TESTICULAR CANCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Testicular Cancer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84090-3 1. Testicular Cancer-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on testicular cancer. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TESTICULAR CANCER ............................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Testicular Cancer .......................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 22 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TESTICULAR CANCER ..................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding Nutrition Studies on Testicular Cancer......................................................................... 69 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 75 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TESTICULAR CANCER ............................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 77 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 89 General References ....................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TESTICULAR CANCER ................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Dissertations on Testicular Cancer.............................................................................................. 91 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND TESTICULAR CANCER ............................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Recent Trials on Testicular Cancer.............................................................................................. 93 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON TESTICULAR CANCER .......................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Patents on Testicular Cancer ..................................................................................................... 105 Patent Applications on Testicular Cancer ................................................................................. 108 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 111 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON TESTICULAR CANCER ............................................................................. 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 113 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 115 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 116 Chapters on Testicular Cancer................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON TESTICULAR CANCER ................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Bibliography: Multimedia on Testicular Cancer........................................................................ 119 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TESTICULAR CANCER ................................................ 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 121 Academic Periodicals covering Testicular Cancer ..................................................................... 126 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 127 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 128 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 129 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 133
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NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 135 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 137 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 139 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 145 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 147 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 147 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 147 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 153 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 153 TESTICULAR CANCER DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 155 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 209
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with testicular cancer is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about testicular cancer, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to testicular cancer, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on testicular cancer. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to testicular cancer, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on testicular cancer. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TESTICULAR CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on testicular cancer.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and testicular cancer, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Undescended Testes Source: Family Urology. 3(1): 13-16. 1998. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Diseases. 1128 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 727-2908. Summary: In men, the testicles (also known as testes) are normally located in the scrotal sac. The purpose of the scrotal sac (scrotum) is to keep the temperature of the testicles 2 to 3 degrees cooler than the core body temperature. This article reviews one of the most common problems managed by pediatric urologists, the undescended testicle. This condition is found in boys where a testicle fails to migrate from its original position in the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. Boys with an undescended testis, also known as cryptorchidism, are at risk for infertility, testicular cancer, inguinal hernia, and
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testicular torsion. The authors report on normal testicular development, noting that two thirds of undescended testicles in infants descend by six months of age. Thereafter, spontaneous testicular descent is rare. Pediatric urologists generally recommend that an undescended testicle be corrected by the age of 12 to 18 months, before severe, degenerative changes occur in the undescended testicle. Men who had an undescended testicle as children are at risk for testicular cancer. This malignancy is most common between 15 and 40 years of age. Surgical treatment for an undescended testicle does not prevent cancerous changes from occurring. Consequently, men who were treated for an undescended testicle as children are encouraged to practice testicular self-examination monthly. The authors conclude by reminding readers to counsel the parents of a child with an undescended testicle, to help them realize that this is a fairly common and very treatable condition. One drawing illustrates the three common positions of undescended testicles, as well as the normal scrotal placement. 1 figure. •
Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management Source: American Family Physician. 62(9): 2037-2044. November 1, 2000. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article discusses the undescended testicle, stressing that early diagnosis and adequate management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and to improve early detection of testicular malignancy (cancer). Physical examination of the testicle can be difficult; consultation should be considered if a normal testis cannot be definitely identified. Observation is not recommended beyond 1 year of age, because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success, and probably impairs spermatogenesis (development of the sperm). Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between 6 months and 2 years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. The success of either form of treatment depends on the position of the testicle at diagnosis. The authors note that recent improvements in surgical technique, including laparoscopic approaches to diagnosis and treatment, hold the promise of improved outcomes. While orchiopexy (surgical replacement of the testicle in its proper place in the scrotum) may not protect patients from developing testicular cancer, the procedure allows for earlier detection through self examination of the testicles. A patient care management algorithm is provided. 7 figures. 34 references.
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Health Issues in Men: Part I. Common Genitourinary Disorders Source: American Family Physician. 61(12): 3657-3664. June 15, 2000. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article reviews common genitourinary health issues that arise in the care of male patients including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urogenital cancers, premature ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction (ED, formerly called impotence). Bacterial infections are responsible for only 5 to 10 percent of prostatitis cases. BPH is present in 90 percent of men by the age of 85. Common urogenital cancers include prostate cancer, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and testicular cancer. Although an estimated 10 percent of men eventually develop prostate cancer, screening for this malignancy is one of the most controversial areas of health prevention. Premature ejaculation occurs in as many as 40 percent of men. Treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, counseling, or behavioral therapy may be helpful. ED affects up to 30 percent of men between 40 and 70 years of
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age. Stepped therapy is a useful approach to this common disorder. Good treatment results for ED have been obtained with orally administered sildenafil and intraurethrally administered alprostadil. 1 figure. 4 tables. 20 references. •
Urology Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 186(2): 241-246. February 1998. Contact: Available from Journal of the American College of Surgeons. P.O. Box 2127, Marion, OH 43306-8227. (800) 214-8489 or (740) 382-3322. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: This review article offers a summary of selected contributions in the disciplines of urologic oncology (cancer of the urinary tract), neurourology and voiding dysfunction, impotence (erectile dysfunction) and male infertility, urinary tract infections, and pediatric urology. Screening for prostate cancer (PSA serum tests and digital rectal examinations) is now recommended annually, beginning at age 50, and in high risk younger men (such as those with a family history of the disease). As more prostate cancers are detected in potentially curable stages, the treatment options have become more complex. The author considers the appropriateness of bladder sparing treatments for muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma (cancer) of the bladder. Other long term followup research showed that men with testicular cancer continue to be at significant risk for second malignancies. In the area of neurourology and voiding dysfunction, the author reports on ongoing work to improve bladder function in patients with spinal cord injury. In the area of erectile dysfunction (ED), the author reports on the use of transurethral alprostadil, and sildenafil (Viagra). In the discipline of assisted reproductive technology, the past year has seen dramatic advances in the area of male infertility: it is now possible to obtain sperm from approximately 50 percent of men who had previously been labeled sterile. The author discusses the implications of using intracytoplasmic sperm injection for in vitro fertilization. 22 references.
Federally Funded Research on Testicular Cancer The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to testicular cancer. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to testicular cancer. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore testicular cancer. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for testicular cancer:
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: ANTICANCER AGENT PHARMACODYNAMICS IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Relling, Mary V.; Member and Chairperson; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tn 381052794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: Topoisomerase II inhibitors, including etoposide and anthracyclines, are among the most effective drugs for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are also widely used for breast, lung, ovarian, and testicular cancers. Although ALL is now curable in 70 percent-80 percent of patients, its treatment is complicated by the development of a therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (tAML) in up to 12 percent of children who have been cured of their ALL. As this t- AML carries an almost uniformly fatal prognosis, attempts are now being made to limit exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors (e.g. etoposide and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin), but the success of this empiric strategy and its impact on the efficacy of ALL chemotherapy and the frequency of t-AML remain unknown. TAML is a distinct clinical and biologic entity, characterized by a unique molecular signature: nonhomologous recombination of the MLL gene with one of a number of partner genes, resulting in leukemogenic genomic fusions. During the last funding period for this grant, we have demonstrated that etoposide can directly induce sitespecific nonhomologous recombination in vitro, we have documented recombinogenesis in vivo in children with ALL, and we have developed models for testing recombinogenesis that results as a consequence of topoisomerase II inhibition. We have also identified a clinical genetic host factor, low thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity, that predisposed patients treated with thiopurines and etoposide to development of topoisomerase II inhibitor-induced t- AML. Subsequently, this genetic polymorphism in TPMT has been linked to t-AML by an independent ALL treatment group, even in children whose only topoisomerase II-inhibitor exposure included the less potent and putatively less leukemogenic anthracyclines. Moreover, we determined that an inherited defect in TPMT significantly predisposes patients to therapy-induced brain tumors. Thus, evidence is mounting that thiopurines contribute to tumorigenesis, particularly in patients with a genetic defect in TPMT. In the continuation of this project, we will use a combination of pre-clinical laboratory and translational clinical studies to (1) determine the contribution of TPMT to etoposide- and anthracycline-induced nonhomologous recombination in isogenic hematopoietic cell lines and in pre-clinical murine models and (2) determine whether the degree of nonhomologous recombination in vivo in children receiving thiopurines and anthracyclines for treatment of ALL is related to their TPMT status. Our hypothesis is that the inopportune concurrence of genetic host factors (such as defective TPMT) and therapy related factors (topoisomerase II inhibitors plus facilitating drugs, such as thiopurines) place a subset of patients at unacceptably high risk of t-AML. Our long- term goal is to identify host- and treatmentrelated risk factors for t-AML so that we can design less leukemogenic anticancer treatment regimens, with improved efficacy for the primary ALL. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BLEOMYCIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION: NMR SPECTROSCOPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stubbe, Joanne; Professor; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001
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Summary: The bleomycins (BLM's) are a family of antitumor antibiotics presently used clinically in the treatment of testicular cancer, head and neck carcinoma as well as Hodgkin's disease. Establishing the major intracellular target(s) and the mechanism(s) responsible for BLM's observed cytotoxicity and therapeutic efficacy is thus of great interest. BLM has been known for some time to effect both single strand (ss) and double strand (ds) breaks of DNA in vitro and in vivo. These ds breaks have been proposed to be the major contributing factor in BLM's cytotoxicity. A model for the way in which a single molecule of BLM can effect cleavage on two strands of DNA without dissociating has been proposed based on recent structural data acquired at CM[R. In this model, the bithiazole unit of the BLM molecule is thought to undergo a trans to cis flip that repositions the metal binding region of the molecule at the second strand. The hydroperoxide form of iron BLM (activated BLM) has been shown in mechanistic studies to abstract the 4'-H of the DNA ribose moiety. Once the 4'-H has been removed, two major DNA lesions are formed. A phosphoglycolate lesion can be formed in an oxygen dependent manner, and a 4'-keto abasic site can be formed by an oxygen independent pathway. The structure of the phosphoglycolate lesion may present the key to understanding the ds cleavage of the DNA by BLM. Previously, a phosphoglycolate lesion containing the GTAC sequence had been synthesized in our lab. The GTAC sequence was chosen since it is a hot spot for ds cleavage with a ratio of ds : ss cleavage of I : 3. The key to acquiring good data for this piece had been to synthesize the oligonucleotide as a double hairpin connected with hexaethyleneglycol spacers. The proton chemical shift assignments have been completed and modeling of the 2D NMR data collected on a 750 MHz NMR is currently underway. The oligonucleotide had also been titrated with a cobalt hydroperoxy form of BLM, which is a proposed analog of activated iron BLM. This titration will be repeated with a more concentrated sample in the near future. Preparation of this sample is underway. The complex of cobalt BLM and DNA may hold the key to understanding the mechanism of ds cleavage. It may be possible to cont rast the data from the phosphoglycolate lesion with the data from an intact piece of DNA and detect a trans to cis isomerization in the bithiazole region. Another oligonucleotide sample containing the phosphoglycolate lesion has been prepared as well. This oligonucleotide is also a double hairpin linked by hexaethyleneglycol spacers. However, this piece contains the GGCC sequence. Interestingly, this sequence cannot undergo ds cleavage via the BLM molecule. This sequence thus functions as a control experiment. Data for this DNA has been collected in D20 and 90%H20/10%D20. The assignments of the chemical shifts are in progress. This oligonucleotide will also be titrated with a cobalt hydroperoxy BLM. If this oligonucleotide yields a one to one complex with the BLM, it will be interesting to contrast this data with the data from the GTAC piece. The synthesis of the 4'-keto abasic site is also in progress in the lab. This lesion is a synthetic challenge and efforts to make this lesion have thus far been unsuccessful. However, a new approach to this problem has been taken. A 4'-azido-2'-deoxyuridine moiety has been synthesized that will be incorporated into DNA using a polymerase and a kinase. Subsequent reduction will yield the 4'-keto abasic site. Since the 4'-keto abasic site is currently unavailable for structure determination, a close relative, a 4'-OH abasic site is being studied by 2D NMR. Again, this data was acquired on the 750 MHz instrument at CMR. This abasic site is being studied in the GTAC sequence context for comparison with the phosphoglycolate lesion. The modeling of this duplex 13-mer containing the abasic site is in the final stages of refinement. Interestingly, two distinct conformations of this abasic site in the GTAC region are present in equal amounts. This leads to the question of recognition of this damage site by DNA repair enzymes. It is reasonable to postulate that one of these conformations is recognized preferentially by DNA repair enzymes such as human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APEI). In summary, modeling of
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2D NMR data acquired on the 750 MHz instrument are at various stages of refinement for the abasic site and the phosphoglycolate lesions. Assignments of the 2D NMR data are in progress for additional phosphoglycolate lesions with and without Co-BLM bound. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CANCER RELATED PLACENTAL TYPE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Millan, Jose L.; Professor; Burnham Institute 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1986; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) The long-term goal of this research is to elucidate the function of alkaline phosphatases (APs) during development and the significance and utility of their re-expression in cancer and other diseases. The underlying hypotheses are that a) APs have an essential function and b) that tumors acquire a selective advantage by re-expressing AP genes. In fact: a) inactivation of the tissue non-specific AP (TNAP) gene is incompatible with normal life leading to infantile hypophosphatasia and perinatal death and b) consistent re-expression of the human germ cell (GCAP) and placental (PLAP) genes in gonadal tumors is firmly established. Considerable knowledge is now available that the principal investigator believes it timely to advance this field to the translational stage. The present competitive renewal application focuses on using GCAP and PLAP to develop tools that will benefit patients in three important clinical areas: I) In the treatment of hypophosphatasia: GCAP expression constructs ill be tested for their ability to compensate by gene therapy, for the lack of TNAP in our mouse model of hypophosphatasia. The investigators will assay in vitro for bone nodule formation to test the efficacy of the constructs, and use bone marrow transplantation with ex vivo manipulated osteoblast precursor cell to assess the effectiveness of the treatment. The investigators will make use of the GCAP transgenic mice previously developed in our lab which display immunotolerance to GCAP. Breeding of our TNAP knockout mice to the GCAP transgenic mice will render mice that closely mimic the human patient situation, i.e., display a hypophosphatasia phenotype and are immunotolerant to GCAP. The use of GCAP as a therapeutic gene would circumvent the host immune response towards the therapeutic gene product, a problem which often complicates gene therapy trials. II) In the diagnosis of testicular cancer: Dr. Millan and his colleagues will develop a non-invasive, specific method for the detection of carcinoma-in-situ cells in seminal fluid for the early detection of testis cancer. They will use anti-GCAP antibodies in combination with RT-PCR amplification of tumor-specific transcripts to attain the required specificity and sensitivity. III) In the treatment of ovarioan carcinoma: The investigators will develop and use bispecific antibodies directed against GCAP or PLAP on tumor cells and CD3 on the surface of cytotoxic T cells to treat ovarian cancer cells in vitro. These bispecific antibodies will be useful in the treatment of metastatic lesions and residual masses after surgical resection of the bulk of the tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN TESTICULAR CANCER SURVIVORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vaughn, David J.; Member; Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 29-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common solid tumor diagnosed among men aged 20 - 35 years, and TC survivors treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy may be at increased risk for the premature development of cardiovascular risk factors and early cardiovascular events. Although cardiovascular risk may be indexed through objective measures of subclinical atherosclerosis, behavioral risk factors may moderate the overall risk of cardiovascular events and serve as the targets for future interventions aimed at reducing risk. However, definitive data regarding the cardiovascular risk proffered by cisplatin-based chemotherapy are not available and neither the degree to which TC survivors exhibit behavioral risk factors nor whether these behavioral factors moderate cardiovascular risk among individuals treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy is known. The specific aims of this exploratory project are two-fold: 1) To establish the relationship between receipt of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and subclinical atherosclerosis among TC survivors using non-invasive studies; and 2) To describe the health and risk behaviors of TC survivors and determine the relationship between these behaviors, receipt of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and subclinical atherosclerosis among TC survivors. To address these aims, TC survivors will be surveyed regarding health and risk behaviors in Stage I to generate 30 TC survivors who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy and 30 chemotherapy-naive controls for study in Phase I1.Subjects in Stage II will undergo clinical evaluation that includes a TC patient questionnaire, physical examination, and standard laboratory measures (e.g., lipid analysis) and will complete valid, reliable selfreport assessments concerning cardiovascular risk-related lifestyle characteristics and health behaviors. Objective measure of subclinical atherosclerosis will be associated with lifestyle characteristics. This study will provide the framework for future studies examining cardiovascular risk reduction through physiological and behavioral interventions in TC survivors that received cisplatin-based chemotherapy. This study will also provide valuable data in a program of research with TC patients and survivors. The ultimate goal of this exploratory grant is to develop an intervention project aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk among TC survivors. However, prior to initiating an intervention study, these parameters need to be explicated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY OF PLATINUM ANTICANCER DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lippard, Stephen J.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1983; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of this research is to elucidate the mechanism of action of cis-diammineddichloroplatinum (II), cis-DDP or cisplatin, a leading anti-cancer drug used to treat testicular tumors and a paradigm for successful chemotherapy. The major underlying hypothesis is that the biological activity derives from the formation and persistence of cisplatin- DNA adducts, mainly 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG) and d(ApG) cross-links. Geometric information about these adducts in several of 16 possible N1GGN2 and N11AGN2 sequence contexts and their binding to cellular proteins will be provided. Novel synthetic routes to site-specifically platinated duplex DNAs are presented as well as thermodynamic, kinetic, and NMR and X-ray structural methods for characterizing their complexes with proteins. Among proteins that bind specifically major cisplatin-DNA adducts and affect cellular processing are those containing highmobility group (HMG) domains. HMG domain proteins shield platinum adducts from nucleotide excision repair (NER) and help elongate transcripts from chromatin. The ability of cisplatin-DNA intrastrand cross-links to be excised by NER and to block
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transcription will be investigated with reconstituted in vitro assays. Probes containing specific adducts and strategically placed photocross-linking agents will be introduced to identify factors contacting platinated DNA. Extracts from tumor and normal testis tissue from a new breed of mice that develops testicular cancer will be prepared for NER studies to test the hypothesis that poor repair of cisplatin adducts underlies its selective toxicity. Parallel work will be performed with cultured human testis cell. The (TTAGGG)n repeating sequence in human telomeres is a likely target for cisplatin. We shall investigate telomere length maintenance as a contributing factor to the cisplatin molecular mechanism by studying the platination of this sequence in duplex DNAs. The effect of cisplatin on telomere binding proteins (TBPs) such as TRF1 and TRF2 will be studied in cells or in situ immunofluorescence techniques. In vitro binding of TBPs to probes with embedded site-specifically platinated telomere sequences will also be examined. An additional aim, to improve the selective binding of HMG-domain proteins to cisplatin 1,2-cross-links, will be met by site-directed mutagenesis based on a recent structure of a complex between HMG1 domain A and a platinated 16-mer duplex. Phage display will provide additional peptides selected for their strong binding to cis0platin-cross-links. These protein constructs will be over- expressed in mammalian cells to evaluate whether they affect cisplatin sensitivity, ultimately for combined chemotherapy/gene therapy applications in human cancer. With a newly devised transcription inhibition assay have a fast fluorescent readout, combinatorial libraries of platinum compounds will be screened for anti-cancer drug candidates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL TRIALS AND MENTORING IN ONCOLOGY RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Motzer, Robert J.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The goal of this K24 is to allow the principal investigator (PI) to pursue clinical research in medical oncology and mentor new investigators. The PI's current program identifies new treatment programs for patients with genito-urinary malignancies, specifically testicular cancer and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Germ cell tumor (GCT) of the testis is considered a model for the curable cancer, with 70 percent of patients with advanced GCT cured by cisplatin-combination chemotherapy. However, the 30 percent of patients with resistant GCT require more effective therapy. Research efforts focus on inclusion of dose-intensive therapy in first-line treatment for patients predicted as resistant, novel means of dose-intensification, and the identification of new agents with antitumor effect which are incorporated into combination therapy. In contrast, RCC represents the most resistant malignancy to chemotherapy. Biological agents, i.e. interferon-alpha, show a low degree of activity. Efforts against RCC are directed at the study of treatment programs to augment the activity of interferon and the study of novel agents for antitumor activity. During the past 10 years, the PI has conducted 23 phase I,II and III prospective Instituitional Reveiw Board-approved clinical trials. For both tumors, a clinical database has been established to identify prognostic factors and direct therapy. Participation in translational research is fundamental for my research effort as a clinical investigator. In the PI's position as Associate Chairman, Clinical Trials, Department of Medicine, the PI oversees the Clinical Trials Office, which is comprised of 50 research assistants and is responsible for process and data management of all clinical trials in the Department. Bringing the impact of this position to bear in an active clinical trial program in GCT and RCC creates a unique opportunity as a comprehensive learning experience for medical oncology
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fellows in teaching clinical trial methodology. Access to a cadre of fellows-in-training at our center makes this possible. Education in clinical trial methodology is given by direct supervision and teaching in a one-to-one basis in the clinic, through tutoring, and in conference. Skills of clinical trial conduct such as writing protocols, obtaining informed consent, response and toxicity assessment, and analysis of data requires are emphasized. The PI has mentored 10 medical oncology fellows-in training during their second and third year of training; six are active in academic oncology and/or clinical investigator careers. One recently joined staff at MSKCC in the Genito-urinary Section. Mentoring of clinical trials is extended beyond fellowship to junior faculty members. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMMUNITY EXPOSURE TO PERFLUOROOCTANATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Emmett, Edward A.; Emergency Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) This project is a partnership between environmental researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, local health care providers at Health South Hospital, Parkersburg WV, and the -Decatur Community Association, to address exposure of residents in the Little Hocking Water Association district (LHWAD) to C8. Little Hocking is a village in the Appalachian region near Parkersburg WV, located directly across the Ohio River and downwind of a plant with significant discharges of C8 to air, ground, and water. Residents of LHWAD have known exposures to C8 through air, residential drinking water domestic well water, and community water; some residents have occupational exposure (with possible domestic household contamination). There are other potential exposure sources. C8 is known to be very persistent in both the environment and in humans (serum half-life approximately 4 years). C8 can be toxic to the liver, causes testicular cancer and mammary hyperplasia and may have reproductive effects in experimental animals. Human data is limited but adverse effects have been reported from occupational exposure. Events surrounding C8 contamination in Little Hocking and surrounding areas have led to substantial community skepticism and lack of trust. Through this project the partners will measure C8 in a stratified sample of residents and identify the relative importance of the various potential exposure sources. To help assess C8 risk levels in residents will be compared with those in other population and occupational groups and by determining if early biomarkers of toxic effect are associated with higher C8 levels. This information will be shared with the community, and an implementation plan developed to reduce exposures. A community participation model will be used to involve stakeholders at all stages. Two-way communication, and education of community residents and local health practitioners will be emphasized. The effectiveness of communication and education and the level of participation of residents will be evaluated. Outcome measures to be evaluated include the reduction of levels of blood C8, and whether community trust is restored through an independent participatory study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC DOUBLE STRANDED DNA Principal Investigator & Institution: Kozlowski, Pawel M.; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008
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Summary: Project 4 will adress fundamental questions related to the structure and function of iron bleomycins and will design and synthesize novel bleomycin-based compounds with increased sequence specificity. The overall objective of this proposal is to understand the structure and reactivity of bleomycins and to develop structurally modified bleomycins can be used to obtain better and more efficient cancer treatments. The bleomycins are a group of glycopeptide antibiotics synthesized by Streptomyces verticilus that have been for the treatment of head and neck cancer, certain lymphomas, and testicular cancer. The mechanism of cytoxicity appears to be related to the ability of bleomycins to specifically bind and cleave duplex DNA. An NMR-determined structure of Co(lll)-Bleomycin bound to an oligonucleotide duplex has led to a model of the mechanism by which both strands are cleaved as the result of a single binding event (Hoehn et al, 2001). Using approaches which include high-level quantum chemistry, molecular modelling, NMR analysis, molecular specificity analysis, in vitro and in vivo testing, we will characterize the efficacy of the new agents. Specific aims of this Project are: 1. To calculate the structure of derivatives of iron-bleomycin prior to DNA binding, as well as to calculate the structure and dynamics of Fe(II)-BLM bound to DNA. 2. To synthesize and test the Bleomycin derivatives. 3. To design and synthesis BleomycinTFO congugates. 4. To characterize the molecular specificity and growth inhibitory activity of Bleomycin derivatives. The accomplishment of these aims is likely to result in a new class of agents which may be targeted to specific gene sequences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EASTERN COOPERATIVE ONCOLOGY GROUP Principal Investigator & Institution: Loehrer, Patrick J.; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1989; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Indiana University (IUMC) has made major administrative and scientific contributions to ECOG. During the past grant period, the principal investigator was changed from Dr. Lawrence Einhorn to Dr. Patrick Loehrer. Dr. Loehrer was elected to serve on the Executive Committee, Nominating Committee, and the Research Foundation Board of Directors for ECOG. In addition, Dr. Loehrer served as Chairman of the Genitourinary Committee. Several other IUMC investigators have served as subcommittee chairs of co-chairs including Dr. George Sledge (Breast Cancer Committee: Co-chair), Dr. Michael Gordon (Leukemia Committee: Co-chair), Dr. Worta McCaskill-Stevens (Underserved Populations Committee: Chair, Health Practices and Outcome Committee: Co-chair), Drs. Craig Nichols and Richard Foster (Testicular Cancer Subcommittee: Co-chairs), Dr. Bruce Roth (Prostate Cancer Subcommittee: Cochair), and Drs. Scott Saxman and Anne Greist (Toxicity Monitoring Committee). Susan Fox has served as the GU Nursing co-chair from 1995-1997 and was nice chair and chair of the Nursing Committee for 1997. Major contributions of IUMC have been that of scientific leadership of innovative trials. Several ECOG trials designed by IUMC investigators have been presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology meetings including the Plenary session. In addition, several pilot studies conducted by IUMC and selected ECOG institutions have led to groupwide trials. Selective examples include defining the comparable activity of VIP and BEP in Poor Risk Testicular Cancer (EE3887), evaluations of a five drug regimen in Advanced Testis Cancer (E1893), and Trials in Refractory Germ Cell Tumors (ES5888, PB887, PB889). In bladder cancer, we have looked at escalated dosages of M-VAC, vinblastine, ifosfamide, gallium nitrate (E5892) and proved that Taxol has major activity in previously untreated bladder cancer (E1892). Dr. George Sledge piloted a trial with paclitaxel and Adriamycin which later
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led to a multi-institutional prospective randomized trial which was presented in 1997 at the Plenary Session at ASCO (E1183), Dr. Loehrer has also chaired three prospective trials in thymoma which have been completed within ECOG (E4587, E4589, and E1C93). Dr. Gordon is study chair or co-chair of two trials in leukemia including a phase III trial in elderly patients (E7996) and a phase II study in relapsed or refractory AML (E5995). With the scientific and administrative leadership of IUMC within ECOG firmly established, the focus of our institution within the next grant period will be to enhance patient accrual. This will be accomplished by broadening our affiliate network and expanding our efforts in the multi-disciplinary program. The recent affiliation of Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center (and its active affiliates) will have a major impact upon accrual from the IUMC network. In addition, several investigators from the affiliate network including Rush and the Indiana Regional Cancer Center already have administrative and scientific leadership positions within ECOG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS LATENCY AND ONCOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kieff, Elliott; Princeton University 4 New South Building Princeton, Nj 085440036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The objective of these experiments is to understand the mechanisms by which Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establishes latent infection, persists, and causes neoplasia. The specific aims are (i) To complete the identification of EBV reading frames and proteins that are expressed at various stages of experimental latent or lytic infection of cells, in vitro. (ii) To identify cellular genes whose expression is specifically altered during the course of latent or lytic EBV infection, in vitro. (iii) To further identify viral and cellular genes expressed in cell lines and tumor tissue from patents with EBV associated Lymphoproliferative Disease, Burkitt's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, and Gastric Cancer and to further explore the association of EBV with testicular cancers. (iv) To further identify EBV and cellular gene expression in latently infected lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and lymphoid organs of normal people undergoing phlebotomy, biopsy, or surgical resection. (v) To establish and maintain databases of the effects of EBV on cell gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC CONTROL OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TESTICULAR CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Nadeau, Joseph H.; Professor; Genetics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Testicular germ cell tumors are the most common affecting young adult to middled-aged men and they are the fifth most rapidly increasing type of cancer. The genetic control of susceptibility is complex and mutated genes contributing to inherited risk have not yet been identified. We are studying an animal model, the 129/Sv inbred mouse strain, in which testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) arise spontaneous by 3weeks of age. Our long-range goal is to use this modelsystem to discover susceptibility genes in the mouse and then use them to evaluate inherited risk to TGCTs in humans. Specific Aim 1 involves completing the positional cloning of the Ter gene. This gene causes severe germ cell deficiency and dramatically increased risk for TGCTs. The proposed positional cloning work is based on genetic and physical map that we have
