The Amphibians of Java and Bali

LIPI-THE

FIELD GUIDE SERIES

Research and Development Centre for Bio-UPI

LIPI-THE FIELD G U I D E SERIES

THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI with 52 coloured photos and 57 line drawings

THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI with 52 coloured photos and 57 Iine drawings

Other titles available in the Series: Sulawesi Utara: Sebuah Panduan Sejarah Alam *:* Amfibi Jawa dan Bali Pengenalan Burung-Burung di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali dan Kalimantan *:* Mengenal Capung *:

*:*

by

Djoko T. Iskandar Series editor S.N. Kartikasari

Published by: Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 Sponsored by GEF-Biodiversity Collections Project 1998

Published by: Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 Sponsored by GEF-Biodiversity Collections Project 1998

dedicated to my parents, to Lilyana, Indra and Wishnu, and to my colleagues and students

THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI Djoko T. Iskandar Copyright 0 1998 Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 All rights reserved. Published by Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 ISBN 979-579-0145 Typesetting and graphics: Serawima Production Distributor: The HAYATI Foundation Printed in Indonesia by SMT Grafika Desa Putera

Indonesia GEF-Biodiversity Collections Project Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 GET-GRANT No. TF. 028657 The Global Environment Facility (Gm)-Biodivmsity Collections Project is a project of the Government of Indonesia in the field of Biodiversity Information Management.

The project is funded as a grant by the Global Environment Trust Fund through the World Bank as its trustee under Grant No. TE 028657. Significant contribution is also made by the Indonesian Government. The project is being implemented by the Research and.Development Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPPB - LIPI), over five years (19942000). The Main Objectives of the Project are: a. To provide support for the overall project management and co-ordination, in order to foster both effective project implementation and long term institutional transformation; b. To restore and develop the collections and associated functions of the Herbarium and Zoological Museums; c. To design and establish a computerised specimens-based database for collection management, collection planning and development and external use; and d. To strengthen the capacity of PPPB to co-ordinate and foster collaborative biological research activities and client services.

PREFACE

As part of one of the biologically richest parts of the world, Java attracted the attention of 19th century biologists with the result that by the early part of the 20th century Java's fauna became quite well known. That statement applies to the amphibian fauna ofJava as well as the rest of its vertebrates. In 1923, P.N. van Kampen published The Amphiha of the ZndeAustralian Archipelago, which for many years was treated as the definitive review of the amphibians, in particular those of Java, a place that had had so much attention in the preceding 100 years. Between 1923 and 1998 almost no studies were carried out on the amphibians of Java. It was as though we already knew all that was essential or interesting about them. That was a mistaken notion. Although prior to 1923 much had been written about the adult stages of the frogs of Java, relatively little was known of the other half of the life cycle, the larval or tadpole stage of these species. Van Kampen listed 36 species of frogs and two Caecilians (that very poorly known group ofworm-like amphibians) from Java, but referred to the tadpoles of only 20, although without certainty in most cases. Knowledge of the larval stages of an assemblage of frog species is important because the tadpoles are often clues to the evolutionary relations of species, but also because the tadpoles provide ecological information essential to conservation of these animals. During the 50 years preceding van Kampen's monograph, much was written about the amphibians from adjacent rich areas-Sumatra, Borneo, continental Southeast Asia-and authors applied the names of Javan species to frogs they had obtained from Borneo, say, or the Malay Peninsula. One result of this tendency was that Java appeared to have very few endemic species, that is, species unique to Java. It is accurate to say that the author of the present volume, Dr. Djoko T. Iskandar, is the first biologist since van Kampen to study seriously the relations of Javan amphibians to those of adjacent territory. One of the results of his work is the recognition that the Javan fauna is more distinctive than we had thought, that many of the species thought to occur in Borneo and continental Southeast Asia are in fact limited to Java. That realization changes our ideas about the history of the fauna and adds urgency to the efforts to conserve the small remnants of natural areas in Java.

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AMFIBIJAWADAN BALI

Although this book has obvious value to specialists on amphibians,it is written primarily with the needs of the non-specialist in mind. As such, it is certain to stimulate teachers and students,' as well as persons with a keen interest in natural history and conservation.

Robert F. Inger Curator Emeritus, Amphibians and Reptiles Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, USA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The publication of this book was made possible by the support of the Research and Development Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences in cooperation with the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Technology, Bandung. For this reason, the author wishes to acknowledge H. Ibkar-Kramadibrata MSc. (Biology, FMIPA ITB) for her constant support and encouragement, and Dr. A. Budiman (GEF, Head of the Research and Development Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences) who encouraged me to make the final effort to finish this book. My sincere thanks are also addressed here to Mr. Boeadi, G.G. Hambali MSc., M. Sancoyo (Bogor),Dr. R.F. Inger (USA), Prof. Dr. R. Seymour and D.Y. Setyanto MS (Bandung) who willingly supplied information, contributed to some of the figures, read and commented on the text before it was published and corrected several errors. I want to express my great appreciation for the line drawings, partly prepared by dr. T.M. Raharjo, of my numerous students for their company in the field, and of the late Dr. H.S. Hardjasasmita, and Dr. A. Rustama (Bandung) for their support and cooperation. Particular thanks go to Helen Taylor and Dr. Tony Whitten who edited the English version, and to Ani Kartikasari who co-ordinated the publication of both the English and Indonesian versions of this book. Finally I would like to express my gratitude to my family, colleagues, students, technicians and many people from Indonesia and other countries as well, who cannot all be mentioned here individually for their contribution towards the publication of this book.

