RACE LIFE OF THE
ARYAN PEOPLES BY
JOSEPH
P.
iPolume
WIDNEY
ne
THE OLD WORLD
FUNK
fif
WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YO...
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RACE LIFE OF THE
ARYAN PEOPLES BY
JOSEPH
P.
iPolume
WIDNEY
ne
THE OLD WORLD
FUNK
fif
WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON MDCCCCVII
^
L/A
Copyright, 1907, by
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY [Printed in the United States of AmericaJ Published June,
1907
EPOS EVERY
side with the
by
spoken epic
yet truer and deeper.
It is
is
another, unspoken,
the tale of the race
is
is
rulers,
its
men become less, man grows greater. The
great
race force
product. is
In the perspective
but in the race life.
broader, deeper, richer than the
men.
The
found, not in the story of the battles or of the
deeds of the of time
the epic
always more wonderful than the epic told.
true epic
as the
not
life,
And
told in words, but lived in deeds done. lived
its
But
the tale of the fathers told to the sons.
It is
epic.
side
masterful race of the world's history has
men
life
of
They
any man, or
of a race are only
and the reserve force
;
is
are indices, race marks.
mountain peak
;
for the
Race
Hellas, vastly
greater than
The
[iii]
man
great
;
they are
colonies, not
the true epic of the
not the Vedas, not the Avestas, not the
Beowulf, but
its
Kings are the
The Greek
Agamemnon, are more marvelous. So of
Nibelungen, or
any
mountains that loom up
only the land-mar&s, marks of the land.
Ilium and Atreides
of
an evolution of
above the wide-spread plain are not the land
accident; the people, the law.
life is
Aryan Iliad,
the marvelous
folk;
or the tale
of
EPOS what the Aryan man has the wild and waste lands to blossom as the
rose
how he
lived
how he how he
has
seas;
these
are
his true
made
race
unknown paths of The others epic.
are only as the fairy tales which old wives children.
We read between
to find the truer
This book
is
the desert
has built up empire
with ax and plow, and has sailed the the
has subdued
tell
to their
the lines of the written epic
and greater epic which
lies
beyond.
an attempt to unfold somewhat of the
race epic which the
Aryan peoples have
Los Angeles, January
1907.
[iv]
lived
CONTENTS OF VOLUME
I
PAGE
EPOS,
iii
CHAPTER WHO
I
ARE THE ARYAN PEOPLES?
i
CHAPTER
II
ORIGINAL HOMELAND OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES,
CHAPTER THE TYPE
OF
MAN
TO
WHICH
9
III
IT
CHAPTER THE
.
GAVE BIRTH,
.
26
IV
INDO-ARYAN,
.
30
.
39
CHAPTER V THE
IRANO- ARYAN,
.
.
CHAPTER
.
.
.
;...
VI
THE GOING OUT FROM THE OLD HOME WESTWARD TO THE SEA,
....
CHAPTER THE EUROPEAN HOME,
[v]
.
46
VII .
.
.
,
,
all
which, like the irregular conjuga-
tongues, goes back of those deco-
rous and orderly after-conjugations
time
we
call regular to
when words were few because thought was
a
simple,
and hence the necessity of a more uniform system in conjugation as a mental labor-saving device had not yet been [86]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN forced
upon men.
And
then that old-time second
aorist,
the displaced tenant of a once verbal past and the parvenu first aorist, still uncertain of its social rank among ;
grammatical forms even in classic Greek, but depending upon the ecclesiastical indorsement of the New-Testa-
ment Greek to secure to it general standing; and the second perfects, with their roots abraded by the wear of uncenturiesall are grammatical derelicts, the drift of the ages, telling of a long-gone, prehistoric past. Or they told
are as the
smooth coins which
linger in circulation side
by side with their smarter successors, date, motto obliterated, effigy worn and dim, only the polished disks remaining to tell of the days that are no more. And when the grammarian stopped short, the spade of the antiquary took up the uncompleted task, and at Mykene and Tiryns and Knossos, and upon the old Dardanian plains of the Troad
Greek home, dug down through the buried stratification of a long-forgotten past and uncovered again It was a to the light of day the Greece that had been. Greece which had lived its life and grown old before the days of the Persian, before the days even of Lydia and of Kroisos, and of the outflowing of the Greek colonies, in that other
was only the Greece of the Dorian Renaissance, not the Greece of the beginning. Rome we know from her beginning; Greece, only in her decline and fall. It is as tho Rome's written history had begun with the Goth at her gates. Greece was alfor all this
ready retreating from her outposts written history set in.
the
dawn
of
We have been accustomed to look
upon the age of Perikles as the was only a
when
summit
of
Greek
great-
the glow of the afterness; noon, not of the morning, that comes reflected to us [87] it
revival.
