,hat God will do it no .... "It ;. not about a promi"" for per..,n in particular, but abou, one for any g1,-en pe.-.on in any gi,-en t ime, For thot rea..,n the 'realer now requ .... that he would he ... ctly tha, person."" Thu •• the .. ver .... ha", a double function, Namely. 'hey indk ... that To .. h includ .. promi",. for God', .. rYant, and at t il< .. me time they ch.racterize God', ..,ry.nt a, on~ who trum on ' he promi",. of Torah.
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· Word ·- ,nr.lI< lhroughou' my , .. n.lotion of r. 119. 1 u.. "word " '0 t ranslate ;'1 Y.lli and I include 'he Hebrew in order to distingui.h it from 1~"T. Thi' i. the la ical meaning of 'he term. b ut it doe. not n« .. sarily .. n"" t il< contextual meaning, The author of p, 119 usct. In y. 67 t h~ .peaker d.clar.. ,hat he ob",,,..,. God'. word (' n Y.llV l IT11lI< ); it doe. n"t make >en .. to
..,,,,ra!
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120
ClfAPTEO f()V •
• rgue that the ,~hr ob .. rv.. God', promi .... In v. 133 the ,~ker petitiom God to ..... bli.h his in God'. word ( ;nll~ ), and v . l~ define. the treacherous as those who do not obserw God', word (;'1"'Il~), The translation "promi"'" distorts the meaning of all three of th"", vers ...
" that the people .hould observe and teach to their children. It i... pedally common in Deuteronomy, where the twenty occurrence. in the plural all refer to the commandments," Several of the explicit "atements di.CUMn, nllOll, nl1J'. D"li'~ ) and thus reference instantiations of Tor.h. In different manu>= IJ'I' u,," ..."'t """) ',m''''''! '" ,ho M']' 0
'" 'ri"
G in God'. word. The .. example> use it to de",ril>< Ihe .peaker'. OOservan« .,f Torah . For example, in v. 44 the .peaker dedar.. tha, he will 00"''''' ("1~lV) God'. Torah continually, forever and ever (1pl o'nv'? TOn), IS A . imilar statement.,f intent occurs in v. 112, "I ha", inclined my heart to do your " atu t"" for"",." Ver", ~1 is t he only example of the eleven ver ... with the word o'np that poil". backward in time rath .. than f.,rwa,d, by using the phra .. "from of old" (O'nYO), Thi. ph,...., can indicate the eternal past." However. v. ~ 2 doe. not indicate explicitly that God', w.,rd <xistM into the ",mal past. The .peaker'. ded .... ion, "I rememl>efor no' .pedfr exactly when God', .. ipulation. came in'o t>eing, Non .. hele .. , , he use of both C1 i' .nd "TO' evoke. 'he motif of creation a nd an a"""iation with anden, ' imes. like v, I~l, vv. 89-91 indude both ,h. """, ion motif and .... temen' ,h a' God'. word will I,." fore ..... The explici' "atemen" in ,he .. provid e some grammatical challeng.. and demonstrate 'hat 'he conception of Torah in P. 119 canno' t>e limi,ed to 'he Pen' .'euch.
".He.
~m'
c;,v'>
C'O\:.':I :I~'
'f'\:1'
P.1 19,8'/
Fo",,", 0 YHII'H. }"U, ~'orJ j,
mablj,h,J '" lh,
h,al"'" V .... 89 ".tes th at God'. word wiU la" forewr (0;'1"7) and 'hat it i, "ationOO in the h",,"ens. Dei"I. . . rgues 'hat 'he psalmist, wi,h t he u.s< of ,hi .... rb "".. ionOO" (:I~'), intend. "eviden,ly. personific.'ion of the divine word ..... Booi) di.agr"". wi,h Dei"kr and clai m. th.t ,hi. ,'erb "repre""nts a 'p
is the ca"" then the verse would re.d, "You founded your f.ithfu lness for gene,,"iom." Reading the fi,st half of the "'rs< a. a \"erble.. claus< i. a more .imple ool ution, and there i. very little difference in meaning.
Acco,d,"t '0 "'"' r'1luw'iom "and ,wa)"
'"q
"",a"" aU "r< "'"' .m'a"", In v. 91 there i. no explicit .ubj«t for the verb " they >la nd" ("IlV), The .ubj«t ofthe plural verb mu>l he t he hea\'en. ( v, 89) a nd the earth (v_ 90 ), indicatin~ a meri.m for the universe, In other word., ev< written instantiation •. Explicit "atemen" in P. 119 dt'Cl. re th.t Torah i. true. fa ithful, righteou. , miraculom, good, upright, and without impurit ie •. Such st,tements apply attribut ... of God to Torah, It may .. em .. If-evident that Torah would h .... th ... ch .... cleristks •• inee t l>< ","uree of Torah i. God. However, the author u ... the .. me vocabulary of both God and Torah in order to make the connt'Ction aplid1. For e .. mple, v, 39 declare< that God'. regulations .re good . Verse 68 dedares th.t God i. good and one who doe. good thing ••• nd v. M .Iso declares th at God ha. Jone good. Another attribute of both God and God'. word i. righteou. ne .. (j.l"11l), P. 11 9 a""ibe. it to Tor.h (w, 7, 62, n,,,,,,,;,,,) a. well .. to God ( •. 142). Ascribing the ume attributes to both God and Torah i. one ex.mpie of phenomena found thfOugho~t t l>< p>alm that .. pand the conceptual .phere of Torah. Through t l>< reretition of term. and locution. a nd the Juxtapo.ition of those locution. in different ways, a network of relation.hip< e merges. The ,esulting ",..,b of interrelated ide.. ;. gre.ter than the . um of the indiviJual ,'e.-.e>, Thi. undermines the notion t hat th e repetition i. merely for the uk< of 1ic,
4.2.3. Torah Study P.alm 119 contai n. a new vi.ion ofreJagogy, the new v;'ion includes the to the 'palm', conception of Torah, Ion Lew"",n . nd YehodlUa Amir come to very d ifferent condu.ion. about the nature of Torah >ludy in p, 119, a nd at the root of their d iffere nce, are t heir r"'petate" On the one hond, he know, the To",h . oJ h.. '9l. nce in order unJe"tand i,,"" According
'0
" ""'n """ h." ."" , ,,,
W il n) .. 10. ",*" of t h< v ""..,h" ('O~). 'I""
, i&oIy n . tl , 26, 6I!, " , tN, m ,.0 .....n""'.,,,.
T",":
" ..... n"'", .,,,. Sou«. . of ,ro. ~ l' ,• .,~ .... L . ;U,."., M'~" ~nl"" 0"':>.,,,,., .m h nr.m C'ON ~n'~ ..-~.., ~nro':> T"1. ~,~ y,,,",,, ... ~m", 1>';) ~lI>m II>"~" ..,~,.,. m rm7,rn., '" f'"'l ~'~o mot"lbC r i m, ~'"'' t"1o. PIKr of 110 '" "" ",1;P>n of t" .. I: in >rudi" '" '"'''''''J' of Jo>i<w Mm (Hrbr""ll (I'd A,· ~· , """",hod tOO'l, 76.
r""" '"
.>alm
Gri."