FOREWORD

The need for practical books on Indonesian fauna has increased considerably during the last decade. They should be not only useful for students of biology, but also give a more specific understanding of species distribution. This need is tightly in concordance with the global threat of biodiversity loss, so that the decline of a given species can be documented and updated sources. The only complete as new information is gathered from vaI-10~~ book available for Indonesian amphibians is The Amphiha of the Indw Australian Archipelago by P.N. van Kampen, published in 1923, although there have been more recent taxonomic revisions of certain groups based largely on material from outside 1ndonesia.Van Kampen's book is now not only out of print, but seriously out of date. More than 60% of the names have now changed as knowledge has advanced. Whilst there are other references on Sabah, Sarawak, Malay Peninsula and Singapore, many Indonesian species do not feature in these. In order to fill the gap for Javanese and Balinese amphibians, I was asked by several authorities and encouraged by several leading scientists to write a book based on my twenty years of experience in this field. To serve the widest possible audience, I have prepared this book in a semi-scientific way. Of the fifty species that have been described as inhabiting Java, forty of them are considered valid and are presented here. Fifty two coloured photos of 35 species are included and 57 line drawings in black and white are provided to gve a better idea about the form of the genera. It is hoped that this book can be used by a diverse readership. In order to honour the finders of species, I have included the names of those who contributed in naming the genera and species. The name of the author and the publication date in some of the species description are presented in brackets to indicate that these species are initially described in different genera. Some information about other Indonesian (and to some extent Southeast Asian), amphibians is included to give a fuller picture. Most Javan species that were widespread in Southeast Asia were described from Java. However most of these species have no exact type locality. Unfortunately, information from many regions in Central and Eastern Java is still laclung and this is reflected in the very few localities mentioned in this book. It is hoped readers can help fill these gaps in knowledge by sending their records of amphibians to the author so that the book can be updated.

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TABLE O F C O N T E N T S

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi ... Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi11

Chapter 1. The Biolog of the Amphibians of Java and Bali . . . . . . . 1

.

Chapter 2 Classification of Javan and Baliiese Amphibians . . . . . . 9 Chapter 3. Identification Key to Amphibian Families Using Adult Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter 4 . Identification Key to Tadpoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 5. The Caecilians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Ichthyophis hypocyaneus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

. Chapter 7. Family Megophryidae. The Litter Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chapter 6 Frogs and Toads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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7.1 Lqbtobrachium hasseltii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.2 Megophrys montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chapter 8. Family Bufonidae, The True Toads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 8.1 Lqbtophryne borbonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 8.2 Lqbtophryne cruentata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8.3 Bufo asper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.4 Bufo biporcatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.5 Bufo melanostictus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 8.6 Bufo parvus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chapter 9 . Family Microhylidae. The Narrow Mouth Frogs . . . . . . 51 9.1 Kulophrynus mznusculus new species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.2 Kalophrynus pleurostip~u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 9.3 Kaloula Oakatcl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 9.4 Mirrohyln achatrna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 9.5 Microhyla palmipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 9.6 Orsophryn~monticoln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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AMFIBIJAWAD A N BALI

LIST O F FIGURES

Chapter 10. Family Ranidae, The True Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 10.1 Huia masonii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 10.2 Rana (Hylarana) baramica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 10.3 Rana (Hylarana) chalconota . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 10.4 Rana (Hylarana) erythraea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 10.5 Rana (Hylarana) hosii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 10.6 Rana (Hylarana) nicobariensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 10.7 Rana (Aquarana) catesbiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1 0.8 Fqeruarya canniuora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 1 10.9 Fejeruarya limnocharis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 10.10 Fqeruarya new species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 10.11 Limnonectes kuhlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 10.12 Limnonectes macrodon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 10.13 Limnonectes microdiscus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 10.14 Occidozyga lima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 10.15 Occidozyga sumatrana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Chapter 11. Family Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs. . 83 1 1 . 1 Nyctixalus margaritzfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 11.2 Philautus aurifasciatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 11.3 Philautus jacobsoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 11.4 Philautus pallidipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 11.5 Philautus uittiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1 1.6 Polypedates leucomystax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . 1 1.7 Rhacophoms jauanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1 1.8 Rhacophoms reinwardtii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 Chapter 12. Family Pelodryadidae, The Austral*Papuan Tree Frogs . 9 5 Litoriajauana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Chapter 13. Family Pipidae, The African Clawed Toads . . . . . . . . . 99 13.1 Xenopus laeuis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 13.2 Hymenochirus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Scientific Names Applied to the Amphibians of Java. . . . . . . . . . . 107 Institutional Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

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Figure 1. Important amphibian body features: a. dorselateral fold; b. tympanum;c. snout; d. nuptial pads; e. finger webbing~;f. subarticular tubercle; g. smooth tips; h. conical tips; i. flattened tips with circum-marginal groove; j. spatulated tips; k. clawed tips; 1. parotoid gland; m. supraorbital ridge; n. arciferal scapular girdle; o. firmisternal scapular girdle; p. parietal ridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 F i e 2. The body shapes of: A ) Bufo melanostictus, B ) Bufo asper, C ) Leptophryne borbonica, D) wtophryne mentata, E & F ) wtobrachium hasseltii, and G & H ) Megophrys montuna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Figure 3. The body shapes of: A & B ) Kaloula babata, C ) Kalophrynus pleurostigma, D) Kalophrynus minusculus, E) Microhyla achatina, F ) Microhyla palmipes G ) Rana catesbeiana, and H ) Xenopus b i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 4. The body shapes of: A & B ) Huia masonii, C & D ) Rana (Hylarana), E) Fqeruarya limnocharis F ) Fqervarya canniuma, and G & H ) Limnonectes sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 F i e 5. The body shapes of: A & B ) Occidozyga lima, C & D ) Philautus sp., E & F ) Polypedates leucomystax, G ) Rhace p h m s sp., and H ) Rana (Hylarana) sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 6. Tadpoles of A ) Bufo melanostictus, B ) B. asper, C ) Lqbtophryne mentata, D) L.qbtobrachium hasseltii, E) Megophrys montana, F ) Kaloula babata, G ) Kalophrynus sp., and H ) Microhyla achutina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 4 Figure 7. Tadpoles of A ) Huia masonii, B ) Limnonectes sp., C ) Rana sp., D ) Fqeruarya sp., E) Occidozyga sp., F ) Polypedates leucomystax, G ) Rhacophorus sp., and H ) Xenopus huis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Table o f Content

