Cancer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CANCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P AR...

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CANCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cancer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84263-9 1. Cancer-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cancer. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CANCER .................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cancer ......................................................................................... 14 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 75 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 82 Academic Periodicals covering Cancer ...................................................................................... 127 Dissertations on Cancer............................................................................................................. 127 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CANCER ........................................................................................ 167 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 167 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cancer........................................................................................ 167 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 183 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 183 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CANCER .................................................................. 197 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 197 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 197 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 199 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 228 General References ..................................................................................................................... 268 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CANCER ............................................................................... 269 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 269 Recent Trials on Cancer............................................................................................................. 269 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 286 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CANCER ............................................................................................... 289 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 289 Patents on Cancer ...................................................................................................................... 289 Patent Applications on Cancer .................................................................................................. 315 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 339 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CANCER................................................................................................... 341 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 341 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 341 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 343 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 343 Chapters on Cancer.................................................................................................................... 346 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 349 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON CANCER ........................................................................................ 353 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 353 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 353 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 355 Bibliography: Multimedia on Cancer......................................................................................... 355 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 359 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 359 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 359 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 370 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 371 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 381 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 381 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 381 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 383 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 391

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The Genome Project and Cancer ................................................................................................ 391 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 401 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 401 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 401 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 486 Newsletters on Cancer ............................................................................................................... 487 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 488 Associations and Cancer ............................................................................................................ 495 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 512 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 515 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 515 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 515 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 515 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 515 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 521 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 526 CANCER DICTIONARY.............................................................................................................. 527 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 635

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cancer is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cancer, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cancer, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cancer. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cancer, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cancer. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cancer.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cancer, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Anorectal Dysfunction After Surgical Treatment for Cervical Cancer Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 195(4): 513-519. December 2002. Contact: Available from Journal of the American College of Surgeons. P.O. Box 2127, Marion, OH 43306-8227. (800) 214-8489 or (740) 382-3322. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: Although bowel symptoms and complaints are common after radical hysterectomy, the effects of operation on anorectal function are incompletely understood. This article reports on a prospective pilot study that evaluated the incidence of bowel symptoms, changes in anorectal physiology, and quality of life after radical hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) in 11 patients. The mean age was 45.3 years (range 34 to 56 years) and four of the patients were postmenopausal. Resting and squeeze sphincter pressures, volume of saline infused at first leak, total volume retained,

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and threshold volume for maximum tolerable volume were all decreased significantly after operation. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency increased bilaterally. There were no significant differences in sensory thresholds. At 18 months, 2 women reported constipation, 6 reported flatus incontinence (involuntary loss of gas), and 2 reported fecal incontinence (involuntary loss of feces). The total quality of life score declined at 6 weeks but then improved significantly by 6 months. The authors conclude that bowel dysfunction is common after radical hysterectomy. Many women exhibit manometric and subjective changes compatible with fecal incontinence. 2 figures. 3 tables. 26 references. •

Speech Rehabilitation After Treatment of Laryngeal Carcinoma Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 30(2): 179-188. April 1997. Summary: Although laryngeal carcinoma is highly curable in its early stages, treatment initially alters the voice or results in a complete loss of voice. Depending on the glottic staging and classification of the site and extent of the lesion, treatment of laryngeal carcinoma may range from minimal anatomic laryngeal alteration to total removal of the larynx and surrounding muscles. Regardless of stage or treatment, virtually all patients experience some change in voice. This article addresses voice rehabilitation after the surgical treatment of laryngeal carcinoma. Rehabilitation is discussed first for patients who have undergone nontotal laryngectomy, then for patients after total laryngectomy; the author discusses the preoperative visit, esophageal speech, the consonant injection method, the glossopharyngeal press method, and the inhalation method. Other topics covered include tracheoesophageal speech, the artificial larynx, dysphagia management after treatment for laryngeal carcinoma, and hemilaryngectomy. 20 references. (AA-M).

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis C in the United States Source: Hepatology. 36(5 Supplemental 1): S74-S83. November 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 19106-3399. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This article explores the interrelationship between HCC and hepatitis C. In general, HCC develops only after two or more decades of HCV infection and the increased risk is restricted largely to patients with cirrhosis (scarring) or advanced fibrosis. Factors that predispose to HCC among HCV-infected persons include male sex, older age, hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection, heavy alcohol intake, and possibly diabetes and a transfusion-related source of HCV infection. Viral factors play a minor role. The likelihood of development of HCC among HCV-infected persons is difficult to determine because of the lack of adequate long term cohort studies; the best estimate is 1 to 3 percent after 30 years. Once cirrhosis is established, however, HCC develops at an annual rate of 1 to 4 percent. Successful antiviral therapy of patients with HCV-related cirrhosis may reduce their future risk for HCC. The incidence of and mortality caused by all HCC has doubled in the United States over the past 25 years, an increase that has affected all ethnic groups, both sexes, and younger age groups. Given the current prevalence of HCV infection among persons 30 to 50 years of age, the incidence and mortality rates of HCC are likely to double in the United States over the next 10 to 20 years. Future research should focus on improving understanding of the incidence and risk factors for HCC, causes of HCV-related carcinogenesis (development of cancer), means of early detection, and better treatment for HCC. 5 figures. 3 tables. 88 references.

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Genetic Testing and Counseling for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16(11): 1843-1857. November 2002. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death, after lung cancer, in the United States. The great majority (80 percent) of patients with colorectal cancer have sporadic disease with no evidence of having inherited this disorder. In the remaining 20 percent, a potentially definable genetic component exists. With the discovery of gene mutations related to hereditary colorectal cancer, risk assessment based on genetic test results is now feasible. This review article focuses on the two welldescribed colorectal cancer genetic syndromes: familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, the process of genetic counseling, currently available genetic tests, and indications for their use. 5 figures. 5 tables. 115 references.

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Colorectal Cancer: Racial and Ethnic Differences Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 26(7): 27-28, 31-32, 34, 39-40. July 2002. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing. 12 Moniebogue Lane, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (516) 288-4404. Fax (516) 288-4435. Summary: Colorectal cancer was the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer related death in the United States for the year 2000. It is estimated that 138,900 new cases were diagnosed in 2001. This article reviews the racial and ethnic differences in colorectal cancer. Screening for colorectal cancer in average risk patients (asymptomatic patients over the age of 50 with no personal or high risk family history) consists of annual fecal occult blood testing combined with a flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years or total colonic examination via a colonoscopy every ten years or an air-contrast barium enema every five years. Studies have shown that there are ethnic and racial differences in the incidence, location, and mortality associated with colorectal cancer, with the highest incidence and mortality occurring in AfricanAmericans. There have been many theories as to why this discrepancy exists, including genetic factors, diet, and access to health care. Ultimately, the key to decreasing the mortality related to colorectal cancer is to increase patient awareness of their individual risk for colon cancer and the primary preventive measures that will decrease that risk. Health care providers need to be able to categorize their patients into average or high risk groups, recommend the appropriate screening procedure, and encourage patients to follow through with the recommendations. 3 figures. 2 tables. 40 references.

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Dysphonia Following Nonsurgical Management of Advanced Laryngeal Carcinoma Source: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 5(3): 47-52. August 1996. Summary: Recently, there has been a trend in the management of advanced laryngeal cancer to treat patients with radiation therapy or chemotherapy with the intent of larynx preservation. Although such organ preservation treatment may render the patient free of disease, voice complaints and communicative disabilities frequently continue. This article discusses how advanced glottic cancer and its treatment may contribute to vocal disturbance. The authors provide some illustrative case examples, and suggest how the clinician can best devise strategies for management. These dysphonias represent a new challenge for the voice clinician, who must help the patient cope with what are often

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highly variable and unpredictable vocal characteristics. 3 figures. 1 table. 44 references. (AA-M). •

Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Synergism of Alcohol with Viral Hepatitis and Diabetes Mellitus Source: Hepatology. 36(5): 1206-1213. November 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 19106-3399. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, liver cancer) are well documented, but the synergisms between these risk factors are not well examined. This article reports on a hospital-based, case-control study that included 115 HCC patients and 230 non-liver cancer control patients. Odds ratios were 15.3 for anti-HCV antigen, 12.6 for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 4.5 for heavy alcohol consumption, and 4.3 for diabetes mellitus. Synergistic interactions on the additive model were observed between heavy alcohol consumption and chronic hepatitis virus infection and diabetes mellitus. Independent of the effect of HCV, HBV, and diabetes mellitus, heavy alcohol consumption contributes to the majority of HCC cases (32 percent), whereas 22 percent, 16 percent, and 20 percent were explained by HCV, HBV, and diabetes mellitus, respectively. The authors conclude that the significant synergy between heavy alcohol consumption, hepatitis virus infection, and diabetes mellitus may suggest a common pathway for hepatocarcinogenesis (development of liver cancer). 3 tables. 38 references.

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Surgical Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 16(3): 221-232. August 1995. Summary: The surgical treatment of laryngeal cancer requires appropriate diagnosis and staging. An understanding of laryngeal anatomy plays an essential part in the method of resection and rehabilitation. In this article, the authors discuss laryngectomy, both conservation and total, and methods of voice restoration. Topics include laryngeal anatomy, malignant pathology of the larynx, diagnosis of laryngeal cancer, staging of laryngeal cancer, microlaryngoscopy with laser, laryngofissure, vertical laryngectomy, horizontal laryngectomy, total laryngectomy, voice restoration postlaryngectomy, secondary voice restoration, primary tracheoesophageal puncture, and future surgical treatment of laryngeal cancer. Conservation surgery is performed to remove the entire cancer while preserving the functions of respiration, swallowing, and speech. The total laryngectomy remains the standard of care by which all conservation surgical procedures must be judged, and it differs from all conservative procedures by requiring a tracheostoma. Appended to the article are self-assessment test questions. 3 tables. 12 references. (AA-M).

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Laryngeal Cancer in Children and Adolescents Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 30(2): 207-214. April 1997. Summary: This article describes the incidence, diagnosis, and management of laryngeal cancer in children and adolescents. The authors note that, in this population, malignant tumors of the larynx are rare. Delay in diagnosis is common because the presenting symptoms are often mistaken for inflammatory or benign laryngeal disease. The physician is advised to maintain a high index of suspicion in a patient with progressive airway obstruction, dysphagia, or dysphonia. Data on treatment options and outcomes are limited due to the rarity of laryngeal cancer in children. However, the authors

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present treatment and rehabilitation recommendations for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, rhabdomyosarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, salivary gland carcinoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and laryngeal metastases. The authors include a brief section on the complications of treatment. The authors support the concept of the establishment of a pediatric head and neck tumor registry, with a listing of histologic findings, treatment protocols, and outcomes; this could lead to new ideas and improved treatment modalities. 33 references. (AA-M). •

Speech Outcomes After Laryngeal Cancer Management Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 30(2): 189-205. April 1997. Summary: This article discusses speech outcomes after laryngeal cancer management. The authors note that traditional oncologic thinking has focused on local control and survival when measuring outcomes of laryngeal cancer management. However, if two different treatments lead to similar local control and survival, voice quality can then be considered. Posttreatment voice results can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life and his or her ability to maintain employment. Topics include carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma, radiation therapy, partial CO2 laser cordectomy, a comparison of radiation therapy and partial cordectomy, total cordectomy, hemilaryngectomy, extended partial laryngectomies, organ preservation therapy, alaryngeal communication methods (artificial larynx, esophageal speech, and tracheoesophageal [TE] speech), prosthesis types, and voice restoration after free flap reconstruction. The authors emphasize the need for otolaryngologists to stay well informed about the treatment options for laryngeal cancer and the expected voice results for each. 1 table. 71 references.

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Coping with Laryngeal Cancer Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 16(3): 180-190. August 1995. Summary: This article focuses on ways to minimize or compensate for problems with respiration and phonation after surgery for laryngeal cancer (laryngectomy, or removal of the larynx). The author notes that the loss of laryngeal voice has been cited as the primary result of total laryngectomy, but the loss of the larynx may have even greater significance in requiring an alternative avenue for respiration. Topics include the impact of the absence of breathing through the nose; the impact of not breathing through the mouth, throat and larynx; the impact of laryngectomy on the sense of smell; phonation; alaryngeal speech; tracheoesophageal speech; esophageal speech; and surgical and nonsurgical techniques in the current management of patients with laryngeal cancer. The authors conclude that managing voice for persons with laryngeal cancer that results in total laryngectomy parallels that for persons with benign laryngeal lesions. Procedures to increase tension are used for hypotonicity or vocal cord paralyses, while those intended to decrease tension are applied for hypertonicity or spasmodic dysphonia. At the same time, of course, these tensions are managed in the context of their effects on respiration. Insufficient tension leads to aspiration or aerophagia; too much tension leads to obstructed respiration or deglutition. 37 references. (AA-M).

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Canadian Cancer Society Information Services: Lessons Learned About Complementary Medicine Information Needs Source: Chronic Diseases in Canada. 22(3-4): 102-107. 2001. Summary: This article identifies the information needs of people who called the Canadian Cancer Society's Cancer Information Service (CIS) requesting information on

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complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cancer. The article reviews the findings from a study of 109 callers who inquired about CAM therapies, including the demographics of the callers, the types of inquiries, and the resources used by Information Specialists to answer CAM-related calls. An appendix that outlines some current CAM resources and Web sites for cancer patients are included. 1 Appendix. •

Assessment and Management of Cancer Pain in the Cognitively Impaired Elderly Source: Geriatric Nursing. 20(5): 249-254. 1999. Summary: This article presents a protocol for the assessment and management of cancer pain in older patients with cognitive impairment. The first part discusses the assessment of pain type and source, complications caused by atypical illness presentation in the elderly, behavioral change as a possible indicator of pain, and common causes of confusion in the elderly (delirium, dementia, and depression). The second part discusses the management of cancer pain using conventional drug and alternative therapies. It summarizes the World Health Organization's guidelines for managing cancer pain and suggests using this approach in combination with behavior modification for elderly patients with dementia. 2 tables, 12 references.

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Complementary Therapies: A Survey of NCI Cancer Patient Educators Source: Cancer Practice. 8(3): 143-144. May/June 2000. Summary: This article provides information about a survey of National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer patient educators to determine how complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) resources are accessed and to study how CAM services are integrated into existing patient education services. It discusses the survey findings and also reviews the role of the cancer patient educator and the Cancer Patient Education Network. Future directions for research, including a follow-up survey, are detailed. 4 references.

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Outcomes Analysis of Voice and Quality of Life in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer Source: Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 124(2): 143-148. February 1998. Summary: This article reports on a study assessing relationships between voice satisfaction and global quality of life in patients who have been treated for laryngeal cancer. The cross-sectional survey included eighty patients who had completed treatment for laryngeal cancer with either total laryngectomy (n = 17), radiotherapy (n = 24), or both (n = 39). Self-rated global health did not correlate significantly with emotional, functional, or physical voice handicap, although some subscales on the 36item short form health survey correlated with voice handicap scores. Global health scores did not differ between patients who had undergone laryngectomy with a tracheoesophageal puncture and patients treated with radiotherapy only. Physical voice handicap scores did not differ significantly between those who underwent tracheoesophageal puncture and those who had radiotherapy, but emotional and functional handicap scores were lower in patients treated with radiotherapy. The data demonstrate that health status is affected by other factors than voice handicap in patients with laryngeal cancer. In addition, there is a large amount of individual variation in voice handicap after treatment. The authors call for additional studies assessing voice handicap and quality of life after treatment for laryngeal cancer. 1 figure. 5 tables. 19 references. (AA-M).

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Swallowing Function in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Prior to Treatment Source: Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 126(3): 371-377. March 2000. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Subscriber Services, P.O. 10946, Chicago, IL 60610-0946. (800) 262-3250 or (312) 670-7827. Fax (312) 464-5831. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ama-assn.org/oto. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to define the site specific swallowing dysfunctions of patients with head and neck cancer, with respect to tumor site and stage. The sites were defined by videofluoroscopic oropharyngeal motility (OPM) study prior to initiation of treatment. The study featured a consecutive sample of 79 patients with stage III or IV head and neck cancer without prior treatment or tracheotomy. Patients were divided into groups according to tumor site: oral cavity (n = 7), oropharynx (n = 27), larynx (n = 24), and hypopharynx (n = 10). Patients with sinonasal, nasopharyngeal, and unknown primary carcinomas served as the comparison group (n = 11). All patients underwent OPM study prior to treatment. Aspiration status, cervical (neck) esophageal impairment, and pharyngeal impairment examined as a function of disease site showed statistically significant differences between groups, with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal sites revealing the most severe dysfunctions. The Swallowing Performance Status Scale (SPSS) score was found to be a good global measure of swallowing dysfunction. In addition, significant site specific dysfunctions are found when the OPM study is analyzed via its separate parameters. The authors conclude that it is critical to compare posttreatment function with baseline pretreatment dysfunction. The study data entry form is reproduced in one figure. 1 figure. 4 tables. 21 references.

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Comparison of Physician and Patient Perspectives on Unconventional Cancer Therapies Source: Psychooncology. 7(6): 445-452. November-December 1998. Summary: This articles compares two related studies about unconventional cancer therapies in which patients and physicians were interviewed about their experiences and opinions. It provides information about the general agreement among physicians and patients about the importance of providing access to information about unconventional approaches for interested patients. It also reviews the substantial differences in perspective on other issues, including: what constitutes 'unconventional', the helpfulness of typical physician responses to patients interested in or using unconventional therapies, the proper interface between practitioners of conventional and unconventional therapies, the reasons for communication problems (related to unconventional therapies) between physicians and patients, and the proper criteria for making decisions about unconventional therapies. The article cites the need for cancer specialists, family physicians, and other health professionals to look for ways to better understand and meet the needs of their patients with interests in unconventional approaches.

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Psychosocial Adjustment in Patients Surgically Treated for Laryngeal Cancer Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. July 2003. 129:92-7. Contact: Available from Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Dr Peset, and the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Velencia, Spain. E-mail: [email protected].

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Summary: This authors report on a study, the objective of which is to assess the psychological adjustment of 62 patients surgically treated for cancer of the head and neck. Forty-one of the patients were grouped as having radical surgeries, and 21 as having partial surgeries. The Psychological Adjustment to Illness-Scale Self Report (PAIS-SR) was used in the evaluation. •

Discussing Complementary Therapies With Cancer Patients: What Should We Be Talking About? (editorial) Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18(3): 2501-2504. July 2000. Summary: This editorial discusses the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by cancer patients and the implications for oncologists. The author highlights findings from two recent studies of CAM use among cancer patients. In the study by M.A. Richardson and colleagues (see AMJA02604), 83 percent of patients across a spectrum of malignancies and disease stages reported using CAM, including 69 percent who used some modality other than spirituality or psychotherapy. In the study by H. Boon and colleagues (see AMJA02603), the prevalence rate for CAM use among breast cancer patients was 67 percent. In both studies, cancer patients used a large number of CAM therapies and did so to improve quality of life, feel hopeful, gain control, and obtain relief from symptoms or side effects of conventional treatment. However, the available data suggest that patients are using CAM in conjunction with, not instead of, standard oncologic care. The author concludes that oncologists should directly ask patients if they are using CAM and what they expect from the CAM therapy. Oncologists also need to better address patients' needs for management of pain, anxiety or mood disorders, sleep disturbance, and other symptoms, and to offer patients greater empowerment and choice by encouraging them to participate more directly in the clinical decision-making process. The article has 19 references.

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Dementia and Cancer: A Comparison of Spouse Caregivers Source: Gerontologist. 33(4): 534-541. August 1993. Summary: This journal article describes a study that compared the well being of 272 spouse caregivers of dementia patients with that of 30 spouse caregivers of cancer patients. The two groups were compared on multiple indicators relating to sociodemographic characteristics, need for caregiving, caregivers' physical and emotional health, caregivers' social life, and financial status. The results showed that the dementia caregivers were more adversely affected by their role across all dimensions of well being. The group differences were not explained by either illness duration or caregivers' employment status. For both groups, younger spouse caregivers reported lower levels of well being than did older spouse caregivers. Younger caregivers reported taking more antianxiety and antidepressant drugs, more negative affect, more stress symptoms, feeling more overwhelmed, feeling more alone, and being more dissatisfied with the frequency of social contacts. 30 references.

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AIDS and Cancer: A Look at the Similarities Source: CATF News; Vol. 9, No. 1. Contact: Columbus AIDS Task Force, Client Services, 1500 W 3rd Ave Ste 329, Columbus, OH, 43212, (614) 299-2437. Summary: This journal article discusses parallels in the disease processes of AIDS and cancer that make what is learned in one field applicable to the other. It focuses on the

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promise of immune-based therapies and vaccine development. The article outlines the following factors: abnormal cell development, the pathogenic process, antigenic modulation, apoptosis, latent cellular states, resistance to chemotherapy, multi-drug treatment regimens, and the relationship between immune deficiency and cancer. •

National Cancer Institute's OCCAM Partners With NCCAM to Expand Research on Unconventional Cancer Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 5(4): 26-30. July 1999. Summary: This journal article discusses the recent establishment of the Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM) within the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and its partnership with the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Dr. J.D. White, director of the OCCAM, is the official liaison with other institutes and offices concerning alternative medicine research projects. Two cooperative NCI research projects involving complementary medicine had already been funded when the OCCAM was established. One is a phase III trial of the Gonzales protocol for pancreatic cancer, and the other is a phase II trial of shark cartilage for stages IIIA and IIIB lung cancer. To help advance additional high quality cancer research, Dr. White is working to develop the NCI's best case series, the process by which researchers submit their well-documented case reports for independent evaluation. The NCCAM's newly established Cancer Advisory Panel helps the OCCAM review the case studies of alternative cancer therapies, and makes recommendations about how to follow up on these evaluations. Areas of interest for future research projects include folk beliefs and practices and palliative care.

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Evaluating Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Cancer Patients Source: CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 49(6): 362-375. November-December 1999. Summary: This journal article examines the role of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for cancer patients. The author emphasizes that the term CAM encompasses a vast collection of diverse regimens and products ranging from adjunctive modalities that enhance quality of life and may have antitumor activity to bogus therapies that claim to cure cancer and may harm patients. The first part of this article provides background information about the definitions of 'alternative' and 'complementary,' the risks of using alternative therapies for cancer, the prevalence of CAM use by cancer patients, the quality of information about CAM, mainstream medicine's reaction to CAM, and CAM costs and insurance coverage. The second part reviews popular CAM therapies used by cancer patients, many of which are unproven methods promoted as alternatives to conventional treatments, according to the author. These include diet and nutritional therapies, mind-body techniques, alternative medical systems, metabolic therapy, pharmacologic and biologic treatments, manual healing methods, and herbal remedies. The article includes 3 tables listing potentially useful herbal remedies, herbal products that may have serious side effects, and reputable sources of information about CAM; it has 60 references.

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Photodynamic Therapy Effective for Skin Cancer Source: Skin and Allergy News. 28(1):9; January 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals discusses the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of basal and squamous cell skin cancer. Deltaaminolevulinic acid, which is the only photodynamic drug available in topical form, penetrates the abnormal epidermis over basal and squamous cell carcinomas and forces

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tumor cells to produce heme until they deplete themselves of iron. Following iron depletion, protoporphyrin accumulates and the cancers photosensitize themselves. Exposure to red light at about 630 nm is used to ultimately kill the cancer cells. Blue or green light can be used effectively for superficial skin lesions. •

Current Status of Cancer Patients' Perception of Alternative Medicine in Japan: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Survey Source: Support Care Cancer. 8(1): 28-32. January 2000. Summary: This journal article presents a survey of cancer patients' perceptions of alternative medicine in Japan. A total of 192 cancer patients at the National Shikoku Cancer Center completed a questionnaire on January 13-14, 1999. Sixty-two patients (32 percent) were users of alternative unproven therapies, and 115 patients (60 patients) had never used such therapies. Users were significantly younger than never-users (average age 56.1 versus 62.5 years), and were significantly more likely to have a college education. When users were asked what they wanted to achieve with alternative medicine, the most common responses were something better than current treatment, suppression of cancer progression, and cure. When asked if the alternative treatment worked as well as expected, 12 patients said yes, 1 said no, 46 gave neither response, and 3 did not answer. Eleven users said they would strongly recommend the therapy to other patients, 13 patients said they would not, and 32 gave neither reply. Eleven users said their doctors were not interested in talking about alternative medicine, and 32 users did not talk to their doctors about such topics. The article has 3 figures, 2 tables, and 5 references.

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Complementary Therapies in Palliative Cancer Care Source: Cancer. 91(11): 2181-2185. June 1, 2001. Summary: This journal article provides an overview of complementary therapies for palliative cancer care. First, it discusses the difference between alternative cancer 'cures' and complementary cancer care, including the potential dangers of alternative treatments and the goals of complementary medicine in palliative care. Then, it reviews evidence from exemplary studies and (where available) systematic reviews of selected complementary therapies used for palliative cancer care, including acupuncture, aromatherapy, enzyme therapy, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, massage, reflexology, relaxation, and spiritual healing. The author concludes that complementary medicine has some potential in palliative and supportive cancer care, although the evidence is not compelling for any of the therapies reviewed. He calls for further research in this area. The article has 1 table and 49 references.

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Skin Cancer Primer for Primary Care, A Source: JAAPA: Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 14(4): 1314,16,21,22,25-26. April 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of skin cancers. Skin cancers can be divided into nonmelanoma and melanoma. The nonmelanoma group comprises basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Nonmelanoma cancers are highly treatable and rarely metastasize. Melanoma has a much higher mortality rate than nonmelanoma skin cancers. The number one risk factor for the development of premalignant and malignant skin neoplasms is sun exposure. Chronic sun exposure places a person at risk for actinic keratoses, BCC, and SCC. Episodic sunburns, particularly in childhood,

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increase the risk of malignant melanoma. Other risk factors include skin complexion, tolerance to sun exposure, ethnicity, degree of freckling, geographic location, history of malignant or premalignant skin lesions, exposure to ionizing radiation, chronic skin irritation, and immunosuppression. BBC is the most common skin cancer, and BBC lesions are typically located on the face and dorsum of the hands and forearms. BBC can be classified as nodulo ulcerative, superficial, morphealike, and pigmented. Definitive diagnosis requires a shave or full thickness punch biopsy. Therapeutic options for BBC depend on various factors, and they include electrodesiccation and curettage; Mohs' micrographic surgery; cryotherapy; and coned down, fractionated radiation therapy. SCC is the second most common cutaneous malignancy, occurring most frequently on sun exposed areas of the skin. The differential diagnosis includes actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, keratoacanthoma, amelanotic melanoma, BCC, and verrucae. SCC is diagnosed with a full thickness punch biopsy. Therapeutic options include cryotherapy, excision with Mohs' micrographic surgery, and topical chemotherapy. Melanoma is a malignancy of melanocytes and nevus cells that appears clinically as a mole. The disease is evaluated on the basis of depth of invasion into the skin and thickness. A changing nevus is the most important sign or symptom for melanoma. Types include superficial spreading melanoma, nodulo ulcerative melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, and acral lentiginous melanoma. Excision with narrow margins is the treatment of choice. 3 figures and 14 references. •

How To Prevent Skin Cancer Source: Patient Care. 30(11):108; June 1996. Summary: This patient information sheet lists and briefly explains seven ways to prevent skin cancer. Among the suggested tips are avoiding too much sun exposure, using sunscreen when in the sun, protecting children from the sun, avoiding tanning salons, and using proper eye protection that specifically protects the eyes from ultraviolet light.

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Speech and Voice Rehabilitation of Patients Treated for Head and Neck Cancer Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 5(3): 161-166. June 1997. Summary: This review article addresses findings from recent literature relating to speech and voice rehabilitation following laryngectomy. Considerable diversity exists in the literature, but several areas of importance have emerged. These include clinical trends and performance for a variety of commercially available tracheoesophageal puncture voice prostheses, function of the postlaryngectomy voicing source, and postoperative speech and swallowing function following treatment for laryngeal cancer. The author discusses the research in these areas in a framework that centers on the comprehensive aspects of rehabilitation. The author concludes that advances in the area of prosthesis design have and will continue to offer patients a less problematic and viable postlaryngectomy communication option. 39 references (8 annotated). (AA-M).

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Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter Pylori Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16 (Supplement 4): 83-88. July 2002. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com.

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Summary: This review article discusses gastric (stomach) cancer, the second most common cause of death from malignancy in the world. The pathogenesis of stomach cancer is comparatively well understood and its etiology (cause) multifactorial. Noncardia gastric cancer usually arises in a stomach that has been inflamed over a long period and where atrophy and intestinal metaplasia have supervened. The most common cause of gastric inflammation is infection with Helicobacter pylori. Colonization with this organism increases the relative risk of developing stomach cancer by about six. The likelihood of stomach cancer increases with the severity and extent of the gastritis. Severity is influenced by the virulence of the infecting organism, the genetics of the host, bile reflux, dietary factors, and the presence of hypochlorhydria which influences the extent, as well as the severity, of the inflammation. The only predisposing factor which can easily be manipulated is H. pylori infection, which can be successfully treated in 80 to 90 percent of cases using a 1 week therapeutic regimen. 1 table. 27 references. •

Screening Tests for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A Systematic Review Source: Hepatology. 36(5 Supplemental 1): S84-S92. November 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 19106-3399. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: This systematic review article addresses two areas: the efficacy of using screening tests for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, liver cancer) in improving outcomes in chronic hepatitis C (HCV); and the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests for HCC in chronic HCV infection. The authors searched MEDLINE and other electronic databases for publications between January 1985 and March 2002. Additional articles were identified by reviewing pertinent articles and journals and by querying experts. Data collection involved paired reviewers who assessed the quality of each study and abstracted data. One nonrandomized prospective cohort study suggested that HCC was detected earlier and was more often resectable in patients who had twice yearly screening with serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and hepatic ultrasound than in patients who had usual care. Twenty-four studies, which included patients with chronic hepatitis B or C or both, addressed the sensitivities and specificities of screening tests. They were relatively consistent in showing that the sensitivity of serum AFP for detecting HCC usually was moderately high at 45 percent to 100 percent, with a specificity of 70 to 95 percent. The few studies that evaluated screening with ultrasound reported high specificity, but variable sensitivity. The authors conclude that screening of patients with chronic hepatitis C with AFP and ultrasound may improve detection of HCC, but studies are needed to determine whether screening improves clinical outcomes. 2 figures. 1 table. 51 references.

Federally Funded Research on Cancer The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cancer. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cancer. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cancer. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cancer: •

Project Title: AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION ANNUAL MEETING Principal Investigator & Institution: Michalek, Arthur M.; Dean, Roswell Park Graduate Division; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corp Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Funds are requested to provide partial support of the American Association for Cancer Education (AACE) Annual Meeting. Outside support for this meeting is critical in providing a high quality program and to attract new investigators to the area of cancer education. The 2003 meeting, to be held in Little Rock, Arkansas, will mark the 37th annual gathering of the Association. The theme for the upcoming meeting is "Cancer Education - A Solution to Health Disparities". This applies to professional and patient cancer education regarding cultural competency as well as community cancer education that focuses on the differences in the cancer incidence, prevalence, and mortality of cancer related to adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups. The object of the AACE, founded in 1947, is to foster cancer education by individuals throughout the world who either due to professional obligations or personal interest involved in cancer education. The association provides a forum for professionals concerned with the study and improvement of cancer education at the undergraduate, graduate, continuing professional, and paraprofessional levels. The Annual Meeting is not just for AACE members as we actively promote this meeting to all individuals interested in some facet of cancer education. The meeting typically attracts 150 to 200 participants. Meetings are held in fully accessible conference facilities with provisions made for those with visual or hearing impairments. Speakers and participants are from diverse disciplines, including physicians, dentists, nurses, scientists, health educators, and other professionals interested in cancer education. Cancer education efforts are related to prevention, early detection, treatment and rehabilitation. The meeting consists of pre=conference workshops, special plenary sessions as well as podium and poster presentations proffered by participants who submitted acceptable abstracts. Awards are given to the best posters, best paper, and the best student paper. Breakfast meetings are also held by the Special Sections of the AACE thus affording participants an opportunity to gather and discuss topics of mutual interest. Not only is the Annual Meeting a venue to learn about unique educational methods or new technological applications in cancer education, but it also serves as an "incubator" for new ideas. It presents an opportunity to network and pilot innovative approaches in cancer education. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKA NATIVE INITIATIVE ON CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaur, Judith S.; Associate Professor of Oncology; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations have very high incidence rates for specific cancer sites and poor survival rates for most cancers. This AI/AN Initiative on Cancer addresses comprehensive tribal cancer control through partnerships with The Network for Cancer Control Research among AI/AN Populations, tribes, multiple cancer centers, Cancer Information Services (CIS) and the American Cancer Society (ACS). This will tribes to 1) increase community awareness and understanding about cancer 2) provide training in cancer control research for AI/AN researchers, and 3) improve native community channels to NCI so that research can be specifically focused on issues that affect native people The specific aims to support these goals include: 1. Building infrastructure to support a nationwide AI/AN initiative 2. Increasing the number of AI/AN researchers, scientists, and medical students involved in cancer control activities in AI/AN communities 3. Developing, implementing, and assessing cancer education among AI/AN community members and their health care providers; 4. Strengthening collaborations of AI/AN communities with NIC, CIS, and ACS 5. Increasing the number of AI/AN patients in clinical trials (prevention, screening, treatment, and supportive care) 6. Providing feedback to the National Cancer Institute on community based priorities in the national cancer program These efforts should measurably increase awareness of the problem of cancer among AI/AN's and result in increased early detection of cancer. It may also increase the number of AI/AN patients seeking clinical trials. The research methods include established successful cancer control training techniques through the Native Researchers Training Program, development of mini-grants to tribes, specific scope of work agreements with CIS, and coordination with ACS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANN ARBOR REGIONAL CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Stella, Philip J.; Catherine Mc Auley Health Center Box 992, 5301 E Huron River Dr Ann Arbor, Mi 48106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The mission of the Ann Arbor Regional CCOP (AARCCOP) is to improve the oncologic health of the communities served by assuring patient access to and participation in state-of-the-art clinical trials and cancer prevention and control activities while contributing to knowledge development in the field of oncology care. The AARCCOP represents a proven resource with significant potential to serve the objectives of the National Cancer Institute?s CCOP program. First funded in 1994 as a single component CCOP with total annual accrual of 100 patients to treatment and cancer control trials, it now is comprised of seven component institutions with annual accrual of 250+ patients. The AARCCOP has worked thoughtfully and diligently to achieve the phenomenal growth experienced over a short seven-year period. This grant application encompasses and articulates an ever-expanding vision for the AARCCOP. To more accurately reflect and facilitate the AARCCOP?s growth strategies for the future, its name will change to the Michigan Cancer Research Consortium in Fall 2001. Not only does this name suggest a broader catchment area, but it supports the CCOP?s growing participation in translational research, the development of systems to recruit and engage physicians as investigators, continued work with professional

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organizations and third-party payers to expand funding, and implementation of methods to access and execute RO-l-funded clinical trials. Strategic initiatives to increase accrual and minority participation in clinical trials are delineated and provide the framework for our work. Of importance during this upcoming grant cycle will be the AARCCOP?s continued focus on improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of participation in clinical trials through expansion of its custom data management software system to include both a drug inventory management module and an IRB module. Key to streamlining CCOP operations will be the early development of the AARCCOP?s website; this will allow component sites to easily access information online. The AARCCOP is confident these goals will be accomplished because of the commitment and belief by investigators and staff that what they do is critically important for present and future oncologic care. Convinced that our patients are better served by the availability of a strong, quality-oriented, community research program, the Ann Arbor Regional CCOP is committed to being one of the most successful CCOPs in the country, contributing significantly to oncology clinical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BARRIERS TO ENROLLING THE ELDERLY IN CANCER TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gross, Cary P.; Assistant Professor; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): BACKGROUND: Elderly patients are currently underrepresented in cancer clinical trials. As a result, new evidence may not be generalizable to the population group that carries the greatest burden of illness. Access to clinical trials also offers patients the opportunity to receive the newest treatments and meticulous clinical care. In order to ensure that the clinical trial system is relevant and accessible to all patients with cancer, it is important to identify specific barriers to the enrollment of elderly cancer patients. SPECIFIC AIMS: 1) To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly cancer patients that are associated with clinical trial participation; 2) To identify institutional and organizational determinants of trial participation for elderly cancer patients; 3) To identify research centers that are particularly successful in enrolling elderly cancer patients into clinical trials, and determine whether the investigators' attitudes and enrollment strategies at these centers are different from those at centers that are less successful at enrolling elderly patients; and 4) To identify attitudes of elderly cancer patients towards participation in clinical trials. RESEARCH PLAN: First, we will perform a population-based analysis of barriers to the participation of elderly cancer patients with breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancer in clinical trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. The SEER-Medicare data will be used to estimate characteristics of incident cancer patients in the population. We will analyze the impact of patient and hospital characteristics, and health system factors such as managed care market penetration on the recruitment of elderly patients. Guided by these findings, we will then perform qualitative studies of elderly cancer patients as well as clinical investigators to ascertain their attitudes toward the participation of elderly patients in clinical trials. CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLAN: My career goal is to become an independent investigator, focusing on the quality of care for elderly patient with cancer-specifically on how new cancer therapies for elderly patients are evaluated and disseminated. In order to attain the necessary skills, I will work closely with my mentors on a rigorous program of research and independent study. Additionally, I will receive formal training in the Masters of Public Health program in Health Policy and Administration. SIGNIFICANCE: We hypothesize that patient

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reluctance, investigator attitudes, and the lack of insurance coverage for direct medical costs are crucial barriers to trial participation for elderly cancer patients. It is our hope that this work will facilitate the development of targeted and novel approaches to overcoming these barriers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PREDICTORS OF PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Rebbeck, Timothy R.; Associate Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Prostate cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in U.S. men. African American men have the highest prostate cancer incidence in the world, and significantly higher prostate cancer mortality than U.S. Caucasians. There is relatively little information available about the factors that may explain the disparity in outcomes related to prostate cancer across ethnicity. The objective of the present study is to examine the role of genes and screening behaviors in explaining differences in prostate cancer outcomes in African Americans and U.S. Caucasians. These candidate genes include those that regulate androgen metabolism (and thus may affect growth and differentiation of prostate tumors) as well as immunomodulatory genes (that may affect the body's response to the present of a tumor). In Specific Aim 1, we will systematically evaluate the relationship of candidate genes with characteristics of prostate tumors at the time of diagnosis (e.g., histopathological characteristics and prostate specific antigen levels), and compare these relationships between African American and Caucasian men. In Specific Aim 2, we propose to follow men who have undergone prostatectomy for treatment of their prostate cancer to determine whether genotypes and other factors predict biochemical relapse-free survival, and again compare these relationships between African American and Caucasian men. In Specific Aim 3, we propose to extend the analyses in Specific Aims 1 and 2 to consider the interaction of these predictors with prostate cancer screening practices to determine whether biological factors interact with behavioral (screening) factors to influence prostate cancer outcomes, and to compare these relationships between African American and Caucasian men. In order to address these hypotheses, we will undertake a study using an existing subject accrual system to identify a sample of 1000 incident prostate cancer cases who have undergone prostatectomy for the treatment of their cancer. Half of these will be African American and half will be Caucasian. Risk factor information will be obtained from a questionnaire interview, a biosample containing DNA will be collected using a noninvasive cheek swab method, and pathology information will be collected using a standardized medical record abstraction approach. Systematic follow-up of these men will be undertaken to ascertain their clinical status. We hypothesize that an understanding of the complex interplay of screening behaviors and genetic variability may identify the caseu of disparities in prostate cancer outcomes by ethnicity, and be used to more effectively apply prostate cancer prevention and control strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CALGB Principal Investigator & Institution: Bloomfield, Clara D.; Director; Internal Medicine; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003

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Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): This is a multi-disciplinary collaborative research project for the development of more effective methods of prevention, detection, and treatment of human cancer in all its forms. This research focuses the efforts of medical oncologists, surgeons, radiotherapists, psychiatrists, pathologists, basic scientists, statisticians, epidemiologists, nurses, pharmacists, and clinical research associates on well designed and conducted studies asking interrelated clinical and basic science questions whose answers contribute significantly to patient care and to reduction of cancer within populations at increased risk for its development. Included in this project are the following: (1) the exploration of new therapeutic agents, and their associated toxicities, through a wide range of neoplastic diseases in Phase I, II, and III studies; (2) the evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of new regimens including combinations of new and old agents in an effort to exploit synergistic combinations more effectively; (3) the development of multi-modal approaches to specific tumor problems using surgical, immunological, and radiotherapeutic measures in optimal combinations; (4) the involvement of pertinent basic science disciplines such as biochemistry, pharmacology, cellular biology, and mathematics in the formulation and execution of specific treatment protocols; (5) the improvement of cancer care in the community by using these programs in the educational effort directed at pre- and postdoctoral students, nurses, allied medical personnel and physicians; (6) the evaluation of biologic studies in correlation with clinical endpoints so as to build toward more rationally, based cancer management; (7) the evaluation of cancer control efforts such as early detection; and (8) the study of the psycho-social aspects of cancer. This application for permanent membership in the Cancer and Leukemia Group B represents a turning point in the cooperative group clinical research activities of The Ohio State University as it leaves its long-standing affiliation with the Southwest Oncology Group. Motivating this change is the recruitment of Drs. Clara D. Bloomfield, Michael A. Caligiuri, and Albert de la Chapelle. The research attributes of these outstanding investigators are synergistic with existing capabilities at Ohio State. Combining these separate strengths will enhance development of innovative clinical trials especially those with basic science correlates and strengthen Ohio State's cancer cooperative group participation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER AND ACUTE LEUKEMIA GROUP B (CALGB) INST GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Gelmann, Edward P.; Professor of Medicine & Cell Biology; None; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The overall objective of this project is to provide support for performance of clinical studies of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B at the Lombardi Cancer Center at Georgetown University Medical School. The LCC/GUMC is an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center. In 1988, Marc Lippman, M.D., assumed Directorship of the Lombardi Cancer Center. Under his direction, the Cancer Center was designated as a Federally Funded Cancer Center in 1989. The Cancer Center became a Federal designated "Comprehensive Cancer Center" in 1992, and the Cancer Center Support Grant was renewed in 1996 with an overall rating of "excellent to outstanding." During the previous funding period, LCC/GUMC has participated in CALGB studies as an unfunded affiliate institution of the University of Maryland Cancer Center. In March, 1997, the CALGB Board of Directors approved LCC/GUMC as a Main Member Institution. At that time, Dr. Daniel F. Hayes was named as Institutional Principal Investigator. LCC/GUMC will participate in the entire

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range of multimodatity clinical studies, including both therapeutic studies, correlative science studies. and companion studies of quality of life, survivorship, and cost effectiveness analyses. LCC faculty have been active in all three areas of CALGB activities: accrual, scientific leadership, and administrative tasks. As of May 1, 1997, 41 CALGB protocols were active at LCC/GUMC. A total of 129 patients have entered CALGB studies since LCC entered CALGB in 1990, with 78 of these during this funding period (1993-1996). Accrual has increased over the last three years: 1994, 10 patients; 1995, 26 patients, and 1996, 31 patients. 17 percent of these patients were from minority populations, and 69 percent of patients entered onto CALGB trials were women. A recent audit by CALGB rated LCC as "Acceptable." Several initiative are being used to increase accrual at LCC, including recruitment of onsite clinical faculty committed to clinical trials, organization of a highly coordinated Clinical Research Management Office, development of a clinical Research Consortium of off-site affiliates. and development of a Patient Accession Core Project. Lombardi has a major program to increase accrual of minorities and women to clinical trials, coordinated by the Associate Director of the Cancer Center, Dr. John Kemer. It is estimated that LCC will accrue 95 patients/year to CALCB therapeutic and companion studies. LCC faculty are already leaders in CALGB, with 12 cadre committee members, two of whom are Committee Chairs (Dr. Hayes, Solid Tumor Correlative Science; Dr. Raymond Weiss, Audit). Five faculty members are Study Chairs for 11 active CALGB trials or companion studies. Two faculty have two concepts under review that are likely to open in the next twelve months. Because of the depth of scientific accomplishments of the LCC faculty, it is anticipated that many more will assume leadership roles within CALGB now that LCC/GUMC has Main Member Status. Three faculty have had administrative roles, including Dr. Raymond Weiss who started and has been the only Chair of the Audit Committee. The LCC research infrastructure for clinical and translational science is substantial, and LCC faculty are expected to provide leadership in developing clinical and correlative science studies during the next funding cycle. In summary, with Main Membership status and maturation of the Cancer Center, the LCC is expected to become one of the leading institutions within the CALGB during the next five years. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B Principal Investigator & Institution: Crawford, Jeffrey; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): Duke Medical Center is currently completing its second five year grant cycle as a member of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). Throughout Duke's involvement with CALGB, this institution has consistently been one of the top institutions in overall patient accrual and specifically has been one of the leading institutions in patient accrual from a main member institution. Over the period of the last grant cycle, Duke has developed an affiliate program through the Duke Oncology Consortia (DOC) which involves cancer centers and hospitals throughout the Southeast United States. This affiliate membership is still growing in number of sites and level of participation in clinical trials. In addition, the Duke Oncology OutReach Services (DOORS) network provides onsite cancer care at small hospitals and clinics in neighboring counties. Both intramural and extramural clinical trial participation are coordinated through centralized clinical trials offices at Duke. This includes personnel support for core administrative functions, clinical trial coordination provided by disease and modality specific clinical research nurses, and

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data management and follow-up by dedicated CALGB data managers. This organizational structure is further strengthened by close interaction with the CALGB biostatistics and data management center under the direction of Dr. Stephen George who is also director of biostatistics for the Duke Cancer Center, Scientifically, Duke has active cadre members in all the disease and modality related CALGB committees. Duke investigators serve as study chairs on Phase III trials in AML, stage IV breast cancer, the national high priority trial of bone marrow transplant in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer patients (9082), as well as numerous Phase II studies. Duke is also a center for Phase I studies for pharmacology/experimental therapeutics. This has been further strengthened by the recruitment of Dr. Michael Colvin to become Director of the Cancer Center. Furthermore, Dr. Harvey J. Cohen, Director of the Aging Center has become an active member of CALGB and was instrumental in the formation and leadership of a working group evaluating cancer and aging. The recruitment of Dr. David Harpole in Thoracic Surgery, led to Duke becoming a major site for participation in CALGB surgical trials. Multimodality support has also been provided by active participation from other members of surgical oncology as well as radiation oncology, pathology, and correlative sciences. Areas of expansion by Duke investigators within CALGB over the next grant cycle will be particularly targeted to multimodality trials, Phase I studies, bone marrow transplant trials, and the continued participation in ongoing phase II and III trials. In addition, our participation in community trials addressing minority issues, gero-oncology, and cancer control will expand with the participation of Dr. Barbara Rimer and Dr. Colleen McBride. As a leading institution in CALGB activities over the last decade, Duke is looking forward to funding support appropriate to our current and anticipated level of patient accrual and scientific involvement in CALGB trials during the next grant cycle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B Principal Investigator & Institution: Schilsky, Richard L.; Associate Dean for Clinical Research; None; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The CALGB is comprised of 31 academic medical centers and over 185 affiliated community hospitals joined in the pursuit of improved cancer treatment and better understanding of tumor biology via the conduct of controlled clinical trials. Over 3000 members of the Group including oncology physicians, statisticians, clinical research associates, oncology nurses, pharmacists, epidemiologists, and basic scientists participate in these studies. From 25-35 phase III protocols are active at any one time, along with Phase II, Phase I and pilot studies required for the appropriate design of large scale randomized trials. In 1996 the CALGB accrued nearly 4700 entries to its protocols. Multidisciplinary disease committees of the Group design and implement protocols for the treatment of patients with leukemia, lymphoma, breast, respiratory, GI, and prostate cancer. Modality Committees, including Clinical Economics, Correlative Sciences, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Psycho-Oncology, Surgery, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, Transplantation, Oncology Nursing, and Clinical Research Associates serve as the sites for planning and implementing new approaches for these disciplines and most committees develop these concepts jointly with the appropriate Disease Committees. Major area of emphasis in CALGB include development of innovative treatments for patients with cancer; studies of molecular predictors of prognosis and response to therapy; studies of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of new and established anticancer drugs; evaluation of minimally

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invasive surgical techniques; determining the cost and cost-effectiveness of new cancer therapies; evaluating the impact of cancer and its treatment on the quality of life of cancer patients and their caregivers; developing new strategies for cancer prevention; and addressing the needs of special populations, particularly minorities and the elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B (CALGB) Principal Investigator & Institution: Ernstoff, Marc S.; Medicine; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): Patients with breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal malignancies, prostate carcinoma, leukemia and lymphoma and other malignancies will be entered into therapeutic, cancer control and correlative science trials developed by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). A broader base for recruitment of patients to CALGB has been established in much of New Hampshire, eastern Vermont and northern Massachusetts through the eight member Cooperative Group Oncology Program, and with this network it is planned to increase the numbers of patients accrued to CALGB studies. Dartmouth will continue to make significant contributions to the scientific and administrative activities of CALGB. Within the Norris Cotton Cancer Center (NCCC) strategies to refocus the scientific directions will allow more translational programs to be piloted for future testing in the CALGB setting. The six areas of development are immunotherapy, retinoid development, clinical pharmacology, genetics and gene modulation, drug development and interactions with radiation, tumor markers, pain and psychosocial initiatives. It is anticipated that phase I, II and pilot clinical trials currently underway at the Norris Cotton Cancer Center will soon be ready for expanded trials in CALGB. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B--MINNESOTA ONCOLOGY GROUP Principal Investigator & Institution: Peterson, Bruce A.; Medicine; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): The University of Minnesota has been a participating member of the Cancer and Leukemia Cooperative Group B (CALGB) for the clinical studies of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors since August 1973. The Minnesota Oncology Group consists of established investigators from the Department of Medicine, the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, the Department of Surgery, and the Department of Pediatrics/School of Public Health with extensive expertise in clinical cancer research, including clinical trials, bone marrow transplantation, immunology, cytogenetics, pathology and epidemiology. The Minnesota Oncology Group participates in the CALGB in order to pool its intellectual, technical and clinical resources with other academic institutions to expedite progress in clinical cancer research. The specific aims of this proposal include: (1) to contribute to and participate in the scientific endeavors of CALGB; (2) to reach our accrual potential and then to maintain patient accrual at that increased level; (3) to assist in the administrative and organizational matters of CALGB. The methods of study are through the clinical research protocols established by the CALGB. The clinical material provided by the Minnesota Oncology Group is composed

Studies 23

primarily of patients with leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancer and lung cancer, and participation is in the entire range of trials, including bone marrow transplantation and phase I drug testing. Major scientific positions held by Minnesota participants are the Chair of the Lymphoma Committee and Vice-Chair of the Pathology Committee for Hematologic Malignancies. In addition, 10 participants are members of various scientific core committees and a major group service in leukemic research is centered at Minnesota. The Minnesota Oncology Group is active in administrative activities with the Chair of the Constitution Committee and membership on the Institutional Performance Evaluation Committee (Standards, Ethics and Peer Review Committee), Membership Committee, Data Audit Committee and the Board of Directors. The objective of this research program is to participate in inter-institutional clinical research to resolve unanswered and important questions in the therapy and biology of malignant diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B--MOUNT SINAI Principal Investigator & Institution: Silverman, Lewis R.; Chairman; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): Mount Sinai intends to continue its vigorous participation in activities of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. We will commit intellectual and patient resources to research in leukemia, lymphomas, breast cancer, respiratory cancers, gastrointestinal cancer, prostate cancer, transplantation and companion studies. These clinical undertakings involve psycho-oncology, pathology, cytogenetics, immunology and epidemiology. Various members of the Mount Sinai faculty serve as Study Chairs, and bring some of their pilot observations to Group consideration. Our efforts are particularly focused on breast cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome and innovations in chemotherapy. The objectives of the Group are to discover and validate effective treatments for the cure and long term palliation of cancer. Mount Sinai is wholeheartedly committed to these objectives and will devote energy to make the most effective studies available to the Group for research purposes. We will participate in single and multi-disciplinary trials, Phase I, II, III and will contribute specimens to the Group's correlative science studies. We will conduct scientific inquiries on Group specimens. Mount Sinai will coordinate the studies of Cooperative Group Outreach Program (CGOP) participants, and serve as a research base for Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) institutions. With these associated investigators in 12 affiliated institutions, Mount Sinai plans to participate in all Group activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B--RPCI/SUNYAB Principal Investigator & Institution: Levine, Ellis G.; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corp Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) is requesting support to continue its participation in the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). The goals of our participation in CALGB include the following: (1) to continue our strong contribution to the scientific agenda of the group, (2) to continue our performance of pilot activity at the local level that can be considered for group adaption, (3) to continue our administrative support for the efficient functioning of the group, (4)

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to sustain accrual in order to allow the rapid accumulation of clinical data and experience through the cooperative group process, and (5) to continue to provide data of high quality in a timely manner. Over the last 3-plus years during which we have had funding, we have contributed substantially to the scientific, administrative, core, and publication activities of the CALGB. More specifically, five RPCI members serve or have served as chairs or vice chairs of scientific committee; 22 serve or have served as members on 33 scientific committees; 14 serve or have served as study chairs on 21 protocols; 7 provide or have provided core services to the Group; and 5 have performed pilot studies that have led to the development of CALGB protocols, 3 have protocols pending activation, and 3 have submitted concepts for development. Moreover, RPCI members have contributed to 111 publications and given over 70 educational sessions. Furthermore, several members have administrative roles in the Group. Accrual is customarily between 150-200 credits/year. Data quality and timeliness of submission is regularly cited by the Group's quality assurance committee as among the best in the Group. Continued funding should allow us to sustain the vigor of our activities and therefore meet our specific aims. Founded in 1898, RPCI was one of the first institutions dedicated exclusively to the research and treatment of cancer and allied diseases. The campus spans 25 acres in downtown Buffalo and consists of 15 research and clinical buildings with approximately one million square feet of space. Projected statistics for fiscal year 1996-1997 include 2381 new cancer cases, 5300 hospital admissions, and 104,000 outpatient visits from patients in 42 states and 22 foreign countries. The Institute is currently undergoing a $241 million modernization of its facilities. When completed in 1998, Roswell Park will have a new 133 bed hospital, a diagnostic and treatment center, outpatient clinics, and medical research laboratories, as well as renovated education, research, and support space. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER CENTER CALGB PARTICIPATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Muss, Hyman B.; Professor of Medicine; Vermont Regional Cancer Center; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): The Vermont Cancer Center (VCC), an NCI designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined the CALGB in 1995. In that short time the VCC has made significant headway in becoming a major participant in CALGB activities. Eight VCC members have made major commitments to supporting CALGB efforts. Dr. Hyman Muss continues to be extremely active in CALGB and serves as the Co-Chair of the Working Group for the Elderly and the Vice Chair of the Breast Cancer Committee, in addition to chairing two CALGB protocols (8869 and 9670). Dr. Steven Grunberg, a member of the Clinical Economics Committee, is currently developing a clinical protocol that will compare cost with symptom control for antiemetics. Dr. David Krag is an active member of the Breast Core Committee and is helping CALBG develop a protocol for sentinel node staging for women with early stage breast cancer. Dr. Seth Harlow will assume Dr. Krag's role as member of the Surgery Committee. Dr. Donald Weaver participates extensively in pathology group activities and has a major interest in breast cancer. Drs. Michael Cooper, Barbara Grant, and Richard Branda have major interest in urologic cancer, leukemia and lymphoma, and nutrition and cancer, respectively, and have developed concepts for CALGB clinical investigations. The development of multidisciplinary, disease-site oriented, affinity groups within our Center has established major liaisons between laboratory and clinical

Studies 25

scientists. This will strengthen our institutional commitment to the group and allow VCC members to develop innovative companion trials for the CALGB. Recently, Drs. Grant and Branda presented two concepts-one related to assessing the importance of folate status on chemotherapy toxicity in women with early breast cancer, and a second that utilizes a novel reporter gene (hprt) to monitor and possibly define women with early stage breast cancer who might be at high risk for developing secondary acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Drs. Weaver and other VCC scientists are drafting a concept that will explore the role of erbB-2 associated signaling proteins as mediators of apoptosis for women with early stage breast cancer treated with anthracyclines (CALGB 8541). We anticipate a major increase in accrual in the next year. The Green Mountain Oncology Group (CCOP) selected the VCC as its research base beginning in April, 1997. In one month they have entered 10 patients on CALGB protocols. Two new faculty will join the VCC this summer who have major interests in genetics and high-dose therapy; it is anticipated they will be active in CALGB activities. Also, we are developing a major outreach program and expect to add several affiliates with interest in clinical trials. In addition, we have developed a high-dose chemotherapy autologous stem cell support program and expect to become a CALGB Transplant Center by the start of the next funding period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: 'CANCER EDUCATION GRANT PROGRAM' Principal Investigator & Institution: Burzynski, Norbert J.; Professor and Chairman; Diagnostic Radiology; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of the present application is to continue the long-standing, highly successful, short-term research program in Cancer Biology at the University of Louisville. The current program has been the recipient of over twenty years of near-continuous NIH support. Throughout the tenure of this program, the highest priority has been given to disseminating, to health professional students, an appreciation for issues in cancer biology as they relate to diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the disease, from a clinical and research perspective. The current program provides a unique venue for student - faculty interaction, and provides highly motivated and qualified students with the opportunity to gain exposure to cancer biology and enhance their knowledge in this area through weekly Tumor Board conferences, Program Workconferences, special programmatic seminars, a "Cancer Careers Minisymposium," laboratory research, and presentations at local/national meetings. The present application has been revised substantially with regard to training faculty, outcomes assessment procedures, and special initiatives to increase student awareness of career opportunities in cancer health care and research. A new Health Science Center-wide training venture has been initiated, which benefits from the participation of eighteen core faculty, all of whom are funded extensively through federal/foundation sources and have a demonstrated commitment to biomedical research and education. This multidisciplinary group represents a forging of research and training partnerships spanning seven University departments and incorporating the University of Louisville Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, Birth Defects Center, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute. Seventeen of the program Core Faculty are participating members of the J. Graham Brown Cancer Center. All have committed to provide trainees with exposure to, and involvement in, contemporary research

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programs in varied aspects of cancer biology and molecular mechanisms of cellular growth control. A noted cancer epidemiologist from the MD Anderson Cancer Center has been enlisted as a consultant to develop and execute a systematic strategy for program evaluation and trainee tracking, and to function as an educational advisor for the program. In summary, it is the objective of our program to provide a unique and contemporary educational venue in cancer biology, designed to train the next generation of academic clinical scientists. These individuals will be poised to enter the fields of cancer health care and research, and have a long-term impact on reducing cancer incidence, mortality and morbidity.the foremost theme of cancer prevention through cancer biology! Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN CALIFORNIA FARMWORKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mills, Paul K.; Public Health Institute Oakland, Ca 94607 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad objectives of the proposed research are to measure cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of farm workers in California (N=139,000) and to conduct nested case-control studies within the cohort in order to evaluate the association between work involving pesticide exposures and cancer risk. The objectives of this study will be accomplished using a variety of epidemiologic study designs. A computerized record linkage will be conducted between a roster of a largely Hispanic farm worker union (the United Farm Workers of America or the UFW) and the database of the California Cancer Registry (CCR) the population-based cancer registry which has monitored cancer incidence and mortality in California since 1988. Upon completion of the record linkages for both newly diagnosed cancers (1988-2000) and cancer deaths (1973-2000), risk of cancer for specific types of cancer will be evaluated in the UFW by calculating morbidity/mortality odds ratios using the California Hispanic population as the reference. In addition, variables such as stage and grade of disease at diagnosis, and histologic subtype of cancer will be evaluated, again comparing the experience of UFW members with cancer to the cancer experience of the California Hispanic population. After completion of the initial descriptive analyses, nested casecontrol studies will be conducted for several types of cancer including leukemia, brain, stomach and cervix cancer. Specifically, for each cancer case diagnosed among the membership of the UFW, incidence density controls will be selected form the remainder of the cohort. Occupational histories, including the nature of the crops and commodities in which individual cases and controls worked will be used as the exposure variables of interest. Data from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) will also be used to construct lob exposure matrices (JEM) for both cases and controls. Adjusted odds ratios will be calculated for several cancer sites evaluating particular pesticide exposure profiles as well as length of work in particular crops and commodities. Survival analyses will also be completed comparing the five-year relative survival of cancer in the UFW to the California Hispanic population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CARLE CANCER CENTER COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rowland, Kendrith; Carle Clinic Association, P.A. 602 W University Ave Urbana, Il 61801

Studies 27

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1990; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) In response to RFA CA-97-15 Community Clinical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, the Carle Cancer Center CCOP, Urbana, Illinois is making application to continue to be designated as a CCOP in East Central Illinois. As the 12th largest private medical group practice in the United States, with over 300 physicians, the Carle Clinic Association has a fully developed community cancer center program which has been involved in national trials research since 1976. The Carle Cancer Center has been continuously funded as a CCOP since the program's inception in 1983. Joining Carle in this CCOP application as a component institution will be the Suburban Heights Medical Center of Chicago Heights, Illinois, a physician group practice of more than 60 physicians and a private physician group practice in Joliet, Illinois. The combined Carle Cancer Center CCOP provides service to cancer patients from a large, nearly contiguous catchment area covering areas of east central, northeast and southern Illinois. The headquarters for the CCOP will be located at the Carle Cancer Center with all randomization, administrative matters and quality assurance programs being based there. The CCOP's primary research base is the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG), headquartered at the Mayo Clinic. Other research base affiliations will be with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. The Carle CCOP has dedicated research staff personnel and nurse clinicians that will assist the investigating physicians in placing patients on clinical cancer research protocols resulting in 155 cancer treatment credits and 230 cancer control credits annually. The goal of the Carle Cancer Center CCOP is to facilitate transfer of modern methods of cancer treatment, control and prevention to the citizens and health professionals of the proposed service area. It is the Carle Cancer Center CCOPs continued belief that a community cancer center program should maintain p a rticipation in clinical research protocols, public and professional education and cancer prevention and detection as well as providing the highest standard of clinical cancer care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CCOP--COLORADO CANCER RESEARCH PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pajon, Eduardo R.; Principal Investigator; Colorado Cancer Research Program, Inc. 3955 E Exposition, Ste 104 Denver, Co 80209 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The Colorado Cancer Research Program (CCOP) represents a consortium of nine community cancer centers located in Denver (7 hospitals), Colorado Springs (Penrose Cancer Center, which draws from 3 regional hospitals), and Pueblo (St. MaryCorwin -Hospital). The CCOP geographic catchment area outreaches to serve 64% of the states population. In 1999 the CCOP consortium institutions together diagnosed over 7,000 new cancer cases, that includes in its population base 19% ethnic minorities. During the past three years, the CCOP entered 710 patients into clinical trials; 85 of these were enrolled in the STAR (Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene) breast cancer chemoprevention trial. The CCOP Bowel Project (NSABP), the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDA), and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). CCOP investigators are actively involved in the scientific and administrative activities of these organizations. The CCOP has strong physician leadership in its Principal Investigator, its Associate Principal Investigator, and the members of CCOP Hospital- PI and Scientific Advisory Committee. This core group, representing the major treatment modalities, play key roles in protocol evaluation, selection and implementation, and in

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patient management. The CCOP staff, supervised by an experienced Executive Director, includes data management and nursing professionals. An extensive network of collaborative relationships have been established with statewide registries, health care agencies, and cancer treatment and research institutions. This networking has been instrumental in increasing the CCOP's outreach to the under-served populations and increasing their participation in cancer control and prevention projects. The strong involvement of dedicated physician investigators and experienced staff, is extensive community partnerships, and its history of proven clinical trials performance, assure that the CCOP will accomplish its set goals over the next granting period. These goals include: (1) increased participation in cancer control and treatment clinical trials, especially among ethnic minorities, (2) increased participation of a wide range of primary care physicians in CCOP studies, and (3) increased clinical trials enrollment through deliberate marketing efforts to promote NCI-sponsored treatment and cancer control trials. These goals help CCOP meet its mission to increase the community's awareness of, and to ensure the accessibility of, cancer clinical trials in the community, and thereby impact cancer-related disability and survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CENTRAL ILLINOIS COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wade, James L.; Decatur Memorial Hospital 2300 N Edward St Decatur, Il 62526 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The Central Illinois Community Clinical Oncology Program (CICCOP) brings clinical trials of high scientific validity to people living in 37 counties in Central, Southern and Northeast Illinois. The service area includes 2,262,917 people living in 20,936 square miles, 19.8 percent of the populations and 37.7 percent of the land in Illinois. The CICCOP has contributed 1931 protocol entries since it was founded in 1987. The CICCOP goal is to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity and mortality by accelerating the transfer of newly developed technology to widespread community application. The specific aims are to: 1) Successfully implement National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored prevention and control protocols to persons living in 37 Illinois counties. 2) Successfully implement NCI sponsored cancer treatment protocols for patients with cancer living in 37 Illinois counties. 3) Benefit the care of patients and participants by collaborating with regional physicians, nurses, certified research assistants and research bases to provide a wide range of cancer research protocols locally. 4) Maintain a consortium of quality institutions and physician investigators committed to further cancer treatment and control through research. 5) Expand access to state of the art treatment and cancer control studies to the underserved populations of our service. 6) Expand the scope of the CICCOP into other Illinois communities while guarding the highest quality of research. 7) Expand access to cancer research protocols to persons living in underserved areas in Illinois by recruiting new investigators into the CICCOP from these areas while continuing to maintain the quality and integrity of cancer treatment and control clinical trials 8) Involve a wide range of specialty and primary care physicians from the CICCOP service area in cancer control protocols. 9) Ensure quality data management services to CICCOP physician investigators, research bases and NCI. 1) Maintain and enhance quality assurances procedures, physician participation policies, pharmacy regulatory requirement and protocol selection methods. 11) Comply with NCI reporting requirements in an accurate and timely manner. A small core of highly productive oncologists, a network of certified research

Studies 29

associates (CRAs), the Central Office and very strong hospital support enables the CICCOP to meet its obligations to the NCI and to its communities by far exceeding CCOP program minimums. Between 2000 and 2005, the CCOP projects it will average 400 credits annually from treatment, cancer control and follow-up credits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COLUMBIA RIVER ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Lanier, Keith S.; Providence Portland Medical Center 4805 Ne Glisan St Portland, or 97213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-AUG-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The Columbia River Oncology Program (CROP), a community clinical oncology program currently in its twelfth year, is a consortium of three large health care systems in the Portland, Oregon/Vancouver, Washington metropolitan area. These are the Legacy Health System, the Providence Health System and the Southwest Washington Medical Center. The aims of CROP are to (a) continue to provide and increase clinical cancer research in the community; (b) actively encourage participation of ethnic minority and financially underprivileged groups to participate in cancer treatment, prevention, and control studies; (c) encourage increased participation of nononcology physicians and the general population in cancer prevention and control studies; and (d) educate both non-oncology physicians and the lay public about cancer treatment, prevention and control. The implementation of the funded application serves to prevent cancer, treat cancer patients at the optimum levels, and to further the knowledge of the cancer disease process in a large metropolitan community, thus meeting the goals of Healthy People 2000. CROP currently affiliates with five research bases: SWOG, NSABP, RTOG, POG, and GOG. All are multi-specialty cooperative groups that supply CROP with NCI approved cancer treatment, prevention, and control protocols that will be utilized over the next five years. The established functioning operational status of CROP includes an Executive Board with representative committee structure, a central office, and actively participating hospital systems. Ninety-five participating physicians and 13 clinical trial nurses are established mature clinical researchers of whom most have been with CROP since its inception. The central office staff handles the administrative aspects of CROP, the large cancer prevention studies, and the quality improvement aspects of cancer treatment and research data collection. Maturation and expertise of the central office computerization of CROP functions, and web site development will facilitate more efficient communication and high quality clinical research. Clinical trial nurses and clinical research associates employed by the consortium hospitals recruit patients to cancer treatment and control protocols, follow these patients for the duration of the study, collect and submit data to the research bases, participate in the quality improvement process, and actively participate in the research base meetings. Each institution employs a pharmacist who manages the investigation drugs for CROP and the pharmacy chair is an active member of the SWOG Pharmacy Committee. CROP investigators and clinical trial nurses actively contribute to the five research base committee activities, including co-authoring scientific papers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pollock, Brad H.; Professor and Director; National Childhood Cancer Foundation Box 60012, 440 E Huntington Dr, Ste 402 Arcadia, Ca 910063777

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The merger of the four legacy pediatric cooperative groups to form the Children?s Oncology Group (COG) presents a unique opportunity to serve all children in North America. Our goals are to expand access to innovative clinical and translational research for cancer treatment, prevention and control and to increase the level of participation by CCOPs/MBCCOPs in the mission of the COG. This application supports the COG as a treatment and prevention/control Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) Research Base. The COG will make available to CCOPs/MBCCOPs current treatment protocols with access to investigational agents and special centralized reference laboratories, thus promoting high quality cancer care for children treated in community settings. A high priority has been placed on developing protocols that can be feasibly performed in smaller COG institutions, which include most of our affiliated CCOPs. COG will encourage CCOP investigators to participate in all aspects of the Group?s scientific mission in addition to enrolling patients on study. The COG will provide continuing training and support for CCOP institutional personnel including clinical research associates and oncology nurses, and will ensure that all CCOPs maintain high quality assurance standards for membership, accrual, and institutional performance. The Cancer Control Committee (CCC) administers the COG cancer prevention and control research program. Its mission is to improve the quality of care and survivorship for children with cancer, to ensure access to state-of-the-art cancer therapy for traditionally underserved groups (including minority and adolescent/young adult populations), and to develop hypothesis-driven prevention and control research for children. The membership of the CCC is diverse and includes the clinical disciplines of hematology/oncology, surgery, radiation therapy, oncology nursing, and other physician specialists for infectious diseases, pediatric cardiology and pulmonology; public health disciplines including epidemiology, health services research, and biostatistics; and behavioral researchers in psychology, sociology and social work. COG cancer control research includes assessment of alternate trial endpoints such as health-related quality-of-life and economic measures; the identification and prevention of treatment-related sequelae; symptom management, pain control and supportive care; and community oncology and outreach. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Locker, Gershon Y.; Chief; Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Evanston, Il 60201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Evanston Hospital Corporation which has been renamed as Evanston Northwestern Health care (ENH), has been a CCOP since 1093 and has participated in studies of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Program (NSABP), and propose to accrue patients to the Gynecology Oncology Group (GOG). It accrued 259 patients with 272 credits to therapeutic trials between June of 1992 to May of 1997. ENH also contributed non-COP patients to NIH-sponsored studies on brain tumors. ENH investigators have chaired ECOG protocols in genitourinary, breast, and hematologic malignancies. They have also chaired steering committees and served in leadership roles in these groups. Currently, Dr. Ann Thor is on the Executive and directs the ECOG Pathology Coordination Office. Dr. David Calls chains the Health Behavior and Practices Committee and the Outcomes Subcommittee. The CCOP has participated in approved cancer control projects in the NSABP-sponsored breast cancer prevention trial with

Studies 31

tamoxifen, the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, and other cancer control studies. During the 5 years, 279.5 cancer control credits were awarded. ENH investigators have been active in several cancer control projects outside the CCOP pertaining to epidemiology, diagnosis, "diagnostic marker" and dietary manipulation. These include a NCI funded study of low- fat diet in post-menopausal breast cancer, and the Women's Health Initiative, treatment of post-mastectomy arm lymphedema. The CCOP has been reorganized to increase accrual by: recruitment of new investigators, adding Swedish Covenant Hospital as an affiliate, and GOG as a research base. Efforts are underway to encompass minority enrollment. A 24-bed Clinical Pharmacology Unit sponsored by Searle is operation, with the PI on the advisory committee. We have expanded our education activities through Grand Rounds and lecture series. In the last 4 years, ENH investigators published 63 papers and 10 abstracts pertaining to clinical cancer treatment and control. A research effort in cellular and molecular biology has been developed with the establishment of a program in molecular genetics. Thus, a vertical integration, e.g., from laboratory studies to delivery of care in the local community is being sought. Support is asked for ENH's continued participation in the CCOP. Funding is sought for continued accrual of patients to cancer therapy and cancer control studies of the ECG, NSABP, and GOG. Thus, our participation in cancer control and therapeutic trials will promoter medical advances as well as stimulate better patient care. These in turn will impact favorably on the level of knowledge of staff and physicians within the community. Since 1983, we have successfully participated in the CCOP program, and our record and proposed changes promise continued success in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Dakhil, Shaker R.; Clinical Associate Professor; Via Christi Reg Med Ctr-St. Francis Cmps St. Francis Campus Wichita, Ks 67214 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The Wichita Community Clinical Oncology Program (WCCOP), established and funded by the National Cancer Institute in 1983, continued in 1987,1990 and 1995, is a city-wide cooperative program of the two major community hospitals and the majority of Wichita's oncologists. During the past four years, the WCCOP averaged 182 credits per year on treatment protocols and exceeded our goal of 150 credits each year. Additionally, we have achieved our goal of expanding our cancer control research program to equal stature with treatment with an average of 170 cancer control credits over the past two years. The WCCOP plans an annual accrual of 150 credits on treatment protocols and 150 credits on cancer control protocols using six research bases: the Southwest Oncology Group, North Central Cancer Treatment Group, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, University of Rochester Cancer Center, and the Pediatric Oncology Group. The specific aims of the WCCOP are: (1) to stimulate quality medical care through participation in treatment protocols for cancer patients in Wichita and south-central Kansas, a patient population that would otherwise be unserved because its geographical location is remote from comprehensive cancer centers; (2) to increase accrual of patients on adult and pediatric NC treatment and cancer prevention and control protocols and thus reduce the time necessary to answer critical questions and at the same time speed the transfer of the latest research findings to the community level; (3) to continue to improve and strengthen the cancer prevention and control effort of the WCCOP to equal that of cancer treatment. (4) to continue to facilitate the involvement of under served Kansas minority and rural populations in treatment and cancer prevention and control research.

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Cancer

With our track record as a successful CCOP for 16 years, and over 3,500 new cancer patients each year, we have the necessary expertise and commitment to continue our successful therapeutic and cancer prevention and control research efforts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM RESEARCH BASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Curran, Walter J.; Clinical Director, Kimmel Cancer Center; American College of Radiology 1101 Market St, 14Th Fl Philadelphia, Pa 19107 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) has committed itself as a Research Base for the Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP). This application documents the current RTOG cancer control organization within which the CCOP members participate in the areas of cancer treatment studies and cancer prevention and control scientific proposals. The RTOG, with its experience and expertise in localregional cancer treatment and control, will continue to utilize the CCOP network as one of the major components of its cancer control research program, which focuses on intervention studies in the cured and potentially curable cancer patient. This application documents the Cancer Prevention and Control (CPC) activity within the RTOG over the past two years, including completed and current intervention studies for head and neck, and skin, as well as studies addressing symptom control and chemoprevention. In addition, this proposal documents she participation of CCOP members in RTOG treatment and Cancer Control studies, as well as the involvement of RTOG members in Cancer Control studies. This proposal divides the proposed cancer control activities into four sections -intervention, late effect normal tissue (LENT), chemoprevention and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The interventional studies will continue to dominate the CPC activities; the LENT program will study the role of cytokine dysfunction in predicting late effects; the chemoprevention program will address the potential of surrogate markers in evaluating chemopreventive agents; and the complementary alternative medicine program will provide studies to validate whether current agents can be utilized as interventional agents. The growth of each program will provide additional opportunities for CCOP members to participate in RTOG research activities and present the RTOG member with an experienced and enthusiastic group of community radiation oncologists. The administrative functions will include the Vice-Chair for Cancer Control, as well as the Chairs for each section. A Steering committee composed of Chairs of the QOL, Economic Impact, Special Population, and CCOP representation of the disease site committees will evaluate and set priorities. The Membership committee evaluates each CCOP to assure adherence to all NCI requirements. The Administrative, Protocol, Quality Assurance and Data Management Units of RTOG are utilized in initiating these cancer control trials, and the quality assurance procedures, including on-site audits, are applied to the community network. The goal is for the continued integration of the CCOPs into the RTOG to insure all members the opportunity to participate in all facets of RTOG activities in order to facilitate the transference of the latest scientific information into the community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies 33

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Project Title: PARTNERSHIP

COMPREHENSIVE

NAU/AZCC

CANCER

RESEARCH

Principal Investigator & Institution: Baldwin, Julie A.; Associate Professor; Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences Flagstaff, Az 86011 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (Applicant?s Description) In the face of improved US cancer survival, cancer mortality in American Indians is increasing. Cultural differences make addressing this disparity challenging. The paucity of American Indian health care providers, almost none oncologists, compounds the situation. American Indian patients, unable to effectively communicate with providers, become isolated from cancer diagnosis and treatment and are rarely recruited into clinical trials. While the need for American Indian oncologists is therefore urgent, few American Indians enter health care professions. While most universities have dismal recruitment and retention rates, Northern Arizona University (NAU) has a distinguished history of graduating Native American students. At NAU, however, there is no cancer research core to provide cancer education to American Indian students and communities. In this partnership, we will link research programs of the Arizona Cancer Center (AZCC) with American Indian student training programs and environmental research at NAU. While informal faculty interaction exists, there is currently no comprehensive plan to enhance cancer research at NAU or to coordinate American Indian student recruitment and retention at NAU and UofA/AZCC. The objectives of this proposal are to (1)initiate robust cancer research at NAU to enhance faculty career development and train students in cancer research fundamentals; (2) create stable, long-term cancer research, education, and outreach collaboration; and (3) improve institutional effectiveness in impacting the disparity in cancer in American Indians of the Southwest. Research programs will focus on the carcinogenic effects of chemicals associated with the mining industry on reservations. American Indian students have a vital interest in the data. Thus this vested interest greatly enhances our potential to recruit and retain these students and to provide future American Indian cancer researchers and oncologists. The program is guided by administrative, planning and developmental cores at each institution. Research activities include basic science, cancer education, and community outreach components. We propose 6 pilot projects, 4 full projects, and recruitment of 2 new faculty over the project lifetime. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY, MDCCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Zaren, Howard A.; Hektoen Institute for Medical Research 2100 W Harrison Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cook County Hospital (CCH) in Chicago Illinois, is the major tertiary care site for the County of Cook Bureau of Health Services (CCBHS). The majority of cancer cases are from minorityundeserved populations, and are predominantly African-American (AA). Department of Surgery, CCH plans to develop, strengthen and improve cancer care and research through the development of a Minority-Based (MB) CCOP. CCH recruited Dr. Howard Zaren, a Principal Investigator (P.I.) with strong experience in oncology program building, to direct these efforts in 1999. The MB-CCOP effort will consolidate the operational base for cancer research

34

Cancer

activity; support core infrastructure for NCI Cooperative Group Oncology Studies; strengthen a relationship with an established Cancer Research Base, the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast & Bowel Project (NSABP) with an initial major focus on breast cancer (the leading cause of cancer at CCH); increase support for oncologists and other cancer related health care providers; encourage multidisciplinary cancer care and integrated research (clinical, basic science and epidemiological); bring state-of-the-art quality oncology care to minority-undeserved populations in their own communities; strengthen and facilitate transfer of new technology through participation in NCIapproved clinical trials; facilitate a new focus on prevention & control as methods for reducing cancer incidence, morbidity & mortality, with special emphasis on primary care physician involvement and education; extend and promote research involvement and opportunities with emphasis on the particular needs of the community served, promoting outreach and education; monitor and evaluate outcomes to ascertain program effectiveness and determine new growth areas; and in the future develop the program to include other common tumor sites (colon and rectum, lung, and head and neck) and relationships with new Cancer Research Bases. Over the past year, 37 patients with breast cancer, have been enrolled on NSABP treatment trials, and 14 patients with high risk for breast cancer have been recruited to the P2 NSABP prevention study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DAYTON CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Gross, Howard M.; Dayton Clinical Oncology Program 3525 Southern Blvd Dayton, Oh 45429 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The Dayton Clinical Oncology Program (DCOP) provides access to national cooperative group clinical trials for over 1.5 million people in 11 counties in southwestern Ohio. Against this background, the DCOP has developed an eighthospital consortium for the conduct of community based clinical trials. The eight hospital cancer registries in the consortium report over 5,000 new cancer patients per year, an increase of over 100 percent since 1980. The DCOP brings together the strength and resources of a group of multidisciplinary investigators who collaborate in the conduct of clinical trials from SWOG, NSABP, MDACC, RTOG, and the UMCCC. The investigators number 72 including 20 hematologists/oncologists, 10 radiation oncologists, 27 surgeons, and 15 colleagues in urology, pathology, gastroenterology, gynocology, and internal medicine. Over the next five years, the overall aim is to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality by accelating the transfer of newly developed cancer prevention, early detection, treatment, patient management, rehabilitation, and continuing care technology to widespread community application. By careful design, the program will focus 50 percent of its resources on cancer control and prevention research. These complemantary objectives of both treatment and cancer prevention/control are a ready match for the patient population and fit within DCOP interest and capabilities. The immediate goals of the DCOP are to continue the strong accrual rate to treatment trials; to duplicate that effort in cancer prevention/control trials; to facilitate wider community participation, including minority groups and underserved populations; to use public education as a tool for increased awareness that will lead to increased participation; to use professional education symposia as a tool for technology transfer; to cultivate contacts with primary care physicians and other specialists who may contribute to cancer prevention/control initiatives. The DCOP will earn over 1400 credits by the year 2004. In summary, the DCOP track record demonstrates the ability to manage complex clinical research and cancer

Studies 35

prevention/control activities while producing the highest quality data. The DCOP has the resources and well trained and experienced personnel to support both cancer treatment and prevention/control trials. The DCOP management, staffing pattern, protocol management procedures, patient/participant management approaches, data quality control mechanisims, IRB structure, and strong consortium support are in place and functioning to support current and future therapeutic and cancer prevention/control activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEFINING THE SENSITIVITY & SPECIFICITY OF BIOMARKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Belinsky, Steven A.; Director Lung Cancer Program; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States, accounting for more life lost than breast, prostate, colon and rectal cancer combined. Of the estimated 190,000 individuals who are diagnosed each year, over 180,000 succumb to the disease. Increasing insight into the molecular basis of lung cancer pathogenesis offers hope to combat this disease. Lung cancer development and progression involves the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. While the accumulation of genetic alterations has been shown to be involved in the progression of lung epithelial cells from hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and finally metastatic carcinoma, recent work in the previous funding period of this SPORE project has demonstrated that epigenetic changes represent another important molecular change in lung cancer. With that background, the specific aims of the current proposal are: Specific aim 1. To utilize a newly derived microarray approach to identify novel hypermethylated genes which will help comprise methylation marker panels providing for full coverage of the non-small cell lung cancer genome. Specific aim 2. To utilize the marker panels from specific aim 1 to develop an epigenetic progression model based upon studies of precursor lesions and early stage lung cancer. Specific aim 3. To test the epigenetic marker panels for their efficacy as prognostic markers to identify patients with Stage I non-small cell lung cancer at very high risk for rapid disease recurrence. case-control study comparing sputum samples from 33 incident cases and their matched controls was conducted. The presence of any of four methylation markers examined was associated with a 6.3-fold increase in the risk for lung cancer. Moderate atypia or worse in sputum was also associated with a 4.1-fold increase in the relative risk for lung cancer over this time period. Interestingly, the methylation markers and cytology were not highly correlated with each other, though each was predictive of lung cancer risk, hence the two biomarkers were synergistic in conveying a 13.8-fold increase in relative risk. Through this cohort and a Phase II chemoprevention trial, studies with appropriate power will be designed to test specific hypotheses related to prediction of cancer risk and monitoring of chemoprevention interventions. This project is an inter-SPORE collaboration with Colorado that links clinical and epidemiologic findings with the development of promoter hypermethylation as molecular markers through the following three specific aims. Specific aim 1 will conduct a nested, case-control study within the Colorado cohort to evaluate longitudinally the ability to detect in sputum genes inactivated by methylation as biomarkers for predicting lung cancer risk either alone or in combination. Specific aim 2 will examine the dynamics of the field cancerization process by determining the concordance between methylation changes detected in sputum and bronchial biopsies from the same subject. Specific aim 3 will determine whether a panel

36

Cancer

of methylation markers can be used to predict the efficacy of the chemopreventive agent Iloprost in a randomized Phase II study through evaluation of bronchial biopsies and sputum collected at study entry and following completion of the intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DELAWARE CHRISTIANA CARE CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Grubbs, Stephen Scott.; Christiana Care Health Services, Inc. Box 1668, 501 W 14Th St Wilmington, De 19801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-AUG-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Christiana Care CCOP was originally funded by NCI in 1987 and has continued since that time. It was organized to facilitate participation in CALGB, NSABP, CCG, RTOG and MD Anderson clinical trials by community physicians in the region. Christiana Care Health Services (CCHS) has a long standing relationship with CALGB, NSABP and COG and has participated in patient accrual since 1966. RTOG and MD Anderson were later added as research bases as was ECOG. We have an extensive catchment area which encompasses all of Delaware, and portions of New Jersey, northeastern Maryland, and southeastern Pennsylvania (Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties). Delaware ranks fourth in the nation for all cancer sites, third for breast cancer. Maryland ranks third for colorectal cancer, New Jersey second and Pennsylvania fourth. Our CCOP represents a population base in excess of 2.4 million people with extensive protocol entry potential. CCOP investigators, project coordinators and data managers continue to participate in Core Committees of CALGB, NSABP, COG, RTOG, ECOG and MD Anderson research bases. In 1999 when the most current grant award was made, it was noted by the reviewers that cancer prevention and control credits were less than optimal given the treatment credits. In addition the reviewers felt that the number of affiliates had become unwieldy. Over the last three years we have been successful in increasing cancer prevention/control accruals and have addressed the affiliate issue by dropping those that had been unproductive. The overall impact of this grant will be to assure continuation and stimulate expansion of CCOP activities, including treatment and cancer control research, at CCHS and its affiliates throughout our catchment area. One hundred twenty treatment and 130 cancer control credits will be accrued during the next grant period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL VACCINES FOR PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Amato, Robert J.; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States, but there is no effective treatment for patients who develop recurrent disease after surgery or radiation therapy or those who have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Thus, the development of effective immunotherapy is important for patients with prostate cancer. However, a lack of knowledge of MHC class I- and II-restricted prostate cancer antigens is a major hurdle for developing effective immunotherapy of prostate cancer. In the last few years, significant progress has been made in defining several classes of tumor antigens from melanoma as well as other cancers, which led to clinical trials. These studies hold the promise of effective treatment of patients with cancer. The objective of this application is to identify MHC class I- and II-restricted prostate cancer antigens as immune targets

Studies 37

and to develop effective cancer vaccines for the therapeutic treatment of patients with prostate cancer. The rationale for the proposed research is that CD4+ T (helper) cells orchestrate and amplify immune responses by providing critical help for priming, activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells. The expansion of tumor-specific CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells will lead to tumor regression. Our recent studies showed that NYESO-1 is an immunogenic cancer antigen containing both MHC class I- and II-restricted peptides, and is expressed in 20-25 percent of prostate cancer samples. We hypothesize that MHC class 1- and II-restricted tumor specific peptides are presented on the prostate cancer cell surface for T cell recognition; Vaccination with MHC class I- and II-restricted NY-ESO-1 and other new antigens we intend to identify will directly activate tumor specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, resulting in potent antitumor immunity. Since we have developed novel technologies for identifying both MHC class I- and IIrestricted tumor antigens and established important reagents, we are well prepared to define these new immune targets. We will then evaluate and improve the immunogenicity of T-cell peptides derived from NY-ESO-1 and new prostate cancer antigens for vaccination, and assess the role of T cell responses in preclinical tumor models. With all information and reagents at hand, we will evaluate antitumor immune responses in human clinical trials by incorporating both MHC class I- and II-restricted peptides in cancer vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DNA METHYLATION AND OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Nephew, Kenneth P.; Associate Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rates of female cancers. The underlying biology of this disease is poorly understood and the existing approaches for diagnosis and prognosis are inadequate. Based on the hypothesis that methylation changes at CpG islands play a prominent role in cancer, we developed a microarraybased technique called differential methylation hybridization (DMH). DMH allows for the global analysis of CpG island methylation in tumor genomes, a method to determine methylation profiles of cancer cells, and has the potential use as a site specific diagnostic approach to test whether demethylation at specific loci can be identified. Previously, we used DMH on a small group of patients to perform methylation profiling of ovarian cancer, establish proof-of- concept and lay the foundation for genome wide screening of methylation to examine epigenotype-phenotype relationships in ovarian cancer. In the present study, we will perform methylation profiling of ovarian cancer using DMH arrays containing 21,000 CpG islands. Methylation profiles of ovarian tumors from patients diagnosed with early and advanced ovarian cancer will be compared to normal ovarian surface epithelium. Overall methylation patterns will be used as an "epigenetic signature" to characterize specific types and stages of ovarian cancer, and these molecular signatures will be correlated with clinicopathological parameters of the patients. Specific methylation patterns identified can later be applied to predict patients' outcome in clinical settings. The resulting array data will be used to identify the specific CpG island sequences frequently hypermethylated in ovarian cancer. As these are not normally methylated in adult tissues, CpG island methylation represents one of the most prevalent tumor specific markers yet identified. When associated with specific genes, CpG island methylation may have consequences for ovarian tumor types. In addition, we have further refined DMH by using expressed CpG island sequence tags

38

Cancer

(ECISTs) for dual detection of CpG hypermethylation and gene expression/silencing in cancer cells. ECISTs exist in the genome, and their GC-rich fragments can be used to screen aberrantly methylated CpG sites in cancer cells. The exon-containing portions can be employed to measure levels of gene expression simultaneously. Using an ECIST panel we have recently developed, we will identify hypermethylated loci and at the same time confirm their association with gene silencing in the ovarian cancer samples. This approach will also allow us to study gene promoter activity in ovarian cancer and assess the importance of screening for gene promoter functions in this disease. In summary, this study will address the clear need for developing better tools for the screening and staging of ovarian cancer, as well as the need to identify new markers that adequately address the complexity of this disease. Methylation profiling of ovarian tumors could provide a more focused test for reactivation of methylation-silenced genes as therapeutic targets and thus play a role in the rational basis for new clinical strategies designed to alter this fundamental process in ovarian cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DOES HYPERGLYCEMIA PREDICT PANCREATIC CANCER DIAGNOSIS? Principal Investigator & Institution: Chari, Suresh T.; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pancreatic cancer causes glucose intolerance and diabetes in up to 80% of patients. Pancreatic cancer induced diabetes (PaCDM) is often asymptomatic, of short duration (50 years of age may have PaCDM. We propose to establish whether newly elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) is indicative of underlying pancreatic cancer as evidenced by diagnosis of pancreatic cancer within 3 years of the FBG measurement. If so, this would provide an entirely novel approach to screening for sporadic pancreatic cancer. We hypothesize that the 3-year likelihood of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer will be high in subjects: a) equal to or > 50 years of age with newly elevated FBG, b) with elevated fasting glucose who have known risk factors for pancreatic cancer (e.g. smoking), and/or c) who manifest an abrupt increase in FBG in serial measurements over time. We will identify visits to Mayo Clinic between years 1988 to 2002 by subjects equal to or >50 years of age who resided in its surrounding catchment area and had a routine physical examination that included a FBG. Preliminary data reveal that about 150,000 different subjects made >300,000 such visits during this time period providing >1 million person-years of follow-up. We will electronically retrieve clinical, and laboratory data and examine 3-year follow-up from date of FBG measurement to identify those diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. We expect 340 to 510 pancreatic cancer events in this cohort. Our Specific Aims are: Aim 1A). To test if FBG drawn during routine physical examination predicts likelihood of underlying pancreatic cancer and to test for non-linearity of this association. Aim 1B) To establish a FBG threshold that predicts a high 3-year likelihood of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Aim 2). To estimate the extent to which known risk factors for pancreatic cancer (age, smoking, obesity and family history) modify the likelihood of underlying pancreatic cancer in subjects with FBG greater than the threshold defined by Aim 1B. Aim 3). To test if patterns of change in serial measurements of FBG over time predict likelihood of underlying pancreatic cancer. The clinical and research implications of this study are considerable. These data may lead to delineation of individuals who have a high likelihood of existing pancreatic cancer, and who may be ideal candidates for more

Studies 39

intensive screening or early detection regimens. The research described in this application is 100% relevant to pancreatic cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DULUTH COMMUNITY CLINCIAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Dalton, Robert J.; Md; Duluth Clinic, Ltd. 400 E 3Rd St Duluth, Mn 55805 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The St. Mary's/Duluth Clinic Health System (SMDC Health System) formerly known as the Duluth Clinic has worked for the past twenty three years to develop a multidisciplinary organization involved in the care of oncology patients and to function as a cancer research unit for the region. St. Mary's Medical Center, the only tertiary care hospital in our region, and Duluth Clinic, the largest multispecialty physician group practice in our region, merged in January 1997 to become SMDC Health System. The Duluth Clinic was a founding member of the North Central Cancer Treatment Group in 1977 and has functioned as a CCOP since 1984. During this time, the Duluth CCOP has entered patients onto numerous clinical trials, has assisted in the development of new programs, served as chair or co-chair on numerous protocols, and has presented at national meetings. An excellent working relationship exists with the cooperative groups and data of excellent quality is generated as shown by past audit performance records. Geographically, the Duluth CCOP is the main source providing the benefits of clinical cancer research to this large geographic area. The Northwestern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre, Ontario, Canada, a component of the Duluth CCOP covers a large area also. This is a unique relationship in that the two components are two separate cancer centers, have two separate patient populations and are in two different countries. Our strategy is to continuously offer the advantages of clinical research to patients in the catchment/service area and to increase efforts in cancer prevention, cancer control and cancer rehabilitation. The North Central Cancer Treatment Group functions as the primary research base and the secondary research bases are the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, the Children's Cancer Group, the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project and just recently the Southwest Oncology Group. The goal of the CCOP is to accrue over 120 patients per year onto cancer treatment protocols and 200 patients to cancer prevention and control programs per year. By virtue of the already established programs and the commitment to quality, it is believed that a high level of productivity and quality can be maintained. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: METASTASIS

ERBB2

RECEPTOR

SIGNALING

AND

BREAST

CANCER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Yu, Dihua; Professor, Research Director; Surgical Oncology & Cell Biol; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's abstract): Tumor metastasis is the major cause of death for cancer patients including breast cancer patients. The previous work have demonstrated that activated c-erbB-2/neu (also known as HER-2) oncogene can lead to higher metastatic potential in mouse 3T3 cells. This result supports the clinical observation that overexpression of the c-erbB-2-encoded p185 receptor is correlated with the number of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. The ligand of c-erbB-2

40

Cancer

receptor (named heregulin) contains an immunoglobulin-like domain that may function in cell-cell homing and adhesion, which are important events in cancer metastasis. Therefore, studies on the role and interaction of c-erbB-2 receptor and its ligand in human breast cancer metastasis would give new insights for understanding the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes of cancer metastasis. The long term goal of this proposal is to understand how c-erbB-2-encoded p185 receptor and its cognate ligands contribute to human breast cancer metastasis, hence provide a more rational basis for designing future approaches for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer metastasis. The Specific Aims of this proposal are: 1) To elucidate the role of c-erbB-2 receptor in breast cancer cell metastasis. The breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 are metastatic in nude mice after injection into the mammary fatpad. Both cell lines contain only one copy of the c-erbB-2 gene and express low levels of p185 protein. However, the MDA-MB-231 cells secrete the ligands for the c-erbB-2 receptor but the MCF-7 cells do not. They will transfect c-erbB-2 expression plasmids into both cell lines, develop c-erbB-2-overexpressing stable transfectants and then assay their metastatic potential. 2) To determine the role of the heregulin in breast cancer metastasis. The investigators will introduce the heregulin expression plasmid into the MCF-7 cells that do not express ligand, and examine whether the ligand-expressing MCF-7 stable transfectants exhibit higher metastatic potential than the parental MCF-7 cells. An alternative approach is to use an antisense construct of heregulin to block the ligand expression in MDA-MB-231 cells and then examine whether this will lead to reduce metastatic potential in these cells. 3) To examine autocrine interactions of c-erbB-2 receptor and is ligand in breast cancer cell metastasis. They will generate MCF-7 double transfectants that express both high levels of c-erbB-2 receptor and heregulin and then investigate whether the receptor+ligand double transfectants exhibit higher metastatic potential than the receptor only or ligand only transfectants. Alternatively, they can use antisense c-erbB-2 to block the p185 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and examine whether blocking of the autocrine loop will lead to reduced metastatic potential. 4) To study the possible mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis induced by cerbB-2 and its ligand. They will (1) examine whether heregulin can function as celladhesion molecule (CAM) in localizing c-erbB-2 expression breast cancer cells to extracellular matrix (ECM); (2) determine whether autocrine activations or adhesion properties of heregulin or both may contribute to breast cancer metastasis by introducing into MCF-7 breast cancer cells two p185 mutants that are defective in kinase activity and defective in autocrine signaling; (3) examine the breast cancer cell transfectants generated in Aims 1, 2 and 3 for metastasis-related properties to see which steps of the metastatic cascade (adhesion, migration and basement membranedegradative enzyme secretion etc.) can be induced by growth signals associated with cerbB-2 receptor and its ligand. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER CCOP-RESEARCH BASE PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Engstrom, Paul F.; Vice President Population Science; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the Fox Chase Cancer Center-CCOP Research Base Program is to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity and mortality in the community through identification, implementation, and evaluation of cancer prevention and control interventions. The objectives of this research application are to: 1) Identify a multidisciplinary team of investigators at FCCC and its Affiliated Prevention Member

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institutions who will plan, implement, and evaluate cancer prevention and control research in the community; 2) Design and implement a sufficient number of high quality CPCPRC approved protocols to generate at least 50 cancer control credits per year from the participating CCOPs; 3) Establish and implement mechanisms for data management and analysis that ensure quality of data, encourage community physician participation and provide uniform systems across participating organizations; 4) Develop and implement NCI and FDA approved policies for auditing the data submitted and monitoring the progress of each study at all participating sites; 5) Maintain partnerships with the NCI and other CCOP Research Base Programs so that annual progress reports and data on studies are readily available to monitoring bodies and practicing oncologists. FCCC-CCOP Research Base Program builds on the strengths and interests of investigators in the Population Science Division, FCCC and the Cancer Prevention and Control Research Programs at the Affiliated Prevention Members Institutions (Thomas Jefferson University/Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, and Columbia University Irving Cancer Center, New York, NY). The FCCC-CCOP Research Base Program plans to work closely with CCOPs in the Mid-Atlantic region: Geisinger Medical Center CCOP, Danville, PA, Main Line Health CCOP, Bryn Mawr, PA, and Christiana Medical Center CCOP, Wilmington, DE. Each CCOP has executed a letter of intent with FCCC to collaborate on a broad spectrum of cancer research efforts with emphasis on cancer prevention and outcomes research. In addition, the Northern New Jersey Cancer Center CCOP, Hackensack, NJ, the North Shore Univ. Hospital CCOP, Manhassett, NY, and the Syracuse NY CCOP have indicated an interest in being part of this regional consortium. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GEISINGER CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Bernath, Albert M.; Geisinger Medical Center N Academy Ave Danville, Pa 17822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The principal objective of the Geisinger Clinical Oncology Program is to enroll a maximum number of participants onto NCI-approved cancer prevention, cancer control and cancer treatment protocols, bringing researchquality cancer care to a large rural population of Pennsylvania. The Geisinger Health System serves more than 2.3 million Pennsylvanians across 31 primarily rural counties in the central and northeastern parts of the state. This Health System includes a 535 physician primary and multispecialty group practice in 45 sites, anchored by the 437 bed tertiary care Geisinger Medical Center in Danville, the largest rural tertiary center in the U.S. The other major hubs of the System are in State College (90-member multispecialty group) and Wilkes-Barre (160 bed hospital with 100-member multispecialty group). These hubs will each be an important CCOP site as well. Geisinger Health system operates a staff model HMO with nearly 300,000 members that works cooperatively with the CCOP to promote cancer prevention trials. Among Geisinger's advantages are a stable and growing CCOP staff with a history of excellent retention of personnel and with successful performance over the 19 year history of the NCI CCOP program. The system enjoys a large network of primary care practices, with all practices and all physicians (including specialists) linked by a state-of-art electronic medical record (EPIC-Care), and a large cancer patient population (over 2000 new analytic cases/year). The addition of new System C.E.O. Dr. Glenn Steele, a prominent academic surgical oncologist and researcher, has given new emphasis to the institutional commitment to

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growing cancer research. The System has been reorganized into Service Lines, which has greatly aided the Cancer Service Line, Geisinger Cancer Institute, in recruiting and building in all three major hub sites. Clinical trial performance is enhanced by a new computerized clinical protocol management system (Protonet), a System-wide cancer registry that includes all outpatient as well as all hospital sites, and the computerized medical record with interlocked laboratory, radiology, demographics, appointments and on-line digital images. Recruiting participants onto prevention trials has been helped by direct recruiting by Geisinger's HMO, which is clinical research friendly, seeing such activities as part of its primary health promotion mission. This proposal retains NCCTG as the primary research base, ECOG as a secondary base, COG as our children's base, and GOG (MD Anderson affiliation) as a separate gynecologic base. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR BROTHERS OF MEN WITH PROSTATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooney, Kathleen A.; Associate Professor; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: Men with a family history of prostate cancer have a two to four-fold excess risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those with no family history. The degree of risk elevation associated with familial prostate cancer may depend on several factors including the age at diagnosis of the affected family members and the total number of affected first and/or second-degree relatives. Many multiplex prostate cancer families have been studied over the last decade with the goal of identifying highly penetrant prostate cancer genes using linkage approaches, however, many of these prostate cancer genes remain elusive. An alternative strategy for the identification of prostate cancer susceptibility genes is the use of association studies, which have generally used case:control datasets to study low penetrance genes. The University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project (PCGP) is a family-based study with the goal of characterizing the molecular basis for the inherited predisposition to prostate cancer. We hypothesize that prostate cancer susceptibility loci with modest penetrance can also be identified and characterized using family-based association studies. Since prostate cancer is a late-onset disease, and parental genotype information from parents is typically unavailable, we will focus primarily on understanding the genetic differences between men with prostate cancer and their unaffected male siblings. Therefore, to characterize prostate Cancer susceptibility genes using prostate cancer families, the following three Specific Aims are proposed: 1.To ascertain, characterize, and classify sibling pairs discordant for prostate cancer from the University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project (PCGP). 2. To identify one or more genes that associate with the generalized risk of prostate cancer among discordant sibling pairs (DSPs) from the PCGP. a. To characterize genes that associate with the diagnosis of early-onset and/or hereditary prostate cancer among the DSPs. b. To study genes that associate with the development of clinically advanced prostate cancer (i.e., high stage and/or high grade) among the DSPs. The translational goal of our project is to identify genes that can be used to determine risk of prostate cancer as well as clinically aggressive prostate cancer in unaffected men with a family history of prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEDGEHOG PATHWAY INHIBITION BY CYCLOPAMINE IN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Watkins, D Neil.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Lung cancer results in more deaths than colon, breast and prostate cancer combined. Conventional cytotoxic therapy of lung cancer is limited by side effects, and is rarely curative. Mechanism based therapies directed at tumor specific pathways offers hope for the development of novel treatments. With this in mind, we have studied activation of mammalian development pathways in human lung cancer to provide insights into how such interventions can be achieved. The morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh), which signals to adjacent embryonic cells to specify morphogenic patterns and progenitor cell fates, is essential for lung development. In extensive preliminary studies, we provide compelling evidence that many human lung cancers activate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. We demonstrate cell autonomous Hh signaling in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), whereas non-SCLC (NSCLC) sends a Shh signal to adjacent stromal cells. Moreover, we find that specific inhibition of Hh signaling by the Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine inhibits the growth of SCLC cells exhibiting pathway activation both in vivo and in vivo. Although NSCLC cells express Shh, they are not sensitive to cyclopamine and do not demonstrate cell autonomous pathway activation in vivo. However, NSCLC cell lines which signal to adjacent fibroblasts in vivo are growth inhibited by cyclopamine in vivo, suggesting that tumorstromal interactions mediated by Shh promote malignant growth. These data show that activation of the Shh pathway promotes the malignant behavior of lung cancer, and that inhibition of this pathway may represent a novel mechanism-based therapy. Outside of studies in CNS tumors, this is the first direct demonstration of Hh pathway activation in any human cancer. Moreover, our studies show that this phenomenon is not a general feature of carcinomas, but is restricted to epithelial systems in which Hh signaling plays a role in development. We propose to establish inhibitors of Hh signaling as clinically useful therapies in lung cancer using an approach integrating human tumor tissue arrays, molecular and cell biology studies, mouse models and basic pharmacology. First, we will identify the prevalence of Shh pathway activation in lung cancer and premalignant airway tissue using immunohistochemical markers. Then, using genetically engineered reporter cell lines and mouse models, we will study the pharmacologic effect of Hh pathway inhibitors on tumor growth, pathway activation and tumor-stromal interactions. Using these preclinical models, we will then perform delivery, dosing and toxicity studies as a rational basis for eventual phase one studies in humans. This research plan will firmly establish the importance of Shh signaling in lung cancer, and provide a rational, mechanism based approach for the treatment of lung cancer with inhibitors of the Shh pathway. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HU-UCPI CANCER EDUCATION /CAREER DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Andraos-Selim, Cecile; Biological Sciences; Hampton University E Queen & Tyler Sts Hampton, Va 23668 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Despite an excess cancer burden in the AfricanAmerican population, there remains a relative paucity of African American cancer

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researchers; a trend that is evident at the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI) in addition to many cancer centers nationwide. Hampton University (HU) is a historically Black university located in Hampton, Virginia with over 600 students majoring in the Biological Sciences, yet there has been little emphasis in the curriculum on cancer biology. A partnership between UPCI and Hampton will combine the strengths of both institutions to establish cancer biology teaching and laboratory work in the Hampton curriculum, to facilitate the exposure of HU students to UPCI faculty and programs, to develop core faculty expertise in cancer biology at Hampton and to enhance UPCI accessibility to minority populations. To accomplish these goals, this partnership will realize the following specific aims: (1) To plan and implement a cooperative curriculum that will enable HU students to design and conduct experiments related to cancer, to understand basic concepts of cancer biology, and to critique primary literature in the cancer field. This will entail projects directed at all HU biology undergraduates as well as the establishment of a Cancer Fellows track, which will include summer research rotations by Cancer Fellows at UPCI. (2) To augment resources at UPCI to effectively interact with and educate minorities in Western Pennsylvania about cancer. This will include a joint project to upgrade the UPCI website to optimize its content and facilitate accessibility by African-Americans. (3) Optimize the ability of faculty to successfully teach cancer biology and to undertake cancer-related projects. A customized curriculum will be developed at UPCI to enhance the skills of HU summer visiting Faculty in teaching cancer biology and developing experimental and didactic teaching models. Faculty from both institutions will benefit from increased expertise in joint curriculum development, development of creative long distance teaching models, grant writing workshops and bioinformatics software training. Through these aims the partnership between Hampton University and UPCI will establish innovative programs designed to augment cancer research training and education opportunities at HU, and to enhance educational initiatives at UPCI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HU-UPCI PARTNERSHIP

CANCER

EDUCATION/CAREER

DEVELOPMENT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Steinman, Richard A.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Despite an excess cancer burden in the AfricanAmerican population, there remains a relative paucity of African American cancer researchers; a trend that is evident at the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI) in addition to many cancer centers nationwide. Hampton University (HU) is a historically Black university located in Hampton, Virginia with over 600 students majoring in the Biological Sciences, yet there has been little emphasis in the curriculum on cancer biology. A partnership between UPCI and Hampton will combine the strengths of both institutions to establish cancer biology teaching and laboratory work in the Hampton curriculum, to facilitate an intensive exposure of HU students to UPCI faculty and programs, to develop core faculty expertise in cancer biology at Hampton and to enhance UPCI accessibility to minority populations. In order to accomplish these goals, this partnership will realize the following specific aims: (1) To plan and implement a cooperative curriculum that will enable HU students to design and conduct experiments related to cancer, to understand basic concepts of cancer biology, and to critique primary literature in the cancer field. This will entail projects directed at

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all HU biology undergraduates as well as the establishment of a Cancer Fellows track, which will include summer research rotations by Cancer Fellows at UPCI. (2) To augment resources at UPCI to effectively interact with and educate minorities in Western Pennsylvania about cancer. This will include a joint project to upgrade the UPCI website to optimize its content and facilitate accessibility by African-Americans. (3) Optimize the ability of faculty to successfully teach cancer biology and to undertake cancer-related projects. A customized curricula will be developed at UPCI to enhance the skills of HU summer Visiting Faculty in teaching cancer biology, developing experimental and didactic teaching models, and creating an integrated cancer curriculum at HU. Faculty from both institutions will benefit from increased expertise in joint curriculum development, development of creative long distance teaching models, grant writing workshops and bioinformatics software training. Through these aims the partnership between Hampton University and UPCI will establish a number of innovative programs designed to augment cancer research training and education opportunities at HU, and to enhance educational initiatives at UPCI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IC COMMUNICATION IN BREAST CANCER METASTASIS TO BONE Principal Investigator & Institution: Donahue, Henry J.; Professor and Vice Chair for Research; Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant): The mechanism underlying the preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone is poorly understood. We propose that gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) contributes to breast cancer metastasis to bone by facilitating heterotypic cell-cell interactions between breast cancer cells and osteoblastic cells. These interactions contribute to breast cancer cell transosteoblastic migration, which is a critical step in bone metastasis. The long-term goals of this project are to characterize gap junction expression and function in breast cancer cells (metastasizing, metastasis suppressed and non-metastatic) and how this contributes, through activation of cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity, to breast cancer cell transosteoblastic migration and bone metastasis. These goals will be accomplished through the completion of five Specific Aims: (1) examine homotypic GJIC among breast cancer cell lines and heterotypic GJIC between breast cancer cells and osteoblastic cells; (2) quantify the effect of breast cancer cell contact, in the presence and absence of inhibitors of GJTC and cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization, on cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca +i]) in osteoblastic hFOB 1.9 cells; (3) quantify MLCK activity in osteoblastic cells following contact with breast cancer cells; (4) quantify transcellular migration of breast cancer cells through osteoblastic monolayers; and (5) genetically alter expression of connexins in breast cancer cells and assess metastatic potential in an in vivo model of bone metastasis. As breast cancer cell lines, we will use MDA-MB-23 I and MDA-MB-435, these cells expressing the recently identified metastasis suppressing gene BRMS1, these cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and appropriate vector controls. We will also examine non-metastasic MDA-MB-468 and neol 1/435 breast cancer cells. GJIC will be quantified by dye transfer techniques, [Ca2+], by microspectrofluorometry, MLCK activity by in vitro phosphorylation assays, and transcellular migration by quantification of cell migration through Matrigel, utilizing confocal microscopy. Bone metastasis will be assessed fluorometrically utilizing GFP tagged breast cancer cells. The results of this project will provide insights into the

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mechanism by which breast cancer cells preferentially metastasize to bone, an important step in developing approaches to inhibit bone metastasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: 'IMI HALE NATIVE CANCER RESEARCH AND TRAINING NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Chong, Clayton D.; Papa Ola Lokahi 222 Merchant St, 2Nd Fl Honolulu, Hi 96813 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Though the state of Hawaii has the lowest "all races" cancer mortality rates in the nation, Native Hawaiians have the highest cancer mortality rates in their own homeland. Nationally only Black males and Alaska Native females have higher cancer mortality rates. The specific goals of this project, entitled, "Imi Hale, the Native Hawaiian Cancer Research and Training Network, are to reduce cancer incidence and mortality among Native Hawaiians through the establishment of a sustainable infrastructure to: 1) promote cancer awareness within Native Hawaiian communities; and 2) initiate cancer research, training, and control activities. In Hawaii, their own homeland, the target population will be Native Hawaiians who reside in the State of Hawaii. 'Imi Hale-Native Hawaiian Cancer Awareness Research and Training Network will work collaboratively with key partners at the community, state, and national levels to provide the support systems and expertise to achieve 5 main objectives, which are to: 1. foster and facilitate the development and implementation of programs to increase cancer awareness among Native Hawaiians; 2. develop mechanisms to increase accrual and retention of Native Hawaiians in clinical trials; 3. create programs and opportunities to increase the number of Native Hawaiian researchers through training of promising young students, graduates, and physicians; 4. develop programs to increase the number of research grants addressing cancer in Native Hawaiians with a particular emphasis on projects designed to reduce risk behavior and improve cancer survival; and 5. establish a culturally appropriate, participatory research process to support scientifically rigorous research that is respectful of Native Hawaiian cultural beliefs, practices, and customs. As a result of these programs, we want to realize a downward trend in cancer incidence and mortality in Native Hawaiians over the next decade. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INSULIN RESISTANCE /DIET OF HISPANIC WOMEN W/ BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Duarte-Gardea, Maria O.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. A relationship has been hypothesized between insulin resistance and breast cancer. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the relationship among insulin resistance, energy and fat intake, and breast cancer in Hispanic women. The purpose of this project is to test the hypothesis that fasting insulin and other markers of insulin resistance, along with energy intake and dietary fat, will be significantly higher among Hispanic women diagnosed with breast cancer compared to those with no indication of cancer. Specific aims: Our aims are to compare the following characteristics among women with and without breast cancer: Aim 1) markers of insulin resistance and Aim 2) total energy and total fat intake. Aims 3) demographic, anthropometric, and