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completed, complementation of several aspects of the Ter phenotype in BAC transgenic mice, and cDNA and genome sequence analysis. Specific Aim 2 involves the positional cloning of a gene near Mgf and deleted in the SlJ mutation that results in increased TGCT susceptibility in mice and probably also in humans. Specific Aim 3 involves testing whether the five known TGCT genes (Ter, Trp53, Ay, and Tgct1) interact to increase or decrease TGCT susceptibility or to switch susceptibility from unilateral to bilateral cases. Specific Aim 4 involves characteristics of ENU-induced mutations that we have discovered that affect TGCT susceptibility. Together these studies will provide insight into the biology and genetics of the primordial germ cell lineage and into the etiology and pathogenesis of TGDTs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HCG ISOFORM MARKERS OF TROPHOBLASTIC MALIGNANCIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Birken, Steven; Senior Research Scientist; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): HCG is the main tumor marker for both gestational and non-gestational trophoblastic disease. After a pregnancy with partial or complete hydatidiform mole, some patients develop malignant gestational trophoblastic disease. Patients may display unexplained elevation of circulating hCG with no evidence of clinical disease and are treated solely because of their hCG marker. Other patients under treatment develop resistance to therapy or relapse as detected by the hCG marker. We propose to assess the utility of several new immunoassays for hCG isoforms, recently developed in our laboratory, as improved hCG-related tumor markers. New markers may help to identify the subpopulation of women who will require chemotherapy from those who will undergo spontaneous remission after a premalignant molar pregnancy. The new markers may also improve therapeutic care for both gestational and nongestational trophoblastic disease patients, including testicular cancers. These markers are based on four differentiating immunoassay systems to: 1.carbohydrate-related variants of hCG. 2. "nicked" forms of hCG. 3. isoforms both "nicked" and hyperglycosylated. 4. hCG and hLH beta core fragments. Most of these hCG isoforms have been shown to be structurally altered in malignancies but no assay measurement systems existed previously to quantify these isoforms. The hCG isoforms produced by healthy individuals (from pituitary) must be clearly differentiated from those isoforms produced by malignant tissues. The detection of carbohydrate-variant hCG isoforms are based on the antibody B152 (developed to choriocarcinoma-secreted hCG isoforms) which detects a differentially O-glycosylated form of hCG produced very early in pregnancy as well as in various malignancies. HCG-secreting cancers have also been reported to produce "nicked" hCG isoforms with peptide bond cleavages within the beta subunit. These will be measured by assay system (B151) in conjunction with a rapid chromatographic procedure. Choriocarcinoma and other trophoblastic cancers produce isoforms, which are both "nicked", and hyperglycosylated. These are detected by a B151 capture B152 detection assay. Systems to specifically measure urinary hCG and urinary hLH metabolites have also been developed so that hCG-related metabolites can be distinguished from normal hLH metabolites in postmenopausal women. Structural analyses will be performed to correlate isoform structures with assay measurements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MALIGNANT GERM CELL TUMORS IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Shu, Xiao O.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) The etiology of germ cell tumors (GCT) is poorly understood. Previous studies, mainly focused on testicular cancer and conducted among adult populations, have suggested that certain pre-natal exposures, such a maternal exogenous hormone use and high endogenous hormone level during pregnancy, and parental occupational exposures, may be associated with an increased risk of GCT. These adult studies, however, were limited because: a) the time between pre-natal exposures and GCT diagnosis is long and validation of pre-natal exposure was not feasible; b) post-natal exposures, particularly hormone-related factors and occupational exposures were usually not adjusted; c) only one type of GCT was studied in virtually all previous studies, which precluded a comparison of the risk factors for different types of GCT. This proposed study is designed to investigate specific and shared risk factors for three types of GCT (testicular, ovarian, and non-gonadal) and to test the following hypotheses: (1) Maternal exogenous hormone use and high endogenous estrogen level are associated with an increase risk of GCT; (2) Parental occupational exposures are related to the risk of GCT in offspring; (3) Expression of human long repetitive elements (L1Hs) defines a sub-group of GCT cases with specific etiologic, histologic and prognostic features; (4) Male GCT cases have a high frequency of constitutional chromosome abnormalities, and risk factors for GCT are different between GCTs with and without constitutional chromosome abnormalities. Utilizing the unique resources available through the Children's Cancer Group, this study aims to (1) recruit 615 childhood GCT cases and 836 frequency matched controls, (2) interview parents of all study subjects using a comprehensive questionnaire eliciting information on exposures of index child in pre-conception, pre-natal and post-natal periods, and validate maternal exposures during 6 months prior to and during index pregnancy through review of medical records, (3) collect tumor tissue of GCT cases for measuring L1Hs expression and tumor karyotype, and (4) examine the constitutional chromosome abnormalities for all GCT cases. This study represents the first large epidemiologic investigation to study risk factors of childhood GCT and to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the development of GCT. The relatively short interval between exposures and GCT diagnosis will facilitate recall of pre-natal exposures and allow for validation of exposures. The relatively large sample size will provide sufficient statistical power to address the hypotheses being investigated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: METVAN: A NOVEL ANTICANCER AGENT Principal Investigator & Institution: D'cruz, Osmond J.; Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, Llc 2685 Patton Rd St. Paul, Mn 55113 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is to facilitate the design of innovative treatment regimens employing METVAN for breast cancer and brain tumor patients. Among the 25 bis(cyclopentadienyl)vanadium(IV) and 15 oxovanadium(IV) compounds synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity, bis(4,7-dimethyl-1,10phenanthroline) sulfatooxovanadium(IV) [METVAN] was identified as the most promising multitargeted anticancer vanadium complex with apoptosis-inducing activity. At nanomolar and low micromolar concentrations, METVAN induces apoptosis
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in human leukemia cells, multiple myeloma cells, and solid tumor cells derived from breast cancer, glioblastoma, ovarian, prostate, and testicular cancer patients. It is highly effective against cisplatin-resistant brain, ovarian and testicular cancer cell lines. METVAN is much more effective than standard chemotherapeutic agents dexamethasone and vincristine in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Treatment of breast cancer or brain tumor cells with METVAN at concentrations >1muM is associated with a nearly complete loss of the adhesive, migratory, and invasive properties of the treated cancer cell populations. METVAN shows favorable pharmacokinetics in mice and does not cause acute or subacute toxicity in mice at dose levels tested (12.5 - 100 mg/kg). Therapeutic plasma concentrations greater than or equal to 5muM, which are highly cytotoxic against human cancer cells, can be rapidly achieved and maintained in mice for at least 24 h after i.p. bolus injection of a single 10 mg/kg nontoxic dose of METVAN. METVAN exhibits significant antitumor activity, delays tumor progression and prolongs survival time in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse xenograft models of human malignant glioblastoma and breast cancer. The broadspectrum anticancer activity of METVAN together with favorable pharmacodynamic features and lack of toxicity warrants further development of this novel oxovanadium compound as a new anticancer drug. The further development of METVAN as an anticancer agent will depend on in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies in relevant animal models. We are now proposing to use the SCID mouse model for detailed in vivo anticancer activity and pharmacokinetic analysis to determine the systemic exposure levels of METVAN, which would yield the best therapeutic index in SCID mice challenged with human breast cancer and brain tumor cells. Our specific aims are: (i) To study the in vivo anticancer activity of METVAN as a single agent and in combination with standard chemotherapeutic drugs in SCID mouse xenograft models of metastatic human breast cancer and malignant glioblastoma. (ii) To study the in vivo pharmacokinetic features of METVAN in SCID mouse xenograft models of metastatic human breast cancer and malignant glioblastoma. The knowledge gained from these studies described under Specific Aims 1-2 is expected to facilitate the design of innovative treatment regimens employing METVAN for metastatic breast cancer and brain tumor patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOUSE MODELS TO STUDY GONADAL TUMOR DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Matzuk, Martin; Professor; Pathology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our society. Like other malignancies, ovarian and testicular cancers arise through multiple genetic alterations. Using a knockout mouse model, we discovered that the inhibins, alpha:beta heterodimeric members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, are tumor suppressors with specificity for the gonads and adrenal cortex. In mice lacking alpha inhibin, neither inhibin A (alpha:betaA) nor inhibin B (alpha:betaB) is produced, and granulosa/Sertoli cell tumors of the ovaries and testis develop as early as 4 weeks of age with 100% penetrance. The ovarian tumors are often mixed tumors consisting of both granulosa cell and Sertoli cell components. Castration of male and female inhibin a knockout mice leads to a high incidence of sex steroidogenic adrenal cortical tumors (66 of 67 mice). Mice with gonadal or adrenal tumors are rapidly affected by a cancer wasting syndrome which mimics the cachexia syndromes associated with human cancer cases. Using a genetic approach to generate double mutant mice lacking both alpha
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inhibin and activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA), we showed that tumor-produced activin directly signals through ActRIIA in the liver and stomach to cause this wasting syndrome. Using similar genetic approaches, we have shown the following: (1) Overexpression of the activin antagonist follistatin alleviates some of the cachexia-like symptoms caused by the circulating activins and slows the tumor development; (2) Absence of gonadotropins FSH and LH, prevents tumor development; (3) Lack of only FSH slows tumor development in both sexes, but mortality rates are sexually dimorphic (0% survival of females, 70% survival of males) demonstrating that FSH functions differentially in ovarian and testicular tumorigenesis; and (4) Absence of the cyclindependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27(Kip1) speeds the process of gonadal tumorigenesis. The studies in this competitive renewal proposal will continue to define the inhibin signaling process and the mechanism of inhibin action in gonadal and adrenal function in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES AND TESTICULAR CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, Stephen Marc.; Full Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The incidence of testicular germ cell carcinoma (TGCC), the most common malignancy developing in young men, has increased several-fold since the 1950s. Experimental and observational studies in animal systems have raised concern that the increasing rates are due in part to population-wide, persistent exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds from industrial and agricultural applications. Whether human exposure to such chemicals is associated with TGCC risk has not been directly studied. We propose to determine whether the risk of TGCC is related to serum levels of persistent organochlorines, focusing on p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other compounds (e.g., dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene). We also will examine whether the risk of TGCC associated with these compounds is modified by genetic susceptibility to mechanisms through which these compounds may alter TGCC risk. For example, we will determine whether TGCC risk is related to interactions between 1) elevated serum p,p'-DDE and polyglutamine repeat tract polymorphisms in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, and 2) elevated serum PCB levels and polymorphisms in oxidative stress defense enzyme genes. To address these aims, we will conduct an ancillary investigation to the Male Androgen Research Study (MARS), a recently-initiated, NCI-funded, population-based case-control study of molecular genetic risk factors for TGCC. MARS funding includes standard populationbased case and control ascertainment and recruitment, a detailed in-person interview, blood draw, and molecular genetic analyses of polymorphisms in androgen synthesis, metabolism, and signaling genes (including AR). The ancillary study will include approximately 250 cases of TGCC and 750 controls recruited as part of MARS. Funding for the ancillary study will provide for 1) a rapid case ascertainment and recruitment system to minimize effects of chemotherapy on serum measures of organochlorine residues among TGCC patients; 2) assay of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs by high resolution gas chromatography/isotope dilution high resolution mass spectometry; and 3) assays for common polymorphisms in genes involved in oxidative stress defense systems (manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferases M1, M3, T1, and P1). There will be adequate statistical power to detect relatively weak overall associations, as well as less than 3-fold interaction effects. The results should add
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significant new information to our understanding of the role of environmental contaminants to the pathogenesis of TGCC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PILOT--GENITOURINARY CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Cote, Richard J.; Associate Professor of Urology and Patho; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1980; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: The Genitourinary (GU) Cancer Program is a multi-disciplinary program focused on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of genitourinary malignancies. While the emphasis on this Program has been and will continue to be on bladder and prostate cancers (the most common genitourinary malignancies), we are developing increasing emphasis in renal and testicular cancer as well. The scientific goal of the molecular aspects of genitourinary cancer progression and to translate discoveries into novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies; (c) to examine the epidemiology of genitourinary cancer in order to develop hypotheses regarding possible causation, molecular etiology, and novel prevention strategies; and (d) to develop and test new surgical, chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, biologic and combined modality approaches to the treatment of genitourinary cancer. These goals are being addressed through our considerable strengths in epidemiology, basic research, translational research, and clinical investigation. The GU Program which was newly proposed in the previous grant cycle, now contains 26 members from eight departments. The Program is supported by 29 peer-reviewed research projects (up from eight peer- reviewed research grants in the previous application) from 14 principal investigators. Funding totals are now over $4.7 million in direct costs annually, and a large proportion of the funded grants are multi- disciplinary. The GI Program is directly supported by the Cancer Center Core Facilities, including major involvement with Biostatistics and Cancer Research Informatics Core Facilities. The Cancer Center also fosters interaction in the GU Program through sponsorship of monthly meetings of the GU Group, GU focused Cancer Center Grand Rounds, and GU Retreats. Thus, the GU Program is an integral and well-integrated part of the USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: QUALITY OF LIFE IN MULTIETHNIC TESTIS CANCER SURVIVORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Muraoka, Miles Y.; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 27-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The purpose of this study is to describe quality of life (QOL) in an ethnically diverse population of long-term testicular cancer survivors. While there is a growing literature examining QOL in testis cancer survivors, the overwhelming majority of these studies have been conducted with Caucasian American and continental European survivors. The results of this study will provide the first findings to document long-term sequelae of testicular cancer diagnosis and treatment in Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, and African American populations, for whom no information is currently available. Approximately 460 survivors will be identified through the Hawaii Tumor Registry (HTR), an NCI-sponsored Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, which include all cancer diagnoses in the state. Participants (approximately 2,300) will also be identified through the
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Department of Defense's Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR), which includes all cancer cases diagnosed and treated in military facilities nationwide. Eligibility criteria include a diagnosis of testicular cancer at least 3 years prior to data collection, with no diagnosis of other primary cancer(s). QOL will be assessed through mailed, standardized self-report questionnaires with additional items appropriate to testis cancer survivorship. Outcome variables will be QOL, sexual/fertility functioning, and psychosocial functioning. This study will be the first to compare long-term QOL in a sample of multi-ethic testis cancer survivors. As the U.S. becomes more ethnically- and culturally-diverse, it is important that ethnic and cultural minority groups be included in research studies. The results of this study will assist in identifying issues and concerns of survivors that may vary according to ethnicity, as well as provide a basis for future research and programs to develop appropriate interventions to improve QOL and well-being in Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, and African American long-term testicular cancer survivors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RELAXIN-LIKE FACTOR IN MALE GONADAL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwabe, Christian; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant's abstract) In about 3.5 percent of newborn human males the gonads are undescended (chryptorchidism), a condition that leads to infertility and is associated with a high rate of testicular cancer. In the absence of any effective drugs, surgery is used widely to correct that condition. While surgery allows gonadal development to progress to fertility, it appears that the increased threat of testicular cancer is not reduced correspondingly. These are persuasive reasons to study the physiology and biochemistry of testicular development and explore the possibility of drug design to eliminate the defect and, with it, the propensity for testicular cancer formation. RLF (relaxin-like factor), which appears to be an absolute requirement for testicular development, is presently the best candidate for therapeutic intervention in the neonate. RLF can be detected in the sera of prepubertal children (0.3 ng/mL) but rises at puberty to 1.2 ng/mL in males only. Selective deletion of the RLF gene causes infertility in mice, and injection of our anti-RLF antibodies into pregnant rats, 5 days pre-partum, caused retention of testicles in the body cavity at 20 days of age when all the control animals had totally descended gonads. There can be no doubt that RLF is a necessary component of the regulatory chain of events for gonadal development and that absence of or a defect in the RLF gene or the RLF receptor gene may be the cause of the developmental disturbance in segments of our population. Our work will highlight the role RLF is playing in these processes and will significantly improve the prospects for a drug to treat cryptorchidism. We intend to use specially designed synthetic RLF derivatives and anti-RLF antibodies to study the process of gonadal development and to examine the prospects of substitution therapy. RLF is a small molecule of about 6,300 Dalton, which will pentrate the intestinal wall of the neonate and enter the bloodstream so that gonadal complications detected at birth could be treated immediately by dietary supplement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Testicular Cancer
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Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF TARGET SPECIFIC ANTICANCER AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Ken; Jackson State University 1400 John R. Lynch St Jackson, Ms 39217 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Synthesis of series of steroidal conjugates of cisplatin is proposed as target specific anti-cancer agents. Estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone derivatives, which may lead the agents and deliver cisplatin to the tumor organ are chose for breast and testicular cancers having steroidal receptors. The conjugation between steroid and ciplatin is to use the carboxylate group binding the platinum metal well. Such carboxylate group will be introduced to 16-, 17- or 20-position of related steroids by nucleophilic addition reaction of related ester with ketone of steroids. The octanol/phosphate buffer partition coefficients of synthesized conjugated will be measured for the lipophilicity of new agents. The anti-tumor activity and other pharmacological activity of conjugates and steroidal derivatives will be tested at School of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TESTICULAR CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES ON MOUSE CHR 19. Principal Investigator & Institution: Matin, Angabin; Molecular Genetics; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Testicular cancers (testicular germ cell tumors, TGCTs) are the most common cancers in young males and the incidence has doubled over the last 50 years. TGCT susceptibility genes have not been identified in humans although the first genetic linkage has recently been reported. I have developed a novel mouse strain, the 129.MOLF-Chr 19 consomic strain, in which more than 70% of the males develop spontaneous congenital TGCTs. In this 129 strain, the intact Chromosome (Chr) 19 is replaced with a homologous chromosome from the MOLF strain. The dramatic increase in TGCT in the consomic strain reflects critical differences in the function of gene(s) encoded by the MOLF-derived Chr 19. In spite of the high frequency of TGCTs in the 129.MOLF-Chr 19 strain, this strain is fertile. Thus, this strain is very useful for the study of the genetics as well as the biology of TGCT development. To delineate the TGCT-causing genes on Chr 19, congenic mouse strains carrying large segments of MOLF Chr 19 on a 129 background have been made. The TGCT frequency of these congenics indicate that multiple TGCT susceptibility genes are present on MOLF Chr 19. The genes are present in proximal, middle and distal regions of Chr 19. Evidence indicates that overall, the multiple regions from the MOLF Chr 19 act additively to contribute to tumorigenesis. However, some regions appear to interact epistatically to contribute to tumorigenesis and tumors develop only when two different regions are present in the mouse strain. My goal is to identify and characterize these TGCT causing genes and their interactions. First, the boundaries of the TGCT loci will be defined. Second, the genes within the intervals will be identified. This step will entail examination of the genome databases, gene expression analysis, sequence analysis and the creation of transgenic mouse strains to confirm gene identity. Third, we will assess whether a known tumor suppressor which maps to Chr 19, the PTEN gene, is a candidate TGCT predisposing gene. Fourth, we will establish techniques to investigate the biological and molecular differences in primordial germ cells (PGCs) isolated from normal compared to TGCT-predisposed mouse strains. TGCTs arise from PGCs that
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become transformed and subsequently give rise to TGCT. The consomic and congenic strains with varying TGCT predisposition are valuable resources for the dissection of the biology of PGC transformation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THERAPEUTIC/MECHANISTIC ROLE OF APE1 IN GERM CELL TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelley, Mark R.; Associate Director; Pediatrics; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Therapy for disseminated germ cell tumors (GCT) has been successful with 70-80% of patients being cured with front line chemotherapy. However, for those 20-30% of patients with extra-gonadal primaries or refractory disease, the response to therapy is poor with only 3-30% surviving disease-free after second line agents. One approach to treating resistant disease is the development of strategies to augment the chemotherapeutic agents that have been so successful in the majority of GCT patients. Little is known about the role of DNA repair systems in GCT's except that efficient repair appears to make tumor cells resistant to therapy. We have observed that GCT's express high levels of Ape1/ref-1 compared to normal tissues. Ape1/ref-1 is a multifunctional protein with DNA base excision repair (BER) activity and redox activity required for activation of specific transcription factors including Fos, Jun, NFkappaB, HIF-1alpha (hypoxia inducible factor), p53, and PAX5. This novel combination of functions links Ape1/ref-1 with resistance to many of the therapeutic agents (bleomycin, cisplatin, radiation, and VP-16) used to treat GCT's by acting as direct substrates for BER or indirectly by altering signaling through transcription factors regulated by Ape1/ref-l. Based on this information, we hypothesize: High level expression of Ape1/ref-1 in GCT's is a functional marker of disease which 1) is predictive of high risk disease and 2) can be manipulated to gain a therapeutic advantage. The major thrust of this proposal is to characterize the molecular biology of Ape1/ref-1 in GCT's as it relates to the clinical course of patients and the response of GCT cells to therapeutic agents. To approach this goal, we have developed four Specific Aims: Specific Aim1: Determine the relative expression of, Ape1/ref-1in good prognosis and high-risk GCT's. This takes advantage of the wealth of clinical GCT material available at Indiana University. Specific Aim 2: What is the role of Ape1/ref-1 in GCT progression and development, including cell growth, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation? That is how does the high level expression of Ape1/ref-1, including over-expression of repair, redox, and nuclear localization domain mutants independently affect the ability of GCT cells to grow as cancer cells. Specific Aim 3: How do changes in the redox status of Ape1/ref-1 affect repair function? Using site-specific mutants, determine which cysteine residues specifically control repair function of Ape1/ref-l? Specific Aim 4: How do alterations in the repair and redox functioning of Ape1/ref-1 affect the response of GCT cells to therapeutic agents? Using what we learn in Aims 2 & 3, how can we alter the resistance of GCT cells to therapeutic agents. Through these analyses, we hope to determine the underlying mechanisms by which Ape1/ref-1 function is linked to the progression of testicular cancer. If any mutants are shown to sensitize the GCT cell lines to chemo-/IR agents, as expected, this will set the stage for future gene therapy approaches to sensitize GCT's to therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for testicular cancer in the PubMed Central database: •
Curing metastatic testicular cancer. by Einhorn LH.; 2002 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123692
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Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. by Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Olsen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Moller H.; 2000 Sep 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27489
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Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: case-control study. by Moller H, Skakkebaek NE.; 1999 Feb 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27753
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Risk of testicular cancer with cryptorchidism and with testicular biopsy: cohort study. by Moller H, Cortes D, Engholm G, Thorup J.; 1998 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28664
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with testicular cancer, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for testicular cancer (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case-control study of dietary phytoestrogens and testicular cancer risk. Author(s): Walcott FL, Hauptmann M, Duphorne CM, Pillow PC, Strom SS, Sigurdson AJ. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 44(1): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672640&dopt=Abstract
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A serologic marker of paraneoplastic limbic and brain-stem encephalitis in patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Debourdeau P, Gligorov J, Zammit C. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 November 4; 341(19): 1475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10577104&dopt=Abstract
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A serologic marker of paraneoplastic limbic and brain-stem encephalitis in patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Voltz R, Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Gerstner E, Eichen J, Posner JB, Dalmau J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 June 10; 340(23): 1788-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10362822&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of chromosomal instability in spermatozoa of men affected by testicular cancer. Author(s): Alvarez R, Tusell L, Genesca A, Miro R, Garcia-del-Muro X, Egozcue J. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 January; 14(1): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374129&dopt=Abstract
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Actinomycin D revisited in testicular cancer. A case report. Author(s): Srinivas S, Freiha FS. Source: Tumori. 1999 January-February; 85(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228505&dopt=Abstract
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Activity of oxaliplatin in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory germ cell cancer: a study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Kollmannsberger C, Rick O, Derigs HG, Schleucher N, Schoffski P, Beyer J, Schoch R, Sayer HG, Gerl A, Kuczyk M, Spott C, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 April 15; 20(8): 2031-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956262&dopt=Abstract
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Acute myocardial infarction in a young man receiving chemotherapy for testicular cancer: case report. Author(s): Mermershtain W, Dudnik J, Gusakova I, Ariad S. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2001 December; 13(6): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806629&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Xiao H, Sheinfeld J, Motzer RJ. Source: Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1997 October; 6(4): 863-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9309098&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I and stage II testicular cancer. Author(s): Albers P, Perabo FG, Melchior D, Siener R. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2001 April; 19(2): 76-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374321&dopt=Abstract
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Adsorptive voltametry to determine platinum levels in plasma from testicular cancer patients treated with cisplatin. Author(s): Gelevert T, Messerschmidt J, Meinardi MT, Alt F, Gietema JA, Franke JP, Sleijfer DT, Uges DR. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2001 April; 23(2): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294519&dopt=Abstract
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Advanced testicular cancer: update for urologists. Author(s): Einhorn LH, Donohue JP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 December; 160(6 Pt 1): 1964-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9817300&dopt=Abstract
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Age at immigration and duration of stay in relation to risk for testicular cancer among Finnish immigrants in Sweden. Author(s): Ekbom A, Richiardi L, Akre O, Montgomery SM, Sparen P. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 August 20; 95(16): 1238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928349&dopt=Abstract
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alpha-Catenin expression pattern and DNA image-analysis cytometry have no additional value over primary histology in clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Spermon JR, De Wilde PC, Hanselaar AG, Schaafsma HE, Ruijter TE, Witjes JA, Van Moorselaar RJ. Source: Bju International. 2002 February; 89(3): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856111&dopt=Abstract
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Alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric cancer mimicking extragonadal testicular cancer. Author(s): Becker T, Hegele A, Varga Z, Schwetlick I, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 66(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150949&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of human sperm karyotypes in testicular cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Author(s): Martin RH, Ernst S, Rademaker A, Barclay L, Ko E, Summers N. Source: Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 1997; 78(2): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9371403&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of risk factors for cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Hartmann JT, Kollmannsberger C, Schmoll HJ, Kuczyk MA, Kanz L. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1998 April; 77(8): 1355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579846&dopt=Abstract
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Anesthetic concerns in retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer. Author(s): Roffey P, Thangathurai D, Mikhail M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 June; 92(6): 1618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11375862&dopt=Abstract
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Arsenal helps publicise testicular cancer website. Author(s): Mayor S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 14; 326(7402): 1282. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805133&dopt=Abstract
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Asessment of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in testicular cancer. Author(s): Pfister Ch, Vidart A, Lop-Vip S, Hannequin D, Grise P. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2003 June; 15(4): 219. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846502&dopt=Abstract
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Attendance at cancer follow-up clinic: does it increase anxiety or provide reassurance for men successfully treated for testicular cancer? Author(s): MacBride SK, Whyte F. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1999 December; 22(6): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10603692&dopt=Abstract
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Baldness and other correlates of sex hormones in relation to testicular cancer. Author(s): Petridou E, Roukas KI, Dessypris N, Aravantinos G, Bafaloukos D, Efraimidis A, Papacharalambous A, Pektasidis D, Rigatos G, Trichopoulos D. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 June 11; 71(6): 982-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185701&dopt=Abstract
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Basic principles of clinical trials as applied to testicular cancer. Author(s): Freedman LS, Javadpour N, Sylvester R, Aso Y, Debruyne FM, Fossa SD, Geller N, Horwich A, Levine L, Mostofi FK, et al. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990; 357: 255-66. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2217470&dopt=Abstract
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Basis for adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II testicular cancer. The Intergroup Testicular Protocol Writing Committee. Author(s): DeWys WD. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1979 September-October; 63(9-10): 1693-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=387228&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial impact of a clinical care pathway in patients with testicular cancer undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Author(s): Chang SS, Smith JA Jr, Girasole C, Baumgartner RG, Roth BJ, Cookson MS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 July; 168(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050498&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral successive testicular cancer of different cell type. Author(s): Farivari A, Javadpour N, Montiel M. Source: Urology. 1973 October 4; 2(4): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4805832&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral successive testicular cancer of different cell types. Author(s): Levine MP. Source: Urology. 1976 August; 8(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=960348&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral testicular cancer. Author(s): Bischof EF Jr, Herold AH, Marty PJ. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1994 November-December; 7(6): 516-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7847115&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral testicular cancer: a preventable problem? Experience from a large cancer centre. Author(s): Pamenter B, De Bono JS, Brown IL, Nandini M, Kaye SB, Russell JM, Yates AJ, Kirk D. Source: Bju International. 2003 July; 92(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823381&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical markers for testicular germ-cell tumors in relation to histology and stage: some experiences from the Danish testicular cancer (DATECA) Study from 1976 through 1981. Author(s): Norgaard-Pedersen B, Schultz H, Arends J, Brincker H, Jacobsen GK, Lindelov B, Rorth M, Svennekjaer IL. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1983; 417: 390-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6200044&dopt=Abstract
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Birth cohort effects underlying the increasing testicular cancer incidence in Canada. Author(s): Liu S, Wen SW, Mao Y, Mery L, Rouleau J. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1999 May-June; 90(3): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401168&dopt=Abstract
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Birth order and risk of testicular cancer. Author(s): Prener A, Hsieh CC, Engholm G, Trichopoulos D, Jensen OM. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1992 May; 3(3): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1610973&dopt=Abstract
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Birth weight and the risk of testicular cancer. Author(s): Malone KE, Daling JR. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1986 September; 77(3): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3462420&dopt=Abstract
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Birth weight, adult height, and testicular cancer: cohort study of 337,249 Swedish young men. Author(s): Rasmussen F, Gunnell D, Ekbom A, Hallqvist J, Tynelius P. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2003 August; 14(6): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948291&dopt=Abstract
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Bleomycin-induced nodular pulmonary fibrosis masquerading as metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Dineen MK, Englander LS, Huben RP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 August; 136(2): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2426475&dopt=Abstract
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Body size and testicular cancer. Author(s): Akre O, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Tretli S. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 July 5; 92(13): 1093-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880554&dopt=Abstract
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Burned-out primary testicular cancer: sonographic and pathological characteristics. Author(s): Comiter CV, Renshaw AA, Benson CB, Loughlin KR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 July; 156(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8648846&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer in the mothers and siblings of testicular cancer patients. Author(s): Bajdik CD, Phillips N, Huchcroft S, Hill GB, Gallagher RP. Source: Can J Urol. 2001 April; 8(2): 1229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11375786&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer incidence in relatives of patients with testicular cancer in the eastern part of The Netherlands. Author(s): Spermon JR, Witjes JA, Nap M, Kiemeney LA. Source: Urology. 2001 April; 57(4): 747-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306395&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular disease as a long-term complication of treatment for testicular cancer. Author(s): Huddart RA, Norman A, Shahidi M, Horwich A, Coward D, Nicholls J, Dearnaley DP. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 April 15; 21(8): 1513-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697875&dopt=Abstract
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Case-control study on risk factors for testicular cancer. Author(s): Hardell L, Nasman A, Ohlson CG, Fredrikson M. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 1998 December; 13(6): 1299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824648&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of testicular cancer. Author(s): Colls BM. Source: Lancet. 1998 January 17; 351(9097): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449892&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of testicular cancer. Author(s): Parker L. Source: Lancet. 1997 September 20; 350(9081): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310598&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in BMI after treatment of testicular cancer are due to age and hormonal function and not chemotherapy. Author(s): Huddart RA, Norman A. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 September 15; 89(6): 1143-4; Author Reply 1145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966440&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in cellular immunity during chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Kubota Y, Ohji H, Itoh K, Sasagawa I, Nakada T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 November; 8(11): 604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903686&dopt=Abstract
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Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. 1997. Author(s): Einhorn LH, Donohue J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 2): 928-32; Discussion 933. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905920&dopt=Abstract
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Cisplatin based chemotherapy in testicular cancer patients: long term platinum excretion and clinical effects. Author(s): Hohnloser JH, Schierl R, Hasford B, Emmerich B. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1996 September 20; 1(11): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438151&dopt=Abstract
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Cisplatin-based chemotherapy for testicular cancer in a patient with spinal muscular atrophy: a case report. Author(s): Sokol DB, Hudes GR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1998 August; 21(4): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708647&dopt=Abstract
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Cisplatin-DNA adducts and protein-bound platinum in blood of testicular cancer patients. Author(s): Boffetta P, Fichtinger-Schepman AM, Weiderpass E, van Dijk-Knijnenburg HC, Stoter G, van Oosterom AT, Keizer HJ, Fossa SD, Kaldor J, Roy P. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1998 February; 9(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510497&dopt=Abstract
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Common but curable. Responding to symptoms of testicular cancer. Author(s): Hagan CJ, White JP. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1999 April; 7(4): 25-8, 30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10382382&dopt=Abstract
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Complications of primary nerve sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: experience of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Heidenreich A, Albers P, Hartmann M, Kliesch S, Kohrmann KU, Krege S, Lossin P, Weissbach L; German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 May; 169(5): 1710-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686815&dopt=Abstract
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Complications of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in testicular cancer: primary and post-chemotherapy. Author(s): Baniel J, Sella A. Source: Seminars in Surgical Oncology. 1999 December; 17(4): 263-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588855&dopt=Abstract
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Conundrum of the hereditary component of testicular cancer. Author(s): Harland SJ. Source: Lancet. 2000 October 28; 356(9240): 1455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081522&dopt=Abstract
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Curing metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Einhorn LH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 April 2; 99(7): 4592-5. Epub 2002 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904381&dopt=Abstract
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Current concepts about testicular cancer. Author(s): van Basten JP, Schrafford Koops H, Sleijfer DT, Pras E, van Driel MF, Hoekstra HJ. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 1997 August; 23(4): 354-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315068&dopt=Abstract
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Current status and future perspectives in the treatment of advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Miki T, Nakao M. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 January; 9(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972642&dopt=Abstract
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Current status of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and testicular cancer: when to operate. Author(s): Foster R, Bihrle R. Source: Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center. 2002 July-August; 9(4): 277-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228753&dopt=Abstract