It is
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES across the centuries. tide of his race
life.
He was already upon
The Greek was then past the noonThe days of expansion were over. the defensive.
It is to
be remem-
bered that Thermopylai, and Marathon, and Salamis, and
upon Greek soil to drive back Greek homeland. The advance of the invader from the the Greek wave had been checked. The lonians no longer were free. This was not a contest for the acquisiPlataia were battles fought
new
tion of
lands, but a fight for life itself in the older
These were such battles as Rome fought in the third and fourth centuries against Alamanni and Goth when she was already rebuilding the walls of defense of the Imperial City. Flood-tide of Greek power passed with the dimly historic days when the Greek peoples went out and built up that Magna Graecia which spread homeland.
from the Euxine to the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea. I have said that it was the afternoon sun of the Greek
day that slanted down upon the Greece of Marathon and Salamis. Noontide was back inthe days of which Herodotos
so sadly speaks.
Greece did not then have to
The
days began when the Lydian power overshadowed the clustering Ionian cities of the rim of the Asiatic shore. The brave days of the old fight for
her 'freedom.
evil
Greek race were the days when the Greek colonies
pos-
sessed the shores of the Mediterranean out to the Pillars of
Hercules, those old IlvXat TaSctpiSes, beyond which Gades looked out over the sweep of the ever-circling River of
days when Greek ships carried Greek trade to the farther shores of the Euxine and brought back their
Ocean
;
lading of fish and grain.
We
have been accustomed to
speak of Greek power as short-lived. May be we do not go far enough back for the beginning. If Mykene and [88]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN Tiryns and Knossos could speak from their ruins they
might
tell
peoples.
somewhat of the earlier manhood of the Greek But history then was not only song and the :
song was already growing
faint
upon
;
the
air.
Age writes
history; youth sings.
Altho Greek and Latin seem to have been closely akin in blood, and linked together in race migration, yet the dividing line historically between them is the dividing line between old and new. Upon the one side lie the
vague, shadowy, long-departed Asiatic days; upon the other, the stir of modern life. When we speak of the
Greek somehow we think of Ilium and of the Lydian shore, and of Kroisos, and of Cyrus and Babylon, and of the March of the Ten Thousand, and of days and of lands which were before time was for time historically seems to begin west of the ^Egean. But the Latin some;
how links on to the Even Romulus and
And
very far away.
But Greece
present.
are in at the birth.
the wolf-fostering do not seem so
then
Rome
the Akropolis
:
We
still lives.
is
only a tomb beautiful ;
only a tomb, where men linger in the ghostly moonlight dreaming, but it is the elusive fantom of a dream within a dream. One picks up in its desolation ; but
Caesar, or Livy:
But Herodotos:
And Homer
it
it
is is
still
as Grant's Memoirs, or as as the Egyptian
Book
he might have sung the
Hume.
of the
Hymns
Dead. to the
Maruts.
The
Latin had also his prehistoric days about the
slopes of the Apennines.
here
we
Of
we know less, for him also we have
Yet to more time for the process of race evoluThe ante urbem conditam is lengthening out. The lack even tradition.
learned to give tion.
these
[89]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES post urbem conditam toric fact of
it all
is
dwarfing.
is this,
But the
that here,
essential his-
by the shores of the
Mediterranean, in some prehistoric time the Graeco-Latin Aryans did find a race home, driving out or absorbing other men who held the land before them, and did build
up an Aryan civilization which has left an upon the whole after-history of the world.
indelible
mark
What were
the Changes in Physical Surroundings and in Climate which Came to the Greco-Latin in his New
Home?