L I S T O F PLATES Plate 15 (top) Rana hosii, Mt. Tengger, East Java. by G.G. Hambali. (bottom) R. hosii from Situ Gunung, West Java.

Plate l (top) Small stream, a common habitat where amphibianscan often be located. (bottom) Shingle stream, an ideal habitat to hunt for amphibians at night.

Plate 16 (top) Two other colour variants of Rana hosii. (bottom) The blue variant of R. hosii from Anai river, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyan to. plate 17 (top) Rana nicobariensis, Situ Umar, West Java. (bottom) F&varya cancrivora, Bandung, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto.

Plate 2 (top) Ichthyophis elongatus, Anai valley, West Sumatra. (bottom) Leptobrachium montanum, Sabah, North Borneo. by R.E Inger.

Plate 18 (top) Fgervarya limnocharis, Cibodas, West Java. by G.G. Hambali. (bottom) Limnonectes kuhli, Cibodas, West. Java.

Plate 3 (top) Leptobrachium hasseltii, Cibodas. (bottom) Leptohachium sp., Sukabumi.

Plate 19 (top) Warty skin, characteristic of Limnonectes kuhlii. (bottom) Limnonectes macrodon. Garut, West Java. by G.G. Hambali.

Plate 4 (top) Megophrys montana, Cibodas, West Java, photographed in the forest to show camouflage. by G.G. Hambali. (bottom) Megophrys montana, Situ Gunung, West Java.

Plate 20 (top) Limnonectes microdiscus, Cibodas, West Java. (bottom) Occidozyga Lima, Bandung, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto.

Plate 5 (top) Leptophryne borbonica, Anai Valley, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyanto. Leptophryne cruatata, a Javan endemic species, photographed from Selabintana, West Java. (bottom) The hourglass pattern of Leptophryne cruatata, shown here, distinguishes it from L. borbonica. Plate 6 (top) Bufo asper, Anai River, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Bufo biporcatus, Denpasar, Bali. Plate 7 (top) Bufo melanostictus, Bandung, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Bufo parvus, Anai Valley, W. Sumatra.. Plate 8 (top) Another dorsal pattern of Kabphrynus phrostigma from Borneo. (bottom) Kabphrynus phrostigma, North Borneo. by R.F. Inger. Plate 9 (top) Kaloula baleata, Bandung. (bottom) Kaloula bakata showing the reddish inguinal spot. Plate 10 (top) Microhyla achatina, Cibodas, West Java. (bottom) Tadpoles of Microhyla aft achatina, Sancang, West Java. Plate 11 (top) Mimhyla palmipes, West Sumatra. (bottom) fieophryne sp. from Eastern Indonesia. Plate 12 c. Huia masonii, Cikapundung, West Java. d. Huia masonii from Situ Gunung, West Java. Plate 13 (top) Rana baramica. Sabah, N . Borneo. by R.F. Inger. (bottom) Rana chalconota, Bandung, West Java. Plate 14 (top) Rana er-ythraea, Garut, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Comparison between male and female R. er-ythraea to show size difference.

Plate 21 (top) Occidozyga sumutrana from Anai river, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Nyctixalus pictus, Sabah, North. Borneo. by R.F. Inger. Plate 22 (top) Nyctixalus margaritifer, Situ Gunung, West Java. (bottom) Another view of Nyxtixalus margariti& from Situ Gunung, West Java. Plate 23 (top) Philautus aunyasciatus, Situ Gunung, West Java. (bottom) Two Philautus aunyasciatus from Situ Gunung. Plate 24 (top) Polypedates hcomystax (striped form) Anai River, West Sumatra. (bottom) Polypedates hcomystax, unstriped form during amplexus. by G.G. Hambali. Plate 25 (top) Rhacophorus javanus, Bogor, West Java. by A.J. Whitten (bottom) Rhacophorus reinwardtii, Bogor, W. Java. Plate 26 h o p u s lamis, normal form, reared in captivity.

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Chapter 1

The Biology of the Amphibians of Java and Bali

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There are three extant orders of amphibians. One of these, Caudata or salamanders has no representatives in Indonesia, or indeed across most of Southeast Asia. The closest areas to Indonesia where salamanders are still found are Northern Thailand and Northern Vietnam. The second and smallest order, Caecilian or Gyrnnophiona, are worm-like creatures with a distinct head and eyes. These are rarely encountered, and easily confused with earthworms. The majority of Indonesian amphibians belong to the third order, Anura or frogs and toads. The most primitive frogs among from Indonesia occurs in Borneo and belongs to the family Bombinatoridae (formerly put in Discoglossidae). Other groups of frogs which are considered as relatively primitive belong to the Megophryidae (formerly put in Pelobatidae) and there are two introduced members of the family Pipidae ( X a o p u s lamis and Hymenochirus sp.). All other frogs which . (Bufonidae) occur are of families considered as advanced f r ~ g sToads are likely to be lumped together with advance frogs.