Studies 47

reproductive, and Aim 4) lifestyle and dietary factors and their association with diagnosis of breast cancer. Design/Methods: A prospective case-control study of Hispanic women attending the University Breast Care Center at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso for routine breast examination will be conducted. Markers of insulin resistance including obesity, waist/hip ratio, blood pressure, acanthosis nigricans, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and lipid profile will be performed in four hundred eligible participants. Subjects will complete a three-day food record to determine total energy and fat intake. Case and control groups will be formulated once the data are collected and after mammogram and pathology reports have been filed. The case group includes 100 subjects with breast cancer. Three controls (matched by age +/5 years) and menopausal status) for each case will be located from the pool of total participants. We will perform correlation and factor analyses to identify variables and/or factors which would best represent each of the four classes of independent variables as outlined in the specific aims section. We will then use logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between the categorical response (diagnosed with and without breast cancer) with the set of independent variables identified above. The proposed work will advance the understanding of the associations of insulin resistance, diet and breast cancer in Hispanic women. Individual risk factors (anthropometric, health, reproductive, lifestyle and dietary) may be identified. There is a need for research that focuses on a comprehensive approach to insulin resistance, dietary lifestyle choices, and breast cancer and that emphasizes a fat-caloric intake-insulin resistance linkage. Such information is critical for the design of health education interventions that seek the adoption of healthy lifestyle in low income Hispanic population through community-based culturally relevant and tailored prevention programs, and public policy recommendations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IOWA ONCOLOGY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Morton, Roscoe F.; Iowa Oncology Research Association Des Moines Medical Center Des Moines, Ia 50309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1995; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The Iowa Oncology Research Association (IORA) is a multidisciplinary consortium of six Iowa hospitals; their surgical, medical and radiation oncologists, internal medicine and family practice physicians and related nonphysician cancer care staffs. Four of these hospitals are located in Des Moines, one in Mason City and one in Ottumwa. The IORA has been a principal member of the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) since 1979 and has secondary research bases with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Program (NSABP), Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) and Children?s Oncology Group (COG). The goals of IORA are: 1) Expand clinical research efforts in cancer treatment, cancer control, and cancer prevention in NCI approved clinical trials through the combined participation of its investigators and patient population; 2) Support the goals and work of research bases with involvement of IORA investigators, nurses, and clinical research associates in protocol development, committees and meetings; 3) Improve the quality of oncology care of Iowans by use of state-of-the-art treatment and cancer control protocols; 4) Diffuse the knowledge gained from clinical trials to physicians who provide care for non-protocol patients; 5) Sustain the valuable network of clinical cancer researchers and providers in Iowa who collaborate in NCI-approved clinical trials and other endeavors such as the NCI?s SEER program, the CDC?s NIOSH Demonstration Cancer Control Project for Farmers, and

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NCI Patterns of Care; 6) Improve community participation in prevention studies such as the NSABP Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (STAR) and the second SWOG Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) by utilizing recruitment strategies learned from IORA's successful implementation of the first SWOG Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial; 7) Increase primary care physician involvement in cancer prevention; 8) Develop strategies to increase minority involvement in cancer research keeping in mind that Iowa is 97% Caucasian and thus traditionally defined minority groups are infrequent in our population base. The recent addition of two residency program medical directors (family practice and internal medicine) to IORA membership will improve access to minority populations. The IORA has a proven tract record as an efficient and disciplined team of investigators who come from three strategically located Iowa communities. The organization is the link between six hospitals, eight major group practices and forty-nine physicians. The IORA will continue to enthusiastically emphasize quality in its research efforts if awarded a CCOP grant. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: KALAMAZOO COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Lord, Raymond S.; West Michigan Cancer Center 200 N Park St Kalamazoo, Mi 49007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The Kalamazoo Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) is a consortium of the West Michigan Cancer Center, Borgess Medical Center and Bronson Methodist Hospital, which serve as cancer care referral centers for the 9-county Southwest Michigan area. Combined, the hospitals have 1004 beds. Approximately 1730 new cancer patients are diagnosed yearly. The Kalamazoo CCOP intends to continue to significantly increase the number of cancer patients formally entered on high priority clinical research protocols through the organization of cancer care specialists and primary care physicians with the established, systematic communication of available clinical trials. The program will expand community involvement in cancer control activities to a broader segment of the population to include minorities, economically disadvantaged and women. Expanded use of clinical research protocols and education and discussion of the rationale for the science of these protocols will increase the diffusion of new cancer care technology for widespread use within the community. Ultimately, a reduction in cancer incidence, morbidity and mortality will result by contribution to the advancement of cancer prevention, detection, treatment and rehabilitation through participation in multidisciplinary, high priority clinical trials and cancer control studies. Clinical trials and cancer control studies from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast/Bowel Project, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Michigan Cancer Center and the University of Rochester Cancer Center will be used. Input into the type and design of protocols will be sought through Kalamazoo CCOP personnel membership in research base committees. Protocols from research bases will be evaluated by the CCOP investigators and monitored by the Kalamazoo CCOP Principal Investigator and Administrator for applicability to this community. Cooperation of community physicians will be obtained by communication through tumor boards, educational conferences, and personal contact. The intended effectiveness of the Kalamazoo CCOP will be carefully monitored on an ongoing basis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAINLINE HEALTH CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilman, Paul B.; Lankenau Hospital 100 Lancaster Ave W of City Line Wynnewood, Pa 19096 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this reapplication of the CCOP grant, we propose to maintain the Main Line Health CCOP as a consortium of oncology research programs between The Lankenau Hospital, Bryn Mawr Hospital, and Paoli Memorial Hospital. These three acute care hospitals are part of the Main Line Health System, whose service area includes the western and northwestern portions of Philadelphia County, into suburban Montgomery, Delaware and Chester Counties of Pennsylvania. This service area represents a population of over 1.2 million individuals of whom 15% are aged 65 or older. Main Line Health has blended the three hospitals oncology programs into a joint coordinated program, of which the CCOP is a part. Additionally, the three IRBs have merged and with the CCOP, this consortium continues to bring the communities stateof-the-art cancer care. The CCOP has developed affiliations with NSABP, ECOG, M.D. Anderson and RTOG to bring clinical trials to the area. These affiliations will continue, with a look to increasing accruals to these and other research based studies. Main Line Health has twelve medical oncologists, three gynecologic oncologists, eight surgical oncologists and ten radiation oncologists who see over 2000 patients annually, or 31 percent of the newly diagnosed cancer patients in our catchment area. We plan to continue to expand our available programs, increase ties to primary care physicians, and further develop involvement with minority and underserved populations for cancer prevention, control and treatment protocols. The ongoing commitment to cutting edge cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment available through the research bases will allow the Main Line Health CCOP to continue to offer our communities state-of-the-art care for cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MARSHFIELD COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Banerjee, Tarit K.; Marshfield Clinic 1000 N Oak Ave Marshfield, Wi 54449 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The Marshfield Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) has been, participating with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) since the inception of CCOP in 1983. The goal was to bring in s t ate-of-the-art cancer therapy in community-based institutions. The Marshfield CCOP program is administered under the auspices of Marshfield Medical Research and Education Foundation (MMREF), a Division of Marshfield Clinic. Very large numbers of cancer patients are receiving primary, secondary, and tertiary care delivered by over 450 multi-specialty physicians within the Marshfield Clinic group practice system. It is the goal of the Marshfield CCOP to provide state-of-the-art cancer treatment to these patients through various NCI approved protocols by collaborating with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) CCOP research base, Children's Cancer Group (CCG) research base, and the University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC) cancer control research base. These protocol studies consisting of state-of-the-art cancer treatment trials and prevention and control research are aimed at improving quality of life and reducing cancer incidence and morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. NCI directed program, namely the audit process, institutional review board program, and investigational drug

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program, will be maintained. Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) guidelines will be followed. One hundred ten to 120 credits in clinical trials and 70-75 cancer prevention and control credits will be the annual goal in the Marshfield CCOP. Marshfield CCOP personnel will continue to attend research-base organizational and educational meetings, and participate in their committee and scientific activities as needed. Quarterly and annual accrual reports and institutional changes will be reported periodically to NCI. Protocol participation helps to improve the quality in surgical approaches, pathology interpretations, and laboratory studies in the community setting. Cancer prevention and control research will involve various other subspecialties in medicine. Cancer prevention, early detection, symptom control, rehabilitation, and quality of life measurement will improve longevity and functional status of cancer patients. Marshfield CCOP will continue to maintain a superior and productive CCOP program during the next several years. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEMORIAL HOSPITAL AND CANCER AND ACUTE LEUKEMIA GROUP B Principal Investigator & Institution: Hudis, Clifford A.; Chief; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-JUL-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): This is the first application for support of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) research activities by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) as a Main Member institution. MSKCC's mission is devoted to clinical and laboratory research related to cancer treatment and biology. Previously an affiliate of the New York Hospital, MSKCC became a Main Member in February 1996. This change from affiliate to Main Member represents our commitment to participate in a broad-based cooperative group in order to participate in national group and intergroup randomized trials and to interdigitate the national agenda into our extensive clinical trials program. Strong research interactions already exist between CALGB and MSKCC. Larry Norton, M.D., Chair, Breast Committee, and Jimmie Holland, M.D. first and only Chair, Psycho-Oncology Committee, both play dominant roles in shaping group and national clinical trials. In addition, Nancy Kemeny, M.D., is a member of the GI Committee and Medical Oncology Chair of CALGB 9481, studying intrahepatic chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients with hepatic metastases. We plan to augment participation in these areas, and Clifford Hudis, M.D., and Andrew Seidman, M.D., are already actively presenting to the Breast Committee. Alice Kornblith, Ph.D., leads several psycho-oncology efforts, and Russell Porenoy, M.D., and Raymond Wesson, Ph.D., will join palliative care and minority issue efforts. Committee participation has expanded, with 19 MSKCC faculty appointed to 12 committees. Protocol accrual has increased, with 69 credits between 3/1/96 and 5/1/97, and 47 credits since 12/96 alone. Increased clinical trial accrual will result from newly activated CALGB therapeutic and nontherapeutic studies from additional disease and modality committees and, by introducing new drugs and biologics under development at MSKCC, into Group studies. This integration is under way. R.S.K. Chaganti, Ph.D., will participate in Leukemia/Lymphoma Correlative Sciences studies by providing the introduction of comparative genomic hybridization into the study of malignant lymphomas. Accrual from affiliation with McGill University will augment MSKCC activities in CALGB. MSKCC looks forward to participation in CALGB's excellent group science. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROGRAM

MINORITY

BASED

COMMUNITY

CLINICAL

ONCOLOGY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Conrad, Marcel E.; Professor of Medicine; Mobile Infirmary Medical Center 3 Mobile Infirmary Circle, Ste 3 Mobile, Al 36607 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-SEP-1990; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: The University of South Alabama (USA) has been a designated MBCCOP since the inception of the program. The grant supports the administration and data management of cancer treatment protocols, cancer control programs and cancer prevention trials at USA. In addition, it supports limited travel of faculty to national research base meetings and the cost of transporting specimens to designated laboratories as required by protocols. USA is currently involved and has membership in the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Program (NSABP), the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG), the MD Anderson program (MSKCC) and The University of Rochester. We are participants in the P1-Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) and the Study of Tamoxifen and Roloxafine (STAR) program and the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT). We plan to participate in the Prostate Prevention Trial utilizing vitamin E and selenium. Currently, over 450 living cancer patients are in active follow up. USA keeps about 185 active Investigative Review Board (IRB) approved protocols for eligible patients at any given time. Approximately ten percent of newly diagnosed cancer patients become participants of cancer treatment protocols at USA. We do not engage in any studies sponsored by pharmaceutical firms. Approximately one half of patients placed on cancer treatment protocols are minority individuals with the majority being African American. We have no difficulty in recruiting minority patients for cancer treatment protocols. However, it is difficult to recruit minority patients to cancer prevention trials and cancer control programs which involve either a procedure or a medication with potential side effects. Most minority subjects recruited to cancer prevention studies are from upper socioeconomic and educated groups. Recruitment occurs through appropriate radio, newspaper, health fairs, churches and social organizations. Population surveys at USA suggest that 'fatalism' plays an important role in delayed diagnosis and failure to use cancer preventative means. USA is the only University hospital with a 150 mile radius of Mobile Alabama in the Gulf Coast. It serves the urban population of a Gulf Coast Port City and a surrounding rural southern population of patients from South Alabama, Southern Mississippi and the panhandle of Florida. The University hospital has 840 beds with 32 beds in a designated adult oncology unit. Approximately 475 new cancer patients are seen yearly at this facility with half of them from minority populations. With increasing numbers of oncologists in the region and development of radiation treatment facilities in the community hospitals, cancer patient accrual has not increased at USA in recent years. To solve this problem it is planned to construct a USA Cancer Hospital and treatment facility largely using existent buildings, and assume responsibility for oncologic care at a community hospital. Further, we are involving former fellows and associates in Biloxi and Mobile for participation in the STAR trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MISSOURI VALLEY CANCER CONSORTIUM CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Mailliard, James A.; Missouri Valley Cancer Consortium 7070 Spring St Omaha, Ne 68105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2007

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The Missouri Valley Cancer Consortium (MVCC) is a community-based research effort with the specific aim of providing quality cancer care and research opportunities to patients in their respective communities. This is accomplished primarily through a networking of physicians, hospitals, and community cancer clinics across Nebraska and Iowa who recognize the unique needs of people with cancer, and who are committed to providing cancer care that has an emphasis on research whereby patients may benefit from cutting-edge technology in the areas of cancer treatment, cancer control, and cancer prevention. The MVCC serves a catchment area of primarily Nebraska and Iowa, and through affiliation with nationally recognized research groups, clinical trials are offered for a wide variety of cancers. A unique ability to provide clinical trials for cancer prevention and cancer control enhances the quality of this vital research program. The MVCC has direct affiliation with the North Central Cancer Treatment Group, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Gynecologic Oncology Group, and Southwest Oncology Group, is a member of the CTSU, or Clinical Trials Support Unit of the NIH, receives funding to support the program through an NIH grant as a Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP), and serves a data base of well over 1800 patients who have enrolled in clinical research studies over the years through their own community medical programs affiliated with MVCC. The MVCC has a proven track record of producing quality research work from a deeply committed team of healthcare professionals. Efforts are now being focused on community awareness of the importance of clinical research participation through pathways of public education about cancer, along with cancer screening and cancer prevention programs. Strategies to include minority populations in these important programs are being utilized as well. The long-term objective of this vital research program is to provide cancer patients access to clinical trials in their community, to promote quality cancer care and education, and to produce research data that will ultimately benefit all cancer patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR BEACON APTAMER FOR DIAGNOSTIC CANCER IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Tan, Weihong; Associate Professor; Chemistry; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal describes a research program in the development of novel diagnostic cancer imaging and sensing techniques for real-time cancer related protein monitoring using molecular beacon aptamers. Up to now, there are limited diagnosis techniques to probe and to understand the process involved in the initiation and growth of cancer, which greatly hinders our ability in early diagnosis of cancer and the effective treatment of cancer patients. The development of innovative ultrasensitive imaging and sensing methods at the cellular and molecular levels is urgently needed, with a particular emphasis on identification and characterization of either the early formation of cancer or early molecular changes during intervention or therapy. It is thus this proposal's goal to develop imaging and sensing techniques for cancer diagnosis, especially early diagnosis on the cellular and molecular level. Specifically, we aim at developing effective imaging and sensing techniques for in vivo recognition and monitoring of oncoproteins, which are important cancer biomarkers. The proposed research will capitalize upon our recent advancements in developing aptamers and molecular beacons for protein detection, in nanotechnology for ultrasmall

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biochemical sensors and imaging techniques, in optical imaging at the single molecule level and in single living cell studies. Specifically, we will pursue the following aims in this R21 exploratory proposal: 1) Develop a novel fluorescent molecular probe for cancer protein recognition by combining the specificity of aptamers and the signal transduction mechanism in molecular beacons; 2) Develop ultrasensitive optical fiber biosensors and advanced imaging and biosensing techniques based on the newly developed molecular beacon aptamer; 3) Explore the feasibility of using the molecular beacon aptamer as a diagnostic cancer probe. We will take the following three steps to test the feasibility in this proposal. We will first identify an existing aptamer designed for an oncoprotein, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), related to cancer. We will then combine molecular beacon's signal transduction mechanism with the aptamer's binding specificity for the development of a molecular beacon aptamer for the PDGF detection. Once the molecular beacon aptamer is developed, we will combine our existing imaging and biosensing technology with it for ultrasensitive detection of oncoprotein. The new imaging and sensing techniques will then be applied for tumor cell line and tissue sample study. By the completion of this study, we will have developed efficient molecular beacon aptamers as novel protein probes for tumor visualization. We will have developed novel imaging and biosensing technologies based on the new aptamer. for cancer diagnosis at the cellular and molecular levels. These technological innovations can be applied to greatly improve our ability in detecting cancer at its early stages, in cancer growth studies on the molecular and cellular levels, and in understanding of the physiological states of organ and tumor systems. We fully anticipate the results of this study will be widely useful in the development of novel approaches to the treatment of cancer and related disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FATAL PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Weinmann, Sheila A.; Senior Research Associate; Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 1800 Harrison St, 16Th Fl Oakland, Ca 94612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer has the highest incidence and the second highest mortality of any cancer among men in the United States; the prostate cancer burden is especially high in African-Americans. The prognosis of this cancer is extremely heterogeneous, and it is of urgent clinical importance to be able to determine which early stage cancers should be treated aggressively and which should not. Although histologic grade and stage are the most important determinants of prostate cancer prognosis, some oncogene and tumor suppressor gene proteins have been linked to prostate cancer mortality in small studies; the most promising of these include PTEN, PIM-1, EGR1, P27 kipt, E-cadherin, alpha-catenin, P53, BCL-2, and HSP27. However, little information exists about interrelationships of the expression of different proteins and which proteins most strongly predict survival when other factors are taken into account. Since many clinical laboratories can now analyze the tumor protein expression levels through immunohistochemistry, there is great interest in finding immunohistochemical markers that can predict prostate cancer prognosis in the clinical setting. This application proposes to examine the relationship between protein expression of the above tumor genes and mortality from prostate cancer after prostatectomy using a population-based case-control study design. Subjects will be Caucasian and African-American prostate cancer patients of Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, and Kaiser Permanente Northern California who have paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tumor tissue stored in health

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plan laboratories. Laboratory scientists at Georgetown University's Lombardi Cancer Center will use both standard methods for immunohistochemistry and the Automated Cellular Imaging System (ChromaVision, Inc.) to assess protein expression in prostate tumor tissue. Additional subject data will be collected from automated sources and medical records to allow multivariate analysis of the association between tumor marker expression and prostate cancer mortality, taking into account demographic, pathologic, medical, and environmental variables. This study is unique in that, because of the very large health plan populations, study investigators will be able to assemble over 300 fatal cases of prostate cancer with available prostatectomy tissue and clinical data and will be able to compare them with a well-matched sample of non-fatal cases. The case-control study design will provide maximum statistical power for analysis of these relationships, particularly in the important African-American subgroup. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR THERAPEUTICS OF CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Carbone, David P.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The purpose of this K24 proposal is to allow the principal investigator to devote additional time to the development of innovative clinical therapeutics and patient-oriented correlative research projects. I have several NIH-funded patientoriented research projects of my own, and am mentoring fellows and junior faculty in additional projects at the Vanderbilt Cancer Center. My own research involves a number of projects, all thematically related to the application of molecular biology to the treatment and analysis of cancer. Broadly, my proposal falls into four areas: 1) My main research focus involves the immunology of cancer, and specifically the development of immunotherapeutics and the study of cancer-associated immunodeficiency. I am running NCI CTEP-sponsored and RO3-funded clinical trials in immunotherapy, and mentoring a fellow whom is initiating two additional immunotherapy trials. We have recently demonstrated (with RO1 funding) defective DC function in human cancer patients, and that one of the factors responsible for this defect is tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF appears to signal through the flt-1 receptor on CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, and its effects appear to be mediated by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. A head and neck surgical resident is performing these assays in head and neck and breast cancer in my lab (funded by another RO1 grant). We are developing inhibitors of the flt-1 receptor as novel therapeutics. 2) I also have an interest and history of publication in the gene therapy of cancer, with ongoing projects involving the inhibition of IGF1r signaling, and an NCI CTEP and ECOG sponsored gene therapy trial in lung cancer, run by medical oncology and pulmonary fellows and junior faculty under my supervision. 3) I have a long-standing interest and track record in the genetic analysis of human cancer and am mentoring a medical oncology fellow in my laboratory who is attempting to clone a novel chromosomal translocation associated with lung cancer in young people, and another fellow who is evaluating the role of bcl-2 in taxol responsiveness. 4) Lastly, as Director of the Experimental Therapeutics Program of the Vanderbilt Cancer Center, I am involved in the clinical development of a number of novel therapeutics and chemopreventive agents. This award would allow me additional time to further patient-oriented research at the, Vanderbilt Cancer Center and time to mentor fellow and junior faculty patient-oriented research projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MONTANA CANCER CONSORTIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Cobb, Patrick W.; Md, Facp; Montana Cancer Consortium 1236 N 28Th St, Ste 204 Billings, Mt 59101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-1995; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The Montana Cancer Consortium (MCC) consists of three components (two from Billings and one from Great Falls) and seven affiliates (Missoula, Helena, Kalispell, Butte, Bozeman and Great Falls). The Consortium encompasses a catchment area which includes the entire state of Montana with extension into Wyoming, Idaho, and the Dakotas (some 150,000 sq. miles/population of 900,000). This area is uniquely rural, as well as home to Native Americans from eight reservations which are served by MCC. The Consortium has a centralized data management office in Billings which serves to register participants and transmit data to the national cooperative groups. The components and affiliates of the MCC have been accruing participants on NCI-approved clinical studies for more than 18 years with a current composite total of 2200 patients. All medical oncologists from the state of Montana will be participating in the Montana Cancer Consortium. Objective 1: Accrual. MCC has named the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), the National Surgical Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) and Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) as primary research bases with future addition of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). First-year therapeutic credits are projected at 70. Cancer control credits for the first year are projected at 75. This clearly exceeds the requirements of the RFA for 50 treatment credits and 50 cancer control credits. Objective 2: Quality. MCC centralized data management for this large geographic area to one office in Billings. Centralization will facilitate registrations and data management for 22 participating Montana Oncologists and expedites the transmittal of data to the research bases. Quality of data submitted to the national groups will be enhanced by quality assurance measures within the central office. Centralized data management will add to the efficiency of quality assessments (i.e. site visits). Objective 3: Access. The cooperative effort of the MCC with hospital and health care providers from Montana and surrounding states will improve access to state-of-the-art cancer treatment and prevention for an extensive, largely rural population. The network of oncologists will provide a higher profile for clinical trials which will create a stimulus to increased accrual. By promoting protocol participation in this geographically unique area with its inclusion of the minority component, MCC provides an excellent site for diffusion of knowledge and improved cancer care in a consortium which embodies the NCI's CCOP intent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOUNT SINAI COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Lilenbaum, Rogerio C.; Mount Sinai Medical Center (Miami Beach) 4300 Alton Rd Miami Beach, Fl 331402800 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-JUL-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the next five years, the overall aim of the CCOP is to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality by accelerating the transfer of newly developed cancer prevention, early detection, treatment, patient management, rehabilitation, and continuing care technology to widespread community application. The immediate goals of the MSCCOP are to continue to increase our accrual rate to treatment and cancer control trials approved by NCI; to increase our ascending minority accrual in treatment and cancer control research; to maintain standards of excellence in data management; to cultivate contacts with primary care physicians and

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other specialists who may contribute to cancer control initiatives; to continue to refine cancer control data management capabilities, including the use of a range of resources to identify potential candidates for cancer control research projects; and to continue to develop our affiliate network of 7 clinical research sites in 5 cities. The track record of the MSCCOP demonstrates the ability to manage complex clinical research and cancer control activities while producing the highest quality data. The CCOP staffing pattern, protocol management procedures, patient/participant management approaches, quality control mechanisms, pharmacy control mechanisms, IRB structure and liaison are all in place and functioning to support current and future therapeutic and cancer control activities. The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program provides access to national cooperative clinical trials to South Florida. The 6 hospitals in the MSCCOP see nearly 7000 newly diagnosed cancer patients per year, including rapidly rising minority and elderly populations. The MSCCOP brings together the strength and resources of a strong group of investigators who collaborate in the conduct of studies from CALGB, NSABP, RTOG, and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOUSE MODELS OF OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hamilton, Thomas C.; Professor; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: We propose strategies to produce inheritable mouse models of ovarian cancer. Such models will aid in understanding the disease's etiology and provide more realistic systems in which to evaluate diagnostic, prevention, and treatment methods. Creation of transgenic ovarian cancer models is a particularly rational goal considering this disease is the fourth leading cause of deaths from solid tumors in American women and transgenic models of the three more commonly lethal solid tumors currently exist. The need for such models is further underscored when one considers the risk of death from ovarian cancer compared to for example breast cancer. The incidence of ovarian cancer is approximately 3.3 per 100,000 women in the United Sates. This yields approximately 20,000 new cases annually but they result in a remarkably high frequency of death, i.e. nearly 15,000 American women die from the disease each year. In contrast, breast cancer has a frequency of approximately 180,000 cases per year and accounts for approximately 46,000 annual deaths. Thus, breast cancer has a frequency 9 times as high as ovarian cancer but results in 3-times as many deaths. In this application, we demonstrate that sufficient resources exist to begin to develop inheritable models of ovarian cancer and describe approaches to obtain the resources and information needed to create second generation models. To accomplish these goals, we propose the following Specific Aims: SPECIFIC AIM number 1: Identify the genes which when overexpressed, expressed in aberrant form, or inactivated will likely lead to an increased risk of ovarian cancer: Sufficient information is available to start producing transgenic animals with several dominantly acting genes/oncogenes. A much larger problem exists with regard to selection of recessively acting genes, i.e. those genes whose lost function contributes to ovarian oncogenesis. Identification of such genes for manipulation in transgenic animals is the focus of this Aim. SPECIFIC AIM number 2: Creation of genetically engineered mice at increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. We have identified a retrovirus-like element in the rat genome which is specifically expressed in rat ovaries. We have cloned the portion of it responsible for ovarian specific expression and demonstrated that it drives reporter gene expression. This promoter will serve as the backbone of our initial efforts to develop mouse models of ovarian cancer. In this

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Aim, we propose to use this promoter to create transgenic mice constitutively expressing normal and mutated genes of importance in ovarian cancer. In the case of recessive genes, i.e. tumor/growth suppresser genes, we have the capability to produce germline "knockouts", but of greater interest is the possibility of using this promoter to drive ovarian specific intrabody production as a means to functionally "knockout" tumor/growth suppresser genes in an ovarian specific manner. SPECIFIC AIM number 3: Identify a promoter that is specifically expressed in MOSE cells. The promoter currently available functions in multiple ovarian cell types including the surface epithelium. Therefore, the ovarian tumors produced when genes are manipulated under control of this promoter may derive from multiple cell types. Such tumor models will be of certain interest although theca and granulosa cell tumors are not as common in women as those derived from the surface epithelium. Here, we propose to identify a mouse ovarian surface epithelial cell specific promoter. SPECIFIC AIM number 4: Increase carcinoma frequency and specificity and decrease latency. Here, we will examine various genetic and physiological strategies as needed to increase frequency, specificity, and decrease latency of ovarian cancer in mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTI-ANTIGEN VACCINES FOR BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Disis, Mary L.; Associate Professor and Associate Member; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Breast cancer is a model for the development of effective chemoprevention strategies. The disease has a long latent period that allows biologic modulation to alter its course of development. In addition, the risk factors for breast cancer development are becoming increasingly better-defined allowing the identification of patient populations who would be appropriate for intervention. A population particularly in need of intervention is the pre-menopausal patient whose breast cancers are, in general, estrogen receptor (ER) negative and more aggressive. In fact, despite having breast cancer that may be diagnosed at an early stage, patients with ER negative breast cancer will relapse their disease more frequently than their ER positive counterparts. Vaccines have been one of the most successful clinical interventions for the prevention of human disease. Prospective immunization against a variety of pathogens has resulted in protection from the development of life-threatening infection. In addition, one of the hallmarks of successful immunization is eliciting a specific immune response, therefore, a surrogate marker of vaccine efficacy is well defined. Finally, the clinical endpoint of any vaccine is the generation of immunologic memory; a lifelong endogenous immune response that would prevent the growth of disease at any distant time point after active immunization. For this reason, cancer vaccines have theoretical appeal as a chemopreventive agent in breast cancer. The potential for the development of effective cancer vaccines has increased over the last several years due to the identification of several breast cancer antigens, development of highly quantitative assays for the assessment of the cancer specific immune response after vaccination, and clinically targeting patients with minimal disease burden as candidates for vaccination. The neu transgenic (tg) mouse is a model system for the study and development of multi-antigen vaccines to prevent breast cancer relapse. The mouse develops neu-overexpressing tumors that are ER negative and mediated by neu and cyclin D1 overexpression much like pre-menopausal breast cancers in humans. In addition, neu-tg mice have pre-existent immunity to multiple antigens expressed by

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their breast cancers. The purpose of using multi-antigen vaccines to immunize against breast cancer rather than strategies targeting a single immunogenic protein is two-fold. First, breast cancer is not caused by a single genetic alteration, but rather a series of initial genetic changes. Secondly, targeting a single tumor antigen will cause immunologic pressure against that protein resulting in the development of antigen negative variants, a phenomenon that has been well described in melanoma and renal cell cancer. Generating immunity against multiple antigens simultaneously may allow the eradication of micrometastatic disease and protection against cancer. The neu-tg mouse provides a pre-clinical system for testing clinical vaccine strategies for breast cancer prevention, evaluation of potential surrogate markers, and identification of breast cancer antigens leading to the development of multi-antigen vaccines targeting overexpressed self-proteins involved in the malignant transformation of breast cancer. The specific aims of this proposal are to: (1) identify and validate appropriate surrogate biomarkers for vaccine efficacy in the chemoprevention of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer, (2) identify potential immunologic targets found in estrogen receptor negative breast cancers for inclusion in a multi-antigen vaccine for breast cancer prevention and, (3) determine the clinical efficacy of multi-antigen vaccines for breast cancer prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW STRATEGIES FOR CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Biswal, Shyam S.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This new SPORE project seeks to take promising laboratory leads for lung cancer prevention, beginning with animal models, to proof of principle clinical studies. Our first efforts will explore electrophiles generated after metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens as well as reactive oxygen species. Both are major causes of malignancy. Cancer chemoprevention by induction of protective phase II proteins to counteract the effects of these carcinogens has gained considerable attention. Isothiocyanates have proved to be potent inducers of phase II proteins and compelling epidemiological evidence suggests that dietary isothiocyanates are linked with decreased incidence of lung cancer. Deciphering the downstream targets of isothiocyanates can help in developing these compounds for cancer chemoprevention. The genes for phase II proteins contain the antioxidant or electrophile response element (ARE), which regulate their basal and/or inducible expression. Nrf2, a member of the basic leucine zipper family plays a central role in activation of these genes by binding to ARE in response to its activation by chemopreventive agents. Our studies have shown that Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, acts as a potent activator of Nrf2. In this work, we used a microarray approach to identify Nrf2 targets in intestine, which included enzymes that detoxify a wide spectrum of electrophiles and tobacco specific carcinogens. The strategy of activation of Nrf2 for induction of phase II proteins recently has been shown to be effective among former smokers in a phase II b trial using anethole dithiolethione in lowering progression of pre-existing dysplastic lesions and appearance of new lesions. This proposal will focus on the hypothesis that activation of Nrf2 in lungs by Sulforaphane can lead to protection against lung cancer with the ultimate goal of developing this agent for clinical trials. The downstream targets of Nrf2 activation in lungs, identified using a genomics approach, will serve as biomarkers to monitor the efficacy of Sulforaphane for lung cancer chemoprevention in the NNK inducible A/J mouse lung cancer model. A small clinical trial will evaluate the efficacy

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of broccoli sprout extract, optimized for high amount Sulforaphane, to activate the Nrf2 pathway in individuals at high risk for lung cancer. Success in these studies will justify larger controlled studies in current and former smokers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NORTHERN NEW JERSEY COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenbluth, Richard J.; Hackensack University Medical Center 30 Prospect Ave Hackensack, Nj 07601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Northern New Jersey CCOP (NNJCCOP) provides access to clinical trials for cancer treatment and cancer control to almost half of the 8.4 million population of New Jersey, as well as adjacent New York and Pennsylvania. Forty-three physicians have access to trials, including pediatric and adult hematology/oncologists, surgeons, urologists, radiation oncologists, gynecologic oncologists and urologists. 37 Additional physicians are actively involved in the work of the CCOP. Extensive outreach ensures broad physician referral for cancer control. They are supported by a well-trained cadre of research nurses, pharmacists and data managers. The CCOP has created an effective and experienced infrastructure to ensure compliance with the highest standards of clinical research. The physicians build on a long tradition of closely-knit integration at the three clinical sites at two component hospitals. Hackensack University Medical Center (HUMC) includes a pediatric program, Tomorrows Children?s Institute (TCI) and an adult program, the Northern New Jersey Cancer Center (NNJCC). Trinitas Hospital, a component hospital resides in Union County, serving a high minority population. The two hospitals are primary sources of oncology care in their catchment areas and together accrue more than 2400 new cancer patients each year. The specific aims of the program are to: reduce cancer incidence, morbidity and mortality through expansion of clinical trials; develop creative and innovative means of communication, collaboration and education among physicians, health providers and citizens to accelerate cancer prevention, detection and treatment; ensure broader participation in trials among minority and female participants; and assure high standards of excellence and quality in cancer trials. Strong leadership, an effective organizational structure and proven track record support the goals of accelerated outreach, broad recruitment, expanded accrual, effective followup, accurate data management, compliance with quality assurance standards and active participation in the design, and implementation of new clinical trials. For the grant period, 2002-2007, the NNJCCOP projects accrual of 1482 adult credits (420 treatment and 1062 cancer control and follow-up) and 318.2 pediatric credits with 298 treatments and 20.2 cancer control credits. This represents a combined 5-year projected accrual of 1800.2 credits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OKLAHOMA CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Lockhart, James B.; Surgeon; Warren Cancer Research Foundation 6151 S Yale Ave, Ste 201 Tulsa, Ok 74136 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-AUG-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The Oklahoma Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) is applying as a consortium consisting of 1) Saint Francis Hospital and the Natalie Warren Bryant Cancer Center (NWBCC); 2) Cancer Care Associates (CCA), the core investigators

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responsible for cancer program development at Saint Francis for over twenty years; and 3) Warren Cancer Research Foundation (WCRF). This cancer program is currently in year eleven as a funded CCOP, previously known as the Saint Francis/NWBCC CCOP. The Warren Cancer Research Foundation serves as the administrative body for the cancer research program and will serve as the grantee and fiscal agent for the Oklahoma CCOP. The projected year 11 accrual is 80 patients on treatment protocols and 60 credits on cancer prevention and cancer control studies. Saint Francis Hospital is a 650 bed nonprofit teaching hospital serving over 1.5 million residents of Eastern Oklahoma as well as 1.9 million residents in adjacent portions of Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas. The Oklahoma CCOP Consortium is the only CCOP in the state and is the largest provider of cancer care in the area, capturing 66.9 percent of the healthcare market in Eastern Oklahoma. Total cancer patient accession is projected to be 2,400 patients and 28,500 visits for 1998. The CCOP Investigators have had a long-standing relationship with ECOG (since 1976) and established formal affiliations with M.D. Anderson and NSABP in 1986 and 1988, respectively. An additional affiliation was established with GOG in August, 1997. These research bases offer a variety of excellent treatment trials as well as promising cancer prevention and control studies in which the CCOP plans to participate. The CCOP has defined its immediate objectives as: increasing accrual in clinical trials and prevention/cancer control studies; increasing the range of healthcare providers participating in clinical trials; and increasing public awareness of NCIapproved clinical research to improve acceptance and endorsement of these efforts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PANCREATIC CANCER GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY CONSORTIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Petersen, Gloria M.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pancreatic cancer is a devastating, highly lethal, but poorly understood cancer. Family history is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and susceptibility gene discovery in high risk familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) is a valid objective. New technical developments make possible productive family based linkage analysis of cancer. We propose a multicenter, multidisciplinary Pancreatic Cancer Genetic Epidemiology (PACGENE) Consortium to identify susceptibility genes in high risk FPC pedigrees using cutting-edge genetic analysis methods. We hypothesize that (1) there are specific discoverable genotypes that greatly increase the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, and (2) some genotypes may manifest through tobacco exposure. To address these hypotheses, this project has assembled an experienced research team with expertise in genetic epidemiology, gene mapping, pancreatic cancer biology, cancer molecular genetics, and pathology/diagnosis of pancreatic cancer that will study high risk FPC pedigrees using state of the art linkage analysis techniques. The PACGENE Consortium will be composed of six experienced primary data collection centers, a statistical genetics Core, and a pathology/archival genotyping Core. Oversight of the whole will be provided by a Steering Committee with consultation from an External Advisory Committee. Our specific aims are: Aim 1: To identify high risk pedigrees for genetic linkage analysis utilizing established pancreatic cancer family research resources. The six centers will screen 8,900 new cases over 5 years to accrue biospecimens, tumor tissue, and risk factor data (including smoking history) from available relevant family members of 75 FPC pedigrees suitable for genetic linkage studies (those containing 3 or more persons affected with pancreatic cancer and those providing expected lod scores of 0.3 or higher). Aim 2: To genotype informative

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individuals in high-risk FPC pedigrees with 400 evenly spaced markers (-10 centimorgan intervals) throughout the genome. Genotyping with genome-wide microsatellite markers will be done on an estimated 1,500 individuals in the 75 FPC families identified in Aim 1. Aim 3: To map a pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene(s) by genetic linkage analysis of the high-risk FPC pedigrees. We propose to use conventional parametric linkage strategies, but will also implement the latest methods that incorporate environmental covariates in the analyses. implications Through such efforts, the consortium will facilitate the development of a family-based gene-discovery research resource that will be positioned to characterize genetic risk of pancreatic cancer and to conduct future translational studies, including interventions targeted to high risk groups. The research described in this application is 100% relevant to pancreatic cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PARENTAL CANCER: THE PARENT-CHILD BOND AT RISK? Principal Investigator & Institution: Midthun, Julie C.; Psychology; University of North Carolina Greensboro 103 Foust Building Greensboro, Nc 274026170 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Millions of children and adolescents have a parent with cancer and are at risk for a number of adjustment problems, such as anxiety, depression, acting out, and school difficulty. However, little is known about the demanding physical and psychological effects of cancer on the patient affect the family. However, there has been a recent increase in research focused on the problems in adjustment and coping of children and adolescents who have a recent increase in research focused on the problems and adjustment and coping of children and adolescents who have a parent with cancer. Yet, this area of research remains underdeveloped and does not describe the mechanisms through which parental cancer affects children and adolescents. The proposed study will use the well-established framework of attachment theory (which describes how the parent-child bond influences child development) to investigate the relationships between parental cancer, attachment, adolescent coping, and adjustment to identify ways in which cancer impacts the family as well as adolescent risk and protective factors. It is predicted that parental cancer affects adolescent adjustment through disruptions in the parent-child attachment bond, which affects coping styles. This cross-sectional study will use semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to gather information from 150 cancer patients and their adolescent children as well as a matched comparison group. The information gathered will include: severity of illness and their adolescent children as well as a matched comparison group. The information gathered will include: severity of illness, psychosocial adjustment to illness in the patient, psychological adjustment of each parent and the adolescent, coping strategies used by the adolescent, and attachment security of the adolescent to parents and peers. Participants for the strategies used by the adolescent, and attachment security of the adolescent to parents and peers. Participants for the target group will be recruited through two large hospital cancer centers ( the Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest University and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The proposed study will greatly expand on prior research in several methodological and conceptual ways. This research will further knowledge in the under-studied area of psychosocial adjustment of cancer patients and their families. This project improves upon past research in that it is theoretically based, comprehensive (gathering information from both the parent and the adolescent), clinically applicable, and contains a comparison group. Knowledge gathered about the effects of parental cancer on adolescents will provide information to clinicians that will

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allow for the creation of appropriate and specific interventions to help the child coping with an ill parent. Information about which aspects of cancer most affect children, and identification of risk and protective factors will enable intervention early on, and the prevention many adjustment problems. The findings will also be used to illustrate the need for and possibly guide future longitudinal research as well as other much needed psychosocial research on cancer survivorship and the effects of cancer on the family. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRCC/MDACC: PARTNERS FOR EXCELLENCE IN CANCER RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel G.; Associate Professor; Clinical Investigation; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: Significant disparities in cancer incidence and outcomes exist among ethnic minority populations. The overall Goal of this U54 Application is to establish a comprehensive long-term mutually beneficial partnership between the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and the University of Puerto Rico Cancer Center (PRCC). This partnership was initiated three years ago through the support of a supplement to MDACC P30 grant. Specific Objectives of the current proposal include: a) development of independent cancer research investigators through collaborative research projects, and b) establishment of a stable, long-term mutually beneficial collaborative relationship between MDACC and PRCC in the areas of cancer research, training and education. Efforts will be focused on the following areas: 1) Cancer research: the major programs and pilot projects address (a) molecular epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer, and Breast Cancer, (b) cancer biology related to Breast Cancer, and (c) areas of cancer disparity in minority populations such as Acute Pro-myelocytic Leukemia; 2) Cancer Research training and education programs are described for undergraduate, graduate and post-doctoral students in areas of Cancer Biology, Outreach, and Epidemiology. PRCC and MDACC will continue the establishment of a comprehensive bi-directional training program that will increase the number of Hispanic students interested in cancers in cancer research. In addition, PRCC faculty will receive research training at MDACC; PRCC faculty will increase sensitivity of MDACC faculty to cultural differences among Hispanic groups, a particularly important benefit as Houston's and Texas's Hispanic population continues to grow. Infrastructure activities will include the frequent use of video conferences, library services support, and establishment of a tissue bank. Outstanding individuals agreed to serve as internal advisors and in the Program Steering Committee. The partnership will enhance the opportunities of both institutions to apply for R01s, SPORES, PO1s and R25 Cancer Education grants with an emphasis on reducing cancer disparities among populations. Finally, one of the major long-range goals of the partnership is for PRCC to regain its status as an NCI-designated Cancer Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROSTATE CANCER IN SENEGALESE MEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Gueye, Serigne M.; Hopital General De Grand Yoff Dakar Bp-3270, Senegal Dakar, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in men of African descent in the US. Even though African American men have the highest prostate cancer rate in the world, there is relatively little information available about the etiologic factors that may explain these rates. Despite the knowledge that prostate cancer occurs at high rates in men of African descent in the Americas, very little data is available regarding the epidemiology of prostate cancer in native African men, even though prostate cancer seems to be prevalent in that population. The objective of the present study is to examine the role of genes that regulate the disposition of testosterone in prostate cancer etiology, and to evaluate whether these genes explain, in part, ethnic differences in prostate cancer rates. These genes include the cytochromes P450, CYP3A4 and CYP19, 5alpha-reductase II (SRD5A2), androgen receptor (AR), and the type II 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (HSD3b2). All of these genes are involved in the downstream metabolism of testosterone, and thus focus our hypotheses on a relevant, defined set of metabolic pathways. The primary goals of this application are to 1) develop prostate cancer research infrastructure in Senegal, and 2) test feasibility of data collection for use in future studies of prostate cancer in West Africa. Three specific aims are proposed here to focus these goals. In Specific Aim 1, we will undertake multi-ethnic genotype to evaluate differences in the distribution of candidate genotypes in Senegales, US Caucasian, and African American controls. In Specific Aim 2, we will develop a hospital-based prostate tumor registry at the Hopital General de Grand Yoff in Dakar, and describe the prostate cancer cases diagnosed at this hospital over a three-year period. Finally, in Specific Aim 3, we propose to evaluate whether there is a relationship between candidate genotypes and characteristics of prostate tumors in Senegalese men using a case-case study design, and compare these results with African American and US Caucasian men. In order to address these specific aims, we will identify a sample of incident prostate cancer cases and controls from Senegal, and make comparisons among these groups. Risk factor information will be obtained from a questionnaire interview, a biosample containing DNA will be collected using a non-invasive cheek swab method, and pathology information will be collected using a standardized medical record abstraction approach. The information collected in Dakar will be compared against an ongoing study of prostate cancer in US Caucasian and African American men ("Molecular Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer", funded by R01-CA85074, Timothy Rebbeck, Principal Investigator). The resources and data generated through this application will be used to establish additional studies of prostate cancer and potentially other cancers in Senegal including molecular epidemiological case-control studies of prostate cancer etiology. An understanding of the complex interplay of genetic variability at multiple loci and of environmental agents may improve our understanding of ethnic differences in prostate cancer etiology and risk prediction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROSTATE CANCER SURVIVOR NARRATIVES & DOCTORS' RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bokhour, Barbara G.; Health Services; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Prostate cancer is the most common form of visceral malignancy in men (1), and its incidence, particularly early stage prostate cancer, has increased markedly in the past 10 years. Available effective treatment means that most men will live a long time after treatment. Subsequently, the ranks of prostate cancer

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survivors has grown dramatically. Although researchers have begun to document the often extensive and long term physical complications of treatment, including urinary, bowel, and sexual dysfunction, the focus on the psychosocial effects of these physical changes among men with prostate cancer has been limited. Although much is known about the psychosocial sequelae of other cancers, particularly breast cancer, very little is know about the psychosocial impact of male malignancies. In particular, we know little about how men respond to the diagnosis of prostate cancer and how they adjust to the sequelae of treatment in the long term: how they live with prostate cancer. Moreover, physicians who care for these men after treatment do so regularly for many years, and while they are monitoring the status of the cancer, the care they provide is almost exclusively counseling. And yet physicians who care for patients after treatment are likely to know more about patients' physical symptoms and sequelae than the psychosocial implications of these sequelae. It may be important to assess whether physicians could make use of more in-depth psychosocial information when counseling survivors. In this study we propose to examine men's perceptions of the meaning of early prostate cancer and its effects on their lives and explore the ways in which this may inform physician practice when working with these survivors. We will examine personal transitions associated with diagnosis and treatment for early prostate cancer, determine how men integrate the physical changes they experience into the ways in which they experience their daily lives and examine the impact of prostate cancer on how men see themselves as men. Further we will examine ways in which physicians might use additional information provided by men in narratives in their clinical practice. The study will rely on qualitative methods. We will draw on an existing database of interviews with men with early prostate cancer and conduct narrative analyses to examine personal transitions men experience. We will then conduct focus groups with physicians likely to be caring for men after treatment for prostate cancer, primary care physicians and urologists, from two sites (Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates and Boston VA Medical Center). The focus groups will be semi-structured to elicit physicians' responses to men's narratives of surviving with prostate cancer. The transcripts of these focus groups will be analyzed using grounded theory methodology to identify themes of caring for patients with prostate cancer and identify ways in which physicians may utilize men's stories for their clinical practice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: S.P.O.R.E. IN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Pienta, Kenneth J.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The continued hypothesis of this application is that a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Prostate Cancer at the University of Michigan will reduce the morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer. The SPORE supports an interactive group of basic and clinical investigators in a translational research program directed at developing new interventions in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of prostate cancer. This competing renewal application consists of six multidisciplinary research projects: Osteoclastogenesis as a Target for Prostate Cancer Osseous Metastases Therapy: The 5-year translational goal of this project is to test in a randomized phase II trial whether the addition of the bisphosphonate zoledronate to chemotherapy will have added therapeutic benefit for patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. The Role of Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) in Prostate Cancer

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Metastasis: The 5-year translational goal of this project is to identify agents that will inhibit PAR1 to treat metastatic prostate cancer utilizing circulating prostate cancer cells as a surrogate marker for therapeutic response. Signature Lethal Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: The 5-year translational goal of this project is the identification of biomarkers associated with lethal prostate cancer. Defining Genetic Risk Factors for Brothers of Men with Prostate Cancer: The 5-year translational goal of this project is to identify genes that are associated with the risk of prostate cancer in men with one or more brothers affected with prostate cancer. A secondary goal is to characterize genes that are predictive of clinically aggressive prostate cancer in men with a family history of the disease. The Role of Activated in Prostate Cancer (AIPC) Gene in Prostate Cancer Development: The 5-year translational goal of this project is to identify the nonandrogen dependent growth mechanism of prostate cancer utilizing hormonally treated radical prostatectomy specimens. Multiple Mechanisms of Androgen Resistance in Prostate Cancer Progression: The 5-year translational goal of this project is to identify other members of the androgen receptor promoter complex that may serve as targets for the development of better therapies for hormone naive prostate cancer. These projects are complemented by ongoing successful career development and development research programs. The projects and programs are supported by a strong ongoing Institutional commitment of money and space as well as four cores: Administration, Biostatistics, Tissue and Clinical Applications. This SPORE program continues to place premiums on rigorous scientific reviewing of it's translational research programs, pairing of basic and clinical investigators, drawing on the expertise of scientists outside the field of prostate cancer, and utilizing flexibility to fund promising new research approaches. The interaction of our multidisciplinary group of investigators clearly makes the Prostate SPORE program at the UMCCC greater than the sum of its individual parts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SCOTTSDALE COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fitch, Tom R.; Mayo Clinic Coll of Med, Mayo Clinic Az Sc Johnson Research Medical Building Scottsdale, Az 85259 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Applicant?s Description) The Mayo Clinic Scottsdale and the Mayo Hospital staff provide state-of-the-art outpatient and inpatient tertiary care for a regional, national, and international population of patients. The multi-disciplinary staff now number more than 260 physicians. Those physicians include multiple members who are dedicated to provide high quality cancer care for our patients. We are dedicated to the specific aims of the Scottsdale Community Clinical Oncology Program and we strive to: 1) reduce cancer patient morbidity and mortality, 2) provide access to NCI approved cancer control and prevention protocols, 3) provide a comprehensive cancer treatment program as part of a broad based national resource for the quality controlled distribution of investigational cancer treatments including new investigational anticancer agents, and 4) develop a basic science research base that will support translational collaboration and Mayo Scottsdale investigational protocol development. Currently our primary research base is the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) and additional research base memberships include the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), the University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC), and the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP). We also plan to join the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) and we plan to fully participate in the Clinical Trials Study Unit (CTSU). We have in addition developed a contractual relationship

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with UCLA and we are active participants in the UCLA Cancer Treatment Network. Our relationship with UCLA along with several pharmaceutical contracts has allowed us to provide our patients with additional access to new and novel anti-cancer agents. We also remain specifically dedicated to our cancer control and prevention efforts through the NCCTG, NSABP, and URCC. The Mayo CCOP organization also provides cancer screening, prevention, and care through subspecialty clinics including the Breast Disease Center, Women?s Health, the Familial Cancer Program, and the Bone Marrow and Solid Organ Transplant Programs. Finally, the Mayo Scottsdale Board of Governors with the approval and support of the Mayo Foundation Executive Committee have declared that the care of the cancer patient and cancer research will be this institution?s major area of emphasis and growth over the next five to ten years. We are confident that we will meet and exceed the goals stipulated in this RFA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SIOUX COMMUNITY CANCER CONSORTIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Tschetter, Loren K.; South Dakota Health Research Foundation Research Foundation Sioux Falls, Sd 57105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-AUG-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The Sioux Community Cancer Consortium (SCCC) is a two component, one affiliate, community based clinical cancer research organization. The SCCC was founded in 1983 and has been a continuing clinical community oncology program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) since that time. The two major components of the SCCC are in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Sioux City, Iowa. The Sioux Falls, South Dakota component has an affiliate at Fort Collins, Colorado. The two component sites are separated by a mere ninety miles on Interstate 29 in the rural Midwest. The SCCC is the major source of clinical cancer research sponsored by the NCI in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and the only immediately available source of clinical cancer research sponsored by the NCI in Sioux City, Iowa and Fort Collins, Colorado. The geographic catchment area for the SCCC covers approximately 105,000 square miles in the southeastern South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, northwestern Iowa, and northeastern Nebraska. The Fort Collins affiliate covers an approximate radius of 35,000 square miles. The primary research base for the SCCC will remain the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) with affiliate status with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) through the NCCTG and affiliate status with the Children's Cancer Study Group (CCSG) through the Mayo Clinic membership in the CCSG. Specialty group affiliation with the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) will continue along with proposed involvement in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial II. The continued specific objective of this application is to continue to make available clinical cancer treatment and cancer control research protocols in our area. One of the goals of the SCCC is to achieve in the region of 150 credits for clinical cancer treatment protocols and 100 credits for cancer control research protocols per year. The SCCC consists of 22 core investigators in medical oncology, radiation oncology, and pediatric oncology. There are a number of supporting physicians and/or investigators in the surgery, pathology, and medical practice arena. This is a realistic goal based on the past accomplishments of the SCCC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SOUTHERN NEVADA CANCER RESEARCH FOUNDATION--CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Ellerton, John A.; Ccop Investigator; Southern Nevada Cancer Research Fdn Research Foundation Las Vegas, Nv 89106

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Southern Nevada Cancer Research Foundation (SNCRF) was established to conduct cancer research under the Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) structure. It is a free standing non-hospital based CCOP. The long-term objectives have been: 1) to accrue a minimum of 50 credits annually to CCOP approved cooperative group treatment clinical trials; 2) to accrue a minimum of 50 credits annually to CCOP approved cooperative group cancer control studies; 3)to provide to the cooperative groups in the NCI timely data of high quality; 4)to promote quality and state-of-the-art treatment in the community through the participation in protocol studies by: (a) involving all CCOP physicians and staff in scientific and educational activities of the research bases; (b) expanding the knowledge, awareness and involvement of the primary health care providers and other specialists for the development and use of cancer control research; 5) to actively support other professional education programs and cancer control outreach services to under-served rural areas, and to identify women and minority groups that may be under-served and make a special effort to involve them in clinical trials; and 6) to actively work with the NCI to develop a community cancer network in order to facilitate the growth and development of important new cancer initiatives. In order to better accomplish all of these goals, the CCOP has expanded to include 45 investigators from varied medical specialties. The addition of Washoe Medical Center in 1999 as an affiliate in Reno expanded the CCOP statewide as the only CCOP in Nevada covering the entire state of Nevada. The CCOP continues to add new physicians every year to meet the growing population of the state. This will provide increased access to patients and increase public and medical awareness of the CCOP. The methods for accomplishing these goals will be through the application of CCOP grant money. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SPORE IN BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Earp, H. Shelton.; Director, Professor, Lineberger Comprehe; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: provided by applicant): We propose renewal of the Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer at the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center for Years 10-14. One of four Breast Cancer SPOREs funded in 1992, the UNC SPORE?s unique goals emphasize multidisciplinary translational research that spans and links the population, clinical, and basic sciences, as well as emphasizing health disparities between African-American and Caucasian populations. The UNC Breast Cancer SPORE?s primary objectives are to: Population Science: Maintain and analyze two long-term, large, population-based studies (Carolina Breast Cancer Study; Long Island Breast Cancer Study) of invasive breast cancer and carcinoma in situ that have epidemiologic/risk data, tumor samples, blood, and germline DNA; use these studies to test hypotheses regarding breast cancer etiology, prognosis, progression, and response to therapy, as well as investigate disparities in incidence, mortality, and morbidity between African-American and Caucasian women. Clinical/Translational Science: Maintain an infrastructure for performing innovative, institutional breast cancer clinical trials providing human tissue endpoints for translational research projects; In specific projects: a) determine how to break self-tolerance to expressed antigens on breast cancer cells and use this information to clinical immunotherapeutic advantage; b) study breast cancer patients? genotype and somatic mutations and relate these to

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prognosis and response to therapy; c) analyze by cDNA micro array breast cancer gene expression before and after therapy to devise new markers of prognosis and response to therapy; and d) devise novel approaches to enhancing breast cancer chemotherapy efficacy based on knowledge of intracellular cell survival signaling and its inhibition; Core Facilities: Establish, maintain, and improve core facility technology to: (1) study somatic mutations in small human tumor samples; (2) perfect high-throughput genotyping of germline DNA; (3) analyze mRNA expression in cells and tumors using cDNA microarray; (4) validate new antibodies and FISH probes to analyze specific gene products in fresh and archival tumor samples; and (5) establish and maintain a data management, informatics, and analysis infrastructure. Development and Inter-SPORE Collaboration: Promote translational research projects through developmental pilot projects and recruit new investigators to breast cancer research; and Use our emphasis on population-based molecular epidemiology, minority health disparities, genomics and clinical research to enter into productive collaboration with other Breast Cancer SPOREs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SPORE IN LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Baylin, Stephen B.; Professor of Oncology; Oncology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The Johns Hopkins SPORE program for lung cancer, functioning as a major element of the Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Cancer Center, would represent a multidisciplinary and highly collaborative translational research effort to develop new strategies for early detection, prevention and treatment of lung cancer. Included will be an emphasis upon enhancing entry of new investigators into careers in lung cancer research -- and encouragement of novel research approaches through funding of pilot projects. The work scope of the SPORE addresses most of the research imperatives defined at the 1991 Annapolis Lung Cancer Workshop. A major emphasis is devoted to defining, at a molecular level, the earliest steps in lung cancer evolution. The goal is to develop markers which will be tested for efficacy in predicting and/or detecting early lung cancer and which will serve as new tools for guiding prevention and early treatment strategies. Unique tissue acquisition efforts of a Core Tissue Resource will allow isolated fresh and cultured human bronchial epithelium to be studied for timing of genetic (allelic losses, gene mutations) and epigenetic (changes in DNA methylation, neuroendocrine differentiation, signal transduction events, monoclonal antibody recognition) abnormalities in lung cancer progression. The research will include studies of unique patient cohorts for lung cancer risk, including uranium miners and individuals at genetic risk, and studies of unique rodent models for lung cancer induction. Novel treatment strategies for lung cancer, based on molecular targets defined in the laboratory, will be evaluated in focused clinical trials. Included will be molecular biology and biochemical assays to predict and monitor responses. Novel polyamine analogues active, through a newly defined gene induction event, against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) will receive an initial clinical trial. The observation that retinoids can block a tumor progression step for small cell lung cancer cells, in a laboratory model, will be translated into a clinical trial to prevent, or delay, drug resistance for this cancer. In summary, this SPORE program represents an exciting collaborative opportunity for basic and clinical investigators to translate understanding of fundamental biology into new means to prevent, detect and treat lung cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ST. VINCENT HOSPITAL REGIONAL CANCER CENTER CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Saphner, Thomas J.; St. Vincent Hospital 835 S Van Buren Green Bay, Wi 54301 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): St. Vincent Hospital Regional Cancer Center (SVRCC) is applying for CCOP funding in order to improve clinical care for the people of Northeast Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. SVRCC is composed of St. Vincent Hospital, Green Bay Oncology (GBO), Radiation Oncology Associates (ROA), and Prevea Clinic Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (PPHO). SVRCC is located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and provides oncology services for the people of 13 counties of Northeast Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The broad, long-term goals of the proposed SVRCC CCOP are to provide the widest selection of cancer therapies for patients of the region and contribute to the general base of scientific and medical knowledge for the benefit of society at large. Specific aims of the proposed CCOP are to increase physician participation in clinical trials along with augmenting the number of new ideas and speeding their flow to the medical community of Green Bay and the surrounding region. An additional aim is to further professional interest in cancer treatment trials and increase participation in cancer prevention trials. These goals will be achieved by identifying National-Cancer-Instituteapproved clinical trials, helping to make them more readily available to physicians, and facilitating patient participation in them. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ST.LOUIS-CAPE GIRARDEAU CCOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Henry, Patrick H.; Chairman; St.Louis-Cape Girardeau Ccop 12800 Corporate Hill Dr St. Louis, Mo 63131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The St. Louis-Cape Girardeau CCOP is a consortium of four hospitals in two separate bi-state health service areas serving parts of eastern Missouri and western Illinois. The Investigators from the St. Louis Metropolitan area are affiliated with one or both of the two hospitals in the consortium and have worked together for the past eighteen years in cancer treatment research protocols and more recently, in cancer control research studies. The Cape Girardeau Investigators have worked with CCOP for the past nine years and are affiliated with two hospitals in that city. During the next five years we expect to accrue at least sixty credits per year for cancer treatment research protocols of the NSABP and SWOG and at least seventy five credits (new participants and follow-up) per year for cancer control and prevention studies. These cancer control credits will be derived primarily from our participation in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial-1, Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial-1 and the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial-2. We will continue to provide high quality data to the Southwest Oncology Group and the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project which are our research bases, utilizing the data management system developed during the past eighteen years. In summary, we will continue our excellent performance of the past eighteen years in cancer treatment research studies and extend our more recent participation in cancer control and prevention trials. The past experience and capabilities of the Investigators and Clinical Research Associates provides a strong base for continuing development of this Community Clinical Oncology Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TARGETING THERAPY OF HUMAN BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Fisher, Paul B.; Professor/ Chernow Research Scientist; Urology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Abnormalities in differentiation and growth control are common occurrences in human cancers. Treatment of human melanoma cells with the combination of recombinant human fibroblast interferon and the protein kinase Cactivating, antileukemic compound mezerein results in a loss of tumorigenic potential that correlates with an irreversible suppression in proliferative ability and induction of terminal differentiation. It is hypothesized that this process is associated with differential expression of genes that may directly regulate cancer cell growth and differentiation. Through the use of subtraction hybridization, we have identified a gene associated with induction of irreversible growth arrest, cancer reversion and terminal differentiation in human melanoma cells, melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7). Ectopic expression of mda-7 using a recombinant adenovirus, Ad.mda-7 S, results in growth suppression and apoptosis in diverse cancer cell types, including tumor cells with wild-type p53 or mutant for p53, Rb or p53 + Rb. Additionally, Ad.mda-7 S inhibits the growth and progression of human breast and cervical cancer cells in vivo in nude mice. In contrast to its effect on cancer cells, mda-7 displays no apparent negative effect on growth or survival in normal human skin fibroblast or mammary epithelial cells. In this context, mda-7 may prove useful for selectively targeting human breast cancer cells for eradication. Studies will be conducted to determine the effect of Ad.mda-7 S alone, and in combination with chemotherapy or radiation, on the in vitro and in vivo growth in nude mice of human breast cancers. Subtraction hybridization has also been used to clone a gene directly associated with cancer progression, progression elevated gene-3 (PEG-3). Genomic walking permitted the isolation of the promoter region of the PEG-3 gene, PEG-Prom. PEG-Prom-luciferase reporter constructs display high-levels of activity in human cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, and low or no activity in normal human cells. We propose to construct cancer inhibitory recombinant adenoviruses (CIRAs) utilizing the PEG-Prom to control expression of indicator genes [luciferase and green fluorescence protein (GFP)] and genes that induce growth suppression, apoptosis or toxicity [mda-7, wildtype p53 or the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-TK)]. These viruses will be used to determine if the PEG-Prom can specifically target the expression of genes to human breast carcinoma cells. If successful, this approach, termed CURE (cancer utilized reporter execution), could provide a novel means of therapy for human breast cancer without inducing nonspecific damage to normal tissues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE APPALACHIA CANCER NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Wyatt, Stephen; Medicine; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The Markey Cancer Center at the University of Kentucky, in collaboration with its key consortium affiliates (Pennsylvania State University and West Virginia University), regional partners and community-based cancer control coalitions, proposes the establishment of the Appalachia Cancer Network (ACN). The ACN will address critical cancer control issues that impact the rural, medically underserved population of Appalachia in the states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Ohio,

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Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New York. The ACN will expand career control awareness within the rural, medically underserved, and minority populations of Appalachia, and through research and cancer control activities will address the key barriers to utilization of cancer control services and optimal cancer care within the Appalachian region. The long-term goals of the ACN program are to reduce cancer incidence and mortality and prevent future increases; reduces barriers to accessing cancer control services and programs (national, state and local) and increase utilization of such services; increase cancer survival; and stimulate greater coordination and participation among regional, state, and community cancer control networks throughout Appalachia. Program objectives: expand upon current ALIC project infrastructure to create an integrated network of cancer control partners throughout Appalachia; develop and implement regional, state and local cancer control interventions focusing on prevention and treatment for cancers of the breast, cervix, colon/rectum and lung; increase understanding of barriers to greater participation in clinical trials, as perceived by health care institutions and organizations, health care providers and Appalachian residents; increase community awareness of clinical trials, as well as recruitment to and retention in such trials; test the effectiveness of innovative CAN interventions developed by the program to address its targeted objectives; enhance and expand regional data collection and research efforts in Appalachia; serve as a bridge between NCI and community-based research, by increasing RO1 and other grant submissions to NIH/NCI from participating institutions and other partners and by increasing the number of scientists from the region that address cancer control issues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROBERT H.LURIE COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosen, Steven T.; Director; Cancer Center; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University is an NCI-designated, university-based, matrix cancer center conducting a broad range of multidisciplinary clinical, laboratory and population science research. The Cancer Center integrates the expertise and resources of the Medical School (Chicago Campus) and its five affiliated hospitals along with those of departments located on the University?s Evanston Campus. Established in 1974, the Cancer Center functions as a full organizational unit with the status of a department of the Medical School. Since its inception, the Cancer Center has been dedicated to the process of discovery, advancing medical knowledge and providing compassionate, state-of-the-art cancer care, as reflected in the following goals: 1. To conduct and support cancer research and to integrate cancer-related research throughout the University 2. To coordinate and integrate cancer-related activities of the University including community outreach initiatives 3. To develop and conduct cancer education programs 4. To promote and participate in state-of-the-art care of cancer patients at the affiliated hospitals of the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, and 5. To develop and implement initiatives in cancer prevention and control research 6. These goals are accomplished through the activities of 10 established programs and 13 shared resources. Programs: Viral Oncogenesis, Tumor Invasion, Metastasis, & Angiogenesis, Hormone Action/Signal Transduction in Cancer, Cancer Genes and Molecular Regulation, Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Hematologic Malignancies, Pediatric Oncology, Cancer Prevention, and Cancer Control. Shared Resources: Media Prep, Flow Cytometry, Cell Imaging, Transgenic Core, Pathology Core, Biotechnology, Keck

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Biophysics, Monoclonal Antibodies, Immunoassay, MR Research, Structural Biology, Biostatistics Core, and Clinical Research Office. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UNIV OF IOWA CALGB INSTITUTIONAL GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Clamon, Gerald H.; Internal Medicine; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): This application is to continue the University of Iowa participation in studies of Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Our goals over the next 5 year period will include: (1) maintenance of accrual to clinical trials of over 100 patients per year (2) add new studies to the CALGB program in the area of: (a) use of Perillyl alcohol as an inhibitor of RAS function both as an antineoplastic in combination with other agents and possibly as a chemopreventive agent, (b) assessment of RAS mutations in the peripheral blood of women who have had chemotherapy as an adjuvant for breast cancer and would be at risk for myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia, (c) further trials of omega three fatty acids as therapy for cancer cachexia and as an adjuvant to therapy in cancer, (d) continue to develop combined modality therapy for stage 3 and 4 non-small cell lung cancer. In particularly, a pilot at the University of Iowa of Gemcitabine/Carboplatin for non-small cell lung cancer may be able to help CALGB in the future (3) expand CALGB trials to rural hospitals in Iowa where University of Iowa physicians are now providing oncology care (Washington, Iowa; Keosauqua, Iowa; Dubuque, Iowa; Muscatine, Iowa; Fairfield, Iowa; Fort Madison, Iowa) Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UPSTATE CAROLINA COMMUNITY CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Bearden, James D.; Spartanburg Regional Medical Center 101 E Wood St Spartanburg, Sc 29303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Applicant?s Description) Building on 17 years of experience as a CCOP, the Upstate Carolina Community Clinical Oncology Program (UC-CCOP) seeks the opportunity to continue to meet our community?s need for innovative and relevant studies of promising therapeutic modalities and cancer control research through the Year 2006. The program was re-named in 1998, previously known as Spartanburg CCOP. The CCOP provides access to national cooperative clinical trials to well over 800,000 people in 9 counties: 6 in South Carolina and 3 in North Carolina. SC is 21st in population density and ranks 14th in the percent who are medically underserved. The registries report over 2000 new cancer patients per year, nearly doubled since 1995. Against this rural background, a five hospital consortium was developed for the conduct of community clinical trials. The service area has a 17.4% minority base. Unique capacities are demonstrated in minority accrual (over 22% in treatment & ranking high in cancer control) and by accruing the underserved: 99 entries in the last 5 years. The CCOP brings together the strength and resources of multidisciplinary investigators who collaborate in the conduct of studies from SWOG, NSABP, RTOG, GOG, MDACC, and Cancer Center at Wake Forest University. The 81 investigators include 19 oncologists along with 62 colleagues in other disciplines. The UC-CCOP has contributed over 3000 entries to clinical trials since 1983, the start of the CCOP program. Over the next five

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years, the overall aim is to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality by accelerating the transfer of newly developed cancer prevention, early detection, treatment, patient management, rehabilitation, and continuing care technology to widespread community application, including special emphasis on patient management trials, an emphasis on trials exploring the use of complementary medicine, and continued attention to Quality of Life research. By careful design, the program will focus our resources on cancer control research while continuing to build our treatment program. These complementary objectives of both treatment and cancer control are a ready match for the patient population and fit within CCOP interests and capabilities. A rural outreach program has been initiated and will continue to grow. The immediate goals of the CCOP are to continue to increase our accrual; to maintain wide community participation, including minority groups and underserved populations, in both treatment and cancer control research approved by NCI; to sustain and continue to expand our very large cancer control program, including the use of a range of resources to identify potential candidates for cancer control research projects. To maintain FollowUp to the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT), the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), to increase accrual to STAR trial and others, and to initiate the upcoming SELECT Trial are primary objectives. In summary, the CCOP track record demonstrates the ability to manage complex clinical research and cancer control activities while producing the highest quality data. The CCOP has the facilities and well-trained professional personnel to support the full array of studies. The CCOP staffing pattern, protocol management procedures, patient/participant management approaches, quality control mechanisms, IRB structure and liaison are all in place and functioning to support current and future therapeutic and cancer control activities. In the first year of new funding (2001-2002), we will 1) contribute nearly 600 credits to the National Cancer Institute?s Community Clinical Oncology Program: over 118 treatment credits and over 475 cancer control credits and 2) will serve the Carolinas as a nationally recognized research program of excellence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UT MD ANDERSON CCOP RESEARCH BASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bleyer, W. Archie.; Medical Director; Community Oncology; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since the awarding of its first NCI Grant in 1987, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program (MDACCOP) Research Base has managed 150 clinical trials involving more than 5,000 patients, including 2,688 patients entered onto chemoprevention trials. The MDACCOP Research Base will continue to generate and support a spectrum of clinical studies of cancer control, prevention and therapy that can be implemented and conducted efficiently in a community environment. The Research Base and its affiliated CCOP sites have the full support and institutional resources, including the clinical research infrastructure, of the MDACC, the world?s largest and highest ranked comprehensive cancer center. The following specific aims are proposed: 1. Provide affiliate CCOPs and MBCCOPs access to MDACC clinical trials. 2. Transfer information, technology, and standards from the academic centers to the community. 3. Enhance the development of prevention and control trials that include behavioral interventions, chemoprevention trials, symptom control, the identification of individuals at increased risk for cancer or recurrence of their cancer, and the development of health outcomes research in the community setting. 4. Integrate the Gynecology Oncology Group (GOG)

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CCOPs into the MDACCOP RB; enable the current MDACCOPs to access the GOG studies and affiliate with another RB (as a 5th affiliate). 5. Develop new methodologies for answering cancer control questions in a multi-institutional setting, such as remote symptom assessment, and establish the educational support systems for initiation of these studies in the community. 6. Provide strategies to increase the recruitment of members of minority groups and women for clinical and cancer control trials. 7. Maintain a comprehensive data management system that links MDACC to the affiliate CCOPs and MBCCOPs. This system ensures the accurate collection and transmission of information for research trials and provides a facility to enhance ongoing quality assurance, data monitoring, and on-site audits. 8. Work with the NCI Community Oncology and Prevention Trials Research Group to ensure the research programs of the RB are congruent with the goals of the national program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MORTALITY

VARIATIONS

IN

BREAST

CANCER

TREATMENT

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodwin, James S.; Professor of Medicine and Chief of Geria; Sealy Center on Aging; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Mortality rates currently provide our major source of data on the national burden of cancer. In the case of breast cancer, there have been pronounced geographic variations in mortality rates, both at the level of large areas (e.g., the Northeast versus the South) and at the level of small areas (e.g., Long Island versus surrounding areas). Until recently, it has been largely assumed that such variations in mortality rates reflect variations in incidence. There is no doubt that there are important variations in incidence within the United States, both across different populations and different geographic areas. However, in addition to incidence, the other major contributor to mortality rate is survival. Geographic variations in survival with breast cancer is the focus of this proposal. We postulate that variations in survival of breast cancer among older women are responsible in part for the variations in breast cancer mortality. We further hypothesize that these variations in breast cancer survival are secondary to potentially remediable causes, which include stage at diagnosis and treatment received. We have previously shown that older women with breast cancer are more likely to be diagnosed at a more advanced stage and that older women with breast cancer are less likely to receive definitive treatment. The percentage of older women who receive less than definitive treatment varies substantially by region of the country and also by small areas within regions. We propose to use the SEER-Medicare linked data base to examine variation in breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality by health service area within all SEER sites. The availability of the SEER Medicare data, which can be linked to other data files such as the Area Resource File, will allow us to more completely characterize patient characteristics (age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status at the level of the census tract, etc.), tumor characteristics (size, stage, histology), treatment received (definitive versus non-definitive, chemotherapy, etc.) medical system characteristics (size of hospital, presence of a cancer center, teaching status of hospital, etc.) follow-up surveillance (routine mammography after initial treatment), and outcomes (death, recurrence of cancer, other complications). We can then determine the relative contributions of geographic variations in breast cancer incidence versus variations in breast cancer survival to the observed geographic variations in breast cancer mortality. Furthermore, we can calculate the relative contributions of variations in patterns of

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breast cancer diagnosis, extent of disease, treatment, population characteristics, and medical system factors to the geographic variations in barest cancer survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WUSM CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B Principal Investigator & Institution: Bartlett, Nancy L.; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-MAY-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): Washington University has been a CALGB main member institution since 1986. Due to loss of key personnel and limited groupwide CALGB funding, we were not funded during the previous grant cycle. Therefore, this proposal serves as a new institutional application to re-establish Washington University in the funded scientific activities of the CALGB. In 1994, Washington University recruited Dr. Daniel Ihde, a national expert in the treatment of lung cancer and Dr. John DiPersio, an expert in hematopoietic stem cell biology, as Chief of the Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Stem Cell Biology. Since joining the faculty, Dr. Ihde has served as Washington University's CALGB Principal Investigator. Both Drs. lhde and DiPersio have a strong commitment to clinical research and have recruited and fostered many new clinical Investigators. The University was awarded a National Cancer Institute Cancer Center Planning Grant in July, 1995. Dr. Ihde and Dr. Stanley Korsmeyer lead the Cancer Center planning efforts and have stimulated vigorous collaboration between clinical and basic science investigators over the last 18 months. Many of these collaborations have resulted in new institutional pilot studies, including studies of new multidrug resistance modulators and regulators of programmed cell death. Promising pilot studies will be presented to CALGB committees for possible incorporation into group protocols during the next grant cycle, Since Dr. lhde's recruitment, Washington University's commitment to CALGB has been demonstrated in several ways. Accrual has increased from 52 in 1994 to 118 in 1996. Our data management has improved substantially with our most recent IPEC report placing us in the top one third of CALGB institutions in completeness and consistency. The number of investigators on scientific committees has increased from five in 1993 to eighteen at present. Eleven current, recently closed, or proposed studies are chaired by Washington University investigators. Three members have participated in audit site visits, the membership committee, and the conflict of interest committee. Our large patient base will help us maintain excellent CALGB accrual during the coming years. Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the largest hospital in St. Louis, diagnoses more than 4,000 patients a year with cancer and is the major referral center for southeast Missouri and southern Illinois. We expect referrals to increase significantly over the next five years with the construction of our new approved and funded state-of-the-art clinical cancer center building which is projected to be completed in 2000. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

3

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for cancer in the PubMed Central database: •

A cellular enhancer of retrovirus gene expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. by Taketo M, Tanaka M.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304953

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A monoclonal antibody recognizing human cancers with amplification /overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor. by Jungbluth AA, Stockert E, Huang HJ, Collins VP, Coplan K, Iversen K, Kolb D, Johns TJ, Scott AM, Gullick WJ, Ritter G, Cohen L, Scanlan MJ, Cavanee WK, Old LJ.; 2003 Jan 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=141049

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Abundant expression of homeobox genes in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells correlates with chemically induced differentiation. by Deschamps J, de Laaf R, Joosen L, Meijlink F, Destree O.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304416

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Activated integrin [alpha]v[beta]3 cooperates with metalloproteinase MMP-9 in regulating migration of metastatic breast cancer cells. by Rolli M, Fransvea E, Pilch J, Saven A, Felding-Habermann B.; 2003 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=170944

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Activation of growth factor secretion in tumorigenic states of breast cancer induced by 17 beta-estradiol or v-Ha-ras oncogene. by Dickson RB, Kasid A, Huff KK, Bates SE, Knabbe C, Bronzert D, Gelmann EP, Lippman ME.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304311

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Activation of pp60c-src protein kinase activity in human colon carcinoma. by Bolen JB, Veillette A, Schwartz AM, DeSeau V, Rosen N.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304627

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Altered growth of a human neuroendocrine carcinoma line after transfection of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene. by Sunday ME, Isselbacher KJ, GattoniCelli S, Willett CG.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287339

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Amplification and rearrangement of the Kirsten ras oncogene in virus-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells during malignant tumor progression. by Radinsky R, Kraemer PM, Raines MA, Kung HJ, Culp LA.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298810

4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Anticancer activities of adenine nucleotides in mice are mediated through expansion of erythrocyte ATP pools. by Rapaport E, Fontaine J.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286759

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Anti-idiotype immunization of cancer patients: modulation of the immune response. by Herlyn D, Wettendorff M, Schmoll E, Iliopoulos D, Schedel I, Dreikhausen U, Raab R, Ross AH, Jaksche H, Scriba M, et al.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299476

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Biostatistical analysis of mortality data for cohorts of cancer patients. by Pauling L.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287158

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Cancer genes: rare recombinants instead of activated oncogenes (a review). by Duesberg PH.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304600

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Carcinogen-induced mdr overexpression is associated with xenobiotic resistance in rat preneoplastic liver nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. by Fairchild CR, Ivy SP, Rushmore T, Lee G, Koo P, Goldsmith ME, Myers CE, Farber E, Cowan KH.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299368

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Chimeric mouse-human IgG1 antibody that can mediate lysis of cancer cells. by Liu AY, Robinson RR, Hellstrom KE, Murray ED Jr, Chang CP, Hellstrom I.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304886

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Criteria for the validity of clinical trials of treatments of cohorts of cancer patients based on the Hardin Jones principle. by Pauling L, Herman ZS.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297944

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Dequalinium, a topical antimicrobial agent, displays anticarcinoma activity based on selective mitochondrial accumulation. by Weiss MJ, Wong JR, Ha CS, Bleday R, Salem RR, Steele GD Jr, Chen LB.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298874

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Differential DNA sequence deletions from chromosomes 3, 11, 13, and 17 in squamous-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of the human lung. by Weston A, Willey JC, Modali R, Sugimura H, McDowell EM, Resau J, Light B, Haugen A, Mann DL, Trump BF, et al.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297564

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Differentiation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat regulatory elements active in human teratocarcinoma cells. by Zeichner SL, Hirka G, Andrews PW, Alwine JC.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=289020

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Diphtheria toxin prevents catecholamine desensitization of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. by DeBernardi M, Brooker G.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304626

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Early estrogen-induced metabolic changes and their inhibition by actinomycin D and cycloheximide in human breast cancer cells: 31P and 13C NMR studies. by Neeman M, Degani H.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297667

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Embryonal carcinoma cells express Qa and Tla class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex. by Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Nickerson DA, Clements VK, Garcia EP, Lamouse-Smith E, Hood L, Stroynowski I.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297561

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Epstein-Barr virus-containing epithelial cells from nasopharyngeal carcinoma produce interleukin 1 alpha. by Busson P, Braham K, Ganem G, Thomas F, Grausz D, Lipinski M, Wakasugi H, Tursz T.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299051

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Evidence that the familial adenomatous polyposis gene is involved in a subset of colon cancers with a complementable defect in c-myc regulation. by Erisman MD, Scott JK, Astrin SM.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287431

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Exogenous ATP and other nucleoside phosphates modulate epidermal growth factor receptors of A-431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. by Hosoi K, Edidin M.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287300

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Expression of the hepatitis B virus genome in chronic hepatitis B carriers and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. by Bowyer SM, Dusheiko GM, Schoub BD, Kew MC.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304313

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Expression of the murine apolipoprotein E gene is coupled to the differentiated state of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. by Basheeruddin K, Stein P, Strickland S, Williams DL.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304285

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Gamma-actin: unusual mRNA 3'-untranslated sequence conservation and amino acid substitutions that may be cancer related. by Chou CC, Davis RC, Fuller ML, Slovin JP, Wong A, Wright J, Kania S, Shaked R, Gatti RA, Salser WA.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304700

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Idiotypic cascades in cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibody CO17-1A. by Wettendorff M, Iliopoulos D, Tempero M, Kay D, DeFreitas E, Koprowski H, Herlyn D.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287225

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In vitro galactosylation of a 110-kDa glycoprotein by an endogenous cell surface galactosyltransferase correlates with the invasiveness of adrenal carcinoma cells. by Penno MB, Passaniti A, Fridman R, Hart GW, Jordan C, Kumar S, Scott AF.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297774

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Inactivation of androgen receptor coregulator ARA55 inhibits androgen receptor activity and agonist effect of antiandrogens in prostate cancer cells. by Rahman MM, Miyamoto H, Lardy H, Chang C.; 2003 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154309

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Introduction of v-Ha-ras oncogene induces differentiation of cultured human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. by Nakagawa T, Mabry M, de Bustros A, Ihle JN, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298975

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K+/H+-antiporter nigericin arrests DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. by Margolis LB, Novikova I YU, Rozovskaya IA, Skulachev VP.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297897

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Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 1q in human breast cancer. by Chen LC, Dollbaum C, Smith HS.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298025

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Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3, 13, and 17 in small-cell carcinoma and on chromosome 3 in adenocarcinoma of the lung. by Yokota J, Wada M, Shimosato Y, Terada M, Sugimura T.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299731

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Loss of heterozygosity suggests tumor suppressor gene responsible for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. by Buetow KH, Murray JC, Israel JL, London WT, Smith M, Kew M, Blanquet V, Brechot C, Redeker A, Govindarajah S.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298388

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Micrometastatic cancer cells in bone marrow: in vitro detection with anti-cytokeratin and in vivo labeling with anti-17-1A monoclonal antibodies. by Schlimok G, Funke I, Holzmann B, Gottlinger G, Schmidt G, Hauser H, Swierkot S, Warnecke HH, Schneider B, Koprowski H, et al.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299608

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Molecular cloning of the akt oncogene and its human homologues AKT1 and AKT2: amplification of AKT1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma. by Staal SP.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305241

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Morphological types of breast cancer in family members and multiple primary tumours: is morphology genetically determined? by Hemminki K, Granstrom C.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116721

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Mutants of embryonal carcinoma cells defective in the expression of embryoglycan. by Draber P, Maly P.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298950

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Mutants of human colon adenocarcinoma, selected for thymidylate synthase deficiency. by Houghton PJ, Germain GS, Hazelton BJ, Pennington JW, Houghton JA.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286693

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Mutations in the KRAS2 oncogene during progressive stages of human colon carcinoma. by Burmer GC, Loeb LA.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286921

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Papillomavirus sequences integrate near cellular oncogenes in some cervical carcinomas. by Durst M, Croce CM, Gissmann L, Schwarz E, Huebner K.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304363

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Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line. by Moseley JM, Kubota M, Diefenbach-Jagger H, Wettenhall RE, Kemp BE, Suva LJ, Rodda CP, Ebeling PR, Hudson PJ, Zajac JD, et al.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305244

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Platinum-DNA adducts in leukocyte DNA correlate with disease response in ovarian cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. by Reed E, Ozols RF, Tarone R, Yuspa SH, Poirier MC.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305239

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Production of transforming growth factor alpha in human pancreatic cancer cells: evidence for a superagonist autocrine cycle. by Smith JJ, Derynck R, Korc M.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299340

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Programmed cell death (apoptosis) in pancreatic cancers of hamsters after treatment with analogs of both luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin. by Szende B, Zalatnai A, Schally AV.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286755

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Progression of human breast cancer cells from hormone-dependent to hormoneindependent growth both in vitro and in vivo. by Clarke R, Brunner N, Katzenellenbogen BS, Thompson EW, Norman MJ, Koppi C, Paik S, Lippman ME, Dickson RB.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287195

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Pseudomonas exotoxin coupled to a monoclonal antibody against ovarian cancer inhibits the growth of human ovarian cancer cells in a mouse model. by Willingham MC, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304674

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Purification of the migration stimulating factor produced by fetal and breast cancer patient fibroblasts. by Grey AM, Schor AM, Rushton G, Ellis I, Schor SL.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286928

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Reduced tumorigenicity of a spontaneous mouse lung carcinoma following H-2 gene transfection. by Bahler DW, Frelinger JG, Harwell LW, Lord EM.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305130

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Regulation of tumor necrosis factor gene expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma: in vivo analysis by in situ hybridization. by Beissert S, Bergholz M, Waase I, Lepsien G, Schauer A, Pfizenmaier K, Kronke M.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297557

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Somatostatin analogs as adjuncts to agonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the treatment of experimental prostate cancer. by Schally AV, Redding TW.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299275

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Somatostatin analogues inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer by stimulating tyrosine phosphatase. by Liebow C, Reilly C, Serrano M, Schally AV.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286834

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Specific expression of the pS2 gene in subclasses of breast cancers in comparison with expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors and the oncogene ERBB2. by Rio MC, Bellocq JP, Gairard B, Rasmussen UB, Krust A, Koehl C, Calderoli H, Schiff V, Renaud R, Chambon P.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299729

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Subpopulations of MCF7 cells separated by Percoll gradient centrifugation: a model to analyze the heterogeneity of human breast cancer. by Resnicoff M, Medrano EE, Podhajcer OL, Bravo AI, Bover L, Mordoh J.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299279

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Synthesis and secretion of platelet-derived growth factor by human breast cancer cell lines. by Bronzert DA, Pantazis P, Antoniades HN, Kasid A, Davidson N, Dickson RB, Lippman ME.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298943

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Transgenic mouse model for human gastric carcinoma. by Koike K, Hinrichs SH, Isselbacher KJ, Jay G.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297673

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Tumor necrosis factor induces phosphorylation of a 28-kDa mRNA cap-binding protein in human cervical carcinoma cells. by Marino MW, Pfeffer LM, Guidon PT Jr, Donner DB.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298293

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Tumor-elicited polymorphonuclear cells, in contrast to "normal" circulating polymorphonuclear cells, stimulate invasive and metastatic potentials of rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells. by Welch DR, Schissel DJ, Howrey RP, Aeed PA.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297730

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Tumor-specific loss of 11p15.5 alleles in del11p13 Wilms tumor and in familial adrenocortical carcinoma. by Henry I, Grandjouan S, Couillin P, Barichard F, HuerreJeanpierre C, Glaser T, Philip T, Lenoir G, Chaussain JL, Junien C.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287107

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Two epithelial tumor cell lines (HNE-1 and HONE-1) latently infected with EpsteinBarr virus that were derived from nasopharyngeal carcinomas. by Glaser R, Zhang HY, Yao KT, Zhu HC, Wang FX, Li GY, Wen DS, Li YP.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298529

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Unusual stage-specific embryonic antigen (TEC-4) defined by a monoclonal antibody to embryonal carcinoma cells defective in the expression of embryoglycan. by Draber P, Nosek J, Pokorna Z.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298490

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Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: Prognostic biomarker for endometrial cancer. by Memarzedeh S, Kozak KR, Chang L, Natarajan S, Shintaku P, Reddy ST, Farias-Eisner R.; 2002 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125001

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Vectorial targeting of apical and basolateral plasma membrane proteins in a human adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line. by Le Bivic A, Real FX, Rodriguez-Boulan E.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298485

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cancer, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cancer (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinically comprehensive ethical framework for offering and recommending cancer treatment before and during pregnancy. Author(s): Chervenak FA, McCullough LB, Knapp RC, Caputo TA, Barber HR. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 15; 100(2): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716752&dopt=Abstract

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A combined analysis of outcome following breast cancer: differences in survival based on BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status and administration of adjuvant treatment. Author(s): Robson ME, Chappuis PO, Satagopan J, Wong N, Boyd J, Goffin JR, Hudis C, Roberge D, Norton L, Begin LR, Offit K, Foulkes WD. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): R8-R17. Epub 2003 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680495&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative analysis of positron emission tomography and mediastinoscopy in staging non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Lemaire A, Merchant F, O'Halloran E, Coleman RE, Harpole DH, D'Amico TA. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 December; 126(6): 1900-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14688703&dopt=Abstract

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A dose-escalating pilot study of sterically stabilized, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Lipo-Dox) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Author(s): Chao TC, Wang WS, Yen CC, Chiou TJ, Liu JH, Chen PM. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(6): 837-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735687&dopt=Abstract

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A multiorgan donor cancer screening protocol: the Italian Emilia-Romagna region experience. Author(s): Fiorentino M, D'Errico A, Corti B, Casanova S, Ridolfi L, Venturoli N, Sestigiani E, Grigioni WF. Source: Transplantation. 2003 December 27; 76(12): 1695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14688518&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of aspirin use and the risk of pancreatic cancer in women. Author(s): Schernhammer ES, Kang JH, Chan AT, Michaud DS, Skinner HG, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709735&dopt=Abstract

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AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research--Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Implications, Huntington Beach, California, USA, 8-12 October 2003. Author(s): Welm AL. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): E6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680491&dopt=Abstract

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Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound for restaging rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Author(s): Vanagunas A, Lin DE, Stryker SJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004 January; 99(1): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687151&dopt=Abstract

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Active smoking, household passive smoking, and breast cancer: evidence from the California Teachers Study. Author(s): Reynolds P, Hurley S, Goldberg DE, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, West D, Wright WE, Ziogas A. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709736&dopt=Abstract

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Actual body weight for determining doses of chemotherapy in obese cancer patients: evaluation of treatment tolerability. Author(s): Abdah-Bortnyak R, Tsalic M, Haim N. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2003; 20(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716032&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant chemotherapy for lung cancer--a new standard of care. Author(s): Blum RH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 22; 350(4): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736933&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in estrogen receptor biology: prospects for improvements in targeted breast cancer therapy. Author(s): Shao W, Brown M. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): 39-52. Epub 2003 November 07. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680484&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in radiation treatment of patients with breast cancer. Author(s): Gordils-Perez J, Rawlins-Duell R, Kelvin JF. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 November-December; 7(6): 629-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705477&dopt=Abstract

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Akt in prostate cancer: possible role in androgen-independence. Author(s): Ghosh PM, Malik S, Bedolla R, Kreisberg JI. Source: Current Drug Metabolism. 2003 December; 4(6): 487-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14683476&dopt=Abstract

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Akt2: a role in breast cancer metastasis. Author(s): Chau NM, Ashcroft M. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): 55-7. Epub 2003 November 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680486&dopt=Abstract

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All-trans retinoic acid potentiates Taxotere-induced cell death mediated by Jun Nterminal kinase in breast cancer cells. Author(s): Wang Q, Wieder R. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 426-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724571&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of polymorphic patterns in candidate genes in Israeli patients with prostate cancer. Author(s): Figer A, Friedman T, Manguoglu AE, Flex D, Vazina A, Novikov I, Shtrieker A, Sidi AA, Tichler T, Sapir EE, Baniel J, Friedman E. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 October; 5(10): 741-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719475&dopt=Abstract

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Androgen receptor mutations in high-grade prostate cancer before hormonal therapy. Author(s): Thompson J, Hyytinen ER, Haapala K, Rantala I, Helin HJ, Janne OA, Palvimo JJ, Koivisto PA. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2003 December; 83(12): 1709-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14691288&dopt=Abstract

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Androgen-independent prostate cancer--the clinical problem of a growing pelvic tumour. Author(s): Hernes E, Fossa SD, Skovlund E. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 749-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690161&dopt=Abstract

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Anticancer chemosensitization and radiosensitization by the novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor AG14361. Author(s): Calabrese CR, Almassy R, Barton S, Batey MA, Calvert AH, Canan-Koch S, Durkacz BW, Hostomsky Z, Kumpf RA, Kyle S, Li J, Maegley K, Newell DR, Notarianni E, Stratford IJ, Skalitzky D, Thomas HD, Wang LZ, Webber SE, Williams KJ, Curtin NJ. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 56-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709739&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants in cancer care: when and how to use them as an adjunct to standard and experimental therapies. Author(s): Prasad KN. Source: Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003 December; 3(6): 903-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686711&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants, carotenoids, and risk of rectal cancer. Author(s): Murtaugh MA, Ma KN, Benson J, Curtin K, Caan B, Slattery ML. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 1; 159(1): 32-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693657&dopt=Abstract

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Antisense blocking of BRCA1 enhances sensitivity to plumbagin but not tamoxifen in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. Author(s): Srinivas G, Annab LA, Gopinath G, Banerji A, Srinivas P. Source: Molecular Carcinogenesis. 2004 January; 39(1): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694444&dopt=Abstract

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Antitumor effect of a novel nuclear factor-kappa B activation inhibitor in bladder cancer cells. Author(s): Horiguchi Y, Kuroda K, Nakashima J, Murai M, Umezawa K. Source: Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003 December; 3(6): 793-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686701&dopt=Abstract

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Application of differential display, with in situ hybridization verification, to microscopic samples of breast cancer tissue. Author(s): Kao RH, Francia G, Poulsom R, Hanby AM, Hart IR. Source: International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 2003 October; 84(5): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690479&dopt=Abstract

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Are BRCA1- and BRCA2-related breast cancers associated with increased mortality? Author(s): Evans DG, Howell A. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): E7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680492&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of highly angiogenic and disseminated in the peripheral blood disease in breast cancer patients predicts for resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy and early relapse. Author(s): Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Kakolyris S, Mavroudis D, Kouroussis C, Mavroudi C, Perraki M, Sivridis E, Georgoulias V. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 620-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696130&dopt=Abstract

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Association of kallikrein expression in nipple aspirate fluid with breast cancer risk. Author(s): Sauter ER, Lininger J, Magklara A, Hewett JE, Diamandis EP. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 588-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696124&dopt=Abstract

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Association of nonmelanoma skin cancer with second malignancy. Author(s): Rosenberg CA, Greenland P, Khandekar J, Loar A, Ascensao J, Lopez AM. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 1; 100(1): 130-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692033&dopt=Abstract

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Axillary treatment in conservative management of operable breast cancer: dissection or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study with 15 years of follow-up. Author(s): Louis-Sylvestre C, Clough K, Asselain B, Vilcoq JR, Salmon RJ, Campana F, Fourquet A. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701770&dopt=Abstract

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Basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels in breast cancer patients and healthy women: useful as diagnostic tools? Author(s): Granato AM, Nanni O, Falcini F, Folli S, Mosconi G, De Paola F, Medri L, Amadori D, Volpi A. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): R38-45. Epub 2003 November 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680499&dopt=Abstract

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Birthweight, rapid growth, cancer, and longevity: a review. Author(s): Samaras TT, Elrick H, Storms LH. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2003 December; 95(12): 1170-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717473&dopt=Abstract

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Brachytherapy for prostate cancer: follow-up and management of treatment failures. Author(s): Horwitz EM, Uzzo RG, Miller N, Theodorescu D. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2003 November; 30(4): 737-50, Viii-Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680311&dopt=Abstract

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BRAF mutations characterize colon but not gastric cancer with mismatch repair deficiency. Author(s): Oliveira C, Pinto M, Duval A, Brennetot C, Domingo E, Espin E, Armengol M, Yamamoto H, Hamelin R, Seruca R, Schwartz S Jr. Source: Oncogene. 2003 December 11; 22(57): 9192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668801&dopt=Abstract

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BRCA1 and BRCA2 founder mutations and the risk of colorectal cancer. Author(s): Niell BL, Rennert G, Bonner JD, Almog R, Tomsho LP, Gruber SB. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709734&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cancer management in the new millennium--a multidisciplinary approach. Author(s): Carstens A, Coccia-Portugal MA, Jacobs R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2003 November; 93(11): 804-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14677493&dopt=Abstract

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Breast conservation surgery using nipple-areolar resection for central breast cancers. Author(s): Pezzi CM, Kukora JS, Audet IM, Herbert SH, Horvick D, Richter MP. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 January; 139(1): 32-7; Discussion 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718272&dopt=Abstract

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Breast-cancer drug letrozole picks up where tamoxifen leaves off. But we don't know who stands to benefit the most from this follow-up approach. Author(s): Runowicz CD. Source: Health News. 2003 December; 9(12): 4-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679962&dopt=Abstract

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Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) for early-stage breast cancer. Author(s): Benda RK, Mendenhall NP, Lind DS, Cendan JC, Shea BF, Richardson LC, Copeland EM 3rd. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2004 January; 85(1): 14-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696083&dopt=Abstract

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Can proton pump inhibitors be blamed for the rising incidence of esophageal cancer? Author(s): Younes M. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 125(6): 1912; Author Reply 1912-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727627&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer in the elderly: to screen or not to screen? Author(s): Capurso S, Gambassi G, Bernabei R. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1816; Author Reply 1816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687368&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer research. Drug candidate bolsters cell's tumor defenses. Author(s): Marx J. Source: Science. 2004 January 2; 303(5654): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14704399&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in their first-degree relatives. Author(s): Elmberg M, Hultcrantz R, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Olsson S, Olsson R, Lindgren S, Loof L, Stal P, Wallerstedt S, Almer S, Sandberg-Gertzen H, Askling J. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 125(6): 1733-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724826&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer survival in Sweden 1960-1998--developments across four decades. Author(s): Talback M, Stenbeck M, Rosen M, Barlow L, Glimelius B. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 637-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690151&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer: guarding the guardian? Author(s): Horn HF, Vousden KH. Source: Nature. 2004 January 8; 427(6970): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712261&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer-attributable costs of diagnosis and care for persons with screen-detected versus symptom-detected colorectal cancer. Author(s): Ramsey SD, Mandelson MT, Berry K, Etzioni R, Harrison R. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 125(6): 1645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724816&dopt=Abstract

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Cancers among residents downwind of the Hanford, Washington, plutonium production site. Author(s): Grossman CM, Nussbaum RH, Nussbaum FD. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2003 May; 58(5): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14738272&dopt=Abstract

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CHFR-associated early G2/M checkpoint defects in breast cancer cells. Author(s): Erson AE, Petty EM. Source: Molecular Carcinogenesis. 2004 January; 39(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694445&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking and increased risk of mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer. Author(s): Zhang Y, Coogan PF, Palmer JR, Strom BL, Rosenberg L. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 15; 159(2): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718214&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin in treatment of fever and neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients. Author(s): Mullen CA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 December; 22(12): 1138-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14688588&dopt=Abstract

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Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Arriagada R, Bergman B, Dunant A, Le Chevalier T, Pignon JP, Vansteenkiste J; International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 22; 350(4): 351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736927&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients in Korea in 2000. Author(s): Ahn SH; Korean Breast Cancer Society. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 January; 139(1): 27-30; Discussion 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718270&dopt=Abstract

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Colon cancer screening practices after genetic counseling and testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Author(s): Hadley DW, Jenkins JF, Dimond E, de Carvalho M, Kirsch I, Palmer CG. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701766&dopt=Abstract

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Colon cancer screening: where have we come from and where do we go? Author(s): Chorost MI, Datta R, Santiago RC, Lee B, Bollman J, Leitman IM, Ghosh BC. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2004 January; 85(1): 7-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696082&dopt=Abstract

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Colorectal cancer incidence differs within ethnic Chinese. Author(s): Cheng TI, Huang AT. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 125(6): 1913-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727629&dopt=Abstract

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Colorectal cancer: screening and surveillance for high-risk individuals. Author(s): Ferrandez A, DiSario JA. Source: Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003 December; 3(6): 851-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686707&dopt=Abstract

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Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin in patients with intensively pretreated or refractory germ cell cancer: a study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Author(s): Kollmannsberger C, Beyer J, Liersch R, Schoeffski P, Metzner B, Hartmann JT, Rick O, Stengele K, Hohloch K, Spott C, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701772&dopt=Abstract

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Communicating with families of patients in an acute hospital with advanced cancer: problems and strategies identified by nurses. Author(s): Davis S, Kristjanson LJ, Blight J. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2003 October; 26(5): 337-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710794&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of immunohistochemical and biochemical assay of steroid receptors in primary breast cancer--clinical associations and reasons for discrepancies. Author(s): Chebil G, Bendahl PO, Idvall I, Ferno M. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690157&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of platelet count with second-look laparotomy results and disease progression in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Author(s): Bozkurt N, Yuce K, Basaran M, Kose F, Ayhan A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 January; 103(1): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14704249&dopt=Abstract

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Csk defines the ability of integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration in human colon cancer cells: implication for a potential role in cancer metastasis. Author(s): Rengifo-Cam W, Konishi A, Morishita N, Matsuoka H, Yamori T, Nada S, Okada M. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 289-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712234&dopt=Abstract

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Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy. Author(s): Dranoff G. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2004 January; 4(1): 11-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708024&dopt=Abstract

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Cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia for peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from gastric cancer. Author(s): Glehen O, Schreiber V, Cotte E, Sayag-Beaujard AC, Osinsky D, Freyer G, Francois Y, Vignal J, Gilly FN. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 January; 139(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718269&dopt=Abstract

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Death receptor 5 and Bcl-2 protein expression as predictors of tumor response to gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Han JY, Hong EK, Choi BG, Park JN, Kim KW, Kang JH, Jin JY, Park SY, Hong YS, Lee KS. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2003; 20(4): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716031&dopt=Abstract

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Delays in managing lung cancer. Author(s): Moody A, Muers M, Forman D. Source: Thorax. 2004 January; 59(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694232&dopt=Abstract

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Dendritic cell-based vaccines in breast and gynaecologic cancer. Author(s): Hernando JJ, Park TW, Kuhn WC. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4293-303. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666641&dopt=Abstract

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Deregulation of p27 by oncogenic signaling and its prognostic significance in breast cancer. Author(s): Alkarain A, Slingerland J. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): 13-21. Epub 2003 October 21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680481&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of urinary molecular markers in bladder cancer. Author(s): Eissa S, Swellam M, el-Mosallamy H, Mourad MS, Hamdy N, Kamel K, Zaglol AS, Khafagy MM, el-Ahmady O. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4347-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666650&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and the risk of clinical type 2 diabetes: the European prospective investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study. Author(s): Harding AH, Day NE, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Luben R, Welsh A, Wareham NJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 1; 159(1): 73-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693662&dopt=Abstract

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Difference of cancer core distribution between first and repeat biopsy: In patients diagnosed by extensive transperineal ultrasound guided template prostate biopsy. Author(s): Furuno T, Demura T, Kaneta T, Gotoda H, Muraoka S, Sato T, Nagamori S, Shinohara N, Koyanagi T. Source: The Prostate. 2004 January 1; 58(1): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14673955&dopt=Abstract

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Docetaxel as salvage therapy in advanced gastric cancer: a phase II study of the Gruppo Oncologico Italia Meridionale (G.O.I.M.). Author(s): Giuliani F, Gebbia V, De Vita F, Maiello E, Di Bisceglie M, Catalano G, Gebbia N, Colucci G. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666628&dopt=Abstract

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Docetaxel in advanced gastric cancer--review of the main clinical trials. Author(s): Di Cosimo S, Ferretti G, Fazio N, Silvestris N, Carlini P, Alimonti A, Gelibter A, Felici A, Papaldo P, Cognetti F. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 693-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690154&dopt=Abstract

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Does mammographic density reflect ethnic differences in breast cancer incidence rates? Author(s): Chen Z, Wu AH, Gauderman WJ, Bernstein L, Ma H, Pike MC, Ursin G. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 15; 159(2): 140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718215&dopt=Abstract

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Doxorubicin for metastatic breast cancer: time for a change? Author(s): Muggia F. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(6): 967-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735701&dopt=Abstract

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Drug therapy for cancer pain. Author(s): Portenoy R. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1990 November-December; 7(6): 10-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686466&dopt=Abstract

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Dukes' staging is poorly understood by doctors managing colorectal cancer. Author(s): Coll AR. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2003 November; 85(6): 444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705244&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of delays on prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Myrdal G, Lambe M, Hillerdal G, Lamberg K, Agustsson T, Stahle E. Source: Thorax. 2004 January; 59(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694247&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of unrealistic optimism, perceived control over disease, and experience with female cancer on behavioral intentions of Israeli women to undergo screening tests. Author(s): Barnoy S, Bar-Tal Y, Treister L. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2003 October; 26(5): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710797&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated expression of PCGEM1, a prostate-specific gene with cell growth-promoting function, is associated with high-risk prostate cancer patients. Author(s): Petrovics G, Zhang W, Makarem M, Street JP, Connelly R, Sun L, Sesterhenn IA, Srikantan V, Moul JW, Srivastava S. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724589&dopt=Abstract

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Enduring challenge in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer with clinical stage IIIB: results of a trimodality approach. Author(s): Galetta D, Cesario A, Margaritora S, Porziella V, Macis G, D'Angelillo RM, Trodella L, Sterzi S, Granone P. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 1802-8; Discussion 18089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667587&dopt=Abstract

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Enthusiasm for cancer screening in the United States. Author(s): Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Fowler FJ Jr, Welch HG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 January 7; 291(1): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709578&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Author(s): Crawford ED. Source: Urology. 2003 December 22; 62(6 Suppl 1): 3-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706503&dopt=Abstract

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Epigenetic theories of cancer initiation. Author(s): Jaffe LF. Source: Adv Cancer Res. 2003; 90: 209-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710952&dopt=Abstract

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Estrogen and androgen receptors as comediators of breast cancer cell proliferation: providing a new therapeutic tool. Author(s): Toth-Fejel S, Cheek J, Calhoun K, Muller P, Pommier RF. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 January; 139(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718276&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic/racial influences on the physiologic health of cancer survivors. Author(s): Schultz PN, Stava C, Beck ML, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 1; 100(1): 156-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692036&dopt=Abstract

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Ethylene oxide and cancer. Author(s): Axelson O. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2004 January; 61(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14691265&dopt=Abstract

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EUS FNA staging of esophageal cancer. Author(s): Savides TJ. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 125(6): 1883-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724841&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence sketchy on circumcision and cervical cancer link. Author(s): Taylor JR. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2003 December; 49: 1592. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708921&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence sketchy on circumcision and cervical cancer link. Author(s): Bhimji A, Harrison D. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2003 December; 49: 1591-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708920&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence sketchy on circumcision and cervical cancer link. Author(s): Hill G. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2003 December; 49: 1591. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708919&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence-based practice: recommendations for the early detection of breast cancer. Author(s): Mahon SM. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 November-December; 7(6): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705491&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise and risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Burke HB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 December 24; 290(24): 3193; Author Reply 3193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693869&dopt=Abstract

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Expanding role of chemokines and their receptors in cancer. Author(s): Arya M, Patel HR. Source: Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003 December; 3(6): 749-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686697&dopt=Abstract

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Exploring the effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist therapy on bone health: implications in the management of prostate cancer. Author(s): Chang SS. Source: Urology. 2003 December 22; 62(6 Suppl 1): 29-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706506&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of beta-catenin, COX-2 and iNOS in colorectal cancer: relevance of COX-2 adn iNOS inhibitors for treatment in Malaysia. Author(s): Hong SK, Gul YA, Ithnin H, Talib A, Seow HF. Source: Asian J Surg. 2004 January; 27(1): 10-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719508&dopt=Abstract

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Extending the interval between cervical-cancer screenings. Author(s): Rufleth PW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 22; 350(4): 414-5; Author Reply 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736937&dopt=Abstract

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Factors associated with pattern of care before surgery for breast cancer in Quebec between 1992 and 1997. Author(s): Shen N, Mayo NE, Scott SC, Hanley JA, Goldberg MS, Abrahamowicz M, Tamblyn R. Source: Medical Care. 2003 December; 41(12): 1353-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668668&dopt=Abstract

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Family-oncologist communication in cancer patient care. Author(s): Burkhalter JE, Bromberg SR. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(6): 915-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735695&dopt=Abstract

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Feminist issues in e-mail group discussion among cancer patients. Author(s): Im EO, Chee W. Source: Ans. Advances in Nursing Science. 2003 October-December; 26(4): 287-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14674577&dopt=Abstract

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Fingerprinting cancer development. Author(s): Potera C. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 August; 111(11): A572. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694892&dopt=Abstract

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First-line intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) with epirubicin and mitoxantrone in locally advanced breast cancer. Author(s): Fiorentini G, Tsetis D, Bernardeschi P, Varveris C, Rossi S, Kalogeraki A, Athanasakis E, Dentico P, Kanellos P, Biancalani M, Almarashdah S, Zacharioudakis G, Saridaki Z, Chalkiadakis G, Xynos E, Zoras O. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666649&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine versus placebo in advanced cancer outpatients. Author(s): Alliot C. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 204-5; Author Reply 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701790&dopt=Abstract

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Fly fishing. A way of healing for breast cancer survivors. Author(s): Kearney G. Source: Beginnings. 2003 November-December; 23(6): 14-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679833&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of conservatively managed prostate cancer: watchful waiting and primary hormonal therapy. Author(s): Messing EM, Thompson I Jr. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2003 November; 30(4): 687-702, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680308&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up strategies and management of recurrence in urologic oncology bladder cancer: invasive bladder cancer. Author(s): Bochner BH, Montie JE, Lee CT. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2003 November; 30(4): 777-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680314&dopt=Abstract

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Formaldehyde link to cancer. Author(s): Nelson K. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2003 December; 4(12): 714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14682350&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in unselected Ashkenazi Jewish patients with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Kirchhoff T, Satagopan JM, Kauff ND, Huang H, Kolachana P, Palmer C, Rapaport H, Nafa K, Ellis NA, Offit K. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709740&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1 expression in bladder cancer and evidence of a new NY-ESO-1 T-cell epitope in a patient with bladder cancer. Author(s): Sharma P, Gnjatic S, Jungbluth AA, Williamson B, Herr H, Stockert E, Dalbagni G, Donat SM, Reuter VE, Santiago D, Chen YT, Bajorin DF, Old LJ. Source: Cancer Immunity [electronic Resource] : a Journal of the Academy of Cancer Immunology. 2003 December 18; 3: 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680360&dopt=Abstract

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Fried potatoes and human cancer. Author(s): Beer MU, Schlatter J, Dudler V, Zoller O. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 634-5; Author Reply 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696133&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Author(s): Parvez T. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 November; 13(11): 669-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700501&dopt=Abstract

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Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in cancer treatment. Author(s): Sliva D. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 358-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713328&dopt=Abstract

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Gene expression in precursor cells of prostate cancer associated with activin by combination of subtractive hybridization and microarray technologies. Author(s): Ying SY, Lin SL. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2004 January 2; 313(1): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14672704&dopt=Abstract

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Generating mutations but providing chemosensitivity: the role of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in human cancer. Author(s): Esteller M, Herman JG. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712205&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic counselling for cancer and risk perception. Author(s): Liden A, Berglund G, Hansson MG, Rosenquist R, Sjoden PO, Nordin K. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 726-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690158&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic polymorphisms in the Hmong population: implications for cancer etiology and survival. Author(s): Kiffmeyer WR, Langer E, Davies SM, Envall J, Robison LL, Ross JA. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 15; 100(2): 411-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716779&dopt=Abstract

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Germline mutation analysis of the androgen receptor gene in Finnish patients with prostate cancer. Author(s): Koivisto PA, Hyytinen ER, Matikainen M, Tammela TL, Ikonen T, Schleutker J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665948&dopt=Abstract

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Glucuronidation as a mechanism of intrinsic drug resistance in colon cancer cells: contribution of drug transport proteins. Author(s): Cummings J, Zelcer N, Allen JD, Yao D, Boyd G, Maliepaard M, Friedberg TH, Smyth JF, Jodrell DI. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2004 January 1; 67(1): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667926&dopt=Abstract

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GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms, tobacco and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study from Galicia, Spain. Author(s): Ruano-Ravina A, Figueiras A, Loidi L, Barros-Dios JM. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666648&dopt=Abstract

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Having a parent with cancer: coping and quality of life of children during serious illness in the family. Author(s): Helseth S, Ulfsaet N. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2003 October; 26(5): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710796&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, Chen JS, Zheng TT, Feng RE, Lai KC, Hu WH, Yuen ST, Leung SY, Fong DY, Ho J, Ching CK, Chen JS; China Gastric Cancer Study Group. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 January 14; 291(2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14722144&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer--for want of more outcomes. Author(s): Parsonnet J, Forman D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 January 14; 291(2): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14722152&dopt=Abstract

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Hepsin is highly over expressed in and a new candidate for a prognostic indicator in prostate cancer. Author(s): Stephan C, Yousef GM, Scorilas A, Jung K, Jung M, Kristiansen G, Hauptmann S, Kishi T, Nakamura T, Loening SA, Diamandis EP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665873&dopt=Abstract

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HER-2 receptor expression, localization, and activation in colorectal cancer cell lines and human tumors. Author(s): Half E, Broaddus R, Danenberg KD, Danenberg PV, Ayers GD, Sinicrope FA. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 540-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696118&dopt=Abstract