He
has
left
the interior of the continent and has
come
by the shores of the sea. He has ceased to be a of the highlands he has become a lowlander. Yet
to dwell
man
;
only in part, for even here are the mountains also where he may quickly climb the steeps which form the backward rim of the seacoast plain. In latitude, unlike the
Teuton, he has scarcely varied from the old home line he is still within the parallel of 40 north. But he has :
departed from his old isothermal line. He is now upon the annual mean of 59. This fact has an important bearing upon the question of the comparative time of race maturity, as will be seen in the further discussion of the subject.
He
has
also, like the
Teuton,
left
the dry air of
and passed progressively on the sea yet not into the fogs and
the interior of the continent to the moister air of
;
the mists which enveloped the pathway and the final haltWhile the air of the sea, it is ing-place of the Teuton. yet the warmer, drier atmosphere of the Mediterranean with its comparatively cloudless skies, and over all the
kindly
summer sun
of the Orient.
And
this fact stands
prominently forth in his case as in that of his Teutonic [90]
THE GR&CO-LATIN ARYAN brother, that he, a
man born and
reared in the heart of a
continent, having his race constitution fixed in lands
away
sea, has left the inland and become a dweller by the shores of the sea. He has changed the physical sur-
from the
roundings and the skies which had helped to make him man he was. He has found a land of softer, kindlier
the
He
skies.
is still
a dweller in the land of the wheat and
the barley, but he has gained the olive and the vine.
He
has carried with him his domesticated animals, but coming to a land more favorable to the cultivation of the soil
he begins to lose his pastoral habits and becomes more of an agriculturist; and with this change he changes also,
somewhat of his food habits, eating less meat, more of grains and fruits. And with this change he becomes more fixed in his habitation, for the tiller of the soil can not roam at will as can the man who is fed by his flocks and herds. and
resultantly,
The ment
laws which regulate and govern race developmany respects much like the laws which reg-
are in
and govern vegetable life. The plant, removed from a colder climate to warmer and more genial surroundings, takes on a quicker development. Under the ulate
stimulating rays of a southern sun and the favoring influences of a longer growing season, it flowers and fruits
more
quickly.
So
it
is
with races.
And
races,
like
show all the more quickly that decay and death which come after flowering. Races, not men. For while the race as a race seems to lose vitality and decay, the individuals, the units, the elements, live on to recombine after a while in new race forms. The race seems to lose capacity for plants in this respect also, with such surroundings
[91]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES united action and for forward vidual the
power
movement
The
of reproduction.
things to pass as a race
is
ability to bring
It is
gone.
not the indi-
;
a mental and
moral, rather than a physical, decay which seems to result,
a race
The
inertia.
fruited
;
thenceforth the rule
only decadence. to
race, like the plant, has flowered
current of
for
it,
as for the plant,
And normal flowering and
come only once
force, as of
is
to each race even
and
fruiting seem
when no
external
war or conquest, has supervened to check the race life. It was so with the Brahmin, the
No power no second coming of youth, no rebe-
Iranian, the Israelite, the Arab, the Chinese. of self-rejuvenation,
gotten tide of vitality in the race veins, has ever brought force to lift either up from the race torpor which has
Two
upon them.
things may, however, for a time the normal suspend working of the race law to its ultifallen
mate end, may even for a time bring back the slighter harvest of an aftermath to the race. The first is, the stimulation of
new race environments
;
as
when
that older
Phoenician passed oversea from Tyre and made a new race home at Carthage. The second is, the incorporation of
new blood
;
as
when
to the failing civilization of
Knossos and the -^Egean came the fresh wave of Dorian blood which upbuilt classic Greece or as when to dying ;
Rome came
that
wave
which made
of Teutonic blood
possible to the Latin the Renaissance of the Middle Ages.
What were
the Physical Surroundings in the New Home of the Graeco-Latin Aryan which Would Tend to
Stimulate and Hasten Race Development ?