W'1'''''
""'.m, '" ,,,IOObut, 5 ov ~l~" N'Illl~ "\0 r~ 'rr'II> __ Am;'-,"'t.< pla« of pulm t 19 in II>< ",hgion of brad' IIId"""I, "" t -.... ,t.< no,"", of;nde auributed to more coincidence or to a n o,-ersight on the pa" of the a uthor, but how doe. their omi";on help one understand th. concept of Torah in p. I 1911he absence of word. for writing. ",ril>e., or book. ("'I!ltl, lJ'"'l!l1tl :l11~ . tl'J1nJ ) i. miking • • ince Ihe author of P, 119 was cenainly concerned with texts and writing.'" Moshe Grffnl>erg not ... "The absence of reference to a book agr"". quite ",.n with t he .pet' in the ~rst pa" of Deuteronomy. where th. very .p«i~c commandments of God are to be taught not from a book bUI by hearing them from p.rents ..... Since p, 119 ha. so many .ffiniti.. with Deuteronomy, this i. a goo.! OO> with the au thor'. rhetoric provides a more complete .. plan.tion. If the ter m "co,-enant " were used in 1', 119. it would almost certainly I>e under>too.! as a reference to the covenant betw".n God an d 1",,1 at Sinai." Of cour.. th ere are " t her covenants in the Hebrew Bibl., but in the context of command ment.. statute .. precept .. and stipulation> ( m~tl, tl'jm, tl"1i'~, and nnl'), the natural roint of reference would I>e Sinai. Therefore the referent of Torah would be implicitly lim ited, and this would undermine t he author'. promotion of To ... h without limit> (v. 96 ).
~ 11>< . utoo. 00. ..... ,o...urn "'~ .. . .. n.. · w i th m)· I;p< I =""m .__ • (•. tJ) onalmi>t do« not u.., t il< term "co,-en.n'" bN:au .. P. 119 i. a p .. lm of th. individual," A, [argue in the intro ductory ch'pte" th e d .. ign.tion "p.. lm of the individu.l " ha. unw.rranted implications, ,ince it i, deri\'ed from the form critical method of Gunkel." How,,-er, Dei"l., i. co".ct,h .. the term "co,-en.nt " would e\'Oke the relation'hip het",,,,,n God and a communi'y of retud.nt. Thu., the term "coven.n," would he counterproductive for both of the . uthor' ••u •• ive goals. 'pedfically promot ing an exp.mi"e concept of Torah and portraying.n exemplary Torah student , Another topic that i. never mentioned in p, 119 i. the cult, "No use a word for offering. (n1:rTl). but it i. wed metaphorically of pray.,. or prai.." "I..,t the olfering. of my mouth he plea.ing, 0 YHWH." Since t il< stipulation. regarding t he proper performance of t h. cult were revealed at Sinai, any dis< m;s", w,o' ,,, ''II'" ,lut "'" , ,, lh< om;,,"" of ou tOOo- of P. , .. ,ubK,ihn) .n
col""
,"'u",
,to
" " _ 1-'. "S. " fm,- """'"'''' II>-Jl. " L
,.d.".
the feet of YHWH a . the one and only teacher of wisdom,"" Sinc< p. 119 do not we word. fo, wisdom, the word "wisdom" .hould be replaced with "Torah"; that i., the .peaker desire. to ,it at the feet of God a. the one and only te""her ofTor.h,
4.3.], Torah a,
~ Hypo"~,i>I
Because the author exalts Torah throughout t be P. 119. Torah "",m. to take on a life of its own. It i. clear in >orne texts that God'. word wa. hypo"a.iz.e.:l. but i. Torah in p, 119 a hypo"a.i.' Can the conception of Torah in P. 119 b< correlated with the Logo:; ofGreon i, not concerned with how t he connection. betw... n G,eek philooophy and anc;'nt M<sopotamia took plac took plaee i. immaterial, "What is of importance i. t hat for at I",,, two millennia prior to t he ris< of the StOK ",bool of philo!Ophy, neighboring < '"m "hypoo,,- ~ .-; n "" T''''m ,«h n ~ '«m "' ,'" < "..,...,,, ",bI< " • "",,,, 0( .d>DI.rlr d:1 "'" "rm'~ M ~~.,.,. ~
M
N,,,
"',.00.
in,. ,
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" ""I>.-. d.. q....,"'" of 'k< origin> ofT",...,. bu, p, !t. do ""'_
,ho, ......
of Toroh i> fund.mentally d ifferent than generating new Torah.
4 .4. A COSC. "" T HAT " GUAT£k T>lA." THO S UM OP T H. PARTS
The expan,ive, abstract concept of Torah in p, 119 i> great., than the ,urn of the par", ~pite the fact th.t this ph,...., i. a cliehcription may even include a m.terial, list .nd deta il«l >, and promi"" are woven together like t he th read. of. tapestry into Torah, whic h transcend •• random collection of commandments both in form .nd function. Any panicular comm.ndment is lik~ • thre.d of the tap< individual thr""J ..... just that-threads. When the threads ar~ wO\'.n togethel', the thr~.d. do not change in e... nce. but the tap
The aixJv1, groups ore not .yllogi"",.. None of the .bo.... "aternents in c) follow> logically from the "a'emen" in a) and b). Furthermo"" the relatio",hips in c) "X is Y" are d ifferen t in all of the aOOv' example •. Li"ing the .bo .... ver.... ide by .ide . imply illu" .. t.. how d iff... nt concept. are woven togcth
Tu," "'Y of the ,peller', mental proc...... i. God', word. What doe, the .ut hor me. n with 'he phra .. "look at your path,"!