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DDT and testicular cancer. Author(s): Ekbom A, Wicklund-Glynn A, Adami HO. Source: Lancet. 1996 February 24; 347(9000): 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596308&dopt=Abstract
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Decision making in abdominal surgery following chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Hendry WF. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1995; 31A(5): 649-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640030&dopt=Abstract
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Decline in mortality from testicular cancer in West Germany after reunification. Author(s): Becker N, Boyle P. Source: Lancet. 1997 September 6; 350(9079): 744. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9291935&dopt=Abstract
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Declining semen quality and increasing incidence of testicular cancer: is there a common cause? Author(s): Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995 October; 103 Suppl 7: 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593860&dopt=Abstract
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Decrease in pulmonary function during bleomycin-containing combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer: not only a bleomycin effect. Author(s): Sleijfer S, van der Mark TW, Schraffordt Koops H, Mulder NH. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1995 January; 71(1): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7529523&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased survival of black Americans with testicular cancer. Author(s): Bridges PJ, Sharifi R, Razzaq A, Guinan P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 April; 159(4): 1221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507839&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased telomerase activity is not a reliable indicator of chemosensitivity in testicular cancer cell lines. Author(s): Cressey TR, Tilby MJ, Newell DR. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2002 March; 38(4): 586-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872354&dopt=Abstract
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Deep vein thrombosis during chemotherapy in a patient with advanced testicular cancer: successful percutaneous thrombectomy under temporary placement of retrievable inferior vena cava filter. Author(s): Koga F, Yamada T, Ishimaru H, Sadaoka SI, Mizuo T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 February; 8(2): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240834&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed orchiectomy after chemotherapy in patients with advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Ondrus D, Hornak M, Breza J, Mat'oska J, Schnorrer M, Belan V, Kausitz J. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 32(4): 665-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989561&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of antisperm-antibodies in patients with primary testicular cancer. Author(s): Foster RS, Rubin LR, McNulty A, Bihrle R, Donohue JP. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1991 June; 14(3): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2066164&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of circulating testicular cancer cells in peripheral blood. Author(s): Yuasa T, Yoshiki T, Tanaka T, Isono T, Okada Y. Source: Cancer Letters. 1999 August 23; 143(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465338&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of residual tumours in postchemotherapy testicular cancer by FDG-PET. Author(s): Nuutinen JM, Leskinen S, Elomaa I, Minn H, Varpula M, Solin O, Soderstrom KO, Joensuu H, Salminen E. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1997 July; 33(8): 1234-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9301449&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of the c-myc oncogene product in testicular cancer. Author(s): Sikora K, Evan G, Stewart J, Watson JV. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1985 August; 52(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4027160&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary factors and the risk of testicular cancer. Author(s): Bonner MR, McCann SE, Moysich KB. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 44(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672639&dopt=Abstract
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Direct invasion of the renal vein by metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Effert PJ, Wendt G, Handt S, Wolff JM, Keulers R, Jakse G. Source: European Urology. 1997; 31(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9032548&dopt=Abstract
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Do the eastern and northern parts of The Netherlands differ in testicular cancer? Author(s): Lutke Holzik MF, Sonneveld DJ, Hoekstra HJ, te Meerman GJ, Sleijfer DT, Schaapveld M. Source: Urology. 2001 October; 58(4): 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11597562&dopt=Abstract
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Does positron emission tomography using 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose improve clinical staging of testicular cancer?--Results of a study in 50 patients. Author(s): Cremerius U, Wildberger JE, Borchers H, Zimny M, Jakse G, Gunther RW, Buell U. Source: Urology. 1999 November; 54(5): 900-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565755&dopt=Abstract
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Does size matter? Association between number of patients treated and patient outcome in metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Feuer EJ, Sheinfeld J, Bosl GJ. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 May 19; 91(10): 816-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340895&dopt=Abstract
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Double dose-intensive chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support for relapsed and refractory testicular cancer: the University of Michigan experience and literature review. Author(s): Ayash LJ, Clarke M, Silver SM, Braun T, Uberti J, Ratanatharathorn V, Reynolds C, Ferrara J, Broun ER, Adams PT. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2001 May; 27(9): 939-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436104&dopt=Abstract
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D-type cyclins in adult human testis and testicular cancer: relation to cell type, proliferation, differentiation, and malignancy. Author(s): Bartkova J, Rajpert-de Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE, Bartek J. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1999 April; 187(5): 573-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10398124&dopt=Abstract
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Early life exposure to oestrogen and testicular cancer risk: evidence against an aetiological hypothesis. Author(s): Hsieh CC, Lambe M, Trichopoulos D, Ekbom A, Akre O, Adami HO. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 April 22; 86(8): 1363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953900&dopt=Abstract
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Early myocardial infarction during chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Bachmeyer C, Joly H, Jorest R. Source: Tumori. 2000 September-October; 86(5): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130576&dopt=Abstract
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Early resection of residual tumor during cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin combination chemotherapy in stage III and bulky stage II nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Pizzocaro G, Salvioni R, Pasi M, Zanoni F, Milani A, Pilotti S, Monfardini S. Source: Cancer. 1985 July 15; 56(2): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2408728&dopt=Abstract
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EAU guidelines on testicular cancer. Author(s): Laguna MP, Pizzocaro G, Klepp O, Algaba F, Kisbenedek L, Leiva O; EAU Working Group on Oncological Urology. Source: European Urology. 2001 August; 40(2): 102-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528185&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of lipid peroxidation on cryopreserved semen quality in patients with testicular or nontesticular cancer. Author(s): Wang Y, Sharma RK, Agarwal A. Source: Urology. 1997 September; 50(3): 414-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9301707&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of age of diagnosis and latency on the correlation of testicular cancer incidence with fat consumption. Author(s): Paulozzi L. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1998 November 9; 78(4): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797145&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of two testicular cancer education programs on self-examination knowledge and attitudes among college-aged men. Author(s): Marty PJ, McDermott RJ. Source: Health Educ. 1985 June-July; 16(3): 33-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3939923&dopt=Abstract
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Ejaculation in testicular cancer patients after post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Author(s): Jacobsen KD, Ous S, Waehre H, Trasti H, Stenwig AE, Lien HH, Aass N, Fossa SD. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 April; 80(1-2): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390004&dopt=Abstract
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Endocrinological late effects after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Berger CC, Bokemeyer C, Schuppert F, Schmoll HJ. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 May; 73(9): 1108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624272&dopt=Abstract
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EORTC Genito-Urinary Group studies in advanced testicular cancer--past and future. Author(s): Kaye SB, Bokkel-Huinink WW, van Oosterom AT, Jones WG, Sleijfer DT, Vendrik CP, Stoter G. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1985 June; 55(3): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2413835&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy in patients with testicular cancer: randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Moynihan C, Bliss JM, Davidson J, Burchell L, Horwich A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 February 7; 316(7129): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9492666&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of an amplified enzyme-linked immunoassay of placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular cancer. Author(s): Cooper EH, Pidcock NB, Jones WG, Ward AM. Source: Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1985 April; 21(4): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3891364&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of long-term toxicity after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Kuczyk MA, Schmoll HJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1996 November; 14(11): 2923-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8918489&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of long-term toxicity in patients after cisplatin-based chemotherapy for non-seminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Strumberg D, Brugge S, Korn MW, Koeppen S, Ranft J, Scheiber G, Reiners C, Mockel C, Seeber S, Scheulen ME. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 February; 13(2): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885999&dopt=Abstract
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Evolution of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RPLND) in the management of nonseminomatous testicular cancer (NSGCT). Author(s): Donohue JP. Source: Urologic Oncology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856641&dopt=Abstract
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Excessive annual BMI increase after chemotherapy among young survivors of testicular cancer. Author(s): Nord C, Fossa SD, Egeland T. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 January 13; 88(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556956&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in human testicular cancer and growth inhibition by its agonists. Author(s): Hase T, Yoshimura R, Mitsuhashi M, Segawa Y, Kawahito Y, Wada S, Nakatani T, Sano H. Source: Urology. 2002 September; 60(3): 542-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350514&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of proteins correlated with the unique cisplatin-sensitivity of testicular cancer. Author(s): de Graaf TW, de Jong S, de Vries EG, Mulder NH. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 January-February; 17(1A): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066679&dopt=Abstract
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Extensive surgery in metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Melchior D, Muller SC, Albers P. Source: Aktuel Urol. 2003 July; 34(4): 214-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14566667&dopt=Abstract
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External validity of a prediction rule for residual mass histology in testicular cancer: an evaluation for good prognosis patients. Author(s): Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW, de Wit R, Roberts JT, Keizer HJ, Collette L, Stenning SP, Habbema JD. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 March 24; 88(6): 843-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644820&dopt=Abstract
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Factors affecting presentation and delay in patients with testicular cancer: results of a qualitative study. Author(s): Gascoigne P, Mason MD, Roberts E. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 1999 March-April; 8(2): 144-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335558&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of activation of caspase-9 induces a higher threshold for apoptosis and cisplatin resistance in testicular cancer. Author(s): Mueller T, Voigt W, Simon H, Fruehauf A, Bulankin A, Grothey A, Schmoll HJ. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 January 15; 63(2): 513-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543810&dopt=Abstract
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False-negative biopsy for testicular intraepithelial neoplasia and high-risk features for testicular cancer. Author(s): Cappelen T, Fossa SD, Stenwig AE, Aass N. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2000; 39(1): 105-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752663&dopt=Abstract
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Familial testicular cancer and developmental anomalies. Author(s): Ondrus D, Kuba D, Chrenova S, Matoska J. Source: Neoplasma. 1997; 44(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9201282&dopt=Abstract
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Familial testicular cancer and second primary cancers in testicular cancer patients by histological type. Author(s): Dong C, Lonnstedt I, Hemminki K. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2001 October; 37(15): 187885. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576844&dopt=Abstract
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Familial testicular cancer and urogenital developmental anomalies. Author(s): Tollerud DJ, Blattner WA, Fraser MC, Brown LM, Pottern L, Shapiro E, Kirkemo A, Shawker TH, Javadpour N, O'Connell K, et al. Source: Cancer. 1985 April 15; 55(8): 1849-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2858262&dopt=Abstract
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Familial testicular cancer in a population-based cancer registry. Author(s): Polednak AP. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1996; 56(4): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776822&dopt=Abstract
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Familial testicular cancer in a single-centre population. Author(s): Sonneveld DJ, Sleijfer DT, Schrafford Koops H, Sijmons RH, van der Graaf WT, Sluiter WJ, Hoekstra HJ. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1999 September; 35(9): 1368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658529&dopt=Abstract
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Familial testicular cancer in Norway and southern Sweden. Author(s): Heimdal K, Olsson H, Tretli S, Flodgren P, Borresen AL, Fossa SD. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 April; 73(7): 964-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8611416&dopt=Abstract
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Familial testicular cancer: lack of evidence for trinucleotide repeat expansions and association with PKD1 in one family. Author(s): Teh BT, Linblad K, Nord B, Kytola S, Schalling M, Larsson C, Rapley E, Biggs P, Huddart R, Stratton M. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 April; 36(4): 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10227410&dopt=Abstract
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Fatherhood in testicular cancer patients with carcinoma in situ in the contralateral testicle. Author(s): Jacobsen KD, Fossa SD. Source: European Urology. 2000 December; 38(6): 725-6; Discussion 727. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111191&dopt=Abstract
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Fatigue, anxiety, and depression in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Author(s): Fossa SD, Dahl AA, Loge JH. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 April 1; 21(7): 1249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663711&dopt=Abstract
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FDG-PET evaluation of retroperitoneal metastases of testicular cancer before and after chemotherapy. Author(s): Reinhardt MJ, Muller-Mattheis VG, Gerharz CD, Vosberg HR, Ackermann R, Muller-Gartner HW. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1997 January; 38(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8998160&dopt=Abstract
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Feasibility of sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy in stage I testicular cancer. Author(s): Tanis PJ, Horenblas S, Valdes Olmos RA, Hoefnagel CA, Nieweg OE. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 May; 29(5): 670-3. Epub 2002 March 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976806&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Drasga RE, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Patel DN, Stevens EE. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1983 March; 1(3): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6199473&dopt=Abstract
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Filgrastim during combination chemotherapy of patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell malignancy. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Genito-Urinary Group, and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Author(s): Fossa SD, Kaye SB, Mead GM, Cullen M, de Wit R, Bodrogi I, van Groeningen CJ, De Mulder PH, Stenning S, Lallemand E, De Prijck L, Collette L. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1998 February; 16(2): 716-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469362&dopt=Abstract
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Firefighting and risk of testicular cancer: results from a German population-based case-control study. Author(s): Stang A, Jockel KH, Baumgardt-Elms C, Ahrens W. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2003 March; 43(3): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594776&dopt=Abstract
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Frequent promoter hypermethylation of the O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) gene in testicular cancer. Author(s): Smith-Sorensen B, Lind GE, Skotheim RI, Fossa SD, Fodstad O, Stenwig AE, Jakobsen KS, Lothe RA. Source: Oncogene. 2002 December 12; 21(57): 8878-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483540&dopt=Abstract
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Gemcitabine in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Gerl A, Schoffski P, Harstrick A, Niederle N, Beyer J, Casper J, Schmoll HJ, Kanz L. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1999 February; 17(2): 512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10080593&dopt=Abstract
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General Motors Cancer Research Prizewinners Laureates Lectures. Charles F. Kettering Prize. Clinical trials in testicular cancer. Author(s): Einhorn LH. Source: Cancer. 1993 May 15; 71(10): 3182-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8490849&dopt=Abstract
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Genital anomalies and risk for testicular cancer in Danish men. Author(s): Prener A, Engholm G, Jensen OM. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1996 January; 7(1): 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664395&dopt=Abstract
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Genotype and phenotype of glutathione S-transferase mu in testicular cancer patients. Author(s): Vistisen K, Prieme H, Okkels H, Vallentin S, Loft S, Olsen JH, Poulsen HE. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1997 February; 7(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110358&dopt=Abstract
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Geographic clustering of testicular cancer incidence in the northern part of The Netherlands. Author(s): Sonneveld DJ, Schaapveld M, Sleijfer DT, Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WT, Sijmons RH, Koops HS, Hoekstra HJ. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 December; 81(7): 1262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584892&dopt=Abstract
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Germ cell function and hormonal status in patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Hansen PV, Trykker H, Andersen J, Helkjaer PE. Source: Cancer. 1989 August 15; 64(4): 956-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2545331&dopt=Abstract
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Germ cell tumors (II): VAB II in metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Cheng E, Cvitkovic E, Wittes RE, Golbey RB. Source: Cancer. 1978 November; 42(5): 2162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=82473&dopt=Abstract
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Germ-cell testicular cancer in adults (first of two parts). Author(s): Fraley EE, Lange PH, Kennedy BJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 December 20; 301(25): 1370-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=91971&dopt=Abstract
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Giant desmoid tumor of the abdominal wall masquerading as recurrent testicular cancer. Author(s): Gianis TJ, Carey PM, Bracken RB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 July; 138(1): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3599203&dopt=Abstract
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Glioblastoma multiforme after radiotherapy for metastatic brain tumor of testicular cancer. Author(s): Saiki S, Kinouchi T, Usami M, Nakagawa H, Kotake T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1997 September; 4(5): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9354961&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadal function in men with testicular cancer. Author(s): Petersen PM, Giwercman A, Skakkebaek NE, Rorth M. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1998 April; 25(2): 224-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9562456&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadal function in men with testicular cancer: biological and clinical aspects. Author(s): Petersen PM, Skakkebaek NE, Giwercman A. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998 January; 106(1): 24-34; Discussion 34-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524559&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotrophin secretion patterns in testicular cancer patients with greatly increased human chorionic gonadotrophin serum concentrations. Author(s): Madersbacher S, Gerth R, Mann K, Dirnhofer S, Berger P. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1998 December; 159(3): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9834462&dopt=Abstract
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Growing mediastinal metastatic tumour in a patient with burned out testicular cancer. Author(s): Suzuki K, Yoshida T, Inoue M, Yoshida I, Kurokawa K, Suzuki T, Imai K, Yamanaka H. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1998; 30(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9607889&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of testicular cancer and new developments. Author(s): Weissbach L. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1999; 63(1): 46-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592490&dopt=Abstract
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Gynaecomastia following cytotoxic therapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Saeter G, Fossa SD, Norman N. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1987 April; 59(4): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3107651&dopt=Abstract
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Gynecomastia after cytotoxic therapy for metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Turner AR, Morrish DW, Berry J, MacDonald RN. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 May; 142(5): 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6177295&dopt=Abstract
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Gynecomastia following chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Uygur MC, Ozen H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660472&dopt=Abstract
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Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. Author(s): Tseng A Jr, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF Jr, Torti FM. Source: Cancer. 1985 November 15; 56(10): 2534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4042075&dopt=Abstract
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Haemoperitoneum due to necrosis of bulky retroperitoneal metastases: an unusual complication of chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Rodier JM, Pujade-Lauraine E, Guillonneau B, Chauvenet L, Bernadou A. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1996 June; 77(6): 919-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705236&dopt=Abstract
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Health-related quality of life in patients treated for testicular cancer. Author(s): Fossa SD, Dahl AA, Haaland CF. Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 1999 September; 9(5): 425-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579081&dopt=Abstract
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Hematemesis as the initial presentation of testicular cancer. Author(s): Varadarajulu S, Ramsey WH. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 December; 95(12): 3678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11151938&dopt=Abstract
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Hematopoietic growth factors and treatment of testicular cancer: biological interactions, routine use and dose-intensive chemotherapy. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Kuczyk MA, Kohne H, Einsele H, Kynast B, Schmoll HJ. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1996 January; 72(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8605273&dopt=Abstract
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High dose epirubicin in refractory or relapsed non-seminomatous testicular cancer: a phase II study. Author(s): Harstrick A, Schmoll HJ, Wilke H, Schober C, Stahl M, Wompner CK, Bokemeyer C, Dolken G, Burk K, Poliwoda H. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1990 September; 1(5): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2261377&dopt=Abstract
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High prevalence of antibodies against HERV-K10 in patients with testicular cancer but not with AIDS. Author(s): Goedert JJ, Sauter ME, Jacobson LP, Vessella RL, Hilgartner MW, Leitman SF, Fraser MC, Mueller-Lantzsch NG. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 April; 8(4 Pt 1): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207631&dopt=Abstract
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High resolution chromosome banding in search of germ line mutations applied on testicular cancer patients. Author(s): Lothe RA, Heimdal K, Lier ME, Fossa SD, Moller P, Brogger A. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1992 March; 59(1): 62-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1555193&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose chemotherapy as initial salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed testicular cancer. Author(s): Bhatia S, Abonour R, Porcu P, Seshadri R, Nichols CR, Cornetta K, Einhorn LH. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 October 1; 18(19): 3346-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013274&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Koshida K, Kato H, Mizokami A, Morishita H, Seto C, Komatsu K, Kou E, Uchibayashi T, Shiobara S, Namiki M. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 March; 9(3): 146-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010324&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose treatment with carboplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory germ cell cancer: a phase I/II study. The German Testicular Cancer Cooperative Study Group. Author(s): Siegert W, Beyer J, Strohscheer I, Baurmann H, Oettle H, Zingsem J, Zimmermann R, Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ, Huhn D. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1994 June; 12(6): 1223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911158&dopt=Abstract
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History of testicular cancer chemotherapy: maximizing efficacy, minimizing toxicity. Author(s): Sweeney C. Source: Semin Urol Oncol. 2001 August; 19(3): 170-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561984&dopt=Abstract
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HIV-related testicular cancer. Author(s): Powles T, Nelson M, Bower M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 January; 14(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590788&dopt=Abstract
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Hormonal perturbations in patients with testicular cancer treated with cisplatin. Author(s): LeBlanc GA, Kantoff PW, Ng SF, Frei E 3rd, Waxman DJ. Source: Cancer. 1992 May 1; 69(9): 2306-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562977&dopt=Abstract
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How safe is surveillance in patients with histologically low-risk non-seminomatous testicular cancer in a geographically extended country with limited computerised tomographic resources? Author(s): Fossa SD, Jacobsen AB, Aass N, Heilo A, Stenwig AE, Kummen O, Johannessen NB, Waaler G, Ogreid P, Borge L, et al. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1994 December; 70(6): 1156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7981068&dopt=Abstract
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How should a man with testicular cancer be counseled and what information is available to him? Author(s): Rieker PP. Source: Semin Urol Oncol. 1996 February; 14(1): 17-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833384&dopt=Abstract
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its free subunits in hydrocele fluids and neoplastic tissue of testicular cancer patients: insights into the in vivo hCG-secretion pattern. Author(s): Madersbacher S, Kratzik C, Gerth R, Dirnhofer S, Berger P. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 October 1; 54(19): 5096-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7923124&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus and urological tumours: II. Role in bladder, prostate, renal and testicular cancer. Author(s): Griffiths TR, Mellon JK. Source: Bju International. 2000 January; 85(2): 211-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671869&dopt=Abstract
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Human testicular cancer. Changes in autosomal dosage. Author(s): Peltomaki P, Halme A, de la Chapelle A. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1990 August 1; 48(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1973631&dopt=Abstract
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Human tissue kallikreins and testicular cancer. Author(s): Luo LY, Yousef G, Diamandis EP. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 January; 111(1): 225-32; Discussion 232-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752266&dopt=Abstract
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Hypothesis: does ochratoxin A cause testicular cancer? Author(s): Schwartz GG. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 February; 13(1): 91-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899122&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and molecular characterization of five novel kallikrein gene 13 (KLK13; KLK-L4) splice variants: differential expression in the human testis and testicular cancer. Author(s): Chang A, Yousef GM, Jung K, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Diamandis EP. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 3147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848466&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of the treating institution on survival of patients with “poor-prognosis” metastatic nonseminoma. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Collaborative Group and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party. Author(s): Collette L, Sylvester RJ, Stenning SP, Fossa SD, Mead GM, de Wit R, de Mulder PH, Neymark N, Lallemand E, Kaye SB. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 May 19; 91(10): 839-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340903&dopt=Abstract
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Improved survival for patients with testicular cancer in Europe since 1978. EUROCARE Working Group. Author(s): Aareleid T, Sant M, Hedelin G. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1998 December; 34(14 Spec No): 2236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10070293&dopt=Abstract
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Improving men's self-awareness of testicular cancer. Author(s): Elworthy R. Source: Community Nurse. 2000 June; 6(5): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778535&dopt=Abstract
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Improving treatment outcomes in testicular cancer: strategies to reduce treatment related morbidity. Author(s): Huddart RA. Source: Bju International. 2003 October; 92(6): 524-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14511025&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of metachronous testicular cancer in patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors. Author(s): Hartmann JT, Fossa SD, Nichols CR, Droz JP, Horwich A, Gerl A, Beyer J, Pont J, Fizazi K, Hecker H, Kanz L, Einhorn L, Bokemeyer C. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 November 21; 93(22): 1733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11717334&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of testicular cancer and occupation among Swedish men gainfully employed in 1970. Author(s): Pollan M, Gustavsson P, Cano MI. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2001 November; 11(8): 554-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709275&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of testicular cancer in the United States: has the epidemic begun to abate? Author(s): Pharris-Ciurej ND, Cook LS, Weiss NS. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 July 1; 150(1): 45-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10400552&dopt=Abstract
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Increased concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordanes in mothers of men with testicular cancer. Author(s): Hardell L, van Bavel B, Lindstrom G, Carlberg M, Dreifaldt AC, Wijkstrom H, Starkhammar H, Eriksson M, Hallquist A, Kolmert T. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 June; 111(7): 930-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782494&dopt=Abstract
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Increased incidence of testicular cancer in active duty members of the Department of Defense. Author(s): Thompson IM, Optenberg S, Byers R, Dove M. Source: Urology. 1999 April; 53(4): 806-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10197861&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing incidence of testicular cancer worldwide: a review. Author(s): Huyghe E, Matsuda T, Thonneau P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 July; 170(1): 5-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796635&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing incidence of testicular cancer--birth cohort effects. Author(s): Ekbom A, Akre O. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998 January; 106(1): 225-9; Discussion 229-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524583&dopt=Abstract
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Intensive and timely chemotherapy, the key of success in testicular cancer. Author(s): Flechon A, Culine S, Droz JP. Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2001 January; 37(1): 35-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164717&dopt=Abstract
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Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the contralateral testis in testicular cancer: defining a high risk group. Author(s): Harland SJ, Cook PA, Fossa SD, Horwich A, Mead GM, Parkinson MC, Roberts JT, Stenning SP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 October; 160(4): 1353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751353&dopt=Abstract
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Irinotecan in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory germ cell cancer: a phase II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Powles T, Shamash J, Berney D, Oliver RT. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 September 15; 89(6): 1140-1; Author Reply 1141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966438&dopt=Abstract
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Irinotecan in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory germ cell cancer: a phase II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Kollmannsberger C, Rick O, Klaproth H, Kubin T, Sayer HG, Hentrich M, Welslau M, Mayer F, Kuczyk M, Spott C, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 September 23; 87(7): 729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232755&dopt=Abstract
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Is risk of testicular cancer related to body size? Author(s): Dieckmann KP, Pichlmeier U. Source: European Urology. 2002 December; 42(6): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477651&dopt=Abstract
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Is testicular cancer an occupational disease of fire fighters? Author(s): Bates MN, Fawcett J, Garrett N, Arnold R, Pearce N, Woodward A. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2001 September; 40(3): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598972&dopt=Abstract
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Is testicular cancer an occupational disease? A case-control study of Royal Naval personnel. Author(s): Ryder SJ, Crawford PI, Pethybridge RJ. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1997; 83(3): 130-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684446&dopt=Abstract
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Is there an increased incidence of contralateral testicular cancer in patients with intratesticular microlithiasis? Author(s): Bach AM, Hann LE, Shi W, Giess CS, Yoo HH, Sheinfeld J, Thaler HT. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 February; 180(2): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540459&dopt=Abstract
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Kaposi's sarcoma following chemotherapy for testicular cancer in a homosexual man: demonstration of cytomegalovirus RNA in sarcoma cells. Author(s): Fenoglio CM, Oster MW, Lo Gerfo P, Reynolds T, Edelson R, Patterson JA, Madeiros E, McDougall JK. Source: Human Pathology. 1982 October; 13(10): 955-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6290370&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of testicular cancer risk and need for self-examination in college students: a call for equal time for men in teaching of early cancer detection techniques. Author(s): Goldenring JM, Purtell E. Source: Pediatrics. 1984 December; 74(6): 1093-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6504628&dopt=Abstract
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K-ras oncogene codon 12 point mutations in testicular cancer. Author(s): Ridanpaa M, Lothe RA, Onfelt A, Fossa S, Borresen AL, HusgafvelPursiainen K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 October; 101 Suppl 3: 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8143614&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer: a long-term update. Author(s): Bhayani SB, Ong A, Oh WK, Kantoff PW, Kavoussi LR. Source: Urology. 2003 August; 62(2): 324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893344&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic unroofing of retroperitoneal lymphoceles after bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Rozsahegyi J, Gamal EM, Laki A, Kovacs G, Kiss J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 November; 14(11): 1085. Epub 2000 September 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287986&dopt=Abstract
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Laptops, infertility and testicular cancer. Author(s): Koriech OM. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 January; 75(1): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7850285&dopt=Abstract
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Late recurrence of testicular cancer. Author(s): Embil JM, Weinerman BH, Pascoe EA. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1994 April; 37(2): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8156473&dopt=Abstract
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Late relapse in testicular cancer after chemotherapy. Author(s): Geier LJ, Volk SA, Weldon D, Redmond J 3rd. Source: Lancet. 1983 May 7; 1(8332): 1049. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6133090&dopt=Abstract
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Late relapse of clinical stage I testicular cancer. Author(s): Baniel J, Foster RS, Einhorn LH, Donohue JP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 October; 154(4): 1370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658541&dopt=Abstract
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Late relapse of testicular cancer. Author(s): Baniel J, Foster RS, Gonin R, Messemer JE, Donohue JP, Einhorn LH. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1995 May; 13(5): 1170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7537800&dopt=Abstract