They may be thus higher mean of annual
briefly
enumerated
:
a somewhat
heat; a more equable tempera[92]
THE GRAECO-LATIN ARYAN a more genial climate
a better-watered land, with a greater degree of atmospheric moisture and hence more favorable conditions for agriculture with these a fresh ture
;
and
fertile soil
;
;
;
and as a
result of all these a
more abun-
dant and more varied food supply; and as a result of this
more plentiful and more
certain supply of food, in accord-
ance [with a well-established law of population, a more rapid increase in numbers, wealth, and power. This Graeco-Latin
Aryan
also
found here, for the
first
time
home, a fixed habitation and gave up the wandering habit. It was the end of the long march. The Aryan man is not by temprobably* since leaving the primitive race
perament a nomad.
some
The Mongol and
the Semite in
of their branches furnish the only true
That
nomads
of
branch of the Aryan family had been upon the road through necessity, and not by choice or from any rambling instinct, is fairly the world.
this Graeco-Latin
having found this new race home, they have not departed from it in the at least thirty cenThe turies since first taking up their abode therein.
shown by the
nomadic
life
the world.
fact that
seems to belong only to the great plains of seems to be a part of the boundless reaches
It
ever stretching on and on with no natural features, as mountain or lake or river to anchor the race of this, and the pastoral
life
with
ership in the soil.
come
its
And
attendant lack of personal own-
then this Graeco-Latin Aryan has
to the broken lands
habitation
and transport
where his
it is
less
easy to change
household
goods.
The
growth of the agricultural habit also would him from month to month as the season's crop was mahelp to fix
turing,
and
to a certain extent
from year to year, for now
he begins to have a more permanent [93]
interest in the soil
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES own
its wild growth and This can he not carry with him if fitted for the plow. he removes, and it represents to him too great an expen-
.which his
labor has cleared of
diture of labor to be lightly abandoned.
which came in the habit of a mere
life
of the race
The change was not then
matter of choice alone, for having passed in
its
migration southward from the great grass belt of the world it adopts through necessity the agricultural habit
and becomes attached Several causes
to the soil.
may
readily be inferred as lying
back
of their final location about the east basin of the Mediter-
ranean. the
first
Here, about the rim of the sea, apparently for time in their journeying they found a suitable
and ample race home, with
all
the agricultural and
cli-
matic requisites fully met.
Here, too, for the first time the way was in a measure blocked about and before them. Upon the north were the forbidding waters and the harsh shores of the Euxine, and the inhospitable
mountains and forests of eastern Mid-Europe. South" ward spread the Great Sea," and about its shores were
and fixed Semitic and Hamitic nations and Egypt. In front lay the as yet un-
settled the powerful
of Syria, Arabia,
tracked waters of the ^Egean. Eastward the oncoming tide of Asiatic population closed in behind them over the
road they presumably had just traversed. And so here wave of the Aryan blood rested from its
this Graeco- Latin
journeying and began to build up a new homeland. Let us pause for a moment and take a view of this land which was to be for all these centuries the GraecoLatin race
home and
the scene of so
much
of the world's
history.
From
the upland center of Asia [94]
Minor flow down
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN westward to the sea numerous streams of purest water making fertile the broad plains of Karia, of Lydia, and of Notable
Mysia.
giving from
word
to
its
these streams are the Meander,
among
devious course and winding curves a and the Hermos, which from
modern tongues
the golden sands of
;
tributary, the Pactolos, gives an-
its
other to the words coined to our use from the land.
Here was the chosen home
of the lonik Greeks.
exact lines by which the Greek folk
The
entered upon these lands which lay about the shores of the ^Egean may always remain, if viewed solely in the light of race tradition,
a matter of question.
first
Whether, coming
first
to the
narrower waters on either side of the Propontis, they gradually worked their way down both shores of the
^gean, or whether they first reached
the sea at the lonik
coast and then gradually crossed oversea westward from
mainland of peninsular Hellas can now say, for tradition is confused
island to island until the
was reached, no man and uncertain; nor in the dim hintings of successive crossings and recrossings of this island-studded sea which have come down to us are the traces of their footsteps sufficiently clear.