Ii.,,,
""'y
~
M, nr MSS 1I 00.. "'"
" , d;","" , f"
""" roo. .flt.< ",01 in dwp'«> , . nd J. 1h, m of this ,'er", alone, one should not condude that God'. regulation> are an expres.ion of merry, How,,'.r, the author make. that argument el .. where in the cha pter. a nd Ihe repetition of th. v.,b "lif." (;'I'n) . ..ociat.. v. l~ with other ,'er"" that uS include a n explicit promise, "Honor your fa ther and mother in o,J" ,I,", you, day. rna)' be long "f',m 'h< la"d, which t l>< Lord your GOO is ghi ng you" (hod 20:12, d. [ku, ~'16 .nd Eph &2). Since the ide. that Torah includes promi",. occurs elsewh .. e in p. 119, Dei"l.. adopt. t his a, the oot . "Remember the word for your ... tvant, upon which you hove mode me hop0 indic at", t hat GOO', word in P. 119 is not limited to com-
,..,rb
Goo',
~
F..- f"rth1' ",.t:m ~~"" .on,,, n"" ~M'" .Cct: 'nJ:lN' II, ""n. 171. ~
S« llio , .. d;",",,,,,",
,.,t. At the .. me time. ther argue 'hat Torah i. h.., of dK .",..".1 ""P' of the P'oc,,,, in.ight lead . to learning, which lead. to obedience, which i. rewardeJ with "life." Ve.-.. 144 jump> from insight dirK1ly to "life" and expect. the r.ad .. to fill in the oth .. steps. This conclu,ion would be unwammteJ if v. 144 were the only 'XlImple that required th e re.Jer to ,upply the logical connections; how"""r. there are multiple .xampl.. throughout t he chapter. V er .... th.t include logical g.ps . re .i milar to "di.jointed proverb.: and some, for example v. 144, c an be classified a s enthymemes,' I> lhe . utho, ... rely explain. the nature of the relationship. betw""n t he "ich., and the logical gap' force the r""def to th ink about th em,'"' To • certain exten'. one can demarca .. the conception of Torah in p, 119 by contrasting it with other conception. of Torah. s.,,·eral contI'a," h ...·e already ken drawn. Psalm 119 doe. not equ.te Torah with wi.dom as do lien Sira. Wi.JomofSolomon. and Genesi, Rabba. Torah is not a uni,·..sal, a n ideal, or a hypost • • i" Contrary to L.wn>n, there i. no evidence that Torah i. new unmeJi.ted re,·el.tion that (orne> to the .ypplicant in n .... Altboush Amir may he correct that P. 119 contai n. prec",sors to halakah, h i. argum.nt that t he author saw a wide open expan .. hWden within the text
-
"'ie ...1 v, fox. ",b< Rh«"""'u nlOk< "" """",,'ie", ,t.< , .. pkt .o.1k>w, fa-. ~"k ,omp"""d dW ;1"' O'"1~O ,,'In:m lru 1", Ialter, t he compiler emph • • ized a complex t heological conception of Tor.h. The
'"',-.,dud.....
, S« "'" , " J,., Arnieo, von R. " ,,,,1 d.B
< M ... _ ".,j;,..... t oo _ ""cl..-N ~ oe< m ",h of tl>< ",""'ne< d .oJ 1M """" of """"'" """." "" th< T"t> ol tI", D< ,«Ioctoo of to. pul,,,. [n th< int,oo",'''''' '" hi' < fi",_I"'~ d ; _ ol , I>< """", "'" 0'''' ;.. •• to"l. 147_".r ,I« fi",_I"~ J,,",, ..... • •.. . 1;6, von ,'"" Z"II"hbrigk," , urn ,-al,k.iondI,,, A"fnS nichl> "k
Co,,,.,,.,.,, ""
"""n,
"'''''""''l,IOn
£0""
''''1.1 ' '.
",,-ri
ob..,.,...
~.1 , 2,
1h< F"qu to a solut ion, it i, fi", neitoo of to. p,.I",. • "'",no."!,,, K . .""I""""".k< K""'r"'"' G«'" 'm Pwi",. 370-71. • · Sct.lOdll~h w;.-d d., lim {;efolg< Wil>oml o.houp"" ""'mung t07I'" (1'. 176). 11>< ,..., !h;"lI CO" 0. ,.;d iN '-'""no.'8' " """ ;,,,If. Il i' <mph..,i, i, ,0. lO"s ..~ e"ablished by thematic and l~xic.1 links, such as ,h. concenlrk arrangement of p" 1~-24 Orlhe collection of PM 9 3-100." Thualient roin' for my "udy i. t ho, I>o,h 'he fiv~-p." macromu wi'hin 'he macrootru
Salm, n.rn~ l y p, 19. Bo,h p, I .nd p, 119 rortray a rer",n who ... "delight" (rrm) i, in To ... h and who contempl ..... God', word day and nigh', The contr,,, t>et",,,,,n the righteous and til< wickealm 148 empha,ize. God', cont rol of nature by mean. of his command (;'11 ~ v. ') .nd hi, word (1:l1 ,'. 8), Psilm 147.1", de",ribes th~ power of God', word: "He ",nd, hi, "~rd (onnl< ) to th ~ eanh; his word (""1::1 1 runHe'Y 'wiftly" (Ps 14n'). LI This .. m~ word of God can melt ic~ and ,now (P, 147;18), and it w. . . 'pecial gift to Israel;
r, 147J9
H, """o"""d ni> """J to 1""00, ""J hi, judgm'"" to
hi, "oM" P. 147JO
/",,,L H, JjJ not do
'U .,~., T~ ;W 'V ,..,
"'for 011 tit. ""tion,
,,, MOl " tV'!' '" =~",m """ ,hty do ,." ""'",,' tht ugu/e< in p, 119 that .ub"itute Torah in place of God, v, 92 .ub"itute< Torah in place of YHWH'. help." It ;. also
» hx . J, .. u ...... of!h" group of po.oIm. <no ,,, ,,",""'.h'pto T",," >« Milkr, "K'ng>h'p, To.-ah ObN"ocplay t he .... me ou, tho one "'ho delights in God'. command men", There are numerous th.mat k and lexkal link< between P. 112 and P.. 1, 19, and 119." For example, P .. 1, 111, and 119.11 begin wi,h ..,'"'" and the roo' "T. :!." oc.buoth)
"
110---1 J6,
13-8 144.14'
Zion (Sullo/h)
D. vid (=hatologkali """,iomc)
m
IR _ '''"I.I I''''m, A _ ......h< poaIm)
» \,.nou, .d." I", ],.".., _al Ii>< ,",,"",;"'" "'_'" "" 1, l'Ib. md 119, "N u, '" P. m.l b"""'' tho< '" t 19 ;, d ,flkuh to ;n(< d;(Jk ul.,-, ·W,nn nun '-'''II'' oII",j ;n g> J.. Not '"' TuS'oo mod". Orukm " 1 (9 "hI .. h, ... ,-'n''''''' "'~C "'" do. "",h "';n< ... MKhn a rrangemen' by no'ing ·"ructural signals" in Book V and d",,,,, .eyeral condmions,ll p.. lm. I II anJ 112 ".r~ 'he r"pon", '0 ,h. orad .. of p.. lm 110"" Th. compo.i'ion Jirects 'he re.Jer '0..., in ' Il< 'j; of p.. lm 112 'he king whom YHII'H ha. called '0 hi. side in Psalm 110,"" In c~nter of Book V. "p .. lm 119 i, a p ....yer for a lif. Kcording '0 'he Torah which i. 'Il< prKondi'ion for ' h e aJven' of 'he univen.al r~ign of 'he God of 'he bodm and of Zion celebra,ed in 'he fifth book of poolm. (God of 'he Exodus: p" 113-118; God of Zion , p... 120-136, 137),"" p.. lm 119"i•• p ....y.. for 'Il< grace to keep and Im 'e t il< To",h •• th~ fundamen,al law of 'he announced and proi"'" kingoom of God. so ,ha' 'he kingoom may come, In term. of 'he lite .... ry form i, i. an individual ",ho i. 're.king here. Bu, in term. of ,h. compo<j'ional contex'. 'h"", praying a re from 1". el an,/ 'he na,ion. ,"" The p< w ~-'ngtr, " 'h< M 7-,"&", " ,1>< " 7-,n&", "l'h< ~ "'ng", "lh
'..Jm, - ... fifth"""" of !'..Jm , - .. . fifth"""" of >'..Jm, - .. . fifth"""" of >'..Jm, - 100. f ;fth """" of !'..Jm , - 101.