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Late toxicity following curative treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Kollmannsberger C, Kuzcyk M, Mayer F, Hartmann JT, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C. Source: Seminars in Surgical Oncology. 1999 December; 17(4): 275-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588857&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term effects of chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Osanto S, Bukman A, Van Hoek F, Sterk PJ, De Laat JA, Hermans J. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1992 April; 10(4): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1372350&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term effects on sexual function and fertility after treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Hartmann JT, Albrecht C, Schmoll HJ, Kuczyk MA, Kollmannsberger C, Bokemeyer C. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 May; 80(5-6): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360658&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors in patients given chemotherapy for disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Gietema JA, Sleijfer DT, Willemse PH, Schraffordt Koops H, van Ittersum E, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Sluiter WJ, Mulder NH, de Vries EG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 May 1; 116(9): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558341&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up of non-seminomatous testicular cancer patients with mature teratoma or carcinoma at postchemotherapy surgery. EORTC Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group (EORTC GU Group) Author(s): Jansen RL, Sylvester R, Sleyfer DT, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Kaye SB, Jones WG, Keizer J, van Oosterom AT, Meyer S, Vendrik CP, et al. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1991; 27(6): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1829907&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term medical care of testicular cancer survivors. Author(s): Tong KT. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 4; 138(5): 437; Author Reply 437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614106&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term medical care of testicular cancer survivors. Author(s): Vaughn DJ, Gignac GA, Meadows AT. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 March 19; 136(6): 463-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900499&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term morbidity and quality of life in testicular cancer patients. Author(s): Fossa SD, Aass N, Ous S, Waehre H. Source: Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1991; 138: 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1785014&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term morbidity of adjuvant infradiaphragmatic irradiation in patients with testicular cancer and implications for the treatment of stage I seminoma. Author(s): Glanzmann C, Schultz G, Lutolf UM. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1991 September; 22(1): 12-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1947208&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term results of first-line sequential high-dose etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin chemotherapy plus autologous stem cell support for patients with advanced metastatic germ cell cancer: an extended phase I/II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Schmoll HJ, Kollmannsberger C, Metzner B, Hartmann JT, Schleucher N, Schoffski P, Schleicher J, Rick O, Beyer J, Hossfeld D, Kanz L, Berdel WE, Andreesen R, Bokemeyer C; German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 November 15; 21(22): 4083-91. Epub 2003 October 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568987&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Author(s): Tamboli CP. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 October 15; 21(20): 3888; Author Reply 3888-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14551316&dopt=Abstract
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Low-volume nodal metastases detected at retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular cancer: pattern and prognostic factors for relapse. Author(s): Rabbani F, Sheinfeld J, Farivar-Mohseni H, Leon A, Rentzepis MJ, Reuter VE, Herr HW, McCaffrey JA, Motzer RJ, Bajorin DF, Bosl GJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 April 1; 19(7): 2020-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11283135&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphography and computed tomography in staging nonseminomatous testicular cancer: limited detection of early stage metastatic disease. Author(s): Marincek B, Brutschin P, Triller J, Fuchs WA. Source: Urol Radiol. 1983; 5(4): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6659204&dopt=Abstract
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Management of cryptorchism and risk of testicular cancer. Author(s): Herrinton LJ, Zhao W, Husson G. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 April 1; 157(7): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672679&dopt=Abstract
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Management of germ cell testicular cancer with pulmonary metastases. Author(s): Schnorrer M, Ondrus D, Carsky S, Hornak M, Belan V, Kausitz J, Matoska J. Source: Neoplasma. 1996; 43(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843960&dopt=Abstract
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Management of testicular cancer with combined-modality treatment. Author(s): Lekili M, Minareci S, Nergis N, Serim U, Ayder AR. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1995; 27(4): 423-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8586515&dopt=Abstract
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Management of testicular cancer--16 years' experience from southwest Finland. Author(s): Sundstrom J, Salminen E, Nurmi M, Toppari J, Pollanen P, Pelliniemi LJ, Huhtala S, Rajala P, Laato M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2001 February; 35(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291682&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal health and pre- and perinatal characteristics in the etiology of testicular cancer: a prospective population- and register-based study on Norwegian males born between 1967 and 1995. Author(s): Wanderas EH, Grotmol T, Fossa SD, Tretli S. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1998 October; 9(5): 475-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9934714&dopt=Abstract
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Metachronous metastasis from testicular cancer masquerading as a renal calculus. Author(s): Sharma R, Sekhon MS, Lal P. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1998 December; 82(6): 922. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883243&dopt=Abstract
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Metastatic testicular cancer presenting as spinal cord compression: report of two cases. Author(s): Arnold PM, Morgan CJ, Morantz RA, Eckard DA, Kepes JJ. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2000 July; 54(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11024504&dopt=Abstract
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Metastatic testicular cancer with massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage as initial presentation. Author(s): Syrigos KN, Tsioulos D, Efstathiou S, Kouvaras S, Mitromaras A, Merikas EA. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2002 April; 14(2): 179-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069129&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality in testicular cancer: 10 years' experience at a single centre. Author(s): Germa JR, Mercedes A, Tabernero JM, Palou J, Algaba F, Villavicencio H, Sole FJ. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1996; 57(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8840488&dopt=Abstract
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Mutational inactivation of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene confers predisposition to 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced liver and lung cancer and to spontaneous testicular cancer in Trp53-/- mice. Author(s): Cheo DL, Burns DK, Meira LB, Houle JF, Friedberg EC. Source: Cancer Research. 1999 February 15; 59(4): 771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10029060&dopt=Abstract
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Mutations and impaired function of LKB1 in familial and non-familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and a sporadic testicular cancer. Author(s): Ylikorkala A, Avizienyte E, Tomlinson IP, Tiainen M, Roth S, Loukola A, Hemminki A, Johansson M, Sistonen P, Markie D, Neale K, Phillips R, Zauber P, Twama T, Sampson J, Jarvinen H, Makela TP, Aaltonen LA. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1999 January; 8(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9887330&dopt=Abstract
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N-acetylcysteine and ifosfamide in the treatment of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma and refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Loehrer PJ, Williams SD, Einhorn LH. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1983 March; 10(1 Suppl 1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6836331&dopt=Abstract
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Nerve sparing post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Coogan CL, Hejase MJ, Wahle GR, Foster RS, Rowland RG, Bihrle R, Donohue JP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 November; 156(5): 1656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863564&dopt=Abstract
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Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for advanced testicular cancer after chemotherapy. Author(s): Nonomura N, Nishimura K, Takaha N, Inoue H, Nomoto T, Mizutani Y, Nakao M, Okuyama A, Miki T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 October; 9(10): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445231&dopt=Abstract
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Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Arai Y, Ishitoya S, Okubo K, Aoki Y, Okada T, Maeda H, Suzuki Y. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1997 September; 4(5): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9354952&dopt=Abstract
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Neural network analysis of quantitative histological factors to predict pathological stage in clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Moul JW, Snow PB, Fernandez EB, Maher PD, Sesterhenn IA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 May; 153(5): 1674-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7715008&dopt=Abstract
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Neuron-specific enolase in testicular cancer--clinical experiences with serum neuronspecific enolase in patients with testicular cancer at diagnosis and during follow-up. Author(s): Tandstad T, Klepp O. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(3): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852696&dopt=Abstract
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Neutropenic colitis as a complication of high-dose chemotherapy for refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Kawai K, Imada S, Iida K, Tsukamoto S, Miyanaga N, Akaza H. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998 September; 28(9): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793033&dopt=Abstract
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New directions in testicular cancer; molecular determinants of oncogenesis and treatment success. Author(s): Jones RH, Vasey PA. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2003 January; 39(2): 14756. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509945&dopt=Abstract
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New prognostic factors for stage I testicular cancer: but will they make it to broadway? Author(s): Raghavan D. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 November 15; 21(22): 4075-6. Epub 2003 October 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14559887&dopt=Abstract
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Nontraumatic osteonecrosis after chemotherapy for testicular cancer: a systematic review. Author(s): Winquist EW, Bauman GS, Balogh J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2001 December; 24(6): 603-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801763&dopt=Abstract
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Objective and subjective effects of treatment for testicular cancer on sexual function. Author(s): van Basten JP, van Driel MF, Hoekstra HJ, Sleijfer DT, van de Wiel HB, Droste JH, Schraffordt Koops H, Mensink HJ. Source: Bju International. 1999 October; 84(6): 671-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10510114&dopt=Abstract
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Occupation and risk of germ cell testicular cancer by histologic type in Ontario. Author(s): Knight JA, Marrett LD, Weir HK. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 September; 38(9): 884-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877837&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to extreme temperature and risk of testicular cancer. Author(s): Zhang ZF, Vena JE, Zielezny M, Graham S, Haughey BP, Brasure J, Marshall JR. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1995 January-February; 50(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7717764&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to magnetic fields in relation to male breast cancer and testicular cancer: a Swedish case-control study. Author(s): Stenlund C, Floderus B. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1997 March; 8(2): 184-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9134242&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to polyvinyl chloride as a risk factor for testicular cancer evaluated in a case-control study. Author(s): Hardell L, Ohlson CG, Fredrikson M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 December 10; 73(6): 828-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399660&dopt=Abstract
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On call. I've noticed that my newspaper always seems to have a story about testicular cancer in an athlete. Do athletes really get the disease more often than ordinary men? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2002 August; 7(1): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217822&dopt=Abstract
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Oncogenes in human testicular cancer: DNA and RNA studies. Author(s): Peltomaki P, Alfthan O, de la Chapelle A. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1991 June; 63(6): 851-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1829952&dopt=Abstract
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Optimal drug therapy in the treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Priest ER, Vogelzang NJ. Source: Drugs. 1991 July; 42(1): 52-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1718685&dopt=Abstract
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Oral mucosal side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy of testicular cancer. A retrospective study. Author(s): Herlofson BB, Norman-Pedersen K, Redfors M, Fossa SD. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1997 October; 105(5 Pt 2): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395118&dopt=Abstract
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Orchiectomy after chemotherapy in patients with metastatic testicular cancer. Is it indicated? Author(s): Simmonds PD, Mead GM, Lee AH, Theaker JM, Dewbury K, Smart CJ. Source: Cancer. 1995 February 15; 75(4): 1018-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7842403&dopt=Abstract
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Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and possible narcolepsy in a patient with testicular cancer: case study. Author(s): Landolfi JC, Nadkarni M. Source: Neuro-Oncology. 2003 July; 5(3): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816728&dopt=Abstract
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Perinatal determinants of germ-cell testicular cancer in relation to histological subtypes. Author(s): Richiardi L, Akre O, Bellocco R, Ekbom A. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 August 27; 87(5): 545-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189554&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot study of testicular cancer awareness and testicular self-examination in men attending two South London general practices. Author(s): Khadra A, Oakeshott P. Source: Family Practice. 2002 June; 19(3): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978722&dopt=Abstract
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Poor-risk testicular cancer and high-dose chemotherapy. Author(s): Motzer RJ, Sheinfeld S. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 November 15; 21(22): 4073-4. Epub 2003 October 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568986&dopt=Abstract
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Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal surgery remains necessary in patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer and minimal residual tumor masses. Author(s): Oldenburg J, Alfsen GC, Lien HH, Aass N, Waehre H, Fossa SD. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 September 1; 21(17): 3310-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947067&dopt=Abstract
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Postmortem diagnosis of testicular cancer. Author(s): Fleer J, Hoekstra HJ, Sleijfer DT, Lutke Holzik MF, Hoekstra-Weebers JE. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 9; 360(9344): 1511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433547&dopt=Abstract
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Practice development in cancer care: self-help for men with testicular cancer. Author(s): Clark A, Jones P, Newbold S, Spencer J, Wilson M, Brandwood K. Source: Nurs Stand. 2000 August 30-September 5; 14(50): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975163&dopt=Abstract
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Prediction of posttreatment spermatogenesis in patients with testicular cancer by flow cytometric sperm chromatin structure assay. Author(s): Fossa SD, De Angelis P, Kraggerud SM, Evenson D, Theodorsen L, Clausen OP. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 1997 August 15; 30(4): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298838&dopt=Abstract
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Primary lymphatic metastatic spread in testicular cancer occurs ventral to the lumbar vessels. Author(s): Holtl L, Peschel R, Knapp R, Janetschek G, Steiner H, Hittmair A, Rogatsch H, Bartsch G, Hobisch A. Source: Urology. 2002 January; 59(1): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796292&dopt=Abstract
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Prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy in a group of patients who previously underwent pelvic radiotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Henry AM, Ash DV. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2001; 13(6): 490. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824894&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life after treatment for testicular cancer--the patient's view. Author(s): Stuart NS, Grundy R, Woodroffe CM, Cullen MH. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1990 March; 26(3): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2141485&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life in good prognosis patients with metastatic germ cell cancer: a prospective study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group/Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Study Group (30941/TE20). Author(s): Fossa SD, de Wit R, Roberts JT, Wilkinson PM, de Mulder PH, Mead GM, Cook P, de Prijck L, Stenning S, Aaronson NK, Bottomley A, Collette L; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group 30941; Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Study Group TE20. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 March 15; 21(6): 1107-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637478&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life in long-term survivors of testicular cancer: a population-based casecontrol study. Author(s): Joly F, Heron JF, Kalusinski L, Bottet P, Brune D, Allouache N, Mace-Lesec'h J, Couette JE, Peny J, Henry-Amar M. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 January 1; 20(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773156&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life measurement in testicular cancer patients. Author(s): Herr HW. Source: Cancer. 1987 September 15; 60(6): 1412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3304613&dopt=Abstract
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Quality-of-life issues in the treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. Source: World Journal of Urology. 1999 August; 17(4): 230-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10460406&dopt=Abstract
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Radiotherapy with 16 Gy may fail to eradicate testicular intraepithelial neoplasia: preliminary communication of a dose-reduction trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Classen J, Dieckmann K, Bamberg M, Souchon R, Kliesch S, Kuehn M, Loy V; German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 March 24; 88(6): 828-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644817&dopt=Abstract
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Raising awareness and detection of testicular cancer in young men. Author(s): Whiteford A, Wordley J. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 January 7-13; 99(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593283&dopt=Abstract
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Regular review: Managing testicular cancer. Author(s): Dearnaley D, Huddart R, Horwich A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 30; 322(7302): 1583-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431302&dopt=Abstract
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Residual mass histology in testicular cancer: development and validation of a clinical prediction rule. Author(s): Steyerberg EW, Vergouwe Y, Keizer HJ, Habbema JD; ReHiT Study Group. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 2001 December 30; 20(24): 3847-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782038&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for relapse in clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors: results of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group Trial. Author(s): Albers P, Siener R, Kliesch S, Weissbach L, Krege S, Sparwasser C, Schulze H, Heidenreich A, de Riese W, Loy V, Bierhoff E, Wittekind C, Fimmers R, Hartmann M; German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 April 15; 21(8): 1505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697874&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of second cancer after testicular cancer in Vaud and Neuchatel, Switzerland. Author(s): Levi F, Randimbison L, Te VC, Erler G, La Vecchia C. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1999 September; 10(9): 1129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10572616&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Author(s): Travis LB, Curtis RE, Storm H, Hall P, Holowaty E, Van Leeuwen FE, Kohler BA, Pukkala E, Lynch CF, Andersson M, Bergfeldt K, Clarke EA, Wiklund T, Stoter G, Gospodarowicz M, Sturgeon J, Fraumeni JF Jr, Boice JD Jr. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 October 1; 89(19): 1429-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326912&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of testicular cancer in boys with cryptorchidism. Study was based on small number of cancers. Author(s): Davenport M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 November 29; 315(7120): 1462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9418105&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. Author(s): Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Olsen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Moller H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 September 30; 321(7264): 789-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009515&dopt=Abstract
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Routine chest X-rays have no additional value in the detection of relapse during routine follow-up of patients treated with chemotherapy for disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Gietema JA, Meinardi MT, Sleijfer DT, Hoekstra HJ, van der Graaf WT. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 October; 13(10): 1616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377651&dopt=Abstract
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Self-perceived physical, psychologic, and general symptoms in survivors of testicular cancer 3 to 13 years after treatment. Author(s): Rudberg L, Carlsson M, Nilsson S, Wikblad K. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2002 June; 25(3): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040227&dopt=Abstract
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Semen parameters and testicular pathology in men with testicular cancer and contralateral carcinoma in situ or bilateral testicular malignancies. Author(s): Kliesch S, Bergmann M, Hertle L, Nieschlag E, Behre HM. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 December; 12(12): 2830-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9455863&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual dysfunction after treatment for testicular cancer: a systematic review. Author(s): Nazareth I, Lewin J, King M. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001 December; 51(6): 735-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750296&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual functioning after treatment for testicular cancer: comparison of treatment modalities. Author(s): Jonker-Pool G, van Basten JP, Hoekstra HJ, van Driel MF, Sleijfer DT, Koops HS, van de Wiel HB. Source: Cancer. 1997 August 1; 80(3): 454-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241079&dopt=Abstract
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Short Form 36 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A comparison based on patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Fossa SD, Dahl AA. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 February; 52(2): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832253&dopt=Abstract
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SN-38 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human testicular cancer. Author(s): Ueno M, Nonaka S, Yamazaki R, Deguchi N, Murai M. Source: European Urology. 2002 October; 42(4): 390-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361906&dopt=Abstract
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Sonographically-detected impalpable testicular cancer with retroperitoneal bulky metastases: a case report. Author(s): Sakai N, Yamada T, Asao T, Murayama T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1997 September; 4(5): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9354963&dopt=Abstract
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Surgery in metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Albers P, Melchior D, Muller SC. Source: European Urology. 2003 August; 44(2): 233-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875944&dopt=Abstract
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Surveillance in stage I testicular cancer. Author(s): Daugaard G, Petersen PM, Rorth M. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 January; 111(1): 76-83; Discussion 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752240&dopt=Abstract
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Survival of testicular cancer patients in Osaka, Japan. Author(s): Oshima A, Kitagawa T, Ajiki W, Tsukuma H, Takenaka S, Iura A. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2001 September; 31(9): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689598&dopt=Abstract
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Testicular cancer among Swedish pulp and paper workers. Author(s): Andersson E, Nilsson R, Toren K. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2003 June; 43(6): 642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768614&dopt=Abstract
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Testicular cancer and cryptorchidism in relation to prenatal factors: case-control studies in Denmark. Author(s): Moller H, Skakkebaek NE. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1997 November; 8(6): 904-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427433&dopt=Abstract
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Testicular cancer mortality in Eastern Europe. Author(s): Levi F, Lucchini F, Boyle P, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 July 1; 105(4): 574. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712453&dopt=Abstract
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The incidence, prognosis, clinical and histological characteristics, treatment, and outcome of patients with bilateral germ cell testicular cancer in Hungary. Author(s): Geczi L, Gomez F, Bak M, Bodrogi I. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2003 May; 129(5): 309-15. Epub 2003 May 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748851&dopt=Abstract
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The level of physical activity in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Author(s): Thorsen L, Nystad W, Dahl O, Klepp O, Bremnes RM, Wist E, Fossa SD. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2003 June; 39(9): 1216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763208&dopt=Abstract
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The limited efficacy of methotrexate, actinomycin D and cisplatin (MAP) for patients with advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Miyazaki J, Kawai K, Hayashi H, Onozawa M, Tsukamoto S, Miyanaga N, Hinotsu S, Shimazui T, Akaza H. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 August; 33(8): 391-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523058&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of familial testicular cancer: an analysis of two patient populations and a review of the literature. Author(s): Dieckmann KP, Pichlmeier U. Source: Cancer. 1997 November 15; 80(10): 1954-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9366298&dopt=Abstract
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The story of second cancers in patients cured of testicular cancer: tarnishing success or burnishing irrelevance? Author(s): Nichols CR, Loehrer PJ Sr. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 October 1; 89(19): 1394-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326905&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment for advanced testicular cancer with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Takahashi A, Miyao N, Masumori N, Takeda K, Shigyo M, Sasamura H, Sakamaki S, Niitsu Y, Tsukamoto T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1998 January; 5(1): 67-72; Discussion 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9535604&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in sex-ratio, testicular cancer and male reproductive hazards: are they connected? Author(s): Moller H. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998 January; 106(1): 232-8; Discussion 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524584&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound and ultrasound guided biopsy, CT and lymphography in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal metastases in testicular cancer. Author(s): Damgaard-Pedersen K, von der Maase H. Source: Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1991; 137: 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1947835&dopt=Abstract
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Undescended testis and the risk of testicular cancer: importance of source and classification of exposure information. Author(s): Stang A, Ahrens W, Bromen K, Baumgardt-Elms C, Jahn I, Stegmaier C, Krege S, Jockel KH. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 October; 30(5): 1050-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689521&dopt=Abstract
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Unexpected late relapses seen in testicular cancer. Author(s): McCann J. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998 November 18; 90(22): 1692-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827518&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Giusti G, Beltrami P, Tallarigo C, Bianchi G, Mobilio G. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 1998 December; 12(6): 561-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9895263&dopt=Abstract
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Unnecessary mastectomy for gynecomastia in testicular cancer patient. Author(s): Moul JW, Moellman JR. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 August; 157(8): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1382250&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual neoplasms detected in testicular cancer patients undergoing postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Author(s): Little JS Jr, Foster RS, Ulbright TM, Donohue JP. Source: World Journal of Urology. 1994; 12(4): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7820142&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in young male patients with testicular cancer treated by cis-platinum: comparison with other urinary parameters. Author(s): Takeda M, Komeyama T, Tsutsui T, Mizusawa T, Go H, Hatano A, Tanikawa T. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1994 June; 86(6): 703-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7520380&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of platinum in chemotherapy-treated long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Author(s): Gerl A, Schierl R. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2000; 39(4): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041115&dopt=Abstract
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Use of carboplatin in the treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Williams SD, Nichols CR, Jansen J. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1989 April; 16(2 Suppl 5): 42-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2655097&dopt=Abstract
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Use of electric blankets and risk of testicular cancer. Author(s): Verreault R, Weiss NS, Hollenbach KA, Strader CH, Daling JR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 May; 131(5): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2321619&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a prediction model and its predictors for the histology of residual masses in nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW, Foster RS, Habbema JD, Donohue JP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 January; 165(1): 84-8; Discussion 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125370&dopt=Abstract
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Validity of predictions of residual retroperitoneal mass histology in nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Steyerberg EW, Gerl A, Fossa SD, Sleijfer DT, de Wit R, Kirkels WJ, Schmeller N, Clemm C, Habbema JD, Keizer HJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1998 January; 16(1): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440752&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular toxicity associated with chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Gerl A. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1994 December; 5(6): 607-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7534146&dopt=Abstract
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Vasectomy and testicular cancer. Author(s): Dieckmann KP. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1994; 30A(7): 1039-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7832857&dopt=Abstract
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Vasectomy and testicular cancer. Author(s): West RR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 March 21; 304(6829): 729-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1571675&dopt=Abstract
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Vasectomy and testicular cancer. Author(s): Chi IC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 April 7; 300(6729): 944-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2337730&dopt=Abstract
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Vasectomy and testicular cancer: epidemiological evidence of association. Author(s): Lynge E, Knudsen LB, Moller H. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1993; 29A(7): 1064-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8499139&dopt=Abstract
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Vasectomy and the incidence of testicular cancer. Author(s): Strader CH, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 July; 128(1): 56-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2837898&dopt=Abstract
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Virus-related serology and in situ hybridization for the detection of virus DNA among patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Heinzer H, Dieckmann KP, Huland E. Source: European Urology. 1993; 24(2): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8397088&dopt=Abstract
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VP 16 plus ifosfamide plus cisplatin as salvage therapy in refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Einhorn LH. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1986; 18 Suppl 2: S45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3815718&dopt=Abstract
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Western and eastern European trends in testicular cancer mortality. Author(s): Levi F, La Vecchia C, Boyle P, Lucchini F, Negri E. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 9; 357(9271): 1853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410198&dopt=Abstract
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What to do when you discover testicular cancer. Helping patients overcome fear and choose treatment. Author(s): Sonpavde G, Einhorn LH. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 April; 105(4): 229-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223100&dopt=Abstract
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What young men know about testicular cancer. Author(s): Cummings KM, Lampone D, Mettlin C, Pontes JE. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1983 March; 12(2): 326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6878194&dopt=Abstract
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Why is the rate of testicular cancer increasing? Author(s): Klotz LH. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 January 26; 160(2): 213-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951444&dopt=Abstract
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Work in agriculture, childhood residence, nitrate exposure, and testicular cancer risk: a case-control study in Denmark. Author(s): Moller H. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1997 February; 6(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9037566&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TESTICULAR CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and testicular cancer.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Testicular Cancer The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “testicular cancer” (or a synonym): •
125I-labelled human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) as an elimination marker in the evaluation of hCG decline during chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Source: Christensen, T B Engbaek, F Marqversen, J Nielsen, S I Kamby, C von der Maase, H Br-J-Cancer. 1999 July; 80(10): 1577-81 0007-0920
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Acute vascular toxicity after combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin for testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Cardiology, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Stefenelli, T Kuzmits, R Ulrich, W Glogar, D Eur-Heart-J. 1988 May; 9(5): 552-6 0195-668X
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Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I non-seminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Radiation Oncology, Groote Schuur Hospital. Source: Abratt, R P Pontin, A R Barnes, R D Reddi, B V S-Afr-Med-J. 1994 September; 84(9): 605-7 0038-2469
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Adjuvant therapy for stage I testicular cancer. Author(s): Birmingham Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, UK. Source: Cullen, M James, N Cancer-Treat-Revolume 1996 July; 22(4): 253-64 0305-7372
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Adolescent milk, dairy product and fruit consumption and testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Community Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK. Source: Davies, T W Palmer, C R Ruja, E Lipscombe, J M Br-J-Cancer. 1996 August; 74(4): 657-60 0007-0920
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After a treatment breakthrough: a comparison of trial and population-based data for advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892. Source: Feuer, E J Frey, C M Brawley, O W Nayfield, S G Cunningham, J B Geller, N L Bosl, G J Kramer, B S J-Clin-Oncol. 1994 February; 12(2): 368-77 0732-183X
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Analysis of human sperm karyotypes in testicular cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Author(s): Department of Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Martin, R H Ernst, S Rademaker, A Barclay, L Ko, E Summers, N CytogenetCell-Genet. 1997; 78(2): 120-3 0301-0171
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Cardiac arrhythmia and ischaemic events after combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Divisione di Cardiologia e Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy. Source: Villani, F Misrachi, D Galimberti, M Eur-Heart-J. 1994 November; 15(11): 1533-6 0195-668X
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Changes in cellular immunity during chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Kubota, Y Ohji, H Itoh, K Sasagawa, I Nakada, T Int-J-Urol. 2001 November; 8(11): 604-8 0919-8172
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Chemotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46223. Source: Seitz, D E Loehrer, P J Williams, S D Einhorn, L H Semin-Urol. 1988 August; 6(3): 238-45 0730-9147
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Chemotherapy of testicular cancer: 10-year experience. Author(s): Department of Urology, Comenius University Medical School, Bratislava, Slovakia. Source: Ondrus, D Hornak, M Matoska, J Kausitz, J Belan, V Carsky, S Neoplasma. 1993; 40(4): 247-53 0028-2685
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Chromosomal abnormalities in sperm from testicular cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Author(s): Department of Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Martin, R H Ernst, S Rademaker, A Barclay, L Ko, E Summers, N Hum-Genet. 1997 February; 99(2): 214-8 0340-6717
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Cisplatin-based chemotherapy changes the incidence of bilateral testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: van Basten, J P Hoekstra, H J van Driel, M F Sleijfer, D T Droste, J H Schraffordt Koops, H Ann-Surg-Oncol. 1997 June; 4(4): 342-8 1068-9265
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Comparison of 5 vs 10 micrograms/kg per day of GM-CSF following dose-intensified chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide in patients with advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Abteilung Hamatologie/Onkologie, Hannover University Medical School, Germany. Source: Bokemeyer, C Schmoll, H J Metzner, B Beyer, J Illiger, H J Kneba, M Ostermann, H Kynast, B Rath, U Poliwoda, H Ann-Hematol. 1993 August; 67(2): 75-9 0939-5555
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Decrease in pulmonary function during bleomycin-containing combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer: not only a bleomycin effect. Author(s): Divisions of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: Sleijfer, S van der Mark, T W Schraffordt Koops, H Mulder, N H Br-J-Cancer. 1995 January; 71(1): 120-3 0007-0920
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Endocrinological late effects after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Germany. Source: Berger, C C Bokemeyer, C Schuppert, F Schmoll, H J Br-J-Cancer. 1996 May; 73(9): 1108-14 0007-0920
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Enlargement of the thymus following chemotherapy for non-seminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo. Source: Abildgaard, A Lien, H H Fossa, S D Hoie, J Langholm, R Acta-Radiol. 1989 MayJune; 30(3): 259-62 0284-1851
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Evaluation and treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Boston University School of Medicine. Source: Hesketh, P J Hosp-Pract-(Off-Ed). 1987 September 30; 22(9A): 87-90, 93-102 87502836
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Evaluation of long-term toxicity after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Bokemeyer, C Berger, C C Kuczyk, M A Schmoll, H J J-Clin-Oncol. 1996 November; 14(11): 2923-32 0732-183X
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Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in human testicular cancer and growth inhibition by its agonists. Author(s): Department of Urology, Osaka City University Medical School, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan. Source: Hase, T Yoshimura, R Mitsuhashi, M Segawa, Y Kawahito, Y Wada, S Nakatani, T Sano, H Urology. 2002 September; 60(3): 542-7 1527-9995
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Filgrastim during combination chemotherapy of patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell malignancy. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Genito-Urinary Group, and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Author(s): Department of Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo.