Frogs are easy to recognize by their squat shape with four legs, no indication of a tail and no distinct neck. The hind limbs are usually long for jumping, but in some forms, such as the toads, the hind limbs are usually relatively short and slender, serving for hopping around searching for food. The eyes are unusually large, with either horizontal or vertical pupils. In some forms, the pupil is diamondshaped or rhomboidal, features which are characteristic for the respective group. The finger tips can be featureless, cylindrical, up to a form of flattened large disc or sometimes these have broad lateral fringes. In one group of frogs the finger tips are in the form of a conical disc. The hands bear four fingers, but the feet have five. Between the toes and sometimes between the fingers there may be a

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THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA A N D BALI

The Biology o f the Amphibians

membrane of webbing. This membrane varies from species to species. Some barely bear a web, but in other species, the web extends further to cover the finger or toe tips. In some specics, the webbing has a deep excision and in others, it is essentially straight. The skin varies from essentially smooth in some frogs to rough, covered with spines and/or pustules in toads. Along the sides of the body, some frogs have a fold known as a dorsc-lateral fold which begins behind the eyes and runs to the groin. Others have what is known as a supratympanic fold which starts behind the eyes, extending further above the tympanum (the I-ound patch of skin over the ear) and ends around the arm pit. Teeth might be present in the upper jaw, but are always absent from the lower jaw.. Instead, some genera have a pairs of fang-like process, especially in the males. In many species, the females are larger than the males, but this is reversed in some species. The size of Indonesian forms varies from little more than 10 mm and weighing only one or two grams up to the largest species which can reach 280 mm and weigh more than l500 grams.

Amphibians' lives are always associated with water. The name amphibious means living in two different worlds, water and land. However, amphibians occupy a very wide variety of habitats, ranging from below the ground to the highest tree canopies. The majority of species live in forested areas, because they need high humidity to protect them from desiccation. Some species live close to rivers and others never leave the water. Species which live for the most part outside the water body usually still need water for some period, at least for breeding and reproductive activities. With two exceptions, no species can stand salt or brackish water. One of the exceptions is Fqln,arya cancnvma, the marsh or ricefield frog, a species closely linked to human activities. As well as living in habitats such as paddy fields which have been greatly modified by people, this species is also known to be abundant in lowland areas with brackish water such as mangroves. This explains its wide distribution throughour Southeast Asia. This species is now also known from Irian Jaya as a result of at.cidental introductions. It is possible to broadly group the habitats usually frequented hy amphibians. The first group of habitats is always associated with human activities. Thcrc are eight spccics which arr found in these hdhitats, Bufo ~n~lnnorl~rtrr.\, Fqnziova spp. ( ~ h r e ef'slau Museum, protxibly lost. Size: Malcx up to 50 nun; feinalcs LIPto (iO mm.

73

Skin texture: Wrinkled, covered with sparsely distributed elongated tubercles which generally dispose longitudinally, parallel to the body axis. Colour: Dirty mud-like colour with indistinct, but symetrical darker blotches, sometimes with a greenish colouration and a reddish tinge. Reproduction: Several hundred eggs are laid, usually on dark nights in stagnant waters such as paddy fields. Tadpoles are very similar to those of E: cancriuolzz (fig. 7B). Habitat: This species frequents paddy fields and grassland at low altitude, rarely up to about 700 m, occasionally a little higher where rice fields exist. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: Lowland areas where there are rice fields: MZB 377, Cikarang, Ujung Kulon; MZB 1835-1840, Mt. Haur, Banten; MZB 289, Cengkareng, Jakarta, MZB 057, Bogor; MZB 067, Mt. Pancar, Bogor; MZB 1592-1597,Klapa Nunggal, Cileungsi; MZB 1881-1907,Cibalagung, Bogor; MZB 2047-2050, Sirnagalih, Megamendurlg; MZB 2392, Situ Bagendit, Garut; MZB 2392, Sukabumi; MZB 2097, Bantarhuni, Indramayu; MZB 281, Rawa Pening, Salatiga; MZB 314, Wonosobo; MZB 391, Surabaya. Also recorded from Karawang, Sukabumi, Cibodas, Mt. Malabar, Cilacap, Babakan, Yogyakarta, Pasuruan, Nongkojajar, Situbondo, and Bali. Distribution outside Java: Widely distributed from Japan to India, and in Indonesia as far east as Flores. Other known names: Rana limnochar~s. Related species: Closely related to Fejervarya sp. (new species), F canctivora, E: uittlgera and to E: uerru,culosa (Timor, Wetar, Babar) . 10.10 Fg'eruarya new species KATAKTEGALAN GUNUNG MONTANE GRASS FROG Etymology: (Unnamed form, currently not separated from E: lirnnochans) . Description: This form is essentially identical to F limnocha7-Ls,but seems to be smaller and slightly more smooth skinned. A small species, pointed head, narrower than long, toes webbed just as far as the last phalanges. A pair of metatarsal tubercles on the lower part of the heels. Type locality: West Java. Types: MNHN. Size: Males up to 40 mm, females up to 50 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled, covered ulth sparsely distributed elongated tubercles. These tubercles are usually disposed longitudinally, parallel to the body axis.

74

Ranidae, The True Frogs

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI

Colour: Dirty greenish-brown colour with indistinct, but symmetrical darker blotches. Frequently with a narrow dorso-lateral fold, but sometimes with a wider one. Reproduction: Several hundred eggs are laid, usually on dark nights in stagnant waters such as paddy fields. Habitat: This species is restricted to paddy fields at altitudes of about 700 to 1200 m. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: At present, this species has only been found at higher altitudes around rice fields in Banjaran area, Bandung. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Rana lzmnocharis. Related species: This form is split from the widespread species E: limn6 charis based on biochemical evidences (protein, enzymes). The morphological characteristics show very few differences compared to the nominal species. This species is currently being described by Ohler & Veith (1998).