PSAL"
'"
11 9 I'; CONnn
the deliv.rane< fo>r 'he on•• inging, .imilar to> t he function o>f song of the th rff youn gs .. ... in 'he fire in Dan 3 (lXXI.
,,,«
Thi, is also the hern"" .. utic, which tll< fi ..1"hallel" fo r the en,i", book of p .. lm" 'he Psalm , .re. , 'he book of th. prai .. , of the God of the Torah and of the pro"ident, good king of ,he world. lhey .." the pray"' .. in ~-hi< h the poor ,nJ oppre>«< pi"" .. where the lingoorn of God con break in .nd d>.~'n " ,» On the one hand, Zenger' •• piritualiza'ion or appropria'ion of the P..:Jtt itu .. for the cult,
P,'4U
l"l~" mop 'm~n ~~n ~'W
nnm
'~~
nN::!C
May my pr"},,' bt a","ngtJ","n
"]0,, },,",
,n"" .. off' NnE ,Itt lifting "P of my lumds '" ,"
and acco,ding to p, 119, Torah oo..,n-anco i, a p,Kond ition fo, thi, kingdom. like any attempt to inlition ofP" 1 and 2, which logether ",n-e a. an introduction 10 the Psalte" demons". t'" Ihat the", t wo themes are cent ..1 concern •. In a recent .rticle Robert Cole II", the many lexical connect ions betw""n t h. fi,st 1"10 p"'lm', and concludes th . t they ooth de ..,ib< the .. m. rer..,n. "It becom., increa.ingly dear that !'>aIm. 1 a nd 1 .. the h ead of the p.. lter do not pre",nt two different themes of wisdom andlor Torah and ling.hip re'f"'ion.
"""nu
("'(In
~ Rob d~ no . . .clude .he poMibil· i.y .ha. God will judge individual> in . he pr.",n. or .hat indi,iduaJ. who foUow Torah c.n actu.lize God', kingdom in .heir own live •• bu • •h "" serve only., precurso" .he me"i.nic kingdom. The ideal Torah student sen·e. God in fear (1'5 lol l ) and hope< for God'. com· ing kingdom. " Meditating on Torah thus lead . the righ.eous to praise God de.pite .he curren. delay of justice. becau,e just ice will pr .... il for on who trust in h im (1:1 "om'~ p. 2011). All of.he praye.. and prai .., of the !':sal'er c~n be incorpora.ed into this framework. and beems< .he I.test roo.ction.1 I.ye ..... e.peci.lIy p, 119. port ... y an exemplary Torah studen ••• he collection of praye .. and prai",. in the book of P.alm. i. intended.o function p.rad igm • •ically for .he righteous. The concept ion of To ... h in p, 119 i> con,istent wi.h .he conception of Torah throughout .he en.ire Psalter-no. only con,isten' but mut ually reinforcing.
.0
~ , 3.
ThE PLACE O. P'Ai.M 119 t.~ THE HUHW B.""E
The .rguments of Reinhard Krotz .upport .he conclusion th •• P. 119 i, part of .he final edit ing of .he Psalter. and h i, in.erpretation rai.. , .h e i>sue of the rel •• ionship of the Psal.e r wit h .he Ie>! of .he Hebrew Bible. Bee. us< he . ddr""". t he Psalter .. a whole. much of hi> di.c=ion owrlap. with the previouo ",ction of .hi. study. r include hi> contribution in this "",.ion, . inee he .rgue •• ha •• he in.roduc.ion (•• peci.lIy p, I) . , well as t he fi,'e-part divi.ion bo.h rel • •e .he Psalter a literary entity outside of i.",lf. 'pedfically the Torah of YHWH, a nd t hi. rai"". 'he i>sue ofthe rela.ionsh ip be.ween the Psal.er and the rest of the Hebrew Bible. Hi . de>cription of the Torah ofYHWH . , . complex, expan.ive concept in",h -e. """er.1 >1ep~ o(. )u, >'>01." th" '" Joo., M, M..-.I '''"' , n« To" th,.;d ~ · n_13. ~ "lId" nn. lic h~. J., "",muI""'"S "'" v , lb.nition of the P.. II~r.
,..,,,e
In addition. the expre"ion "To,.h of Jh,,'h" in Ps I , .. m.1y hove apenefICe.i .n ex~< .. m, n'oh'p' 1>, at lea" the Mlh divi.ion of the Pulter-into "too do«. rel.tionship to the t heology of Chronic". o r 10 the 'h
·'hr
o.,i"':'.
"'' ' !!'' ' ' '
.,,,iaI 'm
''' '0;
d.,,,
'm
lIr""
PSAL"
11 9 I'; CONnn
163
them .. of th e !':salter are joined in "a unifieoi all>eit extremely , "it i. a n important innovation when the entire complex of instructions, together with the histork.1 frame in whkh it is placed, .ppe . .. with the claim to be Torah,"" Thi. "entir~ complex" i• • ""umed br the author of P. 11 9 and by the comp iler of the P",lter, Since the codex h.d not yet ~n invented, t he , .. , iou, texts that ;nJm
' " ...h ,u ,;n<m ' in_ " it"'",n, ,""n" , ... h hOCh" kompk'," '" ~""n To,,_Koruide of P, 119 'he word order i, ,-.,rb, obj
'''.'T "w••
(''' '_lo6, "'_",12'>_, '71_"'. 13>-". '0
"'''in',
"l""', j,,,," Low ""rh«T u" of thr H.x,..a< eo.k, Ub",J' 0< HrIo, "," B;l>l< I Old T,,"""n' '''"liKifically t h~ word -narn~" at t il< ~n d of p, 119:132. V.... 131 ~nd. ",i th th~ following ph .... , "accord ing to what ill du~ to thoo< who loy~ your name" (J!bl ':I;'1 n tl~~n:l) , Thus, t hor. i, a l~xical connection between Num 6,27 and 1', 119.131; the underlining in the following table highlights th~ word, t hat ar< use.! in p, 119,60,
Nmn 6;26 ,",' um 6;27
.\.fay YHWH ,a"" hi, f"'" '}',n, "P"" J"" .\.fay YHWH I'ft "P "~fa"
'0 '0 J"" So ... ,U 'hf'~, "ho b.o ... my n' m< illIo-,,, Bt
How Jo... p< 119 fi, into tl>< ".j< prophet from GOO himself became "in.p ired interpret.tion of Biblical texts, In ot her words the exegete and theologian i. now the prophet."" It should "" noted th.t schola ... are not describing a .udden , ransformation. For
~ A, ,0" ,uli", OX,,", ,,,,.. I '.,,,,, .... >how, th, ;""'1"'''"''" '" r, , .. Oovn " ' _ "" lu," '" "" .,.,. S« ,0" w,. ....... '" "" """'" w;"" ..... bog;""in3 on
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n... c""","" of T","., "'.." i, 8ibiiad """""."". 65. '10....1 f into the trajKtory that begin. in biblic.lliterature and culm in .... the Tannaim and Amo< in the words of Torah the..., ar< insignificant and .. riou. [,,'Ordsj, "her... the word. of the ..g« are all ",rioUl."