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Her-2/neu gene amplification in familial vs sporadic breast cancer. Impact on the behavior of the disease. Author(s): Espinosa AB, Tabernero MD, Garcia-Macias MC, Primo D, Bernal AG, Cruz JJ, Ramos M, Font de Mora J, Gomez Alonso A, Orfao A. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 December; 120(6): 917-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14671981&dopt=Abstract

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Her-2/neu oncogene amplification and protein over-expression in interval and screendetected breast cancers. Author(s): Anttinen J, Kuopio T, Nykanen M, Torkkeli H, Saari U, Juhola M. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666627&dopt=Abstract

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Hereditary breast cancer considering Cowden syndrome: a case study. Author(s): Kelly P. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2003 October; 26(5): 370-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710798&dopt=Abstract

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Hereditary kidney cancer. Author(s): Hwang JJ, Uchio EM, Linehan WM, Walther MM. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2003 November; 30(4): 831-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680318&dopt=Abstract

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High dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy in combination with external beam radiotherapy for palliative treatment of cancer rectum. Author(s): Begum N, Asghar AH, N S, Khan SM, Khan A. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 November; 13(11): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700489&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide with hematological growth factors, without stem cell support in patients with advanced cancer. Author(s): Recchia F, De Fillipis S, Piccinini M, Rea S. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666615&dopt=Abstract

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Highly sensitive detection of the MGB1 transcript (mammaglobin) in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Author(s): Cerveira N, Torres L, Rocha P, Bizarro S, Pereira D, Abreu J, Henrique R, Teixeira MR, Castedo S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 592-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696125&dopt=Abstract

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High-resolution analysis of genetic events in cancer cells using bacterial artificial chromosome arrays and comparative genome hybridization. Author(s): Cowel JK, Nowak NJ. Source: Adv Cancer Res. 2003; 90: 91-125. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710948&dopt=Abstract

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Histone acetylation and cancer. Author(s): Kouraklis G, Theocharis S. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690169&dopt=Abstract

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Hormone therapy and risk of gynecologic cancers. Author(s): Utian WH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 January 7; 291(1): 42; Author Reply 43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709571&dopt=Abstract

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Hospice benefits and phase I cancer trials. Author(s): Trump DL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004 January 6; 140(1): 70-1; Author Reply 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706985&dopt=Abstract

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Hospice benefits and phase I cancer trials. Author(s): Avery R. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004 January 6; 140(1): 70; Author Reply 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706984&dopt=Abstract

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Hospitalization of an oncology patient suspected of having severe acute respiratory syndrome: a setup for an infection control quagmire at a comprehensive cancer center. Author(s): Safdar A, Chemaly RF, Perego CA, Gonzalez VR, Rolston KV, Raad II, Tarrand JJ, Callender DL. Source: Cancer. 2003 December 15; 98(12): 2738-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14669300&dopt=Abstract

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How aggressive should we be in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer? Author(s): Kuo LJ, Leu SY, Liu MC, Jian JJ, Hongiun Cheng S, Chen CM. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 December; 46(12): 1646-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668590&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of a novel function of TWIST, a bHLH protein, in the development of acquired taxol resistance in human cancer cells. Author(s): Wang X, Ling MT, Guan XY, Tsao SW, Cheung HW, Lee DT, Wong YC. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 474-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724576&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of Kruppel-like factor 4 as a potential tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer. Author(s): Zhao W, Hisamuddin IM, Nandan MO, Babbin BA, Lamb NE, Yang VW. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 395-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724568&dopt=Abstract

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Immune recognition of a human renal cancer antigen through post-translational protein splicing. Author(s): Hanada K, Yewdell JW, Yang JC. Source: Nature. 2004 January 15; 427(6971): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724640&dopt=Abstract

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Immunity to cancer through immune recognition of altered self: studies with melanoma. Author(s): Guevara-Patino JA, Turk MJ, Wolchok JD, Houghton AN. Source: Adv Cancer Res. 2003; 90: 157-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710950&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoscreening of a cDNA library from a lung cancer cell line using autologous patient serum: Identification of XAGE-1b as a dominant antigen and its immunogenicity in lung adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Ali Eldib AM, Ono T, Shimono M, Kaneko M, Nakagawa K, Tanaka R, Noguchi Y, Nakayama E. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 558-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696120&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of hospital procedure volume on surgical operation and long-term outcomes in high-risk curatively resected rectal cancer: findings from the Intergroup 0114 Study. Author(s): Meyerhardt JA, Tepper JE, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis DR, Schrag D, Ayanian JZ, O'Connell MJ, Weeks JC, Mayer RJ, Willett CG, MacDonald JS, Benson AB 3rd, Fuchs CS. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 166-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701779&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of neoadjuvant therapy of perioperative morbidity in patients with esophageal cancer. Author(s): Imdahl A, Schoffel U, Ruf G. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 187(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706588&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of race/ethnicity on molecular pathways in human cancer. Author(s): Wiencke JK. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2004 January; 4(1): 79-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708028&dopt=Abstract

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Improving early diagnosis of oral cancer. Author(s): O'Sullivan E. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2004 January; 62(1): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14733230&dopt=Abstract

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In different cultures, cancer screening presents challenges. Author(s): Theisen C. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709729&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo monitoring of tumor relapse and metastasis using bioluminescent PC-3M-lucC6 cells in murine models of human prostate cancer. Author(s): Jenkins DE, Yu SF, Hornig YS, Purchio T, Contag PR. Source: Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 2003; 20(8): 745-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713108&dopt=Abstract

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Induction chemoradiotherapy and surgical resection for selected stage IIIB non-smallcell lung cancer. Author(s): Ichinose Y, Fukuyama Y, Asoh H, Ushijima C, Okamoto T, Ikeda J, Okamoto J, Sakai M. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 1810-4; Discussion 1815. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667588&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of JNK reduces G2/M transit independent of p53, leading to endoreduplication, decreased proliferation, and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Author(s): Mingo-Sion AM, Marietta PM, Koller E, Wolf DM, Van Den Berg CL. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 596-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724588&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin and cancer. Author(s): Boyd DB. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 315-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713323&dopt=Abstract

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Integrated care. Part I: Expanded psychosocial interventions in cancer care: an introduction to diversional therapy. Author(s): Lee CO. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 November-December; 7(6): 682-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705487&dopt=Abstract

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Internet message board use by patients with cancer and their families. Author(s): Schultz PN, Stava C, Beck ML, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 November-December; 7(6): 663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705483&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative identification and neurophysiologic parameters to verify pelvic autonomic nerve function during total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Author(s): Kneist W, Heintz A, Junginger T. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2004 January; 198(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698312&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with cancer or AIDS: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Staats PS, Yearwood T, Charapata SG, Presley RW, Wallace MS, Byas-Smith M, Fisher R, Bryce DA, Mangieri EA, Luther RR, Mayo M, McGuire D, Ellis D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 January 7; 291(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709577&dopt=Abstract

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Invasive cancers detected after breast cancer screening yielded a negative result: relationship of mammographic density to tumor prognostic factors. Author(s): Roubidoux MA, Bailey JE, Wray LA, Helvie MA. Source: Radiology. 2004 January; 230(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14695385&dopt=Abstract

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Is breast cancer survival improving? Author(s): Giordano SH, Buzdar AU, Smith TL, Kau SW, Yang Y, Hortobagyi GN. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 1; 100(1): 44-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692023&dopt=Abstract

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JAMA patient page. Stomach cancer. Author(s): Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 January 14; 291(2): 266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14722154&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and the risk of breast and colorectal cancers. Author(s): Grieu F, Malaney S, Ward R, Joseph D, Iacopetta B. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666635&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for invasive cervical cancer: 8-year experience of a pilot study. Author(s): Pomel C, Atallah D, Le Bouedec G, Rouzier R, Morice P, Castaigne D, Dauplat J. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675672&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic sentinel node mapping in early-stage cervical cancer. Author(s): Plante M, Renaud MC, Tetu B, Harel F, Roy M. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 494-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675667&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic total pelvic exenteration for cervical cancer relapse. Author(s): Pomel C, Rouzier R, Pocard M, Thoury A, Sideris L, Morice P, Duvillard P, Bourgain JL, Castaigne D. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675686&dopt=Abstract

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Laser therapy for small breast cancers. Author(s): Goldstein NS. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 187(1): 149; Author Reply 149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706610&dopt=Abstract

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Liver metastases of colorectal cancer: medical treatments. Author(s): Pasetto LM, Rossi E, Monfardini S. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4245-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666634&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of women with ovarian cancer after positive second-look laparotomy. Author(s): Dowdy SC, Constantinou CL, Hartmann LC, Keeney GL, Suman VJ, Hillman DW, Podratz KC. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675677&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term potency after iodine-125 radiotherapy for prostate cancer and role of sildenafil citrate. Author(s): Raina R, Agarwal A, Goyal KK, Jackson C, Ulchaker J, Angermeier K, Klein E, Ciezki J, Zippe CD. Source: Urology. 2003 December; 62(6): 1103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665364&dopt=Abstract

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Looking beyond morphology: cancer gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays. Author(s): Luo J, Isaacs WB, Trent JM, Duggan DJ. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(6): 937-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735697&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer screening: response to Jerome Reich, MD. Author(s): Grannis FW Jr. Source: Chest. 2004 January; 125(1): 350-1; Author Reply 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718469&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer. Author(s): Baldwin PD. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 November-December; 7(6): 699-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705493&dopt=Abstract

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Lung resection for non-small-cell lung cancer in patients older than 70: mortality, morbidity, and late survival compared with the general population. Author(s): Birim O, Zuydendorp HM, Maat AP, Kappetein AP, Eijkemans MJ, Bogers AJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 1796-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667586&dopt=Abstract

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Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists in the treatment of men with prostate cancer: timing, alternatives, and the 1-year implant. Author(s): Marks LS. Source: Urology. 2003 December 22; 62(6 Suppl 1): 36-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706507&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphedema after treatment of breast cancer. Author(s): Ozaslan C, Kuru B. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 187(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706589&dopt=Abstract

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Management of recurrence and follow-up strategies for patients with nonseminoma testis cancer. Author(s): Jewett MA, Grabowski A, McKiernan J. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2003 November; 30(4): 819-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680317&dopt=Abstract

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Managing bowel obstruction in ovarian cancer using a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. Author(s): Jolicoeur L, Faught W. Source: Can Oncol Nurs J. 2003 Fall; 13(4): 212-9. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692364&dopt=Abstract

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Matrix metalloproteinase-21 is expressed epithelially during development and in cancer and is up-regulated by transforming growth factor-beta1 in keratinocytes. Author(s): Ahokas K, Lohi J, Illman SA, Llano E, Elomaa O, Impola U, KarjalainenLindsberg ML, Saarialho-Kere U. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2003 December; 83(12): 1887-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14691307&dopt=Abstract

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Membrane-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase in endometrial cancer. Author(s): Sugiyama M, Imai A, Furui T, Tamaya T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 December; 189(6): 1666-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710095&dopt=Abstract

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Menopausal effects on presentation, treatment, and survival of women with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Author(s): Moore KA, Mery CM, Jaklitsch MT, Estocin AP, Bueno R, Swanson SJ, Sugarbaker DJ, Lukanich JM. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 1789-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667585&dopt=Abstract

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Menopausal status dependence of early mortality reduction due to diagnosis of smaller breast cancers (T1 v T2-T3): relevance to screening. Author(s): Demicheli R, Bonadonna G, Hrushesky WJ, Retsky MW, Valagussa P. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701771&dopt=Abstract

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Menstrual and reproductive factors and endometrial cancer risk: Results from a population-based case-control study in urban Shanghai. Author(s): Xu WH, Xiang YB, Ruan ZX, Zheng W, Cheng JR, Dai Q, Gao YT, Shu XO. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 613-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696129&dopt=Abstract

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Merlin and ERM proteins: unappreciated roles in cancer development? Author(s): McClatchey AI. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2003 November; 3(11): 877-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668818&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis of the relationship between cagA seropositivity and gastric cancer. Author(s): Huang JQ, Zheng GF, Sumanac K, Irvine EJ, Hunt RH. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 125(6): 1636-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724815&dopt=Abstract

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Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Bruera E, Palmer JL, Bosnjak S, Rico MA, Moyano J, Sweeney C, Strasser F, Willey J, Bertolino M, Mathias C, Spruyt O, Fisch MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701781&dopt=Abstract

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Micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes and bone marrow of lymph node-negative breast cancer patients--prognostic relevance after 10 years. Author(s): Gebauer G, Fehm T, Merkle E, Jaeger W, Mitze M. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666645&dopt=Abstract

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Mistletoe and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer: a model for the phase I study of botanicals and botanical-drug interactions in cancer therapy. Author(s): Mansky PJ, Grem J, Wallerstedt DB, Monahan BP, Blackman MR. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713326&dopt=Abstract

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Models of breast cancer: is merging human and animal models the future? Author(s): Kim JB, O'Hare MJ, Stein R. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): 22-30. Epub 2003 August 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680482&dopt=Abstract

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Models of breast cancer: quo vadis, animal modeling? Author(s): Wagner KU. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): 31-8. Epub 2003 October 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680483&dopt=Abstract

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Modification effects of GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms on associations between raw salted food and incomplete intestinal metaplasia in a high-risk area of stomach cancer. Author(s): Chen SY, Liu TY, Shun CT, Wu MS, Lu TH, Lin JT, Sheu JC, Santella RM, Chen CJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696128&dopt=Abstract

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Mucins in cancer: protection and control of the cell surface. Author(s): Hollingsworth MA, Swanson BJ. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2004 January; 4(1): 45-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681689&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter phase II study of erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Author(s): Soulieres D, Senzer NN, Vokes EE, Hidalgo M, Agarwala SS, Siu LL. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701768&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter phase II study of Nordic fluorouracil and folinic acid bolus schedule combined with oxaliplatin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Author(s): Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Berglund A, Fokstuen T, Tveit KM, Braendengen M, Ogreid D, Dahl O. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701765&dopt=Abstract

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Multicyclic dose-intensive chemotherapy supported by autologous blood progenitor cell transplantation for relapsed small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Fujimoto N, Ueoka H, Kiura K, Tabata M, Bessho A, Takata I, Sunami K, Hiramatsu Y, Ikeda K, Tanimoto M, Harada M. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666630&dopt=Abstract

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Multidisciplinary management of lung cancer. Author(s): Spira A, Ettinger DS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 22; 350(4): 379-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736930&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer cells and cancer. Author(s): Wu J, Lanier LL. Source: Adv Cancer Res. 2003; 90: 127-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710949&dopt=Abstract

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New treatment hope for prostate cancer. Author(s): Moyer P. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2004 January; 5(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14723225&dopt=Abstract

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NSAIDS and esophageal cancer. Author(s): Scherubl H, Sutter AP, Zeitz M. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 125(6): 1914-5; Author Reply 1915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727630&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity and lymphatic mapping with sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Author(s): Hughes M, Goffman TG, Perry RR, Laronga C. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 187(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706586&dopt=Abstract

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Objective assessment of speech after surgical treatment for oral cancer: experience from 196 selected cases. Author(s): Nicoletti G, Soutar DS, Jackson MS, Wrench AA, Robertson G, Robertson C. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 113(1): 114-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14707629&dopt=Abstract

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Obstacles for shortening hospitalization after video-assisted pulmonary resection for lung cancer. Author(s): Ueda K, Kaneda Y, Sakano H, Tanaka T, Li TS, Hamano K. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 1816-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667590&dopt=Abstract

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Oligoclonality in bladder cancer: the implication for molecular therapies. Author(s): Duggan BJ, Gray SB, McKnight JJ, Watson CJ, Johnston SR, Williamson KE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 419-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665946&dopt=Abstract

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Omeprazole is more effective than a histamine H2-receptor blocker for maintaining a persistent elevation of gastric pH after colon resection for cancer. Author(s): Hsu TC, Su CF, Leu SC, Huang PC, Wang TE, Chu CH. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 187(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706580&dopt=Abstract

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Oncolytic herpes viruses as a potential mechanism for cancer therapy. Author(s): Lou E. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 660-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690152&dopt=Abstract

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Oncolytic viral therapy for breast cancer with herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant HF 10. Author(s): Teshigahara O, Goshima F, Takao K, Kohno S, Kimata H, Nakao A, Nishiyama Y. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2004 January; 85(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696086&dopt=Abstract

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Onward in my journey: preparing nurses for a new age of cancer care. Author(s): Donovan T, Mercer D. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2003 October; 26(5): 400-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710802&dopt=Abstract

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Operative risk of rectal cancer surgery in the elderly. Author(s): Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jan 6;140(1):I17 Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 187(1): 150-1; Author Reply 151. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706993

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Opportunities and challenges in the development of kinase inhibitor therapy for cancer. Author(s): Sawyers CL. Source: Genes & Development. 2003 December 15; 17(24): 2998-3010. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701871&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal management when unsuspected N2 nodal disease is identified during thoracotomy for lung cancer: cost-effectiveness analysis. Author(s): Ferguson MK. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 December; 126(6): 1935-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14688709&dopt=Abstract

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Ovarian ablation as adjuvant therapy for premenopausal women with breast cancer-another step forward. Author(s): Pater JL, Parulekar WR. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 December 17; 95(24): 1811-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679143&dopt=Abstract

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Over expression of CD44V8-10 in human bladder cancer cells decreases their interaction with hyaluronic acid and potentiates their malignant progression. Author(s): Muramaki M, Miyake H, Kamidono S, Hara I. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 426-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665947&dopt=Abstract

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P21(WAF1/CIP1) is dispensable for G1 arrest, but indispensable for apoptosis induced by sodium butyrate in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Author(s): Chopin V, Toillon RA, Jouy N, Le Bourhis X. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712207&dopt=Abstract

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Paclitaxel and concurrent radiation in upper gastrointestinal cancers. Author(s): Constantinou M, Tsai JY, Safran H. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(6): 887-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735693&dopt=Abstract

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Patient responses to Cytoluminescent Therapy for cancer: an investigative report of early experiences and adverse effects of an unconventional form of photodynamic therapy. Author(s): Moss RW. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 371-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713330&dopt=Abstract

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Pattern of lung cancer in elderly. Author(s): Vigg A, Mantri S, Vigg A, Vigg A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 October; 51: 963-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719585&dopt=Abstract

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PCB residues in a breast cancer patient population. Author(s): Charlier C, Pitance F, Plomteux G. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 November; 71(5): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705647&dopt=Abstract

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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation inhibits tumor progression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Keshamouni VG, Reddy RC, Arenberg DA, Joel B, Thannickal VJ, Kalemkerian GP, Standiford TJ. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 100-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712215&dopt=Abstract

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Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors and cancers: complex stories. Author(s): Michalik L, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2004 January; 4(1): 61-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708026&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori and the development of gastric cancer. Author(s): Normark S, Nilsson C, Normark BH, Hornef MW. Source: Adv Cancer Res. 2003; 90: 63-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710947&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II study of pentostatin in advanced T-cell lymphoid malignancies: update of an M.D. Anderson Cancer Center series. Author(s): Tsimberidou AM, Giles F, Duvic M, Fayad L, Kurzrock R. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 15; 100(2): 342-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716770&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II trial of cisplatin/etoposide and concurrent radiotherapy followed by paclitaxel/carboplatin consolidation for limited small-cell lung cancer: Southwest Oncology Group 9713. Author(s): Edelman MJ, Chansky K, Gaspar LE, Leigh B, Weiss GR, Taylor SA, Crowley J, Livingston R, Gandara DR. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701775&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II trial of PS-341 in patients with renal cell cancer: a University of Chicago phase II consortium study. Author(s): Davis NB, Taber DA, Ansari RH, Ryan CW, George C, Vokes EE, Vogelzang NJ, Stadler WM. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701773&dopt=Abstract

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Photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer--and more? Author(s): Morton CA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2004 January; 140(1): 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14732670&dopt=Abstract

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Photodynamic therapy of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers with verteporfin and red light-emitting diodes: two-year results evaluating tumor response and cosmetic outcomes. Author(s): Lui H, Hobbs L, Tope WD, Lee PK, Elmets C, Provost N, Chan A, Neyndorff H, Su XY, Jain H, Hamzavi I, McLean D, Bissonnette R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2004 January; 140(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14732656&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot study of idarubicin-based intensive-timing induction therapy for children with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: Children's Cancer Group Study 2941. Author(s): Lange BJ, Dinndorf P, Smith FO, Arndt C, Barnard D, Feig S, Feusner J, Seibel N, Weiman M, Aplenc R, Gerbing R, Alonzo TA. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701777&dopt=Abstract

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PMP24, a gene identified by MSRF, undergoes DNA hypermethylation-associated gene silencing during cancer progression in an LNCaP model. Author(s): Wu M, Ho SM. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 250-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712230&dopt=Abstract

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Prescribing antidepressants to advanced cancer patients with mild depressive symptoms is not justified. Author(s): Coyne JC, Palmer SC, Shapiro PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 205-6; Author Reply 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701791&dopt=Abstract

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Prognosis of colorectal cancer patients with elevated endothelin-1 concentrations. Author(s): Elahi MM, Everson NW. Source: Asian J Surg. 2004 January; 27(1): 4-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717137&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic significance and correlation with survival of bcl-2 and TGF-beta RII in colon cancer. Author(s): Kouraklis G, Kakisis J, Theoharis S, Tzonou A, Glinavou A, Raftopoulos J, Karatzas G. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 December; 48(12): 2284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14714614&dopt=Abstract

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Prostate cancer. Introduction. Author(s): Crawford ED. Source: Urology. 2003 December 22; 62(6 Suppl 1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706502&dopt=Abstract

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PTEN mutations are common in sporadic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. Author(s): Nassif NT, Lobo GP, Wu X, Henderson CJ, Morrison CD, Eng C, Jalaludin B, Segelov E. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 617-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724591&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life after tailored combined surgery for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer and severe emphysema. Author(s): Pompeo E, De Dominicis E, Ambrogi V, Mineo D, Elia S, Mineo TC. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 1821-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667591&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life and colorectal cancer: a review. Author(s): Dunn J, Lynch B, Aitken J, Leggett B, Pakenham K, Newman B. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003; 27(1): 41-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705266&dopt=Abstract

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Racial differences in the receipt of bowel surveillance following potentially curative colorectal cancer surgery. Author(s): Ellison GL, Warren JL, Knopf KB, Brown ML. Source: Health Services Research. 2003 December; 38(6 Pt 2): 1885-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727802&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, and p130Cas by gastrin in human colon cancer cells. Author(s): Yu HG, Schrader H, Otte JM, Schmidt WE, Schmitz F. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2004 January 1; 67(1): 135-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667936&dopt=Abstract

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Re: A prospective study measuring penile length in men treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. M. Savoie, S. S. Kim and M. S. Soloway. J Urol, 169: 1462-1464, 2003. Author(s): Mondaini N, Gontero P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 359-60; Author Reply 360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665930&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Etiology of pancreatic cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of N-nitroso compounds and excess gastric acidity. Author(s): Capurso G, Delle Fave G, Lemoine N. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 75; Author Reply 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709743&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. Author(s): Fujimaki S, Hayashi K. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 December 17; 95(24): 1881-2; Author Reply 1881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679159&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent prostate cancer following external beam radiotherapy: follow-up strategies and management. Author(s): Catton C, Milosevic M, Warde P, Bayley A, Crook J, Bristow R, Gospodarowicz M. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2003 November; 30(4): 751-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680312&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis and chemoinvasion of breast cancer cells. Author(s): Fernandis AZ, Prasad A, Band H, Klosel R, Ganju RK. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 157-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712221&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between S-100 protein-positive cells and clinicopathological factors in patients with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Nakayama Y, Inoue Y, Minagawa N, Katsuki T, Nagashima N, Onitsuka K, Tsurudome Y, Sako T, Hirata K, Nagata N, Itoh H. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 November-December; 23(6A): 4423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666729&dopt=Abstract

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Resection of multifocal non-small cell lung cancer when the bronchioloalveolar subtype is involved. Author(s): Roberts PF, Straznicka M, Lara PN, Lau DH, Follette DM, Gandara DR, Benfield JR. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 November; 126(5): 1597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666039&dopt=Abstract

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Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: the utility of positron emission tomography in staging potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Reed CE, Harpole DH, Posther KE, Woolson SL, Downey RJ, Meyers BF, Heelan RT, MacApinlac HA, Jung SH, Silvestri GA, Siegel BA, Rusch VW; American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 December; 126(6): 1943-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14688710&dopt=Abstract

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Ribozyme-mediated inhibition of survivin expression increases spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis and decreases the tumorigenic potential of human prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Pennati M, Binda M, Colella G, Zoppe' M, Folini M, Vignati S, Valentini A, Citti L, De Cesare M, Pratesi G, Giacca M, Daidone MG, Zaffaroni N. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724567&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for gall bladder cancer in Karachi. Author(s): Rizvi TJ, Zuberi SJ. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 July-September; 15(3): 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727332&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for liver metastases after curative surgical procedures for gastric cancer: a prospective study of 208 patients treated with surgical resection. Author(s): Marrelli D, Roviello F, De Stefano A, Fotia G, Giliberto C, Garosi L, Pinto E. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2004 January; 198(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698311&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of malignant mixed mullerian tumors after tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer. Author(s): Curtis RE, Freedman DM, Sherman ME, Fraumeni JF Jr. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709741&dopt=Abstract

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Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Edeiken-Monro BS, Sherman SI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lee JE, Evans DB. Source: Surgery. 2003 December; 134(6): 946-54; Discussion 954-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668727&dopt=Abstract

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Role of toll-like receptors and their adaptors in adjuvant immunotherapy for cancer. Author(s): Seya T, Akazawa T, Uehori J, Matsumoto M, Azuma I, Toyoshima K. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 November-December; 23(6A): 4369-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666723&dopt=Abstract

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RTCGD: retroviral tagged cancer gene database. Author(s): Akagi K, Suzuki T, Stephens RM, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2004 January 1; 32 Database Issue: D523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681473&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for cervical cancer, a priority in Zimbabwe? Author(s): Rutgers S, Verkuyl D. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2000 March; 46(3): 81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14674218&dopt=Abstract

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Screening mammography performance and cancer detection among black women and white women in community practice. Author(s): Gill KS, Yankaskas BC. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 1; 100(1): 139-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692034&dopt=Abstract

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Shrinking technology. Nanotechnology holds the promise of spectacular medical advances, including a cure for cancer, but critics warn of dire consequences. Author(s): Mantone J. Source: Modern Healthcare. 2003 December 8; 33(49): 32-3, 35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712601&dopt=Abstract

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Skip metastases in thyroid cancer leaping the central lymph node compartment. Author(s): Machens A, Holzhausen HJ, Dralle H. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 January; 139(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718274&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and colorectal cancer in a non-Western population: a prospective cohort study in Japan. Author(s): Wakai K, Hayakawa N, Kojima M, Tamakoshi K, Watanabe Y, Suzuki K, Hashimoto S, Tokudome S, Toyoshima H, Ito Y, Tamakoshi A; JACC Study Group. Source: J Epidemiol. 2003 November; 13(6): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14674660&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and lung cancer survival: the role of comorbidity and treatment. Author(s): Tammemagi CM, Neslund-Dudas C, Simoff M, Kvale P. Source: Chest. 2004 January; 125(1): 27-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14718417&dopt=Abstract

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SNP500Cancer: a public resource for sequence validation and assay development for genetic variation in candidate genes. Author(s): Packer BR, Yeager M, Staats B, Welch R, Crenshaw A, Kiley M, Eckert A, Beerman M, Miller E, Bergen A, Rothman N, Strausberg R, Chanock SJ. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2004 January 1; 32 Database Issue: D528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681474&dopt=Abstract

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Stage and survival in breast cancer patients in screened and non-screened Danish and Swedish populations. Author(s): Jensen AR, Garne JP, Storm HH, Ewertz M, Cold S, Alvegaard T, Overgaard J. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 701-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690155&dopt=Abstract

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Staging of lung cancer with integrated PET-CT. Author(s): Ollenberger GP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 1; 350(1): 86-7; Author Reply 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14702436&dopt=Abstract

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Steroids and adrenomedullin growth patterns in human ovarian cancer cells: estrogenic-regulation assay. Author(s): Giacalone PL, Daures JP, Ouafik L, Martin PM, Laffargue F, Maudelonde T. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 651-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675694&dopt=Abstract

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Strategies for cancer gene therapy. Author(s): Hughes RM. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2004 January; 85(1): 28-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696084&dopt=Abstract

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Study clarifies risk of breast, ovarian cancer among mutation carriers. Author(s): Reynolds T. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 December 17; 95(24): 1816-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679145&dopt=Abstract

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Study on the relationship between intake of trace elements and breast cancer mortality with chemometric methods. Author(s): Zhai H, Chen X, Hu Z. Source: Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2003 December; 27(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667786&dopt=Abstract

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Sublaryngeal cancer of the trachea. Author(s): Cesario A, Margaritora S, Porziella V, Granone P. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2004 January; 5(1): 55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700609&dopt=Abstract

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Suicidality in terminally ill Japanese patients with cancer. Author(s): Akechi T, Okuyama T, Sugawara Y, Nakano T, Shima Y, Uchitomi Y. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 1; 100(1): 183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692039&dopt=Abstract

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Surgeons “vote with their feet” for sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer staging. Author(s): Hampton T. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 December 17; 290(23): 3053-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679253&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management of bladder cancer in 2003. Author(s): Wade M, Seigne JD. Source: Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003 December; 3(6): 781-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686700&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the Medicare population. Author(s): Manternach T, Housman TS, Williford PM, Teuschler H, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR, Chen GJ. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 December; 29(12): 1167-9; Discussion 1169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725656&dopt=Abstract

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Survival of Californian women with epithelial ovarian cancer, 1994-1996: a population-based study. Author(s): O'Malley CD, Cress RD, Campleman SL, Leiserowitz GS. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 608-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675685&dopt=Abstract

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Symptom control in patients with advanced cancer. Author(s): Walsh TD. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1990 November-December; 7(6): 20-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686467&dopt=Abstract

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Technique of en block laser endoscopic frontolateral laryngectomy for glottic cancer. Author(s): Zeitels SM, Dailey SH, Burns JA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 January; 114(1): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710017&dopt=Abstract

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Testicular cancer: the challenge for cancer control. Author(s): Boyle P. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2004 January; 5(1): 56-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700610&dopt=Abstract

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The amphibole hypothesis--a nested case-control study of lung cancer and exposure to chrysotile and amphiboles. Author(s): Dodic Fikfak M. Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2003 September; 54(3): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14677363&dopt=Abstract

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The benefits and costs of tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention. Author(s): Eckermann SD, Martin AJ, Stockler MR, Simes RJ. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003; 27(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705265&dopt=Abstract

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The c-myc and PyMT oncogenes induce different tumor types in a somatic mouse model for pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Lewis BC, Klimstra DS, Varmus HE. Source: Genes & Development. 2003 December 15; 17(24): 3127-38. Epub 2003 Dec 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681205&dopt=Abstract

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The coincidence of pure lipoma, leiomyoma, and endometrial cancer. A case report of the uterine tumor triplicity. Author(s): Reslova T, Resl M. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2003; 46(3): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14677724&dopt=Abstract

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The combination of p53 mutation and neu/erbB-2 amplification is associated with poor survival in node-negative breast cancer. Author(s): Bull SB, Ozcelik H, Pinnaduwage D, Blackstein ME, Sutherland DA, Pritchard KI, Tzontcheva AT, Sidlofsky S, Hanna WM, Qizilbash AH, Tweeddale ME, Fine S, McCready DR, Andrulis IL. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 86-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701769&dopt=Abstract

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The destruction box of human Geminin is critical for proliferation and tumor growth in human colon cancer cells. Author(s): Yoshida K, Oyaizu N, Dutta A, Inoue I. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 58-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712211&dopt=Abstract

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The molecular mechanism of sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis by 2methoxyestradiol in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Kishi M, Matsuyoshi S, Konishi N. Source: Molecular Carcinogenesis. 2004 January; 39(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694442&dopt=Abstract

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The National Cancer Data Base: a clinical surveillance and quality improvement tool. Author(s): Winchester DP, Stewart AK, Bura C, Jones RS. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2004 January; 85(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696080&dopt=Abstract

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The significance of isolation of saprophytic molds from the lower respiratory tract in patients with cancer. Author(s): Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP. Source: Cancer. 2004 January 1; 100(1): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14692037&dopt=Abstract

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The tubed walking radial forearm flap for salvaging the flap- and vessel-depleted head and neck cancer patient. Author(s): Ducic Y. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2004 January; 62(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14699559&dopt=Abstract

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The use of fine-needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy in the assessment of highly suspicious mammographic microcalcifications: analysis of outcome for 182 lesions detected in the setting of a population-based breast cancer screening program. Author(s): Farshid G, Rush G. Source: Cancer. 2003 December 25; 99(6): 357-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681944&dopt=Abstract

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There is an alternative reason for lower-than-expected rates of lung cancer in farmers. Author(s): Lange JH, Mastrangelo G, Fedeli U, Rylander R, Christiani DC. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2003 May; 58(5): 316-7; Author Reply 317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14738278&dopt=Abstract

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Transcriptional regulation of human osteopontin promoter by C/EBPalpha and AML1 in metastatic cancer cells. Author(s): Liu YN, Kang BB, Chen JH. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 8; 23(1): 278-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712233&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer: a retrospective analysis of women treated with single-agent carboplatin originally treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. Author(s): Dizon DS, Dupont J, Anderson S, Sabbatini P, Hummer A, Aghajanian C, Spriggs D. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 584-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675681&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in cancer pain management. Author(s): Bhagat K, Chinyanga HM. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2000 February; 46(2): 46-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14674210&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in survival for both histologic types of esophageal cancer in Switzerland. Author(s): Levi F, Te VC, Randimbison L, La Vecchia C. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 February 10; 108(4): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696135&dopt=Abstract

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Unconventional therapy for prostate cancer: good, bad or questionable? Author(s): Nelson PS, Montgomery B. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2003 November; 3(11): 845-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668815&dopt=Abstract

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Use of algorithms as determinants for individual patient decision making: national comprehensive cancer network versus artificial neural networks. Author(s): Crawford ED. Source: Urology. 2003 December 22; 62(6 Suppl 1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706504&dopt=Abstract

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Using risk for advanced proximal colonic neoplasia to tailor endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer. Author(s): Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY, Larkin GN, Rogge JD, Ransohoff DF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 December 16; 139(12): 959-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14678915&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of a transfusion prediction model in head and neck cancer surgery. Author(s): Krupp NL, Weinstein G, Chalian A, Berlin JA, Wolf P, Weber RS. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 December; 129(12): 1297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14676155&dopt=Abstract

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VEGF and HIF-1alpha expression are increased in advanced stages of epithelial ovarian cancer. Author(s): Wong C, Wellman TL, Lounsbury KM. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675669&dopt=Abstract

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Video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer: is it a feasible operation for stage I lung cancer? Author(s): Tatsumi A, Ueda Y. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 December; 51(12): 646-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717417&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin C and cancer chemoprevention: reappraisal. Author(s): Lee KW, Lee HJ, Surh YJ, Lee CY. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 December; 78(6): 1074-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668266&dopt=Abstract

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Volume indexes of total, free, and complexed prostate-specific antigen enhance prediction of extraprostatic disease extension in men with nonpalpable prostate cancer. Author(s): Naya Y, Fritsche HA, Cheli CD, Stamey TA, Bartsch G, Brawer MK, Childs S, Taneja SS, Lepor H, Partin AW, Sokoll LJ, Chan DW, Babaian RJ. Source: Urology. 2003 December; 62(6): 1058-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665355&dopt=Abstract

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Was breast conserving surgery underutilized for early stage breast cancer? Instrumental variables evidence for stage II patients from Iowa. Author(s): Brooks JM, Chrischilles EA, Scott SD, Chen-Hardee SS. Source: Health Services Research. 2003 December; 38(6 Pt 1): 1385-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727779&dopt=Abstract

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What now for aspirin and cancer prevention? Author(s): Baron JA. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 January 7; 96(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709726&dopt=Abstract

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Will you survive surgery for colorectal cancer? Author(s): Burton A. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2004 January; 5(1): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14723226&dopt=Abstract

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WISP3 and RhoC guanosine triphosphatase cooperate in the development of inflammatory breast cancer. Author(s): Kleer CG, Zhang Y, Pan Q, Gallagher G, Wu M, Wu ZF, Merajver SD. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2004; 6(1): R110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696649&dopt=Abstract

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Women with breast cancer opt for treatment with minimal side-effects. Author(s): Mayor S. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2004 January; 5(1): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14723227&dopt=Abstract

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Women's perceptions of breast cancer risk: are they accurate? Author(s): Buxton JA, Bottorff JL, Balneaves LG, Richardson C, McCullum M, Ratner PA, Hack T. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2003 November-December; 94(6): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700240&dopt=Abstract

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Academic Periodicals covering Cancer Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cancer. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

Dissertations on Cancer ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to cancer. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Psychological Functioning in 8-16-year-old Cancer Survivors and Their Parents (childhood Cancer) by Greenberg, Helaine Shoag, Dsw from University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9017990

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Psychological Stress As a Factor in Carcinogenesis: a Historical Study (cancer, Illness, Mental Health, Malignancies) by Brunk, Mary Priscilla, Edd from Drake University, 1985, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8526768

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Psychological Stressors, Coping Mechanism: Breast Cancer in Black Women and White Women (women) by Brathwaite, Dollie M. Johnson, Phd from Wayne State University, 1990, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9118855

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Psychological Treatment of Distress, Pain and Anxiety for Young Children with Cancer by Kuttner, Leora Tamar; Phd from Simon Fraser University (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65958

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Quality, Collaboration and Citations in Cancer Research: a Bibliometric Study by Lawani, Stephen Majebi, Phd from The Florida State University, 1980, 412 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100645

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Recombination and Forensics: Cancer Risk among Two Cappadocian Communities in Turkey, Sweden, and Germany by Roushdy-hammady, Iman; Phd from Harvard University, 2001, 296 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028440

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Reconceptualizing Social Responses to Medical Problems: Breast Cancer and the Power of Community-based Organizations by Myers, Janet, Phd from Indiana University, 1996, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9727957

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Recreating Ourselves: Stigma, Identity Changes, and Narrative Reconstruction among Prostate Cancer Survivors by Arrington, Michael Irvin; Phd from University of South Florida, 2002, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052630

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Recurrent Cancer and Quality of Life: a Description of the Experiences of Oncology Patients by Minear, Mark D., Phd from Ball State University, 1997, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9738292

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Regression of Cancer As an Instance of Gotthard Booth's Concept of Kairos by Slater, George Richard, Phd from Boston University Graduate School, 1982, 356 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8221034

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Regulation of Apoptosis by the Bcl-2 Family of Proteins in the Lncap Prostate Cancer Cell Line Progression Model by Rothermund, Christy Ann; Phd from University of Nebraska Medical Center, 2003, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093286

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Regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 Levels by a Prolactin Antagonist (hprl-g129r) in Human Breast Cancer Model Systems by Peirce, Susan Kitchell; Phd from Clemson University, 2003, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093219

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Regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression by Epidermal Growth Factor and 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in a Human Breast Cancer Cell Line by Bjorge, Jeffrey D; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54585

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Regulation of Steroid Sulfatase in Human Breast Cancer Cells and Screening of Human Tissues for Steroid Sulfatase Status by Chandra, Abhinav Binod; Ms from Duquesne University, 2003, 54 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414195

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Regulation of the Tumor Suppressor Prb by Protein Kinase Cepsilon in Human Prostate Cancer Cells by Foreman, Tonia Lee; Phd from East Carolina University, 2003, 316 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095134

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Relationship between Educational Support Networks and School Adjustment of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients by Harper, Vivian Nancy, Phd from University of Southern California, 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2118901

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Relationship between Internet Use, Patient Task Behavior and Self-efficacy among Recently Diagnosed Cancer Patients Who Contact the Cancer Information Service by Bass, Sarah Bauerle; Phd from Temple University, 2001, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3014407

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Resistance Au Cisplatin Dans Le Cancer Ovarien: Role De La Proteine Antiapoptotique Bcl-2? (french Text) by Belanger, Sylvie; Msc from Universite De Sherbrooke (canada), 2003, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ80559

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Respiratory Consequences of Air Exposure in Cancer Productus, an Intertidal Crab by Defur, Peter Lee; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK51245

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Respiratory Physiology of the Crab Cancer Magister by Mcdonald, David Gordon; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37299

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Rho Gtpases Regulate Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation by Krajewski, Selena Knight; Phd from University of Miami, 2003, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090844

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Ring of Silence: a Paradox of Womanhood. African American Women's Breasts, Beliefs, and Cancer Screening Behaviors by Thomas, Eileen C.; Phd from University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 2003, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086281

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Risk Communication: Two Methods of Conveying Breast Cancer Risk to Africanamerican Women by Wilson, Ismay Vivienne; Edd from University of Houston, 2000, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9979239

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Roles of Radicals in Cancer Research: Potential Therapeutic Agents and Probes for Studying Carcinogenesis by Powell, Jeannine Harrison; Phd from West Virginia University, 2003, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3094595

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Saving Money and Helping People: a Multi-method Analysis of the Employment Experiences of Cancer Survivors by Watson, Sara Denys, Phd from Harvard University, 1990, 362 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9035623

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Science in Public Discourse: the Diet and Cancer Debate by Hilgartner, Stephen Hallett, Phd from Cornell University, 1988, 391 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8804530

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Screening for Cervical Cancer: Medical, Economic and Social Considerations by Stromberg, Ann Helton, Phd from Cornell University, 1980, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8015737

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Selected Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer in Canada with an Emphasis on Hormonal/reproductive Factors in Women by Frise, Sarah Anne; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78435

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Self-disclosure and Coping Styles among Breast Cancer Patients and Their Partners: an Exploratory and Descriptive Study (couples) by Mcguire, James Gregory, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1992, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9306665

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Self-rated Health and Survival in the Elderly: Incident Myocardial Infarction and Cancer As Mediators and Modifiers by Darefsky, Amy Sue; Phd from Yale University, 2000, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9973672

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Sick Role Theory: Cancer a Special Case by Schreier, Ann Mcbride, Phd from Stanford University, 1981, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8115828

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Simulation and Development of a Dual-face Electrical Impedance Imaging Technique with Applications to Breast Cancer Detection by Zou, Yongning; Dsc from The George Washington University, 2003, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3098217

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Skin Cancer Information and Intentions to Perform Skin Cancer Prevention Behaviors by Schulz, Jeffrey Wayne, Phd from University of Arkansas, 1997, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9820810

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Slash, Burn, and Poison: Narrative Interventions in the Breast Cancer War by Knopf Newman, Marcy Jane; Phd from Miami University, 2001, 534 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3009848

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Social and Medical Factors Associated with Diagnostic Delay in Breast Cancer Patients by Finley, Mary Lou, Phd from The University of Chicago, 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/T-29568

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Social Integration and Preventive Health Behavior: an Exploratory Study on the Use of the Pap Smear Test for the Early Detection of Cervical Cancer (cancer) by Straughan, Paulin Tay, Phd from University of Virginia, 1991, 305 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9223421

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Hypoxia and Cancer Metastasis by Young, Scott D; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL56920

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'i Think I'm Going to Live'--an Ethnographic Account of Breast Cancer As an Illness Episode. by Desantis, Lydia Ann, Phd from University of Washington, 1979, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7917553

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'i Think I'm Going to Live'--an Ethnographic Account of Breast Cancer As an Illness Episode. by Desantis, Lydia Ann, Phd from University of Washington, 1979, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7917553

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Identification and Characterization of a Candidate Prostate Cancer Metastasissuppressor Gene on Human Chromosome 12 by Jaeger, Erich Benjamin; Phd from The University of Chicago, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097119

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Identification of Human Organ-specific Cancer Neoantigen by Monoclonal Antibodies by Durko, Margaret; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL44301

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Identification of Susceptibility Genes for Cancer in a Whole Genome Scan Utilizing Novel Phenotypes under the Assumption of Genetic Heterogeneity by Daley, Denise; Phd from Case Western Reserve University (health Sciences), 2003, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3100003

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Ideology and Protest in Cancer Therapy. by Behar, Joseph E., Phd from State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1976, 317 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7710844

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'if I Can Help Somebody, then My Living Will Not Be in Vain': Spirituality, Aid, and Action in the African American Breast Cancer Survivorship Experience by Williams, Elizabeth Ann; Phd from University of Kentucky, 2002, 426 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063249

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'if Only It Could Be Me': the Siblings of Pediatric Cancer Patients by Koch, Alberta Yehudit, Phd from University of Southern California, 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f797990

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Illness, Wellness and Simultaneous Unity and Division in the Rhetoric of Coping with Breast Cancer in a Computer-mediated Health Support Group by Williams, Susanne Louise, Phd from Wayne State University, 1996, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628953

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Illness, Wellness and Simultaneous Unity and Division in the Rhetoric of Coping with Breast Cancer in a Computer-mediated Health Support Group by Williams, Susanne Louise, Phd from Wayne State University, 1996, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628953

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Immunotherapy of Cancer : Active Immunotherapy and Immunochemotherapy in Mouse Tumor Models by Güçlü Arif Alev; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK31499

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Impact of Cancer on Adolescents and Their Families: an Exploration of Coping Responses by Guillory, Patricia Ann, Phd from University of Southern California, 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3349493

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Impact of Childhood Cancer on the Family by Cornman, Barbara Jane, Phd from University of Washington, 1988, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8810518

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In the Name of Cancer Nursing: Organizational Change and Oncology Practices by Stevenson, Roberta Lynn; Phd from University of Victoria (canada), 2003, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ82494

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(re)constructing the Self: Autobiographical Responses to Breast Cancer and Mastectomy by Audre Lorde, Susan Miller, and Matuschka by Demaray, Elyse, Phd from Indiana University, 1996, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9716428

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A Comparison of Cognitive Appraisal, Coping, Coping Resources and Social Functioning among Black and White Women with Breast Cancer (black Women) by Bourjolly, Joretha Nevada, Phd from Bryn Mawr College, the Grad. Sch. of Social Work and Social Research, 1996, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628489

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A Comparison of Strategies for Influencing Breast Cancer Knowledge, Beliefs, and Screening Practices among Black Women by Walker-shaw, Mary, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1995, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9615495

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A Diffuse Optical Tomography System Combined with X-ray Mammography for Improved Breast Cancer Detection by Brukilacchio, Thomas John; Phd from Tufts University, 2003, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081375

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A Global Genome? Comparing the Development of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer in the United States and Britain by Parthasarathy, Shobita; Phd from Cornell University, 2003, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081360

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A Humanitarian and Qualitative Perspective on Participation in Colorectal Cancer Screening by Brouse, Corey Hannah; Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 2003, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080052

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A Literary Search to Identify Factors Necessary for an Individual Sense of Justice: Capote's 'in Cold Blood' and Solzhenitsyn's 'the Cancer Ward' (united States, Soviet Union) by Zumbrunnen, Wanita Ann, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1986, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8708045

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A Model for the Use of Vinblastine in Cancer Chemotherapy by Valeriote, Frederick Augustus; Advdeg from University of Toronto (canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01045

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A Model of Women-centered Practice: Shared Decision-making between Breast Cancer Surgeons and Patients by Andrist, Linda C., Phd from Brandeis University, 1993, 310 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9322337

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A Multiple-cause-of-death Approach to Cancer Mortality Differentials at the Older Ages by Wrigley, John Michael, Phd from The Florida State University, 1986, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616914

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A Nontraditional Cancer Treatment Program and Pastoral Care: a Whiteheadian Perspective. by Trumbo, Warren D., Dmin from School of Theology at Claremont, 1979, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7919921

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A Novel Automated Mueller Matrix Polarization Imaging System for Skin Cancer Detection by Chung, Jung Rae; Phd from Texas A&m University, 2003, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088128

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A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Variables Associated with the Incidence of Cancer among Seventh-day Adventists by Sellers, Esther Edith Boehne, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1987, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8801415

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A Prospective Study Examining the Relationship between Health-related Quality of Life and Survival in Pediatric Cancer Patients by Stender, Jennifer Ryan; Phd from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2003, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080406

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A Psychooncology Intervention for Newly Diagnosed Cancer Patients in a Hospital Outpatient Clinic by Wells, Michael E., Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1993, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9402497

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A Psychooncology Intervention for Newly Diagnosed Cancer Patients in a Hospital Outpatient Clinic by Wells, Michael E., Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1993, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9402497

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A Rhetorical Study of Congressional Speaking during the Movement to Establish the National Cancer Institute, 1927-1937. by Yaremchuk, William A., Phd from New York University, 1976, 355 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7705338

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A Self-help Experience in the Lives of Cancer Patients by Helmer, D'arcy John, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2126949

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A Self-help Experience in the Lives of Cancer Patients by Helmer, D'arcy John; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK62267

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A Semi-markov Model for the Prognosis of the Cancer of the Cervix by Jain, Rajendra Kumar; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28253

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A Study of a Cancer Education and Awareness Program in Three Selected School Systems. by Tyson, Edward Bryan, Edd from Duke University, 1976, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7627990

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A Study of Cancer Self-help Organization in Shanghai: the Effects of Members' Participation, Social Support, Social Learning on Empowerment (china, Chinese Text) by Zhang, Shifei; Phd from Chinese University of Hong Kong (people's Republic of China), 2001, 369 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3025931

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A Study of Differential Group Impact on Knowledge and Life Satisfaction for Cancer Patients and Family Members by Tanquary, Patricia Ruth, Dsw from University of California, Berkeley, 1987, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8813767

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A Study of Intestinal Cancer Mortality in a Population of Canadian Oil Workers by Hanis, Nancy M; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK31589

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A Study of Regional Variations of Cancer Mortality in Ontario by Chapman, J. W; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21590

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A Study of Renal Function in Children with Cancer by Hjorth, Lars Johan; Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2003, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f257089

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A Study of the Acceptable Risk Policies Adopted to Regulate Occupational Exposures to Carcinogenic Substances in Canada and the United States: Does a Lifetime Risk of One Excess Cancer Death Per Thousand Workers Constitute an Acceptable Level of Risk? by Levy, Jimmy Yehuda, Phd from Clark University, 1991, 429 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9212334

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A Study of the Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer with Special Emphasis on Smoking during Pregnancy by Neutel, C. Ineke; Advdeg from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06349

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A Study of the Social Support Construct with a Group of Cancer Patients by Hopper, Mark Allen; Phd from Ball State University, 2003, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091886

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A Study on Unconventional Cancer Therapies: Patient's Choice to Move outside Mainstream Medicine by Voros, Peter Anthony; Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1999, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ41081

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Acquisition of Invasiveness in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells by Debruyne, Philip Robert Anna Pieter; Phd from Rijksuniversiteit Te Gent (belgium), 2003, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f257073

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Acute Postoperative and Cancer-related Pain Management: Patients Experiences and Perceptions in Relation to Health-related Quality of Life and the Multidimensionality of Pain by Bostrom, Barbro Margareta; Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2003, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f246737

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Adaptation to Surgically Induced Facial Disfigurement among Cancer Patients. by West, Dee Wayne, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1973, 385 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7329151

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Adolescent Cancer Patients' Perspectives on Their Educational Experiences: Ten Case Studies by Searle, Nancy Smith; Edd from University of Houston, 2001, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3003161

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Adolescent Girls' Responses to Mothers' Breast Cancer (teenage, Chronic) by Lamb, Jacqueline Mae Parris, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1984, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500308

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Adult Oncology Counseling Model for an Outpatient Treatment Center (cancer Counseling) by Smith, M. Sharon, Edd from University of Georgia, 1986, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8706896

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Aerodigestive Cancer Risk and Metalworking Fluids by Zeka, Ariana; Scd from University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2003, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090337

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Aids and Cancer in an Unjust World: the Implications of Gender, Status and Just World Beliefs on Stigmatized Diseases (immune Deficiency) by Schulte, Aileen, Phd from Indiana University, 1995, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9614564

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An Afrocentric Perspective: Needs of Breast Cancer Survivors by Coggin, Claudia Stickney; Phd from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069355

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An Analysis of Low-income Caucasian, Black and Hispanic Women's Responses to Project: Aware, a Two-year Televised Informational Campaign about Breast Cancer (massachusetts, Project: Aware) by Lacoy, Jacqueline, Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1994, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9420644

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An Analysis of the Effect of an Adult-oriented Teaching-learning Transaction on Pain Relief for Cancer Patients Treated in the Out-patient Clinic of a Large North Carolina Medical Center (self-control, Coping, Relaxation) by Dalton, Jo Ann, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1984, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8506971

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An Analysis of the Effect of an Adult-oriented Teaching-learning Transaction on Pain Relief for Cancer Patients Treated in the Out-patient Clinic of a Large North Carolina

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Medical Center (self-control, Coping, Relaxation) by Dalton, Jo Ann, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1984, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8506971 •

An Analytic Approach to Medical Risk Management: Decisions for Breast Cancer Prevention by Ozanne, Elissa Mary; Phd from Stanford University, 2003, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085344

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An Assessment of Three Simplified Testicular Cancer Educational Programs for Promoting Monthly Testicular Self-examination in College Men by Sedbrook, Steven Ray, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1993, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9334122

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An Educational Program in Breast Cancer Screening for First-degree Relatives of Breast Cancer Patients by Sharp, Penny Cunningham, Edd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1990, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9121494

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An Evaluation of a Training Program for a Community Based Cancer Patient Education Program (social Learning Theory, Locus-of-control) by Rigazio-digilio, Anthony John, Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1985, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8602627

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An Evaluation of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for the Relief of Psychological Distress in Cancer Patients by Cunningham, Alastair J; Phd from York University (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL35787

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An Evaluation of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for the Relief of Psychological Distress in Cancer Patients by Cunningham, Alastair James, Phd from York University (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f360613

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An Evaluation of the 'success' of a Home Based Hospice Program (terminal Cancer) by Bass, David Marc, Phd from The University of Akron, 1985, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8504102

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An Evaluation of Two American Cancer Society Workshops on Implementing Cancer Content into Generic Nursing Curriculum (northern, California) by Packer, Anne G., Edd from University of San Francisco, 1984, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8516321

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An Evaluation of Two American Cancer Society Workshops on Implementing Cancer Content into Generic Nursing Curriculum (northern, California) by Packer, Anne G., Edd from University of San Francisco, 1984, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8516321

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An Experimental Comparison of Three Methods of Instruction in Health Education for Cancer Prevention: Traditional Paper Prose Text, Passive Non-interactive Computer Presentation and Overt-interactive Computer Presentation (instruction Methods, Cai) by Kumar, Nagi B., Phd from University of South Florida, 1992, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9222597

136 Cancer

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An Experimental Study of the Perceived Effects of Biofeedback and Progressive Muscular Relaxation As Methods of Reducing Self-reported Cancer Pain by Gilbertson, Jackie Greer, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1984, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8424190

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An Experimental Study of the Perceived Effects of Biofeedback and Progressive Muscular Relaxation As Methods of Reducing Self-reported Cancer Pain by Gilbertson, Jackie Greer, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1984, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8424190

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An Exploratory Study of Extreme Denial in Breast Cancer Patients (defenses, Psychosocial Oncology, Delayed Help-seeking) by Wool, Margaret Suzanne, Phd from Smith College School for Social Work, 1986, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616960

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An Initial Investigation of the Effects of Family Therapy on Adaptability and Cohesion in Cancer Patient Families by Bellomo, Patricia Ann, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1985, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8607489

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An Interpretive Inquiry into the Paradox of Living Well with a Life-threatening Cancer Diagnosis by Angen, Maureen Jane; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1999, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ47883

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An Investigation of Caregiver Burden in Primary Caregivers of Home Hospice Patients with Cancer Versus Non-cancer, Non-aids Diagnoses by Luria, Debra Lynn Levine; Phd from Wayne State University, 2000, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9992237

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An Investigation of Caregiver Burden in Primary Caregivers of Home Hospice Patients with Cancer Versus Non-cancer, Non-aids Diagnoses by Luria, Debra Lynn Levine; Phd from Wayne State University, 2000, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9992237

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An Investigation of the Biological Activities of Rainbow Trout Ela4-peptide of Proigf-i in Human Cancer Cells by Siri, Sineenat; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2003, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089765

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Analysis of Cancer Mortality and Incidence among Nuclear Weapons Workers at the Rocky Flats Plant by Wells, Timothy S.; Phd from University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 2003, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086283

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Analysis of Cyclophosphamide and Phosphoramide Mustard, Their Pharmacokinetics and the Relationship of Serum Drug Concentrations to Toxicity in Patients Undergoing Cancer Chemotherapy by Hardy, Robert; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43431

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Analysis of Cyclophosphamide and Phosphoramide Mustard, Their Pharmacokinetics and the Relationship of Serum Drug Concentrations to Toxicity in Patients Undergoing Cancer Chemotherapy by Hardy, Robert; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43431

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Antitumor Activity of an Ets Protein, Pea3, in Breast Cancer Cell Lines Mda-mb361dyt2 and Bt474m1 by Yu, Zhenming; Phd from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci., 2003, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083502

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Appraisal of Stressful Encounters, Coping Responses, and Family Role Change As Predictors of Stress and Burden in Spousal Caregivers of Cancer Patients by Bakaly, John William, Phd from University of Southern California, 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4202660

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Armor of Patience: the National Cancer Institute and the Development of Medical Research Policy in the United States, 1937-1971 by Erdey, Nancy Carol, Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 1995, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9607909

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Attitudes of Medical Students and Physicians towards Cancer Obtained with a Behaviorally Defined Instrument by Denio, James Nelson, Edd from The University of Rochester, 1969, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7002930

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Bamboo and Oak: Differences in Adaptation to Cancer between Japanese-american and Anglo-american Patients by Kagawa Singer, Marjorie Louise, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1988, 403 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8907555

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Bandwagons in Science: Doable Problems and Transportable Packages As Factors in the Development of the Molecular Genetic Bandwagon in Cancer Research by Fujimura, Joan Hideko, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1986, 354 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8717987

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Behavior Strategy Interventions and Compliance Behaviors in a Community Hospital-based Cancer Prevention Program by Bralow, Suzanne Sobel, Phd from Temple University, 1988, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8812600

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Breast Cancer - Preventive Care and Screening Patterns among Hispanic Women in the Rio Grande Valley (texas) by Gobburu, Sreelatha; Ms from The University of Texas - Pan American, 2003, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413662

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Breast Cancer and Ethnicity by Jacobellis, Jillian M.; Phd from The University of Utah, 2000, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9964543

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Breast Cancer Detection Behaviors in Low-income Women over Forty: Characteristics Associated with Frequency and Proficiency of Breast Self-examination by Morrison, Candis, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1994, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9508021

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Breast Cancer Early Detection: an Exploratory Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Women Attending Senior Centers by Rudolph, Mary Alice, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1987, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8728297

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Breast Cancer Education: Response Factors by Dworsky, Ruth Lenore, Phd from University of Southern California, 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2287508

138 Cancer

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Breast Cancer Experience: Mothers, Adolescent Daughters and the Mother-daughter Relationship by Mctaggart, Deborah Lynne; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2000, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ56587

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Breast Cancer Illness Narratives: Examining the Experience of Living with Breast Cancer by Saunders Sturm, Christina Mackinnon; Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 2002, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066043

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Breast Cancer Illness Narratives: Examining the Experience of Living with Breast Cancer by Saunders Sturm, Christina Mackinnon; Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 2002, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066043

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Breast Cancer on the Rise: a Socio-epidemiologic Analysis of Mammography Screening and the Increased Incidence of Breast Cancer by Lantz, Paula Marie, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1991, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9209323

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Breast Cancer Patients' Use of Coenzyme Q10 by Jarman, Gina Lynn; Phd from Texas Tech University, 2003, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083339

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Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Mediates Methotrexate Efflux and Resistance by Volk, Erin Leigh; Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 2003, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084471

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Breast Cancer Risk and the Politics of Prevention: Analysis of a Clinical Trial by Fosket, Jennifer Ruth; Phd from Univ. of Calif., San Francisco with the Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 2002, 322 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075316

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Breast Cancer Screening Practices and Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening by Nurse Practitioners in the State of Alaska for Women Age 40 Years and Older (alaska) by Bushnell, Debra Darlene; Msn from University of Alaska Anchorage, 2003, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413739

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Breast Cancer Screening Practices and Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening by Nurse Practitioners in the State of Alaska for Women Age 40 Years and Older (alaska) by Bushnell, Debra Darlene; Msn from University of Alaska Anchorage, 2003, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413739

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Breast Cancer Screening: the Effects of Format Presentation of Probabilistic Information on Comprehension and Intentions by Vahabi, Mandana; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 342 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78427

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Breast Cancer Support Groups: Differences between Attenders and Nonattenders by Flint, Terri Anne, Phd from The University of Utah, 1995, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540687

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Breast Cancer Survivorship: a Study of Reach to Recovery Volunteers in Southern California (cancer) by Polinsky, Margaret Lynn Adams, Phd from University of Southern California, 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2790436

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Breast Self-examination Practice and Breast Cancer Knowledge in Community College Women, Age 18-35 by Hazlewood, Patricia Eloise, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1993, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9400565

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'by Women, for Women, and with Women': a History of Female Cancer Awareness Efforts in the United States, 1913--1970s by Gardner, Kirsten Elizabeth; Phd from University of Cincinnati, 1999, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9945587

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Canadian Cancer Incidence Completeness, Correlation and Ecological Association in Selected Sites, 1969-1973 by Sherman, Gregory J; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK53153

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Cancer Detectors: an International History of the Pap Test and Cervical Cancer Screening, 1928--1970 by Vayena, Eftychia; Phd from University of Minnesota, 1999, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9950309

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Cancer Detectors: an International History of the Pap Test and Cervical Cancer Screening, 1928--1970 by Vayena, Eftychia; Phd from University of Minnesota, 1999, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9950309

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Cancer Knowledge and Cancer Education among Black Clergy by Bratcher-porter, Shelvy Jean, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1987, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8729641

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Cancer Patients' and Nonpatients' Needs at Cancer Camp by Roos, Christopher Loren; Edd from Pepperdine University, 2002, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053299

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Cancer Survival Rates in New Jersey from Analysis of a Matched Data Set of New Jersey Cancer Registry and Death Registration (mortality Statistics) by Miller, Eva Ruth, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1990, 322 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9112606

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Cervical Cancer in Iquitos, Peru: a Tragedy of Postponed Priority by Hunter, Jennifer Lynn; Phd from University of Kansas, 2002, 397 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053990

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Changes in Knowledge of Cancer Facts and Use of Cancer Screening Tests in Blacks 55 Years and Older in South Carolina by Nussbaum, Janet Lee Selecman, Edd from University of South Carolina, 1986, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8615919

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Characterization of Glucose-regulated Protein 170 As a Molecular Chaperone and Its Use in Cancer Immunotherapy by Park, Jun-eui; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089125

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Characterization of Growth Factors for Osteoblasts from Human Prostatic Tissue Implications for the Pathogenesis of Osteoblastic Prostatic Cancer Metastases by Koutsilieris, Michael N; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL38345

140 Cancer

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Characterization of the Ccaat/enhancer Binding Protein-beta Activator Isoforms in Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells and Breast Cancer Cells by Eaton, Erin Macdonald; Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2003, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085757

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Chatting over the Fence: a Qualitative Study of Cancer and Prevention Behavior in a High-risk Rural Area by Plaskon, Patricia Perone, Phd from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1993, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9319838

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Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Mechanisms of Sphingolipid Metabolites in Human Colon Cancer Cells and Breast Stem, Normal, and Tumorigenic Cells by Ahn, Eun Hyun; Phd from Michigan State University, 2003, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092109

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Chemotherapeutic Potential of Deguelin and Evaluation of New Agents for Skin Cancer Chemoprevention by Gills, Joell Janette; Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 2003, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3098354

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Childhood Nutrition, Growth and Development: Relations to the Long-term Risk of Breast Cancer in Human Populations (anthropometry, Migration, Menarche, Seular Trend, Japanese-american) by Micozzi, Marc S., Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1986, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8624011

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Children Surviving Cancer: Social Anxiety, Self-perception, Quality of Life, and School Experiences by Bessell, Ann G., Phd from University of Miami, 1999, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9934204

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Chromosomal Basis of Prostate Cancer Oncogenesis by Beheshti, Behnam (ben); Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78388

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Civic Fitness: the Politics of Breast Cancer and the Problem of Generosity by King, Samantha Jane; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2000, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9990043

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Clashing Cultures or Collaborating Networks: a Study of Organization Culture in Breast Cancer Prevention by Raffa, Joseph Victor, Edd from University of San Diego, 1997, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9806003

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Clinical and in Vitro Observations in Cancer Patients during Immunotherapy by Clements, Donna V. M; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25825

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College Students' Knowledge and Attitudes about Cancer and Perceived Risks of Developing Skin Cancer by Lamanna, Lenore Mary; Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 2003, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080059

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Communication between Children with Cancer and Their Caretakers by Ratjen, Björn; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55184

Studies 141

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Comparing Exact Tests and Asymptotic Tests with Colorectal Cancer Variables Within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Iii by Musial, Joseph Leonard, Iii; Phd from Wayne State University, 1999, 60 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954538

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Comparing Exact Tests and Asymptotic Tests with Colorectal Cancer Variables Within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Iii by Musial, Joseph Leonard, Iii; Phd from Wayne State University, 1999, 60 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954538

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Consistency of Cancer Sites Recorded at the Cancer Registry and on Death Certificates in Puerto Rico by Laureano, Evelyn, Phd from Fordham University, 1989, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8919997

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Context-based Evidence-based Decision-making: Case Study of Evidence Utilisation in the Development of Cancer Screening Policy by Dobrow, Mark J.; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78376

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Contrast Enhancement for Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging: Phase Cancellation and Targeted Fluorescence in Cancer Detection by Chen, Yu; Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 2003, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087381

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Coping Strategies and Marital Support in the Adjustment of Cancer Patients by Cone, Janice W., Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1985, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8617164

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Coping with Cancer: the Role of Belief Systems and Support in Cancer Self-help Groups by Isenberg, Daryl Holtz, Phd from Northwestern University, 1981, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8204921

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Correlates of Vocational Outcome of Adult Women Cancer Survivors (women's Employment) by Falise, Roseann Segretto, Phd from Syracuse University, 1993, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9401675

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Counseling, Peak Experiences and the Human Encounter with Death: an Empirical Study of the Efficacy of Dpt-assisted Counseling in Enhancing the Quality of Life of Persons with Terminal Cancer and Their Closest Family Members. by Richards, William Alan, Phd from The Catholic University of America, 1975, 305 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7518531

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Coverage of Skin Cancer Prevention in Professional Journals and the Popular Press by Miner, Kimberly Jean, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1992, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9300181

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Creating a Crisis: Aids and Cancer Policymaking in the United States by Vallabhan, Shalini Chiyyarath, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1997, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9800826

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Cultural Analysis of Women, Breast Cancer Surgery and the Meaning of Breasts by Rosenbaum, Marcy Ellen, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1994, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9501964

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Cultural Analysis of Women, Breast Cancer Surgery and the Meaning of Breasts by Rosenbaum, Marcy Ellen, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1994, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9501964

142 Cancer

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Decision Analysis in the Evaluation of Breast Cancer Treatment by Elkin, Elena Beth; Phd from Harvard University, 2003, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076882

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Decision Difficult Physician Behaviour in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer by Taylor, Kathryn M; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34414

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Dehospitalization and Spousal Caregiving: Are Wives at Risk? (at Risk, Cancer Patients) by Allen, Susan Masterson, Phd from Brown University, 1992, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9308779

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Depression and Fatigue in Cancer Patients: Implications for Mental Health Practitioners by Van Duursen, Theresa Renee Tiedemann; Phd from University of Northern Colorado, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071871

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Depression and Fatigue in Cancer Patients: Implications for Mental Health Practitioners by Van Duursen, Theresa Renee Tiedemann; Phd from University of Northern Colorado, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071871

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Design, Development and Testing of an Interactive Multimedia Information System for Classmates of Young Cancer Patients: a Case Study by Flynn, Ida M., Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1994, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9426712

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Determinants of Home Care Utilization and Place of Death for Cancer Patients Prior to Death by Howell, Doris Maxine; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78377

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Development and Field Testing of a Computer-assisted Video Module Teaching Cancer Chemotherapy to Nurses by Fishman, Dorothy J., Edd from Boston University, 1983, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8401810

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Development of a Support Program for Social Workers Serving Cancer Patients by Davidson, Kay Wallis, Dsw from City University of New York, 1983, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8319760

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Development of Cyclin E Knockouts in Breast Cancer by Intrabody and Rna Interference by Strube, Randall William; Phd from Wake Forest University, 2003, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082974

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Dietary Fat As an Exposure in Epidemiological Studies. Observations in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort by Mattisson, Irene; Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f255649

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Discovery of Novel Molecular Targets in Cancer Using Bioinformatics by De Young, Maurice Phillip, V; Phd from Florida Atlantic University, 2003, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095390

Studies 143

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Dispositional Optimism, Control Beliefs and Quality of Life in Recurrent Cancer Patients (optimism) by Knapp, Judith Ellen, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1993, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9329450

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Do Surgeons Influence the Treatment Rates for T1 Breast Cancer Patients at the Local Level of Health Care? by Loritsch, Mary Brewer, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1995, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9535200

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Drama Therapy As a Treatment Modality for Facilitating the Completion of Unfinished Business with Terminally Ill Adult Cancer Patients in a Hospice Setting: Three Case Studies by Sykes, Joyce Jones, Phd from New York University, 1997, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9810502

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E S R of Organic Free Radicals and Human Blood in Cancer by Thomas, Fitzgerald M; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23211

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Educational Late Effects in Long-term Survivors of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Childhood (cancer, Learning Disabilities) by Peckham, Virginia Cronin, Phd from Temple University, 1986, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8627496

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Effect of Breast Cancer Disclosure Legislation on Physician Disclosure Practice (cancer, Informed Consent) by Burnett, Caroline Bagley, Scd from The Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health and Hygiene, 1989, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9015979

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Effect of Breast Cancer Disclosure Legislation on Physician Disclosure Practice (cancer, Informed Consent) by Burnett, Caroline Bagley, Scd from The Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health and Hygiene, 1989, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9015979

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Effectiveness of Microskills Interview Training in Increasing the Responsiveness of Medical Students to the Psychosocial Needs of Cancer Patients and Their Families by Brewer, Carolyn Cole, Edd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1987, 288 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8803780

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Effects of Individualized Patient Therapy Programs on Pain, Psychological Distress, and Quality of Life of Cancer Patients by Farzanegan, Zinat Maryam, Phd from University of Southern California, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3174804

144 Cancer

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Effects of Sociodemographic Variables on Cancer Attitudes and Knowledge by Jamaldin, Faiga Kandong, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1987, 304 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8729667

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Emotional Social Support and Cancer: a Case Study of Breast Cancer Patients' Perception of Helpful Communication Behaviors from Family and Friends by Kameg, Kim E., Phd from University of Florida, 1995, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9618715

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Emotions, Stress, Quality of Life and the Response of Cancer Patients in Treatment by Little, Billy Lee, Phd from Washington University, 1985, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8608326

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Empathy, Intimacy, and the Motivation to Perform Cancer Self-examinations by Morman, Mark T., Phd from University of Kansas, 1998, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9909607

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Epidemiologic Analysis of the Association of Pesticide Use and Occurrence of Pediatric Cancers (all Sites) Using 1996--1998 Cancer Registry Data by Carithers, Teresa Carr; Phd from The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2003, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091785

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Essential Knowledge Needed in Cancer Nursing for Curriculum Development in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs by Trigg, Janet Marie Hoyle, Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1987, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8722076

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Essential Knowledge Needed in Cancer Nursing for Curriculum Development in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs by Trigg, Janet Marie Hoyle, Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1987, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8722076

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Ethnic Differences in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk Resulting from Genetic Variation by Liede, H. Alexander; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78421

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Etude Des Risques De Cancer Associes a L'exposition Environnementale Aux Pesticides En Milieu Rural Au Quebec (french Text) by Gangbe, Marcellin Comlan; Phd from Universite De Montreal (canada), 2002, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ80446

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Evaluating the Use of Different Hpv Testing Strategies, As Compared to the Pap, for the Detection of Cervical Cancer in Mexico: Epidemiologic and Economic Analyses by Flores, Yvonne Nicole; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080659

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Evaluating the Use of Different Hpv Testing Strategies, As Compared to the Pap, for the Detection of Cervical Cancer in Mexico: Epidemiologic and Economic Analyses by Flores, Yvonne Nicole; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080659

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Evaluation of an Inservice Training Program in Breast Cancer Nursing by Alexander, Mary A., Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1982, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8220906

Studies 145

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Examining Factors Related to Cervical Cancer Screening among Women, Ages 18 and Older, in Virginia: Based on the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System by Jones, Sarah F.; Mph from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2003, 26 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1415064

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Examining Factors Related to Cervical Cancer Screening among Women, Ages 18 and Older, in Virginia: Based on the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System by Jones, Sarah F.; Mph from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2003, 26 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1415064

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Examining the Role of the Oncologist in Promoting Physical Exercise in Cancer Survivors by Jones, Lee Winston; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ81206

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Experimental Cancer Chemotherapy with Cytotoxic Nucleosides and Nucleoside Transport Inhibitors by Adjei, Alex Asiedu; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55632

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Exposure to Diesel Exhaust and Risk of Lung Cancer in the Trucking Industry by Yiin, Hwa-chung; Phd from University of Cincinnati, 2003, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092107

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Facial Kinesic Correlates of Terminal Cancer Patients: a Descriptive Analysis. by Antonoff, Steven Ross, Phd from University of Denver, 1979, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7916115

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Facteurs De Risque De La Detresse Psychologique Chez Les Patientes Atteintes De Cancer Du Sein by Maunsell, Elizabeth; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL49407

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Factors Affecting the Behavioral Adaptation of Children Following the Diagnosis of Cancer in a Brother or Sister: an Examination of Child and Sibling Access Characteristics by Tolley, Evangeline Sugarbaker, Phd from Virginia Commonwealth University, 1987, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8717314

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Factors Affecting the Psychological Stress of Cancer Patients and Spouses of Cancer Patients by Mullen, Paul Michael, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1989, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9008326

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Factors Related to Compliance with Recommended Breast Cancer Early Detection Behaviors among Women Age Forty and over (health Beliefs, Older Women) by Sutton, Debra Leigh, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1991, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9214286

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Factors Related to Participation and Compliance in a Secondary Cancer Prevention Trial by Lamerato, Lois E.; Phd from Wayne State University, 2002, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071798

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Factors Related to the Adoption of Early Detection of Breast and Cervical Cancer among Women of Mexican Ancestry and the Implications for Nursing Education by Alvarez, Maria R., Phd from New Mexico State University, 1986, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8709671

146 Cancer

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Factors Related to the Development of Breast Cancer Screening Programs for Lowincome Older Women (cancer) by Norman, Ann Duecy, Phd from University of Washington, 1989, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9020951

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Factors Related to the Relative Longevity of Participants in a Cancer Education Program by Mcbride-gindt, Kathleen Sue, Phd from Arizona State University, 1982, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8216451

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Factors That Facilitate the Effectiveness of Cancer Conferences (tumor Boards) by Smith, Amy Beth, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1993, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9326945

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Faith Supportive Group Therapy and Symptom Reduction in Christian Breast Cancer Patients by Scott, Stacey Yvonne; Psyd from Regent University, 2003, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075442

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Family and Friends of Cancer Patients Problems in Social Support by Friesen, Nancy J; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65531

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Family Structure and the Process of Dying: a Study of Cancer Patients and Their Family Interaction by Baider, Adela Lea, Phd from Brandeis University, 1973, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7315427

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Female Breast Cancer Patients' Attitudes toward Mastectomy and Sleepwear Design Preferences by Paek, Jae Eun; Phd from Texas Woman's University, 2001, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3012873

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Fighting Cancer, Dying to Win: the American Strategy for Creating a Chronic Sick Role (illness Behavior, Doctor-patient Relations, Stigma, Symbolism, Western Biomedicine) by Erwin, Deborah Oates, Phd from Southern Methodist University, 1984, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8507787

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Flow Modulation of Receptor-mediated Interactions in Inflammation and Cancer Metastasis by Mccarty, Owen J. T.; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068185

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For Health's Sake: Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening by Meshack, Angela F., Drph from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Sch. of Public Health, 1993, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9401777

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For Health's Sake: Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening by Meshack, Angela F., Drph from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Sch. of Public Health, 1993, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9401777

Studies 147

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Forestry Pesticide Spraying and Cancer Incidence in New Brunswick an Ecological Study by Seliske, Patrick; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL57322

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Function of Dbccr1, Deleted in Bladder Cancer Chromosome Region 1 by Wright, Leslie Kate O.; Phd from The University of Rochester, 2003, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078418

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Functional Mri Techniques to Investigate Cognitive Deficits in Childhood Cancer Survivors by Zou, Ping; , Phd from The University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, 2003, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077418

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Functional, Affective, and Adjustment Characteristics of Adolescent Cancer Survivors Who Pursued Post-secondary Education by Griffith, Karen Clark, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1998, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9834463

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Gaps in Knowledge among Women about Gynecologic and Colorectal Cancer Screening Procedures (gynecologic Cancer Screening, Cancer Screening, Health Knowledge) by Horowitz, Alice Munkhoff, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1992, 257 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9234580

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Genetic Risk Factors for Cervical Carcinoma in Situ by Beskow, Anna Helena; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003, 54 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f41921

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Genetics of Cancer in Saskatchewan Enzyme Studies by Mcduffie, Helen Harris; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65356

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Genotoxic Effects Induced by Equine Estrogen Metabolites in Breast Cancer Cells by Liu, Xuemei; Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 2003, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083949

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Geographic Concentrations of Lung Cancer Mortality in Texas and Their Relationships to Environmental and Socioeconomic Conditions by Zhou, Xinnong; Phd from Texas State University - San Marcos, 2000, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3025226

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Geographical Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Western New York: Exploring Spatiotemporal Clustering in Gis by Han, Daikwon; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076483

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'get Rid of It and Don't Dwell on It': Explanatory Models and Experiences of Breast Cancer by Rural Women by Heishman, Annette Katharine; Phd from Georgia State University, 1999, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9967259

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Getting It Off Our Chests: Living with Breast Cancer Survival by Macleod, Valerie A.; Phd from University of South Florida, 2000, 379 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968818

148 Cancer

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Getting Through It Alone: a Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Single Mothers with Breast Cancer and Adolescent Children by Behar, Lynn C.; Phd from University of Washington, 1999, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9944092

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Gluconeogenic Adaptations in Cancer Magister by Guderley, Helga E; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29851

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Glucose Deprivation-induced Oxidative Stress and Cancer Therapy by Ahmad, Iman Mahmoud; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2003, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097513

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G-quadruplex Dna: a Potential Target for Anticancer Drug Design by Hussein, Yossry M.; Phd from City University of New York, 2003, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083674

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Group Rehabilitation for Cancer Patients: Effects, Patient Satisfaction, Utilisation and Prediction of Rehabilitation Need by Petersson, Lena-marie; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f268449

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Gut Feelings, the Holy Spirit, and a Processed World: Embodied Knowledge of Breast Cancer Risks in African-american Women by Marks, Jonnie Pearson, Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 1998, 454 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9833896

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Having Cancer (death, Terminal Illness) by West, Helen Gilly, Phd from University of California, San Francisco, 1991, 724 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9125836

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Health Locus of Control, Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Health Risk Behaviors of Elementary School Children (school Health) by Stockton, Carl Anthony, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1984, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8506921

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'hello, My Friends': Social Capital and Transformations of Trust in a Grassroots Breast Cancer Website by Radin, Patricia Marie; Phd from University of Washington, 2001, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3022883

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How Parents of Children with Cancer Learn to Become Effective Caregivers: a Grounded Theory Study by Snetsinger, Wendy Rigler; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1999, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9940954

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How Support Groups Work: Exploring the Role of Support Groups As a Communitybased Resource for Cancer Patients in Northern Ontario by Hill, Mary Ellen; Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2003, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085768

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Hrgbeta1 Inhibits Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cell Lines, One of Which Exhibits Lineage Infidelity by Grijalva, Rebecca; Phd from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci., 2003, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3099250

Studies 149

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Influence De L'alimentation Et Du Poids Corporel Sur L'evolution Du Cancer Du Sein by Verreault, René Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47644

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Influence of Efficacy Beliefs on the Learning Experiences of Children with Cancer in the Hospital Setting by Crossland, Andrea; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 2001, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ58269

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Influences on the Selection of Treatment for Women with Early-stage Breast Cancer (north Carolina) by Wittie, Peggy S.; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968699

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Instruction Development in Cancer Education: Grades 4, 5 and 6. by Dean, Melanie Carolyn, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1978, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7813826

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Interaction between Cisplatin and Radiation in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Leblanc, Julie-maude; Msc from University of Ottawa (canada), 2003, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76534

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Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 Exhibits Tumor Suppressor Activity in Breast Cancer and Partially Mediates Responsiveness to the Antiestrogen Ici 182,780 by Bouker, Kerrie Briggs; Phd from Georgetown University Medical Center, 2003, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085388

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Interpreting Breast Cancer Narratives of Survivors, Supporters, and Kinswomen: a Performative Ethnography by Ford-brown, Lisa Ann; Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1999, 325 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9961095

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Interrelationships among Quality of Life Variables in Cancer Patients by Kiser, Jennifer M.; Psyd from University of La Verne, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096259

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Interstitial Brachytherapy Cancer Treatment Optimization Using Simulated Annealing and Artificial Neural Networks by Miller, Steven Robert Guy; Msc from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2003, 501 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79986

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Intimacy Issue Management in the Post-surgical Experience of Breast Cancer Patients: a Sexuality Education Program by Giordano, Jennifer L.; Edd from University of Pennsylvania, 2001, 295 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008897

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Intrinsic Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells: a Biochemical Basis for Therapeutic Selectivity Using Ros-generating Agents by Hileman, Elizabeth Anne Oldham; Phd from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci., 2003, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081465

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Is Maternal Variability in the Insulin-like Growth Factor I Pathway Associated with Testicular Cancer Risk? a Case-parent Triad Study by Starr, Jacqueline Rose; Phd from University of Washington, 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f264561

150 Cancer

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Isolation and Characterization of Organ Specific Neoantigen from the Urine of Lung Cancer Patients by Fink, Aaron; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60944

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Knowledge Integration for Medical Informatics: an Experiment on a Cancer Information System by Houston, Andrea Lynn, Phd from The University of Arizona, 1998, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9901689

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Knowledge Is Power: Health-information Seeking of Internet Cancer Support Group Members by Ginossar, Tamar; Phd from The University of New Mexico, 2002, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058937

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Male Caregivers with Cancer Diagnosed Partners: an Exploratory Study by Browning, Frankie Carroll, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1996, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9632126

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Malignant Profit: the Debate on Genetics and Environmental Causes of Cancer among Scientists, Women Survivors and People of Color by Corradi, Laura Maria, Phd from University of California, Santa Cruz, 1995, 326 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9605561

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Mapping of Skin Cancer Susceptibility Loci in Mice by Zaffaroni, Daniela; Phd from Open University (united Kingdom), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f257057

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Mechanism of Action of Coumarin Natural Products That Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Potentiate the Anticancer Drug Taxol by Madari, Hamta; Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 2003, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093296

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Medical Mavens: Gender, Science, and the Consensus Politics of Breast Cancer Activism by Myhre, Jennifer Reid; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2001, 331 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3026682

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Medical Underservice and Cancer Mortality among Farmers in Illinois by Buesching, Don Paul, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1986, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8610909

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Modeling Cancer Pain: Elucidation of Unique Mechanisms and Pharmacological Characteristics by Wacnik, Paul William; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2003, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078030

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Molecular Characterization of Vitamin D(3) Receptor Promoter and 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D(3) Action in Breast Cancer Cells by Wietzke, Jennifer Ann; Phd from University of Notre Dame, 2003, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078486

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Molecular-engineered Therapeutics: Nuclear Factor Kappa B Transcription Governs Breast Cancer Growth in Bone and Associated Tumor-mediated Osteolysis by Gordon, Andrew Harris; Phd from The University of Rochester, 2003, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085636

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New Approaches to the Supportive Treatment of Siblings of Pediatric Cancer Patients by Bendor, Susan Julia, Dsw from City University of New York, 1986, 343 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8629671

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Occupational Cancer Mortality in a Ten Percent Sample of Males in the Canadian Labour Force, 1965-1979 the Establishment of a Monitoring System by Lindsay, Joan P; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55293

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Occupational Risk Factors and Prostate Cancer in Ontario by Edge, Dana Sue; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78433

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On Ojibway Cultural Perspective on the Illness Cancer and Related Pain by Barkwell, Diana Patricia; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2000, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ51628

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On Ojibway Cultural Perspective on the Illness Cancer and Related Pain by Barkwell, Diana Patricia; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2000, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ51628

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Oncology Social Workers' Perceived Barriers to Cancer Pain and the Relationship to the Functional Assessment of Pain and Use of Non-pharmacological Strategies by Korcz, Irene R.; Phd from University of Houston, 2003, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085507

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Oncology Social Workers' Perceived Barriers to Cancer Pain and the Relationship to the Functional Assessment of Pain and Use of Non-pharmacological Strategies by Korcz, Irene R.; Phd from University of Houston, 2003, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085507

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Organizational Setting and Intent to Stay: the Case of Cancer Nursing by Orsolits, Marcia Blizniak, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1982, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8224001

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Organosulfur Cancer Chemopreventives in the Alliceae: Mechanisms of Action by Matthews, Destiny Nicole; Phd from University of South Carolina, 2003, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084802

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Pain Measurement in Elderly Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Communication Impairments by Rodriquez, Carmen S.; Phd from University of South Florida, 2003, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096724

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Parental Overinvolvement, Family Generated Chronic Anxiety, Emotional Cutoff and Breast Cancer by Weber-breaux, Janice Gauthier, Phd from The Florida State University, 1988, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8812038

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Parity and Neu Oncogene Activation in Breast Cancer Risk and Mammary Carcinogenesis by Moody, Susan Elizabeth; Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 2003, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095923

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Patient Education Needs: a Quantitative Evaluation Based on the Community Cancer Program of Hawaii Experience by Brannon, Bonnie R., Edd from University of Southern California, 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2666021

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Patient Participation in the Development of Breast Cancer Patient Education Materials: a Pilot Study by Levin, Muriel Ann, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1979, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8005400

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Perceived Existential Meaning, Coping, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients: a Comparison of Two Structural Models by Schoen, Eva Gisela; Phd from Ball State University, 2003, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091893

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Personal Control Beliefs and Causal Attributions in Cancer Patients (psychological Adjustment) by Safyer, Andrew Warren, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1986, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8702824

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Physical Activity in Relation to All-site and Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality in a Sample of Current and Former Smokers by Alfano, Catherine Marie; Phd from The University of Memphis, 2003, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095644

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Physical and Psychological Impacts of Length of Stay Associated with Breast Cancer Surgery by Wong, Peggy Hsieh; Phd from Rutgers the State U. of N.j. - New Brunswick and U.m.d.n.j., 2003, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076817

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Physician Socialization Factors As They Affect Cancer Patient Satisfaction with Interpersonal Performance by Lewis, Wayne Douglas, Phd from University of Denver, 1983, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8411933

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Physician-patient-family Communication over the Course of Chronic Illness, with a Focus on Cancer Care (communication) by Brolan, David John, Phd from Syracuse University, 1993, 305 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9401656

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Plasminogen Activators in Cancer Experimental Tumor Models and Human Breast by Ng, Raymond Hin Wai; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34214

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Policy Making in the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative: an Institutional Analysis by Birdsell, Judith Mildred, Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1997, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ24525

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Politics, Health Care Policy and Distributive Justice: the Ryan White Comprehensive Aids Resources Emergency (care) Act and the Breast and Cervical Cancer Mortality Act, 1990 (ryan White Comprehensive Aids Resources Emergency Act, Immune Deficiency) by Bundy, Ruth Veling, Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 1994, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9416314

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Politics, Health Care Policy and Distributive Justice: the Ryan White Comprehensive Aids Resources Emergency (care) Act and the Breast and Cervical Cancer Mortality Act, 1990 (ryan White Comprehensive Aids Resources Emergency Act, Immune Deficiency) by Bundy, Ruth Veling, Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 1994, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9416314

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Polymorphism in Manganese Superoxide Dismutase, Antioxidant Intake and Allcause, Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality by Genkinger, Jeanine Marie; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080663

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Potential Mechanism of Phytochemical-induced Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells: Genistein and Beta-lapachone by Saddler, Shawnette Simone; Ms from Florida Atlantic University, 2003, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1415103

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Predicting Depressive Symptoms in Breast Cancer Patients: Racial Comparisons by Wong-kim, Evaon Chuklan; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1999, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9966624

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Prediction of Recurrence in Prostate Cancer Following Radiotherapy: Value of Biomarkers Microvessel Density, Mib-1, P-53, Bcl2, and Bax by Dahrouge, Simone; Msc from University of Ottawa (canada), 2003, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79337

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Predictors of Treatment Adherence in Pediatric Cancer Patients by Embry, Leanne Marie; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2003, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084197

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Prevalence of Delirium and Its Relationship to Symptom Distress in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients by Brown, Sarah Jane; Mn from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2003, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79933

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Prevalence of Delirium and Its Relationship to Symptom Distress in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients by Brown, Sarah Jane; Mn from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2003, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79933

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Preventing Environmentally Induced Skin Cancer Through Risk Communication and Organizational Change (cancer Prevention) by Seiver, Owen H., Dpa from University of La Verne, 1991, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9128130

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Prevention and Technology: Alternative Paths for Cancer Research in New Jersey (toxins, Lifestyles) by West, Bernadette Marie, Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1991, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9200286

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Proactive Communication and Cancer Patients (social Support) by Harvey, Vickie Layne, Phd from University of Denver, 1993, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9411047

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Problems and Coping Patterns of the Household Member Caring for the Adult Female Cancer Patient in the Home by Lepper, Kathleen Eugenia, Edd from Columbia University, 1968, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6900667

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Prognosis of Breast Cancer a Survival Analysis of 1184 Patients with 4-10 Years Follow-up, Illustrating the Relative Importance of Estrogen Receptors, Axillary Nodes, Clinical Stage and Tumor Necrosis by Shek, Lydia L. M; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL44652

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Promotion of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced Mammary Cancer in Female Sprague-dawley Rats by Dietary Fats by Khor, Hun Teik; Advdeg from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK09871

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Proteomic Studies of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines Using Multidimensional Separation Techniques and Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry by Hamler, Rick L.; Phd from University of Michigan, 2003, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079455

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Social Integration and Preventive Health Behavior: an Exploratory Study on the Use of the Pap Smear Test for the Early Detection of Cervical Cancer (cancer) by Straughan, Paulin Tay, Phd from University of Virginia, 1991, 305 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9223421

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Social Support and Recovery: Breast Cancer in Disadvantaged Black Women by Beder, Joan Carol, Dsw from Yeshiva University, 1993, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9328599

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Social Support and Self-esteem of Cancer Patients: an Exploratory Study by Wycoff, Jerry Randall, Phd from University of Florida, 1982, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8302322

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Socioeconomic Correlates and Patterns of Respiratory Cancer Mortality Rates among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in New York City, 1979-1981 by Israel, Morton, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1987, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8804217

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Socioeconomic Status and Cancer in Alberta (epidemiology) by Fincham, Shirley Mae, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1995, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN06211

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Socioeconomic Status and Cancer Risk among Diverse Populations in Los Angeles County, 1972-1992 by Liu, Lihua , Phd from University of Southern California, 1996, 336 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9720258

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Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity As Indicators of Late-stage Presentation of Breast Cancer among African-american Women: an Integrative Research Review by Allen, Delena Maria; Mph from California State University, Fresno, 2003, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412784

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Stress and Locus of Control: Psycho-social Correlates of the Precipitation of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases among African-americans by James, Margaret Elizabeth, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1998, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9912688

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Stress Encountered by Significant Others of Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy by Hart, Sylvia Kay, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1982, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8217029

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Structural and Dynamical Investigations of the Interaction between the Muc1 Tumor Antigen and the Humoral Immune System: towards the Design of a Second Generation Cancer Vaccine by Schuman, Jason Tyler; Phd from University of Washington, 2003, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091064

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Structural, Risk, and Cognitive Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Screening of Mexicanas Working in Maquiladoras Along the United States and Mexico Border by Herrera, Sylvia, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1998, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9905753

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Structure Function Studies of Human Estrone Sulfatase As a Target for Hormonedependent Breast Cancer Therapeutics by Hernandez Guzman, Francisco Gerardo; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076485

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Studying the Roles of Androgen Receptor (ar) Coactivators in Prostate Cancer Progression Using Dominant-negative Mutants and Rna Interference by Rahman, Mujib M.; Phd from The University of Rochester, 2003, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092241

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Surviving Cancer Patients - the Effects of Their Social Support, Sense of Control, Problems and Needs on Coping Outcome by Morvay, Tzipora, Phd from University of Southern California, 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f714261

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Surviving Childhood Cancer the Psychosocial Impact on Parents by Speechley, Kathy L. Nixon; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL36062

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Tamoxifen Use, Adherence to Therapy, and Quality of Life in Older Breast Cancer Patients by Newell, Debra Ann; Phd from The University of Texas Graduate Sch. of Biomedical Sci. at Galveston, 2003, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083539

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Teacher Attitude Effect on Fifth Graders' Cancer Attitude and Knowledge in El Paso, Texas by Mahr, Donna R., Edd from New Mexico State University, 1986, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8713533

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Testicular Cancer Survivors' Impressions of the Impact of the Disease on Their Lives by Brodsky, Mitchell Stephen, Phd from New York University, 1991, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9134723

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The Assessment and Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Cancer Chemotherapy by Rosberger, Zeev; Phd from Concordia University (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL44883

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Transformed Cells by Campione-piccardo, José Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK54139 •

The Association of Herpes Simplex Virus with Cervical Cancer a Mathematical Model, and Exploration of an Approach to Retrieve Viral Genetic Information from Transformed Cells by Campione-piccardo, José Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK54139

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The Biology and Exploitation of Three Crab Species in the Shetland Islands, Scotland: Cancer Pagurus, Necora Puber and Carcinus Maenas by Tallack, Shelly M. L.; Phd from Open University (united Kingdom), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f64385

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The Breast Impact of Treatment Scale: the Assessment of Body Image Distress for Breast Cancer Patients by Frierson, Georita Marie; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093646

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The Cancer Experience in an American Cultural Context: a Participant Observation Study of Cancer Clinics and Self-help Groups by Bitley, Raymond Thomas, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1980, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8104367

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The Care of Urological Cancer Patients: Delay in Obtaining Treatment and Problems Following Radiotherapy by Eardley, Anne, Phd from University of Manchester (united Kingdom), 1988, 361 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/D-86466

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The Characteristics of Patients Involved in Clinical Cancer Trials by Jones, Carol Mccarthy, Phd from University of Southern California, 1995, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9625249

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The Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer Using Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (nsaids) by Elliott, Christopher S.; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2003, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088847

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The Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer Using Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (nsaids) by Elliott, Christopher S.; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2003, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088847

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The Consequences of Cat2 Arginine Transporter Ablation in Cancer and Neuropathology by Manner, Cathyryne Kapiolani; Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091320

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The Constructs of Quality of Life for Cancer Patients: Exploring Factors That Affect Qol by Fujii, Miwa, Phd from Washington University, 1999, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9926437

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The Demand for Breast Cancer Screening Services: an Inquiry into the Importance of Cost As an Impediment to Use by Maloy, Frances Jeanne, Phd from University of Washington, 1999, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9924115

158 Cancer

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The Design and Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Enhance Well-being among Women with Breast Cancer Completing Chemotherapy by Kovacs, Adrienne Heather; Phd from The University of Memphis, 2003, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095669

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The Design and Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Enhance Well-being among Women with Breast Cancer Completing Chemotherapy by Kovacs, Adrienne Heather; Phd from The University of Memphis, 2003, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095669

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The Development of a Cancer Locus-of-control Instrument and Its Utility in Predicting Attendance at Smoking Cessation Programs by Karpinski, Candace Kendall, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1991, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9200766

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The Development of a Methodology to Visualize the Cancer Risk Potential (carp) from Industrial Releases of Air Carcinogens: a Mechanism to Assist Urban and Regional Planners to Evaluate Environmental Risks in the Comprehensive Planning Process by Cheek, Ronald G., Phd from University of New Orleans, 1996, 353 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9717073

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The Development of a Prototype Computer Application for Prostate Cancer Education by Gliemi, Gregory R., Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1994, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9522012

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The Development of Behavioral Objectives for a Course in Environmental Cancer for Undergraduate College Students by Kaelin, Mark Alan, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1982, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8215739

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The Development of Proteosep and Protein Microarrays As Well As Their Applications to Cancer Proteomics with Mass Spectrometric Methods by Yan, Fang; , Phd from University of Michigan, 2003, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096246

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The Effect of Patient Race upon Physician's Colorectal Cancer Screening: a Retrospective Medical Record Review and Physician Pattern Variable Analysis by Borum, Marie Leslie; Edd from The George Washington University, 2003, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075432

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The Effect of Patient Race upon Physician's Colorectal Cancer Screening: a Retrospective Medical Record Review and Physician Pattern Variable Analysis by Borum, Marie Leslie; Edd from The George Washington University, 2003, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075432

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The Effectiveness of Chemoradiation for Stage Iii Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Patients at the Kingston Regional Cancer Center (ontario) by Sinclair, Suzanne Marie; Msc from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 2003, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ81122

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The Effectiveness of Two Uterocervical Cancer Detection Techniques. by Garside, Joann Doreen, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1977, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7725864

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The Effects of Cancer and Its Remission on the Power, Roles and Intimacy in a Marital Dyad (cure, Family) by Sargent, Linda Marie, Edd from Boston University, 1986, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616141

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The Effects of Community Characteristics and Caregiver or Patient Need on Uniform Help Given by Nonhouseholders to People with Cancer (cancer Patients, Home Care, Nonhousehold Help, Caregiver Need) by Bucher, Julia Ann, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1992, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9226657

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The Effects of Life-threatening Illness of One Spouse on Marital Interaction: a Case Example of Cancer (circumplex Model) by Wallach, Carole Gerstacker, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1984, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500169

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The Effects of Life-threatening Illness of One Spouse on Marital Interaction: a Case Example of Cancer (circumplex Model) by Wallach, Carole Gerstacker, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1984, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500169

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The Effects of Medicare Penetration into Hmos and Competition in the Medicare Hmo Market on Stage of Breast Cancer Diagnosis by Udie, Matthias Akomaye; Phd from University of Kentucky, 1999, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9957058

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The Effects of Music Therapy on Quality of Life and Length of Life of Hospice Patients Diagnosed with Terminal Cancer by Hilliard, Russell Everett; Phd from The Florida State University, 2002, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055756

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The Experience of Giving Care to a Parent Dying of Cancer Meanings Identified Through the Process of Shared Reflection by Gray-snelgrove, Rosemary; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55830

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The Experiences of Adolescent Cancer Survivors and Their Siblings: the Effect on Their Lives and Their Relationships by Kaffenberger, Carol Jean, Phd from George Mason University, 1999, 285 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9921970

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The Expression of the Constitutively Active Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variant Iii in Ovarian Cancer Cells Plays a Role in Cell Dissociation by Zeineldin, Reema Ramadan; Phd from The University of New Mexico, 2003, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085721

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The Extent of Support Groups in Pennsylvania Hospitals for Adult Cancer Patients (cancer Patients) by Bishop, Gail, Edd from Temple University, 1995, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9527451

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The Human Factors of Cancer Survival: a Qualitative Analysis of the Commonalities by Lockerby, Mary Lou, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1990, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9034572

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The Impact of a Structured Group Intervention on the Attitudes of Breast Cancer Patients by Brooks, Elizabeth Hathorn, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1990, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9112924

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The Impact of Bone Marrow Transplantation on the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients and Their Families: a Longitudinal Study by Case, Patricia Fay; Phd from Wayne State University, 1999, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954495

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The Impact of Breast Cancer on the Family: a Phenomenological Study of Families with Adolescents by Rea, Gail B.; Phd from Saint Louis University, 2001, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051830

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The Impact of Physical Activity on Quality of Life, Depression, and Anxiety in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Treatment by O'brien, Amanda Rose; Phd from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2003, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091835

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The Impact of Side Effects from Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents on Selected Psychosocial Variables by Hutchinson, Susan Elizabeth, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1994, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9428556

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The Imposition of a Delay Prior to Beginning Radiotherapy: Impact on Mood States for Cancer Patients by Merker, Robert Alan, Dsw from Adelphi University, School of Social Work, 1988, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8805327

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The Incidence of Lung Cancer among Schizophrenic Males Versus Nonschizophrenic Males by Breen, Mary Julie, Edd from United States International University, 1981, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8117016

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The Influence of Role Expectations on the Psychological and Marital Adjustment for the Patient and Spouse Living with Cancer: an Investigation of Illness and Psychosocial Correlates by Wollner, Mark Emanuel, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1983, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8319704

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The Influence of Social Support and Gender-sensitive Education on Breast Cancer Screening by High-risk Women by Hurdle, Donna Elizabeth, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1996, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9711692

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The Last Per Se: the Delaney Cancer Clause in United States Food Regulation by Meyer, Phyllis Anderson, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1983, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8321764

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The Linguistic and Social Structure of Recommendations for Breast Cancer Treatment by Roberts, Felicia D., Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9706719

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The Nature of Existential Advocacy from the Oncology Nurses', Cancer Patients', and Families' Perspectives by Jang Lin, Yuh-pyng; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2003, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095466

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The Personal and the Political: Women's Activism in Response to the Breast Cancer and Aids Epidemics by Boehmer, Ulrike, Phd from Boston College, 1997, 366 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9735279

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The Personal Is Political: the Transformation of Breast Cancer Organizations in New York State by Shashoua-goldblatt, Galit; Phd from Columbia University, 2002, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048238

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The Politics of Disease: Social Movement Responses to Aids, Breast Cancer, and Prostate Cancer in the United States (immune Deficiency) by Spangler, Abigail Riggs; Phd from Columbia University, 2000, 527 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9970286

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The Politics of Scientific Inquiry: the Effects of the Pluralist Paradigm on Comparative Studies of Free Inquiry (with a Case Study of the Politics of American Cancer Research). by Black, Sharon Macmillan, Phd from University of Southern California, 1975, 390 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7528613

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The Psychological Effects of Cancer on the Patient, Caretaker, and Non-caretaker of the Chronically Ill by Farley, Kathy Regina, Edd from Texas Southern University, 1992, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9302870

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The Psychosocial Adaptation to Bone Cancer Diagnosed during Adolescence: a Longterm Follow-up Study by Christ, Grace Constance, Dsw from Columbia University, 1992, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9231981

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The Psychosocial Correlates of Cervical Cancer Screening among Young American Indian Women by Solomon, Teshia G. Arambula, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1998, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9838122

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The Psychosocial Correlates of Cervical Cancer Screening among Young American Indian Women by Solomon, Teshia G. Arambula, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1998, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9838122

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The Psychosocial Experiences of Long-term Survivors of Childhood Cancer across the Lifespan by Parry, Carla; Phd from University of Michigan, 2002, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058028

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The Psychosocial Impact of Cancer: an Evaluation of Laryngectomy, Mastectomy and Ostomy Rehabilitation Service Programs for Cancer Patients by Lee, Peter Chingyung, Dsw from University of California, Berkeley, 1980, 290 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8029303

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The Question of Anticipatory Mourning in Latency: a Child's Reactions to Her Sibling's Life-threatening Illness (cancer) by Miller, Nan, Dsw from New York University, 1986, 522 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8626933

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The Relationship between Family Communication and Psychosocial Adjustment of Cancer Patients by Gotcher, James Micheal, Phd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1990, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9123193

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The Relationship between Health Beliefs, Knowledge, Intrinsic Motivation and Breast Cancer Screening of Older Women by Dickson, Gail Watkins, Edd from University of South Carolina, 1990, 304 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9101452

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The Relationship between Selected Social and Environmental Factors and Cancer Mortality by Planning District in South Dakota, 1960-1980 by Haghighatian, Mansour, Phd from South Dakota State University, 1988, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8823751

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The Relationship of Transpersonal Development to the Psychosocial Distress of Cancer Patients by Smith, Elizabeth Daffer, Dsw from The Catholic University of America, 1990, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9027619

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The Relationships of Elderly Husbands of Cancer Patients: a Grounded Theory Analysis by Carlson, Keith Warren, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1994, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN95158

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The Role of Activin in Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer Progression by Jeruss, Jacqueline Sara; Phd from Northwestern University, 2003, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087928

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The Role of Context Certainty and Value in the Communication of Social Support: an Analysis of Breast Cancer Patients' Support Messages by Ford, Leigh Arden, Phd from Purdue University, 1993, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9403689

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The Role of Cytochrome P450 2a6*4 in Relation to Cigarette Smoking Behavior and Lung Cancer Case-control Status by Farooq, Samina; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78573

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The Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in the Acquisition of Cancer Phenotypes in Breast Cancer Epithelial Cells by Niecko, Veronica Gabarra; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086593

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The Role of Formal and Informal Social Support in Advanced Cancer Patient Wellbeing by Hallgren, Loretta Rose, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f46421

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The Role of Formal and Informal Social Support in Advanced Cancer Patient Wellbeing by Hallgren, Loretta; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL42952

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The Role of Health Locus of Control, Cancer Health Beliefs, and Body Image in Breast Self-examination by Sands, Doris Warshaw, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1981, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8214465

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The Role of Two Dna Repair Polymorphisms Xrcc1-r399q and Xrcc3-t241m in Breast Cancer Risk by Figueiredo, Jane Catherine; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78574

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The School's Contribution to the Quality of Life of Long Term Cancer Survivors (childhood Cancer) by Gaynon, Sandra Schaffer, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1993, 772 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9408716

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The Spatial Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in New South Wales by Jelfs, Paul Laurence, Phd from University of New South Wales (australia), 1997 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1735426

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The Spatial Organization of Cancer Occurrence: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives by Glick, Barry Jay, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1981, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8122170

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The Use of Group Counseling with Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. by Golonka, Lynne Mary, Edd from State University of New York at Albany, 1976, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7708629

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The Use of Humor and Its Mediation of Depression in Cancer Patients and Primary Caregivers by Fulbright, Beverly Ann, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1996, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9632135

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The Will to Live, the Will to Die: Correlates of Disengagement in Hospitalized Cancer Patients. by Mcgurn, Wealtha Mae Collins, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1976, 415 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7700860

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Thermal Regulation of Immune Function and the Use of Heat in Cancer Immunotherapy by Pritchard, Michele Teresa; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089194

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Three Cancer Self-help Groups: an Exploration of Their Structure, Process and Effect on Rehabilitation by Logan, Katherine Macdonald, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1983, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8325079

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To Smoke or Not to Smoke: Predictors of Smoking Behavior in People with Head and Neck Cancer and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Baron, Kim Phillips; Phd from Drexel University, 2003, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081059

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Transcending Tragedy: a 'comic' Critique of Public Discourse about Breast Cancer Genetics, 1987--1997 by Sheedy, Kristine Marie; Phd from University of Georgia, 2000, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9984207

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Transcriptional Activation of Mutant Androgen Receptors in Human Prostate Cancer and the Role of Co-activators by Deng, Min; , Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068140

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Transmembrane Signalling and Leukocyte Nonadherence Induced in Leukocyte Subpopulations by Sensitizing Cancer Extract by Shenouda, George; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66582

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Two Important Nuclear Receptor Signaling Pathways, Androgen Receptor and Tr2 Orphan Receptor, in Regulation of Breast Cancer Growth by Hu, Yueh-chiang; Phd from The University of Rochester, 2003, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092240

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Understanding the Dynamics of Posttraumatic Growth in Breast Cancer Survivors by Bellizzi, Keith Martin; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089739

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Understanding the Unequal Burden of Breast Cancer Mortality on African American Women: the Role of Cultural Models by Barg, Frances Kirshner; Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 2000, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9965441

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Une Etude Phenomenologique Experientielle Du Cancer Theorie, Methode Et Praxis by Caron-bourbonnais, Diane; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL56311

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Use of Cardiac Glycosides for Treatment of Cancer: Determinants of Cancer Cell Sensitivity by Lin, Yun; Phd from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci., 2003, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083499

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Use of Preventive Screening for Cervical Cancer among Low-income Patients in a Safety-net Healthcare Network by Owusu, Gertrude Adobea; Phd from University of North Texas, 2003, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095373

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Use of Preventive Screening for Cervical Cancer among Low-income Patients in a Safety-net Healthcare Network by Owusu, Gertrude Adobea; Phd from University of North Texas, 2003, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095373

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Utilization of Unproven Methods of Cancer Treatment: an Investigation of Prevalence and Relevant Factors (quackery, Adherance to Medical Regimens; Utah) by Mooney, B. Kathleen Hardin, Phd from The University of Utah, 1985, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8511921

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Vaccine Therapy of Colorectal Cancer Patients with Tumour-associated Antigens by Ullenhag, Gustav Jorgen; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f257041

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Valspodar Restores Paclitaxel-induced Apoptosis in the Adriamycin-resistant Human Breast Cancer Cell Line Mcf7/adr* by Chadderton, Antony Robert; Msc from Laurentian University of Sudbury (canada), 2003, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75135

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Valuing Reductions in the Risk of Breast Cancer Mortality: a Comparison of Revealed Preference and Contingent Valuation Methods by Hill, Jerrold Wayne, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1988, 381 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8903284

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Variables Related to Attendance in Meetings of Breast Cancer Support Groups by Hoffman, Patrizia; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2000, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9998360

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Variations in Glucose and Other Blood Sugars in the Lobster, Homarus Americanus, and the Crab, Cancer Borealis by Telford, George Malcolm; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01433

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Variations in Glucose and Other Blood Sugars in the Lobster, Homarus Americanus, and the Crab, Cancer Borealis by Telford, George Malcolm; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01433

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Virgins without Hymens and Cancer without Cure: Sexual Strategies and Cervical Cancer in Recife, Brazil by Gregg, Jessica L.; Phd from Emory University, 1999, 330 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9941812

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Virgins without Hymens and Cancer without Cure: Sexual Strategies and Cervical Cancer in Recife, Brazil by Gregg, Jessica L.; Phd from Emory University, 1999, 330 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9941812

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Walking in the Shadow World: a Study of Women in the San Francisco Bay Area Who Use Complementary Therapies for Cancer Treatment (california) by De Manincor, Darlene Joyce; Phd from California Institute of Integral Studies, 1999, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9949442

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When Is Ignorance Bliss? the Effects of Knowledge on Quality of Life among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Cancer Patients by Greger, Heidi Allison, Phd from Purdue University, 1992, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9313987

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Willingness to Accept Risk of Treatment Toxicity in Older Cancer Patients: the Effects of Comorbid Conditions, Functional Disability, Risk Propensity, and Risk Perception by Chen, Hongbin; Phd from University of South Florida, 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071296

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Women in Transition, Health Care in Translation: Nicaraguan Women and the Challenge of Cervical Cancer Prevention by Mccue, Maureen F., Phd from The University of Iowa, 1997, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9731840

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Women in Transition, Health Care in Translation: Nicaraguan Women and the Challenge of Cervical Cancer Prevention by Mccue, Maureen F., Phd from The University of Iowa, 1997, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9731840

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Women's Activism for Breast Cancer Informed Consent Laws by Montini, Theresa Michalak, Phd from University of California, San Francisco, 1991, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9137402

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Women's Experience of Surviving Invasive Cervical Cancer: Maintaining the Self by Leonard, Katherine Marie, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1990, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN60324

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Women's Experience of Surviving Invasive Cervical Cancer: Maintaining the Self by Leonard, Katherine Marie, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1990, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN60324

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Women's Illness Narratives: the Search for Meaning in the Experience of Advanced Cancer in White Euro-american Women Who Are Evangelical Christian in Religious Faith Orientation by Waite, Nancy M.; Phd from Garrett-evangelical Theological Seminary with Northwestern University, 2002, 511 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071743

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Women's Illness Narratives: the Search for Meaning in the Experience of Advanced Cancer in White Euro-american Women Who Are Evangelical Christian in Religious Faith Orientation by Waite, Nancy M.; Phd from Garrett-evangelical Theological Seminary with Northwestern University, 2002, 511 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071743

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Working Cancer Patients' Attitudes toward Themselves and Change in Vocational Activities by Staley, Judith Carlene, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbanachampaign, 1985, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8600323

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Worry of Recurrence in Breast Cancer Survivors by Rothrock, Nan Elizabeth; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2003, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097574

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Writing the Unspeakable: Metaphor in Cancer Narratives by Teucher, Ulrich Christian; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2000, 595 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ56631

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'You Are with Someone Who Is a Fighter': Constructing a Model of Transformation Which Can Occur in Surviving Breast Cancer by Eckmann, Helen L. Hays; Edd from University of San Diego, 2003, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088657

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cancer.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cancer The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

168 Cancer

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on cancer: •

Avoiding breast cancer through food choices. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (September 1993). volume 11(7) page 1.

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Beating the breast cancer odds through healthy eating. Source: Flynn, M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1995). volume 18(8) page 1-6.

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Beating the odds: best bets for cancer prevention. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (December 1996). volume 14(10) page 4-5.

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Clues to prostate cancer. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (March 1996). volume 23(2) page 12-14.

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Diet, nutrition, and cancer research: an overview. Source: Jacobs, M.M. Nutrition-today (USA). (June 1993). volume 28(3) page 19-23.

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids: signaling agents for intestinal cancer? Source: Whelan, J. Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1997). volume 32(5) page 213-218.