But
it is
upon the lonik coast and the near-by
of Krete that civilization.
we
first
Why?
island
discover the beginnings of their
Probably because here lay the more
Here life first began to grow easier to Here amid the rich barley-fields and the rank grasses of the alluvial plains, and not upon the more sterile hills of peninsular Hellas, was the struggle for daily bread first made lighter by a more genial and kindly favorable lands.
the race.
from irksome toil for the deand literature and art. It was
nature, thus leaving leisure
velopment of
civilization
[95]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES by these shores Homer sang, and around them clustered the legends upon which was based that epic which through all these centuries has kept upon it the freshness Across the waters, almost in sight of the Karian shore, with Rhodes and Karpathos as the stepping-stones, lay the wooded hills of Krete with treeof the world's youth.
crowned
Ida,
and the rim
of rich soil
which
girt
it
about,
land of Minos, and Knossos, and the hundred towns, and seat of the earliest settled state of the
Then
Greek peoples. e
the clustering islands of the -^Egean,
oi /cvfcXaSoi,
tempting on over the blue waters and then, as they learned to cross over the narrow seas, the mainland of still
;
And
yet beyond, for the Latin branch of the family, which possibly crossed over the narrower waters Hellas.
on
either side of the Propontis,
and moved thence on by
land never taking to the sea but skirting about the headwaters of the Adriatic for them were the sloping plains
Apennines, and in later years all the broad lands of the Po and of Cis-Alpine Italy, with of the west flank of the
the slopes of Etna, and the winding coasts of Sicily, the older Trinakria of the Greek colonists, just across the slender ribbon of water which later washed the walls of
the island town of Messina.
Some
had
be fought for, it is true. There were the Pelasgians, whoever they were, for the Greek to displace and the older Etruscans and lapygof these lands
to
;
ians for the Latin; or
if
these also were Aryan, as seems
possible, then other yet older dwellers, akin
the Iberians and
the Basques of
truer autochthones of the
soil,
may be
to
Western Europe, those
and then
later the
Semite.
For the seafaring man of Tyre and his children were upon the Sicilian coast with their sea cities before him, and [96]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN gave valiant battle for the rich prize. But in the end the stronger Aryan blood prevailed, and the whole north shore of the Mediterranean, from Syria to the Pillars of Hercules, was in his undisputed possession this, and the ;
fertile islands
which dotted the north waters of that Latin
Mare Internum.
Altho the south shore of the sea
after-years called the Latin-speaking
man
master, yet
in it
was the north shore as given which remained to him and to the Greek as home. Southward oversea he passed only as conqueror. That south shore continued always a dwelling-place of the Semite. It
was a goodly
heritage, this land
which in the
tling of the races fell to the lot of the Graeco-Latin fair to
was
look upon, and
full of
in very truth a land of
the rude plow of this early
the good things of wine and corn and
Aryan it was a
set-
Aryan life.
;
It
oil.
To
soil,
not
virgin
yet exhausted by the drain of an old and dying civilization. And over all were the softer skies of a more genial and kindly climate than that which belonged to the older
home
of the inland.
increased
The summer
moisture of the
air,
sun, tempered by the
shone down without the
The nights fierce, dry heat of the midland plateaus. were free from the rapid radiation and the sudden chill of the uplands of the world.
The
winter, moderated
by same agencies, was equally free from extremes of In this land the mere struggle for daily existence cold. which must have been a part of the long rough journeying, and which continued the lot of the Teuton for ages The kindly earth ceased to after, became less exacting. be only a harsh step-mother, and became indeed, as that the
Dorian caressingly called her, Ted MTJTTJP, Mother," and to be repaid by her children for
earlier
7
[97]
"
Earth
all
her
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES poured-out stores with a love which breathes through the
whole
Of
spirit of the primitive all
Greek
homes which have
the
life.
fallen to the lot of
man
by the east basin of the Mediterranean is probably the most favorable to a rapid race development. A region of varied landscape; of mountains and hills, interthis
watered by ever living streams dotted, yet not smothered, by a broken forest growth circling the borders of a friendly and sheltered sea which spersed with
fertile plains
;
;
tempered to comparative equability the climate of the surrounding lands; from its borders looking out and across the blue waves to clustered islands wrapped in the
haze of a semi-tropic sky, and ever tempting on and on over the placid waters a climate neither resoft poetic
;
tarding race development by its
its
harsh
strength by enervating heat.