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~ MKhxl h>ho.n., 8i1>',.11",,,/,"'.",,,, ,• P", .. , ' ''')_ ~ MKhxl ,t.t.b""", 1M ,;."""." ofTomh." ~-.",n'1))1 crnn '""',,, 'U1)r.)
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do.. urn w.",-"", ",;do-~ "'II""om .... ,10" """"" doT b;bIoame roint, H. no", that ""~n if th. term ·",jdmu," in Chronid ... d ••aib<s a d ill"erent phenom.non than later "",idra,hi",: the ""ginning. of t he ph.nomonon must "" sought in the history o f the t.... n.mi .. ion of the Bible, and the lite,.,ry ,haracter of the book of Chronid~s testifies to that," Additionally, at the ""ginning of the second <ent~ ry R Cf, Ben Sir. "test ifi .. that a t t hat tim e t he Holy Script~re. were the quinte= nce of wi.dom for til< ""lieving l..-aelite, who lived, thought , and 'roh in . nd from them [tho Scripture.). The ""ginning. of .uch a root ure m~" r~ach funher back into the rostoxilic t ime."" ~iMler list, the book of Chronicle. and Ben Si", as example. of a n "anthological style" that ho. its roots in the latest biblical book. a nd is exempl ified in the interpret.th 'e texts of the Dead Sea Scroll., Scholarship of the past cent~ry has de",ribed the t rajectory to ",hich I am referring in ,'ery d iffere nt W'rs. For example, in !907, Cornill alter pro,ides a brid ge ""tween t he Old T...t oment and th ~ New Testam~n t, i>ea.u", th e piety of the Psalter .hows that the ri", of legalism did not entir~ly kill the "religious genius of ],,,,,,1-"" Alan Cooper rightly critiques t hi. d.im .. nonsen .., b ut then h. contin ue. "the Book of Psalm. ;. a 'building IInk'-not primarily between the Old and New Test.ments, however, but II
c.-I that thi. contlict was negotiate "holars fra me tho is. ue> differently, the <wher~ in Scripture but to create, pioW! tone in the characterization of the .peakor, Studle. on how and why bibl " .1 authors used . nt«edent text< hav. blo""med, • • pecially . inco th e work of Micha~1 Fi.hbane, but many o f the detail. of those >ludi •• a.. not h.lpful for analyzing how the author of P. ! 19 used t.... _" One .. a>on that th.yare not helpful i. that the ,-ariou, studies are oft.n explaining how b iblical authors exegete or
" 0ec. u .. they provide a sen", of ,ext-handling procroure. during 'he rerioo wh.n ,h. Hebrew Bible wu achieving its final form. And if p, 119 wa, compo.ro during , hi. rerioo, why i. ,h.", no evidence tha, , he au,hor of P. 119 wa. f.mil;'r wi,h mch procrour..! There a ... 'wo occurrence> of'he word :l~ V in P. 119 (.tth •• nd of YV. 33 and 112) 'hat m. y indicate 'he au, hor ",'a. familiar with .uch procrour ... I\o,h Ps 11933 and 112 .re complete .nd grammatically correc' without 'he word :li'V, and the addition of 'he word at 'he end of bo,h ver .... cre. . . . . .yntactic problem. Thus, , he . u,hor is ming 'he word :lj.lP in an unusu al "'''y-,ha' is, in • way tha, would catch 'he attention of. careful re.d ... Th. word i. "ex'raneou. '0 ,h. understanding of its home ' ....e" . nd ' hus frelM >ori,,,.. "",l;, "" o,,,,,,"h , uch .. s... l 'pO", 1M I~ of . 00 II< """. " 8;1,1 ... 1 n""'J:h' (W, ...... Uk, IN, '-"009), l"homo, W~ ~. 1M CII"""l 0/, Awkp"I, 'RLANT, vol. lOb (G< i. eternal,- Oth .. ,'er"". in the Hebrew Bible use :lj.lV with the meaning "conoequence" or by <xten.ion "reward: and in tho", wr... the word function . . . an adverbial a«u .. t i,'e, For <xamplo, Is. ~ ,B prono u nc~. a woe uron · tho", who justify the wicked •• a conoequence of a bribe" (1 mV :I;:>V VW'I "i''1lllJ), and Prov 2204 te""he. that "the reward of humility i. tho fnr of the Lord" (;'11:V :li'V ;'11.1 " nln'). !'>aIm 19 ,11 teach ... that -in k<eping t hem li.o., YHWH', rq;ulation.] there is great reward " ( :11 :lj.lV ::11I:l,",:I).
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'" BKau.., there ar. so many ,hemalic and lnie.llin'" bet,.,..." P.. 19 and 119, i. i. rJausible 10 conclude ,hat the author"f p, 119 exptan,i ... i. ro"ibl" in Hebrew, but i f thi. i. adopt"" in r, 119,112, ,he ,esult i •• yntoctkally .wkwor& •. . . to do your statute. forever rewardwi",: Thi. wuld be "",oothed inl0 better Englioh by .upplying several word • • , ,. to do your statute. forever [for t he sake of the l reward_' But this use would .1", be unanp:1 C,":1M V!lU.,\
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"q"'''''' of )"'"' oixyi"g "'gulaliom, enl< en'\:!V1 en";'"" ond oo"rnng a..J oJoj"g ,It"" ,., l'n'M ;1\~ ";,:.,, ,ha' YHWH }""' Goo! ";11 1" "p n.,~~'nl< th, (ov,"on! N"" .,WM ,en;rnMl o...J 'h, fi"'hju l"'" .. Irk" h, )","r fo,h"".. """,n ""weI< ~'~ 1 A"d " ",II MPP'" '"0' if Y"" 1'M'rn nl"..nl< ",u,ly fo'1" rHWH }""' God, C',"I< ""'~1 0...J .'ail: oft" Mh" ted', ,,~, n1nnwnl em:lV'1 0..J "'".. ,h,m, and""w do ..." ,h,m'~Ilifr. owoi"" Y"" "MOY 'h"' ,
Ied •• one who obey. the stipulation. of Torah. Ro,hi explain. t h ~ ·comm.ndments" • • tho .. which o,e in Torah • • nd he expl.in> "Torah: whkh Abrah.m obeyM. a. the oral Torah thot ca me to Mo ... at Sinai," Some r.bbi. cite this p.... g~ •• proof that Torah ~xi"ed befor~ its offici.1 'O\'ela, tion at Sinai" Some critical .. hoi... explain thi • •• p.rt of the o.,u' teronomie .....faction of Gene,i, " In any c.... Gen 16 , ~ contribute. to the ~mpha.i. on obedience of God', r~..,lation. an empha.i. thot i, repeated in o.,ut 7,12-8,20. Thi.