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Vitamin C promises to fight cancer as well as runny noses. Source: Kolor, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (May 1992). volume 15(5) page 1, 6. Additional consumer oriented references include: •

1. Is colon cancer really linked to a daily diet of red meat. Source: Conning, D.M. B-N-F-Nutr-Bull-Br-Nutr-Found. London : The Foundation. May 1991. volume 16 (2) page 60-61. 0141-9684

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A fish oil story: omega-3's return to fight heart disease, cancer. Source: Hrabak, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (July 1994). volume 17(7) page 1, 4. fish oils fatty acids circulatory disorders neoplasms disease control nutrients 0893-4452

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A Harvard study reported in my newspaper showed that drinking milk correlates with a higher incidence of prostate cancer. But we were always told that as we age, we need more calcium to keep bones healthy, and milk is a good source. Should we stop drinking milk? Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2002 September; 7(2): 8 1089-1102

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Adjuvant advantage: breast cancer therapies promise a longer life. Source: Fackelmann, K.A. Sci-News-Washington. [Washington, D.C. : Science Service]. February 22, 1992. volume 141 (8) page 124-125. 0036-8423

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Alternative cancer therapies can be dangerous. “Natural” and “herbal” are not synonymous with “safe”. Source: Runowicz, C D Health-News. 2003 February; 9(2): 1-2 1081-5880

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Alternative medicine and prostate cancer. Source: Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2001 December; 6(5): 4-6 1089-1102

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Antioxidants and cancer. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (Jul-August 1992). volume 19(6) page 1, 5-7. antioxidants disease control neoplasms 0885-7792

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Are the risks of eating worthwhile [Diet and cancer]. Source: Leeds, A.R. Nutr-Bull-Br-Nutr-Found. London : The Foundation. January 1984. volume 9 (1) page 12-23. 0141-9684

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B-complex vitamins and trace elements: a role in immunomodulation and cancer prevention. Source: Behall, K.M. Scholfield, D.J. McIvor, M.E. Van Duyn, M.S. Leo, T.A. Michnowski, J.E. Cummings, C.C. Mendeloff, A.I. Food-Nutr-News. Chicago, Ill. : National Live Stock and Meat Board. May/June 1989. volume 61 (3) page 15-18. 00156310

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Because I had a lumpectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation for breast cancer in 1990, I am not a candidate for estrogen replacement therapy. One of my friends suggested that I should also avoid soy products because there is natural estrogen in them. This was news to me. Will the type and amount of estrogen in soy foods be detrimental to my future health? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 February; 5(6): 8 1070910X

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By the way, doctor. I noticed that you listed Crinone, a vaginal progesterone, in one of your articles on products for hormone replacement therapy. Does it really offer as much protection against endometrial cancer as oral progestogens do? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1999 December; 7(4): 8 1070910X

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Cancer & diet. Source: Cowley, G Newsweek. 1998 November 30; 132(22): 60-6 0028-9604

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Clues to colon cancer. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-Action-Health-Lett. Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest. March 1990. volume 17 (2) page 1, 5-7. 0199-5510

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Colon cancer and fibre: ! or. Source: Arens, U. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. Spring 1999. volume 24 (86) page 4-7. 0141-9684

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Critique of report on “Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective”. Source: Campbell, T.C. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mar/April 2001. volume36 (2) page 80-87. 0029-666X

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Diet and cancer--experimental evidence. Source: Ashwell, M. B-N-F-Nutr-Bull-Br-Nutr-Found. London : The Foundation. January 1991. volume 16 page 36-44. charts. 0141-9684

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Diet may shield against two leading cancer killers. Source: Brohier, C. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (February 1992). volume 15(2) page 1, 3. diet neoplasms disease control 0893-4452

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Diet, bacteria and colonic cancer. Source: Douglas, L. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. 1999. (4/5) page 187-191. 0034-6659

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Dietary fat and human breast cancer: epidemiological evidence. Source: Morgan, S.L. Food-Nutr-News. Chicago, Ill. : National Live Stock and Meat Board. May/June 1988. volume 60 (3) page 13-15. 0015-6310

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Dietary phytoestrogens--potential anti-cancer agents. Source: Grimble, R. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. Spring 1999. volume 24 (86) page 22-30. 0141-9684

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Dodging cancer with diet. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (Jan-February 1995). volume 22(1) page 1, 4-7. diet neoplasms mortality risk symptoms trends 0885-7792

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Does sunscreen block the skin's ability to make vitamin D? If so, how can I get enough of this vitamin without raising my risk of skin cancer? Source: Holick, Michael Health-News. 2002 July; 8(7): 12 1081-5880

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Evaluating the health claim of flaxseed and cancer prevention. Source: Bowen, P.E. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. May/June 2001. volume36 (3) page 144-158. 0029-666X

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Expert says excess alcohol, not fat may be tied to breast cancer. Source: Weinberg, L. Environ-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. May 1990. volume 13 (5) page 1, 7. 0893-4452

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Father's Day Special: a guide to diet for preventing men's cancers. Source: Golub, C. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. June 2000. volume 23 (6) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

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Fighting cancer without fat. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (June 1993). volume 20(5) page 8-9. fats diet neoplasms risk women 0885-7792

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Folic acid lowers colon cancer risk. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 2002 May; 8(5): 5 1081-5880

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Fruitful findings on cancer. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (August 1996). volume 14(6) page 6. diet flavonoids cell culture neoplasms 0747-4105

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Halt heart disease or beat breast cancer? A woman's quandary. Source: Golub, C. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (May 1998). volume 21(5) page 1, 6. diet fats alcoholic beverages disease control risk 0893-4452

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Health beat: saturated fat and lung cancer. Source: Harvard-health-letter (USA). (January 1994). volume 19(3) page 8. saturated fats respiratory diseases neoplasms diet fats 1052-1577

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Herbal remedies and cancer. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 2000 October; 6(10): 8 1081-5880

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Herbs and spices may be barrier against cancer, heart disease. Source: Berkowitz, K.F. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (June 1993). volume 16(6) page 1, 4. culinary herbs spices disease control 0893-4452

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High red-meat intake, obesity linked to cancer. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 2002 February; 8(2): 9 1081-5880

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High-heat cooking of meats may pose cancer risk. Source: Antinoro, L. Environ-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. May 1991. volume 14 (5) page 8. 0893-4452

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How nutrition during the first few decades of life affects breast cancer risk implications for research and dietary guidelines for children. Source: Hormann, E. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lipponcott Williams & Wilkins. Sept/October 1999. volume 34 (5) page 197-209. 0029-666X

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How soy fares in fight against cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis. Source: Walsh, J. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. May 2002. volume 25 (5) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

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How to reduce the odds of cancer by eating right. Source: Forman, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (October 1992). volume 15(10) page 1, 4. diet neoplasms disease control 0893-4452

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How you can lower your cancer risk. Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2002 August; 27(10): 1-3 1052-1577

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I am 51 years old, perimenopausal, have irritable bowel syndrome and a family history of breast cancer, and am told my bones are thinning. These conditions would seem to rule out my use of estrogen or Fosamax. I weight train and take 1,500 mg of calcium a day to stave off osteoporosis. What's left? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 November; 6(3): 8 1070910X

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I am 59 years old and recently had a complete hysterectomy for endometrial cancer. The pathology report showed no migration of cancer cells outside the endometrium. Is it safe for me to take estrogen as hormone replacement therapy? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 September; 6(1): 8 1070910X

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I have a family history of prostate cancer. Can what I eat affect my chances of getting this disease? Author(s): University of Chicago, School of Medicine, USA. Source: Gerber, G S Health-News. 2001 June; 7(6): 10 1081-5880

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I read recently that there may be a connection between ovarian cancer and the consumption of dairy products, particularly cottage cheese and yogurt. Has this connection been proven? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 December; 6(4): 8 1070910X

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I recently had a hysterectomy in which my cervix was not removed. What is the correct hormone replacement therapy for me? Do I have to take progesterone? Will the estrogen increase my risk of cervical cancer? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 September; 6(1): 8 1070910X

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I'm a 44-year-old former smoker. I have just been diagnosed with colitis, and I've heard that smoking can help my condition. There is no cancer or heart disease in my family. Should I start smoking again? Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 1998 September; 3(2): 8 1089-1102

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Inside broccoli: a weapon against cancer. Source: Stroh, M. Sci-News-Washington. [Washington, D.C. : Science Service]. March 21, 1992. volume 141 (12) page 183. 0036-8423

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Is meat involved in colon cancer. Source: Nestle, M. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. Spring 1998. volume 23 (83) page 79-83. 0141-9684

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Largest-ever prostate cancer prevention trial. Source: Anonymous FDA-Consum. 2001 Sep-October; 35(5): 8 0362-1332

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Most feared cancers: what men need to know about prostate cancer and diet. Source: Forman, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. Sept 2002. volume 25 (9) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

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Nutrition and cancer prevention: differing perspectives on the best research to achieve it. Source: Cohen, L.A. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mar/April 2001. volume36 (2) page 78-79. 0029-666X

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Nutritional aspects of the development of cancer. Source: Chan, W. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. July/October 2000. volume 30 (4/5) page 174-177. 0034-6659

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Preventing cancer. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 1998 November; 3(4): 1-4 1089-1102

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Preventing cancer: what to eat, what to avoid to lower your risk. Source: Platzman, A.D. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. October 1999. volume 22 (10) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

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Preventing prostate cancer: so far, no clear answers. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. July/August 2001. volume 28 (6) page 1,3-6. 0885-7792

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Protect yourself against cancer: a diet guide especially for women. Source: Forman, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. May 2000. volume 23 (5) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

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Radioactive seeds for prostate cancer. Author(s): Massachusetts General Hospital, USA. Source: Zietman, A Health-News. 1998 October 25; 4(13): 4-5 1081-5880

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The diet cancer connection. Source: Maleskey, G. Weight-Watchers. New York, N.Y. : W/W Twentyfirst Corporation. January 1987. volume 19 (12) page 23-27, 33. ill. 0043-2180

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The edge against cancer. Source: Frei, B.B. Veg-Times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Times. October 1991. (170) page 18, 20-21. 0164-8497

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Treating prostate cancer. Part V: androgen deprivation and chemotherapy. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 1999 December; 4(5): 5-8 1089-1102

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Vitamin C-rich foods help fend off heart disease, cancer--even scurvy. Source: Walsh, J. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. October 2000. volume 23 (10) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

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Vitamins, minerals, diet, and prostate cancer. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 1998 May; 2(10): 1-4 1089-1102

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What are the chances? Putting cancer risk in perspective. Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2002 July; 20(7): 4-5 0741-6245

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Will “designer foods” fortified with phytochemicals fight cancer? Source: Berkowitz, K.F. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (March 1993). volume 16(3) page 1, 6. foods disease control food consumption 0893-4452

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Will eating less fat lower breast cancer risk after all. Source: Tufts-Univ-diet-nutr-lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 1983-c1997. April 1996. volume 14 (2) page 1-2. 0747-4105

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cancer” (or a synonym): •

A comprehensive worksite cancer prevention intervention: behavior change results from a randomized controlled trial (United States). Author(s): Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. [email protected] Source: Sorensen, G Stoddard, A M LaMontagne, A D Emmons, K Hunt, M K Youngstrom, R McLellan, D Christiani, D C Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 August; 13(6): 493-502 0957-5243

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A novel method for monitoring response to chemotherapy based on the detection of circulating cancer cells: a case report. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy. [email protected] Source: Aquino, A Prete, S P Balduzzi, A Fossile, E Formica, V Torino, F Bonmassar, L Di Giacomo, A Cappelletti, D Cardillo, A Graziani, G J-Chemother. 2002 August; 14(4): 412-6 1120-009X

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A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. VII. Cruciferous and other vegetables (International). Author(s): Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. Source: Bosetti, C Negri, E Kolonel, L Ron, E Franceschi, S Preston Martin, S McTiernan, A Dal Maso, L Mark, S D Mabuchi, K Land, C Jin, F Wingren, G Galanti, M R Hallquist, A Glattre, E Lund, E Levi, F Linos, D La Vecchia, C Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 October; 13(8): 765-75 0957-5243

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A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands). Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: Schuurman, A G Goldbohm, R A Brants, H A van den Brandt, P A CancerCauses-Control. 2002 August; 13(6): 573-82 0957-5243

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A qualitative exploration of the experiences of lesbian and heterosexual patients with breast cancer. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, IL, USA. [email protected] Source: Matthews, A K Peterman, A H Delaney, P Menard, L Brandenburg, D OncolNurs-Forum. 2002 Nov-December; 29(10): 1455-62 1538-0688

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Adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatinum, mitoxantrone, 5fluorouracil, and calcium folinate in patients with gastric cancer: a phase II study. Author(s): Medical Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Topuz, E Basaran, M Saip, P Aydiner, A Argon, A Sakar, B Tas, F Uygun, K Bugra, D Aykan, N F Am-J-Clin-Oncol. 2002 December; 25(6): 619-24 0277-3732

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Apoptosis induction by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in prostate cancer. Author(s): Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. Source: Guzey, M Kitada, S Reed, J C Mol-Cancer-Ther. 2002 July; 1(9): 667-77 1535-7163

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Association of the SULT1A1 R213H polymorphism with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld. 4102, Australia. [email protected] Source: Wong, C F Liyou, N Leggett, B Young, J Johnson, A McManus, M E Clin-ExpPharmacol-Physiol. 2002 September; 29(9): 754-8 0305-1870

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Biochemical outcome for hormone-naive patients with high-risk prostate cancer managed with permanent interstitial brachytherapy and supplemental external-beam radiation. Author(s): Schiffler Cancer Center, Wheeling Hospital, West Virginia 26003-6300, USA. Source: Merrick, G S Butler, W M Lief, J H Galbreath, R W Adamovich, E Cancer-J. 2002 Jul-August; 8(4): 322-7 1528-9117

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Bio-distribution and subcellular localization of Hypericin and its role in PDT induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Author(s): Department of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610. Source: Ali, S M Olivo, M Int-J-Oncol. 2002 September; 21(3): 531-40 1019-6439

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Biomarkers of genetic damage for cancer epidemiology. Author(s): CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, P.O. Box 10041, Gouger Street, SA 5000 Adelaide, BC, Australia. [email protected] Source: Fenech, M Toxicology. 2002 December 27; 181-182: 411-6 0300-483X

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Calcium intake and prostate cancer risk in a long-term aging study: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Source: Berndt, S I Carter, H B Landis, P K Tucker, K L Hsieh, L J Metter, E J Platz, E A Urology. 2002 December; 60(6): 1118-23 1527-9995

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CAM and the desperate call for cancer cures and alleviation what can websites offer cancer patients? Author(s): Department of Complementary, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK. [email protected] Source: Schmidt, K Complement-Ther-Med. 2002 September; 10(3): 179-80 0965-2299

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Cancer prevention behaviors and socioeconomic status among Hispanics and nonHispanic whites in a rural population in the United States. Author(s): Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. [email protected] Source: Thompson, B Coronado, G D Solomon, C C McClerran, D F Neuhouser, M L Feng, Z Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 October; 13(8): 719-28 0957-5243

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Chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin for colorectal cancer. Author(s): Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0688, USA. [email protected] Source: Chauhan, D P Curr-Pharm-Des. 2002; 8(19): 1695-706 1381-6128

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Cholecystectomy and the risk for developing colorectal cancer and distal colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. [email protected]

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Source: Schernhammer, E S Leitzmann, M F Michaud, D S Speizer, F E Giovannucci, E Colditz, G A Fuchs, C S Br-J-Cancer. 2003 January 13; 88(1): 79-83 0007-0920 •

Chromosomal biomarkers of genomic instability relevant to cancer. Author(s): Cooperative Research Centre for Diagnostics, CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, BC, SA 5000, Australia. [email protected] Source: Fenech, M Drug-Discov-Today. 2002 November 15; 7(22): 1128-37 1359-6446

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Classification tree analysis: a statistical tool to investigate risk factor interactions with an example for colon cancer (United States). Author(s): Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Informatics, University of Utah, and Genetic Research, Intermountain Health Care, Salt Lake City 84108, USA. Source: Camp, N J Slattery, M L Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 November; 13(9): 813-23 0957-5243

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Communicating in a multicultural society. II: Greek community attitudes towards cancer in Australia. Author(s): Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Goldstein, D Thewes, B Butow, P Intern-Med-J. 2002 July; 32(7): 289-96 14440903

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Complementary cancer care in Southampton: a survey of staff and patients. Author(s): University of Southampton. [email protected] Source: Lewith, G T Broomfield, J Prescott, P Complement-Ther-Med. 2002 June; 10(2): 100-6 0965-2299

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Contrast-enhanced brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Author(s): Department of Radiation Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Source: Norman, A Mesa, A Solberg, T D Cochran, S T Acad-Radiol. 2002 May; 9 Suppl 1: S182-4 1076-6332

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Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Inducibility of Vitex agnus-castus Fruit Extract in Cultured Human Normal and Cancer Cells and Effect on Growth. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science. Source: Ohyama, K Akaike, T Hirobe, C Yamakawa, T Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2003 January; 26(1): 10-8 0918-6158

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Diet and prostate cancer. Author(s): First Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Medical School 1Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan. [email protected] Source: Shirai, T Asamoto, M Takahashi, S Imaida, K Toxicology. 2002 December 27; 181-182: 89-94 0300-483X

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Dietary acrylamide and cancer of the large bowel, kidney, and bladder: absence of an association in a population-based study in Sweden. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 9th floor, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [email protected] Source: Mucci, L A Dickman, P W Steineck, G Adami, H O Augustsson, K Br-J-Cancer. 2003 January 13; 88(1): 84-9 0007-0920

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Differentiation enhances aminolevulinic acid-dependent photodynamic treatment of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine WEL-224, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02114, USA. [email protected] Source: Ortel, B Sharlin, D O'Donnell, D Sinha, A K Maytin, E V Hasan, T Br-J-Cancer. 2002 November 18; 87(11): 1321-7 0007-0920

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Docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin as treatment for advanced gastric cancer: results of a phase II study. Author(s): Medical Oncology Service, Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, C/Loureiro Crespo, 2, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain. Source: Constenla, M Garcia Arroyo, R Lorenzo, I Carrete, N Campos, B Palacios, P Gastric-Cancer. 2002; 5(3): 142-7 1436-3291

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Dose-effect relationship of bolus 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Author(s): Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Jakobsen, A Berglund, A Glimelius, B Frodin, J E Hansen, F Kjaer, M Madsen, E L Sandberg, E Poulsen, J P Carlsson, G Gustavsson, B Acta-Oncol. 2002; 41(6): 525-31 0284-186X

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Effect of irinotecan on the phenotype of peripheral blood leukocyte populations in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Author(s): Departments of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Charles University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, 23, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Source: Melichar, B Touskova, M Vesely, P Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jul-August; 49(46): 967-70 0172-6390

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Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of prostate cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA. Source: deVere White, R W Hackman, R M Soares, S E Beckett, L A Sun, B Urology. 2002 October; 60(4): 640-4 1527-9995

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Effects of alcohol consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer among men by anatomical subsite (Canada). Author(s): Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, Laval, Canada. Source: Sharpe, C R Siemiatycki, J Rachet, B Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 June; 13(5): 483-91 0957-5243

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Epidemiologic trends in esophageal and gastric cancer in the United States. Author(s): Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Room 8026, MSC 7244, Bethesda, MD 20892-7244, USA. [email protected] Source: Brown, L M Devesa, S S Surg-Oncol-Clin-N-Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 235-56 10553207

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Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 21 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute-cho, Aichi 480-1195, Japan. Source: Kikuchi, S Gastric-Cancer. 2002; 5(1): 6-15 1436-3291

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Etoposide added to weekly leucovorin (LV)/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in LV/5-FU pretreated patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Author(s): Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Oncology Unit, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, Greece. Source: Tsavaris, N Kosmas, C Gennatas, K Vadiaka, M Paliaros, P Dimitrakopoulos, A Diamantis, T Tsipras, H Papastratis, G Med-Sci-Monit. 2002 September; 8(9): PI65-9 1234-1010

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Etoposide, leucovorin (LV) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 5-FU+LV pre-treated patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Author(s): Department of Pathophysiology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, Greece. [email protected] Source: Tsavaris, N Kosmas, C Gennatas, K Vadiaka, M Skopelitis, E Xila, V Rokana, S Margaris, E Zografos, G Papastratis, G Kouraklis, G J-Chemother. 2002 August; 14(4): 406-11 1120-009X

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Fibres and colorectal cancer: should we change our dietary advice on prevention? Author(s): Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy. [email protected] Source: Giacosa, A Hill, M J Davies, G J Dig-Liver-Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S1213 1590-8658

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Flavonoid antioxidant silymarin and skin cancer. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA. Source: Singh, R P Agarwal, R Antioxid-Redox-Signal. 2002 August; 4(4): 655-63 15230864

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Folate, methionine, alcohol, and colorectal cancer in a prospective study of women in the United States. Author(s): Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., MSC 7232, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. [email protected] Source: Flood, A Caprario, L Chaterjee, N Lacey, J V Jr Schairer, C Schatzkin, A CancerCauses-Control. 2002 August; 13(6): 551-61 0957-5243

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Food and cancer. Author(s): National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. [email protected] Source: Sugimura, T Toxicology. 2002 December 27; 181-182: 17-21 0300-483X

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Fried foods: a risk factor for laryngeal cancer? Author(s): Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy. [email protected] Source: Bosetti, C Talamini, R Levi, F Negri, E Franceschi, S Airoldi, L La Vecchia, C BrJ-Cancer. 2002 November 18; 87(11): 1230-3 0007-0920

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Gastric cancer in Iceland. Author(s): Iceland Genomics Corporation, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland. Source: Imsland, A K Eldon, B J Arinbjarnarson, S Magnusson, J Gastric-Cancer. 2002; 5(1): 51-4 1436-3291

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Genome-scale analysis of resveratrol-induced gene expression profile in human ovarian cancer cells using a cDNA microarray. Author(s): Microarray Division, GenomicTree, Inc., Daejon 305-390, Korea. Source: Yang, S H Kim, J S Oh, T J Kim, M S Lee, S W Woo, S K Cho, H S Choi, Y H Kim, Y H Rha, S Y Chung, H C An, S W Int-J-Oncol. 2003 April; 22(4): 741-50 1019-6439

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How does H. pylori infection cause gastric cancer? Author(s): University Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. [email protected] Source: McColl, K E El OMarch, E Keio-J-Med. 2002 December; 51 Suppl 2: 53-6 00229717

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Intravenous versus intrahepatic arterial 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin for treatment of colorectal cancer metastases. Source: Anonymous Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2002 May; 2(1): 14-5 1533-0028

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Irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin, oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin, and oxaliplatin/irinotecan are each effective in the treatment of 5-FU-resistant advanced colorectal cancer. Source: Fisher, M D Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2001 August; 1(2): 85-6 1533-0028

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Isothiocyanates as cancer chemopreventive agents: their biological activities and metabolism in rodents and humans. Author(s): Division of Carcinogenesis and Molecular Epidemiology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. Source: Conaway, C C Yang, Y M Chung, F L Curr-Drug-Metab. 2002 June; 3(3): 233-55 1389-2002

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Management of advanced pancreatic cancer: staging laparoscopy and immunochemotherapy--a new treatment strategy. Author(s): First Department of Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Kishiwada, M Kawarada, Y Taoka, H Isaji, S Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 NovDecember; 49(48): 1704-6 0172-6390

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Management of chronic hepatitis C and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Okinaka, Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Chayama, K J-Gastroenterol. 2002; 37 Suppl 13: 69-73 0944-1174

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Mistletoe lectins: telomerase inhibitors in alternative cancer therapy. Author(s): Division of Pharmacognosy, Dept of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 574 SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden Source: Li, S S Drug-Discov-Today. 2002 September 1; 7(17): 896-7 1359-6446

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Modulation of the Fas signaling pathway by IFN-gamma in therapy of colon cancer: phase I trial and correlative studies of IFN-gamma, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin. Author(s): The West Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee 38120, USA. Source: Schwartzberg, L S Petak, I Stewart, C Turner, P K Ashley, J Tillman, D M Douglas, L Tan, M Billups, C Mihalik, R Weir, A Tauer, K Shope, S Houghton, J A ClinCancer-Res. 2002 August; 8(8): 2488-98 1078-0432

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Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and chemosensitivity to platinum and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer: biological data and clinical implications. Author(s): Department of Procreative Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. Source: Gadducci, A Cosio, S Muraca, S Genazzani, A R Eur-J-Gynaecol-Oncol. 2002; 23(5): 390-6 0392-2936

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N9741: a phase III study comparing irinotecan to oxaliplatin-containing regimens in advanced colorectal cancer. Author(s): Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Source: Goldberg, R M Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2002 August; 2(2): 81 1533-0028

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Nasogastric decompression is not necessary in operations for gastric cancer: prospective randomised trial. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. [email protected] Source: Yoo, C H Son, B H Han, W K Pae, W K Eur-J-Surg. 2002; 168(7): 379-83 1102-4151

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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy of irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced rectal cancer. Report of two cases. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. [email protected] Source: Hasegawa, H Watanabe, M Baba, H Yoshinare, K Mukai, M Kubota, T Kitajima, M Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jul-August; 49(46): 891-3 0172-6390

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Novel markers of susceptibility to carcinogens in diet: associations with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Division of Molecular Epidemiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA. Source: Sweeney, C Coles, B F Nowell, S Lang, N P Kadlubar, F F Toxicology. 2002 December 27; 181-182: 83-7 0300-483X

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Oesophageal cancer in Africa. Author(s): Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa. [email protected] Source: Hendricks, D Parker, M I IUBMB-Life. 2002 Apr-May; 53(4-5): 263-8 1521-6543

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Oral doxifluridine plus leucovorin in metastatic colorectal cancer: randomized phase II trial with intravenous 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Source: Ahn, J H Kim, T W Lee, J H Min, Y J Kim, J G Kim, J C Yu, C S Kim, W K Kang, Y K Lee, J S Am-J-Clin-Oncol. 2003 February; 26(1): 98-102 0277-3732

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Oxaliplatin combinations as first-line therapy in advanced colorectal cancer. Source: Anonymous Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2002 August; 2(2): 78-80 1533-0028

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Oxaliplatin with high-dose leucovorin and infusional 5-fluorouracil in irinotecanpretreated patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACC). Author(s): Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Source: Kouroussis, C Souglakos, J Mavroudis, D Papadouris, S Kakolyris, S Agelaki, S Kalbakis, K Panopoulos, C Vardakis, N Sarra, E Georgoulias, V Am-J-Clin-Oncol. 2002 December; 25(6): 627-31 0277-3732

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Pathological issues of gastric and lower esophageal cancer: helicobacter pylori infection and its eradication. Author(s): Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan. Source: Fujimori, T Kawamata, H Ichikawa, K Ono, Y Okura, Y Tomita, S Imura, J JGastroenterol. 2002; 37 Suppl 13: 28-33 0944-1174

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Pemetrexed in gastric cancer: clinical experience and future perspectives. Author(s): Medical Oncology Unit B and Department of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. Source: Celio, L Buzzoni, R Longarini, R Marchiano, A Bajetta, E Semin-Oncol. 2002 December; 29(6 Suppl 18): 63-8 0093-7754

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Pemetrexed in pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Source: Kindler, H L Semin-Oncol. 2002 December; 29(6 Suppl 18): 49-53 0093-7754

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Perspectives on the role of sequential or combination chemotherapy for first-line and salvage therapy in advanced colorectal cancer. Author(s): Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. [email protected] Source: Hobday, T J Goldberg, R M Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2002 November; 2(3): 161-9 1533-0028

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Phase II study of irinotecan with bolus and high dose infusional 5-FU and folinic acid (modified de Gramont) for first or second line treatment of advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. Author(s): Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL, London, UK. Source: Leonard, P Seymour, M T James, R Hochhauser, D Ledermann, J A Br-J-Cancer. 2002 November 18; 87(11): 1216-20 0007-0920

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Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Author(s): Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 90095, USA. [email protected] Source: Kabbinavar, F Hurwitz, H I Fehrenbacher, L Meropol, N J Novotny, W F Lieberman, G Griffing, S Bergsland, E J-Clin-Oncol. 2003 January 1; 21(1): 60-5 0732-183X

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Possible involvement of the nuclear RZR/ROR-alpha receptor in the antitumor action of melatonin on murine Colon 38 cancer. Author(s): Department of Experimental Endocrinology and Hormone Diagnostics, Institute of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. Source: Winczyk, K Pawlikowski, M Guerrero, J M Karasek, M Tumour-Biol. 2002 SepOctober; 23(5): 298-302 1010-4283

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Prevention and treatment of experimental breast cancer with the combination of a new selective estrogen receptor modulator, arzoxifene, and a new rexinoid, LG 100268. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. Source: Suh, N Lamph, W W Glasebrook, A L Grese, T A Palkowitz, A D Williams, C R Risingsong, R Farris, M R Heyman, R A Sporn, M B Clin-Cancer-Res. 2002 October; 8(10): 3270-5 1078-0432

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Prognostic value of thymidylate synthase, Ki-67, and p53 in patients with Dukes' B and C colon cancer: a National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project collaborative study. Author(s): Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2440, USA. [email protected] Source: Allegra, C J Paik, S Colangelo, L H Parr, A L Kirsch, I Kim, G Klein, P Johnston, P G Wolmark, N Wieand, H S J-Clin-Oncol. 2003 January 15; 21(2): 241-50 0732-183X

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Recent diet and breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study (USA). Author(s): Northern California Cancer Center, Union City 94587, USA. [email protected] Source: Horn Ross, P L Hoggatt, K J West, D W Krone, M R Stewart, S L Anton, H Bernstei, C L Deapen, D Peel, D Pinder, R Reynolds, P Ross, R K Wright, W Ziogas, A Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 June; 13(5): 407-15 0957-5243

Nutrition 181

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Recommendation for irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line therapy for colorectal cancer. Source: Fisher, M D Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2001 August; 1(2): 82-4 1533-0028

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Reduced thiamine (vitamin B1) levels following gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano Municipal Hospital, 2-23 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8577, Japan. Source: Iwase, K Higaki, J Yoon, H E Mikata, S Miyazaki, M Kamiike, W Gastric-Cancer. 2002; 5(2): 77-82 1436-3291

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Regional chemotherapy in biliary tract cancers--a single institution experience. Author(s): Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Source: Melichar, B Cerman, J Jr Dvorak, J Jandik, P Mergancova, J Melicharova, K Touskova, M Krajina, A Voboril, Z Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jul-August; 49(46): 900-6 0172-6390

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Resveratrol-A prostate cancer chemopreventive agent? Author(s): Division of Urology, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, LE5 4PW, Leicester, UK Source: Ratan, H L Steward, W P Gescher, A J Mellon, J K Urol-Oncol. 2002 NovDecember; 7(6): 223-7 1078-1439

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Review of the role of CPT-11 in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Author(s): Department of Hepato-Gastro-Enterology and Digestive Oncology, Hospital Ambroise Pare, 92100 Boulogne, France. [email protected] Source: Rougier, P Mitry, E Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2001 August; 1(2): 87-94 1533-0028

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Risk factors for esophageal cancer in eastern Anatolia. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, Ataturk University Medical School, Erzurum, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Onuk, M D Oztopuz, A Memik, F Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Sep-October; 49(47): 1290-2 0172-6390

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Role of chemotherapy in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Old issues, recent advances and new perspectives. Author(s): Department of Urology, Second University, 'Federico II' University, Naples, Italy. Source: Autorino, R Di Lorenzo, G Damiano, R De Placido, S D'Armiento, M Urol-Int. 2003; 70(1): 1-14 0042-1138

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Roles of Fas signaling pathway in vitamin E succinate-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China. [email protected] Source: Wu, K Li, Y Zhao, Y Shan, Y J Xia, W Yu, W P Zhao, L World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 December; 8(6): 982-6 1007-9327

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Severe toxicity related to the 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin combination (the Mayo Clinic regimen): a prospective study in colorectal cancer patients. Author(s): Department of Oncology, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Source: Tsalic, M Bar Sela, G Beny, A Visel, B Haim, N Am-J-Clin-Oncol. 2003 February; 26(1): 103-6 0277-3732

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Systemic chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: reasons to combine. Author(s): Oncology Dept, Hospital San Jaime, Alicante, Spain. Source: Calvo, E Clin-Colorectal-Cancer. 2002 November; 2(3): 170-2 1533-0028

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Targeting the mitochondria: an exciting new approach to myeloma therapy. Commentary re: N. J. Bahlis et al., Feasibility and correlates of arsenic trioxide combined with ascorbic acid-mediated depletion of intracellular glutathione for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res., 8: 3658-3668, 2002. Author(s): H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Source: Dalton, W S Clin-Cancer-Res. 2002 December; 8(12): 3643-5 1078-0432

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Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in colorectal cancer. Author(s): Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [email protected] Source: Berlin, J D Oncology-(Huntingt). 2002 August; 16(8 Suppl 7): 13-5 0890-9091

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Telomere shortening and growth inhibition of human cancer cells by novel synthetic telomerase inhibitors MST-312, MST-295, and MST-1991. Author(s): Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan. Source: Seimiya, H Oh hara, T Suzuki, T Naasani, I Shimazaki, T Tsuchiya, K Tsuruo, T Mol-Cancer-Ther. 2002 July; 1(9): 657-65 1535-7163

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The effects of vitamin E succinate on the expression of c-jun gene and protein in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China. Source: Zhao, Y Wu, K Xia, W Shan, Y J Wu, L J Yu, W P World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 October; 8(5): 782-6 1007-9327

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The Integrative Medicine Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Author(s): Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. Source: Cassileth, B R Semin-Oncol. 2002 December; 29(6): 585-8 0093-7754

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The natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Milan, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy. [email protected] Source: Romeo, R Colombo, M Toxicology. 2002 December 27; 181-182: 39-42 0300-483X

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Thymidylate synthase protein expression in primary colorectal cancer: lack of correlation with outcome and response to fluorouracil in metastatic disease sites. Author(s): Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland. [email protected] Source: Johnston, P G Benson, A B 3rd Catalano, P Rao, M S O'Dwyer, P J Allegra, C J JClin-Oncol. 2003 March 1; 21(5): 815-9 0732-183X

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Timing of exposure and mammary cancer risk. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA. [email protected] Source: Lamartiniere, C A J-Mammary-Gland-Biol-Neoplasia. 2002 January; 7(1): 67-76 1083-3021

Nutrition 183

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Use of the best case series to evaluate complementary and alternative therapies for cancer: a systematic review. Author(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Room 2B11, Bethesda, MD 208922182, USA. Source: Nahin, R L Semin-Oncol. 2002 December; 29(6): 552-62 0093-7754

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Weekly high-dose calcitriol and docetaxel in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Author(s): Oregon Health & Science University and Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA. [email protected] Source: Beer, T M Eilers, K M Garzotto, M Egorin, M J Lowe, B A Henner, W D J-ClinOncol. 2003 January 1; 21(1): 123-8 0732-183X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to cancer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Multiple Vitamin-Mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Provitamin A Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Alternative names: Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Alternative names: Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Alternative names: Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (folic acid) Alternative names: Folate, Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Alternative names: Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C and Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,935,00.html Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Vitamin D Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Azelastine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 187

Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium D-glucarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chondroitin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,886,00.html D-alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gamma-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

188 Cancer

Iodine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iodine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10053,00.html Selenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tretinoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 189

Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Food and Diet Almonds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Almonds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,113,00.html Arugula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blackberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,142,00.html Blueberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,101,00.html Bok Choy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Bok Choy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,148,00.html Brazil Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,11,00.html Broccoli Rabe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,185,00.html Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,12,00.html Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burdock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Burdock Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,235,00.html Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 191

Cartilage Alternative names: Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cartilage Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cartilage (bovine and shark) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,15,00.html Cherries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,49,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Collard Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,152,00.html Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Complex Carbohydrates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,993,00.html

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Cranberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,144,00.html Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,19,00.html Endive Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flaxseeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,21,00.html Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 193

Hazelnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html High-fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iceberg Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,127,00.html Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kohlrabi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,319,00.html Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html Low-Fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macadamia Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10046,00.html

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Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Napa Cabbage Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,187,00.html Non-Nutritive and Artificial Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Olives Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,318,00.html Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peanuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pecans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pine Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pistachios Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,176,00.html Radishes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,33,00.html Raspberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,109,00.html Salmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,102,00.html Scallions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,308,00.html Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Special Diets Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Pritikin Diet Program Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,100,00.html Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cancer. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “cancer” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Resources at NCI-Designated Cancer Centers: Survey Results Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 1999. 7 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute. Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237; TTY: (800) 3328615; FAX: (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Free. Summary: This document provides the results of a February 1999 survey on how the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Cancer Patient Education Network representatives respond to patients' questions about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The document summarizes the survey methodology, the results of the survey, and recommendations for developing strategies to promote and provide more effective CAM information to cancer patients and their family members. The document lists the survey questions and responses and provides a list of survey participants.

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Effect of Therapeutic Touch on the Well-Being of Persons With Terminal Cancer Source: Journal of Holistic Nursing. 16(3): 383-398. September 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study of the effects of therapeutic touch on the well-being of patients with terminal cancer. The participants were 20 inpatients with terminal cancer, ages 38 to 68 years, on the palliative care unit of a university-affiliated Canadian hospital. They were randomly assigned to three treatments with noncontact therapeutic touch (experimental group) or three rest periods (control group) on consecutive days. Both interventions lasted 15 to 20 minutes and took place at approximately the same time of day, 1 hour following a regularly prescribed analgesic. Well-being was assessed before and immediately after the intervention using the WellBeing Scale, a visual analogue scale measuring pain, nausea, depression, anxiety, shortness of breath, activity, appetite, relaxation, and inner peace. The mean well-being score increased significantly in the experimental group compared with the control group over the three intervention sessions. The mean score for the experimental group increased progressively that successive treatments, whereas that of the control group decreased slightly over time. The authors discuss factors which might explain the results, and offer suggestions for further research. The article has 1 figure, 6 tables, and 32 references.

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Yoga and Cancer: A Move Toward Relaxation Source: Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 4(3): 150-155. June 1998. Summary: This journal article discusses the potential role of yoga as an adjunct treatment for cancer. Although there is no scientific evidence for the effectiveness of yoga for cancer patients, practitioners suggest that yoga's ability to enhance the relaxation response could improve the immune system's ability to work. They recommend the restorative asanas (poses) as being especially effective in producing the relaxation response and counteracting the negative effects of the stress response on the immune system. Restorative asanas, as distinguished from free-standing yoga poses in which the practitioner actively holds the pose through muscle action, are held using the support of props. Because they require little or no effort, the poses are useful for people who are too weak to perform the more vigorous poses. Individuals and organizations have begun offering yoga classes for breast cancer survivors. In addition, researchers at the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, have been studying the positive effects of yoga for heart patients, and more recently for patients with prostate cancer. The article includes a suggested asana sequence for relaxation, stick diagrams of selected relaxation postures, and a list of resources. It has 4 tables and 6 references.

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Questions and Answers: The Phase III Gonzalez Protocol Trial for Pancreatic Cancer Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 1999. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D141. Summary: This press release describes current research and news items at the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) as well as in the health care field of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cancer and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cancer: •

2003 highlights from: 10th World Congress on Lung Cancer. Author(s): Tyagi F, Lee D. Source: Clinical Lung Cancer. 2003 September; 5(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14614760&dopt=Abstract

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99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC and (18)F-FDG in thyroid cancer patients with negative (131)I whole-body scans. Author(s): Gabriel M, Froehlich F, Decristoforo C, Ensinger C, Donnemiller E, Von Guggenberg E, Heute D, Moncayo R. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003 November 19 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14625664&dopt=Abstract

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A model program: exercise intervention for cancer rehabilitation. Author(s): Schneider CM, Dennehy CA, Roozeboom M, Carter SD. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 March; 1(1): 76-82; Discussion 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664750&dopt=Abstract

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A nested case-control study of stomach cancer in relation to green tea consumption in Japan. Author(s): Hoshiyama Y, Kawaguchi T, Miura Y, Mizoue T, Tokui N, Yatsuya H, Sakata K, Kondo T, Kikuchi S, Toyoshima H, Hayakawa N, Tamakoshi A, Ohno Y, Yoshimura T; Japan Collaborative Cohort Study Group. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 January 12; 90(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710220&dopt=Abstract

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A new voice for cancer patients. Author(s): Rice M. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2003 November; 39(16): 2249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14621679&dopt=Abstract

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A phase II irinotecan-cisplatin combination in advanced pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Markham C, Stocken DD, Hassan AB.

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Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 November 17; 89(10): 1860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612893&dopt=Abstract •

A phase II study of estramustine, docetaxel, and carboplatin with granulocyte-colonystimulating factor support in patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 99813. Author(s): Oh WK, Halabi S, Kelly WK, Werner C, Godley PA, Vogelzang NJ, Small EJ; Cancer and Leukemia Group B 99813. Source: Cancer. 2003 December 15; 98(12): 2592-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14669278&dopt=Abstract

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A phase II study of irinotecan plus chronomodulated oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Author(s): Garufi C, Bria E, Vanni B, Zappala AM, Sperduti I, Terzoli E. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 November 17; 89(10): 1870-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612895&dopt=Abstract

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A phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Jatoi A, Ellison N, Burch PA, Sloan JA, Dakhil SR, Novotny P, Tan W, Fitch TR, Rowland KM, Young CY, Flynn PJ, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN. Cancer 2003;97:1442-1446. Author(s): Trump DL. Source: Urologic Oncology. 2003 September-October; 21(5): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14670556&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Author(s): Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Morton RF, Fuchs CS, Ramanathan RK, Williamson SK, Findlay BP, Pitot HC, Alberts SR. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 23-30. Epub 2003 December 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665611&dopt=Abstract

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A role for antiangiogenic therapy in breast cancer. Author(s): Moses MA, Harper J, Fernandez CA. Source: Current Oncology Reports. 2004 January; 6(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664760&dopt=Abstract

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A three-year study of chaplains' professional activities at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York city. Author(s): Flannelly KJ, Weaver AJ, Handzo GF.


Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2003 December; 12(8): 760-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681950&dopt=Abstract •

Addressing multiple breast cancer risk factors in African-American women. Author(s): Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML, Wells A, Martinovich Z. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2004 January; 96(1): 76-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14746356&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant systemic therapies in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Schiller JH. Source: Clinical Lung Cancer. 2003 September; 5 Suppl 1: S29-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641992&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant treatment for early ovarian cancer: a randomized phase III trial of intraperitoneal 32P or intravenous cyclophosphamide and cisplatin--a gynecologic oncology group study. Author(s): Young RC, Brady MF, Nieberg RK, Long HJ, Mayer AR, Lentz SS, Hurteau J, Alberts DS. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 December 1; 21(23): 4350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645424&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant treatment of breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes: vinorelbine plus epirubicin; vinorelbine plus epirubicin sequential followed up by paclitaxel; epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide; epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide sequential followed up by paclitaxel. A phase II study. Author(s): Elling D, Eggemann H, Kummel S, Breitbach P, Kohls A, Morack G, Schlosser H, Krocker J. Source: Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2003 June; 12(3): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14659328&dopt=Abstract

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Advancing the field of drug delivery: taking aim at cancer. Author(s): Moses MA, Brem H, Langer R. Source: Cancer Cell. 2003 November; 4(5): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667500&dopt=Abstract

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Allicin (from garlic) induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Author(s): Oommen S, Anto RJ, Srinivas G, Karunagaran D. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2004 February 6; 485(1-3): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14757128&dopt=Abstract

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All-trans retinoic acid potentiates Taxotere-induced cell death mediated by Jun Nterminal kinase in breast cancer cells. Author(s): Wang Q, Wieder R. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 426-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724571&dopt=Abstract

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Altered levels and regulation of stathmin in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Author(s): Balachandran R, Welsh MJ, Day BW. Source: Oncogene. 2003 December 4; 22(55): 8924-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14654788&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative antiandrogens to treat prostate cancer relapse after initial hormone therapy. Author(s): Kojima S, Suzuki H, Akakura K, Shimbo M, Ichikawa T, Ito H. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 February; 171(2 Pt 1): 679-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713785&dopt=Abstract

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Analgesic effect of auricular acupuncture for cancer pain: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Author(s): Alimi D, Rubino C, Pichard-Leandri E, Fermand-Brule S, Dubreuil-Lemaire ML, Hill C. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 November 15; 21(22): 4120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14615440&dopt=Abstract

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Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. Author(s): Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Kaslungka S, Luanratana O, Pongpan N, Neungton N. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 January; 90(1): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698525&dopt=Abstract

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Antisense blocking of BRCA1 enhances sensitivity to plumbagin but not tamoxifen in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. Author(s): Srinivas G, Annab LA, Gopinath G, Banerji A, Srinivas P. Source: Molecular Carcinogenesis. 2004 January; 39(1): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694444&dopt=Abstract

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Antitumor activity of herbal supplements in human prostate cancer xenografts implanted in immunodeficient mice. Author(s): Ng SS, Figg WD.


Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5A): 3585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666653&dopt=Abstract •

Approaching complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with cancer: questions and challenges. Author(s): Ben-Arye E, Frenkel M, Margalit RS. Source: The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management. 2004 January-March; 27(1): 53-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717464&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of inter- and intrapatient variability in C15O2 positron emission tomography measurements of blood flow in patients with intra-abdominal cancers. Author(s): Wells P, Jones T, Price P. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003 December 15; 9(17): 6350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14695134&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment and cancer: a conceptual integration. Author(s): Tacon AM. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 December; 1(4): 371-81; Discussion 382-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664730&dopt=Abstract

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Benefit of Paclitaxel in estrogen receptor-negative versus estrogen receptor-positive early breast cancer. Author(s): Bryce C, Kennecke H, Chia S, Ragaz J. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 December 1; 21(23): 4465; Author Reply 4465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645445&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Rotenoids from Derris trifoliata. Author(s): Ito C, Itoigawa M, Kojima N, Tan HT, Takayasu J, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Furukawa H. Source: Planta Medica. 2004 January; 70(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14765285&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer narratives and the cancer support group. Author(s): Yaskowich KM, Stam HJ. Source: Journal of Health Psychology. 2003 November; 8(6): 720-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14670206&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer prevention by tea polyphenols is linked to their direct inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family proteins. Author(s): Leone M, Zhai D, Sareth S, Kitada S, Reed JC, Pellecchia M.

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Source: Cancer Research. 2003 December 1; 63(23): 8118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14678963&dopt=Abstract •

Chemoprevention of gastric cancer: has the time come? Author(s): Correa P. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 December 1; 21(23 Suppl): 270S-271S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645407&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoprevention of superficial bladder cancer. Author(s): Kamat AM. Source: Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003 December; 3(6): 799-808. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686702&dopt=Abstract

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Chemotherapy for bladder cancer. Author(s): Munoz A, Barcelo JR, Lopez-Vivanco G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 4; 349(23): 2272-3; Author Reply 2272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657442&dopt=Abstract

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Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Arriagada R, Bergman B, Dunant A, Le Chevalier T, Pignon JP, Vansteenkiste J; International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 22; 350(4): 351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736927&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical corner: herb-drug interactions in cancer chemotherapy: theoretical concerns regarding drug metabolizing enzymes. Author(s): Block KI, Gyllenhaal C. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 March; 1(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664751&dopt=Abstract

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Combination of trastuzumab and vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Tokuda Y, Saito Y, Ohta M, Tajima T. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 October; 33(10): 514-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623919&dopt=Abstract

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Combined electro-acupuncture with liver artery intubation in treatment of massive liver cancer. Author(s): Xin YL, Liu DR, Meng X.


Source: Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002 August; 1(3): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607714&dopt=Abstract •

Combined epirubicin and vinorelbine as first-line therapy in metastatic breast cancer: a pilot study performed by the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. Author(s): Ejlertsen B, Hojris I, Hansen S, Moholt K, Kristensen B, Mouridsen HT, Andersen J, Rose C, Kjaer M. Source: Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2003 February; 12(1): 42-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14659354&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of whole-body (18)F-FDG PET, (99m)Tc-MIBI SPET, and posttherapeutic (131)I-Na scintigraphy in the detection of metastatic thyroid cancer. Author(s): Iwata M, Kasagi K, Misaki T, Matsumoto K, Iida Y, Ishimori T, Nakamoto Y, Higashi T, Saga T, Konishi J. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003 December 10 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666387&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary and alternative medicine use by women after completion of allopathic treatment for breast cancer. Author(s): Henderson JW, Donatelle RJ. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2004 January-February; 10(1): 527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727500&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer. Author(s): Cassileth BR, Deng G. Source: The Oncologist. 2004; 9(1): 80-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14755017&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary therapies for cancer, more good than harm? Author(s): Ernst E. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2003 October 31; 115(19-20): 676-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14650941&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary therapies in cancer patients: prevalence and patients' motives. Author(s): Spiegel W, Zidek T, Vutuc C, Maier M, Isak K, Micksche M. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2003 October 31; 115(19-20): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14650945&dopt=Abstract

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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched milk fat inhibits growth and modulates CLA-responsive biomarkers in MCF-7 and SW480 human cancer cell lines. Author(s): Miller A, Stanton C, Murphy J, Devery R.

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Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 November; 90(5): 877-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667181&dopt=Abstract •

Coping of cancer patients during and after radiotherapy--a follow-up of 2 years. Author(s): Sehlen S, Song R, Fahmuller H, Herschbach P, Lenk M, Hollenhorst H, Schymura B, Aydemir U, Duhmke E. Source: Onkologie. 2003 December; 26(6): 557-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709930&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of MRI/PET rim enhancement in breast cancer: a delivery related phenomenon with therapy implications? Author(s): Semple SI, Gilbert FJ, Redpath TW, Ahearn TS, Welch AE, Hutcheon AW, Heys SD, Smyth EH, Miller ID, Smith IC. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2003 December; 4(12): 759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14662432&dopt=Abstract

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Critical review of complementary therapies for prostate cancer. Wilkinson S, Chodak GW, Midwest Prostate and Urology Health Center, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2199-2210. Author(s): Chatta G. Source: Urologic Oncology. 2003 November-December; 21(6): 491. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693295&dopt=Abstract

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Cytostatic and cytotoxic activity of synthetic genistein glycosides against human cancer cell lines. Author(s): Polkowski K, Popiolkiewicz J, Krzeczynski P, Ramza J, Pucko W, ZegrockaStendel O, Boryski J, Skierski JS, Mazurek AP, Grynkiewicz G. Source: Cancer Letters. 2004 January 8; 203(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14670618&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of telomerase activity in prostate massage samples improves differentiating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author(s): Vicentini C, Gravina GL, Angelucci A, Pascale E, D'Ambrosio E, Muzi P, Leonardo GD, Fileni A, Tubaro A, Festuccia C, Bologna M. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 29 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749923&dopt=Abstract

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Development of weekly high-dose calcitriol based therapy for prostate cancer. Author(s): Beer TM. Source: Urologic Oncology. 2003 September-October; 21(5): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14670552&dopt=Abstract


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Diet and nutrition in urologic cancer. Author(s): Kamat AM, Lamm DL. Source: W V Med J. 2000 May-June; 96(3): 449-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14619137&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary attitudes and changes as well as use of supplements and complementary therapies by Australian and Finnish women following the diagnosis of breast cancer. Author(s): Salminen E, Bishop M, Poussa T, Drummond R, Salminen S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 January; 58(1): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679379&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk. Author(s): Keinan-Boker L, van Der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Peeters PH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 February; 79(2): 282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749235&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary soy isoflavones and estrone protect ovariectomized ERalphaKO and wildtype mice from carcinogen-induced colon cancer. Author(s): Guo JY, Li X, Browning JD Jr, Rottinghaus GE, Lubahn DB, Constantinou A, Bennink M, MacDonald RS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 January; 134(1): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14704314&dopt=Abstract

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Docetaxel as salvage therapy in advanced gastric cancer: a phase II study of the Gruppo Oncologico Italia Meridionale (G.O.I.M.). Author(s): Giuliani F, Gebbia V, De Vita F, Maiello E, Di Bisceglie M, Catalano G, Gebbia N, Colucci G. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666628&dopt=Abstract

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Docetaxel in advanced gastric cancer--review of the main clinical trials. Author(s): Di Cosimo S, Ferretti G, Fazio N, Silvestris N, Carlini P, Alimonti A, Gelibter A, Felici A, Papaldo P, Cognetti F. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(7): 693-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690154&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of curcuma on radiation-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. Author(s): Baatout S, Derradji H, Jacquet P, Ooms D, Michaux A, Mergeay M. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2004 February; 24(2): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719108&dopt=Abstract

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Effective combination chemotherapy with bimonthly docetaxel and cisplatin with or without hematopoietic growth factor support in patients with advanced

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gastroesophageal cancer. Author(s): Schull B, Kornek GV, Schmid K, Raderer M, Hejna M, Lenauer A, Depisch D, Lang F, Scheithauer W. Source: Oncology. 2003; 65(3): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657594&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of extracts from Bangladeshi medicinal plants on in vitro proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and expression of estrogen receptor alpha gene. Author(s): Lambertini E, Piva R, Khan MT, Lampronti I, Bianchi N, Borgatti M, Gambari R. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2004 February; 24(2): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719119&dopt=Abstract

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Energy balance in early breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Author(s): Harvie MN, Campbell IT, Baildam A, Howell A. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2004 February; 83(3): 201-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14758090&dopt=Abstract

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Enzyme induction and dietary chemicals as approaches to cancer chemoprevention: the Seventh DeWitt S. Goodman Lecture. Author(s): Conney AH. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 1; 63(21): 7005-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612489&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in paediatric cancer patients using 51CREDTA population pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Cole M, Price L, Parry A, Keir MJ, Pearson AD, Boddy AV, Veal GJ. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 January 12; 90(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710207&dopt=Abstract

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Estrogen deficiency symptom management in breast cancer survivors in the changing context of menopausal hormone therapy. Author(s): Chlebowski RT, Kim JA, Col NF. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2003 December; 30(6): 776-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14663778&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of dietary, medical and lifestyle risk factors for incident kidney cancer in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Nicodemus KK, Sweeney C, Folsom AR. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 1; 108(1): 115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14618625&dopt=Abstract


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Evaluation of the Cockroft-Gault, Jelliffe and Wright formulae in estimating renal function in elderly cancer patients. Author(s): Marx GM, Blake GM, Galani E, Steer CB, Harper SE, Adamson KL, Bailey DL, Harper PG. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2004 February; 15(2): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14760124&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence-based complementary medicine for palliative cancer care: does it make sense? Author(s): Ernst E, Filshie J, Hardy J. Source: Palliative Medicine. 2003 December; 17(8): 704-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694922&dopt=Abstract

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Evolving chemoradiation treatment strategies for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Curran WJ Jr. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 2003 December; 17(12 Suppl 13): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14723001&dopt=Abstract

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Exploratory studies of Qigong therapy for cancer in China. Author(s): Chen K, Yeung R. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 December; 1(4): 345-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664729&dopt=Abstract

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FDG PET imaging in hereditary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Boer A, Szakall S Jr, Klein I, Kasler M, Vincze B, Tron L, Godeny M, Herzog H, Peter I, Esik O. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2003 December; 29(10): 922-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624789&dopt=Abstract

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FDG-PET delayed imaging for the detection of head and neck cancer recurrence after radio-chemotherapy: comparison with MRI/CT. Author(s): Kubota K, Yokoyama J, Yamaguchi K, Ono S, Qureshy A, Itoh M, Fukuda H. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2004 January 14 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14722678&dopt=Abstract

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Fighting for life: a qualitative analysis of the process of psychotherapy-assisted selfhelp in patients with metastatic cancer. Author(s): Cunningham AJ, Phillips C, Stephen J, Edmonds C.

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Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 June; 1(2): 146-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664740&dopt=Abstract •

Foods and beverages in relation to urothelial cancer: Case-control study in Japan. Author(s): Wakai K, Hirose K, Takezaki T, Hamajima N, Ogura Y, Nakamura S, Hayashi N, Tajima K. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2004 January; 11(1): 11-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14678179&dopt=Abstract

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Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in cancer treatment. Author(s): Sliva D. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 358-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713328&dopt=Abstract

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Glucuronidation as a mechanism of intrinsic drug resistance in colon cancer cells: contribution of drug transport proteins. Author(s): Cummings J, Zelcer N, Allen JD, Yao D, Boyd G, Maliepaard M, Friedberg TH, Smyth JF, Jodrell DI. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2004 January 1; 67(1): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667926&dopt=Abstract

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Group and individual treatment strategies for distress in cancer patients. Author(s): Clark MM, Bostwick JM, Rummans TA. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 December; 78(12): 1538-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14661683&dopt=Abstract

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Group psychological therapy: an integral part of care for cancer patients. Author(s): Cunningham AJ. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 March; 1(1): 67-75; Discussion 75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664749&dopt=Abstract

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Growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells by epigallocatechin gallate in the presence of cu(2+). Author(s): Yu HN, Yin JJ, Shen SR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 February 11; 52(3): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14759133&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide with hematological growth factors, without stem cell support in patients with advanced cancer. Author(s): Recchia F, De Fillipis S, Piccinini M, Rea S.


Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666615&dopt=Abstract •

Identification of a novel function of TWIST, a bHLH protein, in the development of acquired taxol resistance in human cancer cells. Author(s): Wang X, Ling MT, Guan XY, Tsao SW, Cheung HW, Lee DT, Wong YC. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 474-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724576&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoprotection by botanical drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Author(s): Diwanay S, Chitre D, Patwardhan B. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 January; 90(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698508&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of a residential psychosocial program for cancer patients: a focus group investigation. Author(s): Angen MJ, Simpson JS, MacRae H, Hundleby M. Source: Advances in Mind-Body Medicine. 2003 Fall-Winter; 19(3-4): 24-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686269&dopt=Abstract

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Implementing biologic target volumes in radiation treatment planning for non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Bradley JD, Perez CA, Dehdashti F, Siegel BA. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2004 January; 45 Suppl 1: 96S-101S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736840&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of complementary and alternative cancer therapies in palliative oncology in India. Author(s): Pal SK, Mittal B. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 December; 9(6): 811-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14736351&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants used traditionally to treat cancer. Author(s): Itharat A, Houghton PJ, Eno-Amooquaye E, Burke PJ, Sampson JH, Raman A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 January; 90(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698505&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of Bax and activation of caspases during beta-sitosterol-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Author(s): Choi YH, Kong KR, Kim YA, Jung KO, Kil JH, Rhee SH, Park KY.

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Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2003 December; 23(6): 1657-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612938&dopt=Abstract •

Induction of potent antitumour natural-killer cells from peripheral blood of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Author(s): Oikawa T, Kawai K, Ishiwata I, Ohno T, Akaza H. Source: Bju International. 2003 December; 92(9): 1009-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14632866&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of histone deacetylase increases cytotoxicity to anticancer drugs targeting DNA. Author(s): Kim MS, Blake M, Baek JH, Kohlhagen G, Pommier Y, Carrier F. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 1; 63(21): 7291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612526&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of JNK reduces G2/M transit independent of p53, leading to endoreduplication, decreased proliferation, and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Author(s): Mingo-Sion AM, Marietta PM, Koller E, Wolf DM, Van Den Berg CL. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 596-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14724588&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human colon cancer cell lines by diallyl sulfide. Author(s): Chung JG, Lu HF, Yeh CC, Cheng KC, Lin SS, Lee JH. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2004 February; 42(2): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667466&dopt=Abstract

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Intakes of plant foods, fibre and fat and risk of breast cancer--a prospective study in the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort. Author(s): Mattisson I, Wirfalt E, Johansson U, Gullberg B, Olsson H, Berglund G. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 January 12; 90(1): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710218&dopt=Abstract

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Integrated care. Part I: Expanded psychosocial interventions in cancer care: an introduction to diversional therapy. Author(s): Lee CO. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 November-December; 7(6): 682-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705487&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions of a herbal combination that inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Chung VQ, Tattersall M, Cheung HT.


Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2004 January 17 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14730387&dopt=Abstract •

Interactive Guided Imagery as a way to access patient strengths during cancer treatment. Author(s): Rossman ML. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 June; 1(2): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664741&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative identification and neurophysiologic parameters to verify pelvic autonomic nerve function during total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Author(s): Kneist W, Heintz A, Junginger T. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2004 January; 198(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698312&dopt=Abstract

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Irinotecan and gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, previously treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. A phase II study. Author(s): Pectasides D, Mylonakis N, Farmakis D, Nikolaou M, Koumpou M, Katselis I, Gaglia A, Kostopoulou V, Karabelis A, Kosmas C. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666626&dopt=Abstract

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Irinotecan hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a phase II clinical study. Author(s): Fiorentini G, Rossi S, Dentico P, Bernardeschi P, Calcinai A, Bonechi F, Cantore M, Guadagni S, De Simone M. Source: Tumori. 2003 July-August; 89(4): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14606639&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a standard chemotherapeutic regimen for hormone-refractory prostate cancer? Present and future approaches in the management of the disease. Author(s): Di Lorenzo G, Autorino R, De Laurentiis M, Bianco R, Lauria R, Giordano A, De Sio M, D'Armiento M, Bianco AR, De Placido S. Source: Tumori. 2003 July-August; 89(4): 349-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14606635&dopt=Abstract

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Ligand-induced regulation of ERalpha and ERbeta is indicative of human breast cancer cell proliferation. Author(s): Power KA, Thompson LU. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2003 October; 81(3): 209-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620916&dopt=Abstract

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Malignant histories: Psychosomatic medicine and the female cancer patient in the postwar era. Author(s): Jasen P. Source: Can Bull Med Hist. 2003; 20(2): 265-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14723213&dopt=Abstract

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Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Author(s): Carlson LE, Speca M, Patel KD, Goodey E. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 May; 29(4): 448-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749092&dopt=Abstract

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Mistletoe and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer: a model for the phase I study of botanicals and botanical-drug interactions in cancer therapy. Author(s): Mansky PJ, Grem J, Wallerstedt DB, Monahan BP, Blackman MR. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713326&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B- and mitogenactivated protein kinase-pathways by tea polyphenols in human prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Afaq F, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2004 February 1; 91(2): 232-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14743383&dopt=Abstract

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Moscatilin from the orchid Dendrobrium loddigesii is a potential anticancer agent. Author(s): Ho CK, Chen CC. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 729-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628431&dopt=Abstract

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Multicyclic dose-intensive chemotherapy supported by autologous blood progenitor cell transplantation for relapsed small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Fujimoto N, Ueoka H, Kiura K, Tabata M, Bessho A, Takata I, Sunami K, Hiramatsu Y, Ikeda K, Tanimoto M, Harada M. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 September-October; 23(5B): 4229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666630&dopt=Abstract

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New treatment hope for prostate cancer. Author(s): Moyer P. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2004 January; 5(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14723225&dopt=Abstract


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Non-conventional therapies in childhood cancer: guidelines for distinguishing nonharmful from harmful therapies: a report of the SIOP Working Committee on Psychosocial Issues in Pediatric Oncology. Author(s): Jankovic M, Spinetta JJ, Martins AG, Pession A, Sullivan M, D'Angio GJ, Eden T, Ben Arush MW, X S, Punkko LR, Epelman C, Masera G; SIOP Working Committee on Psychosocial Issues in Pediatric Oncology. Source: Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2004 January; 42(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14752802&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional and botanical modulation of the inflammatory cascade--eicosanoids, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases--as an adjunct in cancer therapy. Author(s): Wallace JM. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 March; 1(1): 7-37; Discussion 37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664746&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional approaches to late toxicities of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer survivors. Author(s): Rock E, DeMichele A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 November; 133(11 Suppl 1): 3785S-3793S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608115&dopt=Abstract

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Oncology professionals' communication with cancer patients about complementary therapy: a survey. Author(s): Hann DM, Baker F, Denniston MM. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2003 September; 11(3): 184-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14659383&dopt=Abstract

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Onward in my journey: preparing nurses for a new age of cancer care. Author(s): Donovan T, Mercer D. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2003 October; 26(5): 400-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710802&dopt=Abstract

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Oral glutamine (AES-14) supplementation inhibits PI-3k/Akt signaling in experimental breast cancer. Author(s): Todorova VK, Harms SA, Luo S, Kaufmann Y, Babb KB, Klimberg VS. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 November-December; 27(6): 404-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14621121&dopt=Abstract

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Paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy administered during pregnancy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Author(s): Mendez LE, Mueller A, Salom E, Gonzalez-Quintero VH.

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Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 November; 102(5 Pt 2): 1200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607056&dopt=Abstract •

Paclitaxel and concurrent radiation in upper gastrointestinal cancers. Author(s): Constantinou M, Tsai JY, Safran H. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(6): 887-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735693&dopt=Abstract

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Parental involvement in restoring the health of a child with cancer in Hong Kong. Author(s): Martinson IM, Yee KH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses. 2003 September-October; 20(5): 233-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14632098&dopt=Abstract

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Patient responses to Cytoluminescent Therapy for cancer: an investigative report of early experiences and adverse effects of an unconventional form of photodynamic therapy. Author(s): Moss RW. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 371-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713330&dopt=Abstract

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Phase 2 trial of single agent docetaxel in platinum and paclitaxel-refractory ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, and primary carcinoma of the peritoneum. Author(s): Markman M, Zanotti K, Webster K, Peterson G, Kulp B, Belinson J. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675679&dopt=Abstract

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Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of unconjugated soy isoflavones administered to individuals with cancer. Author(s): Takimoto CH, Glover K, Huang X, Hayes SA, Gallot L, Quinn M, Jovanovic BD, Shapiro A, Hernandez L, Goetz A, Llorens V, Lieberman R, Crowell JA, Poisson BA, Bergan RC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 November; 12(11 Pt 1): 1213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652284&dopt=Abstract

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Phase I trial of combined-modality therapy for localized esophageal cancer: escalating doses of continuous-infusion paclitaxel with cisplatin and concurrent radiation therapy. Author(s): Brenner B, Ilson DH, Minsky BD, Bains MS, Tong W, Gonen M, Kelsen DP.


Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701767&dopt=Abstract •

Phase I trial of the antivascular agent combretastatin A4 phosphate on a 5-day schedule to patients with cancer: magnetic resonance imaging evidence for altered tumor blood flow. Author(s): Stevenson JP, Rosen M, Sun W, Gallagher M, Haller DG, Vaughn D, Giantonio B, Zimmer R, Petros WP, Stratford M, Chaplin D, Young SL, Schnall M, O'Dwyer PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 December 1; 21(23): 4428-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645433&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II study of gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer not responding to previous chemotherapy. Author(s): Chen YM, Perng RP, Lee CS, Lin WC, Tsai CM, Whang-Peng J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2003 December; 26(6): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14663373&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II study of gemcitabine plus docetaxel in advanced pancreatic cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group study. Author(s): Schneider BP, Ganjoo KN, Seitz DE, Picus J, Fata F, Stoner C, Calley C, Loehrer PJ. Source: Oncology. 2003; 65(3): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657595&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II trial of cisplatin/etoposide and concurrent radiotherapy followed by paclitaxel/carboplatin consolidation for limited small-cell lung cancer: Southwest Oncology Group 9713. Author(s): Edelman MJ, Chansky K, Gaspar LE, Leigh B, Weiss GR, Taylor SA, Crowley J, Livingston R, Gandara DR. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701775&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel in previously untreated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Yasuda K, Igishi T, Kawasaki Y, Yamamoto M, Kato K, Matsumoto S, Kotani M, Sako T, Shigeoka Y, Sugitani A, Histuda Y, Shimizu E. Source: Oncology. 2003; 65(3): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657596&dopt=Abstract

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Photodynamic therapy for refractory superficial bladder cancer: long-term clinical outcomes of single treatment using intravesical diffusion medium. Author(s): Manyak MJ, Ogan K. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 2003 October; 17(8): 633-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622483&dopt=Abstract

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Phytoestrogens and breast cancer. Author(s): Ziegler RG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 February; 79(2): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749221&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot study of idarubicin-based intensive-timing induction therapy for children with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: Children's Cancer Group Study 2941. Author(s): Lange BJ, Dinndorf P, Smith FO, Arndt C, Barnard D, Feig S, Feusner J, Seibel N, Weiman M, Aplenc R, Gerbing R, Alonzo TA. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004 January 1; 22(1): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14701777&dopt=Abstract

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Polyphenols, inflammatory response, and cancer prevention: chlorination of isoflavones by human neutrophils. Author(s): D'Alessandro T, Prasain J, Benton MR, Botting N, Moore R, Darley-Usmar V, Patel R, Barnes S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 November; 133(11 Suppl 1): 3773S-3777S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608113&dopt=Abstract

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Positron emission tomography imaging in evaluation of cancer patients. Author(s): Kumar R, Bhargava P, Bozkurt MF, Zhuang H, Potenta S, Alavi A. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 2003 September; 40(3): 87-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716112&dopt=Abstract

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Positron emission tomography using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose for response monitoring in locally advanced gastroesophageal cancer; a comparison of different analytical methods. Author(s): Kroep JR, Van Groeningen CJ, Cuesta MA, Craanen ME, Hoekstra OS, Comans EF, Bloemena E, Hoekstra CJ, Golding RP, Twisk JW, Peters GJ, Pinedo HM, Lammertsma AA. Source: Molecular Imaging and Biology : Mib : the Official Publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging. 2003 September-October; 5(5): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14630513&dopt=Abstract

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Post-Breast Cancer Lymphedema: Understanding Women's Knowledge of Their Condition. Author(s): Radina ME, Armer JM, Culbertson SD, Dusold JM.


Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2004 January-February; 31(1): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14722593&dopt=Abstract •

Potential health risks of complementary alternative medicines in cancer patients. Author(s): Werneke U, Earl J, Seydel C, Horn O, Crichton P, Fannon D. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 January 26; 90(2): 408-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735185&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors for cod-liver oil supplement use--the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. Author(s): Brustad M, Braaten T, Lund E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 January; 58(1): 128-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679378&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative chemotherapy for esophageal cancer with paclitaxel and carboplatin: results of a phase II trial. Author(s): Keresztes RS, Port JL, Pasmantier MW, Korst RJ, Altorki NK. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 November; 126(5): 1603-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666040&dopt=Abstract

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Principles for applying traditional chinese medicine to cases of cancer. Author(s): Wicke RW, Cheung CS. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 June; 1(2): 175-8; Discussion 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664743&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China. Author(s): Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 1; 108(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14618627&dopt=Abstract

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Protracted infusional 5-fluorouracil plus high-dose folinic acid combined with bolus mitomycin C in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a phase I/II dose escalation study. Author(s): Hartmann JT, Oechsle K, Quietzsch D, Wein A, Hofheinz RD, Honecker F, Nehls O, Kohne CH, Kafer G, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 December 1; 89(11): 2051-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14647137&dopt=Abstract

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Psycho-Oncology 2001: papers from the 4th Comprehensive Cancer Care Conference, October 19-21, 2001. Author(s): Gordon JS. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 June; 1(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664738&dopt=Abstract

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Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer screening: the importance of foreign birth as a barrier to care. Author(s): Goel MS, Wee CC, McCarthy EP, Davis RB, Ngo-Metzger Q, Phillips RS. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2003 December; 18(12): 1028-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687262&dopt=Abstract

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Radioprotective effects of vitexina for breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy with cobalt-60. Author(s): Hien TV, Huong NB, Hung PM, Duc NB. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 March; 1(1): 38-4; Discussion 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664747&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. Author(s): Fujimaki S, Hayashi K. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 December 17; 95(24): 1881-2; Author Reply 1881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679159&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. Author(s): Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P, Tan M. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 February 4; 96(3): 239-40; Author Reply 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14759997&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent rectal cancer within the pelvis. A multicenter analysis of 123 patients and recommendations for adjuvant radiotherapy. Author(s): Hocht S, Hammad R, Thiel HJ, Wiegel T, Siegmann A, Willner J, Wust P, Herrmann T, Eble M, Flentje M, Carstens D, Bottke D, Neumann P, Hinkelbein W. Source: Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ Der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft. [et Al]. 2004 January; 180(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14704840&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness TherapySpiritual (FACIT-Sp) for Japanese patients with cancer. Author(s): Noguchi W, Ohno T, Morita S, Aihara O, Tsujii H, Shimozuma K, Matsushima E.


Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2004 January 23 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14740282&dopt=Abstract •

Response prediction by FDG-PET after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and combined regional hyperthermia of rectal cancer: correlation with endorectal ultrasound and histopathology. Author(s): Amthauer H, Denecke T, Rau B, Hildebrandt B, Hunerbein M, Ruf J, Schneider U, Gutberlet M, Schlag PM, Felix R, Wust P. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2004 February 5 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14762698&dopt=Abstract

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RESPONSE: Re: Zinc Supplement Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer. Author(s): Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci E. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 February 4; 96(3): 240-241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14759998&dopt=Abstract

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Results of interval debulking surgery compared with primary debulking surgery in advanced stage ovarian cancer. Author(s): Morice P, Dubernard G, Rey A, Atallah D, Pautier P, Pomel C, Lhomme C, Duvillard P, Castaigne D. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 December; 197(6): 955-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14644284&dopt=Abstract

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Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: the utility of positron emission tomography in staging potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Reed CE, Harpole DH, Posther KE, Woolson SL, Downey RJ, Meyers BF, Heelan RT, MacApinlac HA, Jung SH, Silvestri GA, Siegel BA, Rusch VW; American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 December; 126(6): 1943-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14688710&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2)-mediated drug resistance by novobiocin, a coumermycin antibiotic. Author(s): Shiozawa K, Oka M, Soda H, Yoshikawa M, Ikegami Y, Tsurutani J, Nakatomi K, Nakamura Y, Doi S, Kitazaki T, Mizuta Y, Murase K, Yoshida H, Ross DD, Kohno S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 1; 108(1): 146-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14618629&dopt=Abstract

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Selenium and its relationship to cancer: an update dagger. Author(s): Whanger PD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2004 January; 91(1): 11-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14748935&dopt=Abstract

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Serum phytoestrogens and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study among Japanese men. Author(s): Ozasa K, Nakao M, Watanabe Y, Hayashi K, Miki T, Mikami K, Mori M, Sakauchi F, Washio M, Ito Y, Suzuki K, Wakai K, Group AT. Source: Cancer Science. 2004 January; 95(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14720329&dopt=Abstract

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Single-agent irinotecan as second-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer. Author(s): Kanat O, Evrensel T, Manavoglu O, Demiray M, Kurt E, Gonullu G, Kiyici M, Arslan M. Source: Tumori. 2003 July-August; 89(4): 405-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14606644&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep management training for cancer patients with insomnia. Author(s): Simeit R, Deck R, Conta-Marx B. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2004 February 4 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14760542&dopt=Abstract

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Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention. Author(s): Sarkar FH, Li Y. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 744-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628433&dopt=Abstract

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Soy: an anticancer agent in wide use despite some troubling data. Author(s): Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628440&dopt=Abstract

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Spiritual correlates of functional well-being in women with breast cancer. Author(s): Levine EG, Targ E. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 June; 1(2): 166-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664742&dopt=Abstract

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Spirituality and care of prostate cancer patients: a pilot study. Author(s): Bowie J, Sydnor KD, Granot M.


Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2003 October; 95(10): 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620707&dopt=Abstract •

Spirituality, breast cancer beliefs and mammography utilization among urban african american women. Author(s): Holt CL, Lukwago SN, Kreuter MW. Source: Journal of Health Psychology. 2003 May; 8(3): 383-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14670216&dopt=Abstract

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Support networks used by African American breast cancer support group participants. Author(s): Henderson PD, Fogel J. Source: The Abnf Journal : Official Journal of the Association of Black Nursing Faculty in Higher Education, Inc. 2003 September-October; 14(5): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664192&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic effect of vitamin E and selenium in human prostate cancer cell lines. Author(s): Venkateswaran V, Fleshner NE, Klotz LH. Source: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2004 January 27 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14745439&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic interaction between the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (“Iressa”) and the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor CPT-11 (irinotecan) in human colorectal cancer cells. Author(s): Koizumi F, Kanzawa F, Ueda Y, Koh Y, Tsukiyama S, Taguchi F, Tamura T, Saijo N, Nishio K. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 20; 108(3): 464-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14648715&dopt=Abstract

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Tea intake, COMT genotype, and breast cancer in Asian-American women. Author(s): Wu AH, Tseng CC, Van Den Berg D, Yu MC. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 1; 63(21): 7526-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612555&dopt=Abstract

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Tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits DNA methyltransferase and reactivates methylation-silenced genes in cancer cell lines. Author(s): Fang MZ, Wang Y, Ai N, Hou Z, Sun Y, Lu H, Welsh W, Yang CS. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 15; 63(22): 7563-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14633667&dopt=Abstract

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Technetium-99m tetrofosmin SPECT predicts chemotherapy response in small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Yeh JJ, Hsu WH, Huang WT, Wang JJ, Ho ST, Kao A. Source: Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine. 2003 May-June; 24(3): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610319&dopt=Abstract

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Telephone Counseling Intervention Increases Intakes of Micronutrient- and Phytochemical-Rich Vegetables, Fruit and Fiber in Breast Cancer Survivors. Author(s): Pierce JP, Newman VA, Flatt SW, Faerber S, Rock CL, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, Gold EB, Hollenbach KA, Wasserman L, Jones L, Ritenbaugh C, Stefanick ML, Thomson CA, Kealey S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 February; 134(2): 452-458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14747688&dopt=Abstract

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The benefits of support group participation to lung cancer survivors--an evaluation. Author(s): McCarthy MM, Thompson A, Rivers S, Jahanzeb M. Source: Clinical Lung Cancer. 1999 November; 1(2): 110-7; Discussion 118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14733657&dopt=Abstract

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The days and nights of cancer cells. Author(s): Canaple L, Kakizawa T, Laudet V. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 15; 63(22): 7545-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14633665&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of dyadic intervention on self-efficacy, social support, and depression for men with prostate cancer. Author(s): Weber BA, Roberts BL, Resnick M, Deimling G, Zauszniewski JA, Musil C, Yarandi HN. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2004 January; 13(1): 47-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14745745&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of foot reflexology on pain in patients with metastatic cancer. Author(s): Stephenson N, Dalton JA, Carlson J. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2003 November; 16(4): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608562&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of spirituality on well-being of people with lung cancer. Author(s): Meraviglia MG. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2004 January-February; 31(1): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14722592&dopt=Abstract


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The efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Author(s): Farivar RS, Gardner-Thorpe J, Ito H, Arshad H, Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Whang EE. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2003 December; 115(2): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14697287&dopt=Abstract

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The evolving role of chemotherapy and other systemic therapies for managing localized prostate cancer. Author(s): Oh WK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 December; 170(6 Pt 2): S28-32; Discussion S33-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610407&dopt=Abstract

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The expression of metallothionein (MT) and proliferation intensity in ovarian cancers treated with cisplatin and paclitaxel. Author(s): Surowiak P, Kaplenko I, Spaczynski M, Zabel M. Source: Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2003 November; 62(4): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14655150&dopt=Abstract

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The molecular mechanism of sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis by 2methoxyestradiol in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Kishi M, Matsuyoshi S, Konishi N. Source: Molecular Carcinogenesis. 2004 January; 39(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694442&dopt=Abstract

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The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib stabilizes a novel active form of p53 in human LNCaP-Pro5 prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Williams SA, McConkey DJ. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 1; 63(21): 7338-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612532&dopt=Abstract

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The role of dietary supplements during cancer therapy. Author(s): Norman HA, Butrum RR, Feldman E, Heber D, Nixon D, Picciano MF, Rivlin R, Simopoulos A, Wargovich MJ, Weisburger EK, Zeisel SH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 November; 133(11 Suppl 1): 3794S-3799S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608116&dopt=Abstract

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The role of positron emission tomographic imaging in breast cancer. Author(s): McDonough MD, DePeri ER, Mincey BA. Source: Current Oncology Reports. 2004 January; 6(1): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664763&dopt=Abstract

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The Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale for Breast Cancer (SLDS-BC). Author(s): Spagnola S, Zabora J, BrintzenhofeSzoc K, Hooker C, Cohen G, Baker F. Source: The Breast Journal. 2003 November-December; 9(6): 463-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616940&dopt=Abstract

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The silent killer: psychological issues in ovarian cancer. Author(s): McCorkle R, Pasacreta J, Tang ST. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003 November-December; 17(6): 300-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14650572&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic massage and healing touch improve symptoms in cancer. Author(s): Post-White J, Kinney ME, Savik K, Gau JB, Wilcox C, Lerner I. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 332-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713325&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic mechanism of ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on gastric cancer. Author(s): Xu AH, Chen HS, Sun BC, Xiang XR, Chu YF, Zhai F, Jia LC. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 November; 9(11): 2424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14606069&dopt=Abstract

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Treating hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: a review of alternative treatments to hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Graf MC, Geller PA. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 November-December; 7(6): 637-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705478&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer: a retrospective analysis of women treated with single-agent carboplatin originally treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. Author(s): Dizon DS, Dupont J, Anderson S, Sabbatini P, Hummer A, Aghajanian C, Spriggs D. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 December; 91(3): 584-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675681&dopt=Abstract

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Troponin I peptide (Glu94-Leu123), a cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor: in vitro and in vivo effects on human endothelial cells and on pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Kern BE, Balcom JH, Antoniu BA, Warshaw AL, Fernandez-del Castillo C. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2003 December; 7(8): 961-8; Discussion 969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675705&dopt=Abstract


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Unconventional therapy for prostate cancer: good, bad or questionable? Author(s): Nelson PS, Montgomery B. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2003 November; 3(11): 845-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668815&dopt=Abstract

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Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and p21 confers resistance to apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Liu ZM, Chen GG, Ng EK, Leung WK, Sung JJ, Chung SC. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 15; 23(2): 503-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14647439&dopt=Abstract

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Use of alternative medicine among Norwegian cancer patients is associated with mental distress--a follow-up study. Author(s): Risberg T, Kolstad A, Cassileth BR. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2002; 41(7-8): 646-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14651209&dopt=Abstract

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Use of complementary/alternative medicine by men diagnosed with prostate cancer: prevalence and characteristics. Author(s): Boon H, Westlake K, Stewart M, Gray R, Fleshner N, Gavin A, Brown JB, Goel V. Source: Urology. 2003 November; 62(5): 849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624907&dopt=Abstract

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Vinorelbine, ifosfamide, and cisplatin combination as salvage chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Song SY, Kim WS, Kim K, Jung CW, Im YH, Kim HJ, Kang WK, Lee HG, Kwon OJ, Rhee CH, Park CH, Park K. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 October; 33(10): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623918&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin C and cancer chemoprevention: reappraisal. Author(s): Lee KW, Lee HJ, Surh YJ, Lee CY. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 December; 78(6): 1074-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668266&dopt=Abstract

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Weekly paclitaxel infusion as salvage therapy in ovarian cancer. Author(s): Boruta DM 2nd, Fowler WC Jr, Gehrig PA, Boggess JF, Walton LA, Van Le L. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 675-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628424&dopt=Abstract

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Whole-body (18)F-FDG PET improves the management of patients with small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Kamel EM, Zwahlen D, Wyss MT, Stumpe KD, von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 December; 44(12): 1911-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14660716&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cancer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Birth Defects Prevention Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BPH Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Canker Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts (Prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diverticular Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysphagia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epstein-Barr Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Measles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopausal Symptoms (other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mononucleosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 Deficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Cell Therapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chiropractic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colon Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,682,00.html Color Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com


Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,683,00.html Craniosacral Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,685,00.html Crystal Healing Alternative names: crystal therapeutics crystal therapy crystal work Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Dance Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,687,00.html Detoxification Therapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com E.S.S.E.N.C.E. Alternative names: ESSENCE Guided Imagery Process Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html Gerson Therapy Alternative names: Gerson dietary regime GDR Gerson method Gerson treatment Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Grape Cure Alternative names: grape diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Guided Imagery Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guided Imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html

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Holistic Referrals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Homeopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,703,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Mind & Body Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Music Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,719,00.html Native American Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,721,00.html Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Oxygen Therapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Rife Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Santera Alternative names: Santerismo Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Seicho-no-ie Alternative names: SNI Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Simonton Method Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Spirituality Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Sub-Atomic Healing (Sub-Atomic Psychic Healing) Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html The Awakened Life Alternative names: The Awakened Life program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html Urine Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,744,00.html Writing Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,745,00.html Yoga Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html •

Chinese Medicine Ezhu Alternative names: Zedoray Rhizome; Rhizoma Curcumae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

•

Herbs and Supplements 7-keto Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com


Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alendronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allium Sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10001,00.html Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html American Ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amino Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10003,00.html

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Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anastrozole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Androstenedione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Androstenedione Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Angelica Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anthocyanins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1026,00.html Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Antioxidants and Free Radicals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arginine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arginine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10005,00.html Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org


Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ashwagandha Alternative names: Withania somniferum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Astragalus Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Astragalus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10006,00.html Astragalus mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus membranaceus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus mongholicus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

244 Cancer

Astragalus sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Australian Fevertree Alternative names: Eucalyptus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barbiturates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BCAAS Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com B-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benzonatate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Beta-carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-carotene Alternative names: b-carotene, Trans-beta Carotene; Provitamin A, Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-carotene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10103,00.html Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-glucan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-sitosterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Beta-sitosterol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,972,00.html Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Biguanides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus, European Blueberry, Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bismuth Subsalicylate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bisphosphonate Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bitter Melon Alternative names: Momordica charantia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bitter Melon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa (actea), Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Black Cohosh Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Black Cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Blackberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,837,00.html

246 Cancer

Bloodroot Alternative names: Sanguinaria canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bloodroot Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blue-Green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blue-Green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Brahmi Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bupleurum Alternative names: Bupleurum chinense, Bupleurum falcatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Camellia Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsaicin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsicum Frutescens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Cat’s Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Catechins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1023,00.html Catnip Alternative names: Nepeta cataria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cat's Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cat's Claw Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum spp., Capsaicin, Chili Pepper, Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cayenne Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

248 Cancer

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,765,00.html Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella asiatica Alternative names: Centella asiatica, Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chaparral Alternative names: Larrea tridentata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chaparral Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chili Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Angelica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chitosan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorophyll Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cholecalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Cimicifuga Racemosa (actea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cobalamin Alternative names: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Alternative names: CoQ10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coleus Alternative names: Coleus forskohlii Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coltsfoot Alternative names: Tussilago farfara Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10102,00.html CoQ10 Alternative names: Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cranberry Alternative names: Vaccinium macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

250 Cancer

Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cysteine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10021,00.html Danggui Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10022,00.html


DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dong Quai (Angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html Doxorubicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

252 Cancer

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Echinacea Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com EDTA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Electrolytes Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eleuthero Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com EPA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eriodictyon Yerbasanta Alternative names: Yerba Santa; Eriodictyon californicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Estrogen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Estrogens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estrogens (combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, polybractea, smithii, Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Globulus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com European Blueberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fennel Alternative names: Foeniculum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,849,00.html Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flavonoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Flaxseed Alternative names: Linum usitatissimum, Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com FOS Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10026,00.html Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Alternative names: GLA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

254 Cancer

German Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginger Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,787,00.html Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginseng Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com GLA Alternative names: Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10030,00.html Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html


Glycyrrhiza Glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gotu Kola Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Grape Seed Alternative names: Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Greater Celandine Alternative names: Chelidonium majus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html

256 Cancer

Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hops Alternative names: Humulus lupulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horse Chestnut Alternative names: Aesculus hippocastanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Huang-qi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydrocotyle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indole-3-carbinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Interferon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com IP-6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ipriflavone Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10039,00.html Isoflavones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Juniper Alternative names: Juniperus communis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lapacho Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lapacho Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavender Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,799,00.html Lepidium Meyenii Alternative names: Maca; Lepidium meyenii Walp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Ligustrum Alternative names: Ligustrum lucidum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lindane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linum Usitatissimum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

258 Cancer

Lipoic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lubricant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lycopene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lycopene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lycopene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,803,00.html Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maitake Alternative names: Grifola frondosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Maitake Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Centella asiatica, Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese); (Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Medroxyprogesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melatonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melatonin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,804,00.html Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mentha X Piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Alternative names: Rheumatrex Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methyltestosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metoclopramide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mifepristone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Milk Thistle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Milk Thistle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10044,00.html

260 Cancer

Milk-vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mistletoe Alternative names: Viscum album Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mistletoe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10109,00.html Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org MSM Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,807,00.html Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Myrrh Alternative names: Commiphora molmol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nac (n-acetylcysteine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,809,00.html N-Acetyl Cysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naringin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10089,00.html Natural Progesterone Cream Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10099,00.html Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Nettle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Noni Alternative names: Morinda citrifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oak Alternative names: Quercus spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org OPCS (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ornithine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pau d'Arco Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Pau d'Arco Alternative names: Tabebuia avellanedae, Tabebuia impestiginosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pau d'Arco Alternative names: Tabebuia avellanedae, Lapacho Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pau d'Arco Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

262 Cancer

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,811,00.html Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha x piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Picrorhiza Alternative names: Picrorhiza kurroa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pregnenolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnenolone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Progesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proton Pump Inhibitors (Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitors) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Prunella Alternative names: Self Heal; Prunella vulgaris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula,Plantago isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pygeum Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pyruvate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Clover Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Reishi Alternative names: Ganoderma lucidum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reishi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Resveratrol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Resveratrol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Resveratrol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1040,00.html Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sarsaparilla Alternative names: Smilax spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Saw Palmetto Alternative names: Serenoa serrulata, Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Saw Palmetto Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Saw Palmetto Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,819,00.html Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shiitake Alternative names: Lentinus edodes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Silybum Marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Soy Isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spirulina Alternative names: Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spirulina and Kelp Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10058,00.html Spleen Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com St. John's Wort Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stevia Alternative names: Sweetleaf; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Strontium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfasalazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Suma Alternative names: Pfaffia paniculata , Hebanthe paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tabebuia Avellanedae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Tamoxifen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tang Kuei Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tetracycline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Theophylline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thuja Occid Alternative names: Arbor Vitae; Thuja occidentalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ticlopidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tocotrienols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trace Minerals Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10061,00.html Trans-beta-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Turmeric Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Turmeric Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,312,00.html Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uncaria Tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Usnea Alternative names: Usnea barbata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vaccinium Macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaccinium Myrtillus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valproic Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitex Alternative names: Chaste; Vitex agnus-castus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitis Vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Willow Bark Alternative names: There are several species of willow includingSalix alba, Salix nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix purpurea, Salix babylonica, White Willow, European Willow, Black Willow, Pussy Willow, Crack Willow, Purple Willow, Weeping Willow, Liu-zhi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Yellow Dock Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Yucca Alternative names: Yucca schidigera , Yucca spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yucca Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning cancer.

Recent Trials on Cancer The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to cancer.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A clinical efficacy study of an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR-2 to treat recurrent or persistent small-volume epithelial ovarian cancer, primary peritoneal serous cancer, or fallopian tube cancer Condition(s): Fallopian Tube Cancer; Ovarian Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the investigational drug, an oral VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer, primary peritoneal serous cancer, or fallopian tube cancer for patients who have failed first line platinum-based therapy and have a persistent rising CA-125. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074867

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A Safety and Feasibility Study of Active Immunotherapy in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma Using Autologous Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Antigen Encoded in Amplified Autologous Tumor RNA Condition(s): Prostate Cancer

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: Purpose: This protocol proposes a safety and feasibility trial in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (stages D1-D3) investigating the induction of antitumor immunity by administration of cultured autologous peripheral blood precursor derived dendritic cells (DC), transfected with mRNA amplified from autologous prostate tumor tissue. The feasibility and dose-limiting toxicity of administering escalating doses of tumor RNA transfected dendritic cells will be defined. As a secondary endpoint, the ability of tumor RNA transfected dendritic cells to induce tumor-specific immune responses will be evaluated. Finally, the anti-tumor effect based on PSA (biochemical) response criteria will be defined. Background: Because prostate cancer is incurable when metastatic and conventional therapies do not offer a clear survival benefit, new therapeutic strategies are warranted. This study is based on the premise that clinically effective cell mediated immune responses against prostate tumors can be elicited by activation of tumor associated antigen specific T cells. Work performed by others and our group suggests that PSA, a protein expressed in virtually all prostate cancers, can serve as a widely expressed candidate antigen for prostate cancer immunotherapy. In particular, we have shown that cultured dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding PSA are remarkably effective in stimulating antigen specific immunity in vitro. Therefore, we hypothesize that administration of PSA RNA transfected DC will lead to detectable levels of PSA specific CTL in the peripheral blood of patients with PSA expressing metastatic prostate cancer. It is hoped that these T cell responses also have clinical antitumor activity. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006430 •

Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Treating Women Who Have Undergone Resection for Relapsed Breast Cancer Condition(s): recurrent breast cancer; stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer; stage IIIA breast cancer; stage IIIB breast cancer; stage IIIC breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): International Breast Cancer Study Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known whether chemotherapy is effective in treating women who have undergone surgery and radiation therapy for relapsed breast cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in treating women who have undergone resection for local and/or regional relapsed breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074152

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Adjuvant Palliative Capecitabine and Gemcitabine in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer Condition(s): adult primary liver cancer; extrahepatic bile duct cancer; Gallbladder Cancer; Pain Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Swiss Institute for Applied Cancer Research Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as capecitabine and gemcitabine, use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Palliative chemotherapy may improve the quality of life in patients who have locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer and may help them live more comfortably. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of adjuvant capecitabine and gemcitabine in improving quality of life in patients who have locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073905

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Amonafide in Treating Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer That Has Progressed After Previous Chemotherapy Condition(s): stage IV breast cancer; recurrent breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as amonafide, work in different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of amonafide in treating women who have metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after previous chemotherapy. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074100

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Arsenic Trioxide in Treating Women With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer Condition(s): stage IIIB breast cancer; stage IIIC breast cancer; stage IV breast cancer; recurrent breast cancer; stage IIIA breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Texas Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as arsenic trioxide, use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of arsenic trioxide in treating women who have locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase II

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075413 •

BB-10901 in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Lung Cancer, Metastatic Carcinoid Tumor, or Other Solid Tumors Condition(s): adult solid tumor; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; Neuroendocrine Carcinoma; Non-small cell lung cancer; pulmonary carcinoid tumor; Small Cell Lung Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Monoclonal antibodies such as BB-10901 can locate tumor cells and either kill them or deliver tumor-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of BB-10901 in treating patients who have recurrent or refractory lung cancer, metastatic carcinoid tumor, or other solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074256

•

BCX-1777 in Treating Patients With Refractory Cancer Condition(s): central nervous system cancer; female reproductive Gastrointestinal Cancer; hematopoietic and lymphoid cancer; skin tumor

cancer;

Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: BCX-1777 may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for their growth. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of BCX-1777 in treating patients who have refractory cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073944 •

Bone Marrow Transplantation in Treating Patients With Hematologic Cancers Condition(s): acute leukemia; atypical chronic myeloid leukemia; chronic leukemia; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disease; plasma cell neoplasm Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Bone marrow transplantation may be able to replace immune cells that were destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy used to kill

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cancer cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of donor bone marrow transplantation in treating patients who have hematologic cancers. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005797 •

Bortezomib in Treating Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Gastric Cancer or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma Condition(s): recurrent gastric cancer; stage III gastric cancer; stage IV gastric cancer; adenocarcinoma of the stomach Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Bortezomib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for their growth. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of bortezomib in treating patients who have unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074009

•

Bryostatin 1 Plus Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Esophageal Cancer or Stomach Cancer Condition(s): Esophageal Cancer; Gastric Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of bryostatin 1 and paclitaxel in treating patients who have locally advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer or stomach cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005599

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Carboplatin, Paclitaxel, and Radiation Therapy With or Without Thalidomide in Treating Patients With Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): adenocarcinoma of the lung; adenosquamous cell lung cancer; bronchoalveolar cell lung cancer; large cell lung cancer; Non-small cell lung cancer; squamous cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.

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Sponsor(s): Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Thalidomide may stop the growth of non-small cell lung cancer by stopping blood flow to the tumor. It is not yet known if combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy is more effective with or without thalidomide. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and radiation therapy with or without thalidomide in treating patients who have newly diagnosed stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004859 •

Celecoxib in Preventing Basal Cell Carcinoma in Patients With Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome Condition(s): basal cell carcinoma of the skin Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of California, San Francisco; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development of cancer. The use of celecoxib may be an effective way to prevent the development of basal cell carcinoma. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II trial to determine the effectiveness of celecoxib in preventing basal cell carcinoma in patients who have basal cell nevus syndrome. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00023621

•

Celecoxib in Treating Patients With Relapsed Prostate Cancer Following Radiation Therapy or Radical Prostatectomy Condition(s): recurrent prostate cancer; stage I prostate cancer; stage II prostate cancer; adenocarcinoma of the prostate Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Celecoxib may stop the growth of cancer by stopping blood flow to the tumor and by blocking the enzymes necessary for tumor cell growth. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of celecoxib in treating patients who have relapsed prostate cancer following radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073970

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Combination Chemotherapy and Celecoxib in Treating Patients With Advanced NonSmall Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): recurrent non-small cell lung cancer; stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer; stage IV non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Celecoxib may stop the growth of tumor cells by stopping blood flow to the tumor. Combining celecoxib with combination chemotherapy may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of combining irinotecan and docetaxel with celecoxib in treating patients who have advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073866

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Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Bladder Cancer Condition(s): stage I bladder cancer; stage II bladder cancer; transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Southwest Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known whether combination chemotherapy is more effective than observation alone in treating bladder cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy with that of observation alone in treating patients who have bladder cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005047

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Combination Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Esophageal Cancer Condition(s): stage 0 esophageal cancer; stage I esophageal cancer; stage II esophageal cancer; stage III esophageal cancer; squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Fox Chase Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the

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effectiveness of combination chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in treating patients who have esophageal cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00021320 •

Combination Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy With or Without AE-941 in Treating Patients With Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer That Cannot Be Removed By Surgery Condition(s): squamous cell lung cancer; large cell lung cancer; stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer; stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer; adenocarcinoma of the lung; adenosquamous cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. AE-941 may help shrink or slow the growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells. It is not yet known if combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy is more effective with or without AE-941 for non-small cell lung cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy with or without AE-941 in treating patients who have stage III non-small cell lung cancer that cannot be removed by surgery. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005838

•

Computed Tomographic Colonography in Detecting Colorectal Polyps or Cancer Condition(s): Colon Cancer; Rectal Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Computed tomographic colonography may be a less invasive diagnostic procedure than colonoscopy for detecting colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer. PURPOSE: Diagnostic trial to study the effectiveness of computed tomographic colonography in detecting colorectal polyps or cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005789

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Docetaxel and Capecitabine in Treating Patients With Metastatic Cancer of the Stomach or Lower Esophagus Condition(s): adenocarcinoma of the stomach; Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus; stage IV gastric cancer; recurrent gastric cancer; stage IV esophageal cancer; recurrent esophageal cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study of the effectiveness of combining docetaxel with capecitabine in treating patients who have metastatic cancer of the stomach or lower esophagus. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054457

•

Evaluate risk factors which predict the transformation of early stage to clinically aggressive prostate cancer. Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Purpose - Excerpt: Environmental factors such as diet and cigarette smoking may play a role in predicting the progression of early stage prostate cancer to advance disease. The goal of this project is to establish an observational cohort of patients with early stage prostate cancer who elect not to undergo radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy to evaluate risk factors which predict the transformation of early stage to clinically aggressive disease. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011349

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Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Alemtuzumab in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Kidney Cancer) Undergoing Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Condition(s): stage IV renal cell cancer; recurrent renal cell cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Baylor College of Medicine Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, use different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Peripheral stem cell transplantation may be able to replace immune cells that were destroyed by chemotherapy. Sometimes the transplanted cells can reject the body's normal tissues. Alemtuzumab and tacrolimus may prevent this from happening.

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PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with alemtuzumab in treating patients who are undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for recurrent or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer). Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073879 •

Gefitinib in Treating Patients With Progressive Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Condition(s): Gastrinoma; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; Insulinoma; Islet Cell Carcinoma; metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; miscellaneous islet cell cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Gefitinib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for their growth. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of gefitinib in treating patients who have progressive metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075439

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Gemcitabine and Carboplatin Followed By Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Stage IIIB or Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer; stage IV non-small cell lung cancer; recurrent non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Ireland Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as gemcitabine, carboplatin, and docetaxel, use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known which treatment regimen is more effective for stage IIIB or stage IV nonsmall cell lung cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of gemcitabine and carboplatin followed immediately by docetaxel with that of giving delayed docetaxel in treating patients who have stage IIIB or stage IV nonsmall cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074204

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GTI-2040 and Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Recurrent, Metastatic, or Unresectable Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Prostate Cancer, or Other Solid Tumors Condition(s): adult solid tumor; Non-small cell lung cancer; Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Princess Margaret Hospital; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: GTI-2040 may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for their growth. It may also increase the effectiveness of docetaxel by making the tumor cells more sensitive to the drug. Combining GTI-2040 with docetaxel may kill more tumor cells PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of combining GTI-2040 with docetaxel in treating patients who have recurrent, metastatic, or unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, or other solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074022

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Hormone Therapy and OGX-011 Before Radical Prostatectomy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer Condition(s): adenocarcinoma of the prostate; stage III prostate cancer; stage II prostate cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Androgens can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells. Drugs such as flutamide and buserelin may stop the adrenal glands from producing androgens. OGX-011 may help flutamide and buserelin kill more tumor cells by making tumor cells more sensitive to the drugs. Giving flutamide and buserelin with OGX-011 before surgery may shrink the tumor so it can be removed during surgery. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of combining hormone therapy with OGX-011 before radical prostatectomy in treating patients who have prostate cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054106

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Imatinib Mesylate and Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Advanced Melanoma or Other Advanced Cancers Condition(s): stage III melanoma; Stage IV Melanoma; Recurrent Melanoma; unspecified adult solid tumor, protocol specific Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Imatinib mesylate may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for their growth. Bevacizumab may stop the growth

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of tumor cells by stopping blood flow to the tumor. Combining imatinib mesylate with bevacizumab may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of combining imatinib mesylate with bevacizumab in treating patients who have advanced melanoma or other metastatic or unresectable cancer. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074308 •

Investigational Drug with Neoadjuvant Hormone Therapy in Patients with High Risk Prostate Cancer Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: This is a multi-center, open label, randomized study. Patients will be randomized to one of the following arms with an allocation ratio of 3:1, respectively: Arm A: Investigational Drug + neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) OR Arm B: neoadjuvant hormone therapy. After randomization, patients will receive study treatment for three cycles (one cycle is defined as 28 days). After completion of three cycles, patients will undergo a prostatectomy and pathology assessments will be completed at a central laboratory, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in Washington, DC. Up to 52 response evaluable patients are expected to be enrolled in this study. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075192

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Low Literacy Intervention for Colorectal Cancer Screening Condition(s): Colorectal Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Purpose - Excerpt: Cancer of the colon/rectum ranks third to lung/prostate cancer in frequency in the VA medical system and second in the US. It has the second highest mortality rate nationally, accounting for 56,500 deaths in 1998. Colorectal cancer is ideally suited for early detection strategies, with pre-cancerous adenomas being the earliest changes preceding the development of malignancies, however, fewer than one in five persons has been screened. Estimates for colorectal cancer screening rates in a predominantly lower socioeconomic status population are even lower, ten percent using the standard FOBT and 5 percent with flexible sigmoidoscopy. The National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplement found that FOBT use within one year was 17 percent in 1992 as compared to 26 percent for digital rectal examinations. In addition, 35 percent had never had colorectal cancer screening tests, compared to 9 percent to 23 percent for other screening tests. Some of the most striking disparities in cancer screening were seen in the difference in compliance rates between more educated and

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less educated patients. The overall objectives are to: 1) assess patient and physician (MD) factors that affect the use of colorectal screening with fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and flexible sigmoidoscopy in the primary care setting; and 2) develop and evaluate the effectiveness of patient- and MD-directed interventions designed for improving rates of colorectal cancer screening tests in general medicine clinics at VA Chicago Health Care System-Lakeside Division (LS). The study will be conducted in three stages: 1) intervention development; 2) intervention implementation; and 3) evaluation. Physicians in the intervention will participate in a CQI program, including feedback sessions on their patients' rates of participation in colorectal cancer screening and will receive training in communicating with patients with low literacy skills. Patients in the intervention will participate in a targeted educational program on colorectal cancer screening. Physician rates of screening recommendation and patient receipt of colorectal cancer screening will be measured compared with the standard care arm. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00012922 •

MLN2704 in Treating Patients With Progressive Metastatic Prostate Cancer Condition(s): adenocarcinoma of the prostate; recurrent prostate cancer; stage IV prostate cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Monoclonal antibodies such as MLN2704 can locate tumor cells and either kill them or deliver tumor-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of MLN2704 in treating patients who have progressive metastatic prostate cancer. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074347

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Paclitaxel and Irinotecan in Treating Patients With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer; stage IV non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Yale Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of paclitaxel and irinotecan in treating patients who have advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below

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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004924 •

Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Patients With Hematologic Cancer or Aplastic Anemia Condition(s): childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; Leukemia; Lymphoma; myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases; plasma cell neoplasm Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Roswell Park Cancer Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Peripheral stem cell transplantation may be able to replace immune cells that were destroyed by chemotherapy used to kill cancer cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of chemotherapy followed by donor peripheral stem cell transplantation in treating patients who have hematologic cancer or aplastic anemia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00053989

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Photodynamic Therapy With Lutetium Texaphyrin in Treating Patients With Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer Condition(s): adenocarcinoma of the prostate; stage I prostate cancer; stage II prostate cancer; recurrent prostate cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Photodynamic therapy uses light and drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to light to kill tumor cells. This may be effective treatment for locally recurrent prostate cancer. Photosensitizing drugs, such as lutetium texaphyrin, are absorbed by cancer cells and, when exposed to light, become active and kill the cancer cells. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with lutetium texaphyrin in treating patients who have locally recurrent prostate cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005067

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Polyphenon E (Green Tea Extract) and Low-Dose Aspirin in Preventing Cancer in Women at High Risk For Developing Breast Cancer Condition(s): Breast Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development of cancer. Polyphenon E (green tea extract) and lowdose aspirin may be effective in preventing the development of breast cancer.

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PURPOSE: Randomized phase II trial to compare the effectiveness of Polyphenon E with that of low-dose aspirin in preventing breast cancer in women who are at high risk of developing breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074061 •

Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With HighRisk Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Nordic Society for Gynaecologic Oncology; EORTC Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known whether radiation therapy with chemotherapy is more effective than radiation therapy alone in treating high-risk endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in treating patients who have highrisk endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005583

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Study of an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR-2 for the treatment of advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer Condition(s): Lung Cancer; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the investigational drug, an oral VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor when given in combination with chemotherapy (carboplatin and paclitaxel) is effective in the treatment of advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074854

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•

Study of Neurologic Progression with Motexafin Gadolinium and Radiation Therapy (SMART) Condition(s): Neoplasm

Brain

Neoplasms;

Carcinoma,

Non-Small-Cell

Lung;

Metastases,

Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pharmacyclics Purpose - Excerpt: The primary purpose of the study is to determine if patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer treated with Motexafin Gadolinium and whole brain radiation therapy retain their neurologic function and ability to think for a longer time compared to patients treated with whole brain radiation therapy alone. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054795 •

Study of Paclitaxel, Estramustine Phosphate and Thalidomide for Patients With Metastatic Androgen-Independent Prostate Carcinoma Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: The three study drugs (Thalidomide, Taxol, and Estramustine) used in this study are all chemotherapy drugs used in shrinking the cancer. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00038246

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Surgery to Remove Sentinel Lymph Nodes With or Without Removing Lymph Nodes in the Armpit in Treating Women With Breast Cancer Condition(s): stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP); National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Removing the sentinel lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope may help plan more effective surgery for breast cancer. It is not yet known if surgery to remove the sentinel lymph nodes is more effective with or without removal of the lymph nodes in the armpit in treating breast cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of surgery to remove the sentinel lymph nodes with or without removal of lymph nodes in the armpit in treating women who have breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below

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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003830 •

Tamoxifen to Prevent Bone Loss and Heart Disease in Premenopausal Women Receiving Chemotherapy for Stage I or Stage II Breast Cancer Condition(s): Osteoporosis; stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Tamoxifen may be able to increase bone density and decrease cholesterol in women who are undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study the effectiveness of tamoxifen in preventing bone loss and heart disease caused by chemotherapy treatment in premenopausal women who have stage I or stage II breast cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005605

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Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction (ED) in Patients Treated for Prostate Cancer Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if there is a significant difference in erectile function between men treated with sildenafil (FDA approved drug for treatment of erectile dysfunction) versus placebo after radiation therapy (RT) plus neoadjuvant total androgen suppression (TAS) for prostate cancer and to determine if there is a significant difference in overall sexual function and satisfaction between men treated with sildenafil versus placebo. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075127

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Two Regimens of Docetaxel in Treating Patients Who Have Not Received Chemotherapy For Unresectable Stage IIIB or Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer; stage IV non-small cell lung cancer; recurrent non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Ireland Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as docetaxel, use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known which docetaxel regimen is more effective for non-small cell lung cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II trial to compare the effectiveness of two regimens of docetaxel in treating patients who have not previously received chemotherapy for unresectable stage IIIB or stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase II

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075374 •

ZD6474 and Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic NonSmall Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): Non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. ZD6474 may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for tumor cell growth. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II trial to compare the effectiveness of different regimens of ZD6474 combined with docetaxel in treating patients who have locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that is refractory to platinum-based chemotherapy. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054093

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Vaccine Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage IIIB or Stage IV Bronchoalveolar Lung Cancer Condition(s): bronchoalveolar cell lung cancer; stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer; stage IV non-small cell lung cancer; recurrent non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Southwest Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Vaccines made from a person's tumor tissue may make the body build an immune response to kill tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of vaccine therapy in treating patients who have stage IIIB or stage IV bronchoalveolar (lung) cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074295

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United

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States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “cancer” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

289

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CANCER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cancer, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cancer By performing a patent search focusing on cancer, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

290 Cancer

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cancer: •

Antibody conjugate formulations for selectively inhibiting VEGF Inventor(s): Brekken; Rolf A. (Seattle, WA), Thorpe; Philip E. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 6,676,941 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed are antibodies that specifically inhibit VEGF binding to only one (VEGFR2) of the two VEGF receptors. The antibodies effectively inhibit angiogenesis and induce tumor regression, and yet have improved safety due to their specificity. The present invention thus provides new antibody-based compositions, methods and combined protocols for treating cancer and other angiogenic diseases. Advantageous immunoconjugate and prodrug compositions and methods using the new VEGF-specific antibodies are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of antibodies, angiogenesis and tumor treatment. More particularly, it provides anti-VEGF antibodies that specifically inhibit VEGF binding to only one (VEGFR2) of the two VEGF receptors. Such antibodies inhibit angiogenesis and induce tumor regression, and yet have improved safety due to their specific blocking properties. The antibody-based compositions and methods of the invention also extend to the use of immunoconjugates and other therapeutic combinations, kits and methods, including those with prodrugs. Tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents represents a significant problem in clinical oncology. In fact, this is one of the main reasons why many of the most prevalent forms of human cancer still resist effective chemotherapeutic intervention, despite certain advances in this field. Another tumor treatment strategy is the use of an "immunotoxin", in which an anti-tumor cell antibody is used to deliver a toxin to the tumor cells. However, in common with chemotherapeutic approaches, immunotoxin therapy also suffers from significant drawbacks when applied to solid tumors. For example, antigen-negative or antigen-deficient cells can survive and repopulate the tumor or lead to further metastases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676941__

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Anti-cancer drug aldehyde conjugate drugs with enhanced cytotoxicity compounds, compositions and methods Inventor(s): Fenick; David J. (Washington, DC), Koch; Tad H. (Boulder, CO), Taatjes; Dylan J. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): University Technology Corporation (boulder, Co) Patent Number: 6,677,309 Date filed: February 27, 1998 Abstract: Monomeric and dimeric anti-cancer drug aldehyde conjugate compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Specifically, monomeric and dimeric aldehyde conjugates of 1-2, dihetero-substituted anti-cancer drugs, including monomeric and dimeric aldehyde conjugates of anthracyclines, are provided. Also provided are prodrugs which, after administration, release monomeric aldehyde conjugates. Further

Patents 291

provided are pharmaceutical and therapeutic compositions containing anti-cancer drug aldehyde conjugates and methods of treating cancer using the aldehyde conjugates. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compounds useful in the treatment of cancer. Particularly, this invention relates to anti-cancer drugs comprising an amino alcohol functionality, e.g. anthracyclines. More particularly, this invention relates to anthracycline aldehyde conjugates formed by reaction of an anthracycline with an aldehyde, e.g. formaldehyde. Doxorubicin (adriamycin) continues to be one of the most important anti-cancer drugs available. It is a broad spectrum drug particularly useful in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute leukemias, sarcomas, and solid tumors of the breast, lung, and ovary (young, R. C. et al. (1981) New Engl. J. Med. 305:139-153). The closely related drug daunorubicin (daunomycin) is used primarily for the treatment of acute leukemia. A major problem associated with doxorubicin and daunorubicin chemotherapy is multi-drug resistance. Multi-drug resistance is characterized by resistance to several drugs developed by tumor cells upon treatment with one drug. Mechanisms proposed for tumor cell multi-drug resistance include overexpression of cell membrane proteins which enhance efflux of the drug, and overexpression of glutathione transferase which transforms xenobiotics to glutathione conjugates for excretion (Volm, M. (1991) Br. J. Cancer 64:700-704; Giai, M. et al. (1991) Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 12:359-73; Black, S. M. and Wolf (1991) Pharmac. Ther. 51:139154; Serafino, A. et al. (1998) Anticancer Res. in press). Glutathione itself is also thought to be involved in resistance in a variety of tumors (Blair, S. L. (1997) Cancer Res. 57:152155). Resistance to anthracycline anti-cancer antibiotics has been shown to involve a lower concentration of drug-produced reactive oxygen species, presumably resulting from overexpression of enzymes which destroy superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Sinha, B. K. and Mimnaugh, E. G. (1990) Free Radicals Biol. Med.8:567-581. In spite of intensive investigation of the mode of action of doxorubicin and daunorubicin, the events leading to cell death and differential cytotoxicity are not totally understood. This has hindered the development of new analogs which are both more effective and which overcome multi-drug resistance. Both drugs are excellent DNA intercalators, and have been shown to concentrate in the cell nucleus (Chaires, J. B. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35:2047-2053; Egorin, M. J. et al. (1974) Cancer Res. 34:2243-2245; Coley, H. M. et al. (1993) Br. J. Cancer 67:1316-1323). Crystallographic data have established specific sequences as the sites of drug intercalation (Wang, A. H.-J. et al. (1987) Biochemistry 26:1152-1163; Frederick, C. A. et al. (1990) Biochemistry 29:2538-2549). The drugs are redox active through the quinone functionality and are substrates for one-electron redox enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, cytochrome P450 reductase, and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Pan, S. et al. (1981) Mol. Pharmacol. 19:184-186; Schreiber, J. et al. (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:348-351; Schreiber, J. et al. (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:348-351; Kappus, H. (1986) Biochem. Pharmacol. 35:1-6). Furthermore, reduction in the presence of molecular oxygen results in catalytic production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Lown, W. J. et al. (1982) Biochem. Pharmacol. 31:575-581; Doroshow, J. H. (1983) Cancer Res.43:4543-4551; Sinha, B. K. (1989) Chem. Biol. Interact. 69:293-317). In an anaerobic environment, reduction leads to glycosidic cleavage to produce a quinone methide transient, long thought to be an alkylating agent for DNA (Kleyer, D. and Koch, T. H. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:2380-2387; Abdella, B. R. J. and Fisher, J. A. (1985) Envir. Health Perspect. 64:3-18; Gaudiano, G. et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:6537-6544; Moore, H. W. and Czerniak, R. (1981), Med. Res. Rev. 1:249280). Currently, the most popular explanation for cytotoxicity is induction of topoisomerase-mediated DNA strand breaks through intercalation, with modulation through a signaling cascade involving a cell membrane receptor for doxorubicin (Liu, L. F. (1989) 58:351-375; Tritton, T. R. (1991) Pharmac. Ther. 49:293-301).