GENUS LIMNONECTES FITZINGER, 1343 A genus with small to giant frogs, consisting of more than 50 described species. T h e genus has many as yet unrecognised forms so that the number of species will increase to around double the present number in the near future. The skin is smooth to wrinkled, few species are warty. Nearly all species have a welldeveloped odontoid processes on at the lower jaw of the male specimens. The largest species is currently unnamed, known from Sumatra. It measures to about 30 cm, weighs more than 1500 gram and is the second largest frog in the world after Conraua goliath. Distribution: the Philippines up to China and South Japan. This genus is centered in Indonesia and New Guinea. 10.1 1 Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838) (fig. 4G, H; P1.18) KUHL'SCREEKFROG BANGKONG TUL~ Etymology: Named after the Dutch naturalist, Heinrich Kuhl (1797-1821) who worked inseparably with Johann Coenraad van Hasselt (1797-1823) in Indonesia, mainly on vertebrate fauna, in the early 19th century.

I

75

Description: A robust frog, tympanic rings undistinct, wide head, temporal region muscled, especially in adult male specimens, toes fully webbed up to the tips. Limbs very short and muscled. Tjpe locality: Java, without exact locality. Type: MNHN 4469; RMNH (2 ex.). Size: Adult males up to 80 mm, adult females up to 70 mm. Skin texture: Very wrinkled, covered densely with star-shaped tubercles, scattered all over the body, supratympanic fold very distinct. Tibia usually covered with tubercles, area around cloaca also covered with tubercles. Colour: Marbled black to nearly completely black all over the back. Reproduction: Tadpoles are numerous in slow-moving streams. The tadpoles are very similar in all Lzmnonectes species. These are very similar to the tadpoles of L. mzcrodzscus except the tail is said to be half black. Habitat: This species is always related to slow o r moderately moving water. They usually stay near the banks in very shallow water. Some have been seen in water crab holes. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones, all are meta- or submetacentrics, except pair no 8 which are subtelocentric. Known localities: Usually abundant at higher altitude: MZB 245, Nirmala, MZB 124, Pangalengan; MZB 512, Cibodas; MZB 606607, Cibeureum, Mts. Gede-Pangrango; MZB 2442, Ciapus, Bogor; MZB 431, Blawan ljen. Also recorded from Pasir Datar, Sukabumi, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Burangang, Mt. Malabar, Jatinangor, Mt. Tengger. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to mountainous regions of Java. Other known names: Rana kuhlzz. Related species: Formerly known as widely distributed in Southeast Asia up to China and India, but will be split into more than a dozen species. The nominal form is now restricted to Java. 10.12 Limnonectes macrodon (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841) (Pl. 19) STONECREEKFROG, BANGKONG BATU,BANGKONG GIANT JAVAN FROG RAKSASA, SAKLON Etymology: Derived from the Latin (macro- large, don - tooth) to refer to the enlarged fang-like bony processes in front of the jaws (odontoid processes).

76

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA AND BALI

Description: A very large frog with very wide head, especially in male specimens. Skin smooth with only occasionally some small tubercles, posterior part of the eyelids with tubercles, and toes webbed to the tips. Type locality:Java, without exact locality. Type: MNHN 4465 is chosen as lectotype. Size: Adult specimens vary from 100 to 150 mm. Skin texture: Essentially smooth with only a very few scattered tubercles. Colour: Uniformly reddish brown to blackish brown. Reproduction: A total of about 1000 eggs can be laid in a single gelatinous clutch in the sidepools of a river, usually o n dark nights. Males can be seen on river banks. The tadpoles are brownish, the tail lighter with short crossbars at the muscled part. There is some confusion over the identity of this form, and most reports outside Java belong to other species. Habitat: This species is reported to be present along rivers or clear streams. The adults are found along river banks, and readily jump when disturbed. Chromosome number: 2N=24, consists of' six large and six smaller pairs, all meta- and few submetacentric. Known localities: MNHN 4465, 4466, and RMNH 2011, 2013 from Java, no exact localities, MZB 426, Cigeunteur, Ujung Kulon; MZB 1009, Cidaun, Ujung Kulon; MZB 427, Bogor; MZB 2292, Cisarakan, Pelabuhan Ratu; MZB 213, Pasir Datar; MZB 424, Jasinga; MZB 1841, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Lembang; MZB 2448, Sagaranten, Curug Luhur. Sukabumi, Garut, Bogor, Pasir Datar, Mt. Salak, Babakan, Jatinangor. Distribution outside Java: Considered as endemic to Java, but also occurs in Lampung, South Sumatra. Other known names: Rana macrodon, Rana. blythii and Limnonectes kadarsani. Related species: This species was previously thought to be widespread in Southeast Asia, but is now split into about a dozen distinct species, which include L. blythii, L. mabianus, L. leporinus, L. ingm',L. kadarsaai. Descriptions of several new species are now in preparation from Sumatra and mainland Asia, split from the supposcdly widely distrib uted form in Southeast Asia. This unnamed giant form can reach a size of' 30 cm, making it the second largest frog in the world after Conraun goliath from Central Africa.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