;. from to. ...... _ ., '1'",,>1I) ___ ~o", ,.,~ ~;lV K " " . . . . "...,pi< of "",ny"" SJ..a~. '"' ~""'/, demarcatNl by the reretition of the word. :li'V and rWllIvn in o.ut 7,12 and 8,20,'"' Funhermore, this ,,,,,ion i •• fitting prki. of the entif< book of Deuteronomy. It contaim. brief review of Israel'. history and .xhon.,ions to obey God', commandments_ The exhonation. are .ccomp,nied by • deKription of the benefits of obedience a nd the d.ngers of disob and curnng. found later in the book of o.uteronomy. MLlCh more could be >aid about lhe contribution> of th • .., p.... ges to the th well with the trajectory from the Hebrew Bible into developing Judai,m. In the di.-
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1"1"" ... mm .. n ~i'V ".'" M.I:' ..,,,,.,0,, .,~ ~t'o 1J~ On ,r.. A . . ;"n' Sy . . 'n M'"", T<x, -r,•• ,"""" Rnoii'l""J of '"' H,""" Bibk '" A",""' ludoi,", ".a ""ri;< o,ri""'",,,.. ,d. M, rt'n Jon Muid determine the way tha, the figure i. u..a or portra),ed. For example, Vander Ka m doe. not discu .. t he G.n"i. Apocr)'phon, bea.use Noah'. righ,eou. n= doe. not function p.",digmatically. That i., hi. righteo usne .. i. not portrayed a. something to ernul ... , in".ad it i. the reason th at he receh-.. a ,'i.ion and ha. acce", to inform.tkm that other> do not P"'''''''' '" Although Noah'. vi.ion in the Gene.i. Apocryphon i. not p..-adigm.tic, 'here are oth .. ~""mple. in which the role of a visionary is d ..-eloped .. a paradigm for enmlation . In th ~ a rtide entitled - The Vi.ionary: Susan Niditch diocu"", ,-ario", example> of individual>
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'" who act ively ...,k I., ",hi"". an altered state of age in Ben ,ira. The 'p""ur in p, 119 repeatedly asks for imight, and h i. . .. rch for in.ight into Torah Gtn be comp>reJ to t he .age in Ben Si.. , who i. ponrared '" one ..,archi ng fo r wi.aom. Th. >ag" in !l. both. gift from God and >mething to be acquired by peT50nai effon. It i. nouri,hM by pray.,.. st udy, rellection, .nd good conduct."'" These desc riptio n. can be .pplied to I'> 119 by replacing " wi.dom· with ' u nderstand ing of Tor.h." lt i. notoworthy that Odeal figure. in ludaism .fter the time of P. 119 could.u be described •• Torah students. Of cour"" there.re distinctiOn> in the portr.yal •. The T .acher of Righteou.n .... who i. portrayed in the OS!>, interpret> God'. word correctly due to .upern.tural revelation. and this sort of revelation i. not. ch.racteristic of other ideal figure .. Martin J. ffee de."ibes. >age •• one who embodies Torah. In robbink literat ure th i> e m bodiment in",!>-.. t be .. ge'. tr.nsmi .. ion of Torah teaching to hi, diKiples, but it .1", include> the sage'. action. thot conform to the comm.ndments . nd to the tr.dition.l interpreta tion of th. comm. ndment>, LL I
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Gu. are imm ....J in the study and ob .. rYanc~ of TOnlh, P..:Jm 119 i, not the only rea.o n. of (ourse. Deuteronomy al ... dy t~ache. that the commandments must i>e le "'killKame ""iomatK in Judai.m,
... , "(Iien. in p, 119, which "epi.omizes .he world of Judaiom, of which . he (~n'ral life , .. Iue i, the occup.' ion with Torah."' If ,he c.rica.ure of Judai,m a. no'hing bu, "n.rrow-minded legali.<m" had b<en avoided br >chol ... like Duhm, 'hey cou ld have rKogni,ed 'hat P. 119 contribu,es 'h~ me ... ge of 'h~ Psalter, 'he Hebr~w Bible, and dewloping Judaism_ Specifically, r. 119 contribu,es '0 'he I>
the function of To .. h in the life of the righteouo. In a . ubtle way thi • • mph.,i. on wha, To .. h Jo«pt 'n "1n of its translation teehniq"" wit oout referenee to p, 119. In the s«ond half of the book he test. and confirm. hi. conclusion. by comparing them with th e evidence in r, 119, Thus, the foUowing description, are valid .pecifically for P. 119 as well a . the Psalter in general' I. The transl.tion of the Torah term. foilo".. 'he t ranslation of the .. me term. in the Pentateuch with few exceptions; this indicate. that the t .. n.lator knew and consulted a Greek tr.nslation of
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• v._ 7, 6S,". "- Vl,...d t6l. , "";m S/d,-m..,I,,, 01. &>.." ..."t";', 00.1"''',.~ ,"""",,1'''''' ur< t""'l"'m' ;" G<us.i"n of individual ,-er"" i. no' to pro,-ide a c"mprehensiv. commen'ary;! do not c"mment on e.... ry ver .. of the psalm. Th .. e cernmen" provide my in"rpretati"n when it d iffers from other commentari.. and iIlu.'rate how 'he th ..i. of ,h i. work inl1u~nc th<m dil'gently, (NASB)
100u ha" wrnm.nJeJ thy precopt. to be hpt ddigently. (RSV) You h.v< wrnman.i< (11i.<dor , ' ."'). " H.m·looch"" """" P>oi.. , ..,..J,"" tran Hil,,,,, C. o. ....tJ (M'"",.p>i '" A"gWurglf""",,,- 1_). ~ W;[[ SoIl, I'>a1m "'" M.,,", , ,"""- .mi vol. lJ. W"",nS',,," , D.L C.,holK BibI>cal A"",iotion. ' W I. ~ A. Wd... , l1w P",I"". ". ~ wd , on, (1'h;J..klphio' W' .. min ..... '%1). ~ fu~h< ob;«' of t'" ""I> f.h tlij< , .. mrID );,IN '" booh ~ """"''' '0 "'PI"'" tho. do'm m ... alm cxix 9" in ,,'hich 1 " gue t h., ,he ""ond h.lf of ,hi, ,'e,se provide. the an,we, to 'he qU'"'t ion pos< and ,hu, no logical con""cu,ion, s.e., . Iso 'he commen'" on v. 44 .