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677309__ •

Cancer associated antigens and uses therefor Inventor(s): Chen; Yao-Tseng (New York, NY), Gure; Ali (New York, NY), Old; Lloyd J. (New York, NY), Scanlan; Matthew J. (New York, NY), Williamson; Barbara (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 6,686,147 Date filed: September 9, 1999 Abstract: Cancer associated antigens have been identified by autologous antibody screening of libraries of nucleic acids expressed in testis cells using antisera from seminoma patients. The invention relates to nucleic acids and encoded polypeptides which are cancer associated antigens expressed in patients afflicted with a variety of cancers. The invention provides, inter alia, isolated nucleic acid molecules, expression vectors containing those molecules and host cells transfected with those molecules. The invention also provides isolated proteins and peptides, antibodies to those proteins and peptides and cytotoxic T lymphocytes which recognize the proteins and peptides. Fragments of the foregoing including functional fragments and variants also are provided. Kits containing the foregoing molecules additionally are provided. The molecules provided by the invention can be used in the diagnosis, monitoring, research, or treatment of conditions characterized by the expression of one or more cancer associated antigens. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to nucleic acids and encoded polypeptides which are cancer associated antigens. The invention also relates to agents which bind the nucleic acids or polypeptides. The nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides coded for by such molecules and peptides derived therefrom, as well as related antibodies and cytolytic T lymphocytes, are useful, inter alia, in diagnostic and therapeutic contexts. The mechanism by which T cells recognize foreign materials has been implicated in cancer. A number of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones directed against autologous melanoma antigens, testicular antigens, and melanocyte differentiation antigens have been described. In many instances, the antigens recognized by these clones have been characterized. The use of autologous CTLs for identifying tumor antigens requires that the target cells which express the antigens can be cultured in vitro and that stable lines of autologous CTL clones which recognize the antigen-expressing cells can be isolated and propagated. While this approach has worked well for melanoma antigens, other tumor types, such as epithelial cancers including breast and colon cancer, have proved refractory to the approach. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686147__

Patents 293

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CDK inhibitors having 3-hydroxychromen-4-one structure Inventor(s): Choi; Sei-Hyun (Taejon, KR), Chung; Hyun-Ho (Taejon, KR), Hong; ChangYong (Taejon, KR), Jeong; Shin-Wu (Taejon, KR), Kim; Dong-Myung (Taejon, KR), Kim; Eunice Eun-Kyeong (Taejon, KR), Kim; Jong-Hyun (Taejon, KR), Lee; Jin-Ho (Taejon, KR), Park; Tae-Sik (Taejon, KR), Ro; Seong-Gu (Taejon, KR), Son; Ho-Sun (Taejon, KR), Yoon; Sook-Kyung (Taejon, KR) Assignee(s): LG Life Sciences Ltd. (seoul, Kr) Patent Number: 6,683,095 Date filed: November 1, 2002 Abstract: A novel 3-hydroxychromen-4-one derivative, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or isomer thereof which is useful as an inhibitor for Cyclin Dependent Kinase ("CDK") is disclosed. Further, a process for preparing the compound and a composition for suppression or treatment of cancer and diseases induced by cell proliferation such as inflammation, angiostenosis, angiogenesis, etc. is disclosed comprising the compound as an active component together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Excerpt(s): pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or isomer thereof which is useful as an inhibitor for Cyclin Dependent Kinase (hereinafter, referred to as "CDK"). The present invention further relates to a process for preparing the compound of formula (1) and to a composition for suppression or treatment of cancer and diseases induced by cell proliferation such as inflammation, angiostenosis, angiogenesis, etc. which comprises the compound of formula (1) as an active component together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Researches on cell division process in molecular level have been extensively performed from the late 1980's through study of division of frog oocytes, analysis several yeast cell growth or characterization of induced mutants by radiation and study of the tumor suppressor Rb. In the 1990's, it was discovered that cell growth regulators of small size control the cell division process (i.e. growth, differentiation, cytogenesis, aging and apoptosis, etc.) through their own regulatory function. These results were very useful for more precise understanding of the pathology of several diseases. A representative example is cancer. In transformation process from normal cells to cancer cells, it was frequently observed that cell growth regulators lose their own function. That is, in cancer cells, the cell growth regulators show an abnormal activity, which is intimately associated with invasion/metastasis, the most crucial factor considered in the cancerpathology. Particularly, cell cycle deregulation is recognized to be a direct cause of cancer since cancer occurs when overexpression or knock-out of cell growth regulators is induced in the transformed animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683095__

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Coding sequence haplotype of the human BRCA1 gene Inventor(s): Allen; Antonette C. P. (Severn, MD), Angelly; Tracy S. (Gaithersburg, MD), Lawrence; Tammy (Laurel, MD), Olson; Sheri J. (Falls Church, VA), Rabin; Mark B. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): Gene Logic Inc. (gaithersburg, Md) Patent Number: 6,686,163 Date filed: December 20, 2001

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Abstract: The invention is directed to isolated coding sequences and to the protein sequences they code for. The coding sequence for BRCA1(omi4) gene is provided together with the protein sequence it codes for. The BRCA1(omi4) sequence is used for identifying an individual having an increased genetic susceptibility to breast or ovarian cancer because the patient has an inherited causative mutation in their BRCA1 gene. This invention is also related to a method of performing gene therapy with the isolated BRCA1(omi4) coding sequence and protein replacement therapy with the BRCA1(omi4) protein. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a gene which has been associated with breast and ovarian cancer where the gene is found to be mutated. More specifically, this invention relates to a coding sequence of the BRCA1 gene, BRCA1(omi4), isolated from human subjects which defines a new haplotype. It has been estimated that about 5-10% of breast cancer is inherited Rowell, et al., American Journal of Human Genetics, 55:861-865 (1994). Located on chromosome 17, BRCA1 is the first gene identified to be conferring increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Miki et al., Science, 266:66-71 (1994). Mutations in this "tumor suppressor" gene are thought to account for roughly 45% of inherited breast cancer and 80-90% of families with increased risk of early onset breast and ovarian cancer. Easton et al., American Journal of Human Genetics, 52:678-701 (1993). Locating one or more mutations in the BRCA1 region of chromosome 17 provides a promising approach to reducing the high incidence and mortality associated with breast and ovarian cancer through the early detection of women at high risk. These women, once identified, can be targeted for more aggressive prevention programs. Screening is carried out by a variety of methods which include karyotyping, probe binding and DNA sequencing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686163__ •

Cyclopentane heptan(ene)oic acid, 2-heteroarylalkenyl derivatives as therapeutic agents Inventor(s): Burk; Robert M. (Laguna Beach, CA) Assignee(s): Allergan, Inc. (irvine, Ca) Patent Number: 6,680,337 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides cyclopentane heptanoic acid, 2 heteroaryl alkyl or alkenyl derivatives which may be substituted in the 1-position with hydroxyl, alkyloxy, amino and amido groups, e.g. 1-OH cyclopentane heptanoic acid, 2 heteroarylalkenyl derivatives. In particular, these derivatives are 7-[5-hydroxy-2(heteroatom-substituted hydroxyhydrocarbyl)-3-hydroxycyclopentyl] heptanoic or heptenoic acids and amine, amide, ether, ester and alchohol derivatives of said acids wherein one or more of said hydroxy groups are replaced with an ether group. These compounds are potent ocular hypotensive and are particularly suited for the management of glaucoma. Moreover, the compounds of this invention are smooth muscle relaxants with broad application in systemic hypertensive and pulmonary diseases; with additional application in gastrointestinal disease, reproduction, fertility, incontinence, shock, inflammation, immune regulation, disorder of bone metabolism, renal dysfunction, cancer and other hypoproliferative diseases. Excerpt(s): Ocular hypotensive agents are useful in the treatment of a number of various ocular hypertensive conditions, such as post-surgical and post-laser trabeculectomy

Patents 295

ocular hypertensive episodes, glaucoma, and as presurgical adjuncts. Glaucoma is a disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure. On the basis of its etiology, glaucoma has been classified as primary or secondary. For example, primary glaucoma in adults (congenital glaucoma) may be either open-angle or acute or chronic angle-closure. Secondary glaucoma results from pre-existing ocular diseases such as uveitis, intraocular tumor or an enlarged cataract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680337__ •

Enzyme catalyzed therapeutic activation Inventor(s): Chan; Ming Fai (Encinitas, CA), Groziak; Michael P. (Palo Alto, CA), Shepard; H. Michael (Encinitas, CA) Assignee(s): Newbiotics, Inc. (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 6,683,061 Date filed: October 10, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides novel substrate compounds that selectively inhibit the proliferation of pathological cells, for example, pathological calls that endogenously overexpress a target enzyme that confers resistance to biologic and chemotherapeutic agents. The enzyme acts on a substrate compound to 1) convert it to a cellular toxin and/or 2) release a toxic byproduct. In one embodiment, the activity of the target enzyme has been greatly enhanced in a target cell as a result of loss of tumor suppressor function and/or selection resulting from previous exposure to chemotherapy. In another embodiment, the pathological cell contains a target enzyme that is an expression product of an infectious agent in the cell. Further provided by this invention is a method for treating a subject by delivering to the subject a prodrug as described herein. The prodrugs of this invention may be used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics or alternative anti-cancer therapies such as radiation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of drug discovery and specifically, the design of prodrugs that are substrates for endogenous intracellular enzymes that are overexpressed in pathological cells. Throughout and within this disclosure, various publications are referenced by first author and date, patent number or publication number. The full bibliographic citation for each reference can be found within the specification or at the end of this application, immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference into this disclosure to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. The heterogeneity of malignant tumors with respect to their genetics, biology and biochemistry as well as primary or treatment-induced resistance to therapy mitigate against curative treatment. Moreover, many anticancer drugs display only a low degree of selectivity, causing often severe or even life threatening toxic side effects, thus preventing the application of doses high enough to kill all cancer cells. Searching for anti-neoplastic agents with improved selectivity to treatment-resistant pathological, malignant cells remains therefore a central task for drug development. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683061__

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Gene that is amplified and overexpressed in cancer and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Batra; Surinder K. (Omaha, NE), Hollingsworth; Michael A. (Omaha, NE) Assignee(s): The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska (lincoln, Ne) Patent Number: 6,680,196 Date filed: September 27, 2000 Abstract: A human nucleic acid, PD2, its encoded protein and antibodies immunologically specific thereto are disclosed herein. The expression of the disclosed PD2 gene plays a key role in the regulation of differentiation and in the maintenance of the neoplastic state. The PD2 gene and its encoded protein represent valuable therapeutic targets in the differential diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and neoplastic disease, and more specifically, to isolated nucleic acids, proteins, antibodies, methods and kits containing the same which are useful in genetic screening assays, and in the design of clinically beneficial chemotherapeutic agents which inhibit the aberrant cellular proliferation in tumor cells. Several publications are referenced in this application by author name and year of publication in parentheses in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. The disclosure of each of these publications is incorporated by reference herein. Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of death by cancer in the United States. Twenty-four thousand people die each year from this disease. The 5-year survival for pancreatic cancer patients is less than 5% and the incidence of the disease has tripled over the last 40 years. The molecular basis underlying the pathogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains unknown. As a result,:the disease has an extremely poor prognosis and lacks early diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680196__

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Mammaglobin, a secreted mammary-specific breast cancer protein Inventor(s): Fleming; Timothy P. (St. Louis, MO), Watson; Mark A. (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): Washington University (st. Louis, Mo) Patent Number: 6,677,428 Date filed: May 30, 2000 Abstract: A purified and isolated DNA sequence and the encoded mammary-specific secreted protein, mammaglobin, are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for detecting breast cancer based upon the overexpression and secretion of mammaglobin by breast cancer cells. The methods detect and/or quantitate the presence of mammaglobin or the mRNA encoding mammaglobin. Immunotherapy-based methods for treating a breast cancer patient with a mammaglobin-expressing tumor are also disclosed. The methods involve using mammaglobin antigens to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response against the tumor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of breast cancer pathogenesis and, more particularly, to a cDNA sequence and encoded mammary-specific protein for use in detecting and treating breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the most common and potentially lethal of cancers. Although early diagnosis and treatment can reduce morbidity and mortality related to the disease, the positive predictive value of

Patents 297

mammography has been estimated to be only about 25% (Hall et al., N Engl J Med 327:319-328, 1992 which is incorporated by reference). It would, therefore, be desirable to have a means for detecting the cancer earlier than the cancer can be detected using mammography and a genetic or biochemical marker might be able to provide such means to complement and increase the predictive value of mammography. (Hayes, Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 8:485, 1994 which is incorporated by reference). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677428__ •

Method for enhancing the effectiveness of cancer therapies Inventor(s): Chang; Yan (Ashland, MA), Sasak; Vodek (Northboro, MA) Assignee(s): Glycogenesys, Inc. (boston, Ma) Patent Number: 6,680,306 Date filed: June 20, 2002 Abstract: The efficacy of conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation is enhanced by the use of a therapeutic material which binds to and interacts with galectins. The therapeutic material can enhance apoptosis thereby increasing the effectiveness of oncolytic agents. It can also inhibit angiogenesis thereby moderating tumor growth and/or metastasis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods and materials for the treatment of cancer. More specifically, the invention relates to methods and materials for enhancing the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Conventional treatment for cancers involves the use of chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and surgery, either alone or in combination. The medical arts have developed a number of treatments based upon the foregoing therapies. The present invention is directed to specific materials which can act to enhance the effectiveness of the foregoing therapies. Galectins comprise a family of proteins which are expressed by plant and animal cells and which bind.beta.-galactoside sugars. These proteins can be found on cell surfaces, in cytoplasm, and in extracellular fluids. They have a molecular weight in the general range of 29-34 kD; they have an affinity for.beta.-galactoside containing materials, and have been found to play a number of important roles in biological processes including cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, angiogenesis, cell fusion and other cell-cell interactions, as well as immunebased reactions and apoptosis. As such, the role of galectins is very strongly tied to cancer and other proliferative diseases. While there are a large number of galectins which manifest the foregoing activities, galectin-3 and galectin-1 have been strongly implicated in connection with cellular processes involving cancers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680306__

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Method for identification of cellular protein antigens and presence of antibodies to specific cellular protein antigens in serum Inventor(s): Hanash; Samir M. (Ann Arbor, MI), Hinderer; Robert (Flint, MI), Misek; David (Ann Arbor, MI), Prasannan; Latha (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Michigan (ann Arbor, Mi) Patent Number: 6,677,128 Date filed: December 16, 1999

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Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for identification of cellular protein antigens to which patients with cancer, or patients at risk for cancer, may develop autoantibodies. The method of the invention involves the use of patient derived sera for the identification of the cellular protein antigens using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by Western Blot analysis. The identification of such protein antigens provides novel markers that can be utilized for screening, for diagnostics and prognosis of disease. The invention also provides for the use of the identified protein antigens in immunoassays designed to detect the presence of serum antibodies to the specific protein antigens in sera from individuals that may harbor such antibodies. The invention further relates to the use of the identified antigens as immunogens for stimulation of an immune response in patients expressing such protein antigens. The invention is demonstrated by way of example in which elevated levels of circulating autoantibodies reactive against a tumor specific antigen were identified in sera derived from a lung cancer patient. In addition, elevated levels of circulating autoantibodies reactive against several specific.beta.-tubulin isoforms were detected in the sera of neuroblastoma patients. Excerpt(s): Autoantibodies to normal or abnormal cellular proteins are known to be produced by patients in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular-related disorders, in some cases even before the disease has produced overt symptoms. However, such autoantibodies have rarely, if ever, been observed in individuals with cancer. Such antibodies to tissue proteins, e.g. p53, may serve as early markers for different types of cancer or for other illnesses. Their detection or the detection of their corresponding antigens in serum or other tissues and body fluids may have utility as indicators of risk for particular types of cancer or for other diseases, as diagnostic markers or as prognostic indicators. The detection of autoantibodies to cellular antigens and the identification of proteins that have elicited autoantibodies has been accomplished using a variety of approaches. For example, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) was first described as a nuclear antigen which bound antibodies from some patients with lupus erythematosus (Miyachi, K., Fritzler, M. J., and Tan, E. M., 1978, J. Immunol 121:2228-2234). It was subsequently observed that resting lymphocytes did not react with the antibody, in contrast to mitogen stimulated lymphocytes which displayed nuclear staining. This ultimately led to the identification of the protein, designated PCNA which is recognized by this autoantibody in lupus (Tan. E. M., Ogata, K., and Takasaki, Y. 1987, J. Rheumatol., 13:89-96). In some other cases, candidate proteins are singled out and investigated with respect to their ability to induce antibodies in patients, as was investigated for p53 (Crawford, L. V., Firm, D. C. Bulbrook, R. D., 1984, Int J Cancer 30:403-408). In addition, a technique called SEREX relies on serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries to identify tumor antigens (Old, L., et al. 1998, J. Exp. Med. 187:1163-1167). Thus, many approaches have been followed to search for proteins against which autoantibodies may be produced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677128__

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Method of determining a chemotherapeutic regimen based on glutathione-Stransferase pi expression Inventor(s): Danenberg; Kathleen D. (Altadena, CA) Assignee(s): Response Genetics, Inc. (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 6,686,155 Date filed: June 14, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to prognostic methods which are useful in medicine, particularly cancer chemotherapy. The object of the invention to provide a method for assessing GST-pi expression levels in fixed or fixed and paraffin embedded tissues and prognosticate the probable resistance or sensitivity of a patient's tumor to treatment with platinum-based therapies by examination of the amount of GST-pi mRNA in a patient's tumor cells and comparing it to a predetermined threshold expression level. More specifically, the invention provides to oligonucleotide primer pair GST-pi and methods comprising their use for detecting levels of GST-pi mRNA. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to prognostic methods which are useful in medicine, particularly cancer chemotherapy. More particularly, the invention relates to assessment of tumor cell gene expression in a patient. The resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents that target DNA, especially agents that damage DNA in the manner of platinating agents is assayed by examining the mRNA expressed from genes involved in DNA repair in humans. Cancer arises when a normal cell undergoes neoplastic transformation and becomes a malignant cell. Transformed (malignant) cells escape normal physiologic controls specifying cell phenotype and restraining cell proliferation. Transformed cells in an individual's body thus proliferate, forming a tumor. When a tumor is found, the clinical objective is to destroy malignant cells selectively while mitigating any harm caused to normal cells in the individual undergoing treatment. Chemotherapy is based on the use of drugs that are selectively toxic (cytotoxic) to cancer cells. Several general classes of chemotherapeutic drugs have been developed, including drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and other vital metabolic processes. These generally are referred to as antimetabolite drugs. Other classes of chemotherapeutic drugs inflict damage on cellular DNA. Drugs of these classes generally are referred to as genotoxic. Susceptibility of an individual neoplasm to a desired chemotherapeutic drug or combination of drugs often, however, can be accurately assessed only after a trial period of treatment. The time invested in an unsuccessful trial period poses a significant risk in the clinical management of aggressive malignancies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686155__

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Method of diagnosis of prostate cancer Inventor(s): Cohen; Ronald Joseph (Dianella, AU) Assignee(s): Uropath Pty Ltd., A.c.n. (nedlands, Au) Patent Number: 6,677,157 Date filed: May 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to structures involved in the secretory processes of reproductive tissues, including the prostatic secretory processes, and their protein products which may have used as tools for diagnosing reproductive pathology

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including prostate disease. The present invention also relates to reagents, such as antibodies, other ligands and oligonucleotides, for detecting these structures o their contents and to methods of diagnosing prostate pathology, including prostate cancer and prostatitis. The invention further relates to an improved tissue and cell fixation process for the detection of secretory structures in reproductive tissue. The fixation process is useful for the diagnosis of prostate, testes and renal cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to structures involved in the secretory processes of reproductive tissues, including the prostatic secretory processes, and their protein products which may be used as tools for diagnosing reproductive pathology including prostate disease. The present invention also relates to reagents, such as antibodies, other ligands and oligonucleotides, for detecting these structures or their contents and to methods of diagnosing prostate pathology, including prostate cancer and prostatitis. The invention further relates to an improved tissue and cell fixation process for the detection of secretory structures in reproductive tissue. The fixation process is useful for the diagnosis of prostate, testes and renal cancer. The secretory (luminal) cells of normal prostatic glands are separated from the basement membrane by a layer of inconspicuous basal cells (1). This surface layer is characterised by its tall columnar cells with basally orientated nuclei, whose abundant apical cytoplasm synthesises a broad range of secretory proteases including prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Characteristically, the cytoplasm of surface secreting cells is optically clear to faintly eosinophilic which distinguishes it dramatically from the amphiphilic (dark) cytoplasmic staining of most dysplastic or malignant prostatic epithelial cells (2,3). Optimal tissue staining for diagnostic purposes yields maximal cytoplasmic clarity in benign prostatic secretory cells (2), the abrupt contrast between the cytoplasmic density of cancer and the pallor of the adjacent normal epithelium in well stained sections is often the most striking histologic feature which delineates the boundaries of a carcinoma focus. Conversely, a frequent problem in needle core diagnosis is the "clear cell" glandular atypical focus, in which confirmation of carcinoma is more difficult due to the absence of dark cytoplasm. The significance of cytoplasmic density in adenocarcinoma is not understood. In the Gleason grading system (4) retention of clear cytoplasm implies a high level of differentiation since it is a requisite feature of all Grade 1 and Grade 2 carcinomas. Furthermore, cytoplasmic clarity is also characteristic of most adenocarcinomas which arise from the transition zone in association with nodular hyperplasia (5,6). Although dark cytoplasm is well described in dysplasia (PIN) and Gleason grade 3 carcinoma, it is not specific for malignant loss of differentiation since it is common in the cells of benign post inflammatory atrophy (7). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677157__ •

Method of treating ovarian cancers with cadmium Inventor(s): Lee; Kang Bo (North Potomac, MD), Parker; Ricardo J. (Washington, DC), Reed; Eddie (Germantown, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Department of Health and (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 6,676,973 Date filed: March 3, 1995 Abstract: A method is provided for treating an ovarian cancer in a human or other mammalian patient suffering from the ovarian cancer, the method comprises

Patents 301

administering to the human or the other mammalian patient an effective ovarian cancer treating amount of cadmium, preferably in the form of cadmium chloride.Pharmaceutical compositions and pharmaceutical kits which are useful in practicing the described method of treating ovarian cancer in the human or other mammalian patient suffering from the ovarian cancer are also provided for in the disclosure. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with providing an advantageous method of treating an ovarian cancer by administering a pharmaceutically acceptable cadmium containing compound to a human or other mammalian patient suffering from an ovarian cancer. Pharmaceutical compositions and Pharmaceutical kits which are useful in practicing the method of ovarian cancer treatment are also provided. Cadmium is a highly toxic non-essential transition metal that constitutes an important potential health risk to the environment. Cadmium has been characterized as a potent carcinogen in animals, and is presumed to be carcinogenic in humans, as evidenced in epidemiological studies of workers occupationally exposed to this heavy metal [1]. Studies of the metabolism of Cadmium in rodent tissues and organs suggest that the mechanism of its toxic effect may be through induction of abnormal protein synthesis [3]. The modulation of Cadmium toxicity may be mediated through metallothionein and glutathione [4-7]. In cell culture, Cadmium has been shown to be cytotoxic [6, 8-10], mutagenic [10-13], and capable of inducing cellular transformation [3]. Cadmium interacts with cellular macromolecules and modifies the metabolism of DNA, RNA and protein [14], any of which could account for the cytotoxic effect of Cadmium at the molecular level. Surprisingly, several animal studies have shown that Cadmium is associated with suppression of tumor development. Waalkes and colleagues, examining the tumor promoting effect of Cd in B6C3F1 mice treated with the lung and liver tumor promotor N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), unexpectedly found that Cadmium prevented NDEAinduced tumor formation [4,16]. In that study, it was shown that a single dose of NDEA followed by cadmium chloride in the drinking water, eliminated spontaneouslyoccurring liver tumors and reduced the incidence and multiplicity of NDEA-induced lung tumors in these mice. This Cadmium-induced tumor suppression effect on B6C3F1 mouse liver and lung occurred regardless of the time period of Cadmium administration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676973__ •

Methods and compositions for inhibiting the proliferation of prostate cancer cells Inventor(s): Xing; Nianzeng (Rochester, MN), Young; Charles (Rochester, MN) Assignee(s): Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (rochester, Mn) Patent Number: 6,680,342 Date filed: September 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides for methods of monitoring the proliferation of cultured prostate cancer cells in the presence of quercetin, methods of treating an individual with prostate cancer or at risk of developing prostate cancer, and methods of reducing the risk of recurrence of prostate cancer in an individual who had previously been treated for prostate cancer. Methods of the invention further include treating an individual with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with quercetin as well as methods of screening for compounds that inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The invention provides for compositions and articles of manufacture containing quercetin in particular

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formulations, and quercetin with a second compound that also exerts an effect on the androgen receptor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to prostate cancer, and more particularly to methods and compositions for inhibiting the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The prostate gland is located between the bladder and the rectum and wraps around the urethra. The prostate is composed of glandular tissue that produces a milky fluid and smooth muscles that contract during sex and squeeze this fluid into the urethra where it mixes with other fluid and sperm to form semen. The prostate gland converts testosterone to a more powerful male hormone, dihydrotestosterone, which affects the size of the gland and plays an important role in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that arises in the prostate gland and can eventually spread through the blood and lymph fluid to other organs, bones, and tissues. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the U.S., and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men after non-melanoma skin cancer. Although prostate cancer is just as common in Japan as in the United States, death rates from prostate cancer are significantly lower in Japan. It is unlikely that these differences are all genetic, because Japanese men who migrate to the United States die of prostate cancer with increasing frequency as a function of the number of years they reside in the United States. It is possible that this paradox could be explained, at least in part, by dietary factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680342__ •

Methods for diagnosing and evaluating cancer Inventor(s): Blaschuk; Orest W. (Westmount, CA), Byers; Stephen (Washington, DC), Gour; Barbara J. (Montreal, CA), Symonds; James Matthew (Ottawa, CA) Assignee(s): Adherex Technologies, Inc. (ottawa, Ca) Patent Number: 6,680,175 Date filed: January 20, 1999 Abstract: Methods for diagnosing cancer, such as prostate, ovarian or breast cancer, as well as leukemia, are provided. Such methods may employ binding agents, such as antibodies or CAR sequences of OB-cadherin or N-cadherin, that specifically bind to OB-cadherin or N-cadherin, or polynucleotides that hybridize to a polynucleotide encoding OB-cadherin or N-cadherin. Also provided are methods for monitoring the progression of a cancer and to evaluate the metastatic potential of a cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods for cancer diagnosis, and more particularly to the use of compounds that detect expression of OB-cadherin or Ncadherin for diagnosing and determining the metastatic potential of cancers such as breast, ovarian and prostate cancer, as well as leukemia. Cancer is a significant health problem throughout the world. Although advances have been made in detection and therapy of cancer, no vaccine or other universally successful method for prevention or treatment is currently available. For example, among women, breast and ovarian cancer are prevalent in the United States and other countries. Breast cancer, in particular, remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, affecting more than 180,000 women in the United States each year. For women in North America, the life-time odds of getting breast cancer are now one in eight. Management of the disease currently relies on a combination of early diagnosis (through routine breast screening procedures) and aggressive treatment, which may include one or more of a variety of treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The

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course of treatment for a particular breast cancer is often selected based on a variety of prognostic parameters, including an analysis of specific tumor markers. See, e.g., PorterJordan and Lippman, Breast Cancer 8:73-100, 1994. However, it remains difficult to evaluate the metastatic potential of a cancer, and the high mortality observed in breast cancer patients indicates that improvements are needed in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer among males, with an estimated incidence of 30% in men over the age of 50. Human prostate cancer has the propensity to metastasize to bone. Treatment is commonly based on surgery and/or radiation therapy, but these methods are ineffective in a significant percentage of cases, and this prevalent disease is currently the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the U.S. To improve treatment of the disease, early diagnosis is critical, but prostate cancer remains difficult to detect accurately. Two prostate specific proteins, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), have been used for diagnosis, but techniques employing such proteins cannot provide complete diagnostic information. For example, PSA measurements not indicate the level of metastasis of a prostate cancer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680175__ •

Methods for treating cancer by modulating.beta.-catenin mediated gene expression Inventor(s): Blaschuk; Orest W. (Westmount, CA), Byers; Stephen (Washington, DC), Gour; Barbara J. (Kemptville, CA) Assignee(s): Adherex Technologies, Inc. (ottawa, Ca) Patent Number: 6,677,116 Date filed: April 14, 2000 Abstract: Modulating agents for inhibiting.beta.-catenin mediated gene expression are provided. The modulating agents comprise one or more of: (1) the peptide sequence LXXLL (SEQ ID NO:1); or (2) a peptide analogue or peptidomimetic thereof. Methods for using such modulating agents for modulating.beta.-catenin mediated gene expression and cellular differentiation in a variety of contexts (e.g., for modulating hair growth or treating cancer or Alzheimer's disease) are provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compounds and methods for use in modulating.beta.-catenin mediated gene expression and cellular differentiation. The invention is more specifically related to modulating agents capable of affecting the interaction between.beta.-catenin and transcription factors, and to therapeutic methods employing such agents.beta.-catenin is a cytoplasmic protein that is critical for classical cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion. Inside the cell, a.beta.-catenin/.alpha.-catenin complex interacts with the second cytoplasmic domain (CP2) of the classical cadherins. In the absence of this.beta.-catenin/.alpha.-catenin complex, the classical cadherins cannot promote cell adhesion (see Wheelock et al., Current Topics in Membranes 43:169185, 1996). In addition to its role in cell adhesion,.beta.-catenin is also a key component of certain cellular signaling pathways, leading to activation of gene expression and a variety of developmental and disease processes, such as differentiation, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In particular,.beta.-catenin functions in Wnt-mediated signaling, associating with LEF-1/TCF DNA binding proteins to form a transcription factor (see Willert and Nusse, Genetics and Development 8:95-102, 1998).beta.-catenin-mediated signaling is involved in a variety of developmental processes, including cellular differentiation. For example, skin cells expressing a stabilized form of.beta.-catenin display increased hair growth (Gat et al., Cell 95:605-614, 1998; Ono et al., Cell 95:575-

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578, 1998). Thus, therapies based on modulating.beta.-catenin mediated gene expression have potential for altering cell differentiation and, in certain instances, hair growth. Such therapies could further be used in the treatment of cancer and Alzheimer's disease. However, there are presently no available therapies for inhibiting.beta.-cateninmediated signaling. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677116__ •

Methods of detecting a colon cancer cell Inventor(s): Narayanan; Ramaswamy (Delray Beach, FL) Assignee(s): Florida Atlantic University (boca Raton, Fl) Patent Number: 6,677,119 Date filed: December 5, 2000 Abstract: Nucleic acids and polypeptides correlated with cancer are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of detecting cancer in a biological sample by determining expression of a colon carcinoma related gene (CCRG) or protein in that sample. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The invention relates generally to the fields of molecular biology, genomics, bioinformatics, pathology, and medicine. More particularly, the invention relates to a gene whose expression is modulated in select cancers. With the recent efforts to sequence the entire human genome, the nucleotide sequences of more than 100,000 human genes are expected to be known within the next few years. See, e.g., Robbins, R. J., J. Computat. Biol., 3: 465-478, 1996; Andrade, M. A. and Sander, C., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 8: 675-683, 1997; and Collins et al., Science, 282: 682-689, 1998. Once characterized, these genes are anticipated to be useful for identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for a variety of different diseases. Fannon, M. R., Trends Biotechnol., 14: 294-298, 1996. Already several attempts have been made to identify genes or gene products that are uniquely expressed in diseased tissue. The results of these efforts indicated that pathology correlates more often with the pattern of gene expression in the diseased tissue, rather than simply with the absence or presence of a particular gene. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677119__

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Methods of diagnosing and determining prognosis of colorectal cancer Inventor(s): Gish; Kurt C. (San Francisco, CA), Mack; David (Menlo Park, CA), Wilson; Keith E. (Redwood City, CA) Assignee(s): Protein Design Labs, Inc. (fremont, Ca) Patent Number: 6,682,890 Date filed: May 8, 2001 Abstract: Described herein are methods that can be used for diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Also described herein are methods that can be used to screen candidate bioactive agents for the ability to modulate colorectal cancer. Additionally, methods and molecular targets (genes and their products) for therapeutic intervention in colorectal cancer are described.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the identification of expression profiles and the nucleic acids involved in colorectal cancer, and to the use of such expression profiles and nucleic acids in diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. The invention further relates to methods for identifying and using candidate agents and/or targets which modulate colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is a significant cancer in Western populations. It develops as the result of a pathologic transformation of normal colon epithelium to an invasive cancer. There have been a number of recently characterized genetic alterations that have been implicated in colorectal cancer, including mutations in two classes of genes, tumor-suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, with recent work suggesting that mutations in DNA repair genes may also be involved in tumorigenesis. For example, inactivating mutations of both alleles of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, a tumor suppressor gene, appears to be one of the earliest events in colorectal cancer, and may even be the initiating event. Other genes implicated in colorectal cancer include the MCC gene, the p53 gene, the DCC (deleted in colorectal carcinoma) gene and other chromosome 18 q genes, and genes in the TGF-.beta. signalling pathway. For a review, see Molecular Biology of Colorectal Cancer, pp238299, in Curr. Probl. Cancer, September/October 1997. Imaging of colorectal cancer for diagnosis has been problematic and limited. In addition, dissemination of tumor cells (metastases) to locoregional lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor; five year survival rates drop from 80 percent in patients with no lymph node metastases to 45 to 50 percent in those patients who do have lymph node metastases. A recent report showed that micrometastases can be detected from lymph nodes using reverse transcriptase-PCR methods based on the presence of mRNA for carcinoembryonic antigen, which has previously been shown to be present in the vast majority of colorectal cancers but not in normal tissues. Liefers et al., New England J. of Med. 339(4):223 (1998). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682890__ •

Myc homology region II-associated protein and uses thereof Inventor(s): DePinho; Ronald A. (Brookline, MA) Assignee(s): Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University (bronx, Ny) Patent Number: 6,680,371 Date filed: August 3, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel MHRII-associated protein designated MHRII-AP62 and antibodies immunoreactive with the MHRII-AP62 protein. Also provided are kits containing these antibodies and methods of using the antibodies for the detection of the MHRII-AP62 protein. The present invention also provides for a nucleic acid encoding the MHRII-AP62 protein and nucleic acid probes for use in the detection of the MHRII-AP62 protein. Further provided by the present invention are agents that mimic the activity of the MHRII-AP62 protein by binding to the MHRII, agents that inhibit the activity of the MHRII-AP62 protein by binding to the MHRIIAP62 protein, or by binding to the nucleic acid encoding the MHRII-AP62 protein, and methods of using these agents to treat cancer and cancer causing diseases. Excerpt(s): Members of the Myc family of nuclear proto-oncogenes (c-, N- and L-Myc) play central roles in the control of normal growth and development and in genetic pathways linked to cellular transformation and apoptotic cell death. Accumulating structural, biochemical and genetic evidence affords the view that the function of Myc family oncoproteins in these diverse processes relates in part to their roles as sequence-

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specific transcription factors. Myc family proteins possess a multifunctional aminoterminal domain with transactivation potential, a region rich in basic amino acid residues responsible for sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, and a carboxyterminal alpha-helical domain required for dimerization with another bHLH/LZ protein, Max. All known biological and biochemical activities of Myc are highly dependent upon its association with Max. In addition to its key role as an obligate partner in transactivation-competent Myc/Max complexes, Max can also repress Mycresponsive genes through the formation of transcriptional-repression complexes with members of the Mad family. Several lines of evidence support the view that Mad and Mxi1 are important tumor suppressors. First, the addition of Mad or Mxi1 can dramatically reduce the oncogenic activity of Myc/Ras in the REF cooperation assay. Second, Nisen and coworkers (Chen, J., Willingham, T., Margraf, L. R., Schreiber-Agus, N., DePinho, R. A., and Nisen, P. D., Nature Medicine 1:638-643 (1995)) have shown that adenoviral constructs encoding Mad profoundly inhibit the proliferation and tumorigenicity of established human tumor cell lines. Third, Mad and Mxi1 map to cancer hotspots that are altered in a broad spectrum of different tumor types. Lastly, the preliminary assessment of Mxi1 knockout mice indicates that Mxi1-deficiency is associated with a cancer-prone condition. From a mechanistic standpoint, the ability of Mad and Mxi1 to act as potent anti-Myc agents is dependent upon a short aminoterminal alpha-helical domain that allows for association with a mammalian protein that is structurally homologous to the yeast transcriptional repressor SIN3. The mechanistic basis for the mouse Sin3-mediated repression appears to be mediated in part through the recruitment of: (1) NcoR, a nuclear co-repressor that directly impacts on Pol II activity and (2) HD-1, a histone deacetylase that deacetylates histone H3 and H4 tails resulting in a condensed and less accessible nucleosomal arrangement. Structurefunction studies of Sin3 indicate that its interaction with HD-1 is a critical requirement for Sin3-mediated anti-oncogenic activity in the context of Myc-induced cellular transformation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680371__ •

Nutritional compositions which contain slightly negatively charged, non-digestible polysaccharides and use thereof for reducing transport through tight junctions Inventor(s): Bijlsma; Pieter Brandt (Amsterdam, NL), Groot; Jacques Alphons (Heiloo, NL), Kiliaan; Amanda Johanna (Wageningen, NL), Timmermans; Johannes Wilhelmus (Ede, NL), Van Der Meulen; Jan (Dronten, NL) Assignee(s): N.v. Nutricia (zoetermeer, Nl) Patent Number: 6,686,341 Date filed: January 2, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional composition which contains slightly negatively charged nondigestible polysaccharides having a molecular weight of 8 kD to 40,000 kD, characterized in that the rise in the viscosity of the composition caused by the polysaccharides is less than 20 mpa.multidot.s. This nutritional composition is used to reduce the uptake of high molecular weight substances, allergens and microorganisms through the intestinal wall, more particularly to reduce transport of high molecular weight substances, allergens and microorganisms through the intestinal wall, ore particularly to reduce transport of high molecular weight substances, allergens and microorganisms through the tight junctions in the intestines. The nutritional compositions can be used to prevent or to treat allergies, allergic reactions, sepsis and

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inflammatory processes, such as those which can arise under emotional and physical stress, ischaemia, reperfusion damage during and after operations, following radiation treatment and/or chemotherapy of cancer patients and in the case of inflammatory intestinal diseases, diarrhoea and allergies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutritional compositions which contain certain classes of non-digestible polysaccharides. These compositions reduce the uptake of high molecular weight substances, allergens and microorganisms through the intestinal wall. In particular the present invention relates to reduction of the free transport of such substances through the tight junctions (TJs) of the intestines, without the transport of low molecular weight substances, such as nutrients, via the intestinal epithelium being impeded. The compositions can be used to prevent the increased permeability of the intestinal wall, due to various causes, and the penetration, resulting therefrom, of toxins, antigens and pathogenic microorganisms present in the lumen. The structure and fraction of tight junctions is described, inter alia, in Ann. Rev. Physiol. 60, 121-160 (1998) and in Ballard T. S. et al., Annu.Rev.Nutr., 1995, 15:35-55. Tight junctions do not form a rigid barrier but play an important role in diffusion through the intestinal epithelium from lumen to bloodstream and vice versa. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686341__ •

Organic-arsonic compounds Inventor(s): Uckun; Fatih M. (White Bear Lake, MN) Assignee(s): Paker Hughes Institute (st. Paul, Mn) Patent Number: 6,686,344 Date filed: January 30, 2003 Abstract: Novel organic arsonic compounds are described as tumor inhibiting, and cancer treating compounds. Methods and compositions for inhibiting tumor cells and treating cancer are also provided. Excerpt(s): Cancer is a major disease that continues as one of the leading causes of death at any age. In the United States alone, it is anticipated that more than a half a million Americans will die of cancer in 1999. Currently, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are two important methods used in the treatment of cancer. Considerable efforts are underway to develop new chemotherapeutic agents for more potent and specific anticancer therapy, presenting effective and efficient cytotoxicity against tumor cells, with minimal interference with normal cell function. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for the development and analysis of novel, effective anti-cancer agents. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686344__

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Phosphatidylcholine as medication with protective effect large intestinal mucosa Inventor(s): Stremmel; Wolfgang (Heidelberg, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,677,319 Date filed: February 5, 2001

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Abstract: The presented invention relates to a medication containing a therapeutically effective amount of phosphatidylcholine as active substrate for treatment of disease where phosphatidylcholine has an advantageous, protective effect on the mucosa of large intestine. The invention also relates to the use and application form of phosphatidylcholine for local treatment of inflammation of the large intestine and prophylaxis against cancer of the colon. Phosphatidylcholine can be administered as a rectal installation for local treatment of inflammation (in rectum or pouch) as well as in orally administered delayed-release form. The orally administered, delayed-release form of phosphatidylcholine prevents absorption in upper intestine and thus provides targeted release in the lower sections of the small intestine or colon. Excerpt(s): The presented invention relates to medications containing as effective substrate phosphatidylcholine in an amount sufficient to treat diseases in which the mucosa-protective effect of phosphatidylcholine in colon and terminal ileum (including pouch mucosa) is of advantage. The medications are suitable for treatment of ulcerative colitis, pouchitis, other inflammatory diseases of colonic mucosa (Crohn's disease; diversion colitis; infectious enteritis/colitis; mucosal inflammation by irradiation, antibiotics, chemotherapeutic or pharmaceutical agents, chemicals) as well as for prophylaxis of colon cancer. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, affect in high degree young and medium-age adults with increasing frequency (prevalence of both diseases 1-2%). A chronic course with acute inflammatory episodes and numerous complications (development of fistulae and abscesses, stenoses, acute inflammations, bleedings, functional impairment of colonic mucosa, extraintestinal manifestations) characterize the natural course of these diseases. In particular, it is emphasized that ulcerative colitis after long-term course is associated with an increased risk to develop colonic cancer. Despite intensive research, the pathogenesis of these diseases could not be determined until today. Therefore only a symptomatic therapy is available which is not directed towards the cause of the disorder and often does not provide the desired success. Between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease exist major differences, such that one can assume 2 different pathogenetic mechanisms. Crohn's disease can principally affect the entire gastrointestinal tract (main localization at the end of small intestine in terminal ileum). Inflammatory changes are localized circumscriptively in an otherwise healthy mucosa and can change with time. Main complications are inflammatory stenoses of intestinal segments as well as development of fistulae or abscesses. Manifestations outside the gastrointestinal tract are possible. Ulcerative colitis, in contrast, reveals a continuous inflammation with superficial ulceration starting at the end of the colon (proctum, rectum). According to severity of inflammation the colitis can spread upwards and finally the total colon can be affected. In high percentage also the end of the small intestine can be affected ("backwash ileitis"). Main complications are functional impairments of colonic mucosa associated with frequent diarrhea, bleedings of mucosal ulcerations and rarely dramatic inflammation of the entire mucosal wall (toxic megacolon). Frightening is the frequent development of colonic cancer after long-term course of the disease. Between both chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, an overlap of symptoms can be observed such that discrimination is often very difficult. Beside the often-insufficient symptomatic therapy in ulcerative colitis it is frequently necessary to remove the entire colon because of a complicated, severe clinical manifestation or the threatening danger of carcinoma development. This procedure includes construction of a reservoir (pouch) out of the last ileal loop, its positioning into the anal channel, fixation in this position and connection to the natural anus (after removal the rectal mucosa). This allows creation of a new reservoir for intestinal contents with the advantage to maintain the natural outlet (continence maintaining ileo-anal pouch construction). In about 30% of patients with

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ulcerative colitis the pouch can get inflamed (pouchitis) and can lead to significant complaints. When such a pouch construction is performed in other underlying diseases (e.g. familial adenomatous polyposis) only in exceptional cases inflammation develops. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677319__ •

Poliovirus replicons encoding therapeutic agents and uses thereof Inventor(s): Jackson; Cheryl (Hoover, AL), Morrow; Casey D. (Birmingham, AL), Peduzzi; Jean (Clanton, AL) Assignee(s): University of Alabama Research Foundation (birmingham, Al) Patent Number: 6,680,169 Date filed: April 16, 2001 Abstract: The invention pertains to methods of delivering a polypeptide to a cell comprising (a) contacting a cell with a replicon having a non-poliovirus nucleic acid substituted for a nucleic acid which encodes at least a portion of a protein necessary for encapsidation, the non-poliovirus nucleic acid encoding, in an expressible form, a polypeptide or fragment thereof; and (b) maintaining the cells under conditions appropriate for introduction of the replicons into the cells. The cell may be within a subject and the polypeptide may be a therapeutic agent. The methods of the invention may be used to treat diseases including central nervous system disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for delivering a polypeptide to a cell using poliovirus-based replicons. The invention relates to delivery of polypeptides that elicit an immune response in a subject. The invention relates to delivery of polypeptides that are capable of treating a disease condition in a subject. The invention further pertains to methods for generating cells that produce a non-poliovirus protein or fragment thereof. Recent epidemiological data suggest that worldwide more than seventy percent of infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are acquired by heterosexual intercourse through mucosal surfaces of the genital tract and rectum. Most HIV vaccines developed to date have been designed to preferentially stimulate the systemic humoral immune system and have relied on immunization with purified, whole human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-1 proteins (Haynes B F, 1993, Science 260:1279-1286), or infection with a recombinant virus or microbe which expresses HIV-1 proteins (McGhee J R et al., 1992, AIDS Res. Rev. 2:289312). A general concern with these studies is that the method of presentation of the HIV1 antigen to the immune system will not stimulate systemic and mucosal tissues to generate effective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Given the fact that the virus most often encounters a mucosal surface during sexual (vaginal or anal) transmission, a vaccine designed to stimulate both the systemic and mucosal immune systems is essential (McGhee J R et al., 1992, AIDS Res. Rev. 2:289-312; Forrest B D, 1992, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 8:1523-1525). Worldwide, Helicobactor pylori is the most common cause of gastroduodenal ulcer and is an important risk factor for gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma (Novak M J et al., 1999, Vaccine 17(19):2384-2391). H. pylori infections can generally be treated with antibiotics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680169__

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Pyridotriazines and pyridopyridazines Inventor(s): Kramer; James Bernard (Sylvania, OH), Showalter; Howard Daniel Hollis (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-lambert Company (morris Plains, Nj) Patent Number: 6,683,183 Date filed: October 3, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to bicyclic heterocycles that inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase or tyrosine kinase enzymes, or both, and as such are useful to treat cell proliferative disorders such as angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, restenosis, and cancer as well as immunological disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, and graft rejection associated with transplant surgery in mammals. Excerpt(s): Tyrosine kinases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to tyrosine residues on protein substrates. Tyrosine kinases are an integral part of growth factor receptors and are essential for the propagation of growth factor signal transduction leading to cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Growth factor receptors are also known as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The aberrant regulation of growth factors or their cognate receptors plays a critical role in the progression of proliferative diseases. For example, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been implicated as important mediators of tumor promoted angiogenesis (Sun L. and McMahon G., "Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis by Synthetic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors," Drug Discovery Today, 2000;5(8):344-353). Solid tumors are dependent upon the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels (angiogenesis) to nourish their growth and to provide a conduit for metastases. Accordingly, inhibitors of the FGF and VEGF RTKs, as well as other tyrosine kinases, are useful agents for the prevention and treatment of proliferative diseases dependent on these enzymes. Cell cycle kinases are naturally occurring enzymes involved in regulation of the cell cycle (Meijer L., "Chemical Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases," Progress in Cell Cycle Research, 1995;1:351-363). Typical enzymes include the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) cdk1 (also known as cdc2), cdk2, cdk4, cdk5, cdk6, and wee-1 kinase. Increased activity or temporally abnormal activation of these kinases has been shown to result in development of human tumors and other proliferative disorders such as restenosis (Fry D. and Garrett M., "Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases as Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Cancer," Current Opinion in Oncologic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Investigational Drugs, 2000;2(1):40-59). Compounds that inhibit cdks, either by blocking the interaction between a cyclin and its kinase partner, or by binding to and inactivating the kinase, cause inhibition of cell proliferation, and are thus useful for treating tumors or other abnormally proliferating cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683183__

Patents 311

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Recognition of tumor-specific gene products in cancer Inventor(s): Berendes; Paulus Benjamin (Heerlen, NL), van Denderen; Adriana Cornelia (Gouda, NL), van der Velden; Vincent Henricus Johannes (Capelle aan den IJssel, NL), van Dongen; Jacobus Johannes Maria (Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel, NL) Assignee(s): Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (rotterdam, Nl) Patent Number: 6,686,165 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to the field of cancer diagnosis and the application of diagnostic techniques in pathology and hematology. Specifically, the invention relates to flow cytometric techniques for the detection of chromosomal aberrations and the detection of tumor specific gene products exclusively expressed by tumor cells containing said chromosomal aberrations. The invention provides a method to detect chromosomal aberrations in a biological sample via the exclusive detection of tumorspecific gene-product using at least two different probes directed against the geneproduct. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of cancer diagnosis and the application of diagnostic techniques in pathology and hematology. Specifically, the invention relates to techniques that indicate the presence of chromosomal aberrations by detecting tumorspecific gene products that are exclusively expressed by tumor cells containing the chromosomes. Chromosomal abnormalities or aberrations are a leading cause of genetic disorders or diseases, including congenital disorders and acquired diseases, such as malignancies. Malignant cells have a common clonal origin as they are believed to originate from a single autonomously growing cell that withdrew from environmental growth regulating signals. The term `cancer` comprises a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, in which each type has its own characteristic when considering its malignant potential and its response to therapy. Currently, the effectiveness of cancer treatment is empirically determined. Depending on the moment in time in the development of cancer, the origin and spread of the cancer, and on the physiological condition of the patient, the most proper and most effective treatment is selected. At present, selections from surgical treatment, radiation therapy and chemotherapy (or combinations of the former therapies) can be made. Yet, it is realized that each therapy bears side-effects that compromise the benefits of treatment enormously. It goes without saying that accurate diagnosis of the various cancer types is pre-eminent in helping select the most effective therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686165__

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Reversal of cancer phenotype by inhibiting expression of prostate tumor inducing gene Inventor(s): Fisher; Paul B. (Scarsdale, NY) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 6,677,152 Date filed: March 5, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides a method for reversing cancer phenotype of a cancer cell by introducing an exogenous material which is capable of specifically recognizing

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either a Prostrate Tumor Inducing Gene, RNA or gene product of the aforementioned gene into the cell under conditions permitting inhibition of the expression of the gene product so as to thereby reverse the cancerous phenotype of the cell. This invention also provides a method for reversing cancer phenotype of a cancer cell in a subject by introducing an exogenous material which is capable of specifically recognizing a Prostrate Tumor Inducing Gene, RNA or gene product of the aforementioned gene into the subject's cancer cell under conditions permitting inhibition of the expression of the gene or function of the gene product in the subject's cell so as to thereby reverse the cancerous phenotype of the cell. Excerpt(s): Cancer of the prostate is a major clinical problem with the diagnosis of 244,000 new cases and more than 40,500 deaths of American men predicted by the American Cancer Society in 1995. Currently, the predicted lifetime incidence of prostate cancer is 15% and the estimated lifetime death risk from this disease is approximately 3.4%. It is not possible by present technologies to distinguish between cancers that will become clinically aggressive versus indolent cancers that will remain clinically benign. Current treatment protocols, including hormonal therapy, radiation therapy and surgery have limitations. Hormonal therapy requires a hormone-responsive tumor; when a tumor develops hormone-insensitivity it can progress unchecked. Attempts at cure using radiation therapy and surgery are limited to eradication of the primary tumors. However, tumor can escape surgical or radiotherapeutic ablation, and these approaches cannot be used to successfully cure, and rarely even to limit metastatic disease. In addition, even when successful, these approaches can significantly diminish the patient's quality of life. These findings emphasize the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for identifying prostate carcinomas, predicting clinical aggressiveness and effectively treating patients with this cancer. Identifying the genetic elements mediating prostate cancer development and progression will lead to improved diagnostic tests and may ultimately result in gene-, immunological- and drug-based technologies with therapeutic applications. Transfection of human prostate carcinoma (LNCaP) DNA into a new DNA acceptor cell line, CREF-Trans 6, and injection into nude mice results in tumor formation (Su et al., Anticancer Res. 12:297-304, 1992). Using tumor-derived CREF-Trans 6 cells and differential RNA display, the new putative oncogene, prostate tumor inducing gene-1 (PTI-1), has been identified (Shen et al., PNAS 92: 6788-6782, 1995). PTI-1 encodes a mutated and truncated human elongation factor-1.alpha. (EF-1.alpha.). Normal EF-1.alpha. plays a prominent role in protein translation, a process that is critical in controlling gene expression and regulating cell growth. PTI-1 expression is observed in human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU145 and PC-3) and patient-derived prostate carcinoma tissue samples (14 of 15), but not in normal prostate (6) or BPH (4) tissue. This observation suggests that PTI-1 expression may be related specifically to carcinoma development. In addition, the observation that PTI-1 expression also occurs in a high proportion of carcinoma cell lines of the breast, colon and lung indicates that this genetic alteration may be a common event in carcinogenesis. If the modified EF-1.alpha. protein encoded by PTI-1 inhibits the ability of normal EF-1.alpha. to proofread mistakes in gene expression that mediate altered protein structure, then PTI-1 may function as a major contributor to the mutator phenotype in specific human cancers. This putative aberrant processing resulting from PTI-1 expression has been termed "translational infidelity". If this hypothesis is validated experimentally, altered protein translation would represent a new and novel mechanism underlying cancer development and progression. Targeted inhibition of PTI-1, using genetic and/or drug interventional approaches, might therefore provide the basis for a novel strategy for the therapy of prostate cancer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677152__

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Therapeutic and diagnostic apparatus and method Inventor(s): DeVries; Robert L. (Palo Alto, CA), Surbeck; Homer L. (late of San Francisco, CA), Surbeck; Margaret P. (late of San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): Indnjc, Inc. (los Angeles, Ca) Patent Number: 6,684,108 Date filed: November 16, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus and method for diagnosing, treating, monitoring and modifying the treatment of cancer and other illnesses in humans and animals is described. A radioscope is used to test a biological sample from a subject, and the results of that test are compared to a tabulation of prior test results in order to diagnose the illness of the subject. The illness is then treated using a therapeutic apparatus involving the lowpower, pulsed application of radio frequency tuned with precision of at least one half part per million. A radioscope is then used to monitor the results of the treatment, and the results of the later tests are again compared to a tabulation of prior test results in order to adjust the treatment if necessary. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for diagnosing and treating cancer and other illness in humans and animals, and more particularly to a diagnostic method focused on detecting the effect of magnetic fields on blood and tissue samples, and a therapeutic apparatus and method based upon the administration of precisely regulated, low power, pulsed electromagnetic radiation (EMR). There is a considerable body of early literature regarding treatment of various illnesses with radio frequencies (RF) in the 43 MHz range. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,545,087, F. J. Hart disclosed an apparatus for treating a subject with a sequence of radio frequencies in the 43 MHz. range, applied in a stepwise fashion. These frequencies were each modulated sinusoidally at 60 Hz., and further pulsed by a second slow sinusoidal oscillator operating at 90 cycles per minute (1.5 Hz.). The RF frequencies employed by Hart were specified to three decimal places. The instruments available to Hart and the other researchers of his day were based on tube amplifiers, which resulted in oscillators with considerable drift that could not be precisely tuned. Hart's means for applying the RF energy to a subject most often consisted of a metal plate acting as an antenna. As a result of such oscillator drift and imprecision, and the inefficiency of the available output devices, Hart and his contemporaries were not able to conduct scientific tests with precisely controlled frequencies, or to discover optimal treatment modalities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06684108__

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Treatments and markers for cancers of the central nervous system Inventor(s): Hanash; Samir M. (Ann Arbor, MI), Kish; Phillip (Ann Arbor, MI), Rickman; David (Ann Arbor, MI), Tyagi; Rachana (Philadelphia, PA), Zhu; Xiao-Xiang (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Michigan (ann Arbor, Mi) Patent Number: 6,680,172 Date filed: May 16, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel cancer markers and compositions and methods for cancer therapies. For example, the present invention provides compositions and methods for the detection of gene expression of particular marker genes as

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indicative of cancers, while control of said gene expression provides for intervention in cancer therapies and, in particular, glioma therapies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel cancer markers and compositions and methods for cancer therapies. For example, the present invention provides for the detection of gene expression of particular marker genes as indicative of cancers, while control of said gene expression provides for intervention in cancer therapies and, in particular, glioma therapies. The diagnosis of a brain or spinal cord tumor often comes as a shock, leaving confusion, uncertainty, fear, or even anger in its wake. Brain and spinal cord tumors are abnormal growths of tissue found inside the skull or the bony spinal column. The word tumor is used to describe both abnormal growths that are new (neoplasms) and those present at birth (congenital tumors). No matter where they are located in the body, tumors are usually classed as benign (or non-cancerous) if the cells that make up the growth are similar to other normal cells, grow relatively slowly, and are confined to one location. Tumors are called malignant (or cancerous) when the cells are very different from normal cells, grow relatively quickly, and can spread easily to other locations. In most parts of the body, benign tumors are not particularly harmful. This is not necessarily true in the brain and spinal cord, which are the primary components of the central nervous system (CNS). Because the CNS is housed within rigid, bony quarters (i.e., the skull and spinal column), any abnormal growth can place pressure on sensitive tissues and impair function. Also, any tumor located near vital brain structures or sensitive spinal cord nerves can seriously threaten health. A benign tumor growing next to an important blood vessel in the brain does not have to grow very large before it can block blood flow. Additionally, if a benign tumor is found deep inside the brain, surgery to remove it may be very risky because of the chances of damaging vital brain centers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680172__ •

Vitronectin receptor antagonist pharmaceuticals Inventor(s): Harris; Thomas D. (Salem, NH), Rajopadhye; Milind (Westford, MA) Assignee(s): Bristol-myers Squibb Pharma Company (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 6,683,163 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes novel compounds of the formula:(Q).sub.d L.sub.n -C.sub.h,useful for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, methods of imaging tumors in a patient, and methods of treating cancer in a patient. The present invention also provides novel compounds useful for monitoring therapeutic angiogenesis treatment and destruction of new angiogenic vasculature. The present invention further provides novel compounds useful for imaging atherosclerosis, restenosis, cardiac ischemia, and myocardial reperfusion injury. The present invention still further provides novel compounds useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The pharmaceuticals are comprised of a targeting moiety that binds to a receptor that is upregulated during angiogenesis, an optional linking group, and a therapeutically effective radioisotope or diagnostically effective imageable moiety. The imageable moiety is a gamma ray or positron emitting radioisotope, a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, an X-ray contrast agent, or an ultrasound contrast agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides novel pharmaceuticals useful for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, methods of imaging tumors in a patient, and

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methods of treating cancer in a patient. The pharmaceuticals are comprised of a targeting moiety that binds to the vitronectin receptor that is expressed in tumor vasculature, an optional linking group, and a therapeutically effective radioisotope or diagnostically effective imageable moiety. The therapeutically effective radioisotope emits a gamma ray or alpha particle sufficient to be cytotoxic. The imageable moiety is a gamma ray or positron emitting radioisotope, a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, an X-ray contrast agent, or an ultrasound contrast agent. Cancer is a major public health concern in the United States and around the world. It is estimated that over 1 million new cases of invasive cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 1998. The most prevalent forms of the disease are solid tumors of the lung, breast, prostate, colon and rectum. Cancer is typically diagnosed by a combination of in vitro tests and imaging procedures. The imaging procedures include X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging and radionuclide scintigraphy. Frequently, a contrast agent is administered to the patient to enhance the image obtained by X-ray CT, MRI and ultrasound, and the administration of a radiopharmaceutical that localizes in tumors is required for radionuclide scintigraphy. Treatment of cancer typically involves the use of external beam radiation therapy and chemotherapy, either alone or in combination, depending on the type and extent of the disease. A number of chemotherapeutic agents are available, but generally they all suffer from a lack of specificity for tumors versus normal tissues, resulting in considerable side-effects. The effectiveness of these treatment modalities is also limited, as evidenced by the high mortality rates for a number of cancer types, especially the more prevalent solid tumor diseases. More effective and specific treatment means continue to be needed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683163__

Patent Applications on Cancer As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cancer: •

Anti-cancer formulation Inventor(s): Monroe, Stephen H.; (Memphis, TN) Correspondence: Pitts And Brittian P C; P O Box 51295; Knoxville; TN; 37950-1295; US Patent Application Number: 20040023937 Date filed: May 22, 2003 Abstract: Composition for halting the metastasis of cancer cells comprising rubidum ursolate. The rubidium ursolate is formed from a mixture of rubidium and ursolic acid obtained from the bark of the Virburnum plant. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to formulations for the preventing or halting the metastasis of cancer cells. Ursolic acid derived from the bark of the Viburnum plant has been reported to have anti-invasive activity with human fibrosarcoma cells. The mechanism of activity was reported to be thought to involve the down-regulation of

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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MMP-9, a gelatin degrading matrix metalloproteinase. It has been further reported that there was no effect on MMP-2, the second of two gelatin degrading MMP's. In accordance with the present invention, Rubidium is combined with Ursolic acid to make a salt of the acid, Rubidium Ursolate, which, when administered to a patient, downregulates both MMP-2 and MMP-9. This combination of the two MMP inhibitors provides a treatment for halting the spread or metastasis of cancer cells, in general. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cancer cell receptor-expressing natural killer cell lines and methods of use Inventor(s): Klingemann, Hans; (Winnetka, IL) Correspondence: Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal Llp; P.O. Box 061080; Wacker Drive Station, Sears Tower; Chicago; IL; 60606-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20040022773 Date filed: June 6, 2003 Abstract: This invention relates to a natural killer cell line termed NK-92. The invention provides a vector for transfecting a mammalian cell which includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a cytokine that promotes the growth of NK-92. Additionally, the invention provides an NK-92 cell, or an NK-92 cell modified by transfection with a vector conferring advantageous properties, which is unable to proliferate and which preserves effective cytotoxic activity. The invention further provides a modified NK-92 cell that is transfected with a vector encoding a cytokine that promotes the growth of NK-92 cells. The cell secretes the cytokine upon being cultured under conditions that promote cytokine secretion, and furthermore secretes the cytokine in vivo upon being introduced into a mammal. In a significant embodiment, the cytokine is interleukin 2. The present invention also provides methods of purging cancer cells from a biological sample, of treating a cancer ex vivo in a mammal, and of treating a cancer in vivo in a mammal employing a natural killer cell, such as NK-92 itself, an NK-92 cell which is unable to proliferate and which preserves effective cytotoxic activity, or natural killer cells transfected with a vector encoding a cytokine. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/403,910, filed on Oct. 27, 1999, which was based on, and claimed benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/045,885, filed on Apr. 30, 1997. This invention relates to natural killer cells and their use in the treatment of pathologies related to cancer or viral infections. Specifically, a particular cell line, NK-92, and modifications thereof, are disclosed. These cells are shown to be highly effective in the treatment of these pathologies. Certain cells of the immune system have cytotoxic activity against particular target cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are specifically directed to their targets via antigen-derived peptides bound to MHC class I-specific markers. Natural killer (NK) cells, however, are not so restricted. NK cells, generally representing about 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes, bind and kill target cells, including virus-infected cells and many malignant cells, nonspecifically with regard to antigen and without prior immune sensitization (Herberman et al., Science 214:24 (1981)). Killing of target cells occurs by inducing cell lysis. MHC class restriction likewise is not involved. In these ways the activity of NK cells differs from antigen-specific and MHC class-specific T cells, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Use of NK cells in the immunotherapy of tumors and malignancies is suggested by these properties, since many tumors are MHC class I deficient and therefore do not attract CTL activity. Adhesion molecules may also be involved in the targeting of NK cells; for example, it is observed that the Fcy receptor

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(CD16) is expressed on NK cells. NK cells are large granular lymphocytes which lack CD3, and in addition to CD16, also may express Leu19 (Lanier et al., J. Immunol. 136; 4480 (1986)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cyclic sulfamide derivatives and methods of use Inventor(s): Coppola, Gary Mark; (Budd Lake, NJ), Davies, John William; (Montclair, NJ), Jewell, Charles Francis; (Sudbury, MA), Li, Yu-Chin; (Edison, NJ), Sperbeck, Donald Mark; (Berkeley Heights, NJ), Stams, Travis Matthew; (Belle Mead, NJ), Topiol, Sidney Wolf; (Fair Lawn, NJ), Vlattas, Isidoros; (Summit, NJ), Wareing, James Richard; (Randolph, NJ) Correspondence: Thomas Hoxie; Novartis, Corporate Intellectual Property; One Health Plaza 430/2; East Hanover; NJ; 07936-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20040023974 Date filed: April 2, 2003 Abstract: Compounds of the formula 1provide pharmacological agents which are inhibitors of PTPases, in particular, the compounds of formula I inhibit PTP-1B and TC PTP, and thus may be employed for the treatment of conditions associated with PTPase activity. The compounds of the present invention may also be employed for inhibition of other enzymes with a phosphotyrosine binding region such as the SH2 domain. Accordingly, the compounds of formula I may be employed for prevention or treatment of insulin resistance associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic diseases of the large and small blood vessels. The compounds of the present invention may also be employed in the treatment, prevention or control of a number of conditions that accompany Type 2 diabetes, including hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, adipose cell tumors and carcinomas such as liposarcoma, dyslipidemia, and other disorders where insulin resistance is indicated. In addition, the compounds of the present invention may be employed to treat or prevent cancer, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases, and diseases involving inflammation and the immune system. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Provisional Applications Nos. 60/369,930 and No. 60/369,779, both filed Apr. 3, 2002. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a prodrug derivative thereof. The compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), in particular, the compounds of formula I inhibit PTPase-1B (PTP-1B) and T-cell PTPase (TC PTP), and thus may be employed for the treatment of conditions mediated by PTPase activity. The compounds of the present invention may also be employed as inhibitors of other enzymes characterized with a phosphotyrosine binding region such as the SH2 domain. Accordingly, the compounds of formula I may be employed for prevention or treatment of insulin resistance associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic diseases of the large and small blood vessels. The compounds of the present invention may also be employed in the treatment, prevention or control of a number of conditions that accompany Type 2 diabetes, including hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, adipose cell tumors and carcinomas such as liposarcoma, dyslipidemia, and other disorders where insulin resistance is indicated. In addition, the compounds of the present invention may be employed to treat or prevent cancer,

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osteoporosis, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases, and diseases involving inflammation and the immune system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Erbb-2 selective small molecule kinase inhibitors Inventor(s): Enyedy, Istvan; (Hamden, CT), Wang, Shaomeng; (Saline, MI), Yang, Dajun; (Rockville, MD) Correspondence: Medlen & Carroll; 101 Howard Street, Suite 350; San Francisco; CA; 94105; US Patent Application Number: 20040023957 Date filed: August 4, 2003 Abstract: A novel method for erbB-2 kinase inhibition by compounds identifies through computational modeling and data processing and/or rational and de novo drug design is provided the compounds bind erbB-2 kinase molecules and which can be used as erbB-2 kinase agonists or antagonists. These compounds are useful especially in the treatment of cancer, particularly breast cancer, and can be used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, particularly with hercetin, a humanized anti-HER2 antibody, or with radiation therapy. A specific compound which is exemplified is "compound B17"=methyl-(posa-notrophenyl)-2-propynoate. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/221,515, filed Jul. 30, 2000, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a novel method of prevention or treatment of diseases where signal transduction pathways mediated by erbB-2 tyrosine kinase play a significant role. Examples thereof include abnormal cell proliferation, including cancer, particularly, breast cancer. For mammalian cells to survive, they must be able to respond rapidly to changes in their environment. Furthermore, for cells to reproduce and carry out other cooperative functions, they must be able to communicate efficiently with each other. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Exemestane as chemopreventing agent Inventor(s): Di Salle, Enrico; (Milan, IT), Martini, Alessandro; (Milan, IT), Massimini, Giorgio; (Abbiategrasso Milan, IT), Muggetti, Lorena; (Meda, IT), Piscitelli, Gabriella; (Milan, IT), Purandare, Dinesh; (Branchburg, NJ) Correspondence: Stephen H Docter; Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; Suite 3200; 300 South Wacker; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20040024044 Date filed: August 4, 2003 Abstract: The present invention concerns the use of aromatase inhibitor exemestane, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents in the chemoprevention of estrogen dependent cancer in mammals, including humans, at increased risk of the disease.

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Excerpt(s): The invention belongs to the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry and anticancer medicine, and provides a method of chemoprevention of estrogen dependent cancer. Cancers, including estrogen dependent cancers, are generally thought to result from a multistep process, in which a series of somatic mutations, and/or chromosomal changes occur. Each step results in a greater deviation from normal cellular behavior, until cells lose the normal ability to regulate their own growth and therefore proliferate. The altered cells first proliferate into a precanceruos neoplasm, which progresses in stages toward metastatic cancer. This process is known as tumor progression. On the other hand, for instance approximately 30% of breast cancers are hormone-sensitive and are treated with a variety of agents other than oophorectomy (surgical or radiological), including anti-estrogens, progestins and aromatase inhibitors. Despite the variety of treatments available, approximately on third of the early treated breast cancer (EBC) will relapse within 10 years from diagnosis, and as soon as the disease becomes metastatic (BMC), the medium life expectancy is of about 2,5-3 years. There is therefore a high and unmet medical need for therapeutic agents aimed at prevention of hormone dependent tumors and, in particular, of both primary and secondary breast cancer. Cancer chemoprevention is a new discipline whose foundation rests upon epidemiologic evidence suggesting that dietary components including vitamins and micronutrients such as beta-carotene, vitamin E, calcium and selenium may be inhibitors of carcinogenesis. However, although the precise biological mechanisms of cellular carcinogenesis are incomplete, a number of specific mechanisms seem to be procarcinogenic. Accordingly, estrogen modulators for instance may act as a chemopreventive agents in breast cancer by disrupting estrogen production, receptor binding or receptor activation. In this connection, the chemopreventive properties of tamoxifen were first demonstrated by the reduction of second primaries in a metaanalysis of breast cancer survivors who had taken the drug for 5 years. A major concern remains, however: the increased risk of endometrial cancer associated with tamoxifen administration. Since chemopreventive agents are intended for chronic (or long lasting) use in healthy or relative healthy subjects, toxicity, even if mild and reversible, is problematic. Accordingly, there is the need in this field of drugs endowed with low side effects and combinations of anticancer agents with non-overlapping toxicity while having enhanced therapeutic effect. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Expression of herstatin, an alternative HER-2/neu product, in cells that express either p185HER-2 or the EGF receptor inhibits receptor activity and cell growth Inventor(s): Adelman, John P.; (Portland, OR), Clinton, Gail M.; (Portland, OR), Doherty, Joni Kristin; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: Davis Wright Tremaine, Llp; 2600 Century Square; 1501 Fourth Avenue; Seattle; WA; 98101-1688; US Patent Application Number: 20040022785 Date filed: November 22, 2002 Abstract: An alternative HER-2/neu product, herstatin, consists of subdomains I and II from the ectodomain of p185HER-2 and a unique 79 amino acid C-terminus encoded by intron 8. Recombinant herstatin added to cells was found to bind to and inhibit p185HER-2. The effects of ectopic expression of herstatin in combination with either p185HER-2 or with its homolog, the EGF receptor, in several cell lines was studied. Cotransfection of herstatin with HER-2 inhibited p185HER-2 levels and caused an

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approximate 8-fold reduction in p185 tyrosine phosphorylation. Inhibition ofp185HER-2 tyrosine phosphorylation corresponded to a dramatic decline in colony formation by cells that coexpressed p185HER-2 and herstatin. Herstatin also interferred with EGF activation of the EGF receptor in cotransfected cells as demonstrated by impaired receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, reduced receptor down-regulation, and growth suppression. For both p185HER-2 and the EGF receptor, the extent of inhibition was affected by the expression levels of herstatin relative to the receptor. Herstatin is an autoinhibitor of p185HER-2 and expands its inhibitory activity to another member of the group I family of receptor tyrosine kinases, the EGF receptor. Herstatin blocked the activated Akt-mediated EGF survival signal, as well as transforming growth factor alpha (TGF.alpha.)-mediated EGF receptor activation, survival signal and proliferation signal. Purified recombinant herstatin specifically inhibited human carcinoma cells that over-express HER-2, and was effectively absorbed into the blood of intraperitoneally injected mice, where it was not proteolytically degraded and was present for between one and three hours. Herstatin was shown to be efficacious in rat and mouse xenograft models of human cancer. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/638,834, of the same title, filed Aug. 14, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/506,079, entitled HER-2 BINDING ANTAGONIST, filed Feb. 16, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/234,208, entitled HER-2 BINDING ANTAGONISTS, filed Jan. 20, 1999. This application also claims the benefit of priority, under Section 365(c) to PCT application US01/25502. A HER-2 binding antagonist is described and provided. Specifically, intron retention has generated a novel HER-2 antagonist polypeptide that binds to the HER-2 receptor. The HER-2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene encodes a receptor-like tyrosine kinase (RTK) that has been extensively investigated because of its role in several human carcinomas (Hynes and Stern, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 1198:165-184, 1994; and Dougall et al., Oncogene 9:2109-2123, 1994) and in mammalian development (Lee et al., Nature 378:394-398, 1995). The sequence of the HER-2 protein was determined from a cDNA that was cloned by homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA from placenta (Coussens et al., Science 230:1132-1139, 1985) and from a gastric carcinoma cell line (Yamamoto et al., Nature 319:230-234, 1986). The HER-2 mRNA was shown to be about 4.5 kb (Coussens et al., Science 230:1132-1139, 1985; and Yamamoto et al., Nature 319:230-234, 1986) and encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein of 185 kDa in normal and malignant human tissues (p185HER-2) (Hynes and Stern, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 1198:165-184, 1994; and Dougall et al., Oncogene 9:2109-2123, 1994). The function of the HER-2 gene has been examined mainly by expressing the cDNA corresponding to the 4.5 kb transcript in transfected cells and from the structure and biochemical properties of the 185 kDa protein product. P185HER-2 consists of a large extracellular domain, a transmembrane segment, and an intracellular domain with tyrosine kinase activity (Hynes and Stern, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 1198:165-184, 1994; and Dougall et al., Oncogene 9:2109-2123, 1994). Overexpression of p185HER-2 causes phenotypic transformation of cultured cells (DiFiore et al., Science 237:178-182, 1987; and Hudziak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7159-7163, 1987) and has been associated with aggressive clinical progression of breast and ovarian cancer (Slamon et al., Science 235:177-182, 1987; and Slamon et al., Science 244:707-712, 1989). p185HER-2 is highly homologous to the EGFR. However, a ligand that directly binds with high affinity to p185HER-2 has not yet been identified. Moreover, the signaling activity of HER-2 may be mediated through heterodimerization with other ligand-binding members of the EGFR family (Carraway and Cantley, Cell 78:5-8, 1994; Earp et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 35:115-132, 1995; and Qian et al., Oncogene 10:211-219, 1995).

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Histone deacetylase inhibitors based on alpha-chalcogenmethylcarbonyl compounds Inventor(s): Kaufman, Robert J.; (St. Louis, MO), Lan-Hargest, Hsuan-Yin; (Fallston, MD) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson P.C.; 1425 K Street, N.W.; 11th Floor; Washington; DC; 20005-3500; US Patent Application Number: 20040023944 Date filed: May 21, 2003 Abstract: Histone deacetylase is a metallo-enzyme with zinc at the active site. Compounds having a zinc-binding moiety, for example, an alphachalcogenmethylcarbonyl group, such as an alpha-ketothio group, can inhibit histone deacetylase. Histone deacetylase inhibition can repress gene expression, including expression of genes related to tumor suppression. Accordingly, inhibition of histone deacetylase can provide an alternate route for treating cancer, hematological disorders, e.g., hemoglobinopathies, autosomal dominant disorders, e.g. spinal muscular atrophy and Huntington's disease, genetic related metabolic disorders, e.g., cystic fibrosis and adrenoleukodystrophy, or for stimulating hematopoietic cells ex vivo. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 USC.sctn. 119(e) to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/382,077, filed on May 22, 2002, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to alphachalcogenmethylcarbonyl compounds, and more particularly to alphachalcogenmethylcarbonyl compounds that are histone deacetylase inhibitors. DNA in the nucleus of the cell exists as a hierarchy of compacted chromatin structures. The basic repeating unit in chromatin is the nucleosome. The nucleosome consists of a histone octamer of proteins in the nucleus of the cell around which DNA is wrapped twice. The orderly packaging of DNA in the nucleus plays an important role in the functional aspects of gene regulation. Covalent modifications of the histones have a key role in altering chromatin higher order structure and function and ultimately gene expression. The covalent modification of histones, such as acetylation, occurs by enzymatically mediated processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Imidazole derivatives, process for their preparation and their use Inventor(s): Kusaka, Masami; (Hyogo, JP), Matsunaga, Nobuyuki; (Osaka, JP), Ojida, Akio; (Fukuoka, JP), Tasaka, Akihiro; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc; Intellectual Property Department; 475 Half Day Road; Suite 500; Lincolnshire; IL; 60069; US Patent Application Number: 20040024039 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a compound having a steroid C.sub.17,20-lyase inhibitory activity, which is useful as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent of prostatism and tumor such as breast cancer and the like.A compound represented by the formula: 1wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a protecting group, R.sup.1 is a lower alkyl group or a

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cyclic alkyl group, and ring A and ring B are each an optionally substituted 5-membered or 6-membered ring having an amide bond in the ring, or a salt thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical agent, particularly, a novel imidazole derivative having a steroid C.sub.17,20-lyase inhibitory action, a salt thereof and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same. Androgen and estrogen, which are sex hormones, have various physiological activities such as differentiation and proliferation of cells and the like. On the other hand, it has been found that androgen and estrogen act as an exacerbation factor in some diseases. It is known that steroid C.sub.17,20-lyase is involved in the final stage in the biosynthesis of androgen in vivo. That is, steroid C.sub.17,20-lyase converts, as a substrate, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone derived from cholesterol to dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, respectively. Therefore, a medicine having a steroid C.sub.17,20-lyase inhibitory activity suppresses formation of androgen, as well as estrogen produced from androgen as a substrate, and is useful as an agent for the prophylaxis or treatment of diseases whose exacerbation factor is androgen or estrogen. As the disease for which androgen or estrogen is an exacerbation factor, there are mentioned, for example, prostate cancer, prostatic hypertrophy, virilism, hirsutism, male pattern alopecia, precocious puberty, breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, mastopathy, uterus myoma, endometriosis, adenomyosis of uterus, polycystic ovary syndrome, and the like. Steroid-type compounds and non-steroid-type compounds are already known as steroid C.sub.17,20-lyase inhibitors. The steroid-type compounds are disclosed in, for example, WO 92/15404, WO 93/20097, EP-A 288053, EP-A 413270 and the like. As non-steroidtype compounds, for example, (1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl-substituted benzimidazole derivatives are shown in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 85975/1989, carbazole derivatives are shown in WO94/27989, WO96/14090 and WO97/00257, azole derivatives are shown in WO95/09157, 1H-benzimidazole derivatives are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,161, dihydronaphthalene derivatives are shown in WO99/18075, and naphthalene derivatives are shown in WO99/54309. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Immunotherapy for prostate cancer using recombinant bacille calmette-guerin expressing prostate specific antigens Inventor(s): Geliebter, Jan; (Brooklyn, NY) Correspondence: Kenyon & Kenyon; One Broadway; New York; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20040022770 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of prostate cancer. Methods and compositions comprising recombinant BCG are provided for eliciting potent immune responses against prostate specific antigens that are effective for treatment of prostate cancer and metastatic disease. Excerpt(s): Prostate cancer (CaP) is now the most common cancer in American men, with approximately 180,400 new cases estimated for the year 2000. In 1990, CaP surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer among American men. Approximately 189,000 cases, or thirty percent of all newly diagnosed cancers in American men in 2002 will be CaP. One in six American men will be diagnosed with CaP in his lifetime, and this cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American men with approximately 30,200 deaths estimated for the year 2002. Ninety

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percent of CaP cases where the cancer is confined to the prostate (i.e., "organ-confined") can be cured with surgery if discovered early, but because there is no effective systemic therapy for this disease, the prognosis is poor once the tumor has spread beyond the gland itself and about half of the patients with CaP have clinically advanced (i.e., extraprostatic/extracapsular) disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Even in those patients initially determined to have organ-confined disease, one-third actually have undetected micrometastatic disease, as determined by subsequent pathological staging or disease progression. In all, more than 65% of patients with CaP develop metastatic disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Inhibition of fatty acid synthase by beta-lactones and other compounds for inhibition of cellular proliferation Inventor(s): Axelrod, Fumiko; (San Diego, CA), Kridel, Steven J.; (Clemmons, NC), Smith, Jeffrey W.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Needle & Rosenberg, P.C.; Suite 1000; 999 Peachtree Street; Atlanta; GA; 30309-3915; US Patent Application Number: 20040024050 Date filed: April 16, 2003 Abstract: The present invention features methods of treating a cancer in a subject by administering an effective amount of a beta-lactone to the subject. The invention also features methods of inhibiting angiogenesis in a subject by administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase to the subject. These methods can be used to treat a variety of cancers and other diseases and conditions. The invention also features methods of identifying beta-lactones and other compounds that can be used in the methods of the invention for the treatment of tumors, inhibition of angiogenesis, and the treatment of diseases and conditions that involve pathological angiogenesis. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/373,181, filed Apr. 17, 2002, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This invention relates generally to the treatment of cancer by administration of beta-lactones to inhibit the enzymatic activity of fatty acid synthase. The invention also relates generally to the inhibition of angiogenesis and the treatment of diseases that involve pathological angiogenesis by administration of compounds (e.g., beta-lactones) that inhibit the enzymatic activity of fatty acid synthase. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids from small carbon substrates. The enzyme contains six separate enzymatic pockets along with an acyl carrier protein, which act sequentially to perform repeated condensations of acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA, yielding predominantly palmitate, a sixteen-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid. Following seven such condensation cycles, palmitate remains covalently attached to the acyl carrier protein of the enzyme until it is liberated by the final enzymatic pocket on the enzyme, the intrinsic thioesterase. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for enhancing the effectiveness of therapies of hyperproliferative diseases Inventor(s): Chang, Yan; (Ashland, MA), Sasak, Vodek; (Northboro, MA) Correspondence: Ropes & Gray Llp; One International Place; Boston; MA; 02110-2624; US Patent Application Number: 20040023925 Date filed: April 7, 2003 Abstract: The efficacy of conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation is enhanced by the use of a therapeutic material which binds to and interacts with galectins. The therapeutic material can enhance apoptosis thereby increasing the effectiveness of oncolytic agents. It can also inhibit angiogenesis thereby moderating tumor growth and/or metastasis. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/176,235 filed Jun. 20, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/299,991, filed Jun. 21, 2001, and entitled Method for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Cancer Therapies; the specifications of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Galectins comprise a family of proteins which are expressed by plant and animal cells and which bind.beta.-galactoside sugars. These proteins can be found on cell surfaces, in cytoplasm, in the nucleus, and in extracellular fluids. The two most studied galectins, galectin-1 and galectin-3, have a molecular weight in the general range of 13-16 kDa and 29-35 kD, respectively; they have an affinity for.beta.-galactoside containing materials, and have been found to play a number of important roles in biological processes including cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, angiogenesis, cell fusion and other cell-cell interactions, as well as immune-based reactions and apoptosis. As such, the role of galectins is very strongly tied to cancer and other proliferative diseases. While there are a large number of galectins which manifest the foregoing activities, galectin-3 and galectin-1 have been strongly implicated in connection with cellular processes involving cancers. Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate binding protein having a molecular weight of approximately 30,000. It is composed of two distinct structural motifs, an amino-terminal portion containing Gly-X-Y tandem repeats which are characteristic of collagens, and a carboxyl-terminal portion containing a carbohydrate binding site. Galectin-3 is found in almost all tumors, and has a binding affinity for.beta.-galactoside-containing glyco-conjugates. Galectin-3 is believed to play a role in mediating cell-cell interactions and thereby fostering metastasis. It has been found that cells which have high expressions of galectin-3 are more prone to metastasis and are more resistant to apoptosis induced by chemotherapy or radiation. It has also been reported in the literature that galectin-3 plays a role in promoting angiogenesis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of diagnosis and treatment of breast lesions Inventor(s): Hung, David; (Redwood City, CA) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20040023912 Date filed: March 17, 2003

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Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for administering diagnostic and therapeutic agents into a breast duct. A thymidine kinase vector may be administered into a breast duct in conjunction with an acycloguanidine compound for enhanced imaging on PET scanning of the breast to detect breast lesions. The thymidine kinase phosphoraylates the acycloguanidine compound to enhance visibility of lesions on PET scan. An acyclic nucleoside compound may be administered into the breast duct to form phosphorylated adducts that phosphorylate DNA and kill thymidine kinase expressing cancer cells. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit under 37 CFR.sctn.1.78 of provisional application Serial No. 60/364,136, filed Mar. 15, 2002. The full disclosure of the application is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for management of breast lesions and in particular enhancing imaging of breast tumors. Breast cancer is a major cause of death in women. It is estimated that up to 10% of women in the United States are at risk of developing breast cancer in their lifetime. Methods of early detection have been developed such as physical examinations, regular self-examinations, mammography or tissue biopsy, however, inherent features of these methods limit their utility. Physical examinations and self-examinations may depend on the skill of the examiner and some lesions, particularly small-sized lesions, may be overlooked. Mammograms may sometimes be difficult to interpret in more dense breast tissue. Furthermore, mammograms may lack optimal sensitivity such that breast lesions may be present for many years and may develop to an advanced stage of disease before they are detectable on mammogram. Because advanced stage disease often carries a poor prognosis, reliance on mammogram may be less than optimal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of inhibiting ATF/CREB and cancer cell growth and pharmaceutical compositions for same Inventor(s): Kennedy, Thomas Preston; (Charlotte, NC) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20040019102 Date filed: May 14, 2003 Abstract: There is provided a method for inhibiting ATF/CREB and cancer cell growth using disulfiram, administered in combination with heavy metals. It was found that disulfiram disrupts transcription factor DNA binding by forming mixed disulfides with thiols within the DNA-binding region, and that this process is facilitated by metal ions. Disulfiram administered to melanoma cells in combination with copper (II) or zinc(II) decreased expression of cyclin A, reduced proliferation in vitro, and inhibited growth of melanoma cells. The combination of oral zinc gluconate and disulfiram at currently approved doses for alcoholism stabilized tumor growth in two of three patients with Stage IV metastatic melanoma, with 12 and 17 month survivals, respectively, to date, and produced a >50% reduction in hepatic metastases in one individual. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/392,122, filed on Sep. 8, 1999 and now allowed, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference, and which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) to Provisional U.S. Application Serial No. 60/099,390. This invention

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generally relates to methods of inhibiting ATF/CREB and cancer cell growth and to pharmaceutical compositions for use in the methods. More specifically, this invention relates to methods of use and pharmaceutical compositions for treating certain cancers with a combination of a thiuram disulfide and metal ion or disulfiram chelated with a metal ion. Cancer, the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells, is a major health problem of the modern medical era. While some malignancies, such as adenocarcinoma of the breast and lymphomas such as Hodgkin's Disease, respond relatively well to current chemotherapeutic antineoplastic drug regimens, other cancers are poorly responsive to chemotherapy, especially melanoma, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, liver, prostate and colon cancers. Even small cell cancer of the lung, initially chemotherapy sensitive, tends to return after remission, with widespread metastatic spread leading to death of the patient. Thus, better treatment approaches are needed for this illness. The biology of malignant melanomas offers an example of the importance of transcription factors for malignant cell propagation. Malignant melanomas have great propensity to metastasize and are notoriously resistant to conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and.gamma.-irradiation. Development of malignant melanoma in humans progresses through a multistage process, with transition from melanocyte to nevi, to radial growth, and subsequently to the vertical growth, metastatic phenotype of autonomous melanomas, associated with decreased dependence on growth factors, diminished anchorage dependence, reduced contact inhibition and increased radiation and drug resistance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of treating prostatic diseases using active vitamin D analogues Inventor(s): Bishop, Charles W.; (Madison, WI), Knutson, Joyce C.; (Madison, WI), Mazess, Richard B.; (Madison, WI) Correspondence: Michael Best & Friedrich, Llp; One South Pinckney Street; P O Box 1806; Madison; WI; 53701 Patent Application Number: 20040023934 Date filed: March 25, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides therapeutic methods for inhibiting, ameliorating or alleviating the hyperproliferative cellular activity of diseases of the prostate, e.g., prostatic cancer and prostatic hyperplasia, which includes administering to a patient in need thereof an active vitamin D analogue. Cell differentiation is promoted, induced or enhanced without causing to the patient dose-limiting hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/415,488. Apr. 3, 1995, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/119,895, Sep. 10, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,831, and is also a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/486,387, Jun. 7, 1995, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/265,438, Jun. 24, 1994, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates generally to a method of treating hyperproliferative prostatic diseases, and in particular, to the use of active forms of vitamin D to inhibit the hyperproliferative cellular activity of these diseases and to promote differentiation of the cells. The prostate gland is found exclusively in male mammals and is subject to certain hyperproliferative diseases. A proliferation of basal and stroma cells of the prostate gland gives rise to benign prostatic hyperplasia which is one common prostate disease. Another common prostate disease is prostate cancer, especially prostatic adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the most

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common of the fatal pathophysiological prostate cancers, and typically involves a malignant transformation of epithelial cells in the peripheral region of the prostate gland. Both prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer have a high rate of incidence in the aging human male population. Approximately one out of every four males above the age of 55 suffers from a prostate disease of some form or another. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods and compositions for intravesical therapy of bladder cancer Inventor(s): Goldenberg, David M.; (Mendham, NJ), Griffiths, Gary; (Morristown, NJ) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20040022726 Date filed: May 30, 2003 Abstract: A method for treating bladder cancer by administering via the urethra a multispecific antibody comprising at least one targeting arm that binds a bladder cancer antigen and at least one capture arm that binds a carrier conjugated to one or more therapeutic agents, allowing said multispecific antibody to localize at the site of said bladder cancer, allowing any free multispecific antibody to substantially clear from the patient; and (b) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the carrier conjugated to one or more therapeutic agents. Excerpt(s): Bladder cancer is a relatively common cancer, particularly prevalent among men, and its incidence is slowly increasing. Superficial cancers are generally treated by endoscopic resection, although virtually all patients develop new tumors in the bladder, many of which progress to a higher stage. Further treatments over time can include further resections, radiation, and various intravesical therapies including those using chemotherapy agents and bacillus Calmette-Guerin. All therapies have adverse side effects. Ultimately, disease can spread such that a cystectomy (removal of the entire bladder and multiple surrounding tissues) is necessitated. Because bladder cancer is often diagnosed at an early stage it is amenable to, and often responsive to, certain treatments administered intravesically. Unfortunately, none is curative, and few in fact provide regressions of any meaningful duration. Further, when the bladder carcinoma spreads beyond this organ, virtually all patients succumb to this metastatic disease. Even when the bladder carcinoma remains within the bladder but penetrates beyond the superficial epithelium into the deeper muscular layer, potential for cure relies only on total bladder extirpation, which then requires a urinary pouch to be made from the patient's gut, and which provides much difficulty to the patient and a major effect on the patient's quality of life. Radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a very promising modality for the targeted and specific treatment of various cancers, and promises substantially improved outcomes compared to standard radiotherapy and chemotherapy approaches to cancer treatment. It does, however, suffer from the disadvantage that when a radiolabeled mAb is injected into a cancer patient a finite amount of time is needed for the radioimmunoconjugate to both maximize in tumor target tissue, and clear from background tissues and circulation. During this time, which is quite long for an intact radiolabeled immunoglobulin IgG and somewhat shorter for radiolabeled IgG fragments and sub-Fab' fragments, the patient is exposed to non-disease targeted radiation. This non-targeted radiation, primarily received during the mAb localization phase, translates directly to radiotoxicity. This, in turn, limits the total amount of radiolabeled mAb that can be

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administered, preventing dose escalation to achieve optimal RAIT, which can require tumor doses in the range of 50 to 80 Gy, because most solid tumors (carcinomas) are relatively radioresistant, as compared to hematopoietic neoplasms. To overcome this problem, delivery of radionuclide has been separated from the initial targeting step in a method generally called pretargeting. In this system a localization moiety, typically a multispecific antibody (msAb) that has at least one arm that binds to a tumor antigen and at least one other arm that binds to a low molecular weight hapten (example: a bispecific antibody (bsAb)), is given to a patient, and allowed to maximize in tumor tissue while also clearing normal tissues. Some time later the low molecular weight hapten is given in a radiolabeled form. The latter localizes to the multispecific antibody pretargeted to the tumor but otherwise rapidly clears the circulation and normal tissues. The ability to localize the radioactive species to the tumor target via the multispecific antibody almost immediately post-administration while the unbound radioactivity is eliminated, via the kidneys and urine, dramatically shifts the therapeutic ratio in a positive manner. Increased amounts of radioactivity can be directed to the tumor target, while normal tissues are spared and overall toxicity thereby decreased. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods for detecting dna damage and screening for cancer therapeutics Inventor(s): Halazonetis, Thanos; (Wynnewood, PA), Schultz, Linda B.; (Suwanee, GA) Correspondence: Howson And Howson; One Spring House Corporation Center; Box 457; 321 Norristown Road; Spring House; PA; 19477; US Patent Application Number: 20040023235 Date filed: January 17, 2003 Abstract: A method for detecting DNA damage in a tissue sample involves contacting an immobilized biological sample with a labeled ligand which binds to human 53Bp1, and examining the immobilized sample for the presence of a label generated-detectable signal concentrated in foci in said sample. The presence of concentrated foci is indicative of DNA damage and the presence of diffuse signal is indicative of a normal sample. Diagnostic reagents contain a ligand that binds to human 53Bp1 associated with a detectable label. Diagnostic kits for detecting DNA damage in a biological sample contain such diagnostic reagents and signal detection components. Compositions that inhibit or antagonize the biological activity of 53Bp1 are identified by suitable assays, and are employed in methods of retarding the growth of a cancer cell. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosis of cancer and other consequences of DNA damage in mammalian cells and tissues, and to methods of drug screening for anti-cancer compounds. The stability or integrity of the genomes of eukaryotes is the result of a complex interplay of functions at the center of which is regulation of DNA damage checkpoints and DNA repair [Petrini, J. H., 1999 Amer. J. Hum. Genet., 64:1264-1269]. In eukaryotes, when the DNA is damaged, the cell must first sense that damage is present, then induce cell cycle arrest by activating an evolutionarily conserved DNA damage checkpoint. The checkpoint causes arrest of the cell cycle at the G1/S and G2/M boundaries and activation of DNA repair functions [Elledge, S. J., 1996 Science, 274:1664-1672; Longhese, M. P. et al, 1998 EMBO J., 17:55255528; Weinert, T. 1998 Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 8:185-193]. Different agents cause different types of DNA damage. Genomic instability, which is a hallmark of neoplastic transformation, may result from defects in the cell cycle checkpoint proteins or DNA repair proteins [Hartwell, L. 1992 Cell 71:543-546; Lengauer, C. et al., 1998 Nature,

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396:643-649; and Loeb, L. A., 1991 Cancer Res., 51:3075-3079]. One of the most serious threats to genetic integrity is DNA double-strand breaks (DNA DSBs) which are produced from exogenous agents, such as ionizing radiation, and from errors occurring during normal replication or recombination. DNA DSBs are the most important agents of DNA damage from the cell's perspective, because they are the most difficult to repair. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods of therapy and diagnosis using targeting of cells that express toll-like receptor proteins Inventor(s): Dedea, Douglas; (Castro Valley, CA) Correspondence: Luisa Bigornia; Hyseq, INC.; 670 Almanor Avenue; Sunnyvale; CA; 94085; US Patent Application Number: 20040022786 Date filed: November 22, 2002 Abstract: Certain cells, including types of cancer cells such as B-cell lymphomas, T cell lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease and myeloid leukemias, are capable of expressing Tolllike Receptor 9 (TLR9) or Toll-like Receptor 10 (TLR10) mRNA. Immunotargeting using TLR9 or TLR10 polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding for TLR9 or TLR10 polypeptides and anti-TLR9 or anti-TLR10 antibodies provides a method of killing or inhibiting that growth of cancer cells that express the TLR9 or TLR10 protein. Methods of immunotherapy and diagnosis of disorders associated with TLR9 or TLR10 proteinexpressing cells, such as B-cell lymphoma, T cell lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, B cell leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, are described. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/077,676 filed on Feb. 14, 2002, entitled "Methods of Therapy and Diagnosis Using Targeting of Cells that Expressing Toll-Like Receptor 9 Protein", Attorney Docket No. HYS-49, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/687,527 filed on Oct. 12, 2000, entitled "Full Length Novel Nucleic Acids and Polypeptides", Attorney Docket No. 795, and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/488,725 filed on Jan. 21, 2000, entitled "Novel Contigs Obtained from Various Libraries," Attorney Docket No. 784. This and all other U.S. Patents and Patent Applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. This invention relates to compositions and methods for targeting Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) protein- and Toll-like Receptor 10 (TLR10) protein-expressing cells and their use in the therapy and diagnosis of various pathological states, including cancer, autoimmune disease, organ transplant rejection, and allergic reactions. Antibody therapy for cancer involves the use of antibodies, or antibody fragments, against a tumor antigen to target antigen-expressing cells. Antibodies, or antibody fragments, may have direct or indirect cytotoxic effects or may be conjugated or fused to cytotoxic moieties. Direct effects include the induction of apoptosis, the blocking of growth factor receptors, and anti-idiotype antibody formation. Indirect effects include antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (CMCC). When conjugated or fused to cytotoxic moieties, the antibodies, or fragments thereof, provide a method of targeting the cytotoxicity towards the tumor antigen expressing cells. (Green, et al., Cancer Treatment Reviews, 26:269-286 (2000)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Mob-5/hmob-5 as a cancer diagnostic marker Inventor(s): Liang, Peng; (Nashville, TN) Correspondence: Needle & Rosenberg, P.C.; Suite 1000; 999 Peachtree Street; Atlanta; GA; 30309-3915; US Patent Application Number: 20040019193 Date filed: September 30, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising the nucleic acids set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO: 1(corresponding to a cDNA encoding a rat Mob-5 protein), SEQ ID NO: 3(corresponding to a cDNA encoding the cancer specific human Mob-5 protein homolog with an internal deletion of 53 amino acid residues, referred to as cMob-5.), SEQ ID NO: 5(corresponding to a cDNA encoding a human Mob-5 protein), SEQ ID NO: 7(corresponding to a nucleic acid encoding a rat Mob-5-AP fusion protein and SEQ ID NO: 9(corresponding to a nucleic acid encoding a human Mob-5-AP fusion protein). The invention also provides purified polypeptides having the sequences set forth in the Sequence Listing as any of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 10. This invention also relates to a method of detecting the presence of cancer in a patient comprising: a) contacting a sample from the patient with an antibody to Mob-5; and b) detecting the binding of the antibody with an antigen in the sample, wherein binding of antigen to the antibody indicates the presence of Mob-5 antigen in the sample and wherein Mob-5 antigen in the sample indicates the presence of cancer in the patient, thereby detecting the presence of cancer in the patient. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/178,185 filed on Jan. 26, 2000. The 60/178,185 provisional patent application is herein incorporated by this reference in its entirety. This invention relates to the discovery of a novel gene, designated mob-5, an immediate transcriptional target of oncogenic ras. The invention further relates to the detection of mob-5 expression and/or the presence of the Mob-5 protein as potential markers for the early diagnosis of cancer. Oncogenic conversion of a normal cell into a tumor cell requires multiple genetic alterations (Land et al., 1983; Hunter, 1991). Of particular interest is the fact that mutations in Ras oncogenes cooperate with several other proto-oncogenes or mutant p53 tumor suppressor genes to transform mammalian cells (Hinds, et al. 1989). Ras proteins are among the most important molecular switch molecules that relay mitogenic or differentiation signals from the cell surface to the nucleus where selective genes are activated. Oncogenic mutations lock the Ras proteins into a permanent "on" position, leading to unregulated cell proliferation which is a hallmark of cancer. Mutations in the ras oncogene have been found at high frequency in a variety of human cancers, including those of gastrointestinal origin, such as pancreas and colon (Kiaris and Spandidos, 1995). It has been proposed that Ras proteins function, whether directly or through other signaling molecules, to control expression of genes that are important for cell growth and differentiation (Kern et al., 1991; Hunter, 1995). Progress has been made toward understanding Ras signaling pathway from growth factor receptor through activation of a cascade of protein kinases (Boguski and McCormick, 1993). In contrast, much less is known about the downstream genes that are transcriptionally activated by Ras. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Mutant fibronectin and tumor metastasis Inventor(s): Wang, Rong-Fu; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski, Llp; 1301 Mckinney; Suite 5100; Houston; TX; 77010-3095; US Patent Application Number: 20040023314 Date filed: May 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a mutated fibronectin as a class II-restricted tumor antigen recognized by tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells. In a specific embodiment, the mutation in fibronectin is responsible for the loss of FN matrix formation, leading to the enhanced migration of tumor cells. This provides an exemplary important immune target for effective cancer immunotherapy. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/383,530, filed May 28, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention regards the fields of cell biology, molecular biology, and medicine. Cancer cells are derived from a cell with accumulated genetic mutations or alterations, making them more immunogenic than normal cells. Although a number of tumor antigens recognized by CD8+ T cells have been identified in melanomas as well as other types of cancers, the majority of these class I-restricted antigens are nomnutated self-proteins (Boon et al., 1994; Wang and Rosenberg, 1999; Houghton et al., 2001). Few mutated antigens, including CDK4, beta-catenin and caspase 8, have been identified and implicated in the involvement of cell cycle regulation, tumorigenesis or apoptosis (Wolfel et al., 1995; Robbins et al,. 1996). To facilitate the identification of MHC class IIrestricted antigens, the present inventor recently developed a novel genetic approach to cloning the genes encoding MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens (Wang et al., 1999). Three class II-restricted tumor antigens were successfully identified by this method: fusion protein LDFP resulting from chromosomal rearrangement, and the mutated antigens CDC27 and TPI, while the latter being independently identified by a biochemical approach (Wang et al., 1999; Wang et al., 1999; Pieper et al., 1999). Of particular interest, the mutated human CDC27 protein, an important component of an anaphase promoting complex involved in cell cycle regulation, could give rise to a melanoma target antigen, although the point mutation itself does not constitute a T-cell epitope. Instead, the missense mutation in a putative phosphorylation site allows a nonmutated peptide within CDC27 to be presented to T cells by MHC class II molecules (Wang et al., 1999). Indeed, the majority of MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens identified to date with use of tumor reactive T cells are mutated or fusion proteins, and therefore may represent immunogenic targets recognized by CD4+ T cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel prostate cancer genes Inventor(s): Jay, Gilbert; (North Bethesda, MD), Li, Xuan; (Silver Spring, MD), Sun, Zairen; (Rockville, MD) Correspondence: Origene Technologies, Incorporated; 6 Taft Court; Suite 100; Rockville; MD; 20850; US Patent Application Number: 20040023219 Date filed: July 19, 2002

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Abstract: The present invention relates to all facets of novel polynucleotides, the polypeptides they encode, antibodies and specific binding partners thereto, and their applications to research, diagnosis, drug discovery, therapy, clinical medicine, forensic science and medicine, etc. The polynucleotides are differentially-regulated in prostate cancer and are therefore useful in variety of ways, including, but not limited to, as molecular markers, as drug targets, and for detecting, diagnosing, staging, monitoring, prognosticating, preventing or treating, determining predisposition to, etc., diseases and conditions, to prostate cancer. Excerpt(s): FIGS. 1-7 show amino acid sequence alignments between polypeptides of the present invention, and polypeptides listed in public databases. SEQ ID NOS for the polypeptides of the present invention are listed in Table 1. Others are as follows: KIAA0534 (SEQ ID NO 32); KIAA1217 (SEQ ID NO 33); KIAA0301 (SEQ ID NO 34): AF441770 (SEQ ID NO 35); XM.sub.--085817 (SEQ ID NO 36); AK001276 (SEQ ID NO 37); XM.sub.--033473 (SEQ ID NO 38); AK022207 (SEQ ID NO 39). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical composition containing the exract of saururus chinensis baill useful as an anticancer agent and a process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Hahm, Jong- Cheon; (Daejeon Metropolitan City, KR), Ko, Jae-Pil; (Daejeon Metropolitan City, KR), Lee, Dae-Sang; (Daejeon Metropolitan City, KR), Lee, HyunWoo; (ChungJu-City, KR), Lee, In-Kyoung; (Seongnam-City, KR), Park, Jeong-Sook; (Cheongju-City, KR) Correspondence: Duane Morris Llp; 100 College Road West, Suite 100; Princeton; NJ; 08540-6604; US Patent Application Number: 20040024055 Date filed: July 3, 2003 Abstract: The present invention generally relates to novel compounds HNP-98701A (epi-manassantin A), HNP-98701B and HNP-98701C (manassantin A), or mixture thereof (HNP-98701) as carcinostatis substance, preparation method thereof and carcinostatis pharmaceutical composition containing them as effective constituents and, more specifically, to novel compounds HNP-98701A and HNP-98701B, known compounds HNP-98701C, or mixture thereof and derivatives thereof obtained by extracting saururus with methanol, fractionating this with various organic solvents, separating ethyl acetate fraction with highest anticancer activity through thin-layer chromatography or column chromatography and purifying it, preparation method thereof and carcinostatis pharmaceutical composition containing them as effective constituents. The carcinostatis substances HNP-98701A, HNP-98701B and HNP-98701C of the present invention selectively affect cancer cell line cells and cause apoptosis-type cell death. Therefore, it can be used for development of selective carcinostatis substance, which has very superior anticancer activity and fewer adverse effects against normal cells compared with the conventional carcinostatis substances. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to novel compounds HNP-98701A (E/E epi-manassantin A), HNP-98701B and HNP-98701C (manassantin A), or mixture thereof (HNP-98701) as carcinostatis substance, preparation method thereof and carcinostatis pharmaceutical composition containing them as effective constituents and, more specifically, to novel compounds HNP-98701A and HNP-98701B, known compounds HNP-98701C, or mixture thereof and derivatives thereof obtained by

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extracting saururus with methanol, fractionating this with various organic solvents, separating ethyl acetate fraction with highest anticancer activity through thin-layer chromatography or column chromatography and purifying it, preparation method thereof and carcinostatis pharmaceutical composition containing them as effective constituents. About 10% of Southeast Asians are hepatitis carriers, and hepatitis is thought of as direct cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Statistically, it is reported that more than 95% of liver cancer was caused by hepatitis. Especially, Koreans' incidence rate and death rate related with liver cancer is the highest in the world. According to the statistics of 1991, Koreans' liver cancer incidence rate was 24.1 people per 100,000 populations, and according to the 1996 data of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, liver cancer incidence rate was 22.4%, which is only next to 40.7% of stomach cancer. Also, according to the statistics of 1995 of Korea, death rate caused by liver cancer was 22.0 people per 100,000 populations, which is just next to that of the stomach cancer--26.5 people per 100,000 populations. This is the highest in the world for liver cancer death rate. With this high liver cancer incidence rate and liver cancer death rate at the background, research, development and commercialization of hepatitis vaccine, hepatitis treatment and liver cancer treatment are actively carried out. However, various treatments developed until now have many problems. For example, the currently marketed hepatitis vaccine has insufficient antigenicity to be effective as vaccine, and most hepatitis treatments are focused on improving liver functions rather than directly affecting hepatitis virus. Recently, a hepatitis treatment that inhibits propagation of hepatitis virus was developed. However, it cannot be applied to all hepatitis patients. Therefore, hepatitis patients are exposed to the possibility of developing to liver cancer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Primer for diagnosis of one or more kinds of cancer Inventor(s): Jeon, Chang-Ho; (Dahlseo-ku Daegu, KR), Park, Jong-Wook; (Daegu, KR) Correspondence: Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, Llp; 4 Park Plaza; Suite 1600; Irvine; CA; 92614-2558; US Patent Application Number: 20040023232 Date filed: October 25, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to primers for diagnosis of one or more kinds of cancer and a diagnostic kit comprising said primers. The primers are made from highly homologous areas of twelve MAGE subtypes and eight GAGE subtypes. The diagnostic kit comprising the said primers can detect six MAGE subtypes and eight GAGE subtypes respectively. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the primers for diagnosis of one or more kinds of cancers and a diagnostic kit containing the above primers, particularly to common primers that can simultaneously detect six MAGE sub-types from MAGE 1 to MAGE 6 (MAGE 1-6) or eight GAGE sub-types from GAGE 1 to GAGE 8 (GAGE 1-8) and a diagnostic kit containing the above common primers. The diagnosis of cancers has been accomplished through the medical physical examination, X-ray and CT, histological examination, etc. However, these methods have not been appropriate for discrimination of a cancer among a cancer at its initial stage, a minute cancer, and a benign tumor. However, the molecular biological diagnostic methods that have been developed recently have contributed greatly to the development of the cancer diagnostic area owing to their specificity in the diagnosis of cancers and their high sensitivity The most widely used method among many molecular biological diagnostic methods is the

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polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The abnormal gene, cancerous antigen gene, etc. of a sample are amplified and detected in these methods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Recombinant vector expressing multiple costimulatory molecules and uses thereof Inventor(s): Hodge, James; (Gaithersburg, MD), Panicali, Dennis; (Acton, MA), Scholm, Jeffrey; (Potomac, MD) Correspondence: Heller Ehrman White & Mcauliffe Llp; 1666 K Street,nw; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20040019195 Date filed: April 4, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is a recombinant vector encoding and expressing at least three or more costimulatory molecules. The recombinant vector may additionally contain a gene encoding one or more target antigens or immunological epitope thereof. The synergistic effect of these costimulatory molecules on the enhanced activation of T cells is demonstrated. The degree of T-cell activation using recombinant vectors containing genes encoding three costimulatory molecules was far greater than the sum of recombinant vector constructs containing one costimulatory molecule and greater than the use of two costimulatory molecules. Results employing the triple costimulatory vectors were most dramatic under conditions of either low levels of first signal or low stimulator to T-cell ratios. This phenomenon was observed with both isolated CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T cells. The recombinant vectors of the present invention are useful as immunogenes and vaccines against cancer and pathogenic micro-organisms, and in providing host cells, including dendritic cells and splenocytes with enhanced antigenpresenting functions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a recombinant vector comprising foreign genes encoding multiple costimulatory molecules and optionally a foreign gene encoding a target antigen. The invention further relates to a recombinant virus comprising foreign genes encoding at least three costimulatory molecules and optionally a foreign gene encoding at least one target antigen or immunological epitope thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to a recombinant poxvirus comprising foreign genes encoding at least the costimulatory molecules: one molecule from the B7 family, LFA-3 and ICAM-1 and optionally a foreign gene encoding at least one target antigen or immunological epitope thereof and uses thereof as immunogens and vaccines. The invention further relates to antigen presenting cells transfected, infected or transduced by a recombinant vector comprising foreign genes encoding multiple costimulatory molecules and optionally a foreign gene encoding at least one target antigen or immunological epitope thereof. The extent of the primary response of T cells, which involves their activation, expansion, and differentiation, is paramount to a successful immune response to an antigen. The initiation of an immune response requires at least two signals for the activation of naive T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) (1-5). The first signal is antigen specific, delivered through the T-cell receptor via the peptide/major histocompatibility complex, and causes the T cell to enter the cell cycle. The second, or "costimulatory," signal is required for cytokine production and proliferation. At least three distinct molecules normally found on the surface of professional APC have been proposed as capable of providing the second signal critical for T-cell activation: B7.1 (CD80), Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54),

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and Leukocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3; human CD58; murine CD48) (2, 6, 7). The T-cell ligands for these costimulatory molecules are distinct. B7-1 interacts with the CD28 and CTLA4 molecules, ICAM-1 interacts with the CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1/2 integrin) complex, and LFA-3 interacts with the CD2 (LFA-2) molecules. It is not known whether these costimulatory molecules perform equivalent functions or carry out specialized functions at specific stages of an induced immune response (2). These molecules have been individually shown to costimulate T-cell proliferation in vitro (6). However, because they may be expressed simultaneously on APC, it has been difficult to examine relative potencies of individual costimulatory molecules during the induction of T-cell proliferation (2). As it has been proposed that both antigen and costimulatory molecules must be expressed in proximity to each other to properly coengage the T cell and costimulatory receptors (8, 9), the admixture of several recombinant viruses could be utilized to explore the potential cooperation of costimulatory molecules. The disadvantage of this approach, however, is that the admixture of three or more viruses has a statistically diminished probability of coinfecting the same cell, thereby making a multi-gene construct much more desirable for use with multiple costimulatory molecule genes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Regulation of human secretin receptor-like gpcr Inventor(s): Kossida, Sophia; (Basel, CH) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20040024184 Date filed: July 17, 2003 Abstract: Reagents which regulate human secretin receptor-like GPCR and reagents which bind to human secretin-like GPCR gene products can play a role in preventing, ameliorating, or correcting dysfunctions or diseases including, but not limited to, obesity and diseases related to obesity, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, anxiety, depression, hypertension, migraine, compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, autism, neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism, and Huntington's chorea, and cancer chemotherapy-induced vomiting. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the area of regulation of G protein-coupled receptors. Many medically significant biological processes are mediated by signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins (Lefkowitz, Nature 351, 353-354, 1991). The family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) includes receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and viruses. Specific examples of GPCRs include receptors for such diverse agents as calcitonin, adrenergic hormones, endothelin, cAMP, adenosine, acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, histamine, thrombin, kinin, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins, endothelial differentiation gene-1, rhodopsins, odorants, cytomegalovirus, G proteins themselves, effector proteins such as phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C. The GPCR protein superfamily now contains over 250 types of paralogues, receptors that represent variants generated by gene duplications (or other processes), as opposed to orthologues, the same receptor from different species. The superfamily can be broken down into five families: Family I, receptors typified by rhodopsin and the.beta.2-adrenergic receptor and currently represented by over 200 unique members (reviewed by Dohlman et al., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 60, 653-88, 1991, and

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references therein); Family II, the recently characterized parathyroid hormone/calcitonin/secretin receptor family (Juppner et al., Science 254, 1024-26, 1991; Lin et al., Science 254, 1022-24, 1991); Family III, the metabotropic glutamate receptor family in mammals (Nakanishi, Science 258, 597-603, 1992); Family IV, the cAMP receptor family, important in the chemotaxis and development of D. discoideum (Klein et al., Science 241, 1467-72, 1988; and Family V, the fungal mating pheromone receptors such as STE2 (reviewed by Kurjan, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 61, 1097-1129, 1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Shed antigen vaccine with dendritic cells adjuvant Inventor(s): Bystryn, Jean-Claude; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Robert D. Katz; Cooper & Dunham Llp; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20040022813 Date filed: August 5, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a method for producing a composition for use as a vaccine for treatment or prevention of cancer, comprising collecting antigens released or shed by the type of tumor cell against which it is desired to prepare the vaccine; preparing mammalian dendritic cells in a culture from a mammalian blood, bone marrow or other tissue sample by culturing the blood, bone marrow, or other tissue sample under conditions that cause differentiation and proliferation of dendritic cells; separating dendritic cells from other cells in the culture; and exposing the dendritic cells to the shed antigens collected as described in paragraph a. above under conditions that result in the combination of the shed cancer antigens or their fragments and the dendritic cells. The invention also provides compositions for administration as a vaccine for the treatment of cancer, and other diseases. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to shed antigen vaccines for the treatment of human melanoma, breast cancer and other cancers, and more particularly to a human cancer vaccine having an improved adjuvant derived from, or including, dendritic cells or other types of antigen presenting cells, which present the shed tumor antigens to T-cells in order to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response in a patient afflicted with such a disease. This invention can also be applied to prepare improved vaccines against infectious and autoimmune diseases. Various treatments for cancer exist, including surgery, which physically removes cancerous tissue, radiation, which seeks to kill cancer cells, and chemotherapy, which also targets more rapidly proliferating cells in a person affected with cancer. There also exists a variety of treatments that seek to more selectively destroy the cancer cells by provoking an immune response against the cancerous cells, without attacking healthy cells, by using cancer vaccines. This category includes a number of different vaccine approaches, which all include administering one or more antigens associated with the cancer in order to provoke an immune response against the tumor or cancer cells, and seeks to cause tumor shrinkage or remission. The types and sources of antigens administered, as well as the method of administration differ among the various approaches. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds, methods of making, and their use Inventor(s): Geisert, Eldon E. JR.; (Germantown, TN), Hong, Seoung Sung; (Collierville, TN), Kang, Gyong Suk; (Pusan, KR), Kirichenko, Oleg; (Memphis, TN), Miller, Duane D.; (Germantown, TN), Mohler, Michael; (Cordova, TN), Nikulin, Victor; (Memphis, TN), Rakov, Igor; (Memphis, TN) Correspondence: Michael L. Goldman, ESQ.; Nixon Peabody Llp; Clinton Square; P.O. Box 31051; Rochester; NY; 14603-1051; US Patent Application Number: 20040019078 Date filed: March 13, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, methods of making the compounds, and methods of using the compounds to destroy a target cell, such as a cancer cell, and to treat or prevent a cancerous condition. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/363,952, filed Mar. 13, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to the production and use of substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds. Despite decades of research, the prognosis of most of the 17,500 patients diagnosed annually with brain cancer is very poor. The mortality rate of brain cancer patients is about 80 percent, second only to lung cancer patients whose moratality rate is about 85 percent (Bethune et al., Pharm. Res. 16(6):896-905 (1999)). The standard treatment is surgical excision and radiation therapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved many new drugs for treatment of brain cancer over the last three decades. As of 1997, carmustine ("BCNU"), lomustine ("CCNU"), procarbazine, and vincristine were still the most commonly used drugs for both newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas (Prados et al., Sem. Surgical Oncol. 14:88-95 (1998)). The use of adjuvant chemotherapy is currently controversial because very few patients respond to the standard chemotherapeutic protocols (Mason et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 15(12):3423-3427 (1997), although assays have been developed to identify which patients are likely to respond to chemotherapies. While these assays have improved survival rates slightly, the responsive tumors are in the minority and mortality rates remain high. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Synthesis of epothilones, intermediates thereto, analogues and uses thereof Inventor(s): Balog, Aaron; (New York, NY), Bertinato, Peter; (Old Lyme, CT), Chou, Ting-Chao; (Paramus, NJ), Danishefsky, Samuel J.; (Englewood, NJ), Kamenecka, Ted; (New York, NY), Meng, Dang Fang; (New York, NY), Savin, Kenneth A.; (New York, NY), Sorensen, Erik J.; (San Diego, CA), Su, Dai-Shi; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20040019089 Date filed: May 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides convergent processes for preparing epothilone A and B, desoxyepothilones A and B, and analogues thereof. Also provided are analogues related to epothilone A and B and intermediates useful for preparing same.