[email protected] Source: Fossa, S D Kaye, S B Mead, G M Cullen, M de Wit, R Bodrogi, I van Groeningen, C J De Mulder, P H Stenning, S Lallemand, E De Prijck, L Collette, L J-Clin-Oncol. 1998 February; 16(2): 716-24 0732-183X
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High-dose chemotherapy as initial salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Source: Bhatia, S Abonour, R Porcu, P Seshadri, R Nichols, C R Cornetta, K Einhorn, L H J-Clin-Oncol. 2000 October 1; 18(19): 3346-51 0732-183X
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High-dose treatment with carboplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory germ cell cancer: a phase I/II study. The German Testicular Cancer Cooperative Study Group. Author(s): Universitatsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Abteilung fur Innere, Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Hamatologie und Onkologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. Source: Siegert, W Beyer, J Strohscheer, I Baurmann, H Oettle, H Zingsem, J Zimmermann, R Bokemeyer, C Schmoll, H J Huhn, D J-Clin-Oncol. 1994 June; 12(6): 1223-31 0732-183X
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History of testicular cancer chemotherapy: maximizing efficacy, minimizing toxicity. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA. Source: Sweeney, C Semin-Urol-Oncol. 2001 August; 19(3): 170-9 1081-0943
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Ifosfamide in testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Source: Loehrer, P J Semin-Oncol. 1990 April; 17(2 Suppl 4): 2-5 0093-7754
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Irinotecan in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory germ cell cancer: a phase II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Department of Haematology/Oncology, University of Tuebingen Medical Center, Germany. Source: Kollmannsberger, C Rick, O Klaproth, H Kubin, T Sayer, H G Hentrich, M Welslau, M Mayer, F Kuczyk, M Spott, C Kanz, L Bokemeyer, C Br-J-Cancer. 2002 September 23; 87(7): 729-32 0007-0920
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Isolated central nervous system relapse of testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20307-5001. Source: Perry, J J Jelinek, J S Med-Pediatr-Oncol. 1992; 20(1): 68-70 0098-1532
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Lack of late toxicity in patients treated with cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Source: Boyer, M Raghavan, D Harris, P J Lietch, J Bleasel, A Walsh, J C Anderson, S Tsang, C S J-Clin-Oncol. 1990 January; 8(1): 21-6 0732-183X
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Management of germ cell testicular cancer with pulmonary metastases. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Derer Memorial Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia. Source: Schnorrer, M Ondrus, D Carsky, S Hornak, M Belan, V Kausitz, J Matoska, J Neoplasma. 1996; 43(1): 47-50 0028-2685
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Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with delayed orchiectomy in patients with advanced germ cell testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, Comenius University Medical School, Derer Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia. Source: Ondrus, D Hornak, M Matoska, J Neoplasma. 1993; 40(3): 189-92 0028-2685
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Neutropenic colitis as a complication of high-dose chemotherapy for refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Kawai, K Imada, S Iida, K Tsukamoto, S Miyanaga, N Akaza, H Jpn-J-ClinOncol. 1998 September; 28(9): 571-3 0368-2811
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Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, a complication of the testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, University Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France. Source: Almeras, C Soussi, N Molko, N Azoulay Cayla, A Richard, F Chartier Kastler, E J Urology. 2001 July; 58(1): 105 1527-9995
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Risk factors for testicular cancer: a case-control study in twins. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. Source: Swerdlow, A J De Stavola, B L Swanwick, M A Mangtani, P Maconochie, N E BrJ-Cancer. 1999 June; 80(7): 1098-102 0007-0920
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Salvage therapy in recurrent testicular cancer. Author(s): Indiana University, Department of Medicine, Indianapolis. Source: Saxman, S Semin-Oncol. 1992 April; 19(2): 143-7 0093-7754
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Seizures in a patient with disseminated testicular cancer due to cisplatin-induced hypomagnesaemia. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: van de Loosdrecht, A A Gietema, J A van der Graaf, W T Acta-Oncol. 2000; 39(2): 239-40 0284-186X
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Sequential intermediate high-dose chemotherapy in the primary treatment of poor risk testicular cancer. Author(s): Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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Source: Schmoll, H J Bokemeyer, C Bone-Marrow-Transplant. 1996 September; 18 Suppl 1S48-9 0268-3369 •
Serum creatinine level during chemotherapy for testicular cancer as a possible predictor of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Author(s): Department of Urology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Kawai, K Hinotsu, S Tomobe, M Akaza, H Jpn-J-Clin-Oncol. 1998 September; 28(9): 546-50 0368-2811
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Ten-year survival and late sequelae in testicular cancer patients treated with cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Author(s): Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Stoter, G Koopman, A Vendrik, C P Struyvenberg, A Sleyfer, D T Willemse, P H Schraffordt Koops, H van Oosterom, A T ten Bokkel Huinink, W W Pinedo, H M J-ClinOncol. 1989 August; 7(8): 1099-104 0732-183X
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Testicular cancer: an oncological success story. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5289, USA. Source: Einhorn, E H Clin-Cancer-Res. 1997 December; 3(12 Pt 2): 2630-2 1078-0432
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The case for iron repletion as a promoter in testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola Marymount University, 7900 Loyola Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90045-8225 (USA) Source: Crawford, R.D. Medical-Hypotheses (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 51(2) page 129-132. neoplasms iron deficiency diseases mineral deficiencies testes minerals
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The effects of an ACTH (4-9) analogue on development of cisplatin neuropathy in testicular cancer: a randomized trial. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Dr. Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Source: van Gerven, J M Hovestadt, A Moll, J W Rodenburg, C J Splinter, T A van Oosterom, A T Keizer, L Drogendijk, T E Groenhout, C M Vecht, C J et al. J-Neurol. 1994 June; 241(7): 432-5 0340-5354
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The importance of dose intensity in chemotherapy of advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Miyanaga, N Akaza, H Hattori, K Takeshima, H Koiso, K Urol-Int. 1995; 54(4): 220-5 0042-1138
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The role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of germ cell tumors. German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Germany. Source: Bokemeyer, C Harstrick, A Ruther, U Metzner, B Illiger, H J Clemm, C Siegert, W Link, H Ostermann, H Schmoll, H J Semin-Oncol. 1994 December; 21(6 Suppl 16): 5763 0093-7754
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The role of ifosfamide in testicular cancer. Author(s): Hannover University Medical School, Division of Hematology/Oncology, FRG. Source: Schmoll, H J Semin-Oncol. 1989 February; 16(1 Suppl 3): 82-95 0093-7754
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Transient increase in mitogen-induced lymphoproliferative responses in patients with testicular cancer after BEP chemotherapy. Author(s): Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Source: Krainer, M Wolf, H M Wiltschke, C Wilfing, A Kaider, A Kratzik, C Eibl, M M Zielinski, C C Urology. 2000 June; 55(6): 934-8 0090-4295 •
Treatment for advanced testicular cancer with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University, Japan. Source: Takahashi, A Miyao, N Masumori, N Takeda, K Shigyo, M Sasamura, H Sakamaki, S Niitsu, Y Tsukamoto, T Int-J-Urol. 1998 January; 5(1): 67-72; discussion 73 0919-8172
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Treatment of “good risk” metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Clinic, Nashville, TN 37232-5536. Source: Garrow, G C Johnson, D H Semin-Oncol. 1992 April; 19(2): 159-65 0093-7754
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Treatment of testicular cancer and the development of secondary malignancies. Author(s): Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Germany. Source: Bokemeyer, C Schmoll, H J J-Clin-Oncol. 1995 January; 13(1): 283-92 0732-183X
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Tumour marker concentration at the start of chemotherapy is a stronger predictor of treatment failure than marker half-life: a study in patients with disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek), The Netherlands. Source: de Wit, R Sylvester, R Tsitsa, C de Mulder, P H Sleyfer, D T ten Bokkel Huinink, W W Kaye, S B van Oosterom, A T Boven, E Vermeylen, K Stoter, G Br-J-Cancer. 1997; 75(3): 432-5 0007-0920
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Use of carboplatin in the treatment of testicular cancer. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46223. Source: Williams, S D Nichols, C R Jansen, J Semin-Oncol. 1989 April; 16(2 Suppl 5): 42-4 0093-7754
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to testicular cancer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TESTICULAR CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to testicular cancer. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to testicular cancer and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to testicular cancer: •
125I-labelled human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) as an elimination marker in the evaluation of hCG decline during chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Christensen TB, Engbaek F, Marqversen J, Nielsen SI, Kamby C, von der Maase H. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 July; 80(10): 1577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10408402&dopt=Abstract
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A case-control study of dietary phytoestrogens and testicular cancer risk. Author(s): Walcott FL, Hauptmann M, Duphorne CM, Pillow PC, Strom SS, Sigurdson AJ. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 44(1): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672640&dopt=Abstract
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Acute myocardial infarction in a young man receiving chemotherapy for testicular cancer: case report. Author(s): Mermershtain W, Dudnik J, Gusakova I, Ariad S. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2001 December; 13(6): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806629&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin in pathological stage II nonseminomatous testicular cancer. the Indiana University experience. Author(s): Behnia M, Foster R, Einhorn LH, Donohue J, Nichols CR. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2000 March; 36(4): 472-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717522&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant chemotherapy after orchiectomy in high-risk patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Studer UE, Fey MF, Calderoni A, Kraft R, Mazzucchelli L, Sonntag RW. Source: European Urology. 1993; 23(4): 444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7687549&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I non-seminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): Abratt RP, Pontin AR, Barnes RD, Reddi BV. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1994 September; 84(9): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7530863&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II nonseminomatous testicular cancer: what is its role? Author(s): Motzer RJ. Source: Semin Urol Oncol. 1996 February; 14(1): 30-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833386&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Xiao H, Sheinfeld J, Motzer RJ. Source: Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1997 October; 6(4): 863-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9309098&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant chemotherapy in pathologic Stage II nonseminomatous testicular cancer: are two cycles of etoposide-cisplatin a standard option? Author(s): Culine S, Droz JP. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1996 July; 14(7): 2187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8683254&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant therapy for stage I testicular cancer. Author(s): Cullen M, James N. Source: Cancer Treatment Reviews. 1996 July; 22(4): 253-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9025783&dopt=Abstract
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After a treatment breakthrough: a comparison of trial and population-based data for advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Feuer EJ, Frey CM, Brawley OW, Nayfield SG, Cunningham JB, Geller NL, Bosl GJ, Kramer BS. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1994 February; 12(2): 368-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7509384&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of human sperm karyotypes in testicular cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Author(s): Martin RH, Ernst S, Rademaker A, Barclay L, Ko E, Summers N. Source: Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 1997; 78(2): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9371403&dopt=Abstract
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Angina pectoris following cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin in a patient with advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Rodriguez J, Collazos J, Gallardo M, Hernando G. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 February; 29(2): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7538830&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac arrhythmia and ischaemic events after combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Villani F, Misrachi D, Galimberti M. Source: European Heart Journal. 1994 November; 15(11): 1533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7530660&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in cellular immunity during chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Kubota Y, Ohji H, Itoh K, Sasagawa I, Nakada T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 November; 8(11): 604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903686&dopt=Abstract
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Chemotherapy of testicular cancer: 10-year experience. Author(s): Ondrus D, Hornak M, Matoska J, Kausitz J, Belan V, Carsky S. Source: Neoplasma. 1993; 40(4): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7505886&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosomal abnormalities in sperm from testicular cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Author(s): Martin RH, Ernst S, Rademaker A, Barclay L, Ko E, Summers N. Source: Human Genetics. 1997 February; 99(2): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048924&dopt=Abstract
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Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. 1997. Author(s): Einhorn LH, Donohue J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 2): 928-32; Discussion 933. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905920&dopt=Abstract
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Cisplatin, vinblastine and bleocin in the treatment of disseminated testicular cancer. Author(s): Koynov KD, Tzekova VI, Velikova MT. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1993; 25(4): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7506242&dopt=Abstract
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Cisplatin-based chemotherapy changes the incidence of bilateral testicular cancer. Author(s): van Basten JP, Hoekstra HJ, van Driel MF, Sleijfer DT, Droste JH, Schraffordt Koops H. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 1997 June; 4(4): 342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9181235&dopt=Abstract
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Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in a renal transplant recipient with metastatic germ cell testicular cancer. Author(s): Dahl O, Vagstad G, Iversen B. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1996; 35(6): 759-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8938228&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and biochemical long-term toxicity after postoperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with low-stage testicular cancer. Author(s): Fossa SD, Lehne G, Heimdal K, Theodorsen L. Source: Oncology. 1995 July-August; 52(4): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7539902&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of 5 vs 10 micrograms/kg per day of GM-CSF following dose-intensified chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide in patients with advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ, Metzner B, Beyer J, Illiger HJ, Kneba M, Ostermann H, Kynast B, Rath U, Poliwoda H.
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Source: Annals of Hematology. 1993 August; 67(2): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8347733&dopt=Abstract •
Curing metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Einhorn LH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 April 2; 99(7): 4592-5. Epub 2002 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904381&dopt=Abstract
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Decrease in pulmonary function during bleomycin-containing combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer: not only a bleomycin effect. Author(s): Sleijfer S, van der Mark TW, Schraffordt Koops H, Mulder NH. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1995 January; 71(1): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7529523&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed orchiectomy after chemotherapy in patients with advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Ondrus D, Hornak M, Breza J, Mat'oska J, Schnorrer M, Belan V, Kausitz J. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 32(4): 665-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989561&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of residual tumours in postchemotherapy testicular cancer by FDG-PET. Author(s): Nuutinen JM, Leskinen S, Elomaa I, Minn H, Varpula M, Solin O, Soderstrom KO, Joensuu H, Salminen E. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1997 July; 33(8): 1234-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9301449&dopt=Abstract
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Double dose-intensive chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support for relapsed and refractory testicular cancer: the University of Michigan experience and literature review. Author(s): Ayash LJ, Clarke M, Silver SM, Braun T, Uberti J, Ratanatharathorn V, Reynolds C, Ferrara J, Broun ER, Adams PT. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2001 May; 27(9): 939-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436104&dopt=Abstract
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Early myocardial infarction during chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Bachmeyer C, Joly H, Jorest R. Source: Tumori. 2000 September-October; 86(5): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130576&dopt=Abstract
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Endocrinological late effects after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Berger CC, Bokemeyer C, Schuppert F, Schmoll HJ.
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Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 May; 73(9): 1108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624272&dopt=Abstract •
Evaluation of long-term toxicity after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Kuczyk MA, Schmoll HJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1996 November; 14(11): 2923-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8918489&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal cerebrovascular accident associated with chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Gerl A, Clemm C, Schleuning M, Wilmanns W. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1993; 29A(8): 1220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7686022&dopt=Abstract
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FDG-PET evaluation of retroperitoneal metastases of testicular cancer before and after chemotherapy. Author(s): Reinhardt MJ, Muller-Mattheis VG, Gerharz CD, Vosberg HR, Ackermann R, Muller-Gartner HW. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1997 January; 38(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8998160&dopt=Abstract
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Filgrastim during combination chemotherapy of patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell malignancy. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Genito-Urinary Group, and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Author(s): Fossa SD, Kaye SB, Mead GM, Cullen M, de Wit R, Bodrogi I, van Groeningen CJ, De Mulder PH, Stenning S, Lallemand E, De Prijck L, Collette L. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1998 February; 16(2): 716-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469362&dopt=Abstract
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Gynecomastia following chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Uygur MC, Ozen H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660472&dopt=Abstract
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Haemoperitoneum due to necrosis of bulky retroperitoneal metastases: an unusual complication of chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Rodier JM, Pujade-Lauraine E, Guillonneau B, Chauvenet L, Bernadou A. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1996 June; 77(6): 919-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705236&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose chemotherapy as initial salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed testicular cancer. Author(s): Bhatia S, Abonour R, Porcu P, Seshadri R, Nichols CR, Cornetta K, Einhorn LH. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 October 1; 18(19): 3346-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013274&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Koshida K, Kato H, Mizokami A, Morishita H, Seto C, Komatsu K, Kou E, Uchibayashi T, Shiobara S, Namiki M. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 March; 9(3): 146-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010324&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Miyazaki J, Miyanaga N, Kawai K, Shimazui T, Takeshima H, Akaza H. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2000 July; 7(7): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910228&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose treatment with carboplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory germ cell cancer: a phase I/II study. The German Testicular Cancer Cooperative Study Group. Author(s): Siegert W, Beyer J, Strohscheer I, Baurmann H, Oettle H, Zingsem J, Zimmermann R, Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ, Huhn D. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1994 June; 12(6): 1223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911158&dopt=Abstract
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History of testicular cancer chemotherapy: maximizing efficacy, minimizing toxicity. Author(s): Sweeney C. Source: Semin Urol Oncol. 2001 August; 19(3): 170-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561984&dopt=Abstract
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Improving treatment outcomes in testicular cancer: strategies to reduce treatment related morbidity. Author(s): Huddart RA. Source: Bju International. 2003 October; 92(6): 524-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14511025&dopt=Abstract
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Irinotecan in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory germ cell cancer: a phase II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Powles T, Shamash J, Berney D, Oliver RT. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 September 15; 89(6): 1140-1; Author Reply 1141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966438&dopt=Abstract
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Irinotecan in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory germ cell cancer: a phase II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Kollmannsberger C, Rick O, Klaproth H, Kubin T, Sayer HG, Hentrich M, Welslau M, Mayer F, Kuczyk M, Spott C, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 September 23; 87(7): 729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232755&dopt=Abstract
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Is modified retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (MRLND) still feasible in the treatment of patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous testicular cancer? Author(s): Sosnowski M, Jeromin L, Pluzanska A. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1994; 26(4): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7528180&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term results of first-line sequential high-dose etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin chemotherapy plus autologous stem cell support for patients with advanced metastatic germ cell cancer: an extended phase I/II study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Schmoll HJ, Kollmannsberger C, Metzner B, Hartmann JT, Schleucher N, Schoffski P, Schleicher J, Rick O, Beyer J, Hossfeld D, Kanz L, Berdel WE, Andreesen R, Bokemeyer C; German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 November 15; 21(22): 4083-91. Epub 2003 October 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568987&dopt=Abstract
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Management of germ cell testicular cancer with pulmonary metastases. Author(s): Schnorrer M, Ondrus D, Carsky S, Hornak M, Belan V, Kausitz J, Matoska J. Source: Neoplasma. 1996; 43(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843960&dopt=Abstract
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Natural killer cell activity in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Influence of cytostatic therapy and initial stage of disease. Author(s): Krainer M, Wolf H, Michl I, Wiltschke C, Budinsky A, Kaider A, Kratzik C, Eibl MM, Zielinski CC. Source: Cancer. 1995 January 15; 75(2): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7529130&dopt=Abstract
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Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with delayed orchiectomy in patients with advanced germ cell testicular cancer. Author(s): Ondrus D, Hornak M, Matoska J. Source: Neoplasma. 1993; 40(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7688871&dopt=Abstract
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Neutropenic colitis as a complication of high-dose chemotherapy for refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Kawai K, Imada S, Iida K, Tsukamoto S, Miyanaga N, Akaza H. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998 September; 28(9): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793033&dopt=Abstract
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Oral mucosal side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy of testicular cancer. A retrospective study. Author(s): Herlofson BB, Norman-Pedersen K, Redfors M, Fossa SD. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1997 October; 105(5 Pt 2): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395118&dopt=Abstract
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Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, a complication of the testicular cancer. Author(s): Almeras C, Soussi N, Molko N, Azoulay-Cayla A, Richard F, Chartier-Kastler EJ. Source: Urology. 2001 July; 58(1): 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445490&dopt=Abstract
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Phase II study of paclitaxel in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Beyer J, Metzner B, Ruther U, Harstrick A, Weissbach L, Kohrmann U, Verbeek W, Schmoll HJ. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1996 January; 7(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9081388&dopt=Abstract
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Poor-risk testicular cancer and high-dose chemotherapy. Author(s): Motzer RJ, Sheinfeld S. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 November 15; 21(22): 4073-4. Epub 2003 October 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568986&dopt=Abstract
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Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal surgery remains necessary in patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer and minimal residual tumor masses. Author(s): Oldenburg J, Alfsen GC, Lien HH, Aass N, Waehre H, Fossa SD.
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Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 September 1; 21(17): 3310-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947067&dopt=Abstract •
Practice development in cancer care: self-help for men with testicular cancer. Author(s): Clark A, Jones P, Newbold S, Spencer J, Wilson M, Brandwood K. Source: Nurs Stand. 2000 August 30-September 5; 14(50): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975163&dopt=Abstract
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Preliminary results of a phase I/II trial of paclitaxel in patients with relapsed or cisplatin-refractory testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ, Natt F, Knoche M, Beyer J, Souchon R. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1994; 120(12): 754-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798304&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life in good prognosis patients with metastatic germ cell cancer: a prospective study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group/Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Study Group (30941/TE20). Author(s): Fossa SD, de Wit R, Roberts JT, Wilkinson PM, de Mulder PH, Mead GM, Cook P, de Prijck L, Stenning S, Aaronson NK, Bottomley A, Collette L; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group 30941; Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Study Group TE20. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 March 15; 21(6): 1107-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637478&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for relapse in stage I non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors: preliminary results of the German Multicenter Trial. German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Albers P, Siener R, Hartmann M, Weinknecht S, Schulze H, Rebmann U, Kuczyk M, deRiese W, Loy V, Bierhoff E, Wittekind C. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 December 10; 83(6): 828-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597203&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of secondary leukemia following high cumulative doses of etoposide during chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ, Kuczyk MA, Beyer J, Siegert W. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995 January 4; 87(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7666466&dopt=Abstract
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Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon and other late vascular complications following chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Berger CC, Bokemeyer C, Schneider M, Kuczyk MA, Schmoll HJ.
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Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1995 December; 31A(1314): 2229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8652248&dopt=Abstract •
Seizures in a patient with disseminated testicular cancer due to cisplatin-induced hypomagnesaemia. Author(s): van de Loosdrecht AA, Gietema JA, van der Graaf WT. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2000; 39(2): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859019&dopt=Abstract
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Sequential intermediate high-dose chemotherapy in the primary treatment of poor risk testicular cancer. Author(s): Schmoll HJ, Bokemeyer C. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1996 September; 18 Suppl 1: S48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899172&dopt=Abstract
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Serum creatinine level during chemotherapy for testicular cancer as a possible predictor of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Author(s): Kawai K, Hinotsu S, Tomobe M, Akaza H. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998 September; 28(9): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793027&dopt=Abstract
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SN-38 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human testicular cancer. Author(s): Ueno M, Nonaka S, Yamazaki R, Deguchi N, Murai M. Source: European Urology. 2002 October; 42(4): 390-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361906&dopt=Abstract
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Testicular cancer seen as “stalking horse” for other cancers. Author(s): Vastag B. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 November 3; 91(21): 1801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10547383&dopt=Abstract
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Testicular cancer. Author(s): Bassett C, McSherry R. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1996 February 8-21; 5(3): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8696128&dopt=Abstract
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Testicular cancer: an oncological success story. Author(s): Einhorn EH.
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Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1997 December; 3(12 Pt 2): 2630-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10068265&dopt=Abstract •
The importance of dose intensity in chemotherapy of advanced testicular cancer. Author(s): Miyanaga N, Akaza H, Hattori K, Takeshima H, Koiso K. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1995; 54(4): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7541924&dopt=Abstract
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The role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of germ cell tumors. German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Harstrick A, Ruther U, Metzner B, Illiger HJ, Clemm C, Siegert W, Link H, Ostermann H, Schmoll HJ. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1994 December; 21(6 Suppl 16): 57-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7801148&dopt=Abstract
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Transient increase in mitogen-induced lymphoproliferative responses in patients with testicular cancer after BEP chemotherapy. Author(s): Krainer M, Wolf HM, Wiltschke C, Wilfing A, Kaider A, Kratzik C, Eibl MM, Zielinski CC. Source: Urology. 2000 June; 55(6): 934-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10840113&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment for advanced testicular cancer with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Takahashi A, Miyao N, Masumori N, Takeda K, Shigyo M, Sasamura H, Sakamaki S, Niitsu Y, Tsukamoto T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1998 January; 5(1): 67-72; Discussion 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9535604&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of patients with cisplatin-refractory testicular germ-cell cancer. German Testicular Cancer Study Group (GTCSG). Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Kollmannsberger C, Harstrick A, Beyer J, Gerl A, Casper J, Metzner B, Hartmann JT, Schmoll HJ, Kanz L. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 December 10; 83(6): 848-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597209&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of testicular cancer and the development of secondary malignancies. Author(s): Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ.
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Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1995 January; 13(1): 283-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7799032&dopt=Abstract •
Tumour marker concentration at the start of chemotherapy is a stronger predictor of treatment failure than marker half-life: a study in patients with disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Author(s): de Wit R, Sylvester R, Tsitsa C, de Mulder PH, Sleyfer DT, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Kaye SB, van Oosterom AT, Boven E, Vermeylen K, Stoter G. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1997; 75(3): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9020492&dopt=Abstract
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Unnecessary mastectomy for gynecomastia in testicular cancer patient. Author(s): Moul JW, Moellman JR. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 August; 157(8): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1382250&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in young male patients with testicular cancer treated by cis-platinum: comparison with other urinary parameters. Author(s): Takeda M, Komeyama T, Tsutsui T, Mizusawa T, Go H, Hatano A, Tanikawa T. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1994 June; 86(6): 703-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7520380&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to testicular cancer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TESTICULAR CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to testicular cancer. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “testicular cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on testicular cancer, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Testicular Cancer ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to testicular cancer. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
An Assessment of Three Simplified Testicular Cancer Educational Programs for Promoting Monthly Testicular Self-examination in College Men by Sedbrook, Steven Ray, EDD from University of Arkansas, 1993, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9334122
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Dietary Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer by Garner, Michael J.; Msc from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76525
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Identity Processing in Young Men with Testicular Cancer by Macdonald, Brent Ployer; PhD from University of Calgary (Canada), 2001, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ64826
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Is Maternal Variability in the Insulin-like Growth Factor I Pathway Associated with Testicular Cancer Risk? a Case-parent Triad Study by Starr, Jacqueline Rose; PhD from University of Washington, 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f204385
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Knowledge Concerning Testicular Cancer among a Convenience Sample of Males in the City of Fresno, California by Bains, Manjit Singh; Mph from California State University, Fresno, 2002, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412786
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Testicular Cancer Survivors' Impressions of the Impact of the Disease on Their Lives by Brodsky, Mitchell Stephen, PhD from New York University, 1991, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9134723
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND TESTICULAR CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning testicular cancer.