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CohOr1.tiw. ",r.ll "i. not e""ctlr 'recompen..: but. respon'" to • prior d«d."" I ho\'e ,upplied "well: .inc~ the following v~rb "li'-e" (;rn) implies that t he 'r are h idd~n in To .. h but.", not explained." Ver .. 19, Cont rary to Soli, who pooi" that 'U i. a lite ral refer~nc~ to the .ut hor'. location, i.e., exile, the phra .. should be understood a, a reference to t he 'r11 """, ... """, 'M. 1"" ambigu"Y I ~ . .. ,'" obi«' ,"", R,"'i .... ppU fo.- "" ,.rn.. ' p«.ocolly ' """d" I~"~ >in only in P. 119-in thi. ,-.. '" .. a noun and in vv. 40 and 174 a. a ,,,rh. BOB (p. 1(60) . ugges.. (with a question mark) this might be a n preform.t i... noun from the root 0I. ~ . 1i. but "to be willing" d"". not ",em to ~t t he context, )astrow provid.... ample tood to mean "longing" in later )ewi.h tex", Ver", 21: The >'oOO as "' 0 ma in "'n u •. " He p.raph ....,. t he ver .. U [oUo,,".: "(Obe
MKhxl v . hn, ProY only an attempt to render the Hxer nol admit to iniquity elsewhe .. , d. v. 26. Vorse 40 , Cf v. 20. Ver .. 4L The idiom "come to me" i •• way of describing an thot happen> to someone, For .. ampl •• , ..., p, 44, 18 [Eng. v. 19 [ and I... 28,1 ~ , Th. verb i. elidNl from the "",ond stich; that i •• "lxt your mercy come ... !... your ",,,.. t ion com .... ." Ra.hi make> this explicit, "Your .. I,.. tion com es to me ."" Ver .. 42 , """ v, H . Ver .. 43. De i"le, interpret< th e ~"t half ofv. 4 3 ••• continuation of the idea in v. 41 of ",.ponding to a reproach.- Idiomatic English ma.k. the reretition of "U"T, wh ich occuro in bot h stich. of v. 42 and in the first st Lch of v. 43, A stiltNl Engli.h rendering of tt.. beginning of both ve"". highlights the conneclion; v, 42 -I will an,wer a word .. ,", v. 43 -00 not withhold. true word ... ." Combining the id.,.. in t t.. fi rst "ich. of '"Y. 41 and 4J gi,'" t he full >en"" "00 nol hinder me from having a true .-.,pon"',"~ In stead of lhe verb "remo,..," ("~l). I reod "withhold" ('nill). which ill a plausible aural error (d. Num I U~). However, the diffe.-.nce in
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me.ning i. minim.l, . in« "removal' ('nil ) of. word woould r<sult in the inability to .n.wer and "withholding' ('~N ) a word would also. H.kham explain., "00 not d i.. ance from my mou,h 'he word of tru,h: yet he .lso cite. ~n 31:9 where Jacob decl."'. that God ·"'mo"ed· Laban'. propenr and gave i" o him.'" H.kham no'", that i, i. po .. ible that what 'he pulmi.. i. hooping for i. the judgment (O!ll:-'Il) that God will ena on v. 1' . There i. no ne,,, ... ,}, conn«tion betw«n any of these 'hree ,-ers'ood in connection with "forah " in the previ"uo V"", . nd cit.. v. % a •• uppon." Thi. is an interesti ng mid ..,h, but there i. no r...., n to interpret the ,'eroe in thi. w'r_ Ver", 48: See p. 42. Vers< 49, Compare 'he la" word of t hi. \'er:s< "you ha"e mad. me ho]>e pro>re cone linked to a specific noun; ~ the comm.nt on v. ~." The wnceptual antecedent must !>e in the pr'iou. ve ..... , 'p«ifically comfort (v, n), song. (v. ~), and the memory of the nom. of YHWH (v. n ), There are !>enefi" for the .peaker, became he k""ps God', pr«.pts, This i, an example of.n a"""iati ... sequence intluencing my interpretation . The lexical repetition of'" ," ,' in vv. ~ and ~ suprorts this conclusion, although the repetition alone would not!>e com;ncing "'ide nee, Ver .. ~7; G>nceptually, the line breaks after the first two word" "My rortion i, YHWH." The Masoretic division f. lls on the th ird word of the ver ... and this i. one of the case, where the accent doe, not corresrond with the syntax, Porhap. it is .ignificant that the accent i. a ..-b(a' rather than the ",onger di.juncti,'e 'al"Mh, In p, 16;~. ",here the psalmi" dedare, that YHWH is hi, portion. th e divine name is fir"; how",,,,r, the acrostic format i •• ufficient r..son to alter the word order. Furthermore, the word order i. not fixed, .i nce in P. 7J,26 t he word 'ponion" pr«ed .. "God" (0 '710 0';,7", ' i"m1). Ver .. ~'" Th. ph .... "turn my f""t to )'Our "ipul.tions" ... umes t he metaphor of the path and figures ob.t .uch form •• hould be understood a. pIm meaning "'0 be dull.'" The same metapho, occurs in Isa &10. Ver", 70 i. dependent on the ide •• in ver .. 69 (a. Eh r[ich notes, p. 310), and togethn plural.uffix of "their heart" (O~" v, 70) refers bKk to the insolen, in v . 69. The W ',,0'>0 vn~"'"
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1m'~ .oct.: 'n']l""'o ~Mt "._~,t4 1 0Sj. ~ .. 'c.:,1.! qJ." >41JO ~U !U""W >41 WOJJ U.~ 1 J~~,eJ >me>< '1 ,.q, ,".' q'H U! u"!"n,,,uo) , ,u"'~Jd>J 0 1 "'m.". "e 'I ' 1 '~'llSU] pooS IOU ' ! .JoJ ".4' JO [IV '"SolIop>d pu. ''''ld JO d!~e. i, • • a glo .. in",,,ed to explain Ihe meaning of the difficul, word "'~n " Dei.. ler interprets 'he verse in light of lob IL7 and 18,3, bo,h of ""hich contain , he idea that , here i, a boundary ( rM~n) to mankind', abili'y for discm"l)'. Ike, us< Dei»!er ""'" conn<e,ion. i>e,ween p, 119 a nd oth er biblical pa ... ge. ""hene,,,r p"'.ible, he impoJ1' this idea in'o v. 96, bu, hi. arguments .re no' com'indng. hen if i, i. no' pos.ib le '0 explain ;'I'~n pred"'ly, Ihero i. a d i" inct contr." i>elween Goo', expan.ive comma ndment and othor ent il ie .. Ra.hi', interpretalion make. this cont rast clear: "For t he completion of e\'e'l~hing 'her~ i. an end a nd a boundary. but of your comma ndment
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th .. e i. no ooundary for ito complue i. the function of tho prepooition 1I 1:l) at the beginning of the ver ... Two factors ,upport interpreting the prepo>itkm •• a comparative 11l ("mo", than my ".che,, ·) instead of all:l of source ("fro m all my ...chers"). One i. tho func,ion of the prepo.ition in v. 98. which i, undoubtedly a 11:l of comparison . Since ,ho comparative interpretation of the prepo>i'ion i. required in '-.9.8 and ,ince vv. 98 and 99 are .yntactically ,imilar [o;' ... ll:l i. , ho pattern for ooth ,-er>