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The present invention further provides novel compositions based on analogues of the epothilones and methods for the treatment of cancer and cancer which has developed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Excerpt(s): This application is based on U.S. Provisional Applications Serial Nos. 60/032,282, 60/033,767, 60/047,566, 60/047,941, and 60/055,533, filed Dec. 3, 1996, Jan. 14, 1997, May 22, 1997, May 29, 1997, and Aug. 13, 1997, respectively, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application. This invention was made with government support under grants CA-28824, CA-39821, CA-GM 72231, CA62948, and A10-9355 from the National Institutes of Health, and grant CHE-9504805 from the National Science Foundation. The present invention is in the field of epothilone macrolides. In particular, the present invention relates to processes for the preparation of epothilones A and B, desoxyepothilones A and B, and analogues thereof which are useful as highly specific, non-toxic anticancer therapeutics. In addition, the invention provides methods of inhibiting multidrug resistant cells. The present invention also provides novel compositions of matter which serve as intermediates for preparing the epothilones. Throughout this application, various publications are referred to, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Tumor radiosensitization and /or chemopotentiation using isocoumarin derivatives Inventor(s): Agata, Naoki; (US), Ishizuka, Masaaki; (Mishima City, JP), Kufe, Donald W.; (Wellesley, MA), Kumagai, Hiroyuki; (Chigasaki City, JP), Reimer, Corinne L.; (Sommersville, MA), Takeuchi, Tomio; (Tokyo, JP), Weichselbaum, Ralph R.; (Chicago, IL), Yoshioka, Takeo; (Ayase-Shi, JP) Correspondence: Ilex Oncology, INC.; Attn: Frances Winkler; 4545 Horizon Hill BLVD.; San Antonio; TX; 78229; US Patent Application Number: 20040024015 Date filed: June 30, 2003 Abstract: A method for enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy and/or radiation in the treatment of cancer in animals, particularly humans, is provided wherein certain isocoumarin derivatives which exhibit unique radiosensitization activity and/or chemopotentiation properties are employed in a combination treatment with ionizing radiation and/or chemotherapy. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/794,417, filed Feb. 27, 2001 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/186,071, filed Feb. 29, 2000. This invention relates to isocoumarin derivatives and their use in cancer therapy. More particularly, it relates to the use of isocoumarin derivatives in the prevention or treatment of cancer by inhibiting tumor neovascularization, or angiogenesis, in combination with enhancing tumor sensitivity to radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Normal tissue homeostasis is achieved by an intricate balance between the rate of cell proliferation and cell death. Disruption of this balance either by increasing the rate of cell proliferation or decreasing the rate of cell death can result in the abnormal growth of cells and is thought to be a major event in the development of cancer. The effects of cancer are catastrophic, causing over half a million deaths per year in the United States alone. Conventional strategies for the treatment of cancer include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, biological therapy or combinations thereof.

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However, further advances in these strategies are limited by lack of specificity and excessive toxicity to normal tissues. In addition, certain cancers are refractory to treatments such as chemotherapy, and some of these strategies, such as surgery, are not always viable alternatives. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Using heat shock proteins and alpha-2-macroglobulins to increase the immune response to vaccines comprising heat shock protein-peptide complexes or alpha-2macroglobulin-peptide complexes Inventor(s): Srivastava, Pramod K.; (Avon, CT) Correspondence: Pennie & Edmonds Llp; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036-2711; US Patent Application Number: 20040022796 Date filed: May 1, 2003 Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/377,484, filed May 2, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention provides a method of improving or prolonging a subject's immune response to a vaccine composition comprising heat shock protein (HSP)peptide complexes or alpha-2-macroglobulin (.alpha.2M)-peptide complexes (hereinafter "HSP/.alpha.2M vaccine composition"). The HSP-peptide complexes or.alpha.2M-peptide complexes of the vaccine composition comprise HSP(s) or.alpha.2M complexed to a component against which an immune response is desired to be induced. The invention is directed to methods of improving or prolonging a subject's immune response comprising administering an HSP/.alpha.2M vaccine composition in conjunction with a preparation comprising HSP or.alpha.2M, alone or complexed to a peptide that is not the component against which an immune response is desired to be induced (hereinafter "HSP/.alpha.2M preparation"). In particular, HSP/.alpha.2M vaccine compositions are administered in conjunction with HSP/.alpha.2M preparation to improve or prolong the immune response of a subject against an infectious disease or cancer. Citation or discussion of a reference herein shall not be construed as an admission that such is prior art to the present invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cancer, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cancer. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cancer. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CANCER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cancer. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cancer include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on cancer: •

Communication Disorders in Childhood Cancer Source: London, United Kingdom: Whurr Publishers Ltd. 1999. 219 p. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis, Inc. 7625 Empire Drive, Florence, KY 41042. (800) 634-7064. Fax (800) 248-4724. PRICE: $47.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1861561156. Summary: As the treatments become more effective, an increasing number of children displaying communication deficits as a consequence of treatment for childhood cancer have begun to appear in the caseloads of speech pathologists and other health professionals. This book offers an overview of the communication impairments that occur in association with the two most common forms of childhood cancer, namely leukemia and brain tumor. The treatments offered for these conditions, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, may have some long term adverse effects on brain structure and function leading to the development of a number of complications,

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including cognitive deficits as well as speech and language disorders. The book includes nine chapters, that cover the cancers themselves (leukemia and brain tumors), the effects of treatment for pediatric cancer on brain structure and function, language disorders in children treated for brain tumors, language recovery following treatment for pediatric brain tumors, variability in patterns of language impairment in children following treatment for posterior fossa tumor, language disorders in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, discourse abilities of children treated for neoplastic conditions, motor speech disorders in children treated for brain tumors, and the assessment and treatment of speech and language disorders occurring subsequent to cancer therapy in children. Each chapter includes extensive references and the textbook concludes with a subject index. •

Virus Hunting AIDS, Cancer, and the Human Retrovirus: A Story of Scientific Discovery Contact: Harper Collins Publishers, 1000 Keystone Industrial Park, Scranton, PA, 185124621, (717) 941-1500. Summary: This book is a chronicle of the research which led to the discovery of the first cancer-causing retrovirus in humans, and the second discovery that the causative agent in the AIDS epidemic is also a retrovirus. The first section of the book sets the stage for the discovery with an autobiographical overview of the author's (Dr. Robert Gallo) childhood and a discussion of the origins of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This section also provides a scientific introduction to microbes. Part II of the book addresses the early research on animal retroviruses, and provides insight into the success of the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, the author's laboratory at the NIH where the existence of the retrovirus was demonstrated. The third section of the book chronicles the research and discovery of the human retrovirus, including investigations in the U.S. and France. The final section of the book provides some of the interpretations offered for the rapid spread of the disease, follows the path of the disease through an infected individual, explains the link to Kaposi's sarcoma, and presented the evidence connecting HIV to AIDS.

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Cancers and Blood Disorders of AIDS Source: AIDS: Facts and Issues. Contact: Rutgers University Press, 109 Church St, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, (908) 9327365. Summary: This chapter points out that the attack of the AIDS virus on the immune system lowers the barriers not only to many opportunistic infections, but also to various rare and aggressive cancers and to several blood disorders. Many of these are listed, including Kaposis sarcoma, lymphomas, solid tumors, pancytopenia, and immune thrombocytopenia purpura.

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Management of Cancer Pain Contact: AHCPR Publications Clearinghouse, PO Box 8547, Silver Spring, MD, 20907. Summary: This monograph makes recommendations about the assessment and management of cancer pain. It includes general strategies for pain management, as well as the management of specific pain syndromes and contains a pain management flowchart, analgesic dosage tables, sample pain assessment tools, examples of nondrug

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interventions, and resource information for patients and their families. Pain in special populations, including persons with HIV/AIDS, is discussed. •

Foundations of Voice and Speech Rehabilitation Following Laryngeal Cancer Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1994. 308 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $52.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565931092. Summary: This textbook presents theoretical and practical guidelines for voice and speech rehabilitation following laryngeal cancer. Sixteen chapters discuss cover an overview of cancer of the larynx; diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal cancer; management of the patient with laryngeal cancer, with a focus on the role of the speechlanguage pathologist; voice and speech treatment following partial laryngectomy; the preoperative counseling session; postoperative considerations; alaryngeal voice and speech options; esophageal function; esophageal speech; artificial laryngeal speech; tracheoesophageal speech; comparative performance by esophageal, artificial laryngeal, and tracheoesophageal speakers; long-term counseling of the patient; and quality of life issues. Each chapter features tables, diagrams, and black-and-white photographs, where applicable. A subject index concludes the volume. 577 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. •

Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=cancer&mode=books

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created

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A bibliography of writings by the fellows of the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund for Cancer Research, inc. Author: Jancso, Livia.; Year: 1965; Washington, D. C., 1965

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An evaluation of the health education program of the American Cancer Society, North Carolina Division, inc., in terms of case studies of educational backgrounds and influences of patients seeking medical service for tumors or other cancer danger signals. Author: Kent, Rosemary Christine (May); Year: 1976; Chapel Hill, 1949 [c1950]

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As memory serves: six essays on a personal involvement with the National Cancer Institute: 1938 to 1978 Author: Shimkin, Michael Boris,; Year: 1978; [s.l.: s.n.], 1978

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Basic problems in neoplastic disease; symposium commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Institute of Cancer Research, Columbia University, and the 10th anniversary of the Francis Delafield Hospital, March 12-14, 1962. Contributing authors: Christian B. Anfinsen [et al.] Editors: Alfred Gellhorn and Erich Hirschberg. Author: Gellhorn, Alfred Adolph,; Year: 1962; New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1962

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Controlled therapeutic trials in cancer: UICC Information Office, list of registered trials Author: International Union against Cancer.; Year: 1976; Geneva: International Union Against; ISBN: 9290180323 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9290180323/icongroupinterna

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Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Program: status report and working papers for the Advisory Committee meeting, December 14-15, 1976, National Institutes of Health, building 31, wing C, conference room 10; Bethesda, Maryland 20014. Author: National Cancer Institute (U.S.); Year: 1965; [Bethesda, Md.]: National

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Guidelines for developing a comprehensive cancer centre Author: International Union against Cancer. Committee on International Collaborative Activities.; Year: 1949; Geneva: International Union Against

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Information activities and services of the National Cancer Institute. A service of the International Cancer Research Data Bank. Author: Informatics Inc.; Year: 2003; Bethesda, Md., National

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Journal of the National Cancer Institute: fortieth anniversary issue, August 1977.; Year: 1979; [Bethesda, Md.]: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1977

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Laetrile case histories: the Richardson Cancer Clinic experience Author: Richardson, John A.,; Year: 1978; Westlake Village, Calif.: American Media, c1977; ISBN: 0912986034 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912986034/icongroupinterna

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National Cancer Institute apparently seeks to delay or avoid clinical test of Krebiozen; speech of the hon. Paul H. Douglas of Illinois in the Senate of the United States, Friday, July 20, 1962. Author: Douglas, Paul Howard,; Year: 1962; [Washington, 1962]

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National Cancer Program plan; a review. Author: Institute of Medicine (U.S.); Year: 1973; Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1973

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North Carolina history of the American Cancer Society Author: Jones, Gertrude.; Year: 2003; Raleigh: Irving-Swain, 1966

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Nutrition and cancer research: hearings before the Subcommittee on Nutrition of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session, on overview of nutrition research at the National Institutes of Health with particular emphasis on the National Cancer Institute, June 12 and 13, 1978. Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition,

between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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and Forestry. Subcommittee on Nutrition.; Year: 1783; Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978 •

Second North Carolina history of the American Cancer Society Author: McPherson, Holt.; Year: 1880; High Point, N. C.: North Carolina Division, American

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Strike back at cancer: what to do and where to go for the best medical care Author: Rapaport, Stephen A.; Year: 1974; Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, c1978; ISBN: 0138527644 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0138527644/icongroupinterna

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Summary of project areas proposed for the National Cancer Program. Author: National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Office of Program Planning and Analysis.; Year: 1973; [Bethesda, Md.] 1973

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Summary report of the chairman --Cancer Program Planning Conference, January 2124, 1974.; Year: 2000; [Bethesda, Md.]: National

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Summary report of Working Group 8 cancer control, January 22-24, 1974 Author: Breslow, Lester.; Year: 2003; [Bethesda, Md.]: National

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That many may live: Memorial Center's 75 year fight against cancer Author: Considine, Bob,; Year: 1976; New York: Memorial Center for

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The American public discuss cancer and the American Cancer Society campaign; a national survey. Author: University of Michigan. Survey Research Center.; Year: 1948; Ann Arbor, 1948

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The Cancer Research Institute: a review of progress and hope.; Year: 1966; New York:

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The cancer war: the movement to establish the National Cancer Institute, 1927-1937 Author: Yaremchuk, William Allen,; Year: 1978; [s.l.]: Yaremchuk, c1977

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The first five years of the National Cancer Program Author: Rauscher, Frank J.; Year: 1976; [Bethesda, Md.]: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1976

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The National cancer attack act of 1971; report. together with additional views and minority views to accompany H. R. 11302, a bill to amend the Public Health Service act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute and the National Institutes of Health in order to conquer cancer as soon as possible. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.; Year: 1971; Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1971

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The National Cancer Program: hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations.; Year: 1977; Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off.; for sale by the Supt. of Documents, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977-

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The Penrose Cancer Hospital: the first thirty-five years, 1941-1976 Author: Durcan, Jane.; Year: 1792; Colorado Springs: Century One Press, 1976

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The plan adopted by the governors of the Middlesex-Hospital for the relief of persons afflicted with cancer: with notes and observations Author: Middlesex Hospital.; Year: 1976; London: Printed by H.L. Galabin, and sold, for the benefit of the Hospital, by J. Debrett. and by R. Baldwin., 1792

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Chapters on Cancer In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cancer, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cancer using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cancer: •

Laryngeal Cancer Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 673-687. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: Carcinoma of the larynx represents approximately 1.3 percent of all new cancer diagnoses, and about 20 percent of all head and neck cancers. This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, reviews the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal cancer. Laryngeal cancer is primarily a disease of middle age, with peak incidence in the sixth and seventh decades. The major etiologic factor is exposure to tobacco. The authors note that because of the larynx's unique functions of speech and airway protection, treatment of laryngeal cancer has always been complex and controversial. Carcinoma of the larynx is a very curable disease with a 5 year survival rate over 67 percent. However, early smaller lesions offer a much better opportunity for both survival and preservation of laryngeal function. Surgery remains the prime component in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. The authors discuss supraglottic and glottic tumors, covering treatment considerations and surgical procedures for each. Surgical treatment strategies discussed include excisional biopsy, endoscopic surgery, cordectomy, vertical hemilaryngectomy, reconstruction after partial laryngectomy, and total laryngectomy. The authors also discuss voice rehabilitation and subglottal cancer. The authors conclude that laryngeal carcinoma remains a complex clinical challenge. Treatment decisions are often difficult when attempting to balance adequate tumor control and maintenance of vocal and swallowing functions. 21 figures. 4 tables. 63 references.

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Assessment and Treatment of Speech and Language Disorders Occurring Subsequent to Cancer Therapy in Children Source: in Murdoch, B.E. Communication Disorders and Childhood Cancer. London, United Kingdom: Whurr Publishers Ltd. 1999. p. 187-205. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis, Inc. 7625 Empire Drive, Florence, KY 41042. (800) 634-7064. Fax (800) 248-4724. PRICE: $47.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1861561156. Summary: This chapter on assessment and treatment is the final chapter in a book that offers an overview of the communication impairments that occur in association with the two most common forms of childhood cancer, namely leukemia and brain tumor.

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Although dysarthria and language impairment are not inevitable outcomes, the authors stress that the evidence regarding the speech and language skills of the childhood cancer survivor points to the need for long term monitoring of these skills, based on thorough and ongoing assessment. Following treatment for cancer, a child may present with a motor speech disorder (MSD) in the form of dysarthria with or without developmental articulatory and phonatory features. The nature of the speech disorder is largely dependent on the timing and nature of the cancer and its treatment and the developmental status of the child's speech prior to this. The findings with regard to the language impairment following treatment for childhood cancer are much less clear cut than for speech. In addition, cognitive impairment must be considered in tandem with language impairment in children following treatment for cancer. The authors review assessment strategies, including perceptual assessment, physiological assessment, evaluation of respiration, laryngeal function, velpharyngeal function, the articulatory system, and assessment of language. Treatment considerations are briefly reviewed, for developmental disorders, dysarthria, and language disorders. One case report is provided to illustrate the details of these assessments. 64 references. •

Chapter 79: Epithelial Precancerous Lesions Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 823-839. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, prevention, course, and prognosis of epithelial precancerous lesions. Precancerous skin lesions of keratinocytes are those that may evolve into invasive cancer. The most common epithelial precancerous lesion among people with light complections is actinic keratosis. The actinic keratosis presents on sun exposed body areas, usually in middle aged or older people, as a skin colored or reddish brown or yellowish black, ill defined macule or papule with a dry, adherent scale. Types of actinic keratoses include hypertrophic actinic keratoses, spreading pigmented actinic keratoses, proliferative actinic keratoses, lichenoid actinic keratoses, and bowenoid actinic keratoses. Studies have shown that actinic keratoses are a cutaneous sign in people who are at markedly increased risk for subsequent development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. The cutaneous horn is another precancerous skin lesion. This morphologic lesion, a conical, dense hyperkeratotic nodule that resembles the horn of an animal, can be produced by various disorders. Arsenical keratoses are those resulting from arsenic exposure. They develop at sites of friction and trauma as multiple, punctate, hard, yellowish, often symmetric, cornlike papules. Hydrocarbon keratoses are keratotic nodules and plaques that occur on the skin as a result of exposure to certain chemicals other than arsenic. They may appear as small, usually grayish, oval, flat, premalignant papules. Thermal keratoses result from chronic stimulation from infrared radiation. Chronic radiation keratoses are premalignant electromagnetic wave induced cutaneous dysplasis. They appear as discrete keratoses or as hyperkeratotic plaques years after x ray exposure. Chronic cicatrix keratoses are those that develop at sites of chronic scar formation. These keratoses appear as papules or erosions. Bowenoid papulosis, which is caused by human papillomavirus infection, is a genital eruption of papules or plaques showing characteristic bowenoid histology. Bowen's disease causes a cutaneous lesion

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that appears as a sharply demarcated, scaly, often hyperkeratotic, sometimes fissured, macule, papule, or plaque devoid of hair. Erythroplasia of Queyrat, which occurs in men not circumcised in early childhood, is in situ or invasive SCC of the penile mucosa when the characteristic morphology is a sharply demarcated, velvety, bright reddish plaque. Erythoplasis is a red patch of the mucosal surface that often presents as an in situ or invasive SCC of the oral mucosa. Leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque on the mucosa that cannot be rubbed off. Intraepidermal epithelioma is a rare superficial cutaneous tumor that appears as a sharply demarcated, slowly enlarging, solitary gray to tannish brown, scaly hyperkeratotic plaque with a round to irregular shape. The main options for treating these epithelial precancerous lesions are excisional surgery, cryosurgery, electrodesiccation and curettage, and topical chemotherapy. 8 figures, 1 table, and 96 references. •

Chapter 208: Skin Cancers Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 5 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have skin cancer with information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of basal and squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and Paget's disease. Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that usually develops on skin surfaces exposed to sunlight. The tumors originate in the lowest layer of the epidermis and begin as very small, shiny, firm, raised growths that enlarge very slowly. These tumors may ulcerate or form scabs in the center. The border of a basal cell carcinoma sometimes looks pearly white. The cancer may alternately bleed and form a scab and heal. Basal cell carcinomas usually do not invade and destroy surrounding tissues. A biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. The cancer can be removed by scraping and burning it with an electric needle or by cutting it out. Squamous cell carcinoma usually develops on sun exposed areas but may grow anywhere on the body. This form of cancer originates in the middle layer of the epidermis and begins as a red area with a scaly, crusted surface that does not heal. Most squamous cell carcinomas affect only the tissue around them, but some may spread to other parts of the body. A biopsy is performed to differentiate squamous cell cancer from similar looking diseases. Treatment is the same as for basal cell carcinoma. Melanoma, a cancer that originates in the pigment producing cells of the skin, can begin as a new, small, pigmented skin growth or can develop from existing pigmented moles. Melanoma spreads rapidly to other parts of the body. A biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Surgery can remove the entire melanoma, and the cure rate is close to 100 percent if the melanoma has not spread. Chemotherapy is used to treat melanomas that have spread, but the cure rate is low. Kaposi's sarcoma, which originates in the blood vessels, has two forms. One is a disease of the elderly, usually of European, Jewish, or Italian heritage, in whom the cancer grows very slowly and rarely spreads. The second form occurs in children and young men in equatorial Africa and in people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The first form may not need any treatment, while the second has been treated with chemotherapy and interferon alfa. Paget's disease is a rare type of skin cancer that originates in glands in or under the skin. It is treated by surgically removing the growth.

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Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to cancer have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 •

Southeast Asian health information and resource directory of chronic diseases Source: [San Francisco, CA: Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum]. 1994. 149 pp. Contact: Available from Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum, 942 Market Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA 94102. Telephone: (415) 512-2710 / fax: (415) 5123881 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.apiahf.org/apiahf. Summary: This directory contains information about community-based organizations that provide health information or resources to Asians or Pacific Islanders who have chronic diseases. The database upon which the directory is based contains information on the following conditions: cancer, diabetes, heart diseases or stroke, tobacco, and nutrition. The programs described provide assistance to the following ethnic groups among others: Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Hmong, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Cambodian, Laotian, Mien, and Samoan. The entries list the name of the group and its contact information, program areas, ethnic groups and target populations served, language capabilities, information materials including those in languages other than English, program activities, goals and objectives, and funding sources for each. The directory provides indexes to the groups served and the diseases covered, but not to the information materials.

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Asian Language: Sources of Health Materials Source: Washington, DC: Office of Minority Health Resource Center. 199x. [11 p.]. Contact: Available from Office of Minority Health Resource Center. P.O. Box 37337, Washington, DC 20013-7337. (800) 444-6472. Website: www.omhrc.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This directory lists sources identified by the Office of Minority Health Resource Center (OMH RC) that produce or distribute health promotion materials in various Asian languages. Materials concentrate on minority health priority areas and associated risk factors: cancer, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, chemical dependency, diabetes, infant mortality, homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury. Sources of AIDS information and educational materials are also included. Topics related to kidney and urologic diseases include AIDS, cultural awareness, high blood pressure (hypertension), lupus, men's health, nutrition, sexually transmitted diseases, and women's health. Sources are arranged alphabetically. Organization entries include organization name, address, telephone number, source title, and annotation. The primary languages in which the organization provides materials are noted.

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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “cancer” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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Organizations should be contacted directly to determine the cost and availability of bulk quantities or for permission to photocopy. •

California women's health directory Source: Los Angeles, CA: KCET; San Francisco, CA: KQED. 1994. 34 pp. Contact: Available from Cayleen Nakamura, Associate Director, KCET Community Television of Southern California, KCET Community Outreach, 4401 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027. Telephone: (213) 953-5245 / fax: (213) 953-5331. Summary: This directory of women's health resources is designed to help women in California locate resources and information in their community, allowing them to become active and educated consumers in the health care arena. It first looks briefly at six issues of concern all women face: osteoporosis, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, violence, depression, and smoking: then the body of the directory lists the various health centers arranged alphabetically by topic. The directory also provides a list of women's organizations, libraries and publications, and other resources.

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S.T.O.P. Guide: The Smokeless Tobacco Outreach and Prevention Guide. A Comprehensive Directory of Smokeless Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Resources Source: Point Richmond, CA: Applied Behavior Science Press. 1997. 252 p. Contact: Available from Applied Behavior Science Press. 114 Washington Avenue, Point Richmond, CA 94801. (888) 222-7347 or (510) 236-9400. Fax (510) 236-1979. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus $10.00 for shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963955780. Summary: This directory provides a broad array of information regarding smokeless or spit tobacco use, focusing on cessation and prevention programs. Although titled a directory, the looseleaf notebook contains a variety of information materials, including published articles, essays, and statistics. Topics include the prevalence of snuff and chewing tobacco use in the U.S.; legislation and litigation issues; tobacco industry marketing, sales and promotion; ingredients in smokeless tobacco products; health problems associated with spit tobacco use, including dental caries, periodontal effects, soft tissue alterations, leukoplakia, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, and cardiovascular effects; school-based prevention of spit tobacco use; spit tobacco cessation; and resources, including Internet resources and resource organizations. The directory concludes with an extensive bibliography of materials on prevalence, health effects and physiology, use patterns, attitudes and perceptions, prevention, assessment, addiction and withdrawal, cessation, marketing, production and content, and public policy. The directory also includes a glossary of terms, a list of recommended alternatives to spit tobacco, and a series of article reprints.

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Complete Directory for People with Chronic Illness. 4th ed Source: Lakeville, CT: Grey House Publishing, Inc. 2000. 1009 p. Contact: Available from Grey House Publishing, Inc. Pocket Knife Square, Lakeville, CT 06039. (860) 435-0868. Fax (860) 435-0867. PRICE: $165.00. ISBN: 0939300931. Summary: This directory provides a comprehensive overview of the support services and information resources available for people with any of 80 specific chronic illnesses. It presents information on various organizations, educational materials, publications, and databases. A chapter is devoted to each chronic illness and includes a brief

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description of it. The sections related to kidney and urologic diseases include: AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, hypertension, impotence, incontinence, infertility, kidney disease, multiple sclerosis, sexually transmitted diseases, spina bifida, stroke, and substance abuse. The description of each disease is followed by subchapters that identify national and State associations and agencies, libraries, research centers, reference books, children's books, magazines, newsletters, pamphlets, videotapes and films, support groups and hotlines, and websites. In addition, the directory includes a chapter on death and bereavement, as well as a chapter on Wish Foundations for terminally and chronically ill children. •

Self-Help Sourcebook: Finding and Forming Mutual Aid Self-Help Groups. 4th ed Source: Denville, NJ: American Self-Help Clearinghouse. 1992. 226 p. Contact: Available from American Self-Help Clearinghouse. Attn: Sourcebook, St. Clares-Riverside Medical Center, 25 Pocono Road, Denville, NJ 07834. Voice (201) 6257101; TTY (201) 625-9053. PRICE: $9.00 book rate; $10.00 first class mail. ISBN: 0963432206. Summary: This sourcebook lists self-help groups in a wide variety of topic areas, including addictions and dependencies, bereavement, disabilities, health, mental health, parenting and family, physical and/or emotional abuse, and miscellaneous categories. Topics relevant to deafness and communication disorders include acoustic neuroma, alternative/augmentative communication, autism, cleft palate and cleft lip, cochlear implants, developmental disabilities, developmentally delayed children, Down syndrome, dystonia, ear anomalies, elective mutism, hearing impairment, inner ear problems, laryngectomy, late-deafened adults, learning disabilities, Meniere's disease, neck-head-oral cancer, parents of children with hearing impairment, speech dysfunction, speech impairments, stuttering, tinnitus, Tourette syndrome, and Usher's syndrome. In addition to basic information about the self-help groups, the sourcebook lists self-help clearinghouses, toll-free helplines, resources for rare disorders, resources for genetic disorders, housing and neighborhood resources and resources for the homeless, how-to ideas for developing self-help groups, and using a home computer for mutual help. The book includes a bibliography and key word index.

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Tobacco-Use Control and Cessation Resources Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131(8): 1144-1145. August 2000. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Summary: This two page item from the Journal of the American Dental Association lists tobacco use control and cessation web sites, resource materials, and strategies for finding local support programs. The first page lists 12 web sites for tobacco use control and cessation; each is described with a one line abstract. The resource materials listed include the telephone number to use to order the materials; most are from the American Dental Association (800-947-4746). The section on locating support programs encourages dentists to refer patients to local support or cessation programs in their own state or community. Resources suggested include the local American Cancer Society office, the local American Lung Association office, and state or local health departments and tobacco control offices.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON CANCER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on cancer. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on cancer is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “cancer” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on cancer: •

Screening for Colorectal Cancer: An Easy Step to Save Your Life Source: Bethesda, MD: Foundation for Digestive Health and Nutrition. 1999. (videorecording). Contact: Available from Foundation for Digestive Health and Nutrition. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 610, Bethesda, MD 20814-3015. (301) 222-4002. Fax (301) 2224010. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.fdhn.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; contact organization for print copies. Summary: Although highly treatable if detected early, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death by cancer in the United States, accounting for 140,000 new cases and approximately 55,000 deaths each year. This patient care video is produced by the Foundation for Digestive Health and Nutrition (FDHN). The FDHN, created by the American Gastroenterological Association, develops funds for research to explore causation, prevention, improved treatments or potential cures for digestive and liver diseases, and conducts public education initiatives supporting its mission. This video is

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intended for the general public and demonstrates through animation and testimonies of three real patients that cancer screening saves lives. The video depicts how these individuals are now enjoying their families and their lives again because of the educated decisions that they made about colorectal cancer screening. The National Cancer Institute estimates 80-90 million people are considered at risk because of age or other factors. Viewers are encouraged to talk to their doctor about colorectal cancer screening if: they are age 50 or older (men and women are equally at risk); they or a family member has a history of colorectal cancer; or they or a family member has suffered from a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. To receive a free brochure on colorectal cancer, call the Foundation for Digestive Health and Nutrition information line at 1-866-337-FDHN. For more information about cancer, call the American Cancer Society at 1-800-ACS-2345. •

Colon Cancer: The Power of Prevention Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 2002. (videorecording). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. PO Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126. Fax: (609) 275-3767. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $149.95; plus shipping and handling. Item number: BVL32553. Summary: One of the most deadly forms of cancer is also one of the most preventable. In this program, doctors from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and elsewhere focus on three case studies of senior citizens with colon cancer to explore the etiology and pathology of colon cancer, risk factors, and screening options. Prevention through colonoscopic examinations is emphasized, and treatments such as surgery with adjuvant therapy and combination chemotherapy involving 5-FU, Camptosar, and oxaliplatin are described.

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Skin Cancer at Time of Diagnosis Source: New York, NY: Patient Education Media, Inc./ Time Life Medical. 1996. ( VHS videocassette). PD.-1/2 in VHS videocassette (30 min), col. Contact: Patient Education Media, Inc./ Time Life Medical. Time and Life Building, 1271 6th Street, New York, NY 10020. (212) 522-8089. (212) 522-8092 (fax). (800) 588-9959. PRICE: $19.95. Stock Number TLMV228. Summary: This 30-minute videocassette on skin cancer is divided into the following four parts: Part 1 uses computer animation to explain what is going on inside the body and how a skin cancer diagnosis is made; Part 2 discusses what happens after the diagnosis and introduces practical issues, such as types of health professionals who may become involved and what lifestyle changes may need to occur, including self-examination; Part 3 explores options for treatment and management of each condition; and Part 4 addresses issues and answers questions that frequently arise through the use of instudio question and answer sessions. The videotape is accompanied by a patient workbook that provides program highlights, a glossary of terms, a resource guide and a personal journal.

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Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on cancer: •

Cancer Survival Toolbox: Finding Ways to Pay for Care Source: Silver Spring, MD: National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship (NCCS). 1999. (sound recording). Contact: Available from National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship (NCCS). 1010 Wayne Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910. (877) 622-7937 or (301) 650-9127. Fax (301) 5659670. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cansearch.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: The Cancer Survival Toolbox is a set of self-learning audio programs developed by leading cancer organizations. The goal of the Cancer Survival Toolbox is to help patients develop practical skills for daily life as they deal with a cancer diagnosis and treatment. Family members and caregivers can also use the toolbox on behalf of a child or anyone else with cancer. The toolbox is available free to anyone affected by cancer. This audiotape program from the toolbox helps patients prepare for and cope with problems in finding ways to pay for care, medicines, and supplies they need. This program helps listeners use the skills they learned in the Basic Skills audio programs. Insurance issues can be daunting, and the skills described in the Basic Skills programs can help the patient and family cope more effectively with problems, including those caused by insurance (or lack of it). Topics include Medicare, Medicaid, hospice care, Veterans Administration benefits, public and private community resources, using life insurance for medical care, private insurance and gaps in coverage, getting and paying for prescription medicines, and Federal laws and health care rights. The appendices provide references to additional information sources and ways to organize one's medical recordkeeping.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Cancer The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in cancer (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on cancer: •

[Oral cancer [motion picture]: intraoral examination] Source: Veterans Administration Dental Training Center; Year: 1968; Format: Oral cancer [motion picture; Washington: The Center: [for sale by National Audiovisual Center; Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center, 1968]

•

An Overview of NCI's year 2000 plan [videorecording]: reducing cancer mortality by 50% Source: [presented by] Marshfield Medical Foundation, in cooperation with

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Marshfield Clinic and St. Joseph's Hospital; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; [Marshfield, WI]: Marshfield Video Network, [1986] •

Cancer [motion picture]: the problem of early diagnosis Source: presented by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute of the U.S. Public Health Service; produced by Audio Productions, Inc; Year: 1949; Format: Motion picture; United States: The Society, c1949

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Cancer Consortium [electronic resource]: a periodic update of progress and events. Source: Ireland-Northern Ireland-National Cancer Institute Cancer Consortium; Year: 9999; Format: Electronic resource; Rockville, Md.: Ireland-Northern Ireland-National

•

Controversies in breast cancer [videorecording] Source: University of California, San Francisco, Continuing Education in Health Sciences, with the co-producing medical institutions of northern California and Health Sciences Television Network; Year: 1967; Format: Videorecording; [San Francisco: The University: for loan by Univ. of California, San Francisco Educational TV Division, 1967]

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General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Awards [videorecording] Source: Medical Arts and Photography Branch; Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, 1981]

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•


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General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Awards, Part II [videorecording] Source: Medical Arts and Photography Branch; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, 1981]

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Laparoscopic extraperitoneal and transperitoneal pelvic lymphadenectomies for prostate cancer [electronic resource] Source: C. Saussine, H. Lang; Year: 2002; Format: Electronic resource; France: WebSurg, c2001-2002

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Laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for cancer [electronic resource] Source: J. Leroy, J. Okuda; Year: 2003; Format: Electronic resource; France: WebSurg, c2001-2003

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Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) for cancer [electronic resource] Source: J. Leroy, M. Henri; Year: 2002; Format: Electronic resource; France: WebSurg, c2001-2002

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Laparoscopically assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer [electronic resource] Source: N. Tanigawa; Year: 2002; Format: Electronic resource; France: WebSurg, c20012002

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New directions for nutritional research at the National Cancer Institute [electronic resource]: report of the Nutrition Implementation Group. Source: National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Nutrition Implementation Group; Year: 1999; Format: Electronic resource; [Bethesda, Md.?]: National

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Oral exfoliative cytology [motion picture]: a diagnostic tool for detection of early mouth cancer Source: Veterans Administration, Medical Illustration Service; Year: 1962; Format: Motion picture; Washington: The Service: [for sale by National Audiovisual Center; Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1962

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Risk of skin cancer from space radiation Source: Francis A. Cucinotta.; Year: 2003; Format: Et al; Houston, Tex.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, [2003]

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The Family tree; cancer genetics [motion picture]: guide to early diagnosis Source: Univ. of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston and the Richardson Foundation; produced by Medical Communications; Year: 1967; Format: Motion picture; Houston: Univ. of Tex., 1967

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The Federal government and cancer [motion picture]: current outlook Source: American Radium Society; Year: 1970; Format: Motion picture; United States: American College of Radiology, [1970]

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The National Cancer Institute on the frontier of emerging knowledge [videorecording] Source: produced by Office of Cancer Communications, National Cancer Institute, in cooperation of Medical Arts and Photography Branch, NCRR, National Institutes of Health; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, 1990]

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The nation's investment in cancer research: a budget proposal for fiscal years. Source: prepared by the Director, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; Year: 9999; [Bethesda, Md.?]: The Institute,

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The search for cancer viruses [motion picture] Source: a presentation of NET Science; Year: 1966; Format: Motion picture; [United States]: NET Science, [1966]

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The STAT3 transcription factor as a cancer target [videorecording] Source: [Office of Research Services, Medical Arts and Photography Branch]; Year: 2003; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, 2003]

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The war against cancer [videorecording]: winning or losing? Source: Vincent T. DeVita, Jr; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1994

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cancer. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cancer. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cancer: Acetaminophen and Salicylates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Excedrin Extra-Strength Caplets; Excedrin ExtraStrength Tablets; Excedrin Migraine; Gelpirin; Goody's Fast Pain Relief; Goody's Headache Powders; Rid-A-Pain Compound; Saleto; Supac; Vanquish Caplets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203003.html

Aldesleukin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Proleukin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202669.html

Altretamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hexalen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202634.html

Amifostine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ethyol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203557.html

Aminoglutethimide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytadren http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202026.html

Anabolic Steroids •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anadrol-50; Deca-Durabolin; Durabolin; Durabolin-50; Hybolin Decanoate; Hybolin-Improved; Kabolin; Oxandrin; Winstrol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202035.html

Anastrozole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Arimidex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203659.html

Androgens •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Andro L.A. 200; Androderm; AndroGel 1%; Android; Android-F; Andronate 100; Andronate 200; Andropository 200; Andryl 200; Delatest; Delatestryl; Depotest; Depo-Testosterone; Everone 200; Halotestin; ORETON Methyl; T-Cypionate; Testamone 100; Testaqua http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202036.html

Antifungals, Azole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diflucan; Nizoral; Sporanox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202697.html

Arsenic Trioxide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trisenox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500241.html

Researching Medications 361

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Asparaginase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Elspar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202072.html

Atovaquone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mepron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202648.html

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Live for Cancer •

Mucosal-Local - U.S. Brands: Pacis; TheraCys http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202079.html

Benzodiazepines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html

Beta-Carotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html

Bexarotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Targretin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500095.html

Bleomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Blenoxane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202093.html

Busulfan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Busulfex; Myleran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202101.html

Capecitabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Xeloda http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203548.html

Carboplatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Paraplatin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202115.html

362 Cancer

Carmustine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BiCNU http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202117.html

Chlorambucil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leukeran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202124.html

Cisplatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Platinol; Platinol-AQ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202143.html

Cladribine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leustatin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202699.html

Clonidine •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Duraclon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203089.html

Colony Stimulating Factors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leukine; Neupogen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202628.html

Corticosteroids Glucocorticoid Effects •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acetocot; A-hydroCort; Amcort; A-MethaPred; Aristocort; Aristocort Forte; Aristopak; Aristospan; Articulose-50; ArticuloseL.A.; Celestone; Celestone Phosphate; Celestone Soluspan; Cinalone 40; Cinonide 40; Clinacort; Clinalog; Cordrol; Cortastat; Corta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202018.html

Cyclophosphamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytoxan; Neosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202174.html

Cytarabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytosar-U http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202177.html

Cytarabine, Liposomal •

Intrathecal - U.S. Brands: DepoCyt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500008.html

Dacarbazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DTIC-Dome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202178.html


Dactinomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cosmegen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202179.html

Dantrolene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dantrium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202181.html

Daunorubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerubidine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202183.html

Daunorubicin, Liposomal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DaunoXome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203539.html

Decongestants and Analgesics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Sinus Daytime; Actifed Sinus Daytime Caplets; Advil Cold and Sinus; Advil Cold and Sinus Caplets; Allerest No-Drowsiness Caplets; Coldrine; Contac Allergy/Sinus Day Caplets; Dristan Cold Caplets; Dristan Sinus Caplets; Motrin IB Sinus; Motrin IB Sinus Caplets; Ornex Maximum Strength Caplets; PhenAPAP Without Drowsiness; Sinarest NoDrowsiness Caplets; Sine-Aid Maximum Strength; Sine-Aid Maximum Strength Caplets; Sine-Off Maximum Strength No Drowsiness Formula Caplets; SinusRelief; Sinutab Sinus Maximum Strength Without Drowsiness; Sudafed Sinus Maximum Strength Without Drowsiness; Sudafed Sinus Maximum Strength Without Drowsiness Caplets; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength Caplets; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength Gelcaps; Tylenol Sinus Maximum Strength Geltabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202184.html

Denileukin Diftitox •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ontak http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500010.html

Dexrazoxane •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zinecard http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203662.html

Diclofenac •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Solaraze http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500247.html

Docetaxel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Taxotere http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202920.html

364 Cancer

Dolasetron •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anzemet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203375.html

Doxazosin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cardura http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202629.html

Doxorubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rubex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202209.html

Doxorubicin, Liposomal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Doxil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203540.html

Dronabinol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Marinol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202210.html

Enteral Nutrition Formulas •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: 206 Shake; Accupep HPF; Advera; Alitraq; Amin-Aid; Attain; Carnation Instant Breakfast; Carnation Instant Breakfast No Sugar Added; Casec; CitriSource; Citrotein; Compleat Modified; Compleat Regular; Comply; Criticare HN; Crucial; Deliver 2.0; DiabetiSo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202673.html

Epirubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ellence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500038.html

Epoetin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Epogen; Procrit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202214.html

Estrogens •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alora; Aquest; Climara; Clinagen LA 40; Delestrogen; depGynogen; Depo-Estradiol; Depogen; Dioval 40; Dioval XX; Dura-Estrin; Duragen-20; E-Cypionate; Estinyl; Estrace; Estraderm; Estragyn 5; Estragyn LA 5; Estra-L 40; Estratab; Estro-A; Estro-Cyp http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202226.html

Etidronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Didronel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202233.html

Etoposide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Etopophos; Toposar; VePesid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202234.html


Exemestane •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aromasin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500082.html

Fentanyl •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actiq http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203780.html Floxuridine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: FUDR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202241.html

Fludarabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fludara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202630.html

Fluorouracil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adrucil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202245.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Efudex; Fluoroplex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202246.html

Gallium Nitrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ganite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202254.html

Gemcitabine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gemzar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203038.html

Goserelin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zoladex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202267.html

Granisetron •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Kytril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202724.html

Haloperidol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Haldol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202278.html

Hepatitis B Vaccine Recombinant •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Engerix-B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202281.html

366 Cancer

Hydroxyurea •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Droxia; Hydrea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202291.html

Idarubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Idamycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202611.html

Ifosfamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: IFEX http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202293.html

Imatinib •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gleevec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500297.html

Interferons, Alpha •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alferon N; Intron A; Roferon-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202299.html

Irinotecan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Camptosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203051.html

Letrozole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Femara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203133.html

Leucovorin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Wellcovorin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202321.html

Leuprolide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lupron; Viadur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202322.html

Lomustine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: CeeNU http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202331.html

Mechlorethamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mustargen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202341.html

Meclizine/Buclizine/Cyclizine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antivert; Antivert/25; Antivert/50; Bonine; Dramamine II; Marezine; Meclicot; Medivert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202343.html


Melphalan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alkeran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202345.html

Mercaptopurine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Purinethol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202350.html

Mesna •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: MESNEX http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202352.html

Methoxsalen •

Extracorporeal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Uvadex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500002.html

Metoclopramide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Octamide; Reglan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202364.html

Metyrosine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demser http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202368.html

Mitomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mutamycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202376.html

Mitotane •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lysodren http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202377.html

Mitoxantrone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Novantrone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202378.html

Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicobid Tempules; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202405.html

Ondansetron •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zofran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202424.html

Oprelvekin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Neumega http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203420.html

368 Cancer

Paclitaxel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Taxol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202682.html

Pamidronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aredia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202662.html

Pegaspargase •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Oncaspar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203543.html

Pentostatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nipent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202650.html

Pilocarpine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Salagen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202726.html

Plicamycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mithracin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202467.html

Podophyllum •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Podocon-; Podofin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202469.html

Porfimer •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Photofrin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203593.html

Procarbazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Matulane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202484.html

Progestins for Noncontraceptive Use •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amen; Aygestin; Crinone; Curretab; Cycrin; DepoProvera; Gesterol 50; Gesterol LA 250; Hy/Gestrone; Hylutin; Megace; Prodrox; Prometrium; Pro-Span; Provera http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202758.html

Rituximab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rituxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203423.html

Samarium Sm 153 Lexidronam •

Therapeutic - U.S. Brands: Quadramet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203683.html


Selenium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sele-Pak; Selepen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202633.html

Streptozocin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zanosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202532.html

Strontium Chloride Sr 89 •

Therapeutic - U.S. Brands: Metastron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202706.html

Sunscreen Agents •

Topical - U.S. Brands: A-Fil; Aquaderm Sunscreen Moisturizer; Aquaray Sunscreen; Bain de Soleil All Day For Kids; Bain de Soleil All Day Sunfilter; Bain de Soleil Mega Tan; Bain de Soleil Orange Gelee; Bain de Soleil Sand Buster; Bain de Soleil SPF + Color http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202782.html

Tamoxifen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Nolvadex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202545.html

Temozolomide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Temodar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500076.html

Teniposide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vumon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203661.html

Testolactone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teslac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202549.html

Thalidomide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: THALOMID http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202692.html

Thyroid Hormones •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Armour Thyroid; Cytomel; Levo-T; Levothroid; Levoxyl; Synthroid; Thyrar; Thyroid Strong; Thyrolar; Triostat; Westhroid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202566.html

Topotecan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hycamtin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203049.html

370 Cancer

Toremifene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fareston http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203072.html

Valrubicin •

Mucosal-Local - U.S. Brands: Valstar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203706.html

Vinblastine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Velban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202593.html

Vincristine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Oncovin; Vincrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202594.html

Vinorelbine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Navelbine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203542.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.


Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to cancer by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for cancer: •

Temoporfin (trade name: Foscan) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1000

•

squalamine lactate (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1201

•

Trastuzumab (trade name: Herceptin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1011

•

1-(11-dodecylamino-10-hydroxyundecy1)-3,7-dimethyl http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1013

•

Iodine I 131 bis(indium-diethylenetriaminep entaac (trade name: bispecific monclonal antibody Pentacea) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1024

•

Technetium Tc 99m pterotetramide http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1026

•

Thymalfasin (trade name: Zadaxin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1033

372 Cancer

•

Cisplatin/epinephrine (trade name: IntraDose) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1035

•

Tetraiodothyroacetic acid http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1040

•

DNA-lipid complex (DMRIE/DOPE)/plasmid vector (VCL (trade name: Leuvectin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1043

•

Tetraiodothyroacetic acid http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1045

•

Cetuximab http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1054

•

DNP-Modified autologous tumor (trade name: O-Vax vaccine) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1067

•

Interferon beta (recombinant) (trade name: R-IFN-beta) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=107

•

SB-408075 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1079

•

Treosulfan (trade name: Ovastat) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=108

•

Virulizin (trade name: Virulizin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1088

•

MTC-DOX for Injection http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1092

•

docosahexanoic acid-paclitaxel (trade name: Taxoprexin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1098

•

Docosahexanoic acid-paclitaxel (trade name: Taxoprexin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1103

•

Unconjugated Chimeric (human-murine) G250 IgG mono http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1107

•

Squalamine lactate http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1126

•

Unconjugated Chimeric (human-murine) G250 IgG mono http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1128

•


•

Coumarin (trade name: Onkolox) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=340

•

bryostatin-1 (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1153

•

conjugate of human transferrin and a mutant diphth (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1156

•

DHA-paclitaxel (trade name: Taxoprexin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1158


•

digitoxin (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1160

•

docosahexanoic acid-paclitaxel (trade name: Taxoprexin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1161

•

intraoral fluoride releasing system (trade name: IFRS) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1175

•

MTC-DOX for Injection (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1181

•

nolatrexed (trade name: THYMITAQ) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1186

•

oglufanide disodium (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1189

•

Thyrotropin alfa (trade name: Thyrogen) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1204

•

tri-antennary glcotripeptide derivative of 5-fluor (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1205

•

Unconjugated Chimeric (human-murine) G250 IgG mono (trade name: None Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1206

•


•

Bryostatin-1 (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1214

•

Conjugate of human transferrin and a mutant diphth (trade name: NONE ASSIGNED) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1215

•

Deferiprone (trade name: Ferriprox) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1216

•

DHA-paclitaxel (trade name: Taxoprexin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1217

•

digitoxin (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1219

•

Interferon gamma 1-b (trade name: Actimmune) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=122

•

Nolatrexed (trade name: THYMITAQ) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1227

•

Oglufanide disodium http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1228

•

tri-antennary glycotripeptide derivative of 5-fluo (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1231

•

SS1(dsFv)-PE38 (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1254

374 Cancer

•

Dibromodulcitol http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=495

•

G17DT Immunogen http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1267

•

G17DT Immunogen http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1268

•

Interleukin-2 (trade name: Teceleukin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=128

•

SS1(dsFv)-PE38 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1291

•

Interleukin-2 (trade name: Teceleukin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=132

•

Trimetrexate glucuronate http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=135

•

Iodine I 131 murine monoclonal antibody to alpha-f http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=149

•


•


•

Sucralfate http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=176

•


•

Valrubicin (trade name: Valstar) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=194

•

L-leucovorin (trade name: Isovorin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=195

•

Disaccharide tripeptide glycerol dipalmitoyl (trade name: Immther) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=259

•

Liposome encapsulated recombinant interleukin-2 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=260

•

Oncorad Ov103 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=315

•

Leucovorin (trade name: Leucovorin calcium) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=317

•

SU-101 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=32

•

Oxaliplatin http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=320


•

Technetium Tc-99m murine monoclonal antibody to hu (trade name: Immuraid, AFPTc99m) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=324

•

Leucovorin calcium (trade name: Wellcovorin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=333

•

Satumomab pendetide (trade name: Oncoscint CR/OV) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=36

•

Pilocarpine (trade name: Salagen) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=376

•

Poly I: poly C12U (trade name: Ampilgen) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=402

•

Recombinant vaccinia (human papillomavirus) (trade name: TA-HPV) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=403

•

Porfimer sodium (trade name: Photofrin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=411

•

Porfimer sodium (trade name: Photofrin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=413

•

Porfiromycin http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=416

•

L-leucovorin (trade name: Isovorin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=426

•

Tiratricol (trade name: Triacana) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=44

•

RGG0853, E1A lipid complex http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=453

•

Ricin (blocked) conjugated murine MCA (n901) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=473

•

Exemestane http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=485

•

Allopurinol sodium (trade name: Zyloprim for Injection) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=520

•

Interferon alfa-2a (recombinant) (trade name: Roferon-A) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=524

•

Altretamine (trade name: Hexalen) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=529

•

Amifostine (trade name: Ethyol) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=530

•

Amifostine (trade name: Ethyol) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=531

•


376 Cancer

•

Interferon gamma-lb (trade name: Actimmune) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=603

•

Autolymphocyte therapy http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=566

•

Bispecific antibody 520c9x22 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=593

•

Iodine I 123 murine monoclonal antibody to alph-fe http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=633

•

Fluorouracil http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=710

•

Clonidine (trade name: Duraclon) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=653

•

Indium In-111 altumomab pentetate (trade name: Hybri-ceaker) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=66

•

Arcitumomab (trade name: 99m Tc-labeled CEA-Scan) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=672

•

Doxil http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=951

•

Fluorouracil (trade name: Adrucil) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=708

•

http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=709

•

Gossypol http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=724

•

MN14 monoclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antig (trade name: CEA-CIDE) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=940

•

Toremifene (trade name: Fareston) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=76

•

Thyrotropin alpha (trade name: Thyrogen) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=767

•

Ifosfamide (trade name: Ifex) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=779

•

Mitoxantrone (trade name: Novantrone) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=789

•

9-nitro-20-(S)-camptothecin (9-NC) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=791

•

Monoclonal antibody-B43.13 (trade name: Ovarex MAb-B43.13) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=801

•

Porfiromycin (trade name: Promycin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=836

•



•

RGGO853, E1A Lipid Complex http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=854

•

Recombinant Human Interleukin-12 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=855

•

Aldesleukin (trade name: Proleukin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=872

•

Allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells sens (trade name: lymphocyte culture. TN= CYTOIMPLANT) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=874

•


•

Suramin http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=900

•

Benzydamine hydrochloride (trade name: Tantum) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=919

•

PEGASYS http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=929

•

MN14 monoclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antig (trade name: Cea-cide) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=953

•

Polyethylene glycol-modified uricase (trade name: Zurase) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=962

•

Bleomycin (trade name: Blenoxane) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=965

•

6-hydroxmethylacylfulvene http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=971

•

SCH 58500 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=980

•

6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=983

•

6-hydroxmethylacylfulvene http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=984

•

Yttrium-90 radiolabeled humanized monoclonal anti- (trade name: Cea-Cide) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=989

•

Polyethlene glycol-modified uricase (trade name: Zurase) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=995

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

379

APPENDICES

381

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

13

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

382 Cancer

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 383

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

14

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

384 Cancer

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “cancer” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Cryosurgery for Recurrent Prostate Cancer Following Radiation Therapy. Health Technology Assessment Number 13 Source: Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). 1999. 9 p. Contact: Available from AHCPR Publications Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 8547, Silver Spring, MD 20907. (800) 358-9295. PRICE: Single copy free. Also available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Springfield, VA 22161. (800) 553-6847 or (703) 6056000. PRICE: $23.00. NTIS order number PB99-102774. Summary: Patients with prostate cancer are commonly treated medically or undergo radical prostatectomy and or radiation therapy. Cryosurgery, the destruction of diseased tissue by freezing, is increasingly used both as a first line therapy and as a second line therapy (salvage therapy) in patients for whom radiation therapy has failed. This report is from the Center for Practice and Technology Assessment, a United States Government agency that evaluates the risks, benefits, and clinical effectiveness of new or unestablished medical technologies. Recent reports suggest that cryosurgery may be a useful alternative procedure for treating some of these patients with recurrent cancers. Outcomes of cryosurgery are improving through better instrumentation, surgical technique, and experience. The available data suggest that some patients with radioresistant cancer appear to benefit from the use of cryosurgery as a salvage therapy. Use of this technique has resulted in biochemical disease free survival for varying periods of some patients who had recurrent prostate carcinoma following radiation therapy; however, morbidity remains high, and relatively few patients have had adequate followup. Salvage cryosurgery prospective clinical trials are warranted and would help determine long term survival benefits and make possible the comparison of cryotherapy patient survival rates with those of untreated biopsy positive patients. 2 tables. 29 references.

•

Report on the Management of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Stages TA, T1 and TIS) Source: Baltimore, MD: American Urological Association. 1999. 60 p. Contact: Available from American Urological Association. 1120 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 727-1100. Fax (410) 223-4370. E-mail: [email protected].


Website: www.auanet.org. PRICE: $35.00 for members; $50.00 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. Summary: The American Urological Association (AUA) convened the Bladder Clinical Guidelines Panel to analyze the literature regarding available methods of treating nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, and to make policy recommendations based primarily on treatment outcomes data; this report is the result of the panel's work. The panel searched the MEDLINE database for articles related to nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer published from January 1998 to the present. Outcomes data were extracted from articles accepted for panel review and meta analyzed to produce comparative probability estimates for alternative treatments. At any age, most bladder cancers, when initially diagnosed, have not invaded the detrusor muscle; these noninvasive types (stages Ta, T1, and Tis) are the focus of this study. All of the intravesical agents (thiotepa, bacillus Calmette Guerin, mitomycin C, and doxorubicin), when used as adjuvant therapy after transurethral resection, resulted in a lower probability of recurrence compared to resection alone. However, there is no evidence that intravesical therapy with these agents affects long term progression. The panel concludes that, for patients with no prior intravesical therapy, adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy is a treatment option for endoscopic removal of low grade Ta bladder cancers. Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette Guerin or mitomycin C is recommended for cancer in situ, and after endoscopic removal of T1 and high grade Ta tumors. The report concludes with three appendices: data presentation, the data extraction form, and data analysis; a subject index is also provided. 6 tables. 114 references. •

Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Jaw in a Teenager: A Case Report Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 60(2): 207-211. February 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: The term mucoepidermoid tumor is used to describe specific tumors of the salivary glands that contain mucus-secreting, epidermoid, and so-called intermediate cells. Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma (cancer) represents from 5 to 8 percent of all benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. A mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising in the jaws as a primary central bony lesion is extremely rare. A review of the literature yielded only 70 cases among patients in their 30s and 40s and only 6 cases in teenagers. This article presents a case report of a central mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the mandible (lower jaw) in a young patient. The authors describe the patient's history, diagnosis, surgery, postoperative recovery, and follow up. The authors stress that a prompt biopsy is always indicated for intraosseous, radiolucent lesions. After the surgical procedure, the high rates of local recurrence and late distant metastasis suggest the need for postoperative radiotherapy (radiation therapy), semiannual clinical and radiographic examinations for 5 years, and then annual follow up examinations. When managed appropriately, the 5 year survival rate in most cases is excellent, and the overall prognosis is good. 7 figures. 2 tables. 19 references.

•

Is Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor for Ovarian Cancer? A Case-Control Study in Utah and Washington (United States) Source: Cancer Causes and Control. 7(4): 475-478. July 1996. Contact: Available from Rapid Science Publishers. 400 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (215) 574-2210. Fax (215) 574-3533.

386 Cancer

Summary: This article is based on a study which examined diabetes as a risk factor for the various types of ovarian cancer. According to the authors, insulin resistance may coexist in clinical syndromes with hyperestrogenism and hyperandrogenism, suggesting that the ovary may be sensitive to effects of insulin. Further, insulin-like growth factor-I receptors, which are capable of binding inulin, have been identified in ovarian cancer tissue and are proposed to regulate cell growth. In a 1975 to 1987 case-control study in seven counties in Washington and Utah, researchers evaluated the association between a history of diabetes mellitus and ovarian cancer. Women recently diagnosed with ovarian cancer were identified for cases through population-based cancer reporting. Controls similar to these women with regard to age and county of residence were identified via household surveys or random digit dialing. While the study consisted of 595 cases and 1,587 controls, 27 cases (4.5 percent) and 72 controls (4.5 percent) reported a history of diabetes. An odds ratio of 0.9 resulted from the logistic regression analysis of the association between diabetes and ovarian cancer. Controlling for prior oral contraceptive use or prior pregnancy did not alter the odds ratio. In addition, none of the 20 women with nonepithelial tumors had a history of diabetes. The results of this study, as well as two cohort studies, do not support the hypothesis that diabetes is a risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer. 1 table. 33 references. (AA-M). •

Pathways to Health: A Cancer Prevention Project for Native American Schoolchildren and Their Families Source: Native Outreach: A Report to American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Communities. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Dental Research; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 1999. p.75-91. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute, Cancer Information Service. 31 Center Drive, MSC 2580, Building 31, Room 10A16, Bethesda, MD 20892-2580. (800) 4CANCER. TTY (800) 332-8615. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This article reports on the Pathways to Health project, a school-based program of cancer prevention and health promotion activities for fifth and seventh grade American Indian students. The curriculum was implemented in 12 elementary and middle schools located in rural communities in New Mexico. The 5 year program was designed to be culturally relevant for rural American Indian children in the Southwest by incorporating American Indian traditions and values into lessons and activities. The curriculum objectives related to promoting a diet low in fat and high in fiber, fruits, and vegetables as well as avoiding nonceremonial cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco products. The project activities included parents and grandparents. Participating schools were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: cancer prevention curriculum, cancer prevention curriculum augmented with a family intervention, or control (delayed intervention). Qualitative data collected from focus groups and individual interviews indicated wide acceptance and use of the program. Changes in self-reported use of tobacco and in attitudes toward tobacco indicate positive effects of the intervention. Additional analyses of data regarding nutrition and other aspects of the curriculum will be reported in the future. 7 tables. 45 references.

•

Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, Office of Medical Applications of Research. 1989. 17 p.


Contact: Available from National Institutes of Health Consensus Program Information Center. P.O. Box 2577, Kensington, MD 20891. (888) 644-2667. Website: consensus.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Publication number 73. Summary: This brochure presents the NIH Consensus Statement issued at the April 1989 Consensus Development Conference on the oral complications of cancer therapies. The statement was formulated in response to five areas of inquiry: the role for pretherapy interventions affecting the oral cavity in reducing the incidence of oral complications in the cancer patient; determining which pretreatment strategies are optimal to prevent or minimize oral complications; the most effective strategies for the management of acute oral complications occurring during cancer therapy; the indicated strategies for the management of chronic oral complications following cancer therapy; and the directions for future research. The brochure concludes with a list of the members of the Consensus Development panel. •

Consensus Development Conference on Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI). 1990. 190 p. Contact: Available from National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse (NOHIC). 1 NOHIC Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3500. (301) 402-7364. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nohic.nidcr.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication No. 89-3081. Summary: This document reproduces the presentations given at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference on the Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment, held in Bethesda, Maryland in April 1989. Thirty presentations cover topics including: oral defenses and compromises; the incidence of oral complications; infectious and noninfectious systemic consequences; pretreatment assessment issues; pretreatment strategies, including oral antimicrobial agents, strategies to prevent infection, and interventions to modify salivary dysfunction; the management of acute problems, including oral mucositis, the role of herpes simplex virus reactivation, acute viral infections, management of febrile neutropenic patients, nursing management issues, and oral complications in the pediatric population; and the management of chronic problems, including oral graft-versus-host disease, osteoradionecrosis, the use of hyperbaric oxygen in post-radiation head and neck surgery, salivary dysfunction, mucosal alterations, chronic dental complications, and chemosensory alterations. The full Consensus Statement is also included.

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Management of Cancer Pain: Adults Contact: AHCPR Publications Clearinghouse, PO Box 8547, Silver Spring, MD, 20907. Summary: This manual focuses on the pharmacological, physical, and psychosocial ways to manage cancer pain in adults. It indicates the need for approaches to pain management that are both practical and flexible. It includes tables and charts that summarize recommended clinical approach and pharmacological therapy, barriers to cancer pain management, common cancer pain syndromes, dosing data and equivalents, pros and cons of intraspinal drug administration, and rationale for not recommending drugs and routes of administration. The guide describes pain assessment, pharmacologic treatment options, and alternative interventions. It mentions invasive interventions, discharge planning, and treating the elderly. A segment of the manual focuses on managing cancer pain in Persons with AIDS (PWA's).

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Human Papilloma Virus and Cervical Cancer Issues for Women With HIV and AIDS Contact: Voices of Positive Women, PO Box 471 Ste C, Toronto, (416) 324-8703, http://webhome.idirect.com/~vopw/. Summary: This paper covers basic information about Human Papilloma Virus and cervical cancer, both common opportunistic conditions in women with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It looks at diagnostic and treatment procedures for the two conditions, and outlines followup and prevention policies.

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Advancing women's health: Health plans' innovative programs in breast cancer: Survey results and case studies Source: Washington, DC: American Association of Health Plans. 1998. 64 pp., summary (12 pp.). Contact: Available from American Association of Health Plans, 1129 20th Street, N.W., Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 778- 3200 / fax: (202) 331-7487 / email: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.aahp.org. Summary: This publication summarizes key findings from the American Association of Health Plan's (AAHP) assessment of four health plans that have implemented model programs to address the medical and psychosocial needs of women who have breast cancer. This report describes how a variety of targeted strategies: patient-level, providerlevel, and community-level: were used by these plans to save lives by detecting and treating breast cancer earlier.

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Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective Source: Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1997. 670 pp. Contact: Available from American Institute for Cancer Research, 1759 R Street, N.W., P.O. Box 97167, Washington, DC 20090. Telephone: (202) 328-7744. $35.00 includes shipping and handling. Summary: This report presents dietary guidelines for cancer prevention, public policy recommendations for cancer prevention, and a review of the science behind the findings reported. The report reviews the scientific and other expert literature linking foods, nutrition, food preparation, and dietary patterns and related factors with the risk of human cancers worldwide. A series of dietary and other recommendations designed as suitable for all societies and to reduce the risk of human cancers is presented. An evaluation of the degree of consistency between such recommendations and those proposed for the prevention of coronary heart disease and other diseases is discussed. And both the feasibility and the policy implications of the global implementation of these recommendations are considered.

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The guide to community preventive services: Interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sport-related craniofacial injuries-Systematic reviews of evidence, recommendations Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine: 23(1Suppl):1-84. July 2002. 2002. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science Publishing, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. Telephone: (212) 633-3815 / fax: (212) 633-3820 / e-mail: [email protected]. Contact for cost information.


Summary: This report presents evidence and recommendations on interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sports-related craniofacial injuries. Expert commentaries present a vision for the future of oral health community preventive services, the need for partnerships to identify factors responsible for oral diseases and injuries, issues and opportunities in community-based oral health prevention, and activities of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in the area of oral health. Articles address committee recommendations on selected interventions, reviews of evidence on interventions, and a comparison of selected evidence reviews and recommendations. •

Final Report of the National Committee to Review Current Procedures for Approval of New Drugs for Cancer and AIDS Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, Bldg Rm 11A27, Bethesda, MD, 20815, (800) 422-6237. Summary: This report presents national recommendations for modifying current approval procedures for new drugs to treat cancer and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The report recommends a permanent policy and oversight committee, emphasizes the need for more and better therapeutic drugs and the need to expedite approval of important new drugs, and addresses the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard for effectiveness of new drugs. Other topics covered in the recommendations include surrogate endpoints in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical trials, community-based clinical trials, the relationship between the FDA and drug sponsors, and patient advocacy groups. The report notes some of the significant aspects of interagency cooperation, including cross membership on organizational advisory committees. Furthermore, the recommendations pertain to institutional review board (IRB) reviews of Phase I and Phase II clinical studies, reduction of FDA clinical holds, the treatment investigational new drug (IND), and the parallel track IND. Some final topics dealt with by the recommendations include outside review of new drug applications (NDA's), supplemental NDA's for technical changes, and insurance coverage for IND's and ancillary costs. This report is widely know as "The Lasagna Report" after chairman Louis Lasagna.

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The National Committee to Review Current Procedures for Approval of New Drugs for Cancer and AIDS, Final Report Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 9030 Old Georgetown Rd, RA Bloch Bldg, Bethesda, MD, 20853, (301) 422-6237. Summary: This report presents recommendations regarding the Federal approval of therapeutic and antiviral drugs to treat cancer and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). On the basis of a review of current procedures for approval of new drugs, the report recommends the creation of a permanent policy and oversight committee, appointed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, to monitor the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval program. A national policy should be adopted to foster the development of new drugs to treat AIDS and cancer. The report suggests that the FDA should expedite approval of important new drugs at the earliest possible point in their development. The FDA should approve drugs when there is significant scientific judgement that clinical data exist to prove therapeutic value to patients with cancer or AIDS. Two recommendations on clinical trials focus on surrogate endpoints and the encouragement

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of community-based trials. The report finds that the relationship between the FDA and drug sponsors should be informal, interactive, and mutually cooperative in order to expedite drug development and approval. The FDA was commended for its responsiveness to patient advocacy groups and its cooperation with other involved government agencies. However, the FDA should restructure its advisory committees and promote cross membership with the advisory committees of other involved government agencies. An institutional review board (IRB) should be able to review Phase I clinical studies as well as Phase I and Phase II noncommercial clinical research. While the FDA is commended for codifying the treatment Investigational New Drug (IND) in published regulations, it should reduce formal and informal holds in INDs; under some circumstances, patients should have the right to obtain investigational drugs. Finally, the report recommends that the cost of investigational drugs and all ancillary medical care should be covered by insurance programs, and that FDA resources must be provided at a level sufficient to meet its new drug approval functions.

The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1561370 10000 5035 1767 2733 1580905

HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as

16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

17

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 18 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.


AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “cancer” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Cancer In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and cancer.

20 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).24 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for cancer: •

Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Hereditary Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?202300

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Anal Canal Carcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?105580

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Arm Protein Lost in Epithelial Cancers, X Chromosome, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300362

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Arm Protein Lost in Epithelial Cancers, X Chromosome, 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300363

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Bladder Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?109800

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Breast and Bladder Cancer Overexpressed Gene 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606048

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Breast Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114480

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Breast Cancer 1 Gene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?113705

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Breast Cancer 2 Gene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600185

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Breast Cancer 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605365

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Breast Cancer- and Salivary Gland-expressed Gene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607627

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Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602941

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Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604704

24 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.


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Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606259

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Breast Cancer, 11-22 Translocation Associated Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600048

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Breast Cancer, Ductal, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?211410

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Breast Cancer, Ductal, 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?211420

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Breast Cancer-associated Df3 Antigen Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?113720

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Breast Cancer-related Regulator of Tp53 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?113721

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Breast Carcinoma Amplified Sequence 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602968

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Cancer Cachectic Factor 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601084

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Cancer, Familial, with in Vitro Radioresistance Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114450

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Cancer/testis Antigen 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300156

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Cervical Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603956

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Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis, Type 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?120435

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Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis, Type 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?120436

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Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601228

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Colorectal Cancer, Hereditary Nonpolyposis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114500

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Cytosolic Ovarian Carcinoma Antigen 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300282

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Deleted in Bladder Cancer Chromosome Region Candidate 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602865

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Deleted in Breast Cancer 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607359

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Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?120470

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Deleted in Endometrial Carcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602084

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Deleted in Esophageal Cancer 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604767

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Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604258

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Deleted in Lung and Esophageal Cancer 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604050

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Disrupted in Renal Carcinoma 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606423

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Disrupted in Renal Carcinoma 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608262

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Downregulated in Renal Cell Carcinoma 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608295

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Endometrial Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608089

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Esophageal Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?133239

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Gastric Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?137215

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Gene Amplified in Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605469

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114550

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma-associated Protein 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607860

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Highly Expressed in Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607272

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Hypermethylated in Cancer 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603825

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Hypermethylated in Cancer 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607712

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Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer, Hereditary Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605839

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Leucine Zipper, Downregulated in Cancer 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300402


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Leukemia, Acute Myelocytic, with Polyposis Coli and Colon Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?246470

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Liver Cancer Oncogene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?165320

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Lung Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?211980

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Lynch Cancer Family Syndrome Ii Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114400

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Melanoma-pancreatic Cancer Syndrome Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606719

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Mutated in Colorectal Cancers Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?159350

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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?161550

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Nonpapillary Renal Carcinoma 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604442

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Oral Cancer Overexpressed Gene 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607224

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Ovarian Cancer, Epithelial Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604370

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Ovarian Cancer, Epithelial, Susceptibility to Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607893

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Ovarian Cancer-associated Gene 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607896

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Ovarian Germ Cell Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603737

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Pancreatic Cancer, Susceptibility To, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606856

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Pancreatic Carcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?260350

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Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603744

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Parathyroid Carcinoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608266

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Predisposing for Prostate Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602759

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Prostate Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176807

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Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 19 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607592

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Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604845

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Prostate Cancer Overexpressed Gene 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603733

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Prostate Cancer, Hereditary, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601518

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Prostate Cancer, Hereditary, X-linked Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300147

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Prostate Cancer/brain Cancer Susceptibility Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603688

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Prostate Cancer-associated Protein 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605095

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Putative Prostate Cancer Tumor Suppressor Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601385

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Renal Cell Carcinoma 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?144700

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Renal Cell Carcinoma, Papillary Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605074

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Renal Cell Carcinoma, Papillary, 1 Gene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?179755

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Serologically Defined Colon Cancer Antigen 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608378

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Small Cell Cancer of the Lung Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?182280

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600517

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Recognized by T Cells 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605941

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Recognized by T Cells 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605942

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Head and Neck Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601400

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Thyroid Carcinoma, Familial Medullary Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?155240

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Thyroid Carcinoma, Follicular Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?188470


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Thyroid Carcinoma, Hurthle Cell Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607464

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Thyroid Carcinoma, Nonmedullary, with Cell Oxyphilia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603386

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Thyroid Carcinoma, Papillary Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?188550

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Thyroid Carcinoma, Papillary, with Papillary Renal Neoplasia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605642

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Translocation in Renal Carcinoma on Chromosome 8 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603046

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Tylosis with Esophageal Cancer Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?148500

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Ureter, Cancer of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?191600

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V-myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog 1, Lung Carcinomaderived Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?164850 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan

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syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html •

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein


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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database25 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database26 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.

25

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 26 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cancer can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cancer. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cancer. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cancer”:

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Guides on cancer Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Bladder Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladdercancer.html Brain Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braincancer.html Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Colorectal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colorectalcancer.html Head and Neck Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandneckcancer.html Kidney Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneycancer.html Lung Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungcancer.html Male Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malebreastcancer.html Prostate Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to cancer, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Cancer of the Vulva and Vagina Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZB9W29EQC &sub_cat=263 Vulvar Cancer Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/753.xml What Is Vulvar Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_vulvar_cancer_4 5.asp

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Diagnosis/Symptoms Can Vulvar Cancer Be Found Early? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_can_vulvar_cancer_be_fo und_early_45.asp

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How Is Invasive Vulvar Cancer Staged? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_vulvar_cancer_st aged.asp How Is Vulvar Cancer Diagnosed? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_vulvar_cancer_di agnosed.asp •

Treatment Treatment of Vulvar Adenocarcinoma Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_treatment_of_vulvar_ade nocarcinoma_45.asp Treatment of Vulvar Melanoma Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_treatment_of_vulvar_mel anoma_45.asp Treatment Options for Squamous Cell Vulvar Cancer by Stage Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_treatment_options_for_s quamous_cell_vulvar_cancer_by_stage_45.asp Vulvar Cancer (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/vulvar/patient/

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Coping Female Sexuality After Cancer: What You and Your Partner Need to Know Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00071 Where to Seek Professional Help: Sexuality and Cancer Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/mit/content/mit_7_2x_where_to_seek_professio nal_help_women.asp

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Specific Conditions/Aspects What Are the Risk Factors for Vulvar Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_what_are_the_risk_factor s_for_vulvar_cancer_45.asp What Should You Ask Your Doctor about Vulvar Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_5x_what_should_you_ask_y our_physician_about_vulvar_cancer.asp

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Organizations American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/ National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/

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Prevention/Screening Can Vulvar Cancer Be Prevented? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_can_vulvar_cancer_be_pr evented_45.asp

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Research Do We Know What Causes Vulvar Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_do_we_know_what_caus es_vulvar_cancer.asp What's New in Vulvar Cancer Research and Treatment? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_6x_whats_new_in_vulvar_ca ncer_research_and_treatment.asp

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Statistics What Are the Key Statistics for Vulvar Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_are_the_key_statist ics_for_vulvar_cancer_45.asp

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cancer. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:


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Silent Killers in the Asian and Pacific Islander American Communities: What Every Asian and Pacific Islander American Should Know About Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer Source: Stanford, CA: Asian Liver Center. 200x. 8p. Contact: Available from Asian Liver Center. The Asian Liver Center at Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3680, Stanford, CA 94305. (650) 725-4837. Fax: (650) 7230006. Website: http://liver.stanford.edu/. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: Although hepatitis B is uncommon in the majority of the United States population, Asian and Pacific Islander Americans have a disproportionately high incidence of the disease. Hepatitis B is a virus that is transmitted mainly by blood; the virus causes liver damage and can cause liver cancer. This brochure, written in English and Korean, reviews the risk factors for hepatitis B, then discusses the role of vaccination, transmission, silent progression of the disease (lack of symptoms), chronic hepatitis, liver cancer, and the role of screening. The brochure also describes the Jade Ribbon Campaign, a program designed to help fight hepatitis B and liver cancer. The brochure includes the contact information for the Asian Liver Center (http://liver.Stanford.edu).

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Oral Cancer: How to Protect Yourself Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131(9): 1383. September 2000. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Summary: As with many forms of cancer, early detection of oral cancerous lesions can improve the chances of successful treatment. This handout reminds dental patients of the signs of oral cancer and the importance of self checking of the oral tissues. The handout recommends that readers take a few minutes to examine their lips, gums, cheek lining, and tongue, as well as the floor and roof of the mouth. Readers are advised to note any of the following: a color change in the oral tissues; a lump, thickening, rough spot, crust, or small eroded area; a sore that bleeds easily or does not heal; pain, tenderness, or numbness anywhere in the mouth or on the lips; difficulty in chewing, swallowing, speaking, or moving the jaw or tongue; changes in the voice; or a change in the way the teeth fit together. In addition, readers are advised to reduce their risk of developing oral cancer by avoiding behaviors including use of tobacco and prolonged exposure to the sun. Regular visits to the dentist are also important. The handout concludes with the address of the American Dental Association's website (www.ada.org). 2 figures.

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Screening and Surveillance for Colorectal Cancer Source: Arlington Heights, IL: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. 1999. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS). 85 West Algonquin Road, Suite 550, Arlington Heights, IL 60005. (800) 791-0001 or (847) 290-9184. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.fascrs.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; bulk copies available. Summary: Colorectal cancer is known as a silent disease because many people do not develop symptoms such as bleeding or abdominal pain until the cancer is difficult to

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cure. The simplest screening test for colon and rectal cancer is testing of the stool (feces) to detect tiny amounts of invisible blood; this is called fecal occult blood testing. However, only about 50 percent of cancers and 10 percent of polyps bleed enough to be detected by this test. This brochure describes other screening approaches for colon and rectal cancer. Written in a question and answer format, the brochure describes flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and barium enema. The brochure also discusses why testing should be done, when and how often testing should be done, risk factors and high risk groups, and who performs screening and surveillance tests. The brochure describes the work of colon and rectal surgeons, who treat benign and malignant conditions, perform routine screening examinations, and surgically treat problems when necessary. The brochure includes the contact information for the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (www.fascrs.org). •

Facts on Cancer and Dentistry Source: Dental Assistant. 67(4): 20-21. July-August 1998. Contact: Available from American Dental Assistants Association. 203 North LaSalle Street, Suite 1320, Chicago, IL 60601-1225. (312) 541-1550. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: members.aol.com/adaa1/index.html. Summary: Early detection of oral cancer is the best guard against the spread of oral cancer and its resultant potential of chronic pain, function loss, and facial disfigurement. This article for dental assistants reviews the latest thinking on the causes, prevention, detection, and treatment of oral cancer. In addition to avoiding excessive alcohol use and tobacco of any kind, research indicates that eating plenty of fruits and vegetables may also safeguard against oral cancer and other cancers as well. The one page article serves as an introduction to a detailed chart of cancer risk factors, warning signs, and checkup guidelines for all different types of cancer, including oral. As health care professionals, dental assistants may often be asked about other forms of cancer and their symptoms. For this reason, the chart (from the American Cancer Society) is provided. The article concludes with a list of five information resource organizations and hotlines for obtaining additional information. 1 table.

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Oral Complications of Cancer Treatment: What the Oncology Team Can Do Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2002. [6 p.]. Contact: Available from National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse (NOHIC). 1 NOHIC Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3500. (301) 402-7364. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nohic.nidcr.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available. NIH Publication No. 02-4360. Order Number OCCT-2. Summary: Radiation to the head and neck, and chemotherapy for any malignancy, can cause oral side effects so debilitating that patients may tolerate only lower, less effective doses of cancer treatment, may have to postpone schedule treatments, or may discontinue treatment entirely. This fact sheet is part of an awareness campaign to educate patients and health care providers about the interrelationship between oral health and cancer care. The fact sheet helps readers understand the role of the oncology team in preventing complications and maintaining oral health in patients undergoing cancer treatment. Preventing and managing oral complications help support optimal cancer therapy, enhancing both patient survival and quality of life. Topics include the types of oral complications of cancer treatment, the role of oral evaluation before cancer treatment, oral care during treatment, follow up oral care, long term problems following


head and neck radiation therapy, and special considerations for bone marrow or stem cell transplant patients. Three sidebars list the typical oral complications of cancer therapy, strategies for helping patients with xerostomia or mouth pain, and strategies to minimize the oral complications of cancer therapy. The fact sheet includes a glossary of related terms. The back cover offers an order form for obtaining additional free publications from the awareness campaign on oral health and cancer care. 11 references. •

Liver Cancer Source: Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Liver Foundation. 200x. 4 p. Contact: Available from Canadian Liver Foundation. Suite 1500, 2235 Sheppard Avenue East, Toronto Ontario, M2J 5B5. (416) 491-3353 or (800) 563-5483. Fax (416) 491-4952. Email: [email protected]. Website: [email protected]. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; Contact organization for print copies. Summary: The liver filters blood from all parts of the body, thus cancer cells can easily lodge in the liver and develop into metastatic nodules. The immense regenerative capacity of the liver may also be linked to the development of liver cancers. This fact sheet, from the Canadian Liver Foundation, reviews liver cancer. Written in questionand-answer format, the fact sheet covers the function and anatomy of the liver, why cancers often form in the liver, the causes of liver cancer, classification of liver cancer, the incidence of primary and secondary tumors, common symptoms associated with liver cancer, risk factors associated with benign primary liver tumors, therapy for benign primary tumors, risk factors associated with malignant primary tumors, diagnostic tests used to detect malignant tumors, treatment and prognostic considerations, general information about secondary liver treatment, and research for future liver cancer treatment. The fact sheet concludes with the contact information for the Canadian Liver Foundation (www.liver.ca or 800-563-5483).

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Managing Your Child's Eating Problems During Cancer Treatment Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH). March 1994. 33 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute (NCI). Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 422-6237. TTY (800) 332-8615. Fax (301) 3307968. Website: rex.nci.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 942038. Summary: This booklet contains a variety of ideas that have helped parents cope with their children's eating problems related to cancer treatment. The author describes the nutrition problems that may be associated with different cancer treatments and lists simple steps for the home care management of these problems. The booklet offers strategies for coping with the side effects of cancer therapy, including loss of appetite, sore mouth or throat, changed sense of taste, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, weight gain, tooth decay, and lactose intolerance. A final section offers suggestions for increasing the child's intake of protein and calories. The booklet concludes with a glossary of terms and definitions related to diet, nutrition, and cancer treatment. The booklet also provides a brief description of the Cancer Information Service (800-4-CANCER) and the American Cancer Society (800-227-2345). 4 tables.

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When Cancer Affects the Way You Look. Facing the Future: Managing the Change in Your Appearance Source: London, England: Changing Faces. 1997. 25 p. Contact: Available from Changing Faces. 1 and 2 Junction Mews, London W2 1PN United Kingdom. Telephone 0171-706-4232; Fax 0171-706-4234; E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $5.00 each. Order Number S01. Summary: This booklet is written for patients whose cancer has resulted or is likely to result in a change in their appearance, particularly their facial appearance. The booklet helps readers understand the problem of adjusting to looking different. The author provides examples of the types of things that may be difficult and some strategies for dealing with them. Throughout the booklet, the author emphasizes that readers must play an active part in the management of their own condition. Topics include preparing for treatment; types of cancer that may alter one's facial appearance; communicating with one's health care providers, including some useful questions to ask the health care provider about treatment, rehabilitation, speech therapy, dietary concerns, and support services; talking to other people, in family settings, friends, support groups, and counseling; managing the immediate effects of treatment, including issues of food and nutrition, pain, and appearance; use of prostheses and make up; managing socially after treatment, including strategies to use in social settings with friends, acquaintances, and strangers; problems with speech and strategies to use to communicate more effectively; and positive thinking and its role. The booklet then shares the experiences of a number of patients as they go through the process of adapting to a facial appearance change due to cancer or its treatment. The booklet concludes with a section that helps readers concentrate on the activities they can undertake at present and focus on changes they want to make for their own future. Specific strategies to try are offered in each section. The booklet lists support organizations and groups in England.

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ACG Recommendations on Colorectal Cancer Screening for Average and Higher Risk Patients in Clinical Practice Source: Arlington, VA: American College of Gastroenterology. 200x. 25 p. Contact: Available from American College of Gastroenterology. 4900 B South 31st Street, Arlington, VA 22206-1656. (703) 820-7400. Fax (703) 931-4520. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet outlines the preferred colorectal cancer screening recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and presents an update of the ACG position on screening as outlined by the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (AHCPR). The AHCPR's recommendations presented a menu of options for screening average risk persons. These options have similar cost-effectiveness ratios, however, there are substantial differences between the various options regarding their effectiveness, initial costs, and to a lesser degree, risk. The ACG continues to endorse the AHCPR guideline. The update recommendation as presented in the booklet is meant to reflect trends in the rapidly changing perceptions of colorectal cancer prevention strategies among clinical gastroenterologists in both academic and private practice. The preferred screening strategy for persons over age 50 at average risk for colorectal cancer is colonoscopy every 10 years. An alternative strategy for this population (used when resources, expertise, or reimbursement for screening colonoscopy are not available) is flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years plus annual fecal occult blood testing. The booklet outlines other screening strategies include barium enema, and CT (computed tomography) and magnetic resonance (MR) colonography (also called virtual colonoscopy). The booklet then discusses screening for people in


high risk categories, including those with a personal or family history of familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and strong family history of colon cancer. The booklet includes extensive tables that summarize the information and guidelines presented in the text. 2 figures. 4 tables. 142 references. •

Guide to Skin Cancers and Precancers, A Source: New York, NY: Skin Cancer Foundation. 2002. 18 p. Contact: Available from Skin Cancer Foundation. Box 561, New York, NY 10156. (212) 725-5176. Fax (212) 725-5751. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.skincancer.org. PRICE: Contact for current pricing; bulk orders available. Item No. BR-19. Summary: This booklet provides the general public with information on skin precancers and cancers. Actinic keratosis (AK), or solar keratosis, is the most common type of precancerous skin lesion. AKs most often appear on skin surfaces that have been frequently exposed to the sun or to artificial sources of ultraviolet light. They range in size from 1 millimeter to 1 inch in diameter. AKs usually appear as small crusty, scaly, or crumbly bumps or horns that are dry and rough to the touch. Untreated AKs may develop into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Treatment options for AKs include cryosurgery; curettage and desiccation; topical medications such as 5-fluorouracil cream or solution, hyaluronic acid/diclofenac, and imiquimod cream; chemical peeling; laser surgery; and photodynamic therapy. The most common skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and SCC. Both are mainly caused by long term sun exposure, so they typically occur in areas that are exposed to the sun. Although BCCs rarely spread to vital organs, they can lead to disfigurement. SCCs have a greater chance of spreading and becoming life threatening if untreated. Treatment options for BCCs and SCCs include curettage and electrodesiccation, excisional surgery, radiation, and Mohs micrographic surgery. In addition, cryosurgery, laser surgery, and photodynamic therapy can be used to treat BCCs and SCCs. The deadliest form of skin cancer is melanoma. It is most often caused by intense, intermittent exposure to the sun, especially before age 18. Melanoma is treatable in its earliest stage, but if left untreated, it will spread to vital organs. People should check their skin every month for lesions that are asymmetrical and have border irregularity, color variability, and a diameter larger than a pencil eraser. Treatment options for melanoma discovered at an early stage include excisional surgery, Mohs micrographic surgery, and regional lymph node dissection. Approaches for treating melanoma that has spread include radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Skin cancers can be prevented by taking appropriate sun safety measures. 18 figures.

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Questions and Answers About Breast Cancer Metastatic to Bone Source: New York, NY: Paget Foundation. 199x. 16 p. Contact: Available from Paget Foundation. 120 Wall Street, Suite 1602, New York, NY 10005-4001. (212) 509-5335. Fax (212) 509-8492. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.paget.org. PRICE: Single copy free plus $2.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This booklet uses a question and answer format to provide health professionals and women who have breast cancer that has spread to bone with information on this serious complication. General questions about breast cancer in bone focus on the magnitude of breast cancer in the United States, its diagnosis and initial treatment, its spread to bone, the detection of its spread to bone, and the parts of the skeleton most likely to be involved. Questions concerning treatment for breast cancer

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that has spread to bone deal with the use of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy; the prevention of bone fractures and the spread of breast cancer to bone; and the treatment of high blood calcium. Other questions concern general bone health in women with breast cancer and the types of physicians and other health professionals who treat patients with breast cancer affecting the skeleton. The booklet also includes a glossary. •

Women and Colorectal Cancer: What are the Facts? Source: Bethesda, MD: Foundation for Digestive Health and Nutrition. 1999. 6 p. Contact: Available from Foundation for Digestive Health and Nutrition. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 610, Bethesda, MD 20814-3015. (301) 222-4002. Fax (301) 2224010. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.fdhn.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: This brochure discusses colorectal cancer in women. Although commonly mistaken as a man's disease, colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in women. However, colorectal cancer is preventable and, if detected early, it is curable in men and women. Getting tested for colorectal cancer even when no symptoms are present (screening) can reduce the risk of developing the disease by up to 75 percent. The brochure describes how colorectal cancer develops, risk factors, symptoms, prevention, diagnostic tests (fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, barium xray), and treatment strategies. The brochure concludes by encouraging women to get screened for colorectal cancer, noting that Medicare and most other insurance providers now pay for these diagnostic tests. The brochure is illustrated with photographs of women in everyday settings. The brochure includes information about the Foundation for Digestive Health and Nutrition (www.fdhn.org) and the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research (www.womenshealth.org).

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Alternative Medicine in Cancer: Opening Doors to Research Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2001. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute. Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237; TTY: (800) 3328615; FAX: (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Free. NIH Publication Number: 01-4808. Summary: This brochure discusses the National Cancer Institute's Best Case Series Program. It explains the process for presenting a Best Case Series, including three steps: submitting required documentation, submitting pathology and radiology materials, and presenting Best Case Series to the Cancer Advisory Panel for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAPCAM). Practitioners may submit videotaped patient interviews. The brochure includes questions and answers about the potential benefits of presenting a Best Case Series, expertise needed, characteristics of patient reports, and required information. Contact information for submitting a Best Case Series is provided.

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Understanding Colon Cancer Screening Source: Manchester, MA: American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 13 Elm Street, Manchester, MA 01944. (508) 526-8330. PRICE: Single copy free.


Summary: This brochure educates readers about colon cancer screening. The brochure offers six True or False statements about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, then explains the correct answer for each. Topics include the incidence of CRC in men versus women; the indications for testing; the time involved in a colonoscopy screening examination; the mortality associated with CRC; diagnostic tests used to screen for colon cancer; and prevention of CRC. Colorectal cancer affects an equal number of men and women. Beginning at age 50, all men and women should be screened for colorectal cancer, even if they are experiencing no problems or symptoms. Colonoscopy is almost always done on an outpatient basis; the test is safe and the procedure itself typically takes less than 30 minutes. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the United States. Tests used for screening for CRC include digital rectal exam, stool blood test, barium enema, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. The brochure emphasizes that colon cancer is often preventable, so screening is very important. •

Managing Cancer Pain: Patient Guide Contact: AHCPR Publications Clearinghouse, PO Box 8547, Silver Spring, MD, 20907. Summary: This brochure explains how cancer pain can be controlled. It discusses the importance of pain control, finding the best method of pain control for you, and communicating well with doctors and nurses about your pain and how well your pain control treatments are working. It lists common concerns and the facts about them. The brochure describes choosing the right medicine, types of pain medicine, side effects, how and when to take medicines, and non-drug treatments. It contains a step-by-step plan for pain control, a comparison of benefits and risks of selected treatments, and details on support groups, relaxation exercises, and where to obtain more information.

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Skin Cancer: An Undeclared Epidemic Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology. 1994. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. P.O. Box 681069, Schaumburg, IL 60168-1069. (888) 462-3376 or (847) 330-0230. http://www.aad.org/index.html. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This brochure for the general public provides information on skin cancer. It states that overexposure to sunlight is almost universally accepted by medical experts as the main cause of skin cancer and that guarding the skin against the known causes is the best prevention. The brochure suggests a method of self-examination to detect any skin changes that will ensure that all areas of the body are examined. It describes the features of actinic keratosis, a precancerous condition, as well as basal and squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. In addition, the brochure comments on various skin cancer treatments. 2 figures. 3 photographs.

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Sources for Cancer Patients and Their Families Contact: American Cancer Society, Greater Tampa Unit, 1001 S MacDill Ave, Tampa, FL, 33629, (813) 254-3630, http://www.cancer.org. Summary: This brochure lists the variety of services provided by the American Cancer Society for cancer patients and their families. These services include information and guidance, transportation, emergency financial assistance, equipment loans, comfort items, dressings, housing assistance, support for home-based patients, patient/family education programs, and support/counseling and rehabilitation programs.

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HPV and Cervical Cancer Screening Contact: American Social Health Association, PO Box 13827, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, (919) 361-8400. Summary: This brochure presents women with information about the human papillomavirus (HPV) and its relationship to cervical cancer. HPV includes a group of viruses generally known to cause warts on the body. Genital HPV types are sexually transmitted and cause genital warts or cause cell changes on the cervix that increase a woman's risk for cervical cancer. The brochure makes recommendations about how to cope with and prevent HPV. HPV is generally detected using a Pap smear. When Pap smears detect abnormal cells, further exams are usually needed such as a biopsy, colposcopy, or endocervical curettage. The types of HPV that cause genital warts are categorized by their risks for cervical cancer. The brochure provides a table to help individuals understand the meaning of their Pap smear results. The HPV testing process is discussed. Some of the options available to women to help them to manage growths of genital warts include cryosurgery, laser removal, electro-cauterization, and a cone biopsy. The brochure provides contact information for services from which individuals can learn more about HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

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Pancreatic Cancer Source: Wexford, PA: National Pancreas Foundation. 200x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from National Pancreas Foundation. P.O. Box 935, Wexford, PA 15090-0935. (866) 726-2737. Website: www.pancreasfoundation.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about pancreatic cancer. After an introduction that explains the physiology and anatomy of the pancreas, the brochure notes that the evaluation of pancreatic diseases can be difficult due to the inaccessibility of the pancreas. Blood tests are often helpful in determining if the pancreas is involved in a specific symptom but may be misleading. The best radiographic tests to evaluate the structure of the pancreas include CAT scanning (computed tomography), endoscopic ultrasound, and MRI. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of death in men and the fifth in women, accounting for more than 30,000 new cases a year in the United States. If detected early, pancreatic cancer can be cured in the early stages by surgical resection. Unfortunately, early detection is more the exception than the rule. Often, after surgery, patients will need to take pancreatic enzyme supplements to prevent fat and protein malabsorption. At late stages, treatment can improve the quality of life by controlling symptoms and complications. The brochure concludes with the contact information for the National Pancreas Foundation (www.pancreasfoundation.org) and a tear-off coupon with which readers can join the Foundation. 2 figures.

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Skin Cancer Source: American Academy of Dermatology. 2001. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Meacham Road, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168-4014. (888)462-DERM x22. Website: www.add.org. PRICE: single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This brochure provides patients with tips on avoiding overexposure to the sun, the most common cause of skin cancer, identifying melanomas, and delineating the forms of skin cancer. To prevent overexposure to ultraviolet rays, people should avoid


direct sunlight between 10 AM and 4 PM, wear protective clothing and wide-brimmed hats, and apply sunscreens with an SPF of 15 or higher. Moles that are asymmetric, have irregular borders, are mottled in color, or have a diameter greater than 6 millimeters should be brought to the attention of the patient's physician as they are usually curable when caught early. Diagrams for a full body examination are presented. Actinic keratoses are small, red, scaly spots on the face, lower arms, and hands that may develop into skin cancer if left untreated. Basal cell carcinoma appear as a small fleshy lump on the head, neck, hands or trunk and is most common in fair-skinned people. It metastasizes slowly. Squamous cell carcinoma also appears as a bump or scaly red patch and is found on the rim of the ear, lips, face or mouth, generally in fair skinned people, and does metastasize. Both basal cell and squamous cell cancers are 95 percent curable when identified early and treated by dermatologic surgery. Malignant melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, often appears without warning, and spreads quickly. Warning signs include changes in the surface of a mole, oozing, bleeding, itchiness, tenderness, and pain. A skin biopsy can determine if the area is cancerous, and if so, surgery is performed to remove the cancer. •

Colorectal Cancer Screening: Early Detection Source: San Ramon, CA: Health Information Network, Inc. 1996. 14 p. Contact: Available from HIN, Inc. 231 Market Place, Number 331, San Ramon, CA 94583. (800) HIN-1121. Fax (925) 358-4377. Website: www.hinbooks.com. PRICE: $1.95 suggested list price; professional and bulk discounts available. Order number 206. ISBN: 1885274629. Summary: This brochure provides readers with basic information about screening for colorectal cancer. The brochure defines a screening test as a type of medical examination that may find cancer early, before it causes symptoms or pain. Colorectal cancer is cancer in any part of the large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum. Colorectal cancer is one of the most curable types of cancer, with a success rate of over 90 percent when found in its early stages. Written in language that is easy to read, the brochure covers the anatomy of the colon and rectum, the nature of cancer, risk factors for colorectal cancer, screening tests for colorectal cancer (fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema with air contrast examination, and digital rectal examination), symptoms of colorectal cancer, and patient followup. The brochure provides the addresses and phone numbers of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute. A brief glossary of terms is also included.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Second Most Common Skin Cancer Source: New York, NY: Skin Cancer Foundation. 1990. 12 p. Contact: Available from Skin Cancer Foundation. 245 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1403, New York, NY 10016. (212) 725-5176. Fax (212) 725-5751. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This brochure provides the general public with information on squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common form of skin cancer. Most cases of squamous cell carcinoma are caused by chronic exposure to sunlight, so they most frequently appear on sun-exposed parts of the body. They may also occur where the skin has suffered certain kinds of injury. People with a history of exposure to the sun can develop squamous cell carcinoma; however, those who are at highest risk have fair skin, light hair, and blue, green, or gray eyes. People who work outdoors or spend leisure time in the sun are particularly susceptible. The pamphlet highlights certain precursor

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conditions that are sometimes associated with later development of squamous cell carcinoma, including actinic keratosis, actinic cheilitis, leukoplakia, and Bowen's disease. In addition, the pamphlet describes the features of squamous cell carcinomas, as well as surgical and other methods of eradicating them, and discusses the possibility of recurrence. 6 figures. •

HPV and Cervical Cancer Contact: Education Training and Research Associates, PO Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-1830, (800) 321-4407, http://www.etr.org. Summary: This brochure, for women, discusses the facts about the human papillomavirus (HPV) and its connection to cervical cancer. It discusses HPV transmission, how it is often asymptomatic, and how it may develop into genital warts and cause cell changes in women's cervical walls. The brochure distinguishes between low- and high-risk types of HPV and recommends regular and frequent Pap smear tests for all women with HPV. The brochure identifies ways that women can help reduce their risks for contracting HPV and developing cervical cancer.

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National Cancer Institute Studies of Hydrazine Sulfate Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2001. 4 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D170. Summary: This Cancer Facts fact sheet discusses National Cancer Institute (NCI)sponsored studies of hydrazine sulfate, a compound used to treat cancer and help reverse cancer cachexia. It provides information about the development of hydrazine sulfate and the history of its use, as well as NCI clinical trials testing the compound. A list of sources of NCI information is given.

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Cervical Cancer Contact: Community AIDS Treatment Information Exchange, PO Box 1104, Toronto, (416) 203-7122, http://www.catie.ca. Summary: This fact sheet for women discusses cervical cancer; an abnormal growth of cells on the cervix, the opening of the uterus that leads into the vagina, which can develop slowly from a pre-cancerous condition, called cervical dysplasia. Cervical cancer has been linked to the sexually transmitted disease (STD) human papillomavirus (HPV, by immune system suppression due to medical drug use, or as a result of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Practicing safer sex with condoms or having non-penetrative sex are ways to reduce the risk of contracting HIV or HPV. Often, there are no symptoms for cervical cancer other than genital warts that indicate exposure to HPV, particularly in the early stages. In the advanced stages there may be pain in the lower abdomen or back, pain during intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge, or bleeding between menstrual periods. Cervical cancer and its precursory conditions can often be detected using Pap smears or colposcopies, both of which are described in the fact sheet. These tests will determine if abnormal cells exist on the cervix but do not determine if they are cancerous. Treatment for cervical cancer varies depending on the location and size of the cancer, and whether or not it has spread to other parts of the body. The treatments for cervical cancer are


outlined in the fact sheet. Although cervical cancer can be treated, HIV-positive women are at risk for recurrences. Cervical cancer is an AIDS-defining condition in HIV-positive women. •

NCI FACT SHEET: Tea and Cancer Prevention Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2002. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute. Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237; TTY: (800) 3328615; FAX: (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) discusses tea and its possible use in the prevention and treatment of a variety of cancers. In a question and answer format, the fact sheet discusses the antioxidant levels found in tea, particularly green and black tea; findings from laboratory and human studies of tea; and NCIsupported clinical trials of tea. 5 references.

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On the Tobacco Front.Oral Cancer Facts Source: AAOM News. 3(1): [1 p. insert]. Spring 2002. Contact: Available from American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). Editor, AAOM News, 193 Somerset Road, Norwood, NJ 07648-1929. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet offers a series of oral cancer facts, designed for dentists and for dentists to share with their patients. Topics include the incidence and prevalence of oral cancer, age factors, risk factors, prognosis, mortality, morbidity, symptoms, the different types of oral cancer, lifestyle factors, and screening for oral cancer as part of the dental examination. The fact sheet concludes that the oral medicine professional community has a significant clinical impact on the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of oral cancer. The dentist has the primary responsibility to screen for oral cancer. As advocates of health promotion, dentists can educate patients on oral cancer risk factors and can advocate tobacco cessation, moderate alcohol consumption, sunlight avoidance protection, and a healthy diet and lifestyle.

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Oral cancer: Deadly to ignore Source: Sacramento, CA: Maternal and Child Health Branch, California Department of Health Services. 2000. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Andrea Azevedo, California Department of Health Services, Maternal and Child Health Branch, 714 P Street, Room 750, Sacramento, CA 95814. Telephone: (916) 654-9927 / fax: (916) 657- 3069. Available at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet on oral cancer presents data collected during the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). It also explains the methodology of the BRFSS.

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Tongue Carcinoma Source: Danbury, CT: National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD). 1996. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD). 55 Kenosia Avenue, P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968. (203) 744-0100 or (800) 9996673. Fax (203) 798-2291. E-mail: [email protected]. Website:

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www.rarediseases.org. PRICE: Disease reports may be downloaded from the website for a fee of $7.50; contact NORD for price of print copies. Stock Number 340. Summary: This fact sheet on tongue carcinoma is a printout from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) database. Tongue carcinoma is an oral cancer which is characterized by an ulcerating malignant tumor, usually on the side of the tongue, consisting of squamous cells. The fact sheet provides a list of synonyms, a general discussion, and a brief discussion of the symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, and standard and investigational therapies for the disease. The fact sheet concludes with a brief list of resource organizations through which readers can obtain more information. 3 references. •

Kidney Cancer Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 1991. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet presents a brief overview of kidney cancer. Written in a question-and-answer format, the fact sheet includes a description of renal carcinoma; how kidney cancer is diagnosed; the meaning of blood in the urine; how doctors tell a kidney cyst from a kidney cancer; how kidney cancer is treated; the options for the person with only one kidney that is found to be cancerous; non-surgical options for treating kidney cancer; problems in patients in whom the kidney cancer has spread beyond the kidneys, notably to the lungs; the role of heredity in kidney cancer; and the activities of the National Kidney Foundation.

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Oral health: Preventing cavities, gum disease, and mouth and throat cancer Source: Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. 4 pp. Contact: Available from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E., Mailstop F-10, Atlanta, GA 30341- 3724. Telephone: (770) 488-6054 / email: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/OralHealth. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet provides an overview of oral health problems, focusing on the pain, cost, and preventability of such problems for children and adults. Information about the leadership role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in encouraging effective use of fluoride, promoting the use of dental sealants, targeting mouth and throat cancers, and guiding infection control in dentistry is presented. In addition, the fact sheet presents information on CDC's role in helping states reach vulnerable populations, provide fluoridation training, support a national research network, and monitor the oral health of America.

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Skin Cancer: Reduce Your Risk With 'Safe-Sun' Guidelines Source: American Academy of Family Physicians. 2002. 3 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. Website: www.familydoctor.org. Summary: This fact sheet provides guidelines for protecting the skin from sun damage and skin cancer. To prevent skin damage and cancer: avoid the sun during 10 a.m and 4 p.m (when it is strongest); use a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or greater, applying it


every half hour and after swimming or sweating; keep as much of the skin covered as possible, including a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses; and do not use tanning booths. In addition, check your skin once a month for new moles or changes in older moles as this might indicate a skin cancer. •

Treatment of Skin Cancer Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS). 1996. 1 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. 930 North Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-6016. (800) 441-2737 or (847) 330-9830. Fax (847) 330-0050. Website: www.asds-net.org. PRICE: Call '800' number or access website for single free copy. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have skin cancer with information on its treatment. Skin cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in a layer of skin; the type depends on the cells affected. The three most common forms are basal and squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. A dermatologic surgeon uses various procedures and techniques to treat skin cancer, including curettage, surgical excision, cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, MOHS micrographic surgery, and laser surgery. The fact sheet provides information on the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and presents a source for further information.

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Garlic: Effects on Cardiovascular Risks and Disease, Protective Effects Against Cancer, and Clinical Adverse Effects Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. 2000. 7 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D153. Summary: This fact sheet summarizes the evidence report on garlic developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. It contains a systematic review of clinical studies of garlic in humans. Three major areas are addressed: (1) Effects on cardiovascular-related disease and factors such as lipids, blood pressure, glucose, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis; (2) Any protective associations with cancer; and (3) Clinical adverse effects. The fact sheet includes sections on the search strategy, selection criteria, data collection and analysis, cardiovascular-related outcomes, associations with cancer, adverse effects, conclusions, limitations, and future research.

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Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment: Questions and Answers Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2001. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute. Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237; TTY: (800) 3328615; FAX: (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet, developed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), provides a broad range of information about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in a question and answer format. It discusses what CAM is, how CAM approaches to cancer treatment are evaluated, what the Best Case Series program is, what types of CAM

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clinical trials NCI is sponsoring, what questions cancer patients should ask their health care providers when considering CAM therapies, and how patients and their health care providers can learn more about CAM. Contact information is provided for NCI sources, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Clearinghouse, and several other Federal Government agencies. The fact sheet is available in both English and Spanish. 8 references. •

For Many Irradiated Head and Neck Cancer Patients Xerostomia is a Real Problem with a Real Concern: The Dry Facts Source: Minnetonka, MN: MGI Pharma. 1996. 14 p. Contact: Available from MGI Pharma, Inc. 9900 Bren Road East, Suite 300E, Minnetonka, MN 55343-9667. (800) 644-4811 or (612) 935-7335; Fax (612) 935-0468. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This glossy brochure is designed to inform health care providers of the serious nature of xerostomia (dry mouth) in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiation. Topics include the impact of radiation therapy on salivary flow, how oral pain and discomfort can compromise regularly scheduled therapy, the composition of saliva, the cumulative effects of saliva loss, the symptoms of xerostomia, stimulating the natural flow of saliva with drug therapy, and the impact of treatment on the patient's quality of life. The brochure includes a copy of the package insert for Salagen tablets (pilocarpine hydrochloride). 4 figures. 6 references.

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Tobacco Effects on the Mouth: A National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Dental Research Guide for Health Professionals Source: Bethesda, MD: Cancer Information Service. 1994. 34 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute (NCI). Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. Voice (800) 422-6237. TTY (800) 332-8615. Fax (301) 330-7968. Website: rex.nci.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 96-3330. Summary: This guide was written to help health professionals better recognize tobacco's adverse effects in the mouth and encourage patients to discontinue their tobacco use. The guide is divided into three main section: a description and illustrated guide of tobacco-induced and associated oral conditions; a description of the multiple, insidious effects that tobacco use has on clinical care; and a description of the systematic method for conducting an oral examination and documenting one's findings. Four appendices include a guide to helping patients stop using tobacco; a selective references list; an extraoral, perioral, and intraoral examination form; and a patient tobacco-use assessment form. Full-color photographs of various oral health problems are included. 44 figures. 50 references.