Recent Trials on Testicular Cancer The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to testicular cancer.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Arsenic Trioxide in Treating Men With Germ Cell Cancer Condition(s): recurrent testicular cancer; extragonadal germ cell tumor Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Southwest Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of arsenic trioxide in treating men who have germ cell cancer that has not responded to previous treatment. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036842
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BMS-247550 in Treating Patients With Advanced Cisplatin-Refractory Germ Cell Tumors Condition(s): adult brain tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; ovarian germ cell tumor; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy such as BMS-247550 use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of BMS-247550 in treating patients who have germ cell tumors that are refractory to cisplatin. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00070096 •
Carboplatin, Etoposide, Cyclophosphamide, and Autologous Transplantation in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Cancer
Bone
Marrow
Condition(s): adult solid tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; ovarian germ cell tumor; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation may help the body kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effects of high doses of carboplatin, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell cancer and other chemotherapy-sensitive solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002943 •
Combination Chemotherapy Plus Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Patients With Germ Cell Tumors Condition(s): recurrent testicular cancer; recurrent ovarian germ cell tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Peripheral stem cell transplantation may allow doctors to give higher doses of chemotherapy drugs and kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide plus peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating patients who have cisplatin-resistant advanced germ cell tumors. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional
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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002558 •
Combination Chemotherapy Plus Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Patients With Relapsed Germ Cell Cancer Condition(s): extragonadal germ cell tumor; ovarian germ cell tumor; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Beckman Research Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell transplantation may allow the doctor to give higher doses of chemotherapy drugs and kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy plus bone marrow transplantation or peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating patients who have relapsed germ cell cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002931
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Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Men With Previously Untreated Germ Cell Cancer Condition(s): bone metastases; brain metastases; liver metastases; Mediastinal Cancer; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more cancer cells. Peripheral stem cell transplantation may allow the doctor to give higher doses of chemotherapy and kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known whether chemotherapy plus peripheral stem cell transplantation is more effective than chemotherapy alone. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy with or without peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating men who have previously untreated germ cell cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003941
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CT Scans in Treating Patients With Stage I Testicular Cancer After Undergoing Orchiectomy Condition(s): stage I testicular cancer; testicular teratoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Medical Research Council
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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Imaging procedures such as CT scans help the doctor in detecting cancer or the recurrence of cancer. Increasing the number of times a CT scan is given may improve the ability to detect stage I testicular cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized clinical trial to determine if there is a different result from two different schedules of CT scans in treating patients with stage I testicular cancer after undergoing orchiectomy. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003420 •
Diagnostic Study of Patients With Stage I Testicular Cancer Condition(s): Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Diagnostic procedures may improve a doctor's ability to predict the recurrence of testicular cancer. PURPOSE: Diagnostic trial to detect the risk of recurrent disease in patients who have stage I testicular cancer and who have undergone orchiectomy within the previous 12 weeks. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003800
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Imatinib Mesylate in Treating Patients With Progressive, Refractory, or Recurrent Stage II or Stage III Testicular or Ovarian Cancer Condition(s): ovarian germ cell tumor; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Imatinib mesylate may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for tumor cell growth. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of imatinib mesylate in treating patients who have progressive, refractory, or recurrent stage II or stage III testicular cancer or stage II or stage III ovarian cancer following cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00042952
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Positron Emission Tomography in Detecting Testicle Cancer Condition(s): Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Medical Research Council Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Imaging procedures such as positron emission tomography may improve the ability to detect the extent of cancer and allow doctors to
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plan more effective treatment for patients who have testicle cancer. PURPOSE: Diagnostic trial to study the effectiveness of positron emission tomography using fludeoxyglucose F 18 in predicting relapse in patients who have stage I germ cell tumor of the testicle. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00045045 •
Study of the Cause of Familial Testicular Cancer Condition(s): Testicular Neoplasms; Germinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: This protocol will study the risk of testicular cancer in men with a family history of the disease. It will try to: 1) find the gene or genes responsible for familial testicular cancer; 2) characterize the clinical features of the disease; 3) determine how best to prevent familial testicular cancer; 4) determine if other types of cancer occur more often than expected in families with multiple cases of testicular cancer; and 5) examine emotional issues of members of a family at increased risk of testicular cancer. People with a family history of testicular cancer-defined as at least two cases of testicular cancer in blood relatives or a single family member with cancer in both testicles-may be eligible for this study. Those enrolled may participate in part 1 or parts 1 and 2 of this two-part study. Participants will undergo the tests and procedures described below. Part 1 - Genetic Study - Provide a blood or cheek cell sample to obtain DNA (hereditary material) for testing to identify genes related to the inherited form of testicular cancer. No more than 40 milliliters (about 3 tablespoons) of blood will be collected. Cheek cells will be collected by swishing a mouthwash and spitting into a container. Blood samples (DNA, serum, plasma) will be stored for future laboratory research aimed at reaching a better understanding of the causes of familial testicular cancer. - Fill out questionnaires providing information about: 1) personal and family medical history; 2) exposure to various factors that might influence the risk of testicular cancer; and 3) mood, attitudes and feelings related to being a member of a family in which several relatives have developed testicular cancer. - Give permission to obtain past medical records and pathology material related to cancer and related illnesses, and give permission to obtain medical records and pathology materials from deceased relatives for whom the participant is the next of kin or legally authorized representative. Part 2 - Clinical Evaluation - All participants: medical history and routine tests, such as blood drawing. - All adults: complete physical examination; computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. CT uses x-rays to produce images of the kidneys, bladder, lungs, and other internal organs. - Males: examination of the testicles and scrotum; ultrasound (test that uses sound waves to produce images) of the testicles and scrotum; and semen sample (in men ages 18 and above) to check for measures of fertility. - Females: pelvic examination to check the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00034424
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•
Amifostine to Protect From the Side Effects of Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Patients With High-Risk or Relapsed Solid Tumors Condition(s): childhood soft tissue sarcoma; childhood liver cancer; adult soft tissue sarcoma; Bone Cancer; ovarian sarcoma; Testicular Cancer; Brain Tumor; Eye Cancer; kidney tumor Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Minnesota Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell transplantation may allow the doctor to give higher doses of chemotherapy drugs and kill more tumor cells. Chemoprotective drugs such as amifostine may protect normal cells from the side effects of high-dose chemotherapy. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of amifostine in protecting from the side effects of peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating patients who have highrisk or relapsed solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003926
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Biological Therapy Following Chemotherapy Transplantation in Treating Patients With Cancer
and
Peripheral
Stem
Cell
Condition(s): Leukemia; Testicular Cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; Lymphoma; Breast Cancer; Multiple Myeloma; kidney tumor Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Midwestern Regional Medical Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Biological therapies use different ways to stimulate the immune system and stop cancer cells from growing. Combining chemotherapy and peripheral stem cell transplantation with biological therapy may kill more cancer cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of biological therapy with sargramostim, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa following chemotherapy and peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating patients who have cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003408 •
Caspofungin Acetate Compared With Amphotericin B Liposomal in Treating Patients With Persistent Fever and Neutropenia Following Cancer Treatment Condition(s): Leukemia; Testicular Cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; Lymphoma; Breast Cancer; Multiple Myeloma; Eye Cancer; kidney tumor Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Caspofungin acetate or amphotericin B liposomal may be effective in preventing or controlling fever and neutropenia caused by chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, or peripheral stem cell transplantation. It is not yet known whether caspofungin acetate or amphotericin B liposomal is more effective for treating these side effects. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of caspofungin acetate with that of amphotericin B liposomal in treating patients who have persistent fever and neutropenia after receiving anticancer therapy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00008359 •
Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Men With Germ Cell Cancer Condition(s): extragonadal germ cell tumor; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known which regimen of combination chemotherapy may be more effective for germ cell cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II/III trial to compare the effectiveness of two regimens of combination chemotherapy in treating men who have germ cell cancer. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003643
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Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Germ Cell Tumors That Have Not Responded to Previous Cisplatin Condition(s): recurrent testicular cancer; recurrent ovarian germ cell tumor Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and ifosfamide in treating patients who have ovarian or testicular germ cell tumors that are refractory to platinum -containing chemotherapy. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002559
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Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Bone Marrow or Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Men With Untreated Germ Cell Tumors Condition(s): childhood extragonadal malignant germ cell tumor; childhood malignant testicular germ cell tumor; childhood mature and immature teratomas; extragonadal germ cell tumor; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; Southwest Oncology Group; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not known whether combining chemotherapy with bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplantation is more effective than combination chemotherapy alone in treating men with germ cell tumors. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy with or without bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating men with previously untreated germ cell tumors. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002596
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Comparison of Antibody Therapies in Treating Patients With Graft- Versus-Host Disease That Does Not Respond to Steroid Therapy Condition(s): Leukemia; Testicular Cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; Lymphoma; Breast Cancer; Multiple Myeloma; kidney tumor Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Antibodies can locate tumor cells and either kill them or deliver tumor-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. It is not yet known which antibody therapy regimen is more effective for graft-versus-host disease. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II/III trial to compare the effectiveness of two different antibody therapy regimens in treating patients who have graft-versus-host disease that does not respond to steroid therapy. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00012077
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High-Dose Thiotepa Plus Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Patients With Refractory Solid Tumors Condition(s): Testicular Cancer; Brain Tumor; Eye Cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell transplantation may allow the doctor to give higher doses of chemotherapy drugs and kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of high-dose thiotepa plus peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating patients with refractory solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003173 •
Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin in Treating Patients With Metastatic Testicular Cancer Condition(s): Testicular Cancer; Reproductive Cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Medical Research Council Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in treating patients who have metastatic testicular cancer that has recurred following treatment. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004077
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Cisplatin and Ifosfamide Combined With Either Paclitaxel or Vinblastine in Treating Men With Progressive or Recurrent Metastatic Germ Cell Tumors Condition(s): extragonadal germ cell tumor; Testicular Cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as ifosfamide, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and vinblastine, use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known whether ifosfamide and cisplatin are more effective when combined with paclitaxel or vinblastine in treating germ cell tumors. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of combining ifosfamide and cisplatin with either paclitaxel or vinblastine in treating men who have progressive or recurrent metastatic germ cell tumors. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00072215
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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “testicular cancer” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON TESTICULAR CANCER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “testicular cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on testicular cancer, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Testicular Cancer By performing a patent search focusing on testicular cancer, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on testicular cancer: •
Combination therapy for selected sex steroid dependent cancers Inventor(s): Labrie; Fernand (2735 boul. Liegeois, Ste-Foy, Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,760,053 Date filed: July 31, 1986 Abstract: A combination therapy for treatment of selected sex steroid dependent cancers in susceptible warm-blooded animals comprising administering to such animals whose hormone output of their testes or ovaries, respectively, is blocked a therapeutically effective amount of an antiandrogen and/or an antiestrogen and/or at least one inhibitor of sex steroid biosynthesis or pharmaceutical compositions thereof wherein the selected sex steroid dependent cancer are, for example, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cancer or uterine cancer is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This Application is related to the following copending U.S. patent applications: Ser. Nos. 636,883, filed Aug. 2, 1984; 699,702, filed Feb. 8, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,885; 699,710, filed Feb. 8, 1985; and 699,711, filed Feb. 8, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,695. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 638,883 relates to the treatment of female breast cancer by use of a combination therapy comprising administering an antiandrogen and an antiestrogen to female after the hormone output of her ovaries has blocked by chemical or surgical means. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 699,702 relates to the treatment of female breast cancer by use of a therapy comprising administering to a female after the hormone output of her ovaries has been blocked by chemical or surgical means an antiandrogen and optionally an inhibitor of sex steroid biosynthesis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04760053__
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DNA molecules encoding human HELA2 or testisin serine proteinases Inventor(s): Antalis; Toni Marie (Toowong, AU), Hooper; John David (Herston, AU) Assignee(s): Amrad Operations Pty., Ltd. (Victoria, AU) Patent Number: 6,479,274 Date filed: February 13, 1998 Abstract: The present invention related generally to novel molecules and more particularly novel proteinaceous molecules involved in or associated with regulation of cell activities and/or viability. The present invention is particularly directed to novel serine proteinases and a novel kinase and to derivatives, agonists and antagonists thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a novel serine proteinase, referred to herein as "HELA2" or "testisin", which has roles in spermatogenesis, in suppressing testicular cancer and as a marker for cancers. Excerpt(s): The present invention related generally to novel molecules and more particularly novel proteinaceous molecules involved in or associated with regulation of cell activities and/or viability. The present invention is particularly directed to novel serene proteinases and a novel kinase and to derivatives, agonists and antagonists thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a novel serine proteinase,
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referred to herein as "HELA2" or "testisin", which has roles in spermatogenesis, in suppressing testicular cancer and as a marker for cancers. The rapidly increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research and development in the medical and allied health fields. This is particularly the case in the area of cell regulation leading to a greater understanding of the events leading to or involved in cancer, development of acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS), neurological disorders, heart disease, tissue graft rejection and infertility amongst many other conditions. Two particularly important classes of molecules are the proteinases and kinases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479274__ •
MORC gene compositions and methods of use Inventor(s): Albright; George M. (Irving, TX), Hess; Karl D. (McDade, TX), Inoue; Norimitsu (Yao, JP), Moreadith; Randall W. (Chapel Hill, NC), Watson; Mark L. (Dallas, TX), Zinn; Andrew R. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 6,632,934 Date filed: September 30, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed are compositions and methods comprising a novel mammalian gene, designated MORC, that is expressed in male germ cells. Also disclosed are polynucleotide compositions comprising a MORC gene from human and murine sources, and polypeptides encoded by these nucleic acid sequences. Methods for preparing MORC polypeptides, transformed host cells, and antibodies reactive with MORC polypeptides are also provided. In certain embodiments, the invention describes methods for diagnosing and treating infertility or testicular cancer, as well as methods for identifying MORC-related polynucleotide and polypeptide compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology. More particularly, it concerns nucleic acid segments isolated from human and murine sources, which encode a male germ cell specific protein, designated MORC. Various methods for making and using MORC DNA segments, DNA segments encoding synthetically-modified MORC proteins, and native and synthetic MORC polypeptides are disclosed, such as, for example, the use of DNA segments as diagnostic probes and templates for protein production, and the use of proteins, fusion protein carriers and peptides in various immunological and diagnostic applications. Also disclosed are methods for identifying MORC-related polynucleotides and polypeptides, and methods for diagnosing and treating infertility or cancer, and in particular, testicular cancer, as well as screening methods for compounds that are involved with the development of cancer or spermatogenesis. The genetic control of spermatogenesis is complex (SassoneCorsi, 1997). Mutations at multiple loci and in structurally and functionally disparate genes in the mouse genome affect gametogenesis (Handel, 1987). Most mutations are pleiotropic, causing multi-system pathologies rather than isolated spermatogenic abnormalities. For example, the autosomal recessive mutation weaver, which results in degeneration of germ cells, also causes loss of the cerebellar granular cell layer and ataxia in affected mice (Vogelweid et al., 1993). The histologic phenotypes of mutations that affect germ cells are varied and include both reduced cell numbers and abnormal cell morphologies. Further complicating the understanding of germ cell biology is the fact that genes known to be essential for spermatogenesis participate in multiple cellular processes, including transcriptional control (Nantel et al., 1996; Blendy et al., 1996), cell
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proliferation (Toscani et al., 1997), protein folding (Dix et al., 1996) and DNA repair (Baker et al., 1995; Donehower et al., 1992). The genetic control of mouse spermatogenesis has been extensively reviewed in the literature (Handel, 1987). Briefly, spermatogenesis is a complex and highly ordered developmental process, lasting 36 days in mice. Three phases of spermatogenesis can be distinguished: mitotic proliferation and renewal of spermatogonia, or stem cells; meiotic reduction division of spermatocytes; and differentiation of haploid spermatids into mature sperm cells, or spermiogenesis. The first meiotic division in protracted, with cells remaining in pachytene stage for 11 days. During this time, homologous chromosomes pair and recombine, and there is extensive DNA repair synthesis and transcription. Many genes must act during this stage of spermatogenesis, and it is the target of a number of mutations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632934__
Patent Applications on Testicular Cancer As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to testicular cancer: •
Compounds and methods for modulation of estrogen receptors Inventor(s): Bhagwat, Shripad S.; (San Diego, CA), Chao, Qi; (San Diego, CA), GayoFung, Leah M.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030087901 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: Compounds that modulate the estrogen receptor (ER) are disclosed, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the same. In a specific embodiment, the compounds are selective modulators for ER-.beta. over ER-.alpha. Methods are disclosed for modulating ER-.beta. in cell and/or tissues expressing the same, including cells and/or tissue that preferentially express ER-.beta. More generally, methods for treating estrogen-related conditions are also disclosed, including conditions such as is breast cancer, testicular cancer, osteoporosis, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic carcinomas, obesity, hot flashes, skin effects, mood swings, memory loss, urinary incontinence, hairloss, cataracts, natural hormonal imbalances, and adverse reproductive effects associated with exposure to environmental chemicals. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. ______ filed Mar. 17, 1999; which provisional application was originally filed as U.S. application Ser. No. 09/270,977 on Mar. 17, 1999. This invention is generally directed to estrogen antagonists and agonists, including pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof, and more specifically to compounds which selectively modulate estrogen receptor-beta (ER-.beta.) activity. The estrogen hormone has a broad spectrum of effects
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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on tissues in both females and males. Many of these biological effects are positive, including maintenance of bone density, cardiovascular protection, central nervous system (CNS) function, and the protection of organ systems from the effects of aging. However, in addition to its positive effects, estrogen also is a potent growth factor in breast and endometrium that increases the risk of cancer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of treating anemia Inventor(s): Creasy, Caretha; (Erdenheim, PA), Dillon, Susan B.; (Chester Springs, PA), Lord, Kenneth A.; (Collegeville, PA) Correspondence: Ratner & Prestia; P.O. Box 980; Valley Forge; PA; 19482-0980; US Patent Application Number: 20030176375 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: hYAK3-2 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing hYAK3-2 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of bone loss including osteoporosis; inflammatory diseases such as Adult Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS), Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), psoriasis, dermatitis, asthma, allergies; infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; HIV-associated cachexia and other immunodeficiency disorders; septic shock; pain; injury; cancers including testicular cancer; anorexia; bulimia; neutropenia; cytopenia; anemias, including anemias due to renal insufficiency or to chronic disease, such as autoimmunity or cancer, and drug-induced anemias; polycythemia; myelosuppression; Parkinson's disease; cardiovascular disease including restenosis, atherosclerosis, acute heart failure, myocardial infarction; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; angina pectoris; ulcers; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome., among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/118,045 filed Feb. 1, 1999, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to a serine/threonine protein kinase, hereinafter referred to as hYAK3-2. The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. A number of polypeptide growth factors and hormones mediate their cellular effects through a signal transduction pathway. Transduction of signals from the cell surface receptors for these ligands to intracellular effectors frequently involves phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of specific protein substrates by regulatory protein serine/threonine kinases (PSTK) and phosphatases. Serine/threonine phosphorylation is a major mediator of signal transduction in multicellular organisms. Receptor-bound, membranebound and intracellular PSTKs regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation and signalling processes in many cell types. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel molecules Inventor(s): Antalis, Toni Marie; (Toowong, AU), Hooper, John David; (Herston, AU) Correspondence: Scully, Scott, Murphy & Presser; 400 Garden City Plaza; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20030092154 Date filed: January 7, 2002 Excerpt(s): The present invention related generally to novel molecules and more particularly novel proteinaceous molecules involved in or associated with regulation of cell activities and/or viability. The present invention is particularly directed to novel serine proteinases and a novel kinase and to derivatives, agonists and antagonists thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a novel serine proteinase, referred to herein as "HELA2" or "testisin", which has roles in spermatogenesis, in suppressing testicular cancer and as a marker for cancers. The rapidly increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research and development in the medical and allied health fields. This is particularly the case in the area of cell regulation leading to a greater understanding of the events leading to or involved in cancer, development of acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS), neurological disorders, heart disease, tissue graft rejection and infertility amongst many other conditions. Two particularly important classes of molecules are the proteinases and kinases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Suppressors of human breast cancer cell growth Inventor(s): Montano, Monica; (Shaker Heights, OH), Wittmann, Bryan; (Akron, OH) Correspondence: Calfee Halter & Griswold, Llp; 800 Superior Avenue; Suite 1400; Cleveland; OH; 44114; US Patent Application Number: 20020160497 Date filed: October 5, 2001 Abstract: Molecular tools for differentiating normal breast tissue and cells from cancerous breast tissue and cells are provided. The tools are derived from a novel tumor suppressor gene which encodes a protein referred to hereinafter as the "EDG1" protein. One tool is an isolated polynucleotide which encodes the EDG1 protein. The other tool is an antibody which is immunospecific for the EDG1 protein. Methods of detecting cancerous cells which employ the antibody and polynucleotide are also provided. Methods for decreasing proliferation of breast cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, testicular cancer cells, and ovarian cancer cells are also provided. Such method comprises increasing levels of the EDG1 protein in such cells Excerpt(s): This invention claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No.: 60/,238,187 filed Oct. 5, 2000. Breast cancer is a significant health problem for women in the United States and throughout the world. Despite recent advances in detection and treatment of the disease, breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Management of the disease currently relies on a combination of early diagnosis through routine breast screening procedures and aggressive treatment. Such treatment may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or combinations of these therapies. Ninety-five percent
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of all breast tumors, at least initially, are dependent on estrogens for growth. Estrogens are steroid hormones that are essential for normal sexual development and functioning of female reproductive organs. Estrogens are also important for growth, differentiation, and functioning of the testis, epididymis and prostate in males. Estrogens also have important non-reproductive effects on bones and the heart. Estrogens comprise a group of natural and synthetic substances. Natural estrogens include estradiol (i.e., 17-.beta.estradiol or E2), estrone and estriol. Estrogens are sometimes given therapeutically in the form of a conjugate, such as for example, ethinyl estradiol, conjugated estrogens or diethylstilbestrol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with testicular cancer, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on testicular cancer. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning testicular cancer. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON TESTICULAR CANCER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to testicular cancer. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on testicular cancer include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on testicular cancer: •
Patient's Guide to Urology: Plumbing Problems in Layman's Terms Source: Toledo, OH: High Oaks Publishing Company. 1995. 258 p. Contact: Available from bookstores and libraries and, at the wholesale level, from Baker and Taylor, (908) 722-8000. Also available in orders of 10 or more copies from High Oaks Publishing Company, Center Urology of Toledo, Inc. 3425 Executive Parkway, Suite 214, Toledo, OH 43606. (419) 531-1700. PRICE: $21.95 (cloth); $12.95 (paperback). ISBN: 0964577305 (cloth); 0964577313 (paper). Summary: In this book, the author presents a clear and concise discussion of the functioning of the normal genital and urinary tracts, the common malfunctions resulting from disease, and the principles of treatment. Twenty-eight chapters cover topics including impotence; circumcision; hypospadias; Peyronie's disease; benign prostatic hyperplasia; prostatic cancer; the bladder and urinary incontinence; stress incontinence;
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urethral stenosis; interstitial cystitis; bedwetting; blood in the urine and bladder cancer; toilet training; kidney cysts and cancer; kidney stones; dialysis and kidney transplantation; scrotal problems; testicular cancer and the role of male selfexamination; vasectomy; male fertility problems; infections of the urinary tract; prostatitis; sexually transmitted diseases; and AIDS. A detailed glossary and brief subject index conclude the book. •
Medical Advisor Home Edition: The Complete Guide to Alternative and Conventional Treatments Source: Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1997. 960 p. Contact: Available from Time-Life Books. 400 Keystone Industrial Park, Dunsmore, PA 18512. PRICE: $20.00. ISBN: 0783552505. Summary: This book offers information about 300 health problems, ranging from relatively benign conditions to the most serious diseases. The book provides symptom charts that name several related problems and help readers decide which ailment entry to look up. Ailment entries provide a more complete list of symptoms, plus guidelines to discern whether the condition is potentially serious or requires a doctor's attention. Each entry describes the ailment and how it affects the body. Next, the entry outlines the underlying causes of the ailment and tests and procedures a doctor may use to confirm the diagnosis. The treatment segment presents conventional and alternative recommendations for curing the problem or alleviating the symptoms. Most ailment entries conclude with advice on preventive measures that can be used to maintain health. Alternative treatments described include bodywork, acupuncture and acupressure, herbal therapies, homeopathy, lifestyle changes, and nutrition and diet. The book begins with a section on emergency medicine. Also included is a visual diagnostic guide, an atlas to the body, a medicine chest section (describing herbs, homeopathic remedies, and over the counter drugs), a glossary, a subject index, a bibliography, and a list of health associations and organizations. Topics related to kidney and urologic diseases include AIDS, anemia, bedwetting, bladder cancer, bladder infections, diabetes, drug abuse, fluid retention, groin strain, impotence, incontinence, infertility, kidney cancer, kidney disease, kidney infections, kidney stones, penile pain, prostate cancer, prostate problems, sexual dysfunction, sexually transmitted diseases, testicle problems, testicular cancer, and urinary problems. The book is illustrated with line drawings and full color photographs.