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100, lhi. , ..,,'" i. comt ructed wi th the same tompl.to a. vv. 98 and 99 (,~ ... IIJ). and th e .. me arguments regarding the function of the initial prepo.ition qlJ) apply here a. well. V.r", 102 , l h pronoun ;"1m~. which I indicate in the t ransl.tion with "you=lf: i. not nec .... ry to complete the .yntax •• nd thus .eem. to emph •• i.. the fact th.t God i. the teacher. Ver", 103, Ra,hi gI ...... the hap.u: JogomlIrt on Akkadian .vidence. Another poMibility i. the Aramak word Ii'm "to reject ." The only other occurrence of t he word i. in Lam U '. where >orne transl.tion> derive the meaning from the ]>lIralleli.m .nd glo .. the word with "trample." Ra.hi cit.. t hi. ".or.. in ,uprort of t he m •• ning "to trample."" The preci .. me.ning of the word i. difficult to ascert.in. not only because it i. we but also bec.u,," it i. heing ~...J a. a figure of 'p, !>ased on the word order, that God cannot be the actor, but word order is not sufficient evidence in this case, The rerat the prq>O.ition i. , m i.. ake and delet .. it." Nowhere el", in t he Hebrew Bible i. Torah t he object of the verb "to break" r n .!l), which is the typical vern for brealdng, cm..,n.nt, V.. se 127; The beginning of this ,' .. se ("therefore" P?vl i. problematic, . ine< there i. no app.rent connection with the previow; ver", or , .." ••", Some commentators .ubstitule all" (.,~ "V) for t he MT · th ..~or~· (P ?V), this is a conj«tural. albeit miOKlr, emend.tion . Rashi a rgues that there .r~ numerous examples of]:l?v that >lIould be understood ,. "11:1" "V, which i. to "y, "beca"",: and he Cen 3},lO, Num ](1031, and J.. 1~ , 7 a . examples,- Anen comments tha, "therefo .." can be understood in rel.tkmship to v. 116, which cont.in •• petition for God to act. The 'r
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wh., the 'peaker i. crying about and therefore interpre1' the ph .... a. a ,ubstant]ve-"thos< who do not ob",rw .. ,,"OJ He i. correct about the functk>n of the word ,~ , but the ,ubst.nti,-e i. not the p«>ple them",I"" •. Instead, it i, the fac. that they do not 00 ...".,. The word "be-cau"," renders - regarding the fact" more elegantly in Engli.h. Ver", 1380 s.,., v. -I . Ver", 139, s.,., v. n6 and p. 80.
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14' , The traml.,ion"so ,ha': in this '"en" and the following i. b-.:I on the us< of ,he cohOf1ative form. Howeve" it i. not cleo, how the form should be m.pp< verse a , referring to "'-rly in 'he morning." ,.,'er.l English tramlat;""" (ESV> IPS, NAS. N K)V, RSV) adopt • • ;mila. rendering. If this i. the c. ... ,hen vv. 147 a nd 148 ca n be understood to mea n ,ha1th•• peaker contempl.te. God', word before he f.lI • • e< 1~ On 'he US< of near . nd far, ><e 'he discwoion beginning on p. 8 1 .nd cr. v. I n . Ver", 1~2: The fiN t word of the , ..,,'" "beforehand " (0'>,) i • • • ubstonti" e that i. often used adverbia lly '0 indicate a n earlier time, and in ' h is v .... i, mo< English < .. ,' Any interpret .. ion of this '-.. s< b. oed on the mean ings "chief: "1>< ..: or - top" would I>< open to the inference th .. some l e~r part of God'. word i, no' true, Radaq implicit ly contra'" 'he two hah ..,. of , he verse .nd empha.i"", ,h .. God', word was and i. always true, -From the I>< A,.,hoc s;bk, , ,01. lOA, N,,, L>ooob ~ dor.
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s.nd" OJ 110(3), 104_1>.
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INDEX OF REFERENCES Gon ., .. G'_J
P,Il.'
n. " . 6S, ' >l, ,"'. "'. 156.
Il~'
p, ""'_" p, " .. , p, ""'. p , "'" p,
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p , ,,~, p, "~,>-'6 p , ,,~~ p , ,,~'"
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e,1I""_" p, " .. " p, " .. " p, " .. " p,
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69. 7Il.
'"n, ,so, '''", ... " ' . 1Il'O ...... .... n ..., "'.191
M. ,,", ... ' ''.
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"'...... I", "" ,'" .70.
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7>, l H, , ...
'0, 43,71, ".
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10, JI, J1, JJ, 4J,
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44, 46,
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'0, I I, 74, ", , .. , I ...
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20'. 20.39,51. 7-1. 91,
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11' p, ,,'> ... p,
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, ", '-1 ,,6
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207. '(II
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601
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AUTH O R INDEX
Alkn. l.l>< '19. G"",,,,,,.Jd, Aiphoruo Jl Gruk,. M" ·,,, 1... 1M
CoIl .... 100" I. In Coofkolf, G«><J!
7. '''. "'. ' " MbuS',. D,b"n K.
SU, ',.n_L"••;,
'"
96
,ro
Mmudo, Zoo
Sk!0r""
S"""r, M, rt' J.
SII,br", Johon... "01., . , ", ' "
"
6,
..
S"-"""r, ".".in A .
11
T.Jmon , Sh<m," yah. Too""," , "';II .....
,a, '"'
.,
W'I .... M,",
lJ.".". ", ''KI
Wdlh.u,, "- loll.,
W''''''"","", CIo., >6
. """,.,;"" .. ~"'''''' n , 61. " ' , , .... ' ' ', 101. 106 J7, 141
",1;,1
"'n-", ". , "', '''''' "'_". m , ' OJ. '''',
". n LO ', ' " , "ovid 61-6', m . , 60 """Ok "'''''.... ,""- " ' , "1.
".
141,
"""'.", "'. 60S. "_76. n. ,,_...... 96. "'_", IOJ, 141-01 mmpl"'rtll'" "'.63-6'
mrom'.m kaT
"."'.", 6, , 610. 76, ". 33. " ,
" . '54. '''. "'" On' f"""'" 6', bO, 70-71, '''.'''' 000
·ub;m""Y
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