77

10.13 Limnonectes microdiscus (Boettger, 1892) (PI. 20) BANGKONG KEXDIL

~ G M CREEK Y FROG

I

I I

I

I

I

Etymology: Derived from the Latin (mzcro- small, disnls - disc) to specify the small toediscs. Description: A small species with distinct inverted 'V' markings between the shoulders, odontoid processes absent in male specimens. Limbs relatively long and slender. The females can reach roughly twice the length of the males. Toes have two phalanges free from webbing. Type locality: Tengger Mts., East Java at 1200 m. Type: SMF 5418. Size: Males can reach about 35 mm, females about twice the male size. Skin texture: Essentially smooth without any tubercles except for the inverted V-shaped scapular markings. Colow: Reddish brown with distinct black inverted V markings between the shoulders Reproduction: A number of less than 50 eggs have been found in the reproductive cavity. The eggs are large, up to 3 mm, with a distinct darker central pole. Habitat: Restricted to forested regions from lowland to about 1400 m. Chromosome number: 2N=36, all are small acrocentric chromosomes, except for the smallest pair which are mctacentric. Known localities: MZB 1082-1093, Nyewaan, Ujung Kulon; MZB 1601, Pangandaran; MZB 516, Cibodas; MZB 1668, Pasarean, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango. Also recorded from Tengger Mts., Songgoriti, East Java. Distribution outside Java: Extra-limital distribution in Lampung, South Sumatra. Other known names: Rana microdisca, formerly also confused with Rana huschana. Related species: Previously considcred as a widely spread species in Indonesia from Mentawai, Sumatra up to Borneo, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi with numerous subspecies, but now is split up into about 15 distinct species. It seems that the main unifjlng characters are the half webbed toes and an inverted V-shaped scapular tubercle. Smith (1927) recorded Rana do-rim based on specimens from Songgoriti. The identity of these specimcns needs reconfirmation, because it is similar to males of L. microdzscus, especially in the absence of odontoid processes.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

GENUS OCCIDOZYGA KUHL& VAN HASSELT, 1822

Distribution outside Java: India, Southern China, Hainan, Indo-China, Sumatra and Bali. Other known names: Houlema obmra, ohyglossus Izma, Ooadoryga lzma, Ohydozyga lzma and Rana lzma. Related species: 0. cekbenszs replaces 0 . lzma in ricefields of southwest Sulawesi 0. l m z s is now restricted to the Philippines.

This genus consists of small species with narrow mouth, relatively smooth skin (except for one species), smooth jaw, back oriented eyes, and by the presence of dorso-lateral folds below the jaw, under the hips, inguinal region and sides of the body. There are less than a dozen species in the genus and all the members are thoroughly aquatic. Many other generic names have been proposed, including Houlema, Microdiscopus, Ooeidozyga, Oxyglossus, Oxydozyga and Phrynoglossus. Distribution: Southeast Asia to the Philippines, Sulawesi and Flores.

10.15 Occidozyga sumatrana (Peters, 1877) (fig. 7E;P1. 21) BANCET RAWASUMATERA

SUMATRAN PUDDLEFROG

10.14 Ocn'dozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829) (fig. 7E;P1. 21) GREENPUDDLE FROG BANCET HIJAU

Etymology: Refers to the texture of the skin which is like the surface of a lime. Description: A small squat-bodied species with pearly tubercles, all over the body. Eyes are distinctly bulging and situated back. Toes are fully webbed to the tips. Lateral line still visible in adult specimens. l)pe locality Java, without exact locality. Types: probably deposi~edin Breslau Museum, now lost. Size: Up to about 40 mm. Skin texture: Covered all over with pearly tubercles including underside. Colour: Greenish, lowerparts with a pair of L-shaped darker stripes on the lower part of the hips, gular with a pair of dark stripes. Reproduction: Lay about 50 eggs. Tadpoles have a very wide back fin, but a very small tube-like mouth (fig. 7E). Habitat: This species is abundant in rice-fields, always floating with the eyes above the water surface. The males call day and night. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones, all of the type meta- or submetacentrics. Known localities: MZB 212, Ciliwung, Bogor; MZB 217, Sukabumi; MZB 934,Jakarta; MZB 1598, Kelapa Nunggal, Cileungsi; MZB 2068, Gadog, Bogor; MZB 2099, Bantarhuni, Indramayu; MZB 2163, Telun, Garut; MZB 2215, Pelabuhan Ratu; MZB 2450, Situ Baru, Sukmajaya; MZB 2378, Situ Cangkuang, Garut; MZB 2532, Arnbarawa. Also recorded from Bandung, Tambun, Banten, Jakarta, k a w a n g , Gadok, Sukabumi, Jampang, Citalahab, Situ Bagendit, Kediri, Pasuruan and Bali.

79

I

I

.

I

I !

,

Etymology: Refers to Sumatra, the type locality. Diagnosis: A small Occidozyga, different from 0.lam's in its smaller size, its skin texture with tubercles and by its larger toe tips. ' I & locality: Sumatra, Types: ZMB 6292. Description: A small species with small head. Toes fully webbed to disc with distinct enlarged digital disc devoid of circum-marginal groove. Lower jaw smooth without any indication of enlarged tooth-like processes. Skin with few tubercles, but without any indication of folds except for the supratympanic fold. Tympanum hidden. Size: Adult males 2@30 mm; adult females 3545 mm. Skin texture: Few tubercles on the back, smooth all over including the legs and belly, supratympanic fold distinct. Colour: Uniformly brownish to greyish upper and underside. Gular region usually blackish, especially in male specimens. Reproduction: Tadpoles are very similar to those of Occidozyga l m i s , in having very small, tube-like mouth. The limbs erupt and grow very fast, so that most tadpoles, even when still very small, already have complete hind-limbs. The adults and tadpoles are carnivorous and eat principally worms or insect larvae. Habitat: Usually found in puddles among habitation in the forest or secondary clearings. This species has never been found in high numbers, although it is not rare. Chromosome number: 2N=26. Known localities: MZB 370, Cigeunteur, IJjung Kulon, MZB 1010-1015, Cidaun, Ujung Kulon; MZB 2161, Ngantang, Selorejo, ITB, Sancang. Also recorded from Jati Nangor, Sumedang. Distribution outside Java: Sumatra, Bali, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, perhaps up to Indo-China. Other known names: Described as Mzcronisc;op~~~ sumatranus, but most literature refers to it as Oqglossus lamis, Oxydozygn laevis, Oondozyga laerizs