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Urology Annual: Volume 6 Source: Scranton, PA: W.W. Norton and Company. 1992. 377 p. Contact: Available from W.W. Norton and Company. National Book Company, 800 Keystone Industrial Park, Scranton, PA 18512-4601. (212) 354-5500; (800) 233-4830. PRICE: $85 (as of 1992). ISBN: 0393710122. Summary: This volume, the sixth in an annual series, offers comprehensive and timely presentations of various subjects that are of interest to practicing urologists. Sixteen articles cover topics including the pharmacologic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); prostatic balloon dilatation and hyperthermia for BPH; the role of ultrasound in prostate cancer; prognostic factors in early prostate cancer; therapy for stage C cancer; the limits of resectability of prostate cancer; the management of metastatic prostate cancer; pitfalls in the management of testicular cancer patients and complications of therapy; biologic response modifiers in metastatic renal cell carcinoma; the indeterminate renal mass; new diagnostic modalities for impotence; male infertility;
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congenital genitourinary anomalies secondary to maternal drug use; renal changes in pregnancy; and the use of artificial intelligence in urologic decision making. A subject index is appended.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “testicular cancer” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “testicular cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “testicular cancer” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Testicular Cancer and Penile Cancer Authoritative Government Documents and Clinical References for Patients and Physicians with Practical Information on Diagnosis and Treatment Options by PM Medical Health News; ISBN: 1592480187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592480187/icongroupinterna
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Principles and Management of Testicular Cancer by Nasser Javadpour (Editor); ISBN: 0865771944; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865771944/icongroupinterna
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Prostate Cancer and Testicular Cancer (Progress in Clinical and Biological Research V 357) by W.G Jones (Editor), Donald W. Newling; ISBN: 0471568244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471568244/icongroupinterna
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Renal, Bladder, Prostate and Testicular Cancer: An Update by Congress on Progress and Controversies in Oncological Urology 2000 Ro, et al; ISBN: 1842140671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842140671/icongroupinterna
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Testicular Cancer (1998); ISBN: 0949015334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0949015334/icongroupinterna
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Testicular Cancer by Alan Horwich (Editor); ISBN: 0412612100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412612100/icongroupinterna
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Testicular Cancer and Other Tumors of the Genitourinary Tract (Ettore Majorana Intl Science Series Vol 18, Life Sciences) by M. Pavone-MacAluso (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0306419068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306419068/icongroupinterna
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Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis, Surgical and Medical Therapy (European Urology) by H. Huland (Editor), U. Helmchen (Editor); ISBN: 3805557892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805557892/icongroupinterna
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Testicular Cancer: Proceedings (Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 203) by International Symposium on Testicular Cancer Tumors; ISBN: 0471851795; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471851795/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Testicular Cancer: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597834881; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597834881/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Testicular Cancer (2001); ISBN: 1901276651; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1901276651/icongroupinterna
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What you need to know about testicular cancer (SuDoc HE 20.3152:T 28/992) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010E9TW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010E9TW/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Early detection of testicular cancer: proceedings of a workshop held in Copenhagen, Denmark on November 5-7, 1980 Author: Skakkebaek, Niels E.; Year: 1981; Copenhagen: Scriptor, 1981; ISBN: 8787473453
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Progress in treatment of testicular cancer. Author: National Cancer Institute (U.S.); Year: 1983; [Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National
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Recent advances in testicular cancer Author: Javadpour, Nasser,; Year: 1978; Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1978
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Selected abstracts on diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer Author: Johnson, Douglas E.,; Year: 1984; [Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; Springfield, Va.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service [distributor, 1984]
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Testicular cancer Author: Slan, Linda C.; Year: 1987; Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1986
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Testicular cancer: proceedings of the First International Symposium on Testicular Tumors, held in Paris, France, October 8-10, 1984 Author: Khoury, Saad.; Year: 1985; New York: Liss, c1985; ISBN: 0845150537
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Testicular cancer and Persian Gulf War service Author: Knoke, J. D. (James D.); Year: 1997; San Diego, Calif.: Naval Health Research Center, 1997
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Testicular cancer treated by bacterial toxin therapy as a means of enhancing host resistance; end results in 63 determinate cases with microscopic confirmation of diagnosis: 20 operable (85 [per cent] successes); 26 inoperable (35 [per cent] successes);
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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17 terminal (6 [per cent] successes). Author: Fowler, George A.,; Year: 1968; New York, 1968 •
Testicular cancer. Author: Slan, Linda C.; Year: 1990; [Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National
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Therapeutic progress in ovarian cancer, testicular cancer and the sarcomas Author: Oosterom, A. T. van.; Year: 1980; The Hague; Boston: Leiden Univ. Press; Hingham, MA: distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Boston, 1980; ISBN: 9060214528
Chapters on Testicular Cancer In order to find chapters that specifically relate to testicular cancer, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and testicular cancer using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON TESTICULAR CANCER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on testicular cancer. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Testicular Cancer The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in testicular cancer (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on testicular cancer: •
An update in neoplastic diseases [videorecording]: renal cell carcinoma, testicular cancer, and tumors of the central nervous system Source: Casilda Balmaceda, Robert J. Motzer; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, c2002
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How to reduce the risk? [videorecording]: get the facts about testicular cancer Source: [presented by] the Cancer Prevention and Detection Department of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; Houston, TX: The Center, c1990
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Testicular cancer screening [videorecording] Source: Scripps Memorial Hospital; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; La Jolla, Calif.: Scripps Memorial Hospital,
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TESTICULAR CANCER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover testicular cancer.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on testicular cancer is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to testicular cancer. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “testicular cancer” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for testicular cancer: •
High dairy product intake associated with an increased testicular cancer risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 13, 2003
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High dairy intake linked to testicular cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 13, 2003
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"Lumpectomy" seems OK for some testicular cancers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 29, 2003
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Testicular cancer risk set early in life Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 01, 2003
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Early environmental exposures related to risk of testicular cancer: study Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 01, 2003
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Testicular cancer survivors "surprisingly" active Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 01, 2003
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Heart disease risk increased after testicular cancer treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 14, 2003
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Testicular cancer risk with cryptorchism clears with prepubertal orchiopexy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 15, 2003
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Firefighters may have higher testicular cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 11, 2003
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Gene linked to testicular cancer and sterility Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 06, 2002
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Scientists find gene linked to testicular cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 05, 2002
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UK men reluctant to discuss prostate and testicular cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 31, 2002
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Report shows risks of ignoring testicular cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 10, 2002
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Treating testicular cancer increases long-term cardiovascular and renal risks Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 05, 2002
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Testicular cancer risk not attributable to disposable diaper use Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 01, 2002
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Firemen may have increased testicular cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 24, 2001
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Doctors say fewer men dying of testicular cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 08, 2001
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Testicular cancer provides clues about treatment of other tumors Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 01, 2001
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Testicular cancer provides clue to treatment of other tumors Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 2001
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Testicular cancer provides clue to other tumors Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 01, 2001
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DES investigated for testicular cancer link Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 16, 2001
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Fertility, sexual function in men with testicular cancer unimpaired by adjuvant chemotherapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 16, 2001
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Sperm banking aids fatherhood after testicular cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 03, 2001
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High-dose chemotherapy effective in relapsed testicular cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 03, 2000
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High-dose chemo battles recurrent testicular cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 29, 2000
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Fertility problems linked to testicular cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 29, 2000
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Male infertility linked to increased incidence of testicular cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 28, 2000
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New drugs may hold promise for testicular cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 16, 2000
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Testicular cancer treatment: Survival advantage outweighs risk of leukemia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 19, 2000
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Testicular cancer treatments rarely cause leukemia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 18, 2000
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Testicular cancer associated with prior infertility problems Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 16, 2000
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CVD risk increased sevenfold in testicular cancer survivors treated with cisplatin Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2000
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Son's testicular cancer worse than dad's Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 18, 2000
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First gene for testicular cancer discovered Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 04, 2000
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Exercise may increase testicular cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 04, 2000
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Physically active teens at increased risk of testicular cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 03, 2000
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Testicular cancer on the rise in the US Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 16, 1999
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Infectious etiology for testicular cancer not ruled out Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 08, 1999
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Serologic marker for limbic and brain stem encephalitis associated with testicular cancer identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 10, 1999
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Brain disorder may signal testicular cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 09, 1999
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Experienced care boosts testicular cancer survival Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 18, 1999
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Testicular cancer rates increasing Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 08, 1999
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Testicular cancer on the rise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 08, 1999
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Subfertility, testicular cancer linked by common, prenatal etiologic factors Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 26, 1999
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Impaired fertility linked to testicular cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 26, 1999
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Incidence of testicular cancer in UK up sharply over 20 years Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 06, 1998
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Follow-up needed for testicular cancer patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 30, 1998
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Fertility after testicular cancer treatment can be predicted Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 22, 1998
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Dizygotic Twins At Higher Risk Than Monozygotic Twins Of Breast, Testicular Cancers Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 12, 1997
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Men Cured Of Testicular Cancer Remain At High Risk Of Second Malignancy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 1997
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “testicular cancer” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to
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testicular cancer, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “testicular cancer” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Testicular Cancer Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to testicular cancer. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering testicular cancer that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for testicular cancer. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with testicular cancer. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to testicular cancer: Bleomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Blenoxane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202093.html
Cisplatin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Platinol; Platinol-AQ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202143.html
Etoposide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Etopophos; Toposar; VePesid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202234.html
Ifosfamide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: IFEX http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202293.html
Vinblastine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Velban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202593.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.
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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to testicular cancer by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for testicular cancer: •
Ifosfamide (trade name: Ifex) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=779
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 15211 152 855 7 0 16225
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on testicular cancer can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to testicular cancer. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to testicular cancer. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “testicular cancer”:
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•
Guides on testicular cancer Testicular Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/testicularcancer.html
•
Other guides Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Prostate Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html Reproductive Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reproductivehealth.html Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to testicular cancer, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews What Is Testicular Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_testicular_cance r_41.asp?sitearea=cri What Is Testicular Cancer? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00046
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Can Testicular Cancer Be Found Early? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_can_testicular_cancer_be _found_early_41.asp? Genital Problems in Men: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/539.xml How Is Testicular Cancer Diagnosed? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_testicular_cancer _diagnosed_41.asp?sitearea=ped Questions for Your Doctor: Your First Visit Source: Testicular Cancer Resource Center http://tcrc.acor.org/startquest.html
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•
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Treatment Inguinal Orchiectomy Source: Testicular Cancer Resource Center http://tcrc.acor.org/orch.html Men with Testicular Cancer Should Consider Banking Sperm before Treatment Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/nws/content/nws_1_1x_men_with_testicular_ca ncer_should_consider_banking_sperm.asp Testicular Cancer (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/testicular/patient/ Testicular Cancer Treatments: the RPLND (Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection) Source: Testicular Cancer Resource Center http://tcrc.acor.org/rplnd.html
•
Coping Where to Seek Professional Help: Sexuality and Cancer Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/mit/content/mit_7_2x_where_to_seek_professio nal_help_women.asp
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects DES: Questions and Answers Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_4.htm Do We Know What Causes Testicular Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_do_we_know_what_caus es_testicular_cancer_41.asp?sitearea=ped Scrotal Masses Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00410 TCRC Fertility Page Source: Testicular Cancer Resource Center http://tcrc.acor.org/fertility.html Testicular Cancer and Sex Source: Testicular Cancer Resource Center http://tcrc.acor.org/tcsex.html
•
Organizations American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/ National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/
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Prevention/Screening How to Do a Testicular Self Examination Source: Testicular Cancer Resource Center http://tcrc.acor.org/tcexam.html How to Perform a Testicular Self-Examination Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/guys/tse.html Protecting Your Health - DES Sons Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/DES/consumers/do/protect_sons.html Testicular Cancer (PDQ): Screening Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/screening/testicular/patient/ What Are the Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_what_are_the_risk_factor s_for_testicular_cancer_41.asp?sitearea=ped
•
Statistics What Are the Key Statistics for Testicular Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_are_the_key_statist ics_for_testicular_cancer_41.asp?sitearea=&level=
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on testicular cancer. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Testicular Self-Examination Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2000. [2 p.].
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Contact: Available from Staywell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. PRICE: $0.40 each; $20.00 per pack of 50; plus shipping and handling. Order number 91225. Summary: This brochure describes the recommended procedure of testicular self examination, a test that young men can use to uncover signs of testicular problems, notably testicular cancer. Although this cancer is rare, it is one of the most common cancers among men aged 15 to 35. The brochure reviews testicular anatomy, the risk factors for testicular cancer, symptoms of testicular cancer, and the steps in the testicular self exam (TSE). Specific anomalies of anatomy covered include undescended testicles, varicocele (a thick vein on the outside of a testicle), and cancer. The total TSE should only take three minutes. The brochure recommends that men perform the TSE in the shower or warm bath, because the heat causes the scrotal skin to relax, making the exam easier. The TSE includes the testicles, the epididymis (the comma shaped cord, found behind the testicles, that stores and transports sperm), and the vas deferens (the sperm carrying tube that runs up from the epididymis). The brochure includes a checklist for good testicular health and a reminder that establishing healthy habits when young will contribute to a long, healthy life. The brochure is illustrated with full color line drawings; each step of the TSE is also illustrated. The brochure includes the toll free information line of the Cancer Information Service (1-800-4-CANCER). 14 figures. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “testicular cancer” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Surveillance programs for early stage non-seminomatous testicular cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 July 23 (updated online 2001 Jan); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2994&nbr=2220&a mp;string=testicular+AND+cancer Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Cancer News on the Net - Prostate Cancer Links Summary: Links to information on prostate and testicular cancer diagnosis and treatment. Patients and their families may benefit from these resources from Cancer News on the Net ®. Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1253
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Questions and Answers About Testicular Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3933
•
Testicular Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: Information to help doctors with screening recommendations -- who should be screened, types of screening tests patients should have, and frequency. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1885
•
Testicular Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1887
•
Testicular Cancer Resource Center Summary: The Testicular Cancer Resource Center is a charitable organization devoted to helping people understand testicular and extragonadal germ cell tumors. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6751
•
Vasectomy and Cancer Risk Summary: This fact sheet describes the possible relationship between vasectomy and the risk of prostate and testicular cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7117 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to testicular cancer. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to testicular cancer. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with testicular cancer. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about testicular cancer. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “testicular cancer” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “testicular cancer”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “testicular cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “testicular cancer” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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TESTICULAR CANCER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves Nhydroxylation to the arylhydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]
156 Testicular Cancer
Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alprostadil: A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia
Dictionary 157
usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the
158 Testicular Cancer
maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artificial Intelligence: The study and implementation of techniques and methods for designing computer systems to perform functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, etc. [NIH]
Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH]
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Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Balloon Dilatation: Nonoperative repair of occluded vessels, ducts, or valves by insertion of a balloon catheter. It is used, amoung other things, to treat varices, torn retinas, renal and biliary calculi, gastric, bronchial and rectal stenoses, and heart valves, and includes catheterization with Fogarty and Foley catheters. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to
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fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bispecific antibodies: Antibodies developed in the laboratory to recognize more than one protein on the surface of different cells. Examples include bispecific antibodies 2B1, 520C9xH22, mDX-H210, and MDX447. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bolus injection: The injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion). [EU] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types,
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yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]
Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain. [NIH]
Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen
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are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Caspofungin acetate: A drug used to prevent or treat infections caused by a fungus (a type of microorganism). It belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents. [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing
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specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH] Chromosome Banding: Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the
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chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping. [NIH] Chromosome Fragility: Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage and translocation or other aberrations. Chromosome fragile sites are regions that show up in karyotypes as a gap (uncondensed stretch) on the chromatid arm. They are associated with chromosome break sites and other aberrations. A fragile site on the X chromosome is associated with fragile X syndrome. Fragile sites are designated by the letters "FRA" followed by the designation for the specific chromosome and a letter which refers to the different fragile sites on a chromosome (e.g. FRAXA). [NIH] Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Effect: Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH]
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Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT)
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scan. [NIH] Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
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Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types,
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including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH]
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Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity. [NIH] Deoxyuridine: 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desmoid tumor: A tumor of the tissue that surrounds muscles, usually in the abdomen. Desmoid tumors rarely metastasize. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digital rectal examination: DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH]
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Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolectomy: Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. Removal of a clot at its original site is called thrombectomy. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae
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infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]
for
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epirubicin: An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less cardiotoxicity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH]
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Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estriol: (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogen. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]
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Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gallium nitrate: A drug that lowers blood calcium. Used as treatment for hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). [NIH] Gametogenesis: The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]
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Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ cell tumors: Tumors that begin in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. They can occur virtually anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic disease: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic tumor, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic tumor, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic tumor: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by
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pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell
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survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins.
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[NIH]
Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which
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may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypospadias: A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ifosfamide: Positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within
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intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and fertility. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU]
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Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive
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substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an
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electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver. [NIH]
Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphography: Radiographic study of the lymphatic system following injection of dye or contrast medium. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH]
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Lymphoscintigraphy: A method used to identify the sentinel node (the first draining lymph node near a tumor). A radioactive substance that can be taken up by lymph nodes is injected at the site of the tumor, and a doctor follows the movement of this substance on a computer screen. Once the lymph nodes that have taken up the substance are identified, they can be removed and examined to see if they contain tumor cells. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Maternal Exposure: Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Oncology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious
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anaemia. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in
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renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molar pregnancy: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness,
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malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myelosuppression: A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
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Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonseminoma: A group of testicular cancers that begin in the germ cells (cells that give rise to sperm). Nonseminomas are identified by the type of cell in which they begin and include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac carcinoma. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Groups: Members of the various professions (e.g., physicians) or occupations (e.g., police). [NIH]
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Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osteonecrosis: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovarian epithelial cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxaliplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]
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Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH]
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Peripheral stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell support. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phlebotomy: The letting of blood from a vein. Although it is one of the techniques used in drawing blood to be used in diagnostic procedures, in modern medicine, it is used commonly in the treatment of erythrocytosis, hemochromocytosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Its historical counterpart is bloodletting. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed & Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed) Venipuncture is not only for the letting of blood from a vein but also for the injecting of a drug into the vein for diagnostic analysis. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH]