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What Everyone Should Know About Skin Cancer Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1999. 16 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Contact company for pricing information; available in bulk. Order Number 37259C-6-96.


Summary: This illustrated booklet provides the general public with information on skin cancer. This most common form of all cancers results from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells. It is usually preventable and curable. Types of skin cancer include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Overexposure to the sun causes most cases of skin cancer. Although anyone can get skin cancer, people with certain physical traits and lifestyles are at greater risk. Being alert to changes in the skin's color, texture, and sensation and performing a monthly skin examination are important early detection measures. Treatment methods include excisional surgery, cryosurgery, radiation therapy, topical treatments, electrosurgery, chemotherapy, Mohs surgery, and reconstructive surgery. The booklet provides tips on preventing skin cancer, answers questions about the disease, and presents sources of additional information. •

Oral health, cancer care, and you: Fitting the pieces together Source: Bethesda, MD: National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse. ca. 1999. 14 items. Contact: Available from National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse, One NOHIC Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3500. Telephone: (301) 402-7364 or (877) 216-1019 / fax: (301) 907-8830 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.aerie.com/nohicweb. Summary: This information package contains materials for the Oral Health, Cancer Care, and You health awareness campaign. Materials explain to both patients and care providers how drug therapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation can cause oral health problems. Lists of possible side effects and suggestions for alleviating them are included. Recommended schedules for dental care are also included. Most of the materials have special sections dealing with children's oral health problems.

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Detecting Oral Cancer: A Slide Program for Health Care Professionals Source: Bethesda, MD: National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse (NOHIC), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH). 1997. (instructional kit). Contact: Available from National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse (NOHIC). 1 NOHIC Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3500. (301) 402-7364. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nohic.nidcr.nih.gov. PRICE: $24.00 for orders in the United States; $57.00 for orders in Canada or Latin America; $97.00 for orders in Europe. Order Number OP-38. Summary: This instructional kit is designed as an education tool for health care professionals. The kit includes a set of 28 color slides that provide step by step instruction on how to perform an oral examination and that illustrate oral lesions that are suspicious for oral cancer. An accompanying text introduces each slide. The kit also offers samples of a variety of instructional materials. A poster includes the same illustrations and information contained in the slide program and can be used as a clinical reference. A patient education brochure provides an overview of the detection, treatment, and follow-up care for oral cancer, along with information on causes and prevention. A literature search (bibliography) on oral cancer from the Oral Health Database is also included. This search lists and abstracts patient education materials as well as journal articles and other materials for further reading. The packet also includes an order form with which readers can request additional copies of the poster and patient education materials. All materials in the packet, including the slides, may be

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reproduced. The kit is packaged in a folder; the slides are in three-hole punched slide pockets. •

Garlic and Cancer Prevention Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2002. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D178. Summary: This National Cancer Institute fact sheet provides an overview of garlic as a cancer preventing food. It discusses the scientific evidence on garlic in cancer prevention and the mechanisms by which garlic may prevent cancer. 6 references.

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HPV and Cervical Cancer : Questions and Answers Summary: This pamphlet discusses the relationship between the sexually transmitted disease (STD), human papillomavirus (HPV), and cancer. The pamphlet describes HPV, how it is spread, and its symptoms. It discusses how women can help to prevent HPV by practicing sexual abstinence or practicing safer sex with condoms. The pamphlet examines the relationship between HPV as a pre-determinant for cervical cancer. It explains the Pap test, which is used to diagnose abnormal cell changes and cervical cancer, and what an abnormal result indicates.

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Human Papillomavirus Testing.: Improving Cervical Cancer Screening: What You Need to Know Contact: Digene Corporation, 1201 Clopper Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, (301) 9447000, http://www.digene.com. Summary: This pamphlet discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD) human papilloma virus (HPV), which is the leading cause of cervical cancer. The pamphlet explains the signs of HPV infection in the form of bumps called genital warts, transmission, testing, and prevention. A new test called the Hybrid Capture HPV DNA Assay can indicate the presence and type of HPV. The use of latex condoms may reduce the risk of HPV, however the virus can be spread from warts in areas not covered by the condom.

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Skin Cancer Risks From Psoriasis Treatments Source: Portland, OR: National Psoriasis Foundation. 1994. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. P.O. Box 9009, Portland, OR 97207-9009. (800) 723-9166 Ext. 12 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: $0.35 each plus shipping and handling; bulk orders available. Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have psoriasis with information on the risk of skin cancer from common treatments. Treatments with the potential to increase the risk of skin cancer are exposing the skin to ultraviolet light B (UVB) or ultraviolet light A plus the drug psoralen (PUVA). Although UVB is an established carcinogen, long-term studies indicate that it is relatively safe at the low doses used for UVB phototherapy. Even for people treated with high levels of UVB, there seems to be little or no increased risk of skin cancer. The risk from PUVA is complicated by various


environmental and genetic factors. Although PUVA has been identified as a carcinogen, the risk depends on the total dose. If there are no other complications, the risk becomes significant after a cumulative dose of over 150 to 160 treatments. Nonmelanoma skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are the types directly associated with phototherapy. Actinic keratoses are precancerous lesions caused by overexposure to ultraviolet light. A type of skin damage known as photoaging may also occur from long-term exposure to ultraviolet light. The pamphlet describes the features of these skin conditions, and offers recommendations on using phototherapy, and concludes with information on the National Psoriasis Foundation. •

Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Most Common Cancer Source: New York, NY: Skin Cancer Foundation. 1995. 6 p. Contact: Available from Skin Cancer Foundation. 245 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1403, New York, NY 10016. (212) 725-5176. Fax (212) 725-5751. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This pamphlet provides the general public with information about basal cell carcinoma, which is the most common of all cancers and is caused mainly by overexposure to sunlight. People who have a history of exposure to the sun can develop basal cell carcinoma; however, those who are at highest risk have fair skin, light hair, and blue, green, or gray eyes. People who work outdoors or spend leisure time in the sun are particularly susceptible. The pamphlet identifies the warning signs of basal cell carcinoma, including a persistent, nonhealing sore; an reddish patch that may crust; a smooth growth with an elevated, rolled border and an indentation in the center; a shiny bump that is pearly or translucent; and a scar-like area that often has poorly defined borders. In addition, the pamphlet briefly describes surgical and other methods for eradicating basal cell carcinoma and discusses the possibility of recurrence. 10 figures.

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Actinic Keratosis: What You Should Know About This Common Precancer Source: New York, NY: Skin Cancer Foundation. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from Skin Cancer Foundation. 245 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1403, New York, NY 10016. (212) 725-5176. Fax (212) 725-5751. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide the general public with information on actinic keratosis, a scaly or crusty bump that arises on the skin. Actinic keratosis is dangerous because its presence indicates that sun damage has occurred and that any kind of cancer can develop. The pamphlet presents examples of common forms of actinic keratoses in the locations where they most often develop. Keratoses located on the back of the hand, forehead, bald scalp, lower lip, cheek, and ear are depicted. The pamphlet explains how common actinic keratosis is, what causes it, and who is at greatest risk for developing it. In addition, the pamphlet briefly describes various surgical and pharmaceutical methods of eradicating actinic keratoses and offers suggestions on preventing them. 4 figures.

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Types and Descriptions of Skin Cancers Source: New York, NY: Skin Cancer Foundation. 199x. 6 p. Contact: Available from Skin Cancer Foundation. 245 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1403, New York, NY 10016. (212) 725-5176. Fax (212) 725-5751. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost.

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Summary: This pamphlet uses photographs and descriptive text to provide the general public with information about the features of basal and squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Basal cell carcinomas, which are raised, translucent, pearly nodules that may crust, ulcerate, and sometimes bleed, usually occur on the face and other exposed areas of the body. Squamous cell carcinomas, which are usually raised, pink, opaque nodules or patches that frequently ulcerate in the center, most often appear on exposed areas of the body. Malignant melanomas, which are usually small brown-black or larger multicolored patches, plaques, or nodules with irregular borders, may arise in preexisting moles. In addition, the pamphlet provides examples of various precancers, including actinic keratoses, leukoplakia, and radiodermatitis. 9 figures. •

Oral cancer Source: Madison, WI: Oral Health Consultant, Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services. 1994. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Publications and Forms Center, Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, One West Wilson Street, P.O. Box 7850, Madison, WI 537077850. Telephone: (608) 267-7172. Available at no charge. Summary: This patient education fact sheet emphasizes the causal relationship between the use of tobacco products or alcohol and an increased chance of developing oral or pharyngeal cancers. It also lists symptoms that could indicate cancer, emphasizes the role of early diagnosis and treatment, and presents facts relating to oral cancer in a question-and-answer format. The information was adapted from Deadly to Ignore. Oral Cancer, produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Preventing Skin Cancer Source: Patient Care. 33(9): 63. May 15, 1999. Summary: This patient information sheet provides people with general information on preventing skin cancer. The information sheet presents a self-assessment quiz to help people determine whether they are at risk for skin cancer, lists myths and facts about it, provides sun safety tips, and identifies resources.

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Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Recommendation and Rationale Source: American Family Physician. 66(12): 2287-2290. December 15, 2002. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 8880 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114-2797. (800) 274-2237. Summary: This statement summarizes for family care practitioners the current United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for colorectal cancer and the supporting scientific evidence. The complete statement is available at www.preventiveservices.ahrq.gov and through the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www.guideline.gov). The USPSTF strongly recommends that clinicians screen men and women 50 years of age or older for colorectal cancer. This article then reviews the clinical considerations that accompany this recommendation. The article concludes with a brief section on the recommendations of other groups, including the American Cancer Society. 2 tables. 10 references.

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Guidelines to Help Prevent and Control Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Source: Consultant. 39(2): 386. February 1999.


Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. (203) 661-0600. Summary: To help reduce the toll of oral and pharyngeal cancer in the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) convened a national conference to develop prevention and control strategies. This brief article summarizes the recommendations developed at this conference that pertain to primary care providers. The article provides some information on incidence and risk factors, then reviews diagnostic considerations. About 90 percent of oral cancer lesions are squamous cell carcinomas. Multiple primary lesions often develop in persons with oral cancer. Tobacco smoking, especially in association with heavy alcohol consumptions (30 or more drinks per week), is the key risk factor for oral cancer. Early diagnosis is critical to improving the survival rate and reducing morbidity. The CDC recommendations include: assess tobacco and alcohol intake routinely in all patients, educate patients about risk factors and symptoms of oral cancer, examine patients who are at high risk for this cancer, and refer patients to an appropriate specialist for management of a suspicious oral lesion. 1 figure. 1 table. 5 references.

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “cancer” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

2000 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Source: American Society of Clinical Oncology - Medical Specialty Society; 1997 (revised 2001 Mar); 14 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2746&nbr=1972&a mp;string=carcinoma

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AACE/AAES medical/surgical guidelines for clinical practice: management of thyroid carcinoma Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1997 (updated 2001 May-Jun); 19 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2848&nbr=2074&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Accelerated radiotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 November 27 (updated online 2002 Oct); 19 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3764&nbr=2990&a mp;string=cancer

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Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2494&nbr=1720&a mp;string=carcinoma Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2002); 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3562&nbr=2788&a mp;string=carcinoma •

ACR Appropriateness Criteriaâ„¢ for the role of imaging in cancer of the cervix Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2492&nbr=1718&a mp;string=carcinoma

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ACS guidelines for breast cancer screening: update 2003 Source: American Cancer Society - Disease Specific Society; 1997 (revised 2003); 29 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3745&nbr=2971&a mp;string=cancer

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Adjuvant therapy for stage II colon cancer following complete resection Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 August 25 (updated online 2000 Apr); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3009&nbr=2235&a mp;string=cancer

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Adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer following complete resection Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 August 25 (updated online 2000 Apr); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3016&nbr=2242&a mp;string=cancer

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Altered fractionation of radical radiation therapy in the management of unresectable non-small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 October 8 (revised online 2002 Sep); 25 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3599&nbr=2825&a mp;string=cancer


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American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer Source: American Cancer Society - Disease Specific Society; 2002 Nov-December; 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3530&nbr=2756&a mp;string=cancer

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American Cancer Society guidelines on screening and surveillance for the early detection of adenomatous polyps and cancer-update 2001. In: American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer Source: American Cancer Society - Disease Specific Society; 2001; 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2748&nbr=1974&a mp;string=cancer

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American Cancer Society guidelines on testing for early endometrial cancer detectionupdate 2001. In: American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer Source: American Cancer Society - Disease Specific Society; 2001; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2749&nbr=1975&a mp;string=cancer

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 May (reviewed 2001); 2 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3063&nbr=2289&a mp;string=cancer

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: hereditary colorectal cancer and genetic testing Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 April 18; 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3057&nbr=2283&a mp;string=cancer

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: impact of dietary fiber on colon cancer occurrence Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 November 15 (reviewed 2001); 2 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3070&nbr=2296&a mp;string=cancer

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American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition Source: American Society of Clinical Oncology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 (revised 2002 Aug); 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3369&nbr=2595&a mp;string=cancer

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American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on the use of aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: status report 2002 Source: American Society of Clinical Oncology - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 August 1; 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3368&nbr=2594&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Breast cancer screening Source: Kaiser Permanente-Southern California - Managed Care Organization; 1993 (revised 2001 Apr); 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3116&nbr=2342&a mp;string=cancer

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Breast irradiation in women with early stage invasive breast cancer following breast conserving surgery Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 March 11 (new information released online January 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3200&nbr=2426&a mp;string=cancer

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Cervical cancer screening Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1994 September (revised 2002 Jun); 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3405&nbr=2631&a mp;string=cancer

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Cervical cancer screening for women who attend STD clinics or have a history of STDs. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 May 10); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3241&nbr=2467&a mp;string=carcinoma


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Chemotherapeutic management of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3649&nbr=2875&a mp;string=cancer

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Chemotherapy in stage IV (metastatic) non-small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1996 February 14 (updated online 2002 Jan); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3196&nbr=2422&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Colorectal cancer screening Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1995 May (revised 2002 Jun); 45 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3406&nbr=2632&a mp;string=cancer

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Concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in squamous cell head and neck cancer (excluding nasopharynx) Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 February 23 (updated online 2000 Mar); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2989&nbr=2215&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Counseling to prevent skin cancer: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2003 Oct); 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3728&nbr=2954&a mp;string=cancer

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Diagnosis of lung cancer: the guidelines Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 8 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3641&nbr=2867&a mp;string=cancer

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Early detection of breast cancer Source: Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 61 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2136&nbr=1362&a mp;string=cancer

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End-of-life care in patients with lung cancer Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 20 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3654&nbr=2880&a mp;string=cancer

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Epirubicin, as a single agent or in combination, for metastatic breast cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 October 2 (updated online 2002 Feb); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3198&nbr=2424&a mp;string=cancer

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First-line chemotherapy for postoperative patients with stage II, III or IV epithelial ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 September 21 (revised online 2003 May); 35 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4007&nbr=3136&a mp;string=cancer

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Follow-up and surveillance of the lung cancer patient following curative-intent therapy Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3652&nbr=2878&a mp;string=cancer

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Guideline on the role of bisphosphonates in breast cancer Source: American Society of Clinical Oncology - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 March; 14 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2362&nbr=1588&a mp;string=cancer


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Guidelines on treatment of stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3648&nbr=2874&a mp;string=cancer

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Hyperfractionated radiotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 November 27 (revised online 2003 Jan); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3601&nbr=2827&a mp;string=cancer

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Initial evaluation of the patient with lung cancer: symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and paraneoplastic syndromes Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 8 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3639&nbr=2865&a mp;string=cancer

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Lung cancer prevention: the guidelines Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3636&nbr=2862&a mp;string=cancer

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Lung cancer. Invasive staging: the guidelines Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3643&nbr=2869&a mp;string=cancer

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Lung cancer. Palliative care Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 28 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3653&nbr=2879&a mp;string=cancer

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Lung cancer. Practice organization Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3655&nbr=2881&a mp;string=cancer

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Management of colorectal cancer. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2003 March; 47 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3724&nbr=2950&a mp;string=cancer

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Management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1998 January 20 (updated online 2003 Jan); 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3701&nbr=2927&a mp;string=cancer

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Management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer Source: American Urological Association, Inc. - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 66 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2143&nbr=1369&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Maximal androgen blockade for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2003 February; 26 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3707&nbr=2933&a mp;string=cancer

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Postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy in stage II or IIIA completely resected nonsmall cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 September 15 (revised online 2002 Sep); 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3604&nbr=2830&a mp;string=cancer


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Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for resected stage II or III rectal cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1998 September 5 (updated online 2001 Dec); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3282&nbr=2508&a mp;string=cancer

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Presentations of lung cancer with special treatment considerations Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 15 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3650&nbr=2876&a mp;string=cancer

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Prevention and screening of colorectal cancer Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2002 April 27; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3397&nbr=2623&a mp;string=cancer

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Preventive health care, 1999 update. Follow-up after breast cancer Source: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999; 8 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2704&nbr=1930&a mp;string=cancer

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Preventive health care, 1999 update: prevention of oral cancer mortality Source: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999; 1 page http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2706&nbr=1932&a mp;string=cancer

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Preventive health care, 2001 update: colorectal cancer screening Source: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001; 2 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2894&nbr=2120&a mp;string=cancer

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Preventive health care, 2001 update: Screening mammography among women aged 40-49 years at average risk of breast cancer Source: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001; 8 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2712&nbr=1938&a mp;string=cancer

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Preventive health care, 2001 update: Should women be routinely taught breast selfexamination to screen for breast cancer? Source: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 June; 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2858&nbr=2084&a mp;string=cancer

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Procedure guideline for extended scintigraphy for differentiated thyroid cancer Source: Society of Nuclear Medicine, Inc - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 February; 15 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1363&nbr=621&am p;string=cancer

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Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 March 22 (updated online 2002 Jul); 14 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3459&nbr=2685&a mp;string=cancer

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Prostate cancer Source: National Committee on Cancer Care (Singapore) - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 May; 49 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2836&nbr=2062&a mp;string=cancer

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Recommendations from the American Cancer Society Workshop on Early Prostate Cancer Detection, May 4-6, 2000 and ACS guideline on testing for early prostate cancer detection: update 2001. In: American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection ofcan Source: American Cancer Society - Disease Specific Society; 2001; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2747&nbr=1973&a mp;string=cancer


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Recommendations on selected interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and sports-related craniofacial injuries Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2002 July; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3287&nbr=2513&a mp;string=cancers

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Recommended colorectal cancer surveillance guidelines by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Source: American Society of Clinical Oncology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 April (revised 2000 Oct); 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1885&nbr=1111&a mp;string=cancer

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Screening for breast cancer: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2002 Sep); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3419&nbr=2645&a mp;string=cancer

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Screening for cervical cancer: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2003 January 22); 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3532&nbr=2758&a mp;string=cancer

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Screening for colorectal cancer: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2002 Jul); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3285&nbr=2511&a mp;string=cancer

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Screening for lung cancer: the guidelines Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3637&nbr=2863&a mp;string=cancer

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Screening for prostate cancer: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2002 Nov); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3404&nbr=2630&a mp;string=cancer

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Small cell lung cancer Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3651&nbr=2877&a mp;string=cancer

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Standards for breast conservation therapy in the management of invasive breast carcinoma. Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1992 (revised 2001); 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3291&nbr=2517&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Standards for the management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1997 (revised 2001); 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3292&nbr=2518&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Surgical management of early stage invasive breast cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1996 February 14 (revised January 2003); 20 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3706&nbr=2932&a mp;string=cancer

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Symptomatic treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1998 October 15 (updated online 2002 Oct); 15 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3534&nbr=2760&a mp;string=cancer


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The noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: the guidelines Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3642&nbr=2868&a mp;string=cancer

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The physiologic evaluation of patients with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3640&nbr=2866&a mp;string=cancer

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The role of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 September 3; 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3608&nbr=2834&a mp;string=cancer

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The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) (excluding nasopharynx) Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1996 February 15 (updated online 2003 Feb); 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3699&nbr=2925&a mp;string=cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 January 17; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3195&nbr=2421&a mp;string=carcinoma

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The role of thoracic radiotherapy as an adjunct to standard chemotherapy in limitedstage small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 October 8 (updated online 2003 Jan); 20 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3765&nbr=2991&a mp;string=cancer

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The use of conformal radiotherapy and the selection of radiation dose in T1 or T2 prostate cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 October; 23 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3461&nbr=2687&a mp;string=cancer

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The use of preoperative radiotherapy in the management of patients with clinically resectable rectal cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 December; 23 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3709&nbr=2935&a mp;string=cancer

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Treatment of early stage non-small cell lung cancer Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3644&nbr=2870&a mp;string=cancer

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Treatment of stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3645&nbr=2871&a mp;string=cancer

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Treatment of stage II non-small cell lung cancer Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 14 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3646&nbr=2872&a mp;string=cancer

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Treatment of stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 19 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3647&nbr=2873&a mp;string=cancer


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Unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 March 14 (updated online 2003 Jan); 22 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3702&nbr=2928&a mp;string=cancer

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Use of adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy in patients with deep muscleinvasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 October 9 (revised online 2002 Oct); 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3607&nbr=2833&a mp;string=carcinoma

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Use of bisphosphonates in women with breast cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1998 November 9 (revised December 2002); 23 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3705&nbr=2931&a mp;string=cancer

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Use of gemcitabine in non-small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1998 October 14 (revised 2002 Sep); 29 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3602&nbr=2828&a mp;string=cancer

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Use of gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1998 May 22 (revised online 2002 Nov); 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3603&nbr=2829&a mp;string=cancer

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Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 July 25 (updated online 2002 Nov); 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3537&nbr=2763&a mp;string=cancer

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Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 October 23 (updated online 2003 Feb); 20 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3763&nbr=2989&a mp;string=cancer •

Use of irinotecan in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 April 30 (updated online 2000 Apr); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3007&nbr=2233&a mp;string=cancer

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Use of preoperative chemotherapy with or without postoperative radiotherapy in technically resectable stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1997 September 15 (updated online 2002 Apr); 14 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3281&nbr=2507&a mp;string=cancer

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Use of raltitrexed (Tomudex) in the management of metastatic colorectal carcinoma Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1998 May 22 (updated online 2003 Feb); 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3700&nbr=2926&a mp;string=cancer

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Use of vinorelbine in non-small cell lung cancer Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1996 August 15 (new information released online August 2001); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3202&nbr=2428&a mp;string=cancer Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

714-X (PDQ®) Summary: An overview of the use of 714-X as a treatment for cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5386


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AANCART Recommendations on Cancer Prevention and Early Cancer Detection Summary: These are recommendations to physicians taking care of Asian American patients to incorporate early cancer detection and cancer prevention strategies that have a high likelihood of producing benefit. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7433

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ABCD’s of Skin Cancer Summary: A general overview of three types of skin cancer-- basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma are illustrated. Explains self-exam for skin cancer. Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5777

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About the Cancer Information Service (CIS) Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3121

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Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer Summary: Because of continuing research into new treatment methods, women with invasive breast cancer now have more treatment options and a better chance of longterm survival than ever before. Source: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6334

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Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: Questions and Answers Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7042

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Adult Primary Liver Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: General overview and treatment options for adult primary liver cancer are discussed in this brochure. Treatment choice depends on the stage of the cancer and the patient's general state of health. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6135

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Adult Primary Liver Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Information for Professionals Summary: Treatment information for liver cancer form NCI's PDQ® database, intended for use by doctors and other health care professionals. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4355

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Advance Directives (Cancer Information Service) Summary: This fact sheet provides patients with an outline for thinking about end-oflife issues and some guidelines for discussion with their doctors, families, and loved ones. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7044

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Advanced Cancer: Living Each Day Summary: This National Cancer Institute booklet was written to help persons who have gone through the struggles of diagnosis, treatment, and, perhaps, recurrence of cancer, persons for whom a cure or long-term Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7045

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American Indian and Alaska Native Women's Health Summary: This page features links to information on cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, substance abuse, and other topics. Source: Indian Health Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6861

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American Indian and Alaska Native Women's Health: Cancer Summary: Links on this page lead to information on breast, cervical, ovarian, and colorectal cancer. Source: Indian Health Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6869

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American Indians/Alaska Natives and Cancer Summary: Facts about American Indians and Alaska Natives and cancer. Source: Intercultural Cancer Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6842


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Anal Cancer Summary: This patient brochure answers basic questions about anal cancer. Source: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6985

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Angiogenesis Inhibitors in the Treatment of Cancer Summary: This cancer factsheet briefly describes angiogenesis inhibitors. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7046

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Antineoplastons Summary: Brief overview of antineoplastons, a complementary and alternative therapy for cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6460

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Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer Summary: This a brief statement discounting the urban legend of the antiperspirantbreast cancer link. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7047

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Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research and Training Summary: The Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research and Training (AANCART) seeks to build partnerships to increase cancer awareness, to promote greater accrual of Asian Americans in clinical Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7432

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Asian Americans & Cancer Summary: This document has statistical cancer facts for Asian Americans. Source: Intercultural Cancer Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7291

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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and Tobacco Summary: Smoking is responsible for 87% of the lung cancer deaths in the United States. In 1993, lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer death 22.3% among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7487

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Ask NOAH About: Breast Cancer Source: NOAH: New York Online Access to Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1328

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Bladder Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Information for Patients Summary: Based on information in the PDQ summary for health professionals on bladder cancer, this patient resource presents facts about current treatment of bladder cancer by cancer stage. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6191

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Bladder Cancer Home Page Summary: This web site links patients, health care professionals, and the general public to a range of topics related to bladder cancer, including diagnosis, screening, treatment, disease management, coping Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6192

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Bone Cancer: Questions and Answers Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7052

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Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Summary: This site is intended to provide materials of interest to various audiences regarding the prevention and treatment of breast and cervical cancer. Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly the Health Care Financing Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6795


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Breast and Cervical Cancers Publications Summary: A list of publications on breast and cervical cancers, available from the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1246

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Breast Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: This up-to-date information from the National Cancer Institute's PDQ® database is intended for use by patients. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2371

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Breast Cancer and American Indian/Alaska Native Women Summary: This brief fact sheet describes how breast cancer affects minority women. Source: National Women's Health Information Center, U.S. Public Health Service's Office on Women's Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6931

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Breast Cancer and Mammography Information Summary: This page briefly explains the benefits of mammography and links users to other resources. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7172

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Breast Cancer Home Page Summary: Browse this website for breast cancer information including treatment options, quality of life, detection and screening, prevention, risk factors, clinical trials and genetics. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=384

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Breast Cancer Prevention Studies Summary: This is a fact sheet about three clinical trials studying methods of preventing breast cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7059

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Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool Summary: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Biostatistics Canter have developed this Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool, a Web tool that Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7060

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Breast Cancer/Breast Health Resources Summary: The Office of Minority Health Resource Center has dedicated this page to the latest information on breast cancer, including fact sheets, toll-free phone numbers, breast health resources and links to Source: Office of Minority Health Resource Center, Office of Minority Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6576

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Calendar and Events - National Cancer Institute Summary: A schedule of cancer-related scientific meetings and events. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4118

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Cancell/Entelev (PDQ®) Summary: An overview of the use of Cancell/Entelev as a cancer treatment. The summary includes a review of Cancell/Entelev history and research. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5387

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Cancer and American Indian/Alaska Native Women Summary: This brief fact sheet describes how cancer affects minority women. Source: National Women's Health Information Center, U.S. Public Health Service's Office on Women's Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6932

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Cancer Clusters Summary: This page provides basic information about cancer clusters and links to more information. Source: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7175


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Cancer Control PLANET Summary: This site provides evidence-based research to help communities develop and implement cancer prevention and management programs. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7654

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Cancer Facts: Cancer Clusters Summary: This factsheet provides basic information about cancer clusters. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7178

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Cancer Genetics Summary: Links to patient and health professionals information about genetics and gene testing related to cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=987

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Cancer Genetics Services Directoy Summary: This directory lists professionals who provide services related to cancer genetics (cancer risk assessment, genetic counseling, genetic susceptibility testing, and others). Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6801

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Cancer Health Disparities Summary: One purpose of this fact sheet is to give a brief overview of the currently available data on cancer health disparities among racial and ethnic groups. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6753

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Cancer Health Disparties Summary: Cancer affects people of all racial and ethnic groups. An estimated 555,500 Americans are expected to die of the disease in 2002. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6784

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Cancer in Women of Color Monograph Summary: Statistics are presented for both American Indian and Alaska Native women. A PDF containing more information is available. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7845

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Cancer Information and Counseling Line Summary: Established in 1981 by AMC Cancer Research Center, the Cancer Information and Counseling Line is a national toll-free telephone information line designed to help people with cancer and their families. Source: AMC Cancer Research Center & Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7832

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Cancer Information Service: Questions and Answers Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7103

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Cancer Information Sources Summary: Information about cancer is available in libraries, on the Internet, and from many Government and private sector organizations. This fact sheet offers tips about where to begin. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7179

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Cancer Legislative Database Summary: State and Congressional legislation relating to cancer prevention and control -- CDC's searchable database of pending bills and enacted laws. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4697

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Cancer Liaison Program Summary: This office is part of the Office of Special Health Issues, which was established to answer questions directed to FDA by patients, their friends and family members and patient advocates about Source: Office of Special Health Issues, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2449


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Cancer Mortality Maps and Graphs Summary: The Cancer Mortality Maps & Graph Web site provides interactive maps, graphs (which are accessible to the blind and visually impaired), text, tables and figures showing geographic patterns and time Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4978

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Cancer News on the Net - Prostate Cancer Links Summary: Links to information on prostate and testicular cancer diagnosis and treatment. Patients and their families may benefit from these resources from Cancer News on the Net ®. Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1253

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Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin Summary: When doctors cannot determine the location of the primary cancer site, they call the disease cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP). About 2 to 4 percent of all cancer patients have CUP. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7180

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Cancer Prevention and Control Page - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Summary: Prevention control resources that focus on the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, the National Program of Cancer Registries, the National Skin Cancer Prevention Education Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=252

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Cancer Registries: The Foundation for Comprehensive Cancer Control AT-AGLANCE Summary: A summary of the operation of the national network of cancer registries, a surveillance tool that serves as the foundation for the national strategy to reduce illness and death from cancer. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4709

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Cancer Studies at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center: Questions and Answers Summary: A fact sheet about clinical trials at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7090

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Cancer Support Groups: Questions and Answers Summary: A fact sheet that discusses the significance of mututal support for patients and family members and explains how to find a support group suited to individual needs. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7092

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cancer.gov: Cancer Information from the National Cancer Institute Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=260

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cancer.gov: Clinical Trials Summary: Information designed for use by cancer patients and their families, the general public, and health professionals who help people make decisions about cancer care. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2717

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cancer.gov--Complementary and Alternative Medicine Cancer Treatment Summary: Healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies used in addition to, or instead of, traditional treatments. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5385

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CDC's Cancer Links Summary: This web site links users to Federal and non-federal cancer agencies and organizations, and cancer support services; cancer databases, clinical guidelines for various cancers and other related cancer Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4702


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CDC's Cancer Publications Summary: Cancer related publications available online and for download in PDF format. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4703

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Celebrity Talking Dictionary Summary: The goal of this unique resource is to help anyone concerned about breast cancer hear, understand, and use the key words related to this disease. Source: breast cancer.org http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7710

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Cellular Telephone Use and Cancer Summary: This fact sheet addresses concerns about cellular telephone use and cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7181

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Cervical Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: This up-to-date information from the National Cancer Institute's PDQ® database is intended for use by patients. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2437

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Cervical Cancer and Pap Test Information Summary: This page briefly describes cervical cancer and the benefits of Pap smears and links users to other resources, such as information about how to obtain free or low-cost Pap smears or mammograms. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7173

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Cervical Cancer Home Page Summary: This page provides information about the prevention, causes, genetics, screening, testing and treatment of cervical cancer. Also includes information on clinical trials and statistics. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3744

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Cervical Cancer Screening: What Vietnamese Women Should Know Summary: This booklet, in the Vietnamese language, provides information about the importance of Pap tests to detect cervical cancer. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7182

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Chemoprevention Summary: This fact sheet describes NCI's research efforts to find substances that prevent cancer or reduce the risk of cancer recurrence after treatment. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7183

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Chemotherapy and You: A Guide to Self-Help During Cancer Treatment Summary: A booklet intended to help cancer patients, their caregivers and friends understand chemotherapy--the use of drugs to treat cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=61

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Choose Your Cover Campaign - Skin Cancer Prevention Summary: This is a national, multi-year skin cancer prevention initiative, the goal of which is to educate and encourage people to protect themselves from the sun's ultraviolet rays by practicing sun-safe Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2738

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Cigars: No Such Thing As a Safe Smoke Summary: This article discusses warning labels on cigar packages and ads -- regulations that took effect following a report by the National Cancer Institute detailing the health risks of cigar smoking. Source: Federal Trade Commission http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6089

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Coenzyme Q10 (PDQ®) Summary: An overview of the use of coenzyme Q10 in cancer therapy. The summary includes a history of coenzyme Q10 research, a review of laboratory studies, and data from investigations involving humans. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5388


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Colon Cancer Source: Federation of Chinese American and Chinese Canadian Medical Societies http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7272

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Colorectal Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: This up-to-date information from the National Cancer Institute's PDQ® database is intended for use by patients. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2438

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Colorectal Cancer Detection and Prevention Source: American Gastroenterological Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7889

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Colorectal Cancer Glossary of Terms Summary: A list of medical terms commonly used in discussing colorectal cancer and their definitions. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6071

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Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Control Initiatives Summary: One goal of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the colorectal cancer death rate. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7167

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Colorectal Cancer Questions and Answers Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6070

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Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Circle of Health for Alaskans Summary: This fact sheet describes the symptoms of and screening for colorectal cancer. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6754

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Colorectal Cancer Screening: Questions and Answers Summary: This fact sheet discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several colorectal cancer screening tests. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7184

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Colorectal Cancer: The Importance of Early Detection AT-A-GLANCE Summary: A summary of the efforts and services related to this CDC's Colorectal Cancer program. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4706

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Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment: Questions and Answers Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2538

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Congenital Nevi or Moles Summary: This information is intended to provide basic information only. It provides a general description for nevi and discusses the risk of skin cancer/melanoma associated with them. Source: Nevus Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2357

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Dealing with Kidney Cancer Summary: healthfinder® — your guide to reliable health information health library just for you health care organizations search: go help | about healthfinder® Dealing with Kidney Source: Kidney Cancer Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7819

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Depression (PDQ®) Summary: This patient summary on depression is adapted from a summary written for health professionals by cancer experts. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4462


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Depression and Cancer Summary: Research has enabled many men, women, and young people with cancer to survive and to lead fuller, more productive lives, both while they are undergoing treatment, and afterwards. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6901

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Diet: Food Choice Recommendations for Reducing Risk of Cancer Summary: This fact sheet provides a general overview on food groups you should choose and the ones you should avoid to reduce cancer risk. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6149

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Digest Page: Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) Trial Summary: This page presents details about the STAR breast cancer prevention study. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4459

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Diseases & Conditions: Internet Resources for Alternative Medicine Summary: Follow these links for information online related to alternative treatment options for this select group of diseases and disorders -- HIV/AIDS, asthma, cancer, epilepsy, headache, herpes, insomnia, Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3983

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Do I Have a Tumor of the Oropharynx? Summary: This article describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of oropharygeal cancer. Source: American Head and Neck Society http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7892

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DreamLine: Free Travel for Children Coping With Serious Illness Summary: This is the web site of an organization that provides free vacation travel for children currently undergoing treatment for (or recovering from) a brain tumor, cancer, or leukemia. Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4763

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Early Detection of Breast Cancer Source: Federation of Chinese American and Chinese Canadian Medical Societies http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7270

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Eating Hints for Cancer Patients: Before, During, and After Treatment Summary: Your diet is an important part of your treatment for cancer. This is a guide for patients who are still receiving cancer treatment but may also be useful as a diet guide after treatment. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1456

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Elements of Cancer Genetics Risk Assessment and Counseling (PDQ®) Summary: A description of current approaches to assessing and counseling people about their chance of having an inherited susceptibility to cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5947

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke Summary: Fact sheet discusses the health risk of ETS -- lung cancer, elevated rates of respiratory symptoms and respiratory tract infections in children -- and public policies restricting smoking. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2461

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Esophageal Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: Treatment information based on national Cancer Institute's PDQ® summary for health professionals on esophageal cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4486

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EyesOnThePrize.org Summary: EyesOnThePrize.org is a web site maintained by gynecological cancer survivors for women with gynecological cancers. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5400


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Facing Forward: A Guide for Cancer Survivors Summary: A concise overview of some of the most important survivor issues and practical ideas to help cancer survivors look ahead. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3734

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Fact Sheet American Indians and Alaska Natives and Tobacco Summary: Tobacco use is a risk factor for heart disease, cancer, and stroke, all leading causes of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Source: American Lung Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6855

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Facts About Lung Cancer Summary: Describes lung cancer and its prevention, causes, detection, and treatment. Source: American Lung Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6588

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Family Care Research Program Medical Links Summary: This research program seeks to further understanding of the needs of patients with chronic illness -- primarily those with cancer and other chronic illnesses and the aging individual in general -- and Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4764

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FAQ - About Early Prostate Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1255

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FAQ - About Radon Health Risks Summary: Online answers to consumer questions about the adverse health effects of radon -- radon as a carcinogen and the cause of lung cancer. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2984

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FAQs: Skin Cancer Summary: These are answers to frequently asked questions about skin cancer and its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Source: Skin Cancer Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7732

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Financial Assistance for Cancer Care Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7049

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Find a Gynecologic Oncologist Summary: If you suspect that you may have or have been diagnosed with ovarian, endometrial, cervical, Fallopian tubal, choriocarcinoma or vulvar cancer, you should be seen by a gynecologic oncologist. Source: Women's Cancer Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6807

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Followup Care: Questions and Answers Summary: A fact sheet that provides information about followup medical care for patients who have completed cancer treatment. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7095

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Frequently Asked Questions For Caregivers Summary: A series of commonly asked questions and answers provided for persons caring for patients with colon (colorectal) cancer. Source: Colon Cancer Alliance http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6073

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Frequently Asked Questions on Potassium Iodide (KI) Summary: Answers frequently asked questions about potassium iodide as a preventive measure for thyroid cancer from radiation exposure. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6698

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Garlic: Effects on Cardiovascular Risks and Disease, Protective Effects Against Cancer, and Clinical Adverse Effects Summary: This evidence report summarizes clinical studies of garlic in humans. Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5994


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Gastric Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: Based on information in the PDQ summary for health professionals on gastric (stomach) cancer, this patient resource presents facts about current treatment of stomach cancer by cancer stage. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6194

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Guide to National Cancer Institute Information Resources Summary: This fact sheet describes the National Cancer Institute's PDQ and CANCERLIT databases and explains how to obtain information from them. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7206

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Have a Personal or Family History of Cancer? Consider Joining the Cancer Genetics Network Summary: This fact sheet describes the Cancer Genetics Network and provides contact information for Network Centers. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7207

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Head and Neck Cancer: Questions and Answers Summary: This fact sheet describes the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, follow up, and rehabilitation for cancers of the head and neck. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7208

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healthfinder® just for you: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders Summary: This special section of healthfinder® provides reliable health information on key issues affecting these populations, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, hepatitis B, and tuberculosis. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7020

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healthfinder® just for you: Men Summary: healthfinder®'s just for you: Men section features topics such as fatherhood, heart disease, and prostate cancer. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7013

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healthfinder® just for you: Women Summary: healthfinder®'s just for you: Women section features topics such as breast cancer, osteoporosis, and pregnancy. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7014

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Hepatitis B Immunization Coverage Among Vietnamese-American Children 3 to 18 Years Old Summary: Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at increased risk of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7366

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Hepatocellular Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: Patient information about cancer screening tests, in particular liver (Hepatocellular) cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6134

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Herceptin® (Trastuzumab): Questions and Answers Summary: This fact sheet describes Herceptin, the monoclonal antibody approved for treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Discusses the risks, benefits, and side effects of therapy. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7210

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Home Care for Cancer Patients Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7048

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Home Care Guide for Advanced Cancer Summary: This guide offers information and support for caregivers, family, friends, and hospice workers who are coping with the unique problems and anxieties associated with caring for persons with advanced Source: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5549


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How To Find a Doctor or Treatment Facility If You Have Cancer Summary: This fact sheet offers suggestions for choosing a physician and facility for cancer treatment. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7213

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Human Papillomaviruses and Cancer Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7193

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If You Have Cancer and Have Medicare.You Should Know About Clinical Trials Summary: Resource for Medicare recipients who have cancer. It provides general information about cancer clinical trials, Medicare coverage, and questions to ask before joining a clinical trial. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7039

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If You Have Cancer.What You Should Know About Clinical Trials Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7040

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Imi Hale Native Hawaiian Cancer Awareness, Research and Training Network Summary: Imi Hale is a 5-year project funded by the National Cancer Institute aimed at reducing the burden of cancer among Native Hawaiians. Source: Imi Hale: Native Hawaiian Cancer Awareness, Research and Training Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7434

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Improving Methods for Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis Summary: This fact sheet describes digital mammography, ultrasound, MRI, biopsy, and other tests used to detect and diagnose breast cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1250

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Inflammatory Breast Cancer Summary: This fact sheet describes the diagnosis and treatment of an uncommon type of breast cancer in which the breast becomes red, swollen, and warm. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7216

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Information From Your Family Doctor - Prostate Cancer Treatment Options Summary: This online men's health information document provides a general overview on treatment choices for prostate cancer. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3051

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Information to Live By: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Summary: Answers to basic questions about HPV viruses, types of which can cause warts on the hands and feet, genital warts, and have been linked to cervical cancer. Source: American Social Health Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4625

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Intraocular (Eye) Melanoma (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: Treatment information for patients based on information in the PDQ summary for health professionals on the cancer type -- intraocular melanoma. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5068

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Johns Hopkins Ovarian Cancer Web Site Summary: Quality information and resources for each individual ovarian tumor type. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6077

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Laetrile/Amygdalin (PDQ®) Summary: An overview of the use of laetrile as an anticancer treatment. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5390

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Laryngeal Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: Up-to-date patient information about laryngeal cancer from the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) PDQ® database. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1970


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Learn About Sex Differences in Men's and Women's Health Summary: Learn about sex differences in various diseases: autoimmune, cancer, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and others. Source: Society for Women's Health Research http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7726

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Lifetime Probability of Breast Cancer in American Women Summary: This fact sheet provides statistics and information about breast cancer risk by age and ethnic background. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7218

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Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This information about lip and oral cavity cancer is based on information from The National Cancer Institute's PDQ® database for health professionals. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2442

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Lung Cancer Support Groups Summary: A state listing of support groups for persons diagnosed with lung cancer and, in some cases, their families. Source: Alliance for Lung Cancer Advocacy, Support and Education http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6136

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Male Breast Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This online fact sheet provides health professionals with a brief overview of the diagnosis and treatment of male breast cancer and discusses guidelines for initial surgical management, adjuvant Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4663

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Male Breast Cancer Support Summary: A general overview on screening tests and treatment of breast cancer in men. Source: Y-ME National Breast Cancer Organization http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6201

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Marijuana Use in Supportive Care for Cancer Patients Summary: A fact sheet about marijuana use to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, anorexia and cachexia in cancer patients Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7054

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Men: Eat 9 A Day for Better Health Summary: Black men are at high risk for many serious and potentially fatal diseases including many cancers, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7470

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Multiple Myeloma: What It Is and How It's Treated Summary: This fact sheet provides a general overview on multiple myeloma, a kind of cancer in the bone marrow that usually happens in people older than 55 years of age. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6150

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NABCO Online Calendar - search breast cancer events worldwide Summary: Search this site for information on upcoming breast cancer-related events and health observances. Source: National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1924

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National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations E-Mail Reminder Summary: Sign up with the NABCO E-Mail Reminder (sm), and ten months after your last clinical breast exam or mammogram, NABCO will send you an e-mail message, reminding you to schedule your next exam. Source: National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7151

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National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program Summary: This site contains information and resources for health professionals, researchers and the general public. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4698


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National Cancer Data Summary: This page links to national cancer data about cancer registries, special populations, and breast, cervical, colorectal, ovarian, prostate, and skin cancer. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7176

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National Cancer Institute Research on Childhood Cancers Summary: A fact sheet about trends in childhood cancers in the United States and NCI's current research on childhood cancers. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7063

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National Cancer Institute Scholars Program Summary: Details about NCI's scholar's program that provides new investigators with resources to establish their first independent cancer research program within the interactive environment of the Intramural Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4120

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National Cancer Institute Studies of Hydrazine Sulfate Summary: Brief overview of NCI-sponsored studies of hydrazine sulfate, an alternative and complementary therapy sometimes used in cancer treatment. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6467

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National Cancer Institute's 5 A Day for Better Health Program Website Summary: Information on this page is designed to inform the user about the importance of fruits and vegetables in disease prevention, including cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4025

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National Cancer Institute's Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program Summary: A fact sheet about NCI program for academic institutions and treament centers that work with NCI to design and conduct clinical trials Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7064

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National Colorectal Cancer Control Initiatives: Screen for Life Summary: Information about the importance of colorectal cancer screening tests for early detection and prevention of the disease. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4067

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National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program Summary: Visit this site for information about the the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control's (DCPC) support efforts towards this program which includes technical assistance in the areas of Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4704

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National Organizations that Offer Services to People with Cancer and Their Families Summary: A fact sheet that lists organizations which provide cancer patients and their families with finacial and emotional support, advocacy, and information. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7065

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National Program of Cancer Registries Summary: Since 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has administered the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR). Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=684

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Native American Outreach Summary: Huntsman Cancer Institute has launched this special program designed to meet the needs of Native Americans. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7678

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Native Americans and Cancer Summary: This brief fact sheet outlines the cultural implications for Native Americans with cancer. Source: Native American Cancer Research http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7009


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Native Hawaiian Cancer Awareness, Research and Training Network: Bibliography Summary: This bibliography focuses on cancer and Native Hawaiians. Source: Imi Hale: Native Hawaiian Cancer Awareness, Research and Training Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7414

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Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders and Cancer Summary: This document details cancer statistics for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. Source: Intercultural Cancer Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7435

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NCI Cancer Centers Program Page Summary: Browse this site for details about the 60 or more NCI-supported cancer academic and research institutions throughout the United States. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4752

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NCI Cancer Facts Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3135

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NCI-designated Cancer Centers Summary: A state listing of cancer centers supported by the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) cancer centers program. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4119

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New Medicines in Development for Cancer Summary: Information on new clinical trials and new developments in the Pharmaceutical industry. Source: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7604

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News and Press Releases - National Cancer Institute Summary: The latest press releases and announcements related to the programs and services of the National Cancer Institute. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1512

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News Page - National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations Summary: Visit this site for current News and events related to this organization's programs and services. Source: National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1555

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Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This fact sheet details treatment choices by cancer stage for non-small cell lung cancer, a lung cancer type usually associated with prior smoking, passive smoking, or radon exposure. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6140

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Obesity and Cancer Summary: A fact sheet that summarizes research on the potential link between obesity and cancer risk. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7077

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Occupational Lung Disease Summary: Information about a variety of occupational lung and respiratory diseases, including brown lung, silicosis, asbestosis and occupational lung cancer. Source: American Lung Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4171

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Oncogene (Journal) Summary: A cancer research journals for researchers and other health professionals interested in the molecular biology of malignant change including molecular biologists, cell biologists, oncologists, Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1960

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OncoLink Summary: A cancer resource based at the University of Pennsylvania offering extensive cancer links. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=414


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Oncology Tools Summary: For access to such documents as cancer drug labeling, approval summaries, and advisory committee transcripts, consumers, patients, and health care professionals can search Oncology Tools by specific Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5296

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Oral Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: This up-to-date information from the National Cancer Institute's PDQ® database is intended for use by patients. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2443

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Oral Complications of Cancer Treatment: What the Oncology Team Can Do Summary: This fact sheet was written for oncology professionals and focuses on preventing oral complications related to cancer therapy -- radiation to the head and neck or chemotherapy -- which can lead to Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5196

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Oral Complications of Cancer Treatment: What the Oral Health Team Can Do Summary: This oral health education fact sheet was written for oral health professionals. Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5195

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Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7080

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Oral Health, Cancer Care and You - Fitting the Pieces Together Summary: The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), one of the National Institutes of Health, directs the health awareness campaign, Oral Health, Cancer Care, and You: Fitting the Source: National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7598

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Oral Health, Cancer Care and You Campaign Summary: This health awareness campaign is intended to address the oral health complications of cancer patients who are undergoing radiation, chemotherapy or bone marrow treatments. Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5194

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Ovarian Cancer Control Initiative Summary: This page provides details about CDC's ovarian cancer awareness initiative. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7168

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Ovarian Epithelial Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: The treatment information in this document is based on information from the National Cancer Institute's PDQ® database for health professionals on this cancer type. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2597

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Pacific Islander Cancer Control Network (PICCN) Summary: The Pacific Islander Cancer Control Network (PICCN) works to improve cancer awareness, enhance recruitment to clinical trials, and increase the number of cancer control investigators among American Source: Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7436

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Paget's Disease of the Breast: Questions and Answers Summary: This is a fact sheet about an uncommon type of breast cancer that is sometimes called mammary Paget's disease. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7081

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Pain (PDQ®) Summary: Help for the cancer patient with issues related to taking care of pain -- why it is important and common worries that may keep a patient from seeking relief. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=103


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Pain Control: A Guide for People with Cancer and Their Families Summary: A guide from the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute that answers questions about pain control. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3739

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Pancreas Cancer Web, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Summary: Cancer of the pancreas is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=681

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Pancreatic Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: Up-to-date patient information about pancreatic cancer from the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) PDQ® database. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1972

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Pancreatic Cancer Frequently Asked Questions Summary: This document provides answers to questions about the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Source: Pancreatica.org http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7773

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PDQ® -- NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database Summary: The PDQ® database contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, and supportive care; a registry of approximately 1,800 open and 10,300 closed cancer clinical trials from Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3089

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PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Prevention Summary: Answers questions on cancer prevention methods and discusses the results of clinical trials and research on cancer prevention. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=986

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PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Screening/Detection (Testing for Cancer) Summary: Answers questions about cancer diagnosis, screening and detection. Also discusses various imaging methods and interpretation of laboratory results. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=985

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PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Supportive Care Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3141

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PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3139

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Penile Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This document presents a general overview for patients about penile cancer treatment adapted from the National Cancer Institute's PDQ® summaries database for health care professionals. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3932

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Preventing Skin Cancer: The Nation's Most Common Cancer AT-A-GLANCE Summary: A summary of the efforts and services related to this national skin cancer prevention program designed to educate young people to develop healthy sun behaviors that will decrease the risk for Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4708

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Prevention of Cervical Cancer Source: Federation of Chinese American and Chinese Canadian Medical Societies http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7273

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Prevention, Genetics, Causes Summary: General information on this site about prevention, detection and genetic testing for cancer as well as information relating to specific cancers. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2448


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Preventive Mastectomy Summary: An online consumer health information document that discusses preventive mastectomy -- a surgical procedure for the removal of one or both breasts to prevent or reduce the risk of breast cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2240

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Prostate Calculator Summary: This site is a public service of the The Artificial Neural Networks in Prostate Cancer Project (ANNs in CaP). Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6965

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Prostate Cancer Summary: Links to sites for information on prostate cancer screening, support groups, treatment options, clinical trials and much more. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1257

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Prostate Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: This up-to-date information from the National Cancer Institute's PDQ® database is intended for use by patients. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1263

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Prostate Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This consumer health information document about prostate cancer -- the most common form of male cancer -- includes a description and overview of the disease, discusses each stage of the disease and Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1254

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Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (Journal) Summary: A clinical journal focused entirely on the prostate the target audience of which include Clinicians and researchers treating all aspects of prostate cancer and prostatic diseases. Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1961

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Prostate Cancer Control Initiatives Summary: This page links users -- health professionals and the general public -- to information, publications, and other resources about prostate cancer and prostate cancer control. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4700

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Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Summary: The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, or PCPT, is a study designed to see whether the drug finasteride (trade name Proscar) can prevent prostate cancer in men ages 55 and older. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7561

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Prostate Cancer Screening: A Decision Guide Summary: Are you thinking about getting screened for prostate cancer or do you know someone who is? Prostate Cancer Screening: A Decision Guide is designed to help a man decide whether screening is right for Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6982

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Prostate Cancer: The Public Health Perspective Summary: This program fact sheet provides facts and information about prostate cancer and the public health role in detection, education, and research. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1256

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Prostate, Lung, Colorectal & Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) Summary: Information about a screening trial sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service. 150,000 Americans, between 55 and 75 years of age, nationwide, are involved in this trial. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=751


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Protecting Kids From the Sun Summary: This online document gives details on the application of sunscreen to your children’ skin to reduce the risk of future skin damage, skin cancer, and related skin problems. Source: Federal Trade Commission http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2115

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Questions and Answers About Asbestos Exposure Summary: Answers to consumers' questions about asbestos exposure and the health risks, including lung cancer risks, from long- and short term exposure. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2068

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Questions and Answers About Cancell/Entelev Summary: Answers to 10 questions about Cancell/Entelev, a complementary and alternative therapy for cancer and other diseases. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6458

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Questions and Answers About Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3117

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Questions and Answers About Cigar Smoking and Cancer Summary: Answers your questions about the health risks associated with cigar smoking. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6139

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Questions and Answers About Coenzyme Q10 Summary: Answers to frequently asked questions about Coenzyme Q10, a complementary and alternative therapy for cancer and other diseases. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6459

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Questions and Answers About Cryosurgery in Cancer Treatment Summary: Answers to questions about the use of cryosurgery to treat internal cancer tumors, including tumors of the prostate. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2026

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Questions and Answers About Laetrile/Amygdalin Summary: Answers to frequently asked questions about laetrile/amydalin as a complementary and alternative therapy for cancer and other diseases. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6461

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Questions and Answers About Liver Cancer Summary: Basic consumer health information about liver cancer -- symptoms, diagnosis, treatment -- and availability of treatment studies (clinical trials) for patients with liver cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4353

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Questions and Answers about Metastatic Cancer Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7083

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Questions and Answers About Testicular Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3933

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Quick Facts on Colorectal Cancer Summary: A brief overview of colorectal cancer. Persons who are 50 or older and have not been screened for colorectal cancer are encouraged to do so. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6072

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Radiation Therapy and You: A Guide to Self-Help During Treatment Summary: What to expect and how to care for yourself if you are receiving radiation therapy for cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3741


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Radiation Treatment and Your Mouth Summary: This booklet was written for patients who are being treated with radiation for cancer of the head or neck. Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5198

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Retinoblastoma (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This treatment information for patients is based on information in the PDQ® summary for health professionals on the cancer type -- retinoblastoma. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5069

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Search for Clinical Trials Summary: This web page allows users to search the physician data query (PDQ) database for clinical trials in a variety of ways including cancer type, trial type, trial location, trial status and protocol ID Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4823

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Selenium Lowers Incidence of Lung, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancers Summary: Details of a 10-year cancer prevention trial which suggests that dietary supplements of the trace element selenium may significantly lower the incidence of prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers in Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2015

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Skin Cancer Summary: Skin cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in a layer of the skin. It attacks one out of every seven Americans each year, making it the most prevalent form of cancer. Source: American Society For Dermatologic Surgery http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6749

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Skin Cancer: Men Who Care About Their Skin Protect It Summary: Guidelines written especially for men about the benefits of sun protection during work and play outdoors. Following these tips will help in lowering their chance of getting skin cancer. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6159

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Small Cell Lung Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This fact sheet details treatment choices by cancer stage for small cell lung cancer, a lung cancer type usually found in people who smoke or who used to smoke cigarettes. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6141

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Smokefree.Gov - Online Guide to Quitting Smoking Summary: Smokefree.gov, created by the National Cancer Institute, is intended to help you or someone you care about quit smoking. Different people need different resources as they try to quit. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7826

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Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Questions and Answers Summary: A fact sheet about cancers that develop in tissues that connect, support or surround othere structures and organs of the body. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7098

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Some Kinds of Cancer Kids Get Summary: This web page offers information about the different types of cancer that kids can get. Cancer screening and treatment are also discussed. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4371

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Special Populations Publications Index - National Cancer Institute (NCI) Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3045

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Spitting into the Wind -- The Facts about Dip and Chew Summary: Information and resources about the health risks associated with chewing tobacco -- mouth and throat cancer. Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5202


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State/Territory Cancer Data Summary: This page links to State Cancer Burden Data fact sheets, which contain data on lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, and the National Program of Cancer Registries Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7177

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Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Home Page Summary: This web site links patients, health care professionals, and the general public to a range of topics related to stomach cancer, including diagnosis, screening, treatment, disease management, coping Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6195

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Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute Summary: SEER Program is a comprehensive source of population-based information in the United States that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and survival rates within each stage. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5521

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Susan G. Komen Multimedia Library Summary: This multimedia library offers numerous titles on the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, including information on hormonal therapy, adjuvant therapy, and aromatase inhibitors. Source: Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7702

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Synovial Sarcoma Summary: A fact sheet about a rare type of cancer that occurs in tendons, bursae, or the cavity that separates the bones of certain joints. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7099

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Taking Time: Support for People With Cancer and the People Who Care About Them Summary: Written for individuals affected by cancer, the text of this document is based on letters, observations, books, and articles from and by cancer patients, families, friends and caregivers. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=177

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Testicular Cancer (PDQ®): Screening Summary: Information to help doctors with screening recommendations -- who should be screened, types of screening tests patients should have, and frequency. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1885

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Testicular Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1887

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Testicular Cancer Resource Center Summary: The Testicular Cancer Resource Center is a charitable organization devoted to helping people understand testicular and extragonadal germ cell tumors. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6751

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The Facts about Breast Cancer and Mammograms Summary: Information about breast cancer and mammograms. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3743

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The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program AT-A-GLANCE Summary: A summary of the program's efforts and services including screening, quality assurance, health professions and consumer education and outreach, partnership development and surveillance, tracking and Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4705

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The National Cancer Institute Cancer Centers Program Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7089


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The National Skin Cancer Prevention Education Program Summary: This NSCPEC is designed as a multidimensional national program based on research. Source: Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4699

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Three Good Reasons to See a Dentist: Tip Sheet for Cancer Patients Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5200

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Treatment Decision Tools Summary: These Cancer Profilers can help you make an informed decision about your treatment. Source: American Cancer Society http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7393

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Understanding Angiogenesis Summary: An illustrated description of angiogenesis and its importance in cancer research. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7114

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Understanding Breast Cancer Treatment: A Guide for Patients Summary: This booklet was written especially for women diagonsed with breast cancer. It will assist the women and her family in understanding what the diagnosis means and why tratment is necessary. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7115

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Understanding Cancer Pain Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7116

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Understanding Prostate Changes: A Health Guide for All Men Summary: Written especially for men, this brochure presents facts about prostate enlargement and prostate cancer, including screening and treatment. Source: Federal Citizen Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5970

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Understanding Treatment Choices for Prostate Cancer Summary: Information for newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients and their families who are facing many treatment choices. Source: Federal Citizen Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5985

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University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: Treatment & Research Summary: This site provides information about ongoing clinical trials and research in non-conventional/alternative medicine cancer treatment options. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3908

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Updated Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines Released Summary: This page links to updated guidelines that advise doctors and patients on the proper intervals for mammograms and breast exams in an effort to detect breast cancer early, when it is most likely to be Source: American Cancer Society http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7538

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Us Too! Hot Sheet Summary: This is a monthly newsletter about prostate cancer and its diagnosis and treatment. Source: Us Too International, Inc. http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7684

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Vasectomy and Cancer Risk Summary: This fact sheet describes the possible relationship between vasectomy and the risk of prostate and testicular cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7117


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Vietnamese Community Health Promotion Project Archives Summary: These booklets in Vietnamese provide information on cervical cancer, hepatitis B, breast cancer, smoking, and nutrition. Source: Vietnamese Community Health Promotion Project http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7416

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What Is Cancer and What Happens When Kids Get It? Summary: This article explains to children about cancer. It talks about what cancer is, what the causes people to get cancer, how to test for cancer and how cancer is treated. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5861

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What Women Should Know about HPV and Cervical Health Summary: This document answers some common questions about HPV and cervix cancer, and who should think about having an HPV test. Source: American Cancer Society http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7852

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What You Need To Know About™ Bladder Cancer Summary: Patient information about bladder cancer, including detection/screening, staging, treatment options, treatment side effects and research. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6190

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What You Need To Know About™ Breast Cancer Summary: This consumer health information booklet discusses screening and early detection, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4477

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What You Need To Know About™ Cancer Index Summary: Discusses symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, emotional issues, and questions to ask your doctor if your diagnosis is one of the selected cancers listed at this web site. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3749

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What You Need To Know About™ Cancer of the Cervix Summary: Patient information about cervical cancer, including detection/screening, staging, treatment options, treatment side effects and research. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4192

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What You Need To Know About™ Cancer of the Colon and Rectum Summary: This booklet on colon cancer discusses symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, emotional issues, and questions to ask the doctor. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7120

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What You Need To Know About™ Cancer of the Esophagus Summary: This consumer health information booklet has information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer of the esophagus. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4487

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What You Need To Know About™ Cancer of the Larynx Summary: This booklet on cancer of the larynx discusses symptome, diagnosis, treatment, emotional issues, and questions to ask the doctor. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7123

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What You Need To Know About™ Cancer of the Pancreas Summary: This booklet discusses possible causes of cancer of the pancreas. It also describes symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and followup care. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7121

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What You Need To Know About™ Cancer of the Uterus Summary: Patient information about uterine cancer, including detection/screening, staging, treatment options, treatment side effects and research. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4193


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What You Need To Know About™ Kidney Cancer Summary: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has written this booklet to help people with kidney cancer and their families and friends better understand this disease. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7132

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What You Need To Know About™ Leukemia Summary: This National Cancer Institute (NCI) booklet describes the symptoms of leukemia and explains how this disease is diagnosed and treated. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7133

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What You Need To Know About™ Liver Cancer Summary: This National Cancer Institute (NCI) booklet has important information about cancer that begins in the liver. It discusses possible causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of liver cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7134

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What You Need To Know About™ Lung Cancer Summary: Information about some causes and ways to prevent lung cancer, and descriptions of the symptoms, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6137

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What You Need To Know About™ Melanoma Summary: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has written this booklet to help people with melanoma and their families and friends better understand this disease. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7135

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What You Need To Know About™ Multiple Myeloma Summary: This National Cancer Institute (NCI) booklet describes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of multiple myeloma type of cancer Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7125

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What You Need To Know About™ Oral Cancer Summary: This booklet describes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It also has information about rehabilitation and about sources of support to help patients cope with oral cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7126

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What You Need To Know About™ Ovarian Cancer Summary: This booklet provides important information about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ovarian cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4722

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What You Need To Know About™ Prostate Cancer Summary: This booklet mentions some possible causes of prostate cancer. It also describes symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and followup care. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7128

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What You Need To Know About™ Skin Cancer Summary: This National Cancer Institute (NCI) booklet will give you some important information about skin cancer. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7129

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What You Need To Know About™ Stomach Cancer Summary: Patient information about stomach cancer, including detection/screening, staging, treatment options, treatment side effects and research. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6193

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What You Need To Know About™ Thyroid Cancer Summary: This booklet on thyroid cancer discusses symptoms, diagonsis, treatment, and emotional issues, and questions to ask the doctor. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7190


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When Someone in Your Family Has Cancer Summary: A booklet written to help you understand more about cancer and how it is treated; and the changes that may occur in your life. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3750

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Young People With Cancer: A Handbook for Parents Summary: A guide written for parents of a child with cancer. It addresses some of the most common questions about cancer in the young, combining medical information with practical suggestions. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3751

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Your Cancer Risk Summary: Your Cancer Risk is a risk assessment tool that offers users a personalized method for estimating and lowering their risk of the 12 of the most common cancers. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5528 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cancer. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cancer is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cancer. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cancer” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology


oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cancer” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cancer, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cancer” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Cancer Find newsletters on cancer using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “cancer.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Higher PSA May Mean Infection, Not Cancer Source: Urology Times. 22(3): 2. March 1994. Contact: Available from Advanstar Communications, Inc. Corporate and Editorial Offices, 7500 Old Oak Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44130. (216) 243-8100. Summary: This brief news article from a professional newsletter reminds readers that infection, and not necessarily prostate cancer, can elevate prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. The article summarizes a report presented by Dr. Vito Pansadoro at a recent international symposium. Dr. Pansadoro based his warning on the results of a study showing that elevated PSA levels may be particularly common in younger men with acute bacterial prostatitis and to a lesser extent in those with chronic bacterial or nonbacterial prostatitis. Topics discussed include the patients included in the research study, PSA levels in those patients, post-treatment PSA levels, and other research results investigating this same hypothesis.

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on cancer: •

Genetic Basis for Head and Neck Cancer Development and Treatment Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 11(5): 1-3. February 2002. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: Cancer, like other human diseases, results from abnormalities in DNA, which ultimately overcome normal growth regulation mechanisms. This unopposed growth is characteristic of cancer and is the cause of local tumor development. This newsletter article provides a basic review of the genetics related to head and neck cancer development and how genetics may have an impact on current and future treatments. The author first reviews how environmental and genetic factors may have an impact on cancer in general and then notes that, with respect to head and neck cancer, inherited factors likely play a role, but the precise genes involved remain to be identified. Probably the most important factor in the development of head and neck cancer, as it is in the majority of human cancers, is exposure to environmental or carcinogenic agents, primarily tobacco and alcohol. The author describes tumor progression, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes in head and neck cancer, abnormalities in surveillance genes, new therapeutic approaches derived from increasing understanding of the genetics of head and neck cancer, biologic therapy, and ongoing research in identifying genes that may be relevant to head and neck cancer. 1 figure.

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Oral Cancer Overview Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 12(7): 1-3. April 2003. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (800) 377-0928 or (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: Cancers of the head and neck region, aside from skin cancer, are predominantly oral cancer, specifically squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This article provides an overview of oral cancer, defining the oral cavity as including the lips, buccal (cheek side) mucosa, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, floor of the mouth, hard palate, and gum tissues (gingiva) in both the upper and lower jaws. The author discusses incidence, etiology (cause), clinical presentation or symptoms, and treatment. The author notes that the mainstay of oral cancer treatment remains complete surgical excision with adequate margins of resection in order to achieve local control of disease. The author discusses staging or classification, including whether or not there is evidence


of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, usually on the same side where the oral cancer is located. Management of reconstruction and rehabilitation of any surgically created deficits is crucial as many individuals with oral cancer face significant functional as well as psychological problems associated with the diagnosis and treatment of their cancer. The author also discusses the acute and long term complications of radiation therapy in oral and head and neck cancer management. •

Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Gastric Cancer in the Asia Pacific Region Source: Asian Pacific Gastroenterology News. Issue 4: 11. June 2000. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science Asia. 54 University Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia. 61 3 9347 0300. Fax 61 3 9347 5001. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Helicobacter pylori infection causes histological gastritis; chronic gastritis from long term H. pylori infection results in gastric mucosal atrophy, which eventually progresses to intestinal metaplasia and sometimes to gastric (stomach) cancer. This brief article reviews the problem of H. pylori infection and gastric cancer in the Asia Pacific region. The author reports data that show just over 10 percent of H. pylori infected persons in Japan may develop gastric cancer. The prevalence of asymptomatic H. pylori infection differs greatly between countries, being low in developed countries and high in developing countries. Because H. pylori is transmitted via the fecal to oral route, and children are more readily infected than adults, the author notes that conducting a survey on H. pylori infection is the same as assessing the water supply and sewage systems of a country. The present prevalence of H. pylori infection in Japan is extremely low at an early age, as in other developed countries, and subsequently shows a rapid increase until it reaches a plateau of approximately 70 percent at 50 years of age. The author also explores the different incidence of gastric cancer as it varies between countries. It is suggested that H. pylori infection leads to histological chronic gastritis, regardless of the strain of the organism, and after that the course of the disease depends on environmental factors (diet, age), virulence of H. pylori strains, and host factors including genetics. The author concludes by calling for additional research collaboration between countries in the Asia Pacific region. 1 figure.

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Dietary Strategies for Coping with the Gastrointestinal Discomforts of Cancer Therapy Source: Intestinal Fortitude. 8(4): 3. 1998. Contact: Available from Intestinal Disease Foundation. 1323 Forbes Avenue, Suite 200, Pittsburgh, PA 15219. (412) 261-5888. Summary: Many patients experience gastrointestinal discomfort as a result of cancer therapy. This brief newsletter article offers strategies for coping with these discomforts. The author recommends tips for six problems: nausea and vomiting, lactose intolerance, heartburn, constipation, diarrhea and cramping, and intestinal gas. In each section, the author provides specific strategies and foods to try. Strategies include eating small amounts of food, increasing fiber and fluid intake, avoiding potentially irritating foods (especially caffeine-containing products and alcohol), and undertaking light exercise. The author encourages readers to try the various suggestions and determine what succeeds in each individual situation.

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Improving Voice and Speech After Treatment for Cancer Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 7(6): 1-2. March 1998. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333; E-mail: [email protected]; http:/www.spohnc.org. Summary: Nearly all patients who undergo treatment for laryngeal or oral cancer can be assisted to improve their post treatment speech or voice. The author notes that the ability to talk is so uniquely human and since one's voice is so personally linked with one's identity, it is no wonder that a voice or speech problem can be devastating and isolating. It can also have the effect of interrupting employment and a paycheck. The author reviews the effect of cancer on speech and voice, focusing on cancer of the tongue, soft palate, and the larynx (voice box). The author limits his discussion to the treatments of surgery and radiation therapy. The author describes the advances that have been made in the treatment of post laryngectomy voice, including the electrolarynx, esophageal speech, and voice therapy. The advances in speech pathology can make speech and voice so understandable and effective that patients regain confidence with new speech skills, allowing them to return to work and to a satisfying lifestyle. And the knowledge that the individual, having survived a devastating disease, need not 'settle' for defective or disordered voice and speech, can be empowering. (AAM).

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Laser Surgery for Cancer of the Larynx (Voice Box) Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 12(4): 1-2, 7. Winter 2002. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: Over the past 30 years, surgical lasers have become a very useful tool in the treatment of cancer of the head and neck. This newsletter article describes the use of laser surgery for cancer of the larynx (voice box). Many surgeons have come to favor endoscopic excision over radiation therapy for early cancers on the vocal folds in order to avoid the disadvantages of radiation. The carbon dioxide laser was used in a large portion of the patients who were treated with endoscopic excision, which is an ambulatory surgery procedure. The authors note that high cure rates have been achieved treating early glottic (vocal cord) cancer with endoscopic excision, usually using the carbon dioxide laser. The authors caution that the decision as to when it is best to use, or not to use, a laser in the treatment of cancer of the larynx is complex. 8 references.

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Dental Care for Patients Diagnosed with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 12(6): 4-5. March 2003. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (800) 377-0928 or (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org.


Summary: Patients diagnosed with oral and head and neck cancer are commonly treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy or a combination of these modalities. This article describes the importance of dental care for these patients. The author stresses that medically necessary oral care that included diligence and adherence to proper treatment planning strategies prior to, during, and after cancer treatment can prevent or reduce the incidence and severity of oral complications, enhancing both patient survival and quality of life. The author answers common questions on this topic, including how radiation and chemotherapy can affect the mouth, the need (or lack thereof) to have dental extractions before therapy, timing of dental care and cancer therapy, the use of fluoride applicators, choosing a dentist, problems with trismus (reduction in the mouth opening), osteoradionecrosis, post-cancer-treatment oral surgery or periodontal treatments, and the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. •

Stereotactic Radiation and Head and Neck Cancer Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 10(7): 1-3, 7. April 2001. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: The goal of the oncologist (cancer doctor) is to cure the patient with head and neck cancer with minimal cosmetic alteration while preserving the ability to swallow, speak, and articulate normally. This article explains the technique of stereotactic radiation and its use in treating patients with head and neck cancer. The authors stress that the primary advantage of stereotactic radiation is that it allows delivery of tightly shaped (conformal) radiation around the tumor, thereby sparing surrounding organs. The authors explain the differences between stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in which one large dose of radiation is delivered, from stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) during which multiple smaller doses are given over a prolonged period. Other topics include the importance of treatment setup, gamma knife versus linear accelerator based treatment, the indications for stereotactic radiation, the treatment planning process, the side effects of treatment, expected results, and the limitations of stereotactic radiation (including small margin for error, tumor size limits, increased daily setup time, and increased labor sensitivity).

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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 11(2): 1-3. October 2001. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: This article, from a newsletter for people with oral and head and neck cancer, reviews nasopharyngeal cancer. The nasopharynx is an open chamber located behind the nasal cavity and below the base of the skull. The authors discuss the etiology (cause) and risk factors, clinical presentation (symptoms), routes of spread, physical and diagnostic evaluation, staging, complications, and treatment recommendations. The most common side effects occurring during and shortly after treatment are breakdown of the mucosa of the pharynx, dry mouth (xerostomia), and reddening (erythema) of the skin. The most common long term side effect is xerostomia, although its incidence decreases tremendously with IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy). Trismus

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(difficulty opening the mouth) may occur. The authors note that patients who present with early T1-2 N0-1 staged disease are good candidates for external beam radiotherapy alone. Combined modality treatment is recommended for all other lesions. 20 references. •

Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Cancer Patients Who Have Received Radiation Therapy Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 11(9): 1-3. Summer 2002. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: This newsletter article explores the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for cancer patients who have received radiation therapy for head and neck or oral cancer. Radiation therapy can result in loss of blood flow to the irradiated areas, making healing difficult and sometimes progressing to osteoradionecrosis (bone tissue death due to radiation therapy). Hyperbaric oxygen is currently the most effective treatment to improve radiated tissues. In most cases, it can prevent osteoradionecrosis if used before dental surgeries, mouth surgeries, or other surgeries in the radiated area. Hyperbaric oxygen also remains the mainstay of treating osteoradionecrosis if it has already developed. The author discusses the indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy, who would be most likely to benefit, the treatment itself and the time required to complete it, safety considerations, and insurance coverage. 5 references.

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Spotting and Curing Skin Cancer Source: Health After 50. 4-6; May 1997. Contact: Johns Hopkins Medical Letter, Health After 50, 550 North Broadway, Suite 1100, Baltimore, MD 21205-2011. Summary: This newsletter article for the general public provides guidelines for detecting skin cancers. It presents data on the incidence of skin cancer and describes the characteristics of basal and squamous cell cancer and melanoma. Steps for reducing the risk of skin cancer are outlined, including avoiding the sun during peak intensity; wearing sunglasses, a hat, and tightly woven clothes; and using sunscreen. In addition, the article discusses various methods of treating skin cancer, including curettage and electrodesiccation, conventional surgery, and Mohs' surgery.

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Skin Cancer: Is Sunscreen and Enabler? Source: Harvard Health Letter. 25(9): 1-3. July 2000. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter, P.O. Box 380, Department BI, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-9045 or (617) 432-1485. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides the general public with information on sun exposure and sunscreening agents. Although sunscreening agents stop sunburn by absorbing ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, they do not block other parts of the light spectrum that may have a role in causing skin cancer, particularly melanoma. The use of sunscreens may be giving people a false sense of security and enabling the intense, intermittent exposure to sunlight that happens over vacations. Studies on the sunscreen use and melanoma connection have been controversial. However, people should continue to use sunscreens because they do protect against sunburn. Although UVA


light was once thought to be a harmless, tan producing part of the light spectrum, it is now known that UVA damages and ages the skin in various ways by initiating a molecular cascade that produces reactive forms of oxygen that damage DNA and cell membranes. UVA may also suppress the immune system. Most sunscreening products now available are broad spectrum and claim to protect against UVB and UVA. Sunscreens are made UVA protective by adding a chemical that absorbs UVA light or adding very finely ground zinc oxide to titanium oxide. However, these broad spectrum sunscreens do not block or absorb all the UVA light. An alternative to sunscreening agents is sun protective clothing. This type of clothing should have a tight weave and be dark. In addition, avoiding sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. may also help protect against skin cancer. •

Reflux and Early Laryngeal Carcinoma Source: Visible Voice. 4(1): 1-5, 19-23. January 1995. Contact: Available from Center for Voice Disorders of Wake Forest University. Department of Otolaryngology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1034. (910) 716-4161. Summary: This newsletter article reports on a prospective study of 50 consecutive patients with early laryngeal carcinoma (cancer) that used 24-hour pH monitoring. Results showed that 66 percent of the patients had abnormal pH studies. In addition, of the 17 patients with normal pH studies, five had esophagitis on barium esophagography. The article also discusses the role of smoking and alcohol consumption in the development of reflux disease. Other topics include laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPR); why patients with LPR don't have heartburn; problems posed by relatively insensitive diagnostic methods; and reflux as a likely cause of largyneal carcinoma. The article concludes with the presentation of two related case studies. 2 figures. 27 references. (AA-M).

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Salivary Gland Cancers Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 12(3): 1-3,6. November 2002. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: This newsletter article reviews salivary gland cancers. The author notes that both benign and malignant (cancerous) tumors may arise from the salivary glands. However, salivary gland cancers are uncommon and account for less than 5 percent of head and neck malignant tumors. The factors responsible in the development of salivary gland tumors are poorly understood. The author reviews the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, tumor staging, tumor types, tumor behavior, the types of benign neoplasms, the types of malignant neoplasms, and patient care management. The author concludes that salivary gland cancers constitute a diverse group of tumors with varied clinical behavior that are best managed by a multidisciplinary team of physicians and other health professionals. Clinical information, results of imaging studies, and pathological diagnosis are important factors that allow for treatment recommendations for an individual patient. Treatment is primarily surgical with radiation therapy given postoperatively to select patients.

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Importance of Proper Dental Care for Head and Neck Cancer Patients Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 10(5): 1-3. February 2001. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: This newsletter article reviews the importance of proper dental care for head and neck cancer patients. The author stresses that the oral cavity is invariably compromised as a result of treatment for head and neck cancer. Whether the malignancy (cancer) is to be treated by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities, the function, if not also the form, of the oral cavity will be affected. The most common and profound side effects of irradiation to the head and neck region are: dry mouth (xerostomia), post irradiation dental caries (cavities), the risk of osteoradionecrosis (non healing, chronic bone death in irradiated bone that has a compromised blood supply), and trismus (inability to open the mouth fully). The author discusses each of these side effects and offers strategies for prevention and treatment. The author then discusses chemotherapy, reporting on the possible side effects including oral lesions and low levels of blood platelets and white blood cells (responsible for clotting and fighting infection, respectively). The author concludes with suggestions for locating dental specialists to provide care before, during and after cancer therapy.

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Update: The Role of Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 12(1): 1-3,6. September 2002. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: This newsletter article updates readers on the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCHNC). Historically, surgery and radiation have been the cornerstones of treatment for SCHNC, especially when the disease is limited to above the collarbones and cure is possible. However, clinical research in the past 15 years has expanded the indications for chemotherapy to more patients than its prior use only for palliation or relief of symptoms. The authors discuss the several drugs that have activity against SCHNC, noting that most are administered intravenously. Chemotherapy is frequently combined with surgery or radiation therapy. The authors present a brief review of standard treatment in which they outline the three main treatment settings and approaches. Current data support the integration of chemotherapy with radiation in treating patients with inoperable SCHNC or advanced nasopharynx cancer (for improvement in cure rates), and with advance larynx or hypopharynx cancer (for improvement in functional outcome by avoiding total laryngectomy). Recent studies suggest there may also be a role for concomitant chemoradiotherapy given as an adjuvant treatment following complete surgical resection of operable tumors with a poorer prognosis as well as an increased role for this approach as part of an organ preservation strategy.


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Acupuncture to Treat Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Following Radiation Therapy Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 11(5): 6. February 2002. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: Xerostomia (dry mouth) is experienced by approximately 70 percent of patients after receiving radiation therapy for treatment of oral and head and neck cancer. This brief newsletter article explores the use of acupuncture to treat xerostomia following radiation therapy. The author first reviews the anatomy and the physiology of the salivary glands and then explains what happens to the salivary glands during radiation. The author then describes the acupuncture technique that was developed to help overcome dry mouth in patients who have been irradiated for oral and head and neck cancer. More than 70 patients have been treated since 1999 with this acupuncture technique, with various degrees of saliva restoration without complications. The treatment consists of three small needles placed in each ear and one needle placed near the tip of both index fingers. The patient produces saliva in approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Several follow up treatments are required and in the majority of cases, the saliva flow may be permanently reestablished. For the most part, those patients treated with acupuncture have found that it is superior to costly drug therapy. Although the resulting production and quality of saliva may not be completely normal, it has permitted many patients to enjoy a better quality of life: gum can be chewed, candy dissolves, food can be swallowed with less difficulty, and talking is not constantly interrupted by frequent sips of water. The contact information for the author (who developed the acupuncture treatment) is available for readers wishing to obtain additional information. 2 references.

Associations and Cancer The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to cancer: •

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Foundation Telephone: (520) 625-2132 Fax: (206) 600-6487 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.rare-cancer.org/acc/accf.html Background: The Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Alliance was formed to raise awareness about this rare form of cancer; and to disseminate information, support, and fund research projects. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare form of cancer that usually begins in the head and neck or breast areas, but has been diagnosed in other areas of the body. The alliance provides a web site that offers information on AdCC. It is hosted by the Rare Cancer Alliance.

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Association for International Cancer Research Telephone: 44 0 1334 477910

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Fax: 44 0 1334 478667 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.aicr.org.uk/ Background: The Association for International Cancer Research (AICR) is an independent, nonprofit organization that was established in Scotland in 1984 to support fundamental research into cancer. The term 'cancer' refers to a group of diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth that may invade surrounding tissues and spread (metastasize) to other bodily tissues or organs. Different cancers may be classified based upon the organ and cell type involved, the nature of the malignancy, and the disease's clinical course. Although AICR's emphasis is on scientific as opposed to clinical research, the Association draws no rigid distinction between the two. The Association for International Cancer Research is committed to funding research in areas that are relatively underfunded or unexplored. A major aspect of AICR's approach is to recognize the importance of international collaborations in studying the varying frequency of the different forms of cancer from country to country. The Association funds research projects in many different countries and encourages collaboration between individual research grant recipients. Research grant awards are determined by the AICR's Scientific Advisory Committee, comprised of cancer researchers who advise the AICR Board of Directors on the most appropriate areas for support. In addition, the Association publishes a regular newsletter to keep its supporters informed about current research. The AICR also has a web site on the Internet that describes its mission and objectives; offers a report entitled 'What is Cancer?'; provides information on its research grants; and offers access to editions of its newsletter. •

Association of Community Cancer Centers Telephone: (301) 984-9496 Fax: (301) 770-1949 Web Site: http://www.accc-cancer.org Background: The Association of Community Cancer Centers (ACCC) is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting the continuum of quality cancer care (research, prevention, screening, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, psychosocial services, rehabilitation, and hospice) for individuals with cancer and the community. Established in 1974, ACCC consists of 6,000 members and 14 sub-groups. ACCC s educational materials include a brochure entitled 'Cancer Treatments Your Insurance Should Cover,' reports, and a directory. Program activities include advocacy and lobbying. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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Canadian Cancer Society Telephone: (416) 961-7223 Toll-free: (888) 939-3333 Fax: (416) 961-4189 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.cancer.ca/ Background: The Canadian Cancer Society (CCS) is a national, nonprofit, communitybased organization that is dedicated to eradicating cancer and improving the quality of life of people living with cancer. Established in 1937, the Society currently has 350,000 volunteers, over 600 community locations, 10 provincial divisions, and one national


office. The Canadian Cancer Society works to achieve its mission by promoting and supporting cancer research, educating the public, engaging in public policy advocacy efforts, and providing patient and family services. The Society is committed to funding medical research, awarding fellowships to support advanced clinical training in oncology, and funding behavioral research to help determine the best ways to promote lifestyle changes that may reduce the risk of cancer. The Society's public education programs work to promote the prevention and early detection of cancer by providing information and skill development through programs, advocacy, and collaboration. In addition, the Canadian Cancer Society works with coalitions of health, medical, research, and professional organizations to lobby Parliament and provincial legislatures concerning public policies that will promote health and prevent disease. The Society's patient services program is committed to meeting the social, emotional, informational, and spiritual needs of people with cancer and their families. Program services include the Society's Cancer Information Service, which provides affected individuals and family members with current information about all aspects of cancer; networking programs that enable individuals with cancer to communicate with trained volunteers who have also been affected by cancer; transportation to treatment centers and other practical assistance; and educational publications for affected individuals and family members. •

Cancer Coalition of America Telephone: (713) 335-5677 Fax: (713) 935-0649 Web Site: http://www.cancercoalition.com Background: The Cancer Coalition of America (CCA) is a nonprofit organization that provides grants to patients who can no longer afford the treatment that is helping them. The Coalition also holds public symposiums in major cities across the U.S. at which speakers describe progress in cancer research and treatment. In addition, a speakers bureau provides speakers to participate, upon invitation, at various functions across the country. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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Cancer Hope Network Telephone: (908) 879-4039 Toll-free: (877) 467-3638 Fax: (908) 879-6518 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.cancerhopenetwork.org Background: The Cancer Hope Network, formerly Chemocare, is a not-for-profit volunteer organization dedicated to providing one-on-one support to people undergoing treatment for cancer and their families. The organization provides this support by training individuals who have recovered from cancer and matching them with individuals with cancer who are currently undergoing a similar experience. Such pairings are treatment specific. Through this matching process, the Cancer Hope Network strives to instill hope and to make a difference in an affected individual s fight against cancer. Established in 1981, the Network is a free and confidential service providing one-to-one emotional support for individuals with cancer and their families.

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Cancer Hope Network s educational materials include a self-titled newsletter; brochures for patients, medical professionals, and corporations; and videotapes. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer •

Cancer Information Service at Imperial Cancer Research Fund Telephone: 020-72693142 Toll-free: 999-999-9999 Fax: 020-72692865 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.imperialcancer.co.uk Background: Imperial Cancer Research Fund is a registered charity in the United Kingdom dedicated to saving lives through research into the causes, prevention, treatment, and cure of cancer. Employing more than 1,000 scientific and clinical staff members in its laboratories, and at clinical units and universities, it undertakes more than one-third of all cancer research in the UK. The Cancer Information Service at Imperial Cancer Research Fund is run by specialist nurses for anyone who has questions or concerns about cancer. The service is open Monday through Friday, from 9 a.m. To 5 p.m. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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Candlelighters Childhood Cancer Foundation Telephone: (301) 962-3520 Toll-free: (800) 366-2223 Fax: (301) 962-3521 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.candlelighters.org Background: The Candlelighter s Childhood Cancer Foundation (CCCF) is a 501c(3) nonprofit, tax exempt organization that provides support, information, and advocacy to children with cancer, their families, adult survivors of childhood cancer, and the professionals who care for them. Established in 1970 by concerned parents of children with cancer, the Foundation s membership now exceeds 45,000. Those dealing with childhood cancer and its effects, at any stage, are welcome as members. CCCF s major services include an information clearinghouse; publications, including four newsletters as well as books and reprints; and a network of support groups of childhood-cancer families, located in every state. Assistance is provided in starting and maintaining a group. Services that local groups provide often include camps, speakers, conferences, transportation, and one-to-one visitations. The Foundation does not provide direct financial assistance but has a financial aid list available ($1.00). CCCF is also a registered lobbyist and advocates on behalf of pediatric cancer patients and families. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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Carcinoid Cancer Foundation, Inc Telephone: (914) 683-1001 Toll-free: (888) 722-3132 Fax: (914) 683-5919 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.carcinoid.org


Background: The Carcinoid Cancer Foundation, Inc. is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to encouraging and supporting research and education concerning carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome. A carcinoid tumor is a rare, slow growing form of cancer characterized by overgrowth of certain cells that secrete serotonin, a naturally occurring derivative of the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin has many functions including regulating activity of the intestinal tract. In some cases, individuals with carcinoid tumors may experience abnormally increased secretion of serotonin, resulting in carcinoid syndrome. In individuals with carcinoid syndrome, associated symptoms may include intense flushing of the face and upper body, wheezing, weight loss, severe diarrhea, and, in some cases, ulcer-like symptoms and/or eventual heart failure. The Carcinoid Cancer Foundation was established in 1968 to support research that will improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of carcinoid tumor and carcinoid syndrome. The Foundation also provides understandable information to affected individuals and family members, engages in professional education, and offers networking services to affected families. In addition, the Carcinoid Cancer Foundation has a web site on the Internet that answers 'frequently asked questions' (FAQ) on carcinoid tumor and carcinoid syndrome; offers comprehensive information on diagnosis and treatment; provides dynamic linkage to support organizations, discussion groups, related web sites, and transportation assistance organizations; and offers information on current research and references. •

Childhood Cancer Association, Inc. (Australia) Telephone: (088) 239-1444 Fax: (088) 239-2300 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.childhoodcancer.asn.au Background: The Childhood Cancer Association, Inc. is a not-for-profit organization in Australia that was formed in 1982 by several parents of children with cancer. The Association is committed to providing financial, practical, and emotional support to families of children diagnosed with cancer. To fulfill its mission and goals, the Association promotes and supports pediatric cancer research, conducts self-help and family support group meetings, and offers its Family Service, a program that matches specially trained support workers with affected families upon referral by their specialists or social workers. The Association also offers a library of materials on pediatric cancers; provides vocational assistance for adolescents who are or were previously affected by cancer; offers free, short- or long-term accommodations for outof-town families who have children who are undergoing treatment; and outfits treatment rooms and overnight rooms in several hospitals to enable parents to stay with their children. In addition, the Childhood Cancer Association offers ongoing reimbursement to help families employ home tutors for children who have fallen behind in their school work as a result of missing school for long periods or who have developed learning disabilities due to their illness or treatment. The Association also reimburses affected families for expenses that they are unable to afford, such as traveling costs; provides funds for world searches to locate compatible bone marrow donors; and funds vocational advocacy research.

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Childhood Cancer Foundation - Candlelighters Canada Telephone: (416) 489-6440 Toll-free: (800) 363-1062

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Fax: (416) 489-9812 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.candlelighters.ca Background: The Candlelighters Childhood Cancer Foundation Canada (CCCFC), a national not-for-profit ' volunteer organization, is dedicated to serving families of children and adolescents with cancer by providing educational information, engaging in advocacy, and encouraging and assisting in the development of local parent support groups. Established in 1987, the Foundation has a network of over 50 local support groups across Canada for parents of children with cancer; promotes and supports the development of a long-term survivor network; offers individual and group assistance; and is developing a national financial assistance program. The Foundation's advocacy efforts include communicating the results of patient/family needs surveys to all levels of government; instituting task forces on professional and family issues; and forming coalitions with other organizations to address advocacy issues. The CCCFC also serves as a liaison with professionals and treatment centers, offers a speaker's bureau, and provides a wide variety of educational materials through its national resource library, which currently contains more than 300 books, pamphlets, and videos. In addition, the Foundation offers a school reentry resource kit and manual, provides supportive parent literature, and has several regular newsletters including a quarterly newsletter for families of children with cancer entitled 'CONTACT,' a quarterly newsletter with information for and by parents and professionals, and a youth newsletter with stories, art, and poetry by children with cancer and their siblings. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer •

CONVERSATIONS! The International Ovarian Cancer Connection Telephone: (806) 355-2565 Fax: (806) 467-9757 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ovarian-news.com Background: CONVERSATIONS! The International Ovarian Cancer Connection is a notfor-profit corporation that publishes a newsletter for those fighting ovarian cancer. The newsletter is published monthly for subscribers from the United States, Canada, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and New Zealand. The newsletter s main purpose is to provide a forum for conveying information on research, sharing experiences, and encouraging one another. CONVERSATIONS! also sponsors a pen pal/phone pal matching service called 'VOICES' (Victors of Ovarian Cancer Inviting Caring Enthusiastic Support). Anyone on the newsletter mailing list is eligible to join. The newsletter is provided free of charge, but donations toward printing and mailing are accepted.

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David G. Jagelman Inherited Colorectal Cancer Registries Telephone: (216) 444-6470 Toll-free: (800) 998-4785 Fax: (216) 445-6935 Email: [email protected] Background: Established in 1978, the David G. Jagelman Inherited Colorectal Cancer Registries is a not-for-profit academic medical center recognized as a National Referral


Center and an international resource for diseases of the colon and rectum. Dedicated to identifying, educating, and serving affected individuals, the organization has an educational division, a research institute, and a hospital and outpatient clinic. The organization offers risk assessments and appropriate screening tests; maintains computerized registries of affected individuals and those who may be at risk (e.g., for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer, and Familial Colon Cancer). It suggests surveillance protocols and reviews surgical options for affected individuals. David G. Jagelman Inherited Colorectal Cancer Registries also provides a variety of educational and support materials including brochures, pamphlets, articles, and a newsletter called 'Family Matters.'. •

European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Telephone: 322 774 1630 Fax: 322 772 2004 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.eortc.be Background: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) is an international not-for-profit research organization dedicated to conducting, developing, coordinating, and stimulating basic and clinical research on cancer and related problems. The EORTC was established in 1962 by a group of oncologists who felt that extensive, comprehensive research in such fields may often be beyond the means of individual European laboratories and hospitals and could best be accomplished through multidisciplinary, multinational efforts of clinical and basic research groups of the European continent. The EORTC's primary objective is to raise the standard of cancer treatment through the development of new drugs and new regimens in order to improve and save the lives of individuals affected by cancer. The Organization is involved with new drug development from preclinical evaluation up to Phase III clinical trials as well as in strategy trials dealing with combined therapeutic modalities (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy), quality of life evaluation, and health economic assessment. The EORTC consists of a pan-European network involving more than 2,500 clinical investigators and scientists in more than 350 hospitals and research institutions in over 30 countries. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer publishes an annual directory entitled 'Organization, Activities, and Current Research' and has a web site on the Internet that discusses its mission, services, and ongoing research activities. In addition, the 'European Journal of Cancer' (EJC) is the official journal of the EORTC, the European School of Oncology, the European Association for Cancer Research, and the Federation of European Cancer Societies. The EJC is a comprehensive international oncology journal that publishes international cancer news, original articles, editorials, reviews, and letters and covers current controversies in oncology. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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Eye Cancer Network Telephone: (212) 832-8170 Fax: (212) 888-4030 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.eyecancer.com

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Background: The Eye Cancer Network, a Web-based organization, provides information for patients with eye cancer and the health professionals who care for them. Its activities include general, professional, and patient education; support for research; patient networking; genetic counseling; support group coordination; referrals and maintenance of a database. It serves an international audience. The Network provides an online Journal of Ophthalmic Oncology, patient-to-patient and doctor-to-doctor interactive bulletin boards and translations of its information into Spanish and German. •

Familial GI Cancer Registry Telephone: (416) 586-8334 Fax: (416) 586-8644 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.mtsinai.on.ca/familialgicancer Background: The Familial GI Cancer Registry is a professional and research center dedicated to providing professional services as well as emotional support to people affected by familial gastrointestinal cancer and their families. Established in 1980, the center conducts research studies and has an investigative team focused on innovative surgical techniques related to gastrointestinal cancer. The center also has a molecular diagnostic program and offers a screening service for family members who may be at risk for the hereditary form of the disease. Along with its scientific and medical departments, the center also has a genetic counseling department that offers advice and support to affected individuals and families. The Familial GI Cancer Registry maintains a database of affected individuals and produces educational and support materials including pamphlets, brochures, family guides, and a biannual newsletter. The Registry relays information regarding hospital and community resources through a patient library.

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Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry Telephone: (716) 845-4503 Toll-free: (800) 682-7426 Fax: (716) 845-8266 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.ovariancancer.com Background: The Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry, located at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, is dedicated to enrolling families with two or more close relatives with ovarian cancer, promoting and conducting research into the causes and treatment of familial ovarian cancer, and providing information and support to affected individuals and family members. Comedienne Gilda Radner died in 1989 after a long, courageous battle against ovarian cancer. Neither she nor her husband, Gene Wilder, knew that her family history of ovarian and breast cancer put her at a high risk for developing ovarian cancer. The Registry, which was renamed in her honor, currently has over 1,700 families enrolled. Ovarian cancer refers to a group of diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of cells of the ovary. The cells may grow to form a tumor on the ovary and may also break off from the main tumor and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. The Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry conducts research into the causes of familial ovarian cancer in collaboration with investigators at Stanford University of Medicine and Cambridge University. Research goals include identifying new genes associated with familial


ovarian cancer and characterizing lifestyle choices (e.g., oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, number of pregnancies) that may reduce ovarian cancer risk in women who may be more susceptible to the disease. The ultimate goal of the Registry is to acquire information that will lead to better methods of detecting ovarian cancer and prevent the disease in future generations. The Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry also offers a telephone support service for women who are at risk of developing ovarian cancer. In addition, the Registry maintains a web site on the Internet that provides understandable information on ovarian cancer, an FAQ ('frequently asked questions') area, contact information for the Registry and other helpful resources, the Registry's newsletter, and links to additional sources of information and support. •

Gynecologic Cancer Foundation Telephone: (312) 644-6610 Toll-free: (800) 444-4441 Fax: (312) 527-6640 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.wcn.org/gcf/ Background: The Gynecologic Cancer Foundation (GCF) was established by the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists (SGO) as a not-for-profit charitable organization to support philanthropic programs to benedit women who have, or are at risk for developing a gynecologic cancer. The mission of the Gynecologic Cancer Foundation is to ensure public awareness of gynecologic cancer prevention, early diagnosis and proper treatment. In addition the Foundation supports research and training related to gynecologic cancers. GCF advances this mission by increasing public and private funds that aid in the development and implementation of programs to meet these goals.

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Hereditary Colon Cancer Association (HCCA) Telephone: (605) 373-2067 Toll-free: (800) 264-6783 Fax: (605) 977-0647 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.hereditarycc.org Background: The Hereditary Colon Cancer Association (HCCA) provides information and support to patients who are at risk for inherited colon cancers. It also serves as a source of information to health professionals. It seeks to raise and distribute funds for research on the prevention of inherited colon cancers. An annual March Colorectal Cancer Awareness Campaign, two issues annually of the Prevention Advocate newsmagazine, and annual conference for both patients/families and medical professionals are the major yearly projects. With approximately 1800 members, the association was established in 1999.

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International Cancer Alliance for Research and Education Telephone: (301) 654-7933 Toll-free: (800) 422-7361 Fax: (301) 654-8684 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.icare.org

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Background: The International Cancer Alliance for Research and Education (ICARE) is a nonprofit organization that provides focused information to individuals affected by cancer and their physicians on an ongoing, person-to-person basis. Cancer is a general term referring to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth that may invade surrounding tissues and spread (metastasize) to other bodily tissues or organs. The different cancers may be classified based upon the organ and cell type involved, the nature of the malignancy, and the disease's clinical course. ICARE has developed several patient-centered programs through a process of collection, evaluation, and dissemination of information, bringing affected individuals into contact with physicians and scientists from around the world. The Alliance is operated by a network of scientists, clinicians, staff members, and lay volunteers, many of whom are affected by cancer themselves. The Alliance maintains the ICARE Registry, a confidential membership listing that permits ongoing dialogue between ICARE and its network members. Registry members receive a 'cancer therapy review' including a description of the specific form of cancer in question, information concerning detection and staging procedures, an overview of current treatments, a bibliography for more indepth research, and listings of diagnostic tests, ongoing clinical trials, and second opinion centers. Registry members also receive medical, research, clinical trial, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) updates relating to the specific form of cancer or cancer in general; regular newsletters; and access to all ICARE programs. Such programs include ICARE patient education partner centers, which provide affected individuals with access to an electronic library of cancer information and online hook-ups at the community level; private electronic support groups for individuals dealing with common types of cancer or common issues; a clinical trial matching program; and other services. ICARE provides information concerning its mission, objectives, services, and programs on its web site on the Internet. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer •

Intestinal Multiple Polyposis and Colorectal Cancer Registry Telephone: (717) 788-3712 Fax: (717) 788-4046 Email: [email protected] Background: The Intestinal Multiple Polyposis and Colorectal Cancer Registry, also known as IMPACC, is a not-for-profit self-help service organization that was established in 1986. The purpose of the group is to provide information and support to people affected by Multiple Polyposis or Hereditary Colorectal Cancer, their families, and their physicians. Multiple Familial Polyposis is a group of rare inherited conditions of the gastrointestinal system characterized by benign growths (adenomatous polyps) lining the mucous membrane of the intestine. Because such growths have high malignant potential, affected individuals may potentially develop cancer of the colon and/or rectum. The Registry promotes ongoing medical research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders. IMPACC also offers a variety of services including genetic counseling, referrals to appropriate avenues of treatment, and a quarterly newsletter.

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Johns Hopkins Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry Telephone: (410) 955-3875 Toll-free: (888) 772-6566 Fax: (410) 614-9544 Email: [email protected]


Web Site: www.hopkikns.org Background: The Johns Hopkins Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry is a research organization that maintains a registry of families affected by different forms of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer including Hereditary Colon Cancer, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer, Juvenile Polyposis, and Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. Established in 1973, the Registry currently includes hundreds of families affected by these disorders. Interested individuals are offered the opportunity to participate in ongoing research studies. The Registry also offers educational materials to people affected by hereditary forms of colon cancer, their families, and physicians. •

Kidney Cancer Association Telephone: (847) 332-1051 Toll-free: (800) 850-9132 Fax: (847) 332-2978 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://curekidneycancer.org Background: The Kidney Cancer Association is a national non-profit organization comprised of people who have been affected by kidney cancer, their families and friends, physicians, and researchers. The Association is dedicated to improving the quality of care and increasing survival of individuals affected by kidney cancer. Established in 1990, the Association works toward three primary goals: to provide information to affected individuals and physicians; to sponsor and conduct research on kidney cancer; and to act as an advocate on a federal level and with insurance companies and employers on behalf of affected individuals and their families. Comprised of more than 15,000 constituents, the organization publishes 'Kidney Cancer News,' an electronic newsletter, as well as several informational brochures including 'We Have Kidney Cancer,' 'Interleukin-2 Therapy: What You Should Know,' and 'Kidney Cancer: Emotional vs. Rational.' The Association holds support group meetings several times a year in various cities so that individuals who have kidney cancer can learn how others have dealt with their disease. In addition, the Association conducts a yearly national convention that brings individuals together with leading physicians and researchers in the field of kidney cancer. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry Telephone: (713) 792-2828 Toll-free: (800) 472-4376 Fax: (713) 745-1163 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www3.mdanderson.org/depts/hcc/registries.htm Background: The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry is a registry organization dedicated to evaluating families in which there is a suspected or confirmed risk of a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. Established in 1988, the registry stafRegistry's staff makes arrangements to obtain necessary risk assessment, tests, procedures, or treatments at M.D. Anderson. Genetic testing and counseling are performed on appropriate families in order to identify persons at high risk for hereditary colorectal cancer. Individuals and their family members can also be evaluated for eligibility for other ongoing studies such as

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chemoprevention and psychosocial studies. Educational materials include a periodic newsletter entitled 'Hereditary Colon Cancer Newsletter,' a guide entitled 'Johns Hopkins Guide for Patients and Families: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP),' and 'Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer: A Guide for Patients and Families.' Program activities include genetic counseling, educational programs, and referrals. •

National Cervical Cancer Coalition (NCCC) Telephone: (818) 832-2317 Toll-free: (800) 685-5531 Fax: (818) 909-3849 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.nccc-online.org Background: The National Cervical Cancer Coalition (NCCC) is a voluntary not-forprofit organization dedicated to educating the public and health care professionals about issues related to cervical cancer. Cancer of the cervix is one of the most common forms of cancer affecting females. (The cervix is the neck of the uterus or the lower portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina.) Prior to the development of cancer, abnormal changes occur within cells on the surface of the cervix (cervical dysplasia) that may be detected by a cervical smear test known as a 'Pap smear.' Abnormal cervical smears indicate the need for further investigation and possible treatment. The NCCC serves as an independent coalition of women's groups, affected individuals and family members, health care providers and other medical professionals, and technological and research companies and associations. Established in 1997 and currently consisting of approximately 800 members, the Coalition is dedicated to enhancing awareness of the traditional Pap smear and new technologies, treatments for cervical dysplasia and cancer, and reimbursement issues concerning cervical cancer screening. The NCCC is also committed to serving as a clearinghouse of information on cervical cancer for affected women and their families; reviewing national and international cervical cancer screening and treatment programs; and developing a grass roots effort explaining the difficulties that current below cost reimbursement rates cause for the traditional Pap smear and potential new technology. In addition, the Coalition communicates the continued importance and success of such cancer screening to lower cervical cancer rates, emphasizing access to quality testing for all women, including those most in need of receiving Pap smears. The NCCC offers a variety of educational materials and has a web site on the Internet that discusses the Coalition's mission, provides a listing of its Medical Advisory Panel, and offers information on family planning, managed care, and current research.

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National Childhood Cancer Foundation Telephone: (626) 447-1674 Toll-free: (800) 458-6223 Fax: (626) 447-6359 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.nccf.org/nccf/ Background: The National Childhood Cancer Foundation (NCCF) is a charitable foundation which raises funds to support the research work of the Children's Oncology Group (COG) at over-235 hospitals throughout North America, and at sites in Australia and Europe. The physicians and scientists of COG not only conduct laboratory research, but also care for up to 90 percent of the children in the U.S. with cancer, providing


expert diagnosis, state-of-the-art treatment and compassionate care. All members collaborate to standardize diagnostic, treatment and response criteria for each type of childhood cancer, and treat patients with the same cancer in exactly the same way. Treatment and research results from all hospitals are collated in the COG Patient Data Center so that advances in treatments can be discovered in a fraction of the time required for similar research at a single hospital. Effective new treatments are shared with members of the network and physicians throughout the world who treat children with cancer. NCCF also advocates on behalf of children with cancer and their families. The vision of NCCF is for a world free of the devastating impact of cancer upon infants, children and young adults. The National Childhood Cancer Foundation maintains a very comprehensive website that provides childhood cancer information and reports on the various activities of the Foundation. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer •

National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship (NCCS) dba CancerSurvivor's Coalition Telephone: (301) 650-9127 Toll-free: (877) 622-7937 Fax: (301) 565-9670 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.canceradvocacy.org Background: Founded in 1986 by and for people with cancer and those who care for them, the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship (NCCS) is a survivor-led organization working exclusively on behalf of survivors of all cancers and their families. NCCS' mission is to assure quality cancer care for all Americans. NCCS seeks to achieve this mission by empowering every survivor through education and advocating on behalf of all cancer survivors in Washington, DC and beyond. For NCCS, from the time of discovery and for the balance of life, an individual diagnosed with cancer is a survivor; moreover, that invidividual's family, friends and caregivers are also survivors. NCCS offers education materials and tools to educate people on how to advocate for their own care or someone they love. They also have information available on employment rights, talking with your doctor, and maintaining hope throughout the cancer experience. Publications include the group's newsletter 'NCCS Interactions' and informational brochures such as 'Working It Out: Your Employment Rights As A Cancer Survivor' and 'Teamwork: The Cancer Patient's Guide to Talking with Your Doctor.' Many materials are also available in Spanish. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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National Ovarian Cancer Coalition Telephone: (561) 393-0005 Toll-free: (888) 682-7426 Fax: (561) 393-7275 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ovarian.org Background: The National Ovarian Cancer Coalition, Inc. (NOCC) is a national nonprofit support organization dedicated to raising awareness and promoting education about ovarian cancer. The Coalition is committed to improving the overall quality of life for individuals with ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancerous) cells are found in the ovary. An ovary is one of two small, almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus that produce female hormones

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and store eggs or germ cells. NOCC s other goals include advocating for improved early detection methods to periodically screen women of all ages; taking an aggressive approach to the funding of research into ovarian cancer; and establishing a national clearinghouse to ensure the dissemination of accurate and comprehensive information on ovarian cancer. The Coalition was established in 1995 and is comprised of more than 6,000 members in 23 chapters throughout the United States. NOCC publishes a selftitled newsletter six times a year. Other materials include educational brochures such as 'What Every Woman Should Know About Ovarian Cancer' and a physician s check list. •

Neuroblastoma Children's Cancer Society Telephone: (847) 490-4240 Toll-free: (800) 532-5162 Fax: (847) 490-0705 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.neuroblastomacancer.org Background: The Neuroblastoma Children s Cancer Society is a not-for-profit voluntary organization dedicated to significantly accelerating potential cures for neuroblastoma and its related children s cancers and to improve the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. The organization is an advocate for children and their families and is dedicated to providing support in the following ways: promoting research by highly trained medical professionals; providing research grant awards to medical specialists locally and nationwide; educating health care professionals on early detection and the latest advances in treatments and diagnosis; maintaining updated information on current treatment and diagnosis; maintains updated information on current treatments; providing moral, practical, and emotional support for affected individuals and their families through newsletters, Internet interaction, toll-free telephone support, etc.; and providing a resource booklet that lists non-profit organizations and other resources that offer support for affected families. Consisting of 500 members, the Society produces educational materials including a resource handbook and a newsletter entitled 'HOPE for Families and Friends of Children With Neuroblastoma.'.

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Ovarian Cancer National Alliance Telephone: (202) 331-1332 Fax: (202) 331-2292 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ovariancancer.org Background: The Ovarian Cancer National Alliance is a voluntary not-for-profit umbrella organization uniting ovarian cancer survivors, women's health activists, and health care professionals in a coordinated effort to focus national attention on ovarian cancer. The symptoms of ovarian cancer are often subtle and may be easily confused with symptoms associated with other disorders. Such symptoms commonly include pressure or bloating in the abdomen, constant and progressive changes in bladder or bowel patterns, persistent digestive problems, ongoing excessive fatigue, abnormal bleeding, and pain during intercourse. The Ovarian Cancer National Alliance, which was established in 1997, works to fight ovarian cancer by focusing on four key areas: expanding women's and health care providers' awareness about the disease; advocating for increased funding for research, sound genetic-testing policies, and insurance


coverage of therapies; furthering the scientific understanding of ovarian cancer to improve screening and detection tools and to discover a cure; and coordinating efforts in the fight against ovarian cancer by developing networks among ovarian cancer groups and activists and other health advocates. The Alliance's activities include providing expert testimony before government committees, serving as consumer representatives on federal panels that set priorities for ovarian cancer research, working closely with the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists to strengthen ovarian cancer resources, and conducting national advocacy conferences for the ovarian cancer community. The Alliance also has a web site on the Internet and provides a variety of educational materials including brochures, the 'Ovarian Cancer National Resource List,' 'Facts about Ovarian Cancer,' and a regular newsletter. •

Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. (PANCAN) Telephone: (310) 725-0025 Toll-free: (877) 272-6226 Fax: (310) 725-0029 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www/pancan.org Background: The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc., (PanCAN) is a non-profit public benefit organization that provides a strong voice in advocacy for those affected by pancreatic cancer. PanCAN is dedicated to focusing national attention on the need to find a cure for, and ultimately to eliminate, pancreatic cancer. This will be accomplished by providing public and professional education that embraces the urgent need for more research, effective treatments, and early detection and prevention programs. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth-ranked cause of cancer death in the U.S. among both men and women. Approximately 29,000 Americans are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer each year.

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Pancreatica.org--Confronting Pancreatic Cancer Telephone: (831) 658-0600 Fax: (831) 658-0518 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.pancreatica.org/ Background: Pancreatica.org is an Internet extension of the Lorenzen Cancer Foundation. The Pancreatica site offers information concerning the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the pancreas. It serves as a gathering point for patients and physicians, as well as a focal point for news related to diagnosis and treatment.

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Rare Cancer Alliance Telephone: (206) 600-5327 Fax: (909) 609-3982 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.rare-cancer.org Background: The primary purpose of Rare Cancer Alliance is to disseminate information and provide support to rare cancer patients. On its website, it provides general cancer information, treatment options, and rare cancer differences. The website

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also provides a venue for raising awareness of rare cancers and funding for research. Most of the organization's members are rare cancer patients, and the alliance has a peer volunteer service through which members share their information gained through their own experiences with others. Relevant area(s) of interest: Carcinoma •

Roswell Park Family Cancer Registry Telephone: (716) 845-8400 Toll-free: (800) 685-6825 Fax: (716) 845-4556 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.roswellpark.org Background: Roswell Park Family Cancer Registry is a research organization dedicated to registering families at risk of developing cancers. The Registry seeks to educate affected individuals and family members in the areas of prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer, as well as risk assessment of such family members. Established in 1992, this research program is designed to obtain detailed medical and family history information from people who, because of their family history or other risk factors, may have an increased potential of developing cancer. To this end, the Registry takes blood and other tissue samples. This material is provided to research scientists studying cancer genes. The affected individuals or families are thus provided with updated information on genetics, genetic cancers, and testing. The Registry produces educational materials including a pamphlet entitled 'Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer.' The organization supports such program activities as genetic counseling, patient and general education, and research.

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SHARE - Self-Help For Women With Breast or Ovarian Cancer Telephone: (212) 719-0364 Fax: (212) 869-3431 Web Site: http://www.sharecancersupport.org Background: SHARE - Self-Help for Women with Breast or Ovarian Cancer is a not-forprofit regional organization dedicated to providing women with breast or ovarian cancer, their families, and friends with emotional and social support services free of charge. SHARE was established in 1976 and provides programs and services that have been developed in response to community needs and, in most cases, are administered by cancer survivors. SHARE s services include a hotline, peer-led support groups, and educational, wellness, and advocacy opportunities. Through these programs, the organization endeavors to enable women to make informed decisions about their treatment and care. SHARE also engages in advocacy efforts on local and national levels to focus attention on breast and ovarian cancer and to obtain funding for ongoing medical research.