.

or Phrynoglossw lueut.i. As the typical Occidozyga h i s is much larger and essentially smooth, all other non-Philippine populations have been regarded by this author as 0 . sumatrana. ' Related species: This form is very similar to 0. h i s , described from the Philippines, and previously confused. It is also very similar to the smaller 0 . celebensis. Comparison: Compared to 0 . h i s this form is specific because of its smaller body, larger toe tips, tuberculated skin (completely smooth or with few, very small tubercules in 0 . lamis), and weak line lateralis (which are clearly visible in 0. .!amis). Its relatively smooth skin texture with few tubercles differentiates it from 0 . lima which has skin with tightly-packed pearly tubercles; compared to 0. celebenszi (Sulawesi) it is larger, with larger toe-tips, and no darker marblings. In addition 0. celebensis has a smoother skin.

Chapter 1 1

Family Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs Members of this tree frog family are restricted to South Asia and Africa where they replace the true tree frog family, Hylidae, that has a worldwide distribution. They are sometime refered to as false tree frogs. In Eastern Indonesia and Australia, they are replaced by the Pelodryadidae family. About ten genel-a are known, but only four genera occur in Java. This family has a peculiar way of laying eggs. Members of the genus Polypedates and Rhacophorus lay eggs in a frothy mass prepared by both parents during egg laying. However, the tadpoles complete their life-cycle in slow-moving or stagnant waters. The genus Philautus has a different mode of reproductive strategy with direct development eggs. The eggs are large and laid on the ground or in a crevices in a tree trunk. The tadpoles develop inside the eggs. As soon as the develop ment process is finished, a small froglet with four legs and a tail will hatch through the egg sheet. Frogs of this family are characterized by a short snout, large bulgng eyes, and large finger- and toe-tips. Distribution of Rhacophoridae in Indonesia: GENERA

SPECIES

Nyctixalus Ph ilautus Polypedates

2 17

Rhacophorus Theloderma

20 2

la

Ib 2a(la) 2b( 1a)

5

DISTRIBUTION

Borneo, Java, Sumatra Borneo, Java, Sumatra All Indonesian regions except Maluku and lrian Jaya Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra Borneo. Sumatra

Size less than 50 rnm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Size more than 50 mrn.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Body flattened, reddish brown with whitish or yellowish spots all over the body.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nyctixalus margant2fer Body plump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PHIIAITI.CIP (3)

84

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI Body greenish, spotted, marbled with yellow stripes or with a narrow white stripe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philautus auni/asciatus Body brownish without stripe. . . . .' . . . . . . . . . Philautus jacobsoni

Body spotted with black, palms yellow, body brownish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philautus uittiger Body vlolet with a pair of black stripes. . . . . . . Philautuspallidipes Colour usually dull, size up to 85 mm, back yellowish brown with small spots or four to six black stripes. . . . Polypedates leucomystax Colour usually bright, size up to 80 mm.. . . . . . RHACOPHORUS (5) Body brownish or reddish with darker spots. . . . . . . . . R. javanus Body green, footweb black, limbs orange. . . . . . . . . R ra'nwardtii

GENUS NYCTLYALUS BOULENGER, 1882 A small genus with only three forms. Nyctixalus spinosus is known from Mindanao, and N. pictus from Sumatra and Borneo, sometimes considered as only subspecifically distinct from the Javan form. They consist of medium-sized frogs intermediate between Xhacophorus and Philautus, a n d are sometimes considered as members of the genus ~ h i l a u t u s as , both genera lack vomerine teeth. The skin of Nyctixalus covered with small tubercles, and the head skin is co-ossified with the skull. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Palawan. 11.1 Nyctixalus margaritifm (Boulenger, 1882) (Pl. 22) TREE FROG PEARLY UTAK POHON MUT~ARA

Etymology: Derived from Latin in reference to the pearly white spots characteristic of this species. Description: A small flat frog with distinct dorso-lateral fold. Skin of head co-ossified with the skull. Toes and fingers have distinct large and flattened tips. Toes nearly fully webbed to discs. Vomerine teeth absent, tubercles scattered on back stirrace including snout, upper eyelids and on the hands and fingers. Type locality: East lndies, probably Java. Type: The holotype, previously deposited in Bruxelles Museum is lost. BMNH 1885. 12.31.35is chosen as neotype. Size: Adult males 30-33 mm; adult females about 31-35 mm.

Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs

85

Skin texture: Roughly granular even on limbs, pre-anal and infra-femoral region covered with tubercles; belly coarsely granular. Colour: Orange to dark brown with yellow spots on the eyelids and shoulders. Smaller yellow spots scattered all over the body, hands and legs. Belly sometimes has white streaks. Reproduction: Females lay up to 15 eggs covered with a gelatinous mass just above water-containing tree-holes. Habitat: Usually found in forest from the lowlands up to about 1200 m. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: At present, this species is only known around Mts. GedePangrango, Situ Gunung (ITB collection) and Mt. Willis, based on specimens in London, Chicago, Leiden and Amsterdam Museums. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Philuutus anodon, P flauosignatus, Ixalus anodon, Edwardtayha pcta. Related species: N. margantzfer is sometimes considered as a subspecies of N. pictus.