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Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Platinum Compounds: Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom. [NIH]
Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to
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accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU]
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Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]
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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic
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end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reading Frames: The sequence of codons by which translation may occur. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated in three reading frames, 5'AUC. or 5'UCC. or 5'CCG., depending on the location of the start codon. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH]
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Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxin: Hormone produced by the ovaries during pregnancy that loosens ligaments that hold the hip bones together. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retinas: A membrane at the back of the eye which is sensitive to light stimuli and composed of the photoreceptors proper, i. e. the cones and rods, and the nerve cells which transmit to the optic nerve the stimulation of the receptor elements. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH]
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Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salvage Therapy: A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sargramostim: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood-forming) agents. Also called GM-CSF. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Second cancer: Refers to a new primary cancer that is caused by previous cancer treatment, or a new primary cancer in a person with a history of cancer. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and
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their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self-Examination: The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., breast self-examination, testicular self-examination). [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Seminoma: A type of cancer of the testicles. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of endopeptidases containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH]
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Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or
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Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatids: Male germ cells derived from spermatocytes and developing into spermatozoa. [NIH]
Spermatocytes: Male germ cells derived from spermatogonia and developing into spermatids. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatogonia: The spermatocytes. [NIH]
primitive
differentiated
male
gametes
which
give
rise
to
Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH]
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Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress incontinence: An involuntary loss of urine that occurs at the same time that internal abdominal pressure is increased, such as with laughing, sneezing, coughing, or physical activity. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of
202 Testicular Cancer
meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombectomy: Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. Removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called
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embolectomy. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymoma: A tumor of the thymus, an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and is located in the chest, behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Kallikreins: A family of trpysin-like serine endopeptidases that are expressed in a variety of cell types including human prostate epithelial cells. They are formed from tissue prokallikrein by action with trypsin. They are highly similar to prostate-specific antigen. EC 3.4.21.35. [NIH] Toilet Training: Conditioning to defecate and urinate in culturally acceptable places. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]
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Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]
Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion: DNA region comprised of a variable number of repetitive, contiguous trinucleotide sequences. The presence of these regions is associated with diseases such as Fragile X Syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Many chromosome fragile sites (chromosome fragility) contain expanded trinucleotide repeats. [NIH] Trinucleotide Repeats: Microsatellite repeats consisting of three nucleotides dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body.
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Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unresectable: Unable to be surgically removed. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH]
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Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]
Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]
Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]
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Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease affecting all races. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ultraviolet light as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
209
INDEX 2 2-Acetylaminofluorene, 53, 155 A Abdomen, 97, 155, 161, 167, 169, 175, 179, 182, 189, 196, 200, 201, 202 Abdominal, 3, 31, 41, 155, 188, 190, 196, 201 Abscess, 155, 200 Acceptor, 155, 182, 188, 204 Acetylcysteine, 54, 155 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 6, 155 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 155 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 155 Acute myeloid leukemia, 6, 155 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 155 Adenocarcinoma, 54, 155 Adjuvant, 24, 26, 35, 51, 70, 73, 78, 79, 85, 123, 155, 174 Adrenal Cortex, 16, 155, 167, 172, 188, 193 Adverse Effect, 11, 155, 199 Agonists, 36, 72, 106, 108, 110, 155 Algorithms, 155, 160 Alkaline, 8, 35, 156, 161 Alkaline Phosphatase, 8, 35, 156 Allogeneic, 156, 175, 190 Alopecia, 156, 167 Alpha Particles, 156, 195 Alpha-fetoprotein, 24, 156, 173 Alprostadil, 5, 156 Alternative medicine, 125, 156 Amifostine, 98, 156 Amino Acid Sequence, 156, 157, 174 Amino Acids, 156, 164, 174, 189, 192, 194, 198, 204 Amplification, 8, 156 Ampulla, 156, 172 Analog, 7, 156 Analogous, 156, 170, 203 Anaplasia, 156 Androgens, 155, 156, 167 Anemia, 109, 114, 156, 164, 185 Angina, 79, 109, 156 Angina Pectoris, 109, 156 Animal model, 13, 16, 157 Anions, 157, 180, 201 Anomalies, 37, 40, 115, 143, 157 Anorexia, 109, 157 Anthracycline, 6, 157, 168, 171
Antibacterial, 157, 200 Antibiotic, 157, 161, 168, 169, 171, 200 Antibodies, 8, 19, 32, 43, 100, 107, 157, 160, 182, 191, 195 Antibody, 14, 100, 110, 157, 165, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 185, 195, 198, 200, 207 Antibody therapy, 100, 157 Anticoagulant, 157, 193 Antifungal, 157, 162 Antifungal Agents, 157, 162 Antigen, 157, 165, 177, 178, 179, 183, 198, 203 Anti-inflammatory, 157, 167, 169, 175 Antimetabolite, 157, 169 Antineoplastic, 157, 160, 162, 167, 169, 188, 191, 202, 206 Antioxidant, 158, 188 Antiviral, 155, 158, 169, 180 Anxiety, 25, 38, 61, 109, 158 Apoptosis, 15, 21, 37, 61, 87, 158, 162 Aqueous, 158, 159, 168, 177, 181 Aromatic, 155, 158 Arrhythmia, 70, 79, 158 Arsenic trioxide, 93, 158 Arterial, 158, 177, 193, 202 Arteries, 158, 160, 166, 167, 176, 184, 186 Artificial Intelligence, 115, 158 Aseptic, 158, 201 Aspiration, 158, 173 Assay, 8, 10, 14, 17, 58, 158, 178 Astrocytoma, 158, 174 Ataxia, 107, 158, 202 Attenuated, 158, 169 Autoimmune disease, 158 Autoimmunity, 109, 158 Autologous, 33, 44, 51, 63, 72, 75, 81, 83, 84, 88, 94, 158, 190 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 94, 158 Autonomic, 156, 159 B Bacteria, 157, 159, 166, 171, 184, 200, 203, 205 Bacterial toxin, 116, 159 Bacteriophage, 159, 203 Bacterium, 159, 166 Balloon Dilatation, 114, 159 Basal Ganglia, 158, 159, 175
210 Testicular Cancer
Basal Ganglia Diseases, 158, 159 Base, 21, 159, 168, 169, 174, 181, 191, 202 Basement Membrane, 159, 162 Benign, 4, 109, 113, 114, 159, 174, 186, 195 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 4, 113, 114, 159 Bilateral, 14, 26, 49, 61, 62, 71, 80, 159 Bile, 159, 173, 182, 201 Biliary, 159, 161 Biochemical, 27, 80, 157, 159, 193, 198 Biological response modifier, 159, 160, 180 Biological therapy, 98, 159, 176 Biomarkers, 11, 43, 67, 160 Biopsy, 13, 22, 37, 64, 160, 172, 189 Biosynthesis, 106, 160, 172, 198 Biotechnology, 22, 116, 125, 135, 160 Bispecific antibodies, 8, 160 Bladder, 4, 5, 12, 18, 45, 97, 113, 114, 115, 159, 160, 167, 179, 187, 193, 196, 204, 205 Blastocyst, 160, 166, 191 Bleomycin, 12, 21, 27, 29, 31, 34, 70, 71, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 87, 128, 160 Blood Platelets, 160, 198 Blood pressure, 160, 162, 177, 178, 185 Blood vessel, 160, 161, 162, 163, 176, 182, 183, 184, 189, 199, 201, 202, 203, 206 Body Fluids, 160, 170, 204 Bolus, 16, 160 Bolus infusion, 160 Bolus injection, 16, 160 Bone Density, 109, 160 Bone Marrow Cells, 161, 175 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 8, 33, 81, 87, 94, 95, 99, 161 Bone metastases, 95, 161, 173 Bone scan, 161, 197 Bowel, 109, 161, 169, 187, 190, 201 Bowel Movement, 161, 169, 201 Brachytherapy, 58, 161, 180, 195, 207 Brain metastases, 95, 161 Brain Stem, 124, 161, 163 Branch, 151, 161, 170, 182, 189, 199, 202 Breakdown, 161, 169, 173 Breast Self-Examination, 161, 198 Broad-spectrum, 16, 161 Bronchial, 159, 161 Bulimia, 109, 161 C Cachexia, 16, 109, 161 Calcium, 161, 165, 173, 177, 199 Calculi, 159, 161 Carbohydrate, 14, 161, 167, 198
Carboplatin, 44, 65, 72, 75, 83, 94, 162 Carcinogen, 155, 162, 172, 202 Carcinogenic, 162, 179, 193, 201 Carcinoma, 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 38, 50, 61, 114, 119, 162, 187 Carcinoma in Situ, 38, 61, 162 Cardiac, 70, 79, 162, 186, 196, 201 Cardiotoxicity, 162, 171 Cardiovascular, 9, 28, 50, 108, 109, 122, 162, 198 Cardiovascular disease, 28, 108, 109, 162 Case report, 23, 29, 61, 78, 162 Case-Control Studies, 62, 162 Caspase, 37, 162 Caspofungin acetate, 99, 162 Cataracts, 108, 162 Catheterization, 159, 162 Catheters, 159, 162, 178, 180 Causal, 162, 164 Cell Cycle, 21, 61, 87, 162, 164, 167, 172, 194 Cell Death, 158, 162, 172, 186 Cell Differentiation, 109, 162, 199 Cell Division, 159, 162, 163, 172, 175, 185, 197 Cell Lineage, 14, 163 Cell proliferation, 108, 109, 163, 199 Cell Survival, 163, 176 Cell Transplantation, 44, 72, 83, 94, 95, 98, 100, 163 Central Nervous System, 73, 109, 119, 163, 173, 175, 192, 198 Cerebellar, 107, 158, 163, 196 Cerebellum, 163, 192, 196 Cerebral, 158, 159, 161, 163, 168, 175, 194 Cerebral hemispheres, 159, 161, 163, 175 Cerebrovascular, 82, 159, 162, 163, 202 Cerebrum, 163, 191 Character, 157, 163, 168 Cholesterol, 159, 163, 167, 177, 201 Choriocarcinoma, 14, 163, 174, 177, 185, 187 Chromatin, 9, 58, 158, 163, 187, 200 Chromosomal, 23, 71, 80, 156, 163, 202 Chromosome, 15, 20, 43, 163, 164, 166, 176, 181, 197, 202, 204 Chromosome Abnormalities, 15, 163 Chromosome Banding, 43, 163 Chromosome Fragility, 164, 204 Chromosome Mapping, 164 Chronic, 109, 161, 164, 179, 181, 194, 200, 201, 205
Index 211
Chronic Disease, 109, 161, 164 Circumcision, 113, 164 CIS, 7, 9, 64, 89, 141, 164 Clear cell carcinoma, 164, 169 Cleave, 12, 164 Clinical Medicine, 164, 192 Clinical trial, 5, 10, 26, 40, 93, 96, 102, 135, 164, 189, 194, 195 Cloning, 13, 160, 164 Cobalt, 7, 164 Codon, 49, 164, 174, 195 Cofactor, 164, 193, 203 Cohort Effect, 27, 47, 164 Colitis, 55, 73, 85, 164 Combination chemotherapy, 10, 29, 31, 34, 39, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 94, 95, 99, 100, 165 Combination Therapy, 10, 106, 165 Combinatorial, 10, 165 Complement, 165, 174, 181 Complementary and alternative medicine, 77, 90, 165 Complementary medicine, 77, 165 Complementation, 14, 165 Complete remission, 165, 196 Computational Biology, 135, 165 Computed tomography, 52, 97, 160, 165, 166, 197 Computer Systems, 158, 166 Computerized axial tomography, 165, 166, 197 Computerized tomography, 165, 166 Conception, 15, 163, 166, 173, 174, 183, 185, 201 Conjugated, 20, 111, 166 Conjugation, 20, 166 Connective Tissue, 161, 166, 173, 174, 182, 184, 197 Consciousness, 166, 168, 196 Constitutional, 15, 166 Consultation, 4, 166 Consumption, 34, 70, 166 Contamination, 11, 166 Contraindications, ii, 166 Contralateral, 38, 47, 48, 61, 166, 196 Coronary, 157, 162, 166, 167, 184, 186 Coronary Circulation, 157, 166 Coronary heart disease, 162, 167 Coronary Thrombosis, 167, 184, 186 Corpus, 167, 189, 193 Corpus Luteum, 167, 193 Cortex, 158, 167, 196
Cortical, 16, 167, 198, 202 Corticosteroid, 167, 201 Cortisone, 167, 169 Creatinine, 74, 87, 167 Crossing-over, 167, 196 Cryptorchidism, 3, 19, 22, 60, 62, 167 Curative, 50, 167, 202 Cyclin, 17, 167 Cyclophosphamide, 90, 94, 167, 178 Cysteine, 21, 155, 167 Cystine, 167 Cystitis, 114, 167 Cytokine, 167, 197 Cytomegalovirus, 48, 168 Cytopenia, 109, 168 Cytoplasm, 158, 168, 171, 175, 187 Cytostatic, 84, 168 Cytotoxic, 8, 16, 42, 56, 85, 168, 195, 199 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 56, 85, 168 Cytotoxicity, 7, 164, 168 D Data Collection, 19, 168 Databases, Bibliographic, 135, 168 Daunorubicin, 6, 168, 169 Decision Making, 115, 168 Degenerative, 4, 168, 185 Deletion, 19, 158, 168 Delirium, 109, 168 Dementia, 109, 168 Density, 160, 169, 188, 199 Deoxyglucose, 33, 169 Deoxyuridine, 7, 169 Depolarization, 169, 199 Dermatitis, 109, 169 Desmoid tumor, 41, 169 Dexamethasone, 16, 169 Diagnostic procedure, 96, 105, 125, 169, 190 Diastolic, 169, 177 Diethylstilbestrol, 111, 169 Diffusion, 169 Digestion, 159, 161, 169, 182, 201 Digestive system, 102, 169 Digital rectal examination, 5, 169 Dilution, 17, 169 Dimethyl, 15, 169 Diploid, 165, 169 Direct, iii, 10, 18, 21, 33, 127, 164, 169, 196 Disorientation, 168, 169 Dissection, 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 35, 49, 54, 84, 141, 169, 182 Distal, 20, 169, 194
212 Testicular Cancer
Doxorubicin, 6, 169, 171 Drug Design, 19, 129, 170 Drug Interactions, 128, 170 Duct, 156, 162, 170, 197, 206 Duodenum, 159, 170, 201 Dyskinesia, 170 Dyspnea, 170, 194 E Efficacy, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 44, 63, 72, 83, 170, 204 Ejaculation, 4, 35, 170, 198 Electrolyte, 167, 168, 170, 184 Electrons, 158, 159, 170, 180, 188, 195 Embolectomy, 170, 203 Embryo, 160, 163, 170, 188, 207 Emergency Medicine, 11, 114, 170 Emergency Treatment, 170 Empiric, 6, 170 Encapsulated, 170, 182 Encephalitis, 23, 25, 57, 73, 85, 124, 170 Encephalitis, Viral, 170 Endemic, 171, 200 Endometrial, 171 Endometriosis, 108, 171 Endometrium, 109, 171, 184 Endotoxic, 171, 181 Endotoxins, 165, 171, 181 Environmental Exposure, 122, 171, 188 Environmental Health, 31, 47, 49, 56, 134, 136, 171 Environmental Pollutants, 171, 192 Enzymatic, 155, 161, 165, 171 Enzyme, 17, 35, 156, 162, 170, 171, 184, 192, 193, 199, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207 Eosinophil, 171, 175 Epidemic, 47, 171, 200 Epidemiological, 66, 171 Epidural, 171, 200 Epirubicin, 43, 171 Epithelial, 155, 162, 171, 203 Epithelial Cells, 171, 203 Epithelium, 159, 163, 171, 189 Erectile, 4, 5, 171, 172, 189 Erection, 171, 172 Erythrocytes, 156, 161, 172, 196 Esophagus, 169, 172, 183, 201, 205 Estradiol, 20, 111, 172 Estriol, 111, 172 Estrogen, 15, 108, 172 Estrogen Antagonists, 108, 172 Estrogen receptor, 108, 172 Estrone, 111, 172
Ethinyl Estradiol, 111, 172 Etoposide, 6, 44, 51, 71, 72, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 94, 128, 172 Eukaryotic Cells, 172, 179 Excisional, 172, 207 Exogenous, 15, 172 Extensor, 172, 194 External-beam radiation, 172, 180, 195, 207 F Fallopian Tubes, 97, 172 Family Planning, 135, 172 Fat, 34, 161, 167, 172, 181, 182, 192, 199 Fatigue, 38, 173, 176 Fetoprotein, 173 Fetus, 156, 173, 191, 193, 205 Fibrosis, 173, 194 Flatus, 173 Foetoplacental, 173, 188 Folate, 169, 173 Fold, 9, 17, 173, 193 Follicles, 173, 179 Fungi, 157, 166, 173, 184, 207 Fungicide, 173, 176 Fungus, 162, 173 G Gallbladder, 155, 159, 169, 173 Gallium, 12, 173 Gallium nitrate, 12, 173 Gametogenesis, 107, 173 Gamma Rays, 173, 195 Ganglia, 156, 159, 173, 187 Gas, 17, 169, 173, 177, 187, 206 Gastric, 13, 24, 159, 171, 173 Gastrin, 174, 177 Gastrointestinal, 53, 174, 198, 201, 202, 205 Gastrointestinal tract, 174, 198, 205 Gelatin, 174, 175, 202 Gene, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 39, 45, 53, 97, 107, 116, 122, 124, 160, 174, 188, 198, 204 Gene Expression, 13, 20, 174 Genetic Code, 174, 187 Genetic Engineering, 160, 164, 174 Genetics, 13, 14, 20, 25, 38, 43, 45, 53, 70, 71, 79, 80, 166, 174, 189 Genital, 40, 113, 140, 164, 174, 205 Genitourinary, 4, 12, 18, 50, 58, 86, 115, 174, 205 Genotype, 40, 174, 190 Germ cell tumors, 13, 15, 20, 21, 30, 40, 46, 60, 74, 88, 94, 99, 100, 101, 144, 174
Index 213
Germ Cells, 20, 107, 174, 187, 188, 200, 202, 207 Gestation, 174, 189, 191 Gestational, 14, 174, 185 Gestational trophoblastic disease, 14, 174, 185 Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, 174, 185 Gestational trophoblastic tumor, 174, 185 Gland, 155, 167, 174, 182, 188, 189, 193, 197, 201 Glioblastoma, 16, 41, 174 Glucocorticoid, 169, 175 Glucose, 169, 175, 176, 177, 197 Glycine, 175, 198 Glycoprotein, 175, 185, 203 Gonad, 175 Gonadal, 8, 15, 16, 19, 21, 41, 175, 201 Gonadotropin, 45, 163, 175 Governing Board, 175, 192 Graft, 100, 107, 110, 175, 177, 178 Graft Rejection, 107, 110, 175, 178 Graft-versus-host disease, 100, 175 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 74, 88, 175 Granulocytes, 175, 199, 207 Granulosa Cells, 175, 179 Groin, 114, 175, 179 Growth factors, 43, 109, 175 H Haematoma, 176 Haemorrhage, 53, 176 Half-Life, 11, 75, 89, 176 Haploid, 108, 176 Health Behavior, 9, 176 Health Status, 164, 176 Heart attack, 162, 176 Heart failure, 109, 176, 194 Heart Valves, 159, 176 Hemoglobin, 156, 172, 176 Hemorrhage, 176, 195, 201 Hemostasis, 176, 198 Hepatic, 155, 168, 176, 192 Hereditary, 30, 97, 176, 185 Heredity, 174, 176 Hexachlorobenzene, 17, 47, 176 Histology, 24, 27, 36, 59, 65, 176 Homeopathic remedies, 114, 176 Homodimer, 176, 204 Homologous, 20, 108, 167, 177, 197, 201 Hormonal, 29, 40, 44, 108, 167, 177
Hormone, 4, 15, 106, 108, 110, 167, 169, 172, 174, 177, 179, 193, 196, 199, 202, 204 Hormone therapy, 110, 177 Host, 6, 8, 100, 107, 116, 159, 177, 178, 206 Humoral, 175, 177 Hybridization, 164, 177 Hydatidiform Mole, 14, 163, 177 Hydrogen, 155, 159, 161, 177, 181, 185, 187, 188, 190, 194, 201 Hydrogen Peroxide, 177, 181, 201 Hydrolysis, 164, 177, 190, 192, 204 Hydroxylation, 155, 177 Hypercalcemia, 173, 177 Hypercholesterolemia, 108, 177 Hyperplasia, 11, 177 Hypertension, 109, 162, 177 Hyperthermia, 114, 177 Hypertrophy, 108, 109, 159, 177 Hypoglycaemia, 168, 177 Hypospadias, 113, 178 Hypotension, 109, 178 Hypoxia, 21, 168, 178, 202 I Id, 70, 76, 89, 140, 141, 143, 145, 150, 152, 178 Ifosfamide, 12, 44, 51, 54, 66, 71, 72, 74, 80, 83, 84, 94, 99, 101, 128, 129, 178 Immune function, 178, 204 Immune response, 8, 155, 157, 158, 167, 175, 178, 201, 206 Immune system, 98, 157, 158, 159, 176, 178, 182, 183, 186, 205, 207 Immunity, 29, 70, 79, 178 Immunoassay, 14, 35, 178 Immunodeficiency, 16, 107, 109, 110, 178 Immunofluorescence, 10, 178 Immunogenic, 178, 181 Immunologic, 178, 195 Immunology, 155, 178 Immunosuppressive, 167, 175, 178 Immunotherapy, 160, 178 Impairment, 158, 168, 170, 178, 184 Implant radiation, 178, 180, 195, 207 Implantation, 166, 178, 188 Impotence, 4, 5, 113, 114, 171, 178, 200 In situ, 10, 66, 178 In Situ Hybridization, 66, 178 In vitro, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 179, 198 In vivo, 6, 7, 12, 16, 17, 45, 179 Incision, 179, 180 Incontinence, 108, 113, 114, 179, 200 Indicative, 115, 179, 189, 206
214 Testicular Cancer
Infancy, 179 Infantile, 8, 179 Infarction, 179 Infection, 13, 158, 159, 160, 168, 170, 178, 179, 182, 187, 201, 207 Inferior vena cava, 32, 179 Infertility, 3, 5, 19, 49, 107, 110, 114, 123, 179, 205 Inflammation, 156, 157, 164, 167, 169, 170, 173, 175, 179, 193, 194, 201 Informed Consent, 11, 179 Infusion, 160, 179 Inguinal, 3, 141, 179 Inguinal Hernia, 3, 179 Inhibin, 16, 179 Initiation, 179, 203 Inoperable, 116, 179 Inorganic, 164, 180, 191 Insecticides, 180, 190 Insight, 14, 180 Interferon, 10, 98, 180, 182 Interferon-alpha, 10, 180 Interleukin-2, 98, 180 Internal Medicine, 42, 50, 51, 73, 180, 183 Internal radiation, 180, 195, 207 Interstitial, 114, 161, 180, 196, 207 Intestinal, 19, 180, 207 Intestines, 155, 174, 180 Intoxication, 168, 180, 205, 207 Intracellular, 7, 109, 179, 180, 195, 199 Intraepithelial, 37, 59, 180 Intravenous, 160, 179, 180 Invasive, 5, 8, 9, 16, 177, 178, 180, 183 Involuntary, 159, 180, 186, 199, 201 Ionizing, 156, 171, 180, 183, 195 Ions, 159, 170, 177, 180, 185 Irradiation, 51, 180, 207 K Karyotype, 15, 177, 181 Kb, 134, 181 Keto, 7, 181 Kidney Disease, 102, 114, 134, 181 Kidney stone, 114, 181 Kidney Transplantation, 114, 181 Kinetic, 9, 180, 181 L Lactation, 181, 188 Large Intestine, 169, 180, 181, 196, 199 Latency, 34, 181 Latent, 13, 181, 193 Lens, 162, 181 Lesion, 7, 181, 182, 200
Leukemia, 12, 16, 86, 96, 98, 100, 101, 123, 169, 171, 181 Leukocytes, 161, 175, 180, 181, 187 Library Services, 150, 181 Ligament, 181, 193 Ligands, 109, 181 Limbic, 23, 25, 57, 73, 85, 124, 181 Linkage, 20, 39, 181 Lipid, 9, 34, 181, 182, 188 Lipid A, 9, 181 Lipid Peroxidation, 34, 181, 188 Lipophilic, 182, 191 Lipopolysaccharides, 181, 182 Liposomal, 98, 99, 182 Liver, 11, 17, 53, 95, 98, 155, 156, 159, 167, 168, 169, 173, 175, 176, 182, 192, 197 Liver cancer, 98, 156, 182 Liver metastases, 95, 182 Liver scan, 182, 197 Localization, 21, 182 Localized, 155, 170, 176, 179, 182, 200 Lumbar, 58, 182 Lymph, 25, 26, 30, 31, 35, 49, 54, 84, 141, 182, 183 Lymph node, 25, 26, 30, 31, 35, 49, 54, 84, 182, 183 Lymphadenectomy, 36, 49, 52, 64, 182 Lymphatic, 58, 179, 182, 184, 199, 200, 203 Lymphatic system, 182, 199, 200, 203 Lymphoblastic, 182 Lymphoblasts, 155, 182 Lymphocyte, 157, 182, 183 Lymphography, 52, 64, 182 Lymphoid, 13, 157, 182 Lymphoproliferative, 13, 74, 88, 182 Lymphoscintigraphy, 38, 183 Lytic, 13, 183, 198 M Macrophage, 175, 183 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 183, 197 Malformation, 163, 183 Malignancy, 4, 10, 17, 33, 39, 72, 82, 125, 183, 189 Malignant, 14, 16, 60, 100, 155, 158, 162, 163, 174, 182, 183, 185, 186, 195, 197, 202 Malignant tumor, 162, 163, 183, 185 Malnutrition, 161, 183, 186 Mammary, 11, 183 Mania, 183 Manic, 109, 183 Mastectomy, 64, 89, 183 Maternal Exposure, 15, 183
Index 215
Mediastinum, 163, 183 Mediate, 109, 183 Mediator, 109, 180, 183, 198 Medical Oncology, 10, 35, 43, 60, 71, 72, 75, 85, 183 Medical Records, 15, 97, 183, 196 MEDLINE, 135, 183 Megaloblastic, 169, 183 Membrane, 109, 165, 169, 171, 172, 184, 190, 196, 199, 204, 207 Memory, 108, 157, 168, 184 Meninges, 163, 184 Menopause, 184, 188, 192 Menstrual Cycle, 184, 188, 193 Mental Disorders, 103, 184 Mental Retardation, 109, 184 Mesenchymal, 175, 177, 184 Metabolite, 169, 172, 184 Metastasis, 53, 184 Metastasize, 169, 184, 197 Methionine, 169, 184 Methyltransferase, 6, 39, 184 MI, 46, 153, 184 Microbe, 184, 203 Microorganism, 162, 164, 184, 206 Microtubules, 184, 188 Milliliter, 160, 184 Mineralocorticoids, 155, 167, 184 Minority Groups, 19, 185 Mitochondrial Swelling, 185, 186 Mitosis, 158, 185 Mitotic, 108, 172, 185, 206 Mobility, 9, 185 Modeling, 7, 170, 185 Modification, 174, 185, 195 Molar pregnancy, 14, 174, 185 Molecular Structure, 185, 204 Molecule, 7, 19, 157, 159, 165, 167, 177, 185, 188, 191, 195, 199, 203, 206 Monitor, 167, 185, 187 Monoclonal, 181, 185, 195, 207 Motility, 185, 198 Movement Disorders, 185, 202 Mucolytic, 155, 185 Multiple Myeloma, 16, 98, 100, 185 Muscle Fibers, 185 Muscular Atrophy, 29, 185 Mutagenesis, 10, 186 Mutagenicity, 155, 186 Mutagens, 186 Myelosuppression, 109, 186
Myocardial infarction, 23, 34, 78, 81, 109, 167, 184, 186 Myocardial Ischemia, 156, 186 Myocardium, 157, 184, 186 Myotonic Dystrophy, 186, 204 N Naive, 9, 186 Narcolepsy, 57, 186 NCI, 1, 17, 18, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 133, 141, 164, 186, 189 Necrosis, 42, 82, 158, 175, 179, 184, 186 Need, 3, 9, 49, 113, 116, 117, 129, 146, 186 Neoplasia, 13, 37, 47, 59, 186 Neoplasm, 186, 197, 200, 205 Neoplastic, 45, 119, 156, 161, 186, 197 Nephropathy, 181, 186 Nerve, 30, 54, 158, 183, 186, 187, 192, 196, 201, 204 Nervous System, 163, 183, 186, 187, 201 Neural, 54, 173, 177, 187 Neural tube defects, 173, 187 Neurogenic, 187, 205 Neurologic, 175, 187 Neuropathy, 74, 187 Neutrons, 156, 180, 187, 195 Neutropenia, 98, 99, 109, 187 Neutrophils, 175, 181, 187 Nitrogen, 156, 167, 187, 204 Nonseminoma, 46, 187 Nuclear, 21, 38, 82, 159, 164, 166, 170, 172, 173, 175, 186, 187 Nuclei, 156, 166, 170, 174, 183, 185, 187, 194 Nucleic acid, 107, 174, 177, 178, 186, 187, 194 Nucleus, 158, 159, 163, 168, 172, 173, 187, 194, 201, 202 Nursing Care, 187, 189 O Occupational Exposure, 11, 15, 187 Occupational Groups, 11, 187 Oestrogen, 34, 188 Oncogene, 32, 39, 49, 188 Opacity, 162, 169, 188 Orchiectomy, 32, 57, 73, 78, 81, 85, 95, 96, 141, 188 Orgasm, 170, 188, 198 Osteonecrosis, 55, 188 Osteoporosis, 108, 109, 188 Ovarian epithelial cancer, 98, 100, 188 Ovaries, 16, 97, 106, 172, 188, 196, 198, 202 Ovary, 167, 172, 175, 188
216 Testicular Cancer
Ovum, 167, 174, 188, 193, 207 Oxaliplatin, 23, 188 Oxidation, 155, 158, 167, 181, 188 Oxidative Stress, 17, 188 P Paclitaxel, 12, 85, 86, 90, 94, 99, 101, 188 Palliative, 188, 202 Pancreas, 155, 160, 169, 188, 189, 204, 205 Pancreatic, 54, 171, 189 Pancreatic cancer, 171, 189 Papillomavirus, 45, 189 Paroxysmal, 156, 189 Partial remission, 189, 196 Particle, 189, 199, 203 Pathogenesis, 14, 18, 189 Pathologic, 78, 158, 160, 166, 189, 194, 206 Pathologic Processes, 158, 189 Pathologies, 107, 189 Patient Care Management, 4, 189 Patient Education, 142, 148, 150, 153, 189 PDQ, 141, 142, 144, 189 Pelvic, 58, 97, 171, 189, 193 Penis, 170, 178, 189, 193 Peptide, 14, 189, 192, 193, 194 Percutaneous, 32, 189 Perfusion, 178, 189 Perinatal, 8, 52, 57, 189 Perineum, 178, 189 Peripheral blood, 13, 32, 43, 83, 156, 180, 189 Peripheral stem cell transplantation, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 190 Peripheral stem cells, 175, 190 Peritoneum, 190, 196 Pesticides, 17, 180, 190 Petechiae, 176, 190 PH, 4, 39, 40, 41, 46, 50, 58, 82, 86, 89, 114, 160, 190 Pharmacodynamic, 16, 190 Pharmacokinetic, 16, 190 Pharmacologic, 114, 176, 190, 203, 205 Phenotype, 8, 14, 40, 165, 190 Phlebotomy, 13, 190 Phospholipases, 190, 199 Phospholipids, 172, 190 Phosphorus, 161, 190 Phosphorylation, 109, 190 Photosensitivity, 191, 192, 207 Physical Examination, 9, 97, 191 Physiologic, 160, 176, 184, 191, 195 Physiology, 19, 191 Pigments, 164, 191
Pineal gland, 163, 191 Placenta, 172, 173, 191, 193 Plasma, 16, 24, 97, 157, 174, 176, 185, 191, 198 Plasma cells, 157, 185, 191 Platelet Activation, 191, 199 Platelet Aggregation, 156, 191 Platelets, 186, 191, 197 Platinum, 9, 20, 24, 29, 64, 65, 89, 99, 164, 188, 191 Platinum Compounds, 10, 188, 191 Podophyllotoxin, 172, 191 Point Mutation, 49, 191 Poisoning, 168, 180, 191 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 17, 47, 191 Polymerase, 7, 192 Polymorphism, 6, 192 Polypeptide, 107, 109, 156, 177, 192, 207 Pons, 161, 192 Porphyria, 190, 192 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 190, 192 Posterior, 158, 163, 188, 192 Postmenopausal, 14, 188, 192 Postnatal, 192, 200 Postoperative, 80, 192 Postsynaptic, 192, 199 Potentiation, 192, 199 Practicability, 192, 204 Practice Guidelines, 136, 143, 192 Precancerous, 192, 193 Precursor, 8, 167, 171, 192, 204 Predisposition, 21, 53, 193 Premalignant, 14, 192, 193 Prenatal, 62, 124, 170, 193 Prepuce, 164, 193 Prevalence, 43, 63, 193 Problem Solving, 158, 193 Progeny, 166, 193 Progesterone, 20, 193, 201 Prognostic factor, 10, 52, 55, 114, 193 Progression, 16, 18, 21, 157, 193 Progressive, 96, 101, 162, 168, 175, 186, 191, 193, 194, 196, 205 Promoter, 39, 74, 193 Prospective study, 58, 86, 193 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 193 Prostatitis, 4, 114, 193 Protease, 165, 193 Protein C, 10, 107, 156, 159, 164, 193 Protein Folding, 108, 193 Protein S, 109, 116, 160, 174, 193 Proteinuria, 185, 194
Index 217
Protocol, 26, 97, 194 Protons, 156, 177, 180, 194, 195 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 188, 194 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 188, 194 Protozoa, 166, 184, 194 Proximal, 20, 169, 194 Psoriasis, 109, 194 Psychogenic, 194, 205 Psychomotor, 168, 194 Psychotherapy, 194, 195 Puberty, 19, 194 Public Policy, 135, 194 Publishing, 22, 87, 113, 194 Pulmonary, 27, 31, 52, 71, 73, 74, 81, 84, 87, 160, 166, 176, 194 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 27, 194 Purines, 194, 198 Purpura, 176, 195 Q Quality of Life, 18, 42, 51, 195, 201 Quaternary, 193, 195 R Race, 181, 195 Radiation, 21, 70, 156, 157, 171, 172, 173, 177, 180, 183, 195, 197, 207 Radiation therapy, 172, 180, 195, 197, 207 Radioactive, 161, 176, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, 187, 195, 197, 207 Radioimmunotherapy, 195 Radiolabeled, 181, 195, 207 Radiological, 189, 195 Radiotherapy, 41, 51, 58, 59, 72, 110, 161, 181, 195, 207 Randomized, 13, 74, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 170, 195 Reading Frames, 13, 195 Reassurance, 25, 195 Receptor, 17, 19, 109, 157, 195, 196, 198, 199 Receptors, Serotonin, 195, 198 Recombinant, 107, 109, 110, 196, 206 Recombination, 6, 166, 196 Rectal, 159, 196 Rectum, 161, 169, 173, 179, 181, 193, 196 Recurrence, 49, 96, 196 Red blood cells, 172, 186, 192, 196, 197 Red Nucleus, 158, 196 Refer, 1, 165, 173, 182, 186, 187, 195, 196 Refraction, 196, 200 Regimen, 12, 99, 100, 170, 196 Relapse, 14, 49, 50, 52, 60, 73, 86, 97, 196 Relaxin, 19, 196
Remission, 14, 196 Renal failure, 168, 196 Renal pelvis, 181, 196, 204 Reproductive cells, 173, 174, 196 Resection, 8, 13, 34, 196 Resuscitation, 170, 196 Retinas, 159, 196 Retroperitoneal, 25, 26, 30, 31, 35, 36, 38, 42, 49, 52, 54, 57, 61, 64, 65, 82, 84, 85, 141, 196 Retrospective, 56, 85, 196 Retrospective study, 56, 85, 196 Ribose, 7, 197 Risk factor, 6, 9, 15, 17, 25, 28, 50, 56, 60, 73, 86, 143, 193, 197 Risk patient, 78, 197 Rodenticides, 190, 197 S Salivary, 168, 169, 189, 197 Salivary glands, 168, 169, 197 Salvage Therapy, 66, 197 Saponins, 197, 201 Sarcoma, 48, 98, 197, 199 Sargramostim, 98, 197 Scans, 95, 96, 197 Schizophrenia, 109, 197, 207 Screening, 4, 5, 107, 110, 119, 142, 144, 164, 189, 197 Scrotum, 3, 4, 97, 167, 197, 202, 206 Second cancer, 60, 63, 197 Secondary tumor, 184, 197 Secretion, 41, 45, 163, 167, 179, 181, 185, 197, 198, 204 Segregation, 196, 197 Seizures, 73, 87, 168, 175, 189, 198 Self-Examination, 4, 34, 49, 57, 114, 142, 198 Semen, 22, 31, 34, 60, 61, 97, 170, 193, 198 Seminal fluid, 8, 198 Seminal vesicles, 198, 206 Seminiferous tubule, 179, 198, 200 Seminoma, 51, 198 Semisynthetic, 172, 198 Senile, 188, 198 Sensory loss, 198, 200, 202 Septic, 109, 158, 198 Sequence Analysis, 14, 20, 198 Serine, 106, 109, 110, 194, 198, 203, 204 Serine Endopeptidases, 198, 203 Serologic, 23, 124, 178, 198 Serology, 66, 198 Serotonin, 4, 195, 198, 204
218 Testicular Cancer
Serum, 5, 11, 17, 41, 54, 74, 87, 97, 165, 175, 185, 198 Sex Characteristics, 156, 188, 194, 198, 202 Sex Ratio, 39, 199 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 114, 199 Shock, 109, 199, 204 Side effect, 56, 85, 98, 99, 127, 129, 155, 160, 167, 186, 199, 201, 203 Signal Transduction, 109, 199 Signs and Symptoms, 196, 199 Skeletal, 156, 185, 199 Small intestine, 170, 177, 179, 180, 199, 204, 206 Sneezing, 199, 201 Social Environment, 195, 199 Soft tissue, 98, 160, 199 Soft tissue sarcoma, 98, 199 Solid tumor, 9, 16, 94, 98, 101, 160, 169, 199 Somatic, 177, 185, 199, 202 Sound wave, 97, 199 Specialist, 145, 199 Species, 156, 163, 181, 185, 195, 199, 204, 206, 207 Specificity, 8, 12, 16, 200 Spectrum, 108, 200 Spermatids, 108, 200 Spermatocytes, 108, 200 Spermatogenesis, 4, 58, 106, 107, 110, 200 Spermatogonia, 108, 200 Spermatozoa, 23, 198, 200, 206 Spinal cord, 5, 53, 158, 161, 163, 171, 184, 187, 200 Spinal Cord Compression, 53, 200 Spinal Fractures, 200 Spleen, 168, 182, 200 Sporadic, 53, 192, 200 Staging, 33, 52, 197, 200 Steel, 200, 205 Stem cell transplantation, 43, 63, 75, 83, 88, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101, 200 Stem Cells, 108, 190, 200 Sterile, 5, 158, 200 Sterility, 122, 167, 179, 201 Steroid, 20, 100, 106, 111, 167, 188, 197, 201 Steroid therapy, 100, 201 Stimulus, 181, 201, 202 Stomach, 17, 155, 169, 172, 173, 174, 177, 180, 199, 200, 201 Stool, 179, 181, 201 Strand, 7, 192, 201 Stress, 17, 113, 188, 193, 201
Stress incontinence, 113, 201 Stroke, 103, 134, 162, 201 Stromal, 161, 171, 201 Subacute, 16, 179, 201 Subclinical, 9, 179, 198, 201 Substance P, 184, 197, 201 Superoxide, 17, 201 Superoxide Dismutase, 17, 201 Supportive care, 189, 201 Suppression, 167, 169, 201 Symphysis, 193, 201 Synaptic, 199, 201 Systemic, 16, 128, 160, 168, 179, 180, 195, 202, 207 Systolic, 177, 202 T Telomerase, 32, 202 Telomere, 10, 202 Teratoma, 50, 95, 163, 187, 202 Terminator, 164, 202 Testicles, 3, 4, 19, 97, 143, 167, 188, 197, 198, 202, 206 Testis, 3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 30, 33, 45, 47, 64, 111, 163, 172, 188, 202 Testosterone, 20, 202 Thalamic, 158, 202 Thalamic Diseases, 158, 202 Therapeutics, 129, 202 Thigh, 175, 202 Thiotepa, 100, 101, 202 Thorax, 155, 182, 202 Threonine, 109, 194, 198, 202 Threshold, 37, 177, 202 Thrombectomy, 32, 170, 202 Thrombin, 191, 193, 203 Thrombomodulin, 193, 203 Thrombosis, 32, 193, 201, 203 Thymoma, 13, 203 Thymus, 71, 182, 203 Tin, 191, 203 Tissue, 8, 10, 13, 15, 45, 98, 107, 108, 110, 157, 159, 160, 161, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 191, 196, 199, 202, 203, 205 Tissue Kallikreins, 45, 203 Toilet Training, 114, 203 Tomography, 33, 96, 203 Torsion, 4, 179, 203 Toxic, iv, 11, 159, 166, 168, 171, 178, 183, 187, 191, 192, 202, 203
Index 219
Toxicity, 10, 11, 12, 16, 35, 44, 50, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74, 80, 82, 83, 87, 162, 170, 203 Toxicology, 136, 203 Toxins, 157, 170, 171, 179, 195, 203 Trace element, 164, 203 Transcriptase, 202, 203 Transcription Factors, 21, 203 Transduction, 109, 199, 203 Transfection, 160, 203 Transferases, 17, 204 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 16, 204 Transitional cell carcinoma, 4, 5, 204 Translation, 195, 204 Translational, 6, 8, 10, 18, 204 Transmitter, 183, 204 Transurethral, 5, 204 Trauma, 159, 168, 186, 202, 204 Treatment Failure, 75, 89, 204 Treatment Outcome, 46, 83, 204 Tricyclic, 4, 204 Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion, 38, 204 Trinucleotide Repeats, 204 Trypsin, 203, 204, 207 Tryptophan, 198, 204 Tuberculosis, 166, 204 Tumor marker, 14, 160, 204 Tumor suppressor gene, 110, 205 Tumour, 41, 75, 89, 205 U Unconscious, 178, 205 Unresectable, 54, 205 Ureter, 196, 204, 205 Urethra, 159, 178, 189, 193, 204, 205 Urinary, 5, 10, 14, 35, 39, 46, 64, 65, 72, 82, 89, 95, 99, 108, 109, 113, 114, 161, 167, 174, 179, 205 Urinary Retention, 109, 205 Urinary tract, 5, 113, 205 Urinary tract infection, 5, 205 Urinate, 203, 205 Urine, 114, 159, 160, 167, 172, 179, 181, 194, 196, 201, 205 Urogenital, 4, 37, 174, 205 Urogenital Diseases, 205 Urologic Diseases, 3, 114, 205 Uterus, 97, 167, 171, 172, 174, 185, 188, 193, 205 V Vaccine, 155, 194, 205
Vagina, 169, 205 Valves, 159, 205 Vanadium, 15, 205 Varices, 159, 205 Varicocele, 143, 206 Vas Deferens, 143, 206 Vascular, 65, 70, 86, 179, 191, 206 Vasectomy, 65, 66, 114, 144, 206 Vasodilation, 156, 206 Vasodilator, 156, 206 VE, 52, 56, 206 Vector, 203, 206 Vein, 32, 33, 143, 179, 180, 187, 190, 206 Vena, 56, 206 Venous, 193, 206 Ventral, 58, 192, 206 Vertebrae, 200, 206 Vertebral, 200, 206 Veterinary Medicine, 135, 206 Villi, 177, 206 Villus, 177, 206 Vinblastine, 12, 29, 34, 70, 74, 80, 101, 128, 206 Vinca Alkaloids, 206 Vincristine, 16, 206 Viral, 13, 109, 155, 170, 203, 206 Virulence, 158, 203, 206 Virus, 13, 66, 159, 174, 180, 203, 206 Viscosity, 155, 206 Vitro, 8, 10, 13, 206 Vivo, 6, 8, 16, 207 W Wakefulness, 168, 207 White blood cell, 155, 157, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 191, 207 Withdrawal, 168, 207 Womb, 205, 207 X Xenograft, 16, 157, 207 Xeroderma Pigmentosum, 53, 207 X-ray, 9, 60, 97, 160, 165, 166, 173, 180, 187, 195, 197, 207 X-ray therapy, 181, 207 Y Yeasts, 173, 190, 207 Yolk Sac, 187, 207 Z Zygote, 166, 207 Zymogen, 193, 207
220 Testicular Cancer