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Skin Cancer Foundation Telephone: (703) 837-1500 Toll-free: (800) 754-6490 Fax: (212) 725-5751 Email: [email protected]


Web Site: http://www.skincancer.org Background: The Skin Cancer Foundation is a not-for-profit international educational health organization dedicated to providing information on detection and prevention of and support to individuals with skin cancer. The Foundation seeks to educate the public about the different forms of skin cancer and promotes and supports ongoing medical research into the causes and treatment of these diseases. Established in 1977, the Skin Cancer Foundation has a growing membership of over 130 leading physicians. The Foundation provides support for medical research and training; functions as a major resource center for the media; and works to educate the public. Programs include screening clinics, health fairs, and corporate and community wellness programs. Educational materials produced by the organization include a wide variety of brochures, posters, books, newsletters, and audio-visual materials. •

Strang-Cornell Hereditary Colon Cancer Program Telephone: (212) 794-4900 Fax: (212) 746-8765 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.strang.org Background: The Strang-Cornell Hereditary Colon Cancer Program (SCPC) is a not-forprofit organization dedicated to providing individuals with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) clinical and educational services, as well as to foster participation in research. Colorectal cancer is a common disease in the United States. While most cases of colorectal cancer are sporadic, up to ten percent are hereditary. Hereditary colorectal cancer includes the polyposis syndromes, of which Familial Adenomatious Polyposis is the most common, and the nonpolyposis syndromes, broadly referred to as Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer. Established in 1934, this program is a collaboration between the Strang Cancer Prevention Center and the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. SCPC includes three divisions: registries for FAP and HNPCC, clinical and pre-clinical research, and clinical services.

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Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc Telephone: (516) 759-5333 Fax: (516) 671-8794 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.spohnc.org Background: Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer (SPOHNC) is a patient-directed not-for-profit organization dedicated to addressing the broad emotional, physical, and humanistic needs of oral and head and neck cancer patients. Founded in 1991, by a an oral cancer survivor, the organization produces educational materials including 'News from SPOHNC,' a newsletter that is published nine times each year. SPOHNC facilitates small group meetings, networking and one-to-one support. It also has educational programs for affected individuals and families and provides referrals to additional resources. SPOHNC encourages and promotes increased scientific clinical research and development in the improvement of quality of life for individuals affected by oral and head and neck cancer. Relevant area(s) of interest: Cancer

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cancer. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cancer. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cancer. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cancer” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cancer”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.


The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cancer” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.27

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

27

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)28: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

28

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cancer: •

Basic Guidelines for Cancer Cancer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001289.htm Cancer - penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001276.htm Cancer - resources Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002166.htm Cancer - throat or larynx Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001042.htm Cancer - vulva Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000902.htm Cancer treatment information Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002063.htm

522 Cancer

Carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000525.htm Hepatitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001154.htm Hepatitis B Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000279.htm •

Signs & Symptoms for Cancer Abnormal (high pitched) breathing sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003074.htm Airway obstruction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm Back pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Blood in the urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Blood in urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Bloody urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Coughing up blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Difficulty swallowing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Discomfort with urination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Flank pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003113.htm Genital lesions (male) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003221.htm

Online Glossaries 523

Hematuria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Hoarseness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Indigestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003260.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Loss of voice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Lump in the breast Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003155.htm Neck pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003025.htm Obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm Pain with intercourse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Pain with urination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm Penis pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003166.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Swallowing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Throat, sore Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Urinary frequency or urgency Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003140.htm

524 Cancer

Urinary hesitancy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003143.htm Urination, painful Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cancer Abdominal CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Complete blood count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Cranial CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Cranial MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003791.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Cystoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003903.htm IVP Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003782.htm Kidney ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003777.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm MRI of abdomen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003796.htm Renal scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003790.htm

Online Glossaries 525

Ulcer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003225.htm Urine cytology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003905.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Cancer Nephrectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003001.htm

•

Background Topics for Cancer Alcohol use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Cancer - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002166.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Kidney disease - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002172.htm Laryngoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003851.htm Metastasis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002260.htm Palpation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002284.htm Penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002279.htm Prosthesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002286.htm

526 Cancer

Radiation Therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001918.htm Renal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002289.htm Safer sex behaviors Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001949.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Support groups Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Surgical excision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002305.htm Tobacco use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Vulva Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002343.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

527

CANCER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone: A hydroxyprogesterone with medical uses similar to that of progesterone. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Academic Medical Centers: Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc. [NIH] Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylamide: A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis,

528 Cancer

chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acting Out: Expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings, often of hostility or love, through overt behavior. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acyl Carrier Protein: Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: An autosomal dominant polyposis syndrome in which the colon contains few to thousands of adenomatous polyps, often occurring by age 15 to 25. [NIH]

Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH]

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Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenoleukodystrophy: A chromosome X-linked disease. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerophagia: A condition that occurs when a person swallows too much air. Causes gas and frequent belching. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

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Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from aging, a physiological process, and time factors which refers only to the passage of time. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]

Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle

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cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH]

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Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphase: The third phase of cell division, in which the chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anchorage: In dentistry, points of retention of fillings and artificial restorations and appliances. [NIH] Androgen suppression: Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones. Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles, by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs. Also called androgen ablation. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from

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surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH]

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Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetics: Drugs used to prevent nausea or vomiting. Antiemetics act by a wide range of mechanisms. Some act on the medullary contol centers (the vomiting center and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) while others affect the peripheral receptors. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigenic Modulation: Loss of detectable antigen from the surface of a cell after incubation with antibodies. This is one method in which some tumors escape detection by the immune system. Antigenic modulation of target antigens also reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by monoclonal antibodies. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antineoplastons: Substances isolated from normal human blood and urine being tested as a type of treatment for some tumors and AIDS. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antitumour: Counteracting tumour formation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]

Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the

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pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatase inhibition: Prevention of the formation of estradiol, a female hormone, by interfering with an aromatase enzyme. Aromatase inhibition is a type of hormone therapy used in postmenopausal women who have hormone-dependent breast cancer. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and

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necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary lymph nodes: Lymph nodes found in the armpit that drain the lymph channels from the breast. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are

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saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium enema: A procedure in which a liquid with barium in it is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome: Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by

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basic dyes. [NIH] Belching: Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. Also called burping. [NIH]

Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Bevacizumab: A monoclonal antibody that may prevent the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Reflux: Reflux of bile mainly into the upper digestive tract, but also into the pancreas. [NIH]

Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast,

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pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomolecular: A scientific field at the interface between advanced computing and biotechnology. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosensing Techniques: Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain. [NIH]

Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bryostatin-1: A drug used for its antitumor activity. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buserelin: A potent and durable analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Cadherins: A group of functionally related glycoproteins responsible for the calciumdependent cell-to-cell adhesion mechanism. They are divided into subclasses E-, P-, and Ncadherins, which are distinct in immunological specificity and tissue distribution. They promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These compounds play a role in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body. [NIH]

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Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Cancer of unknown primary origin: Cancer cells are found in the body, but the place where the cells first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be determined. [NIH] Cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen

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are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxy-terminal: The end of any polypeptide or protein that bears a free carboxyl group. [NIH]

Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carmustine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH]

Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual

Dictionary 543

patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cauterization: The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. [NIH] CDC2: It is crucial for entry into mitosis of eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Fusion: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell

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hybridization. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Checkup: A general physical examination. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH]

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Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemotherapy support: To treat the extracted marrow while it is outside the body in an attempt to destroy the malignant cells. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Child Development: The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= growth). [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all

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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline,

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hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Combined Modality Therapy: The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, radioimmunotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and salvage therapy are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used. [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Compassionate: A process for providing experimental drugs to very sick patients who have no treatment options. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a

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bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomographic colonography: CTC. A procedure in which a detailed picture of the colon is created by an x-ray machine linked to a computer. Also called computed tomography (CT) scan or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan of the colon. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH]

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Cone biopsy: Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Cone biopsy may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called conization. [NIH] Conflict of Interest: A situation in which an individual might benefit personally from official or professional actions. It includes a conflict between a person's private interests and official responsibilities in a position of trust. The term is not restricted to government officials. The concept refers both to actual conflict of interest and the appearance or perception of conflict. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conization: The excision of a cone of tissue, especially of the cervix uteri. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact Inhibition: Arrest of cell locomotion or cell division when two cells come into contact. [NIH] Continence: The ability to hold in a bowel movement or urine. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Cooperative group: A group of physicians, hospitals, or both formed to treat a large number of persons in the same way so that new treatment can be evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single physician or hospital

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can care for. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample with a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Irradiation: The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]

Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge.

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[NIH]

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclin A: A 33-kD protein identical to adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60. Cyclin A regulates p33cdk2 and p34cdc2, and is necessary for progression through the S phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. [NIH]

Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystectomy: Used for excision of the urinary bladder. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH]

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Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deglutition: The process or the act of swallowing. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of

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sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]

Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Assistants: Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of

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natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digital rectal examination: DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used

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for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] DNA Damage: Drug- or radiation-induced injuries in DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions which interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations which disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair). If the damage is extensive, it can induce apoptosis. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic

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effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductal carcinoma in situ: DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents

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in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrodesiccation: The drying of tissue by a high-frequency electric current applied with a needle-shaped electrode. [NIH] Electrolarynx: A battery-operated instrument that makes a humming sound. An electrolarynx is used to help people whose voice boxes (larynxes) have been removed. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH]

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Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocervical curettage: The scraping of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small

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intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epirubicin: An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less

Dictionary 561

cardiotoxicity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial ovarian cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Epithelioma: A neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign (adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma). [EU] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal speech: Speech produced by trapping air in the esophagus and forcing it out again. It is used by people whose voice boxes (larynxes) have been removed. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Estrogen receptor negative: ER-. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of

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osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evaluable patients: Patients whose response to a treatment can be measured because enough information has been collected. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Excisional biopsy: A surgical procedure in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed for diagnosis. The tissue is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exemestane: An anticancer drug used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Expert Testimony: Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external-beam radiation. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at

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the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fecal Incontinence: Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus. [NIH] Fecal occult blood test: A test to check for blood in stool. (Fecal refers to stool; occult means hidden.) [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH]

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Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU]

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Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fludarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluoridation: The addition of fluorine usually as a fluoride to something, as the adding of a fluoride to drinking water or public water supplies for prevention of tooth decay in children. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH]

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Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma knife: Radiation therapy in which high-energy rays are aimed at a tumor from many angles in a single treatment session. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Duplication: It encodes the major envelope protein and includes all the specifications for HBsAg. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed i.e., transcribed, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell. [NIH] Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Screening: Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetic transcription: The process by which the genetic information encoded in the gene, represented as a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides, is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of ribonucleotides known as messenger RNA. [NIH]

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Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ cell tumors: Tumors that begin in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. They can occur virtually anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified

Dictionary 569

amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Goniotomy: A surgical procedure for congenital glaucoma in which a sweeping incision is made in the neshwork at the filtration angle by means of a knife-needle inserted through the opposite limbus and carried across the anterior chamber parallel to the iris. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions.

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[NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulosa Cell Tumor: An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen. [NIH] Group Practice: Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Gynecologic cancer: Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina. [NIH] Gynecologic oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancers of the female reproductive organs. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache,

Dictionary 571

paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Fairs: Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Resources: Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gramnegative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of

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glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is

Dictionary 573

required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homicide: The killing of one person by another. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homotypic: Adhesion between neutrophils. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Hospice: Institution dedicated to caring for the terminally ill. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH]

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Hydrazine sulfate: A substance that has been studied as a treatment for cancer and as a treatment for cachexia (body wasting) associated with advanced cancer. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperandrogenism: A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the polycystic ovary syndrome) and by adrenal diseases (particularly adrenal gland hyperfunction). [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypopharynx: The portion of the pharynx between the inferior portion of the oropharynx and the larynx. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antibiotic. The compound has shown activity against breast cancer, lymphomas and leukemias, together with potential for reduced cardiac toxicity. [NIH] Idiotype: The unique antigenic determinant in the variable region. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileitis: Inflammation of the ileum. [EU] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]

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Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoconjugates: Combinations of diagnostic or therapeutic substances linked with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies or antigens. Often the diagnostic or therapeutic substance is a radionuclide. These conjugates are useful tools for specific targeting of drugs and radioisotopes in the chemotherapy and radioimmunotherapy of certain cancers. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Memory: The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Immunotoxin: An antibody linked to a toxic substance. Some immmunotoxins can bind to cancer cells and kill them. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubator: Consists of a transparent plastic cubicle, electrical heating equipment, safety and warning devices, and oxygen and air filtering and regulating apparatus; an enclosed transparent boxlike apparatus for housing prematurely born babies under optimum conditions. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Induction therapy: Treatment designed to be used as a first step toward shrinking the cancer and in evaluating response to drugs and other agents. Induction therapy is followed by additional therapy to eliminate whatever cancer remains. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltrating cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called invasive cancer. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon

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and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Inflammatory breast cancer: A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the

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laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraductal carcinoma: Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called ductal carcinoma in situ. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH]

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Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer. [NIH] Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Islet cell cancer: Cancer arising from cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are found in the pancreas. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that

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surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or

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expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentigo: Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Letrozole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Letrozole is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]

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Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Limited-stage small cell lung cancer: Cancer found in one lung and in nearby lymph nodes. [NIH]

Linear accelerator: An accelerator in which charged particles are accelerated along a straight path either by means of a traveling electromagnetic field or through a series of small gaps between electrodes that are so connected to an alternating voltage supply of high frequency. [NIH]

Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or

584 Cancer

cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposarcoma: A rare cancer of the fat cells. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver. [NIH]

Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Local cancer: An invasive malignant cancer confined entirely to the organ where the cancer began. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locoregional: The characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, .) [EU] Lod: The lowest analyte content which, if actually present, will be detected with reasonable statistical certainty and can be identified according to the identification criteria of the method. If both accuracy and precision are constant over a concentration range. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Lomustine: An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain

Dictionary 585

marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lumpectomy: Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it. [NIH]

Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist: LH-RH agonist. A drug that inhibits the secretion of sex hormones. In men, LH-RH agonist causes testosterone levels to fall. In women, LH-RH agonist causes the levels of estrogen and other sex hormones to fall. [NIH] Lutetium: Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175. [NIH] Lutetium texaphyrin: A substance that is being studied in photodynamic therapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called metallotexaphyrins. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic Metastasis: Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked

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glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Masseter Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws. [NIH] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mechlorethamine: A vesicant and necrotizing irritant destructive to mucous membranes. It was formerly used as a war gas. The hydrochloride is used as an antineoplastic in Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas. It causes severe gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediastinoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the anterior superior mediastinum of the thorax. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU]

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Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical oncologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and biological therapy. A medical oncologist often serves as the main caretaker of someone who has cancer and coordinates treatment provided by other specialists. [NIH] Medical Oncology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]

Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior

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producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolic therapy: Treatment to correct changes in metabolism that can be caused by disease. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH]

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Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It acts as a bi- or trifunctional alkylating agent causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. [NIH]

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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH]

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Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Ulceration: Skin ulceration in workers who work with lime and lime solutions. [NIH]

Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myeloproliferative Disorders: Disorders in which one or more stimuli cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH]

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Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] N-acetyl: Analgesic agent. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoadjuvant Therapy: Preliminary cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone/endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, etc.) that precedes a necessary second modality of treatment. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU]

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Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroectodermal tumor: A tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrine tumor: A tumor derived from cells that release a hormone in response to a signal from the nervous system. Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. These tumors secrete hormones in excess, causing a variety of symptoms. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and

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surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Node-negative: Cancer that has not spread to the lymph nodes. [NIH] Nolatrexed: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Also called AG337. [NIH] Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the skin). [NIH] Nonseminoma: A group of testicular cancers that begin in the germ cells (cells that give rise to sperm). Nonseminomas are identified by the type of cell in which they begin and include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac carcinoma. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Novobiocin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease fever, swelling, pain, and redness. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurse Clinicians: Registered nurses who hold Master's degrees in nursing with an

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emphasis in clinical nursing and who function independently in coordinating plans for patient care. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occult Blood: Chemical, spectroscopic, or microscopic detection of extremely small amounts of blood. [NIH] Octamer: Eight molecules of histone. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligoelement: A chemical substance, minute amounts of which can be found in living organisms. [EU] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oncology nurse: A nurse who specializes in treating and caring for people who have cancer. [NIH]

Oncolysis: The destruction of or disposal by absorption of any neoplastic cells. [NIH] Oncolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oncolysis (= the lysis or destruction of tumour cells). [EU] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH]

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Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Organ Preservation: The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism). [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteoradionecrosis: Necrosis of bone following radiation injury. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxaliplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds. [NIH]

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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Pacemakers: A center or a substance that controls the rhythm of a body process; the term usually refers to the cardiac pacemaker. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH]

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Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paralyses: Loss or impairment of muscle function or sensation. [NIH] Paraneoplastic syndrome: A group of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue. [NIH]

Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH]

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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Participation: Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health. [NIH] PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Peau d'orange: A dimpled condition of the skin of the breast, resembling the skin of an orange, sometimes found in inflammatory breast cancer. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity. [NIH]

Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the

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hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell support. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]

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Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physician Data Query: PDQ. The Physician Data Query is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site,

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and more specific information about http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH]

PDQ

can

be

found

at

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the

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vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Platinum Compounds: Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom. [NIH]

Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons. [NIH] Pneumoconiosis: Condition characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs, usually of occupational or environmental origin, and by the tissue reaction to its presence. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. [NIH]

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Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Population Characteristics: Qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors. [NIH] Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,

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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive mastectomy: Surgery to remove one or both breasts in order to decrease the risk of developing breast cancer. Also called prophylactic mastectomy. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH]

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Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]

Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]

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Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Prostatic acid phosphatase: PAP. An enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the prostate. [NIH] Prostatism: A symptom complex resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra, due most commonly to hyperplasia of the prostate; symptoms include diminution in the calibre and force of the urinary stream, hesitancy in initiating voiding, inability to terminate micturition abruptly (with postvoiding dribbling), a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, and, occasionally, urinary retention. [EU] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Prosthesis Design: The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis. [NIH]

Protective Clothing: Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Splicing: Excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (inteins) of a precursor protein, coupled with ligation of the flanking sequences (exteins). Protein splicing is an autocatalytic reaction and results in the production of two proteins from a single primary translation product: the intein and the mature protein. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH]

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Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other

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psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quackery: The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. [NIH] Radiation Oncology: A subspecialty of medical oncology and radiology concerned with the

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radiotherapy of cancer. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radical prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radiodermatitis: A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiolucent: Partly or wholly permeable to X-rays or other forms of radiation contrasted with radiopaque. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiosensitization: The use of a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radium: A radioactive element symbol Ra, atomic number 88, disintegration of uranium and is is used clinically as a source brachytherapy. [NIH]

of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly

Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH]

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Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer. [NIH] Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [NIH] Raltitrexed: An anticancer drug that inhibits tumor cells from multiplying by interfering with cells' ability to make DNA. Also called ICI D1694. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recessive gene: A gene that is phenotypically expressed only when homozygous. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Recurrent cancer: Cancer that has returned, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called

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erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Reentry: Reexcitation caused by continuous propagation of the same impulse for one or more cycles. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Refractory cancer: Cancer that has not responded to treatment. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional cancer: Refers to cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary) tumor to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete

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remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell cancer: Cancer that develops in the lining of the renal tubules, which filter the blood and produce urine. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Replicon: In order to be replicated, DNA molecules must contain an origin of duplication and in bacteria and viruses there is usually only one per genome. Such molecules are called replicons. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal

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combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retropubic prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made in the abdominal wall. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhabdomyosarcoma: A malignant tumor of muscle tissue. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU]

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Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salvage Therapy: A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a smooth, striated, or cardiac muscle fiber. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the

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personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scurvy: A deficiency disease due to lack of vitamin C in the diet. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH]

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Self-Examination: The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., breast self-examination, testicular self-examination). [NIH] Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Seminoma: A type of cancer of the testicles. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensory Thresholds: The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response. [NIH] Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether lymphatic metastasis has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequence Deletion: Deletion of sequences of bases or amino acids from the genetic material of an individual. Evidence for these deletions may be obtained by cytological methods. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH]

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Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicosis: A type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of particles of silica, quartz, ganister or slate. [NIH] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the skin. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH]

Dictionary 619

Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatic mutations: Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other

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diseases. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language. [NIH] Speech pathologist: A specialist who evaluates and treats people with communication and swallowing problems. Also called a speech therapist. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squalamine lactate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis

Dictionary 621

inhibitors. It prevents the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Stereotactic radiosurgery: A radiation therapy technique involving a rigid head frame that is attached to the skull; high-dose radiation is administered through openings in the head frame to the tumor while decreasing the amount of radiation given to normal brain tissue. This procedure does not involve surgery. Also called stereotaxic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between

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the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Sunscreening Agents: Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to

Dictionary 623

cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Technology Transfer: Spread and adoption of inventions and techniques from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the economy to another. For example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from government research are made available to private enterprise. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to

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the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It

Dictionary 625

causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymidylate Synthase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction 5,10methylenetetrahydrofolate and dUMP to dihydrofolate and dTMP in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.1.1.45. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic

626 Cancer

number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tobacco Industry: The aggregate business enterprise of agriculture, manufacture, and distribution related to tobacco and tobacco-derived products. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topical chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs in a lotion or cream applied to the skin. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trabecular Meshwork: A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm. [NIH] Trabeculectomy: Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculotomy, and laser

Dictionary 627

perforation. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheoesophageal puncture: A small opening made by a surgeon between the esophagus and the trachea. A valve keeps food out of the trachea but lets air into the esophagus for esophageal speech. [NIH] Tracheotomy: Surgical incision of the trachea. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor alpha: Factor isolated in a variety of tissues including epithelium, and maternal decidua. It is closely related to epidermal growth factor and binds to the EGF receptor. TGF-alpha acts synergistically with TGF-beta in inducing phenotypic transformation, but its physiological role is unknown. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed

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through the urethra. [NIH] Trastuzumab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. Trastuzumab blocks the effects of the growth factor protein HER2, which transmits growth signals to breast cancer cells. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trismus: Spasmodic contraction of the masseter muscle resulting in forceful jaw closure. This may be seen with a variety of diseases, including tetanus, as a complication of radiation therapy, trauma, or in association with neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumor-derived: Taken from an individual's own tumor tissue; may be used in the development of a vaccine that enhances the body's ability to build an immune response to the tumor. [NIH]

Dictionary 629

Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unresectable: Unable to be surgically removed. [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U,

630 Cancer

atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH]

Dictionary 631

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]

Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH]

632 Cancer

Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinorelbine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virtual colonoscopy: A method under study to examine the colon by taking a series of xrays (called a CT scan) and then using a high-powered computer to reconstruct 2-D and 3-D pictures of the interior surfaces of the colon from these x-rays. The pictures can be saved, manipulated to better viewing angles, and reviewed after the procedure, even years later. Also called computed tomography colography. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Voice Quality: Voice quality is that component of speech which gives the primary distinction to a given speaker's voice when pitch and loudness are excluded. It involves both phonatory and resonatory characteristics. Some of the descriptions of voice quality are harshness, breathiness and nasality. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH]

Dictionary 633

Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Ziconotide: A drug used in the treatment of chronic pain. Also called SNX 111. [NIH] Zoledronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. It is used to prevent bone fractures and reduce bone pain in people who have cancer that has spread to the bone. [NIH]

635

INDEX A Abdominal, 203, 405, 524, 527, 579, 588, 597, 600, 614, 629 Abdominal Pain, 405, 527, 629 Aberrant, 56, 296, 310, 312, 527 Ablation, 113, 157, 312, 527, 532 Abortion, 235, 527, 545 Academic Medical Centers, 21, 527 Acanthosis Nigricans, 47, 527 Acceptor, 312, 527, 597, 625 Acetylcholine, 335, 527, 593 Acid Phosphatase, 527 Acidity, 117, 527, 600 Acoustic, 351, 527, 631 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 348, 527 Acrylamide, 175, 527 Acrylonitrile, 527, 528 Actin, 78, 528, 592 Acting Out, 61, 528 Actinic keratosis, 13, 347, 409, 411, 414, 421, 528 Acute leukemia, 272, 291, 528, 560, 605 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 342, 528 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 528 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 528 Acute myeloid leukemia, 115, 218, 329, 528 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 25, 528 Acyl, 323, 528 Acyl Carrier Protein, 323, 528 Adaptability, 136, 528, 543, 544 Adenine, 77, 528, 529, 609 Adenoma, 393, 528, 561 Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, 305, 528 Adenosine, 310, 335, 528, 529, 536, 541, 575, 599, 601 Adenosine Deaminase, 528, 599 Adenosine Triphosphate, 310, 529, 536, 601 Adenovirus, 70, 529, 552 Adjustment, 9, 10, 61, 128, 141, 147, 153, 160, 162, 529 Adjuvant Therapy, 113, 354, 385, 426, 439, 477, 529 Adolescence, 161, 529, 545 Adrenal Cortex, 529, 532, 551, 561, 574, 606

Adrenal Glands, 279, 529 Adrenal Medulla, 529, 543, 560, 594 Adrenergic, 335, 529, 556, 560, 623 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 321, 529 Adverse Effect, 113, 216, 332, 341, 417, 418, 456, 529, 618 Aerobic, 529, 589 Aerophagia, 7, 529 Affinity, 24, 297, 320, 324, 529, 530, 588, 619 Agar, 529, 602 Age Factors, 415, 530 Age Groups, 4, 530 Age of Onset, 530, 629 Aged, 80 and Over, 530 Aggressiveness, 312, 395, 530 Agonist, 79, 530, 556, 585, 602, 611, 623 Airway, 6, 43, 346, 522, 530, 633 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 530, 556 Aldehydes, 530, 633 Alertness, 530, 541 Algorithms, 125, 530, 539 Alimentary, 5, 13, 226, 530, 555, 598 Alkaline, 530, 531, 537, 541, 597, 610, 624 Alkaloid, 43, 530, 541, 547, 590 Alkylating Agents, 530, 542 Alleles, 82, 305, 530 Allergen, 530, 554, 617 Allium, 192, 241, 365, 530 Allogeneic, 277, 278, 377, 530, 570, 600 Alloys, 530, 547 Allylamine, 530, 531 Alopecia, 229, 322, 531, 552 Alpha Particles, 531, 609 Alpha-fetoprotein, 14, 531, 563 Alternative medicine, 11, 12, 32, 168, 219, 227, 480, 486, 531 Ameliorating, 326, 335, 531 Amenorrhea, 229, 531, 603 Amine, 294, 531, 572 Amino Acid Sequence, 332, 531, 533, 562, 567 Amino Acid Substitution, 78, 531, 572 Aminolevulinic Acid, 11, 176, 531 Amino-terminal, 306, 324, 531 Ammonia, 528, 531, 569, 630 Amplification, 76, 79, 101, 123, 531 Ampulla, 532, 559

636 Cancer

Anaerobic, 291, 532 Anaesthesia, 532, 577 Anal, 41, 135, 308, 309, 392, 441, 532, 563, 564, 591 Analgesic, 198, 202, 342, 532, 555, 590, 592, 596 Analog, 532, 540, 565 Analogous, 532, 557, 603, 627 Anaphase, 331, 532 Anaphylatoxins, 532, 549 Anatomical, 176, 532, 536, 545, 559, 576, 616 Anchorage, 138, 326, 532 Androgen suppression, 285, 532 Androgenic, 532 Androgens, 279, 360, 529, 532, 535, 574 Androstenedione, 242, 322, 532 Anemia, 232, 282, 398, 522, 532, 541, 547, 565, 591 Anesthesia, 530, 532 Anesthetics, 532, 537, 560 Angiogenesis, 71, 226, 290, 293, 297, 310, 314, 323, 324, 338, 441, 479, 532, 586, 620 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 226, 441, 532, 621 Angioplasty, 533, 591 Animal model, 58, 109, 110, 533, 628 Anions, 533, 580 Annealing, 149, 533, 604 Anomalies, 351, 533 Anorectal, 3, 533 Anorexia, 462, 533, 629 Anovulation, 533, 603 Antagonism, 533, 541 Anthracycline, 291, 533, 553, 560, 575 Anthropometry, 140, 533 Antiandrogens, 79, 202, 533 Antiangiogenic, 200, 533 Antibacterial, 533, 620 Antibiotic, 221, 242, 533, 552, 553, 557, 560, 575, 589, 594, 620, 622 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 533, 581 Antidepressant, 10, 534 Antidote, 534, 583 Antiemetics, 24, 534 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 534, 549 Antigenic Modulation, 11, 534 Antigen-presenting cell, 534, 554 Anti-infective, 534, 574, 580, 619 Anti-inflammatory, 157, 534, 536, 543, 555, 594, 598, 605 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 534, 536, 543

Antimetabolite, 299, 534, 565 Antimicrobial, 77, 387, 534, 554 Antineoplastic Agents, 530, 534, 599, 631 Antineoplastons, 441, 534 Antioxidant, 58, 154, 177, 415, 534, 536, 566, 618 Antipyretic, 534, 555 Antitumour, 212, 534 Antiviral, 4, 389, 534, 579, 599 Anus, 308, 532, 533, 534, 537, 540, 548, 559, 611 Anxiety, 10, 61, 127, 140, 152, 160, 198, 335, 534 Aplastic anemia, 282, 534 Applicability, 48, 535 Approximate, 66, 320, 535 Aqueous, 535, 537, 553, 559, 574, 582, 626 Arachidonic Acid, 535, 558, 583, 606 Aromatase, 318, 319, 426, 435, 477, 535, 582 Aromatase inhibition, 426, 535 Aromatic, 535, 569, 588, 601, 620 Arsenic trioxide, 182, 271, 535 Arterial, 97, 178, 213, 531, 535, 574, 607, 623 Arteries, 535, 539, 551, 584, 589, 625 Arterioles, 535, 539, 541, 589 Arteriosclerosis, 535, 575 Artery, 204, 533, 535, 551, 591, 609, 613 Articulation, 535, 558 Asbestos, 473, 535 Asbestosis, 466, 535 Ascorbic Acid, 182, 184, 185, 361, 535, 574 Aspirate, 87, 536 Aspiration, 7, 9, 536, 563 Aspirin, 83, 126, 243, 282, 536 Assay, 40, 91, 120, 306, 420, 536 Asymptomatic, 5, 38, 414, 489, 536, 572, 597 Ataxia, 398, 536, 624 Atmospheric Pressure, 536, 574 ATP, 77, 78, 310, 536, 556, 568, 585, 601, 607, 608, 625, 627 Atrium, 536 Atrophy, 14, 300, 397, 398, 489, 536 Atypical, 8, 272, 300, 536 Auricular, 202, 536 Autoantibodies, 298, 536 Autoantigens, 536 Autodigestion, 536, 597 Autoimmune disease, 298, 329, 336, 536, 591

Dictionary 637

Autologous, 25, 103, 110, 214, 269, 270, 292, 372, 536, 600 Autonomic, 105, 213, 527, 536, 594, 600 Axillary, 87, 109, 155, 536 Axillary lymph nodes, 109, 536 B Bacillus, 327, 385, 536 Bactericidal, 537, 629 Bacteriophage, 537, 602, 627 Bacteriostatic, 530, 537 Bacterium, 537, 548, 571 Barbiturate, 537, 624 Barium, 5, 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 493, 537 Barium enema, 5, 406, 408, 411, 413, 537 Basal cell carcinoma, 12, 274, 348, 409, 413, 419, 421, 422, 439, 537 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, 274, 537 Basal cells, 300, 537, 594 Basal Ganglia, 536, 537, 545 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 536, 537, 545 Base, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 48, 49, 51, 52, 65, 66, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 90, 92, 123, 204, 491, 528, 537, 553, 554, 556, 564, 567, 581, 603, 624, 629 Basement Membrane, 40, 300, 537, 542, 563, 581 Basophils, 537, 570, 583 Belching, 529, 538 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 206, 301, 326, 538, 564 Benzene, 538, 580 Bereavement, 351, 538 Bevacizumab, 180, 279, 538 Bifida, 538 Bilateral, 538, 603 Bile, 14, 245, 271, 538, 566, 573, 584, 616, 621 Bile Acids, 538, 621 Bile Acids and Salts, 538 Bile duct, 271, 538 Bile Reflux, 14, 538 Biliary, 181, 271, 538, 597 Biliary Tract, 181, 271, 538, 597 Binding agent, 302, 538 Biological response modifier, 538, 578 Biological therapy, 338, 538, 570, 587 Biomarkers, 35, 52, 58, 65, 154, 174, 175, 205, 216, 538 Biomolecular, 539 Biopsy, 13, 93, 121, 325, 348, 384, 385, 412, 413, 459, 524, 539, 550, 562, 599 Biosensing Techniques, 53, 539

Biotechnology, 71, 75, 82, 343, 383, 392, 397, 398, 399, 486, 539 Biotic, 539, 629 Bivalent, 539, 588 Blastocyst, 539, 549, 602 Bloating, 508, 539, 577 Blood Coagulation, 539, 541 Blood Glucose, 38, 539, 571, 578 Blood Platelets, 494, 539, 617, 625 Blood pressure, 47, 349, 417, 462, 539, 542, 574, 575, 590, 619 Blood vessel, 310, 314, 317, 348, 532, 533, 538, 539, 540, 542, 543, 544, 545, 559, 568, 580, 582, 584, 585, 588, 619, 621, 622, 623, 625, 631 Body Fluids, 298, 538, 539, 540, 557, 595, 619, 628 Body Mass Index, 539, 596 Bolus, 110, 176, 180, 219, 539 Bolus infusion, 539 Bone Density, 285, 539 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 22, 75, 160, 272, 273, 419, 540 Bone scan, 540, 615 Boron, 186, 540, 551 Bowel Movement, 540, 550, 555, 622 Brachytherapy, 87, 101, 149, 174, 175, 540, 579, 580, 610, 633 Brain metastases, 284, 540 Branch, 176, 180, 356, 357, 415, 519, 540, 552, 585, 598, 609, 620, 624 Breakdown, 491, 540, 555, 566, 596 Breast Self-Examination, 432, 540, 617 Broad Ligament, 540, 563 Bronchi, 540, 560, 627 Bronchial, 35, 68, 540, 572, 606 Bryostatin-1, 372, 373, 540 Buccal, 488, 540, 585 Buserelin, 279, 540 Bypass, 540, 591 C Cachexia, 72, 414, 462, 540, 574 Cadherins, 303, 540 Cadmium, 300, 301, 541 Cadmium Poisoning, 541 Caffeine, 489, 541, 609 Calcifediol, 541 Calcitonin, 335, 541 Calcitriol, 183, 206, 541 Callus, 541, 581 Caloric intake, 47, 541 Camptothecin, 376, 541, 580

638 Cancer

Cancer of unknown primary origin, 447, 541 Cancer vaccine, 37, 57, 336, 541 Capillary, 541, 568, 615, 631 Capsules, 541, 566, 568 Carbohydrate, 324, 541, 568, 569, 604 Carbon Dioxide, 490, 542, 553, 554, 564, 602, 613, 630, 631 Carboplatin, 72, 101, 114, 124, 200, 210, 215, 217, 219, 226, 273, 274, 278, 283, 361, 542 Carboxy, 306, 542 Carboxy-terminal, 306, 542 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 305, 542 Carcinogen, 77, 207, 301, 420, 455, 542, 562, 625 Carcinogenesis, 4, 86, 90, 123, 127, 129, 152, 178, 202, 225, 312, 319, 542, 545, 601 Carcinogenic, 33, 133, 301, 488, 530, 538, 542, 578, 595, 606, 621, 629 Carcinoid, 272, 278, 498, 499, 542, 593 Carcinoma in Situ, 7, 35, 67, 147, 542 Cardia, 14, 542 Cardiac, 164, 314, 531, 541, 542, 558, 560, 566, 575, 592, 597, 615, 621 Cardiology, 30, 542 Cardiotoxicity, 542, 561 Cardiovascular disease, 349, 350, 440, 457, 542 Carmustine, 337, 362, 542 Carotene, 244, 266, 319, 361, 542, 613 Carotenoids, 86, 173, 247, 542 Case report, 11, 123, 173, 347, 385, 542, 546 Case series, 11, 183, 542, 546 Case-Control Studies, 26, 63, 173, 543 Caspase, 201, 331, 543 Cataract, 295, 543 Catecholamine, 78, 543, 556 Catheter, 543, 579 Catheterization, 533, 543, 579, 591 Cations, 543, 580 Caudal, 543, 575, 604 Causal, 153, 422, 543, 579 Cause of Death, 14, 39, 56, 296, 325, 353, 412, 543 Caustic, 543, 619 Cauterization, 412, 543 CDC2, 310, 543 Cecum, 543, 582 Celecoxib, 274, 275, 543 Cell Adhesion, 91, 297, 303, 324, 540, 543

Cell Death, 75, 80, 85, 202, 291, 305, 332, 338, 534, 535, 543, 562 Cell Differentiation, 304, 543, 618 Cell Division, 293, 397, 532, 537, 543, 544, 550, 552, 562, 570, 589, 590, 602, 606, 616 Cell Fusion, 297, 324, 543 Cell membrane, 291, 493, 544, 554, 566, 601 Cell proliferation, 95, 213, 293, 299, 310, 318, 330, 335, 338, 535, 544, 618 Cell Respiration, 544, 589, 613 Cell Survival, 68, 544, 570 Cell Transplantation, 110, 214, 277, 282, 544 Cellulose, 544, 602 Central Nervous System, 272, 309, 313, 314, 527, 538, 541, 544, 566, 569, 570, 583, 590, 591, 617 Central Nervous System Infections, 544, 570 Centrifugation, 81, 544 Cerebellar, 536, 544, 612 Cerebral, 351, 536, 537, 544, 553, 560, 562, 564, 609 Cerebral Cortex, 536, 544, 562, 564 Cerebral Palsy, 351, 544 Cerebrovascular, 461, 537, 542, 544, 624 Cerebrum, 544, 602, 628 Cervix, 26, 71, 133, 171, 412, 414, 424, 481, 482, 506, 527, 544, 550, 570, 580, 613 Checkup, 406, 544 Cheilitis, 414, 544 Chemokines, 96, 545 Chemopreventive, 32, 36, 54, 57, 58, 72, 140, 178, 181, 203, 319, 545 Chemotactic Factors, 545, 549 Chemotaxis, 117, 336, 545 Chemotherapeutic agent, 290, 295, 296, 297, 299, 307, 315, 318, 545 Chemotherapeutics, 295, 545 Chemotherapy support, 110, 214, 545 Chest wall, 545, 625 Child Development, 61, 545 Chin, 317, 545, 587 Cholesterol, 232, 285, 322, 538, 545, 551, 558, 574, 584, 611, 615, 621, 623 Chondrocytes, 545, 564 Chorea, 335, 545 Choriocarcinoma, 456, 545, 573, 594 Chromatin, 321, 535, 545, 560, 593 Chromosomal, 54, 140, 175, 311, 319, 331, 531, 545, 602, 614

Dictionary 639

Chromosome, 79, 101, 130, 147, 294, 305, 392, 394, 395, 397, 529, 545, 567, 570, 583, 616 Chronic Disease, 7, 349, 416, 443, 449, 451, 463, 472, 474, 477, 540, 546 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 546 Chronic leukemia, 272, 546 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 329, 546 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 329, 546 Chronic renal, 546, 603, 629 Cicatrix, 347, 546 Ciliary, 546, 617, 630 Ciliary Body, 546, 617, 630 Circumcision, 95, 546 Cirrhosis, 4, 458, 546, 571 CIS, 7, 16, 386, 439, 546, 613 Cisplatin, 90, 92, 114, 128, 149, 187, 199, 201, 204, 207, 213, 216, 217, 225, 227, 362, 372, 546 Citrus, 535, 546 Clear cell carcinoma, 283, 546, 554 Cleft Lip, 351, 546 Cleft Palate, 351, 546 Clinical Medicine, 332, 546, 605 Clinical study, 213, 546, 550 Clone, 54, 70, 547 Cloning, 79, 331, 539, 547 Coagulation, 539, 547, 572, 582, 625 Cobalt, 220, 547 Cochlea, 547, 578 Cochlear, 351, 547, 626, 631 Cochlear Diseases, 547, 626 Cochlear Implants, 351, 547 Cochlear Nerve, 547, 631 Coenzyme, 138, 249, 450, 473, 536, 547 Cofactor, 547, 607 Cohort Studies, 4, 386, 547 Colchicine, 547, 628 Colitis, 171, 236, 308, 547 Collagen, 531, 537, 547, 563, 564, 566, 586 Collapse, 540, 548 Colloidal, 548, 558 Colonoscopy, 5, 276, 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 548 Combination chemotherapy, 91, 180, 207, 217, 274, 275, 276, 354, 548 Combination Therapy, 548, 562 Combined Modality Therapy, 72, 548 Communication Disorders, 287, 341, 346, 351, 382, 548 Communis, 257, 548 Comorbidity, 120, 548

Compassionate, 71, 507, 548 Competency, 15, 548 Complement, 174, 175, 297, 329, 532, 533, 548, 549, 567, 586, 617 Complementary and alternative medicine, 8, 10, 11, 32, 197, 198, 199, 203, 205, 268, 417, 549 Complementary medicine, 11, 12, 73, 199, 209, 549 Complete remission, 549, 613 Compliance, 59, 137, 145, 280, 549 Computational Biology, 121, 383, 392, 549 Computed tomographic colonography, 276, 549 Computed tomography, 315, 408, 412, 539, 549, 615, 632 Computerized tomography, 549 Conception, 527, 545, 549, 564, 619, 621 Concomitant, 427, 494, 549 Condoms, 414, 420, 549 Cone, 141, 412, 549, 550, 601, 623 Cone biopsy, 412, 550 Conflict of Interest, 75, 550 Congestion, 550, 561 Conization, 550 Conjugated, 205, 249, 327, 329, 375, 538, 550, 552 Connective Tissue, 536, 540, 547, 550, 564, 566, 585, 588, 614, 615, 622, 624 Connexins, 45, 550, 566 Consciousness, 532, 550, 553, 554, 556, 608 Constipation, 4, 230, 407, 489, 550 Constriction, 550, 580, 631, 633 Consultation, 60, 550 Consumption, 6, 171, 172, 176, 199, 415, 493, 550, 554, 555, 597 Contact Inhibition, 326, 550 Continence, 308, 550 Continuum, 496, 550 Contraindications, ii, 550, 557 Control group, 47, 198, 550, 611 Controlled clinical trial, 21, 550 Conventional therapy, 550 Conventional treatment, 10, 11, 297, 550 Cooperative group, 19, 24, 29, 30, 34, 39, 50, 55, 67, 550 Coordination, 16, 20, 30, 71, 502, 551, 591 Core biopsy, 124, 551 Cornea, 551, 616, 622, 630 Corneum, 551, 560 Coronary, 388, 542, 551, 589 Coronary heart disease, 388, 542, 551

640 Cancer

Coronary Thrombosis, 551, 589 Corpus, 551, 599, 606 Corpus Luteum, 551, 606 Cortex, 551, 612 Cortisol, 159, 214, 551 Cranial, 432, 524, 547, 551, 570, 579, 600, 631 Cranial Irradiation, 432, 551 Craniocerebral Trauma, 537, 551, 570, 624, 626 Crossing-over, 551, 611 Cryosurgery, 348, 384, 409, 412, 417, 419, 474, 551 Cryotherapy, 13, 384, 551 Cultured cells, 320, 551 Curative, 43, 116, 118, 295, 327, 428, 551, 594, 624 Curcumin, 174, 551 Curettage, 13, 348, 409, 417, 492, 551 Curette, 551, 552, 559 Cutaneous, 13, 230, 347, 552, 585, 610, 630 Cyclic, 231, 317, 322, 541, 552, 601, 616 Cyclin, 57, 142, 293, 310, 325, 552 Cyclin A, 310, 552 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, 310, 552 Cycloheximide, 78, 552 Cyclophosphamide, 101, 136, 201, 210, 250, 277, 362, 552 Cyproterone, 552, 565 Cyst, 416, 536, 552 Cystectomy, 327, 437, 552 Cysteinyl, 552, 588 Cytochrome, 162, 291, 535, 552 Cytogenetics, 22, 23, 552 Cytokine, 32, 316, 334, 552, 624 Cytomegalovirus, 335, 552 Cytoplasm, 297, 300, 324, 535, 537, 544, 553, 560, 588, 590, 593, 614 Cytotoxic, 43, 145, 206, 211, 292, 299, 301, 315, 316, 329, 553, 610, 618 Cytotoxicity, 175, 212, 290, 291, 307, 329, 530, 546, 553 D Dairy Products, 171, 553, 615 Data Collection, 29, 60, 63, 71, 417, 553, 565 Daunorubicin, 291, 363, 553, 557 De novo, 318, 553 Decarboxylation, 553, 572 Decidua, 553, 602, 627 Decision Making, 125, 553 Decompression, 179, 553

Degenerative, 553, 572 Deglutition, 7, 553 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 214, 250, 251, 322, 553, 555 Deletion, 330, 535, 553, 617 Delirium, 8, 154, 553 Dementia, 8, 10, 527, 553 Demethylation, 37, 554 Demography, 554, 604 Denaturation, 554, 604 Dendrites, 554, 593 Dendritic, 92, 269, 270, 334, 336, 554, 587 Dendritic cell, 92, 270, 334, 336, 554 Density, 26, 93, 105, 154, 300, 539, 544, 554, 558, 584, 595 Dental Assistants, 406, 554 Dental Care, 419, 490, 491, 494, 554 Dental Caries, 350, 388, 389, 433, 494, 554, 565 Dentists, 15, 351, 415, 554 Depolarization, 554, 618 Deprivation, 148, 172, 554 DES, 532, 554 Desensitization, 78, 554 Desiccation, 409, 554 Detergents, 554, 564 Deuterium, 554, 574 Developed Countries, 489, 554 Developing Countries, 489, 555, 623 DHEA, 250, 553, 555 Diabetes Mellitus, 6, 317, 385, 386, 555, 568, 571 Diagnosis, Differential, 347, 555 Diagnostic procedure, 276, 289, 487, 555, 617 Diarrhea, 308, 407, 489, 499, 555, 581 Diarrhoea, 307, 555 Diastolic, 555, 574 Diclofenac, 363, 409, 555 Diclofenac Sodium, 555 Dietary Fiber, 425, 555 Digestion, 530, 538, 540, 555, 577, 579, 584, 599, 621 Digestive system, 287, 555, 566, 591 Digestive tract, 538, 555, 619, 621, 633 Digital rectal examination, 280, 413, 555 Dihydrotestosterone, 302, 555, 612 Dilatation, 527, 533, 555, 605, 631 Dimerization, 306, 555 Dimethyl, 371, 555 Diploid, 555, 602

Dictionary 641

Direct, iii, 18, 33, 42, 43, 52, 203, 293, 329, 333, 359, 413, 498, 546, 555, 556, 612, 623 Discrete, 347, 555, 584, 624 Discrimination, 308, 333, 555 Disease Progression, 91, 323, 555 Disorientation, 553, 556 Disparity, 18, 33, 62, 556 Disposition, 63, 556 Dissection, 87, 409, 556 Dissociation, 160, 529, 556, 580 Distal, 174, 356, 556, 558, 581, 608 Disulfides, 325, 556 Disulfiram, 325, 326, 556 Diuresis, 541, 556 DNA Damage, 328, 556 DNA Topoisomerase, 556, 568 Docetaxel, 93, 176, 183, 200, 207, 216, 217, 251, 275, 277, 278, 279, 285, 286, 363, 556 Dopamine, 335, 556, 593, 601 Dorsal, 557, 604 Dose-limiting, 270, 326, 557 Double-blind, 109, 557 Doxorubicin, 83, 93, 251, 291, 364, 385, 557, 560 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 6, 14, 37, 57, 167, 174, 341, 346, 386, 405, 557, 583 Drug Approval, 359, 390, 557 Drug Design, 148, 318, 371, 557 Drug Interactions, 109, 204, 214, 370, 557 Drug Labeling, 467, 557 Drug Resistance, 68, 99, 210, 221, 291, 326, 557 Drug Tolerance, 557, 626 Duct, 325, 532, 543, 557, 562, 579, 615 Ductal carcinoma in situ, 430, 434, 557, 579 Duodenum, 538, 557, 559, 566, 599, 616, 622 Dyes, 538, 557, 593 Dysarthria, 347, 558 Dyslipidemia, 317, 558 Dyspareunia, 558, 561 Dysphagia, 4, 6, 231, 558 Dysphonia, 5, 6, 7, 558 Dysplasia, 35, 230, 300, 398, 414, 506, 558 Dystonia, 351, 558 Dystrophy, 397, 558 E Ectopic, 70, 319, 558 Edema, 231, 558, 579, 585, 592, 629 Effector, 335, 527, 533, 548, 558, 581, 601 Effector cell, 533, 558, 581

Eicosanoids, 215, 558 Ejaculation, 558, 617 Elective, 351, 558 Electrode, 558 Electrodesiccation, 13, 348, 409, 492, 558 Electrolarynx, 490, 558 Electrolyte, 553, 558, 595, 604, 619, 629 Electrophoresis, 298, 527, 558 Emaciation, 527, 558 Embryo, 527, 539, 543, 559, 577, 588, 603, 633 Emollient, 559, 569, 595 Emphysema, 116, 231, 559 Emulsion, 559, 564 Enamel, 554, 559, 581 Encapsulated, 374, 559, 584 Endemic, 559, 620 Endocervical curettage, 412, 559 Endocrine System, 559, 593 Endogenous, 57, 79, 295, 536, 556, 558, 559, 601, 627, 629 Endometrial, 82, 108, 109, 123, 169, 171, 283, 319, 394, 425, 456, 559 Endometriosis, 322, 559 Endometrium, 171, 553, 559, 570, 587 Endoscope, 559 Endoscopic, 84, 108, 122, 125, 327, 346, 385, 412, 490, 548, 559, 586, 618 Endothelial cell, 226, 559, 564 Endotoxin, 559, 628 End-stage renal, 546, 559, 603 Enema, 559 Energy Intake, 46, 559 Enhancer, 76, 140, 559 Enteritis, 308, 559 Enterocolitis, 560 Environmental Exposure, 560, 595 Environmental Health, 89, 97, 124, 382, 384, 444, 560 Enzymatic, 323, 531, 541, 542, 549, 552, 554, 560, 572, 604, 613 Eosinophilic, 300, 560 Eosinophils, 560, 570, 583 Epidemic, 342, 411, 560, 620 Epidemiological, 34, 58, 63, 142, 169, 301, 309, 560 Epidermal, 76, 78, 110, 128, 160, 320, 560, 581, 587, 627 Epidermal Growth Factor, 76, 78, 110, 128, 160, 320, 560, 627 Epidermal growth factor receptor, 76, 78, 110, 320, 560

642 Cancer

Epidermis, 11, 348, 537, 551, 560, 573, 581, 605, 609 Epidermoid carcinoma, 78, 560, 621 Epigastric, 560, 597 Epinephrine, 372, 529, 556, 560, 593, 594, 629 Epirubicin, 97, 201, 205, 364, 428, 560 Epithelial Cells, 35, 70, 78, 140, 162, 300, 327, 560, 561, 572, 581, 607 Epithelial ovarian cancer, 90, 91, 122, 125, 215, 269, 386, 428, 561 Epithelioma, 348, 561 Epithelium, 37, 57, 68, 300, 305, 307, 327, 537, 545, 561, 566, 597, 627 Epitope, 98, 331, 334, 561 Erectile, 285, 561, 599 Erection, 561 Erythema, 491, 561, 622 Erythrocytes, 532, 540, 561, 597, 612, 617 Escalation, 219, 328, 561 Esophageal speech, 4, 7, 343, 490, 561, 627 Esophagitis, 493, 561 Esophagus, 275, 277, 482, 555, 561, 566, 571, 599, 601, 612, 622, 625, 627 Essential Tremor, 398, 561 Estradiol, 76, 364, 535, 561, 562 Estramustine, 200, 284, 561 Estrogen receptor, 57, 84, 203, 208, 561 Estrogen receptor negative, 58, 561 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 169, 561 Estrone, 156, 207, 562 Ether, 294, 562 Ethnic Groups, 4, 349, 445, 562 Etoposide, 101, 114, 177, 210, 217, 364, 562 Eukaryotic Cells, 543, 562, 576, 596 Evacuation, 550, 562 Evaluable patients, 280, 562 Evoke, 562, 621 Excisional, 346, 348, 409, 419, 562 Excisional biopsy, 346, 562 Exemestane, 318, 365, 375, 562 Exocrine, 562, 597 Exogenous, 78, 311, 329, 559, 562, 629 Exon, 38, 562 Exotoxin, 80, 562 Expert Testimony, 509, 562 Expiration, 562, 613 Expiratory, 562, 601 Extensor, 562, 608, 632 External radiation, 562, 563 External-beam radiation, 174, 562, 580, 610, 633

Extracellular, 40, 297, 320, 324, 550, 563, 564, 586, 619, 624 Extracellular Matrix, 40, 550, 563, 564, 586 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 563, 586 Extracellular Space, 563 Extraction, 385, 563 Extrapyramidal, 556, 563 Eye Infections, 529, 563 F Facial, 134, 145, 406, 408, 563 Faecal, 555, 563 Fallopian tube, 216, 269, 428, 563, 570, 613 Family Planning, 383, 506, 563 Family Practice, 47, 563 Fatigue, 142, 508, 522, 563, 571 Fatty acids, 72, 168, 323, 558, 563, 606, 619 Febrile, 387, 563 Fecal Incontinence, 4, 563, 577 Fecal occult blood test, 5, 281, 406, 408, 410, 413, 563 Feces, 4, 406, 542, 550, 563, 622 Fetoprotein, 563 Fetus, 527, 531, 563, 564, 602, 605, 630 Fibrin, 539, 564, 602, 625 Fibrinogen, 564, 602, 625 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 87, 310, 564 Fibroblasts, 43, 81, 564 Fibroid, 564, 582 Fibrosarcoma, 315, 564 Fibrosis, 4, 153, 321, 398, 531, 564, 616 Finasteride, 472, 564 Fine-needle aspiration, 124, 564, 592 Fish Oils, 168, 564 Fissure, 546, 548, 564 Fistula, 564, 566 Fixation, 300, 308, 564, 617 Flatus, 4, 563, 565, 566 Fludarabine, 277, 365, 565 Fluorescence, 70, 141, 565 Fluoridation, 416, 565 Fluorine, 565 Flushing, 499, 556, 565 Flutamide, 279, 565 Focus Groups, 64, 386, 565 Folate, 25, 177, 185, 187, 565 Fold, 35, 42, 58, 320, 540, 564, 565, 605 Folic Acid, 184, 185, 565, 583 Foramen, 545, 548, 565, 600 Forearm, 124, 539, 565, 610 Fossa, 85, 342, 565 Fovea, 564, 565 Fractionation, 424, 565

Dictionary 643

Free Radicals, 143, 242, 291, 534, 556, 565, 592 Friction, 347, 565 Fructose, 565, 580 Fungi, 563, 566, 589, 633 G Gallate, 210, 223, 566 Gallbladder, 271, 527, 538, 555, 566 Gamma knife, 491, 566 Gamma Rays, 566, 610 Ganglia, 527, 537, 566, 593, 600 Gap Junctions, 550, 566 Gas, 4, 489, 529, 531, 538, 542, 565, 566, 574, 577, 586, 594, 611, 631 Gastrectomy, 181, 356, 566 Gastric Mucosa, 489, 566 Gastrin, 116, 566, 573 Gastritis, 14, 231, 489, 566, 571 Gastroduodenal, 309, 566 Gastroenterology, 5, 34, 84, 88, 89, 91, 95, 109, 111, 174, 177, 178, 181, 226, 408, 489, 566 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 535, 566 Gastrointestinal tract, 308, 537, 542, 564, 566, 581, 582, 583, 617, 620, 628 Gastrostomy, 108, 566 Gelatin, 316, 566, 569, 623, 625 Gemcitabine, 72, 91, 92, 109, 213, 214, 217, 271, 278, 365, 437, 566 Gene Amplification, 100, 567 Gene Duplication, 335, 567 Gene Expression, 38, 56, 68, 76, 81, 107, 177, 212, 299, 303, 304, 312, 313, 314, 321, 398, 567 Gene Expression Profiling, 107, 567 Gene Silencing, 38, 115, 567 Gene Therapy, 54, 120, 294, 529, 567 Genetic Code, 567, 594 Genetic Counseling, 5, 90, 445, 502, 504, 506, 510, 567 Genetic Engineering, 539, 547, 567 Genetic Screening, 296, 567 Genetic testing, 425, 470, 505, 567, 604 Genetic transcription, 567, 606, 627 Genistein, 154, 206, 568 Genital, 309, 347, 412, 414, 420, 460, 522, 546, 568, 630, 632 Genitourinary, 30, 568, 630 Genomics, 58, 68, 177, 304, 568 Genotype, 42, 60, 63, 67, 223, 568, 601 Germ cell tumors, 478, 568

Germ Cells, 508, 568, 594, 595, 596, 619, 624, 633 Gestation, 568, 602 Ginkgo biloba, 226, 254, 568 Ginseng, 241, 243, 252, 254, 261, 568 Glioma, 314, 568 Glomerular, 208, 568, 580, 613 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 208, 568 Glomerulus, 568, 581 Glucose, 38, 47, 139, 148, 165, 218, 317, 397, 417, 535, 539, 544, 555, 568, 571, 575, 578, 615 Glucose Intolerance, 38, 317, 555, 568 Glucose tolerance, 568 Glucose Tolerance Test, 568 Glutamate, 336, 569, 588 Glutamic Acid, 565, 569, 593 Glutamine, 215, 254, 569 Glutathione Peroxidase, 569, 616 Glutathione Transferase, 291, 569 Glycerol, 374, 569, 601 Glycine, 531, 538, 569, 593, 617 Glycoprotein, 79, 320, 542, 564, 569, 581, 628 Glycosidic, 291, 569 Goats, 553, 569 Gonadal, 569, 621 Gonadotropin, 540, 545, 569 Goniotomy, 569, 626 Governing Board, 569, 605 Government Agencies, 390, 569, 605 Gp120, 569, 599 Grade, 26, 42, 53, 85, 300, 385, 386, 569 Grading, 300, 569 Graft, 310, 387, 570, 573, 576, 591, 608 Graft Rejection, 310, 570, 576 Graft-versus-host disease, 387, 570, 608 Gram-negative, 570, 571 Granulocyte, 200, 437, 570 Granulosa Cell Tumor, 57, 570 Group Practice, 27, 39, 41, 48, 49, 570 Growth factors, 101, 210, 310, 326, 335, 570 Gynecologic cancer, 102, 503, 570 Gynecologic oncologist, 49, 59, 456, 570 H Hair follicles, 570, 632 Handicap, 8, 570 Haploid, 570, 602 Haptens, 529, 570 Headache, 453, 541, 570, 575 Headache Disorders, 570 Health Education, 47, 135, 344, 571

644 Cancer

Health Fairs, 51, 511, 571 Health Promotion, 42, 349, 386, 415, 416, 443, 449, 451, 463, 472, 474, 477, 481, 571 Health Resources, iv, 14, 350, 444, 571 Health Services, 30, 33, 36, 63, 116, 126, 415, 571 Health Status, 8, 571, 604 Hearing Disorders, 548, 571 Heart attack, 542, 571 Heart failure, 499, 571 Heartburn, 489, 493, 571, 577 Helicobacter, 13, 14, 100, 114, 176, 179, 489, 571 Helicobacter pylori, 14, 100, 114, 176, 179, 489, 571 Hematologic malignancies, 22, 30, 571, 584 Hematology, 30, 59, 69, 180, 311, 571 Heme, 12, 227, 531, 552, 571, 572, 597 Hemochromatosis, 89, 571 Hemoglobin, 532, 561, 571, 572, 582 Hemoglobin M, 572 Hemoglobinopathies, 321, 567, 572 Hemoglobinuria, 397, 572 Hemorrhage, 551, 570, 572, 592, 609, 622 Hemostasis, 572, 617 Hepatic, 14, 50, 213, 325, 553, 568, 572, 584 Hepatitis, 4, 6, 14, 78, 178, 232, 236, 333, 365, 405, 457, 458, 481, 522, 572 Hepatitis C, 4, 14, 333, 572 Hepatocellular, 4, 6, 14, 77, 78, 79, 178, 182, 394, 458, 572 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 4, 6, 14, 77, 78, 79, 178, 182, 572 Hepatocytes, 572 Heredity, 416, 567, 568, 572 Herpes, 70, 112, 151, 156, 157, 387, 453, 572 Herpes virus, 112, 572 Herpes Zoster, 572 Heterogeneity, 81, 130, 295, 529, 572 Hirsutism, 322, 552, 572, 574, 575 Histamine, 112, 256, 335, 532, 572, 573, 574 Histidine, 572 Histology, 74, 347, 573, 598 Histone Deacetylase, 212, 306, 321, 573 Homeobox, 76, 573 Homeostasis, 338, 573 Homicide, 349, 573 Homogeneous, 550, 573 Homologous, 306, 320, 333, 530, 539, 550, 551, 567, 573, 608, 616, 617, 623

Homotypic, 45, 573 Hormonal, 85, 97, 129, 312, 410, 477, 536, 561, 573, 587 Hormonal therapy, 85, 97, 312, 410, 477, 573, 587 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 169, 171, 226, 503, 573 Hormone therapy, 102, 202, 208, 279, 280, 302, 529, 535, 573 Horny layer, 560, 573 Hospice, 102, 135, 136, 143, 159, 355, 458, 496, 573 Host, 14, 292, 334, 489, 537, 573, 576, 583, 614, 630, 632 Human papillomavirus, 347, 375, 412, 414, 420, 573 Humoral, 156, 296, 309, 570, 573 Humour, 573 Hybrid, 420, 547, 573 Hybridization, 37, 50, 70, 99, 101, 544, 573, 594 Hydatidiform Mole, 545, 573 Hydration, 527, 573 Hydrazine sulfate, 414, 463, 574 Hydrogen, 291, 321, 527, 531, 537, 541, 554, 563, 569, 574, 590, 593, 594, 597, 600, 608 Hydrogen Peroxide, 291, 569, 574 Hydrolysis, 528, 546, 574, 601, 608 Hydroxylation, 541, 574 Hydroxyproline, 531, 548, 574 Hyperandrogenism, 386, 574 Hyperbaric, 387, 491, 492, 574 Hyperbaric oxygen, 387, 491, 492, 574 Hypercalcemia, 326, 574 Hypercalciuria, 326, 574 Hypercholesterolemia, 232, 558, 574 Hyperlipidemia, 317, 558, 574 Hyperplasia, 35, 300, 574, 607 Hypersensitivity, 530, 554, 574, 583, 614, 617 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 574 Hypertension, 232, 317, 335, 349, 351, 542, 574, 579, 629 Hyperthermia, 221, 574, 592 Hypertrichosis, 572, 575 Hypertriglyceridemia, 317, 558, 575 Hypertrophy, 322, 538, 574, 575 Hypnotherapy, 12, 153, 238, 575 Hypnotic, 537, 575, 624 Hypoglycaemia, 553, 575 Hypopharynx, 9, 494, 575

Dictionary 645

Hypotension, 556, 575 Hypotensive, 294, 575 Hypothalamus, 575, 602, 620 Hypoxanthine, 575, 633 Hypoxia, 130, 553, 575, 624 Hysterectomy, 3, 106, 171, 575 I Idarubicin, 115, 218, 366, 575 Idiotype, 77, 329, 575 Ileal, 308, 575 Ileitis, 308, 575 Ileum, 308, 543, 575 Imidazole, 321, 322, 572, 575 Immune Sera, 575, 576 Immunity, 37, 57, 98, 103, 270, 309, 527, 576, 627 Immunization, 57, 77, 309, 458, 576, 617 Immunoconjugates, 290, 576 Immunodeficiency, 54, 77, 309, 388, 389, 397, 414, 527, 576 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 388, 389, 576 Immunogenic, 37, 58, 331, 576 Immunoglobulin, 40, 327, 533, 576, 590 Immunohistochemistry, 53, 576 Immunologic, 57, 545, 576, 610 Immunologic Memory, 57, 576 Immunology, 22, 23, 54, 98, 529, 576 Immunosuppressant, 530, 565, 576 Immunosuppressive, 552, 576, 599, 623 Immunosuppressive therapy, 576 Immunotoxin, 290, 576 Impairment, 8, 9, 308, 342, 347, 351, 536, 553, 558, 563, 576, 588, 598 Implant radiation, 576, 579, 580, 610, 633 Impotence, 351, 561, 576 In situ, 81, 86, 348, 385, 576 In Situ Hybridization, 81, 86, 576 In vitro, 45, 70, 79, 80, 208, 211, 226, 270, 292, 315, 325, 335, 543, 567, 577, 604, 623 In vivo, 43, 45, 52, 70, 79, 80, 81, 104, 226, 316, 322, 543, 567, 577, 623, 625 Incision, 569, 577, 580, 582, 607, 614, 625, 627 Incontinence, 4, 294, 351, 577 Incubation, 534, 577 Incubator, 15, 577 Indicative, 38, 213, 314, 328, 577, 598, 631 Indigestion, 523, 577, 581 Indolent, 312, 577 Induction therapy, 115, 218, 577 Infant Mortality, 349, 577

Infant, Newborn, 530, 577 Infarction, 129, 551, 577, 589, 613 Infection Control, 102, 416, 577 Infertility, 351, 577, 630 Infiltrating cancer, 577, 580 Inflammatory bowel disease, 308, 354, 577 Inflammatory breast cancer, 126, 578, 599 Infusion, 213, 216, 227, 578, 592, 627 Ingestion, 541, 568, 578, 588, 603, 624 Inhalation, 4, 535, 578, 603, 618 Initiation, 9, 52, 74, 95, 334, 578, 606, 622, 627 Inlay, 578, 613 Inner ear, 351, 547, 578 Inoperable, 494, 578 Inorganic, 546, 556, 578, 591, 601, 603 Inositol, 578, 588, 616 Inotropic, 557, 578 Inpatients, 198, 578 Insecticides, 578, 633 Insight, 35, 342, 578 Insomnia, 222, 453, 578 Instillation, 385, 578 Insulator, 578, 591 Insulin, 46, 104, 149, 232, 317, 386, 568, 578, 580, 629 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 578 Insulin-like, 149, 386, 578 Interferon, 70, 149, 256, 348, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377, 578, 579, 585 Interferon-alpha, 578, 579 Interleukin-2, 374, 505, 579 Intermittent, 409, 492, 579 Internal Medicine, 17, 18, 34, 47, 64, 72, 75, 102, 125, 182, 220, 458, 566, 571, 579, 587 Internal radiation, 579, 580, 610, 633 Interstitial, 149, 174, 540, 563, 579, 580, 613, 633 Intervention Studies, 32, 579 Intestinal Mucosa, 307, 560, 579, 633 Intestine, 58, 308, 504, 538, 540, 548, 559, 579, 582 Intoxication, 553, 579, 633 Intracellular, 68, 182, 295, 320, 541, 577, 579, 587, 588, 604, 611, 616, 618 Intracellular Membranes, 579, 587 Intracranial Hypertension, 570, 579, 626 Intraductal carcinoma, 557, 579 Intrahepatic, 50, 178, 579 Intraocular, 295, 460, 579 Intraocular pressure, 295, 579 Intraperitoneal, 92, 173, 201, 579

646 Cancer

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, 173, 579 Intravenous, 178, 179, 201, 578, 579, 598 Intravesical, 218, 327, 385, 579 Intrinsic, 99, 149, 162, 210, 323, 529, 537, 579 Intubation, 204, 543, 579 Inulin, 386, 568, 580 Invasive cancer, 105, 305, 315, 347, 577, 580 Invasive cervical cancer, 106, 580 Involuntary, 4, 537, 545, 561, 563, 580, 592, 612, 620 Iodine, 107, 188, 371, 374, 376, 580 Ion Channels, 580 Ionization, 580 Ionizing, 13, 329, 338, 531, 560, 580, 610, 629 Ions, 325, 527, 537, 556, 558, 574, 580, 608 Irinotecan, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 199, 200, 213, 222, 223, 275, 281, 366, 438, 580 Irradiation, 308, 326, 426, 494, 580, 633 Ischemia, 314, 536, 580, 591, 613 Islet, 278, 580, 593 Islet cell cancer, 278, 580 Isoflavones, 117, 207, 216, 218, 220, 222, 256, 265, 580 Isothiocyanates, 58, 178, 580 J Joint, 44, 45, 49, 535, 580, 623 K Kb, 320, 382, 581 Keratin, 581 Keratinocytes, 108, 347, 581 Keratoacanthoma, 13, 581 Keratolytic, 554, 581, 603 Keratosis, 347, 409, 421, 528, 581 Keto, 240, 581 Kidney Cortex, 581, 588 Kidney Disease, 287, 351, 382, 398, 581 Kidney Pelvis, 581, 630 Killer Cells, 212, 581 Kinetic, 580, 581 L Labile, 548, 581 Labyrinth, 547, 578, 581, 617, 631 Lactose Intolerance, 407, 489, 581 Laminin, 537, 563, 581 Language Disorders, 342, 346, 347, 548, 581 Laparoscopy, 178, 582 Laparotomy, 91, 106, 582

Large Intestine, 308, 413, 543, 548, 555, 579, 582, 611, 619 Laryngeal, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 177, 343, 346, 347, 460, 490, 493, 582 Laryngectomy, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 122, 162, 343, 346, 351, 490, 494, 582 Larynx, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 343, 346, 482, 490, 494, 521, 575, 582, 627, 632 Laser Surgery, 409, 417, 490, 582 Latency, 4, 57, 162, 582 Latent, 11, 57, 582, 605 Latent period, 57, 582 Least-Squares Analysis, 582, 612 Lectin, 582, 587 Leiomyoma, 123, 564, 582 Lens, 543, 582 Lentigo, 13, 582 Lethal, 56, 60, 65, 296, 537, 582 Letrozole, 88, 366, 582 Leucine, 58, 394, 582 Leucovorin, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 200, 366, 374, 375, 583 Leukocytes, 537, 540, 545, 560, 579, 583, 590, 593, 597, 628 Leukoplakia, 233, 348, 350, 414, 422, 583 Leukotrienes, 535, 558, 583 Libido, 532, 583 Library Services, 62, 518, 583 Life Expectancy, 319, 583 Ligament, 583, 606 Ligands, 40, 300, 335, 583 Ligation, 583, 607 Likelihood Functions, 583, 612 Limited-stage small cell lung cancer, 435, 583 Linear accelerator, 491, 583 Linear Models, 583, 612 Linkage, 26, 42, 47, 60, 499, 583 Lip, 421, 461, 546, 583 Lipid, 47, 372, 375, 377, 535, 569, 578, 581, 583, 591, 628 Lipoma, 123, 583 Lipoprotein, 558, 570, 583, 584 Liposarcoma, 317, 584 Liposomal, 83, 362, 363, 364, 584 Liver cancer, 6, 14, 204, 271, 333, 405, 407, 439, 440, 458, 474, 483, 531, 584 Liver Cirrhosis, 233, 333, 584 Liver metastases, 106, 118, 584 Liver scan, 584, 615 Local cancer, 71, 584 Localization, 100, 174, 308, 327, 576, 584

Dictionary 647

Localized, 216, 225, 308, 554, 559, 564, 572, 575, 577, 581, 584, 602, 624, 629 Locomotion, 550, 584, 602 Locoregional, 305, 584 Lod, 60, 584 Logistic Models, 584, 612 Lomustine, 337, 366, 584 Loop, 40, 258, 308, 584 Low-density lipoprotein, 558, 584 Luciferase, 70, 584 Lumen, 307, 585 Lumpectomy, 169, 585 Lupus, 236, 298, 349, 585 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, 96, 107, 585 Lutetium, 282, 585 Lutetium texaphyrin, 282, 585 Lymph node, 39, 109, 119, 201, 284, 305, 489, 536, 544, 583, 585, 594, 612, 617 Lymphatic, 111, 577, 585, 588, 617, 619, 620, 625 Lymphatic Metastasis, 585, 617 Lymphatic system, 585, 619, 620, 625 Lymphedema, 31, 107, 218, 585 Lymphoblastic, 585 Lymphoblasts, 528, 585 Lymphocyte, 292, 377, 527, 533, 534, 581, 585, 586, 587 Lymphocyte Count, 527, 585 Lymphocytic, 143, 585 Lymphoid, 114, 272, 533, 585 Lymphoma, 7, 21, 22, 23, 24, 50, 233, 282, 309, 329, 397, 571, 585 Lymphoproliferative, 585, 599 M Macrolides, 258, 338, 585 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 217, 314, 315, 586, 615 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 76, 78, 334, 586 Malabsorption, 397, 412, 586 Malignancy, 13, 14, 58, 63, 87, 406, 494, 496, 504, 527, 586, 597 Malignant, 6, 12, 23, 43, 50, 58, 76, 113, 118, 150, 214, 295, 299, 300, 302, 311, 314, 316, 320, 326, 327, 385, 397, 406, 407, 411, 413, 416, 417, 419, 422, 466, 493, 504, 507, 527, 528, 534, 542, 545, 561, 568, 584, 586, 591, 593, 607, 610, 614, 615, 624 Malignant tumor, 6, 76, 295, 302, 407, 416, 493, 542, 545, 586, 591, 614

Malnutrition, 536, 540, 586, 591 Mammary, 40, 70, 82, 140, 152, 155, 162, 182, 296, 468, 586, 611, 623 Mammogram, 47, 325, 462, 586, 589 Mammography, 74, 119, 131, 138, 223, 297, 325, 432, 443, 459, 586 Mandible, 385, 545, 586, 613 Manifest, 38, 60, 297, 324, 586 Masseter Muscle, 586, 628 Mastectomy, 31, 131, 146, 162, 471, 586, 605 Matrix metalloproteinase, 108, 316, 586 Maxillary, 546, 586 Meat, 168, 169, 170, 171, 586, 615 Mechlorethamine, 366, 586, 605 Medial, 535, 546, 586 Mediastinoscopy, 83, 586 Mediate, 77, 312, 547, 556, 581, 586 Mediator, 579, 587, 617 Medical oncologist, 19, 49, 55, 587 Medical Oncology, 50, 54, 66, 84, 92, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 209, 587, 609 Medical Records, 54, 587 Medicament, 530, 587, 623 MEDLINE, 14, 383, 385, 392, 398, 587 Medullary, 79, 396, 534, 587, 593 Megacolon, 308, 587 Melanin, 587, 601, 629 Melanocytes, 13, 587, 593, 594 Melanoma, 12, 36, 58, 70, 103, 279, 280, 292, 302, 325, 326, 331, 336, 347, 348, 395, 397, 403, 409, 411, 412, 417, 419, 422, 439, 452, 460, 483, 492, 587, 629 Melanosis, 527, 587 Melanosomes, 587 Membrane Proteins, 82, 587, 608 Memory, 344, 533, 553, 554, 587 Meninges, 544, 551, 587 Menopause, 233, 587, 599, 604, 605 Menstrual Cycle, 587, 606 Mental, iv, 14, 127, 142, 227, 287, 351, 382, 391, 399, 453, 544, 545, 548, 553, 556, 563, 587, 588, 608, 609, 615, 629 Mental Disorders, 287, 587, 608 Mental Health, iv, 14, 127, 142, 287, 351, 382, 391, 453, 588, 609 Mental Processes, 556, 588, 609 Mental Retardation, 399, 548, 588 Mentors, 17, 588 Mesenchymal, 560, 573, 588 Mesentery, 588, 600 Mesoderm, 546, 588, 633

648 Cancer

Meta-Analysis, 319, 588 Metabolic disorder, 321, 588 Metabolic therapy, 11, 588 Metabolite, 541, 555, 562, 583, 588, 605 Metabotropic, 336, 588 Metallothionein, 225, 301, 588 Metaplasia, 14, 35, 110, 489, 588 Metastasize, 12, 46, 303, 326, 413, 496, 502, 504, 588, 616 Metastatic, 35, 36, 39, 45, 65, 76, 82, 83, 93, 110, 124, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 200, 204, 205, 209, 224, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 284, 286, 302, 312, 319, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 407, 409, 427, 428, 430, 435, 438, 458, 474, 588, 616 Metastatic cancer, 124, 209, 224, 277, 319, 588 Methanol, 332, 333, 588 Methionine, 177, 555, 588, 622 Methyltransferase, 99, 223, 589 MI, 86, 90, 205, 297, 310, 313, 318, 375, 459, 465, 526, 589 Microbe, 309, 589, 626 Microbiology, 536, 589 Microcalcifications, 124, 589 Microcirculation, 584, 589, 603 Micronutrients, 319, 589 Microorganism, 547, 589, 598, 632 Micro-organism, 334, 554, 571, 589, 602 Microscopy, 45, 528, 537, 589 Microtubules, 589, 597 Micturition, 589, 607 Migration, 40, 45, 76, 81, 91, 140, 171, 297, 310, 324, 331, 546, 589 Milk Thistle, 259, 264, 589, 618 Milliliter, 539, 589 Millimeter, 409, 589 Minority Groups, 34, 48, 67, 73, 74, 589 Miotic, 589, 602 Mitochondria, 182, 589, 592, 596 Mitomycin, 219, 367, 385, 589 Mitosis, 535, 543, 590 Mitotic, 556, 562, 590, 631 Mitoxantrone, 97, 173, 367, 376, 590 Mobilization, 45, 590 Modeling, 151, 318, 557, 590 Modification, 8, 110, 321, 531, 567, 590, 609 Modulator, 590 Monitor, 25, 34, 58, 68, 313, 389, 416, 542, 590, 594

Monoclonal antibodies, 79, 272, 281, 327, 534, 576, 590, 628 Monocytes, 583, 590, 624 Mononuclear, 377, 590, 628 Mood Disorders, 10, 590 Morphine, 109, 590, 592, 596 Morphological, 79, 559, 587, 590 Morphology, 79, 107, 348, 543, 571, 590 Motility, 9, 590, 617 Motion Sickness, 590, 592 Mucinous, 90, 590 Mucins, 110, 591, 615 Mucosa, 308, 348, 488, 491, 566, 585, 591, 592, 622 Mucosal Ulceration, 308, 591 Mucositis, 387, 591, 625 Mucus, 385, 590, 591, 629 Multidrug resistance, 75, 591 Multiple Myeloma, 182, 462, 483, 591 Multiple sclerosis, 351, 591 Multivariate Analysis, 54, 591 Muscle Fibers, 591, 592 Muscular Atrophy, 321, 398, 591 Muscular Dystrophies, 558, 591 Mutagenic, 301, 530, 591, 629 Mutism, 351, 591 Myelin, 591 Myelodysplastic syndrome, 23, 72, 329, 591, 619 Myelogenous, 230, 591 Myeloma, 182, 591 Myeloproliferative Disorders, 234, 272, 282, 591 Myocardial Reperfusion, 314, 591, 592, 613 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 314, 591, 592, 613 Myocardium, 589, 592 Myosin, 45, 592 Myotonic Dystrophy, 398, 592 N N-acetyl, 212, 260, 573, 592 Naive, 65, 174, 334, 592 Narcotic, 590, 592 Nasal Cavity, 491, 592 Nasal Septum, 592 Nasopharynx, 427, 435, 491, 494, 592 Natural killer cells, 111, 316, 592 Nausea, 156, 198, 407, 462, 489, 534, 556, 577, 592, 629 Needle biopsy, 564, 592 Neoadjuvant Therapy, 103, 592

Dictionary 649

Neonatal, 577, 592 Neoplasia, 125, 182, 397, 425, 593 Neoplasm, 272, 282, 284, 299, 319, 561, 585, 593, 597, 615, 617, 629 Neoplastic, 19, 295, 296, 299, 328, 342, 344, 540, 581, 585, 593, 595, 615, 628 Nephropathy, 581, 593 Networks, 71, 125, 128, 140, 149, 223, 471, 509, 593 Neural, 125, 149, 471, 563, 573, 593 Neuroblastoma, 298, 508, 593 Neuroectodermal tumor, 7, 593 Neuroendocrine, 68, 76, 272, 278, 593 Neuroendocrine tumor, 278, 593 Neurologic, 284, 593 Neuroma, 351, 593 Neuromuscular, 527, 593, 629 Neuromuscular Junction, 527, 593 Neurons, 547, 554, 566, 593, 623, 631 Neurotransmitter, 527, 528, 529, 531, 556, 569, 572, 580, 593, 594, 616, 618, 620, 622 Neutrons, 531, 580, 593, 609, 610 Neutrophils, 218, 570, 573, 583, 593 Nevus, 13, 452, 582, 593 Niacin, 184, 185, 367, 594, 628 Nitrogen, 530, 531, 532, 552, 561, 563, 564, 569, 594, 628 Node-negative, 123, 594 Nolatrexed, 373, 594 Nonmelanoma skin cancer, 12, 87, 115, 121, 421, 594 Nonseminoma, 108, 594 Nonverbal Communication, 548, 594, 609 Norepinephrine, 529, 556, 593, 594 Novobiocin, 221, 594 NSAIDs, 157, 594 Nuclei, 300, 531, 547, 567, 586, 590, 593, 594, 608, 631 Nucleic acid, 292, 296, 299, 304, 305, 309, 316, 329, 330, 567, 573, 575, 576, 594, 609 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 573, 594 Nucleic Acid Probes, 305, 594 Nurse Clinicians, 27, 594 Nursing Care, 595, 598 Nutritional Support, 566, 595 O Occult, 563, 595 Occult Blood, 595 Octamer, 321, 595 Ocular, 294, 595 Odds Ratio, 26, 386, 595, 612 Ointments, 595, 598, 619

Oligoelement, 595 Oligomenorrhea, 595, 603 Omeprazole, 112, 595, 608 Oncogenic, 92, 306, 330, 595, 608 Oncologist, 41, 97, 145, 205, 456, 491, 587, 595 Oncology nurse, 21, 30, 595 Oncolysis, 595 Oncolytic, 112, 297, 324, 595 On-line, 42, 521, 595 Oocytes, 293, 595 Oophorectomy, 319, 595 Opacity, 543, 554, 595 Operon, 596, 606, 613 Ophthalmology, 564, 596 Opiate, 590, 596 Opium, 590, 596 Opportunistic Infections, 342, 527, 596 Opsin, 596, 614 Oral Health, 387, 389, 406, 416, 418, 419, 422, 467, 468, 596 Orbital, 548, 596 Orderly, 321, 596 Organ Preservation, 5, 7, 494, 596 Organelles, 544, 553, 587, 590, 596 Oropharynx, 9, 453, 575, 596 Osteoclasts, 541, 596 Osteoporosis, 171, 233, 234, 285, 317, 318, 335, 350, 458, 562, 596, 611 Osteoradionecrosis, 387, 491, 492, 494, 596 Outpatient, 24, 42, 65, 132, 134, 411, 501, 596 Ovaries, 56, 535, 561, 570, 574, 595, 596, 603, 613, 618, 624 Ovary, 291, 386, 502, 507, 532, 551, 561, 596, 603, 622 Overexpress, 295, 596 Overweight, 183, 596 Ovum, 551, 553, 568, 596, 606, 633 Oxaliplatin, 91, 110, 178, 179, 200, 354, 374, 596 Oxidation, 527, 534, 552, 569, 572, 597 Oxides, 569, 597 Oxygen Consumption, 597, 613 Oxygenase, 227, 597 P P53 gene, 305, 597 Pacemakers, 597, 603 Paclitaxel, 113, 114, 124, 165, 178, 201, 202, 203, 215, 216, 217, 219, 225, 226, 227, 261, 273, 274, 281, 283, 284, 368, 372, 373, 597

650 Cancer

Paediatric, 208, 597 Palate, 488, 490, 546, 592, 597 Palliative, 11, 12, 50, 101, 198, 209, 211, 271, 429, 552, 597, 624 Pallor, 300, 597 Pancreatitis, 234, 317, 597 Pancytopenia, 342, 597 Papilla, 597 Papillary, 283, 395, 396, 397, 597 Papilloma, 388, 420, 561, 597 Papillomavirus, 80, 151, 420, 460, 597 Papule, 347, 598 Paraffin, 53, 299, 598 Paralyses, 7, 598 Paraneoplastic syndrome, 429, 598 Parathyroid, 80, 336, 395, 541, 598, 624 Parathyroid Glands, 598 Parathyroid hormone, 80, 336, 541, 598 Parenteral, 215, 362, 559, 598 Parietal, 595, 598, 600 Paroxysmal, 397, 571, 598 Partial remission, 598, 612 Partnership Practice, 598, 605 Patch, 348, 413, 421, 583, 598 Pathogen, 571, 577, 598 Pathogenesis, 14, 35, 92, 139, 296, 308, 598 Pathologic, 54, 305, 535, 539, 551, 574, 598, 608, 613, 631 Pathologic Processes, 535, 598 Pathologies, 316, 598 Pathologist, 343, 598 Patient Advocacy, 389, 390, 598 Patient Care Management, 493, 598 Patient Education, 8, 135, 152, 153, 197, 354, 404, 419, 422, 502, 504, 516, 518, 526, 599 Patient Participation, 69, 153, 599 Peau d'orange, 578, 599 Pelvic, 85, 105, 106, 213, 356, 559, 599, 606 Pelvis, 220, 527, 540, 596, 599, 630 Penis, 521, 523, 525, 549, 558, 599, 600, 605, 613 Pentostatin, 114, 368, 599 Pepsin, 599, 616 Peptic, 234, 571, 599 Peptic Ulcer, 234, 571, 599 Peptide, 136, 226, 303, 331, 334, 339, 531, 541, 564, 581, 599, 603, 607, 608 Peptide T, 339, 599 Perception, 12, 99, 140, 144, 165, 549, 550, 571, 599, 616 Percutaneous, 108, 599

Perforation, 565, 599, 627 Perimenopausal, 171, 599 Perineal, 599, 610 Perioperative, 103, 599 Perioral, 418, 600 Peripheral blood, 72, 86, 101, 176, 212, 270, 377, 579, 600, 605 Peripheral Nervous System, 558, 593, 600, 620, 622 Peripheral stem cell transplantation, 277, 282, 600 Peripheral stem cells, 570, 600 Peritoneal, 92, 269, 428, 579, 600 Peritoneal Cavity, 579, 600 Peritoneum, 216, 540, 588, 600, 614 Peroxide, 291, 600 Petroleum, 598, 600 PH, 77, 207, 539, 600 Phallic, 564, 600 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 544, 566, 600 Pharmacist, 29, 600 Pharmacodynamics, 21, 600 Pharmacokinetic, 216, 600 Pharmacologic, 11, 43, 387, 426, 532, 600, 626, 630 Pharynx, 350, 491, 575, 592, 596, 601 Phenotype, 37, 176, 299, 311, 312, 326, 338, 601 Phenylalanine, 262, 601, 629 Pheromone, 336, 601 Phonation, 7, 601 Phosphates, 78, 601 Phosphodiesterase, 335, 601 Phospholipases, 601, 618 Phospholipids, 563, 578, 584, 601 Phosphorus, 262, 541, 598, 601 Phosphorylate, 325, 601 Phosphorylated, 325, 547, 601 Phosphorylation, 45, 81, 116, 320, 331, 552, 601, 607 Phosphotyrosine, 317, 601 Photodynamic therapy, 11, 113, 115, 216, 218, 282, 409, 585, 601 Photoreceptor, 601, 614 Phototherapy, 420, 601 Physical Examination, 38, 325, 333, 544, 601 Physician Data Query, 475, 599, 601 Physiologic, 95, 299, 435, 530, 580, 587, 589, 602, 611, 613

Dictionary 651

Physiology, 3, 37, 129, 174, 350, 412, 495, 542, 566, 571, 602 Pigments, 542, 547, 602, 613 Pilocarpine, 368, 375, 418, 602 Pilot Projects, 33, 62, 68, 602 Pilot study, 3, 83, 106, 115, 205, 218, 222, 602 Pineal gland, 545, 602 Pitch, 602, 632 Pituitary Gland, 564, 602 Placenta, 320, 535, 561, 562, 602, 606 Plana, 602, 617 Plants, 208, 211, 530, 542, 546, 568, 580, 582, 590, 594, 602, 603, 604, 615, 620, 626 Plaque, 348, 533, 602 Plasma, 82, 272, 282, 533, 541, 544, 564, 566, 568, 571, 572, 591, 602, 608, 615, 617, 626 Plasma cells, 533, 591, 602 Plasmid, 40, 372, 567, 602, 631 Plasmin, 602 Plasminogen, 82, 153, 602 Plasminogen Activators, 153, 602 Platelet Activation, 603, 618 Platelet Count, 91, 603 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 53, 81, 603 Platelets, 597, 603, 625 Platinum, 80, 178, 216, 269, 286, 299, 546, 584, 596, 603 Platinum Compounds, 596, 603 Plutonium, 89, 603 Pneumoconiosis, 603, 618 Pneumonia, 550, 603 Podophyllotoxin, 562, 603 Point Mutation, 331, 556, 603 Poisoning, 541, 553, 579, 592, 603 Policy Making, 153, 569, 603 Pollen, 603, 609 Polycystic, 322, 398, 574, 603 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 322, 574, 603 Polymerase, 85, 334, 604, 606, 613 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 334, 604 Polymorphic, 85, 545, 604 Polymorphism, 106, 154, 174, 604 Polyposis, 5, 78, 309, 395, 409, 501, 504, 505, 506, 510, 511, 528, 548, 604 Polysaccharide, 534, 544, 604, 608 Polyunsaturated fat, 168, 323, 604, 625 Population Characteristics, 75, 604 Population Density, 72, 604 Posterior, 342, 532, 536, 557, 597, 604, 616

Postmenopausal, 3, 208, 435, 535, 561, 596, 604, 611 Postoperative, 13, 134, 343, 385, 428, 430, 431, 438, 604 Postsynaptic, 604, 618 Post-translational, 103, 604 Potassium, 456, 604, 619 Potentiates, 85, 113, 202, 604 Potentiation, 604, 618 Practicability, 604, 628 Precancerous, 347, 409, 411, 421, 528, 545, 605 Preclinical, 37, 43, 501, 605 Predisposition, 42, 332, 605 Prednisone, 605 Preleukemia, 591, 605, 619 Premalignant, 12, 347, 605 Premenopausal, 113, 285, 605 Prenatal, 559, 567, 605 Preoperative, 4, 119, 219, 343, 436, 438, 605 Prepuce, 546, 605 Prevalence, 4, 10, 11, 15, 43, 154, 165, 205, 227, 308, 350, 415, 489, 595, 605 Preventive mastectomy, 471, 605 Prickle, 581, 605 Primary tumor, 312, 407, 605 Private Practice, 408, 605 Private Sector, 446, 605 Probe, 52, 294, 539, 605 Procarbazine, 337, 368, 605 Prodrug, 290, 295, 317, 605 Progesterone, 81, 169, 171, 260, 262, 527, 606, 621 Prognostic factor, 105, 305, 606 Program Development, 60, 606 Program Evaluation, 26, 606 Promoter, 31, 35, 38, 56, 65, 70, 124, 151, 606 Promotor, 301, 606 Prone, 306, 324, 606 Prophase, 539, 595, 606, 623 Prophylaxis, 308, 322, 606, 630 Proportional, 567, 598, 606 Prospective study, 83, 117, 118, 177, 181, 212, 493, 606 Prostaglandins, 535, 558, 606 Prostaglandins B, 606 Prostaglandins F, 606 Prostate gland, 302, 326, 607 Prostatectomy, 18, 53, 274, 279, 280, 607, 610 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 126, 487, 607

652 Cancer

Prostatic acid phosphatase, 300, 303, 607 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 229, 326, 327, 607 Prostatic Neoplasms, 561, 607 Prostatism, 321, 607 Prostatitis, 300, 487, 607 Prosthesis, 7, 13, 525, 607 Prosthesis Design, 13, 607 Protective Clothing, 413, 493, 607 Protein C, 531, 537, 581, 583, 607 Protein Conformation, 531, 581, 607 Protein Kinases, 330, 607 Protein S, 103, 294, 299, 301, 310, 312, 335, 343, 398, 539, 552, 567, 607, 614, 622 Protein Splicing, 103, 607 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 568, 607 Proteinuria, 591, 608 Proteoglycans, 537, 563, 608 Proteolytic, 548, 564, 602, 608 Prothrombin, 608, 625 Proton Pump, 88, 262, 595, 608 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 88, 262, 608 Protons, 531, 574, 580, 608, 609 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 597, 608 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 597, 608 Proto-Oncogenes, 305, 330, 608 Proximal, 125, 556, 581, 592, 608 Psoralen, 420, 608 Psoriasis, 235, 420, 608 Psychiatric, 548, 587, 608 Psychiatry, 173, 564, 608 Psychic, 240, 583, 587, 608, 609, 616 Psychoactive, 608, 633 Psychology, 30, 61, 203, 223, 556, 609 Psychomotor, 553, 609 Psychotherapy, 10, 209, 609 Psyllium, 262, 263, 609 Puberty, 322, 609 Public Policy, 47, 350, 383, 388, 497, 609 Pulmonary, 54, 111, 163, 164, 230, 272, 294, 539, 550, 560, 583, 609, 625 Pulmonary Artery, 539, 609 Pulse, 590, 609 Purifying, 332, 333, 554, 609 Purines, 609, 617, 633 Purpura, 342, 609 Pyrimidines, 609, 617 Q Quackery, 165, 609 Quercetin, 188, 301, 609 R Race, 104, 158, 589, 609

Radiation oncologist, 32, 34, 47, 49, 59, 595, 609 Radiation Oncology, 21, 66, 69, 175, 609 Radical prostatectomy, 65, 117, 274, 277, 279, 384, 610 Radioactivity, 328, 551, 610 Radiodermatitis, 422, 610 Radioimmunotherapy, 327, 548, 576, 610 Radioisotope, 314, 315, 610 Radiolabeled, 327, 377, 580, 610, 633 Radiological, 319, 599, 610 Radiology, 22, 25, 32, 42, 105, 179, 357, 410, 424, 434, 609, 610 Radiolucent, 385, 610 Radiopharmaceutical, 315, 610 Radiosensitization, 85, 338, 610 Radium, 217, 357, 610, 611 Radius, 51, 66, 610 Radon, 455, 466, 611 Raloxifene, 27, 426, 453, 611, 616 Raltitrexed, 438, 611 Random Allocation, 611 Randomization, 27, 280, 611 Reactivation, 38, 387, 611 Reactive Oxygen Species, 58, 291, 611 Reagent, 585, 611, 615 Receptors, Serotonin, 611, 617 Recessive gene, 57, 611 Recombinant, 70, 298, 309, 319, 322, 334, 365, 372, 374, 375, 376, 377, 611, 631 Recombination, 127, 329, 567, 611 Recurrence, 35, 73, 74, 98, 108, 154, 166, 209, 301, 385, 414, 421, 440, 450, 545, 611 Recurrent cancer, 384, 611 Red blood cells, 561, 597, 611, 615 Red Nucleus, 536, 612 Reductase, 63, 291, 535, 564, 612 Reentry, 500, 612 Refer, 1, 351, 423, 540, 548, 564, 566, 568, 572, 584, 592, 593, 610, 612, 626 Reflex, 12, 224, 239, 612 Reflux, 231, 493, 538, 612 Refraction, 612, 620 Refractory, 64, 91, 105, 181, 182, 200, 213, 216, 218, 272, 286, 292, 339, 612 Refractory cancer, 272, 612 Regeneration, 564, 612 Regimen, 14, 181, 213, 278, 285, 299, 558, 612 Regional cancer, 32, 612 Regional lymph node, 409, 612

Dictionary 653

Registries, 28, 34, 72, 447, 463, 464, 477, 500, 505, 511, 612 Regression Analysis, 47, 386, 612 Regurgitation, 571, 612 Relapse, 18, 57, 86, 104, 106, 202, 319, 612 Relative risk, 14, 35, 612 Remission, 159, 326, 336, 611, 612 Renal cell cancer, 58, 114, 277, 613 Renal cell carcinoma, 278, 613 Renal failure, 553, 613 Renal pelvis, 522, 613, 627 Reperfusion, 307, 591, 592, 613 Reperfusion Injury, 613 Replicon, 309, 613 Repressor, 306, 596, 613 Reproductive cells, 568, 613 Reproductive system, 607, 613 Resection, 6, 88, 104, 107, 111, 112, 118, 270, 327, 385, 412, 424, 488, 494, 613, 627 Resorption, 541, 596, 613 Respiration, 6, 7, 347, 542, 590, 613 Restoration, 6, 7, 495, 591, 611, 613, 633 Retina, 546, 582, 613, 614, 615, 617, 630 Retinal, 549, 556, 613, 614 Retinoblastoma, 397, 475, 614 Retinoid, 22, 614 Retinol, 173, 613, 614 Retroperitoneal, 529, 614 Retropubic, 607, 610, 614 Retropubic prostatectomy, 610, 614 Retrospective, 124, 158, 226, 614 Retroviral vector, 567, 614 Retrovirus, 56, 76, 342, 614 Reversion, 70, 614 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 7, 614 Rheumatism, 614 Rheumatoid, 235, 310, 314, 614 Rheumatoid arthritis, 310, 314, 614 Rhinitis, 614 Rhodopsin, 335, 596, 614 Riboflavin, 184, 185, 614 Ribose, 85, 528, 614 Ribosome, 614, 627 Rigidity, 602, 614 Risk patient, 5, 615 Rod, 536, 537, 601, 615 Rubidium, 315, 316, 615 Rural Population, 31, 41, 55, 174, 615 Rutin, 609, 615 S Saliva, 418, 495, 615

Salivary, 7, 385, 387, 392, 418, 493, 495, 552, 555, 597, 615, 622, 633 Salivary glands, 385, 493, 495, 552, 555, 615 Salvage Therapy, 93, 180, 207, 227, 384, 548, 615 Saponins, 615, 621 Sarcolemma, 592, 615 Sarcoma, 342, 348, 477, 615, 619 Saturated fat, 170, 615 Scans, 199, 615 Schizoid, 615, 633 Schizophrenia, 335, 615, 616, 633 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 616, 633 Sclera, 616, 630 Sclerosis, 398, 535, 591, 616 Scurvy, 172, 616 Sebaceous, 616, 632 Second Messenger Systems, 616 Secondary tumor, 407, 588, 616 Secretin, 335, 336, 616 Secretion, 40, 76, 81, 262, 296, 316, 499, 545, 560, 572, 573, 574, 578, 585, 591, 595, 616, 617 Secretory, 299, 300, 595, 616 Sedimentation, 544, 616, 628 Segregation, 611, 616 Seizures, 553, 598, 616 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 180, 611, 616, 623 Selenium, 51, 188, 222, 223, 319, 369, 475, 616 Self-Examination, 325, 354, 411, 617 Self-Help Groups, 351, 617 Semen, 302, 558, 606, 607, 617 Semicircular canal, 578, 617 Seminoma, 292, 617 Semisynthetic, 541, 562, 617 Senile, 528, 582, 596, 617 Sensitization, 123, 225, 316, 617 Sensory Thresholds, 4, 617 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, 111, 617 Sepsis, 306, 617 Sequence Deletion, 77, 617 Sequence Homology, 599, 617 Sequencing, 294, 571, 604, 617 Serine, 108, 528, 607, 608, 617 Serotonin, 335, 499, 593, 611, 617, 628 Serous, 269, 617 Serrata, 246, 546, 617 Serrated, 617

654 Cancer

Serum, 14, 87, 103, 136, 222, 297, 298, 532, 548, 569, 575, 584, 617, 628 Sex Behavior, 526, 618 Sex Characteristics, 529, 532, 609, 618, 624 Sex Determination, 398, 618 Sexual Abstinence, 420, 618 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 349, 351, 412, 618 Shock, 235, 294, 314, 339, 618, 628 Side effect, 10, 11, 43, 51, 295, 319, 327, 359, 371, 406, 407, 411, 419, 458, 481, 482, 484, 491, 494, 529, 538, 552, 557, 618, 623, 626 Sigmoid, 618 Sigmoidoscopy, 5, 280, 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 618 Signal Transduction, 53, 68, 71, 310, 318, 335, 578, 601, 618 Signs and Symptoms, 612, 618, 629 Silicosis, 466, 618 Silymarin, 177, 589, 618 Skeletal, 532, 537, 591, 618, 620 Skeleton, 409, 528, 580, 618 Skin Neoplasms, 12, 618 Skull, 314, 491, 551, 618, 621, 624 Small intestine, 308, 543, 557, 560, 573, 575, 579, 619 Smallpox, 619, 630 Smoldering leukemia, 591, 619 Smooth muscle, 294, 302, 530, 532, 541, 564, 572, 574, 582, 590, 606, 619, 620, 622 Soaps, 564, 619 Social Environment, 609, 619 Social Support, 133, 144, 146, 155, 156, 160, 162, 163, 224, 510, 619 Social Work, 30, 131, 136, 142, 152, 160, 499, 619 Socioeconomic Factors, 604, 619 Sodium, 113, 375, 555, 619 Soft tissue, 350, 540, 564, 618, 619 Soft tissue sarcoma, 564, 619 Solid tumor, 22, 56, 272, 279, 290, 291, 310, 315, 328, 342, 532, 533, 538, 557, 584, 619, 621 Solvent, 538, 569, 588, 619 Soma, 619 Somatic, 67, 122, 319, 529, 543, 573, 590, 600, 619, 624 Somatic cells, 543, 590, 619 Somatic mutations, 67, 319, 619 Somatostatin, 80, 81, 620 Soybean Oil, 604, 620

Spasm, 620, 624 Spasmodic, 7, 620, 628 Specialist, 423, 498, 512, 620 Specificity, 14, 53, 57, 290, 315, 333, 339, 529, 540, 605, 620, 626 Spectrum, 10, 41, 58, 73, 291, 306, 492, 551, 620, 629 Speech Disorders, 342, 620 Speech pathologist, 341, 620 Sperm, 302, 532, 545, 568, 594, 603, 613, 619, 620, 624, 628, 631 Sphincter, 3, 582, 620 Spices, 170, 620 Spina bifida, 351, 537, 620 Spinal cord, 314, 544, 545, 587, 593, 600, 612, 620 Spinous, 560, 581, 620 Spleen, 265, 552, 585, 620 Sporadic, 5, 38, 100, 116, 511, 614, 620 Sputum, 35, 620 Squalamine lactate, 371, 372, 620 Squamous cells, 416, 594, 621 Staging, 4, 6, 24, 38, 83, 94, 95, 118, 120, 121, 178, 221, 323, 332, 429, 435, 481, 482, 484, 488, 491, 493, 504, 615, 621 Standardize, 507, 621 Statistically significant, 9, 621 Stem cell transplantation, 278, 282, 621 Stem Cells, 600, 621 Stereotactic, 491, 621 Stereotactic radiosurgery, 491, 621 Sterile, 598, 621 Sterility, 552, 577, 621 Steroid, 63, 91, 128, 321, 322, 532, 535, 538, 551, 615, 621 Stimulant, 541, 572, 621 Stimulus, 55, 557, 558, 576, 580, 582, 612, 617, 621, 625 Stool, 406, 411, 548, 563, 577, 582, 622 Strand, 291, 329, 604, 622 Streptomycin, 552, 622 Stroke, 235, 287, 349, 351, 382, 455, 542, 622 Stroma, 326, 622 Stromal, 43, 559, 622 Stromal Cells, 43, 622 Subacute, 577, 622 Subarachnoid, 570, 622 Subclinical, 577, 616, 622 Subcutaneous, 558, 582, 598, 622 Submaxillary, 560, 622 Subspecies, 620, 622

Dictionary 655

Substance P, 588, 616, 622 Substrate, 295, 308, 322, 622 Sulfur, 188, 556, 563, 569, 588, 622 Sunburn, 236, 492, 622, 629 Sunscreening Agents, 492, 622 Superoxide, 154, 291, 622 Supplementation, 215, 622 Supportive care, 16, 30, 469, 599, 601, 623 Suppositories, 566, 623 Suppression, 12, 70, 293, 301, 320, 321, 414, 532, 567, 623 Survival Rate, 16, 139, 305, 337, 346, 384, 385, 423, 477, 623 Sympathomimetic, 556, 560, 594, 623 Symphysis, 545, 606, 623 Symptomatic, 308, 434, 597, 623 Synapse, 529, 593, 623, 627 Synaptic, 593, 618, 623 Synergistic, 6, 19, 35, 223, 334, 599, 623 Systemic, 182, 201, 225, 236, 294, 309, 323, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 387, 539, 553, 556, 560, 577, 579, 580, 610, 623, 627, 630, 633 Systemic therapy, 323, 623 Systolic, 574, 623 T Tacrolimus, 277, 623 Tamoxifen, 27, 31, 51, 86, 88, 118, 122, 156, 202, 266, 285, 319, 369, 426, 453, 616, 623 Technology Transfer, 34, 623 Telangiectasia, 398, 623 Telomerase, 178, 182, 206, 623 Temporal, 147, 570, 571, 624 Tendon, 548, 624 Teratoma, 545, 594, 624 Testicles, 532, 617, 624, 631 Testicular, 91, 122, 135, 149, 156, 292, 447, 474, 478, 480, 535, 594, 617, 624 Testis, 108, 292, 393, 532, 545, 561, 624 Testosterone, 63, 302, 360, 532, 564, 585, 612, 624 Tetanus, 624, 628 Tetany, 598, 624 Thalamic, 536, 624 Thalamic Diseases, 536, 624 Thalidomide, 273, 274, 284, 369, 624 Therapeutics, 5, 13, 21, 54, 151, 156, 178, 237, 328, 338, 371, 624 Thermal, 163, 347, 535, 556, 593, 604, 624 Thiamine, 181, 184, 185, 624 Thiotepa, 385, 624

Thoracic, 21, 83, 94, 104, 107, 108, 111, 112, 116, 118, 125, 219, 221, 435, 625, 633 Thoracic Surgery, 21, 94, 104, 107, 108, 111, 116, 125, 625 Thoracotomy, 112, 625 Thorax, 92, 94, 527, 586, 625 Threonine, 108, 599, 608, 617, 625 Threshold, 4, 38, 299, 574, 625 Thrombin, 335, 564, 607, 608, 625 Thrombocytopenia, 342, 625 Thrombolytic, 602, 625 Thrombosis, 417, 607, 622, 625 Thromboxanes, 535, 558, 625 Thrombus, 551, 577, 591, 625 Thymidine, 70, 325, 625 Thymidine Kinase, 70, 325, 625 Thymidylate Synthase, 80, 180, 594, 625 Thymus, 266, 576, 585, 625 Thyroid Gland, 598, 625 Time Factors, 530, 625 Tin, 603, 625 Tinnitus, 351, 626, 631 Tissue, 32, 43, 53, 60, 62, 65, 67, 68, 86, 139, 270, 286, 298, 300, 302, 304, 312, 313, 314, 325, 327, 328, 336, 338, 348, 384, 386, 476, 492, 510, 528, 532, 533, 534, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 543, 545, 546, 547, 550, 551, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 569, 570, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 579, 580, 582, 583, 585, 586, 587, 588, 591, 592, 593, 594, 597, 598, 599, 600, 602, 603, 607, 611, 612, 613, 614, 618, 619, 621, 622, 623, 624, 626, 627, 628, 629, 633 Tissue Distribution, 540, 626 Tobacco Industry, 350, 626 Tolerance, 13, 67, 528, 568, 626 Tome, 247, 267, 626 Tomography, 83, 118, 131, 203, 218, 221, 549, 615, 626 Tonicity, 558, 626 Topical, 11, 13, 77, 348, 363, 365, 368, 369, 409, 417, 419, 574, 598, 619, 626 Topical chemotherapy, 13, 348, 417, 626 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 580, 626 Toxic, iv, 295, 299, 301, 308, 338, 530, 538, 553, 560, 562, 576, 588, 603, 616, 624, 626 Toxicity, 19, 25, 43, 70, 136, 165, 181, 270, 301, 319, 328, 339, 542, 557, 575, 626 Toxicology, 113, 174, 175, 177, 179, 182, 212, 384, 626 Toxin, 78, 290, 295, 559, 624, 626

656 Cancer

Trabecular Meshwork, 626 Trabeculectomy, 294, 626 Trace element, 121, 169, 475, 540, 547, 565, 625, 627 Trachea, 121, 540, 582, 601, 625, 627 Tracheoesophageal puncture, 6, 8, 13, 627 Tracheotomy, 9, 627 Transcriptase, 305, 334, 614, 623, 627 Transcription Factors, 303, 306, 326, 627 Transduction, 53, 618, 627 Transfection, 76, 81, 312, 316, 539, 567, 627 Transfer Factor, 576, 627 Transforming Growth Factor alpha, 80, 320, 627 Transfusion, 4, 125, 572, 627 Transitional cell carcinoma, 275, 437, 627 Translating, 539, 627 Translation, 166, 312, 531, 607, 627 Translational, 16, 20, 22, 30, 42, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 312, 567, 627 Translocation, 54, 393, 397, 627 Transmitter, 527, 556, 580, 587, 594, 627 Transplantation, 21, 23, 83, 272, 546, 576, 586, 600, 627 Transurethral, 385, 607, 627 Transurethral resection, 385, 607, 627 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 607, 627 Trastuzumab, 204, 371, 458, 628 Trauma, 347, 553, 561, 597, 628 Treatment Failure, 87, 628 Treatment Outcome, 385, 628 Trigger zone, 534, 628 Triglyceride, 575, 628 Trismus, 491, 494, 628 Tryptophan, 499, 548, 617, 628 Tuberous Sclerosis, 398, 628 Tubulin, 298, 589, 628 Tumor marker, 22, 54, 303, 423, 539, 628 Tumor model, 37, 57, 628 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 81, 624, 628 Tumor suppressor gene, 35, 53, 79, 103, 305, 330, 488, 597, 628 Tumor-derived, 54, 312, 628 Tumorigenic, 70, 76, 118, 140, 629 Tumour, 85, 165, 180, 224, 534, 595, 629 Tunica, 591, 629 Type 2 diabetes, 93, 317, 629 Tyrosine, 81, 110, 116, 223, 225, 267, 269, 283, 310, 317, 318, 320, 556, 601, 607, 629 U Ulcer, 309, 499, 525, 629

Ulceration, 308, 591, 599, 629 Ulcerative colitis, 308, 354, 578, 629 Ultrasonography, 119, 629 Ultraviolet radiation, 622, 629 Ultraviolet Rays, 412, 450, 629 Unconscious, 528, 532, 575, 629 Unresectable, 273, 279, 280, 285, 424, 629 Unsaturated Fats, 564, 629 Uraemia, 597, 629 Uranium, 68, 610, 629 Urban Population, 51, 630 Urease, 571, 630 Ureter, 397, 522, 581, 613, 627, 630 Urethra, 302, 327, 538, 599, 606, 607, 627, 628, 630 Urinary, 64, 92, 327, 523, 524, 552, 568, 577, 607, 614, 630, 633 Urinary Retention, 607, 630 Urinary tract, 630 Urogenital, 568, 630 Urogenital Diseases, 630 Urologic Diseases, 349, 351, 630 Uvea, 630 Uveitis, 295, 630 V Vaccination, 37, 57, 405, 630 Vaccine, 11, 57, 156, 165, 286, 302, 309, 333, 336, 339, 365, 372, 529, 541, 608, 628, 630 Vaccinia, 375, 630 Vagina, 402, 414, 506, 544, 554, 570, 613, 630, 632 Vaginal, 169, 309, 414, 630, 632 Vaginal Discharge, 414, 630 Variola, 630 Vascular, 54, 87, 182, 310, 317, 530, 570, 574, 577, 584, 589, 602, 603, 625, 630, 631 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 54, 87, 182, 310, 631 Vasculitis, 597, 631 Vasectomy, 480, 631 Vasoconstriction, 560, 631 Vasodilation, 556, 631 Vasodilator, 557, 572, 591, 631 Vasomotor, 561, 631 VE, 98, 171, 631 Vector, 45, 316, 325, 334, 372, 627, 631 Vein, 579, 594, 631 Venous, 603, 607, 631 Venous blood, 603, 631 Ventricular, 592, 631 Venules, 539, 541, 589, 631

Dictionary 657

Vertebrae, 537, 620, 631 Vertebral, 538, 602, 620, 631 Vestibule, 547, 578, 617, 631 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 547, 626, 631 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 626, 631 Veterinary Medicine, 383, 631 Vinblastine, 132, 370, 628, 631 Vinca Alkaloids, 631, 632 Vincristine, 337, 370, 605, 628, 632 Vinorelbine, 201, 204, 205, 217, 227, 370, 438, 632 Viral, 4, 6, 71, 112, 156, 157, 236, 316, 387, 397, 595, 608, 614, 627, 629, 632 Virilism, 322, 574, 632 Virtual colonoscopy, 408, 632 Virulence, 14, 489, 626, 632 Visceral, 63, 600, 632 Viscosity, 306, 632 Vitiligo, 608, 632 Vitro, 140, 393, 632 Vivo, 43, 70, 316, 321, 632 Vocal cord, 7, 490, 601, 632 Voice Quality, 7, 632 Volition, 580, 632 Vulgaris, 263, 632 Vulva, 402, 521, 526, 632

W Wakefulness, 553, 632 War, 130, 345, 357, 586, 632 Wart, 581, 632 Watchful waiting, 97, 632 Weight Gain, 407, 632 Wheezing, 499, 633 White blood cell, 494, 528, 533, 546, 570, 583, 585, 591, 592, 602, 633 Windpipe, 601, 625, 633 Withdrawal, 350, 553, 633 Womb, 613, 630, 633 Wound Healing, 546, 564, 586, 633 X Xanthine, 291, 633 Xanthine Oxidase, 291, 633 Xenobiotics, 291, 633 Xenograft, 320, 533, 628, 633 Xerostomia, 407, 418, 434, 491, 494, 495, 633 X-ray therapy, 580, 633 Y Yeasts, 566, 601, 633 Yolk Sac, 594, 633 Z Ziconotide, 105, 633 Zoledronate, 64, 633

658 Cancer

Dictionary 659

660 Cancer

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