GENUS PHILAUTUS GISTEL,1848 A large genus with at present 70 valid species, but nearly the same number of names are considered as synonymous. This genus badly needs revision. All members are small up to about 40 mm, but usually not more than 30 mm. Another specific characteristic of the genus is the absence of vomerine teeth. The genus has a distinctive reproduction strategy, with direct development of eggs, although a small number of species is known to have non-feeding tadpoles. The eggs are usually very large, up to 5 mm and development takes about five days to two weeks. Frogs of this genus are generally found above 600 m. Distribution: Borneo, Java and Sumatra. The majority of the species are found in the Philippines and mainland Southeast Asia up to South China. 11.2 Philautus aurifmciatus (Schlegel, 1837) (fig. 5C, D; P1. 23) GOLDSTRIPEDTREEFROG UTAK POHON EMAS

Etymology: Derived from Latin (aurum - gold, fasciatus - stripes) to denote the presence of golden stripes along the body. Description: Small sized frog. Young specimens appeared to be wrinkled, but adults are essentially smooth. The head is usually broad, the snout

86

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA AND BALI

is short and pointed. Fingers and toes have large flattened discs, toes are half webbed, fingers webbed at the base. Type locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: RMNH 4266; 5064 (6 ex.). Size: Adult males 15-25 mm; adult females 25-33 mm. Skin texture: Smooth, with few tubercles. Belly surface covered with granular tubercles. Colour: Greenish to brownish or sometimes blackish violet, Sometimes back blackish with constriction in the middle, forming an hour-glass marking. Usually has a darker 'H' or 'X' shape formed by stripes on the back, bordered with yellow. Additional stripes might be present. Tadpoles: No tadpoles due to direct development. Each time the female lays about a dozen pigmentless eggs in a tree cavity, each measuring about 5 mm in diameter. The froglets will hatch in less than ten days. Habitat: Young specimens are usually confined to shrubs. Adults are more often found on tree-trunks not far from the water body. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: MZB 2461, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango, MZB 1648, Rawa Denok; MZB 208, Bogor, ITB collection. Situ Gunung, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Mt. Burangrang. Also recorded from Tengger Mts. The record from Mt. Ungaran might apply to the next form. Distribution outside Java: Thailand, IndeChina up to Sumatra and Borneo. Other known names: Ixalus acutirostns, I. petmsi, I. rnyobergi and Nyctixalus rohnsoni. Related species: Philautus vermiculatz~sfrom Malay Peninsula is probably synonymous with this form.

11.3 Phihutus jacobsoni (van Kampen, 1912) (fig. 5C, D) JACOBSON'S TREEFROG KATAK POHON UNGAR~ Etymology: Named in honour of Edward Jacobson, a very active collector of animals in Sumatra and Java just before the First World War. Description: Very similar to l? aunfasciatus which differs only by its larger tympanum, longer limbs, shorter snout, slightly more extensively webbed toes, and relatively smoother skin. Type locality: Mt. Ungaran, Central Java. Types: ZMA 5709. Size: About 25-30 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with several tubercles on the upper side of the head. Throat and underparts granular.

Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs

87

Colour: Back violet brown, belly dark, posterior parts and the thighs are creamy white. Reproduction: Unknown, but probably similar to l? aunfasciatus. Habitat: At present this species has only been found among vegetation in secondary forest, but it must have previously been (and possibly is still present) in primary forest. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: At present, this species is only known from around Mt. Ungaran, Ambarawa. This species has not been collected since being described and awaits rediscovery. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Ixalus jacobsoni. Related species: A number of Phzlautus species are grouped together, however relationships with other species are still uncertain. 11.4 Phihutus pallidipes (Barbour, 1908) KATAK POHON KAKIFWIH PALEFOOTED TREEFROG Etymolow Derived from Latin (pallidus - pale, and pes - foot) in reference to the pale colour of the sole of the foot which is characteristic of this species. Description: Very small tree frog, similar to l? aunfasn'atus. This species differs by having soles and palms yellowish, upperside brownish, reddish or greyish, and underside yellow, speckled with brown. Throat is dark brown, closely barred with brown. Type locality: Mt. Pangrango, West Java at 1200 m. Type: MCZ 2442. Size: About 25-30 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with several tubercles on the upper side of the head. Throat and lower surface granular. Colour: Greenish with a blackish stripe on the body [ ) ( 1, a cross-bar between the eyes, limbs with cross-barring, forearms and tibia spotted with black, underside white. Reproduction: Unknown, but probably similar to l? aunfasciatus. Habitat: At present this species has only been found among vegetation in humid and shrubby areas. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: Known from Mt. Pangrango. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Ixalus pallidipes.

88

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAAND BALI

Related species: A number of Philautus species are grouped together, however its relationships with other species are still uncertain.

1 1.5. Philautus vittiger (Boulenger, 1897) WINE-COLOURED TREEFROG UTAK POHON UNGU Etymology: Probably derived from the Latin ultis (wine) in reference to wine-coloured back characteristic of this species. Description:Very small tree frog, similar to P aunfasn'atus which differs in having a pair of dark stripes running from the eye to the groin, and meeting around the middle of the body. Type locality: Pangalengm, West Java at 1200 m. Sue: About 2530 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with several tubercles on the upper side of the head. Throat and underparts surface granular. Colour: Greenish with a blackish stripe on the body (>