It
chill
nor sapping
was
in its varied
groupings of mountain and plain and sea a world in itself, this belt of territory which circled about the shores of the
>gean. Here under the stimulating influence of favoring skies and a bountiful land the Greek branch of the rude Aryan
The
took on a quicker
life.
warmed
the harsh yet strong soil of the sprang up the luxuriant life of the
its
veins.
flow of a gentler blood
Upon
older
Aryan race life >gean. The old wanderings
ceased.
Men
build cities and towns, and to develop civic
began to
life.
Now,
probably for the first time in ages, possibly for the first time in his history as a people, the individual begins to merge into the citizen. Settled states begin to line the shores.
The
islands
in addition to
as a race, the
all,
become strongholds of power.
for the first time in his
Aryan man becomes a [98]
sailor
And
whole history
and takes
to
THE G&ECO-LATIN ARYAN hugging the quiet shore then creeping timidly from headland to headland, pulling his flat-bottomed boat out upon the sand when night overtakes him the sea
;
at first
;
;
ever in dread of strange monsters of the believing in syrens and
fell spirits
unknown deep
;
haunting the water-
ways of the sea to bring sore harm to the wandering sons of men. Hardly is he past the age of the raft, man's first float upon the sea; for it is by a well-built raft of dry logs guided by rudder and sail that Homer pictures Ulysses It was a sea raft to have escaped from Kalypso's isle. such as the Peruvian balsa which the Spanish found in use among the natives of the west coast of South Amer-
and which was probably the first frail water craft of many races. But as the years went by we find evidence He crosses oversea by of more venturesome voyaging. ica,
And
the long chain of islands to other lands beyond.
learning no doubt from the Phoenicians, he at length cut loose from the shore, and, trusting to the guidance of the
favoring stars, boldly explored the mysteries which lay northward through the straits of the Pontos, and west-
ward over the broader reaches of the Great Sea at first as pirate and robber, then as the peaceful barterer in ;
quest of gainful trade.
And
He
this early
maritime love never afterward
ever remained a
man
and the
sea.
him.
The
salt
waves was to him as the breath of the pines of the uplands of the world. Away from it
spume
of the
to the
man
he never was content. the
of ships
left
Norseman
great deep was were by its rim.
It
was
to
centuries later. his
empire
From
;
him what
The broad
and the
it
became
to
plain of the
seats of his
power
home upon rocky islet or jutting headland he looked down upon its restless waters. his
[99]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES In the sheltered haven below lay his ships.
The
aXarra
!
was the glad shout of sea! Xenophon's army as they emerged from their long wandering in the tangled maze of the Asiatic highlands and caught sight of the blue waves of the Euxine. It was a genial, kindly civilization, this which grew up OaXarral
the
sea!
about the borders of the -#igean, so kindly, so full of the springtime joyance of early youth that the world even yet looks back with longing to
it,
and
lingers lovingly
some long-gone day in June. It was the first glad abandon of the westward-marching race the first time in its journeying when merely to live became a joy. For life became an easier thing here by the rim of the summer sea no longer all over
its
memory
as over the sweetness of
;
;
taken up in hard battle for a bare subsistence
with
;
lei-
sure from bodily toil, for mental growth; better fed; betted clothed better housed with time for the com;
;
forts
and the
elegancies, the refinements of
life
;
leisure,
and the growing of a taste, to carve the rustic doorpost into the first rough semblance of a Korinthian column leisure to modulate the harsh earlier speech of the Alolic ;
highlands to the simple cadence of a song, and then, as the ages went by, to the finished measures of the stately
Greek chorus.
The
chisel of Praxiteles, the metrical
but
even yet rugged strength of Alschylos, the more rhythmic verse of Sophokles, were not born at once, complete.
Athena might spring of the goddess,
comes the finish
from
full-grown, in the finished beauty the cleft head of Zeus, but not so
of a cultured civilization.
It is of
slower
took centuries of slow polishing before these growth. things could be a possibility. Long before these, and It
making the pathway by which the Greek mind had slowly [100]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN climbed upward, were the rustic carvings of Dionysos, the unskilled songs of Hylas, of Linos, and of Eumolpos. And it is not probable that to the untrained perception
Greek man the possibilities of the aftercivilization came even as a vision of things to be. To him as yet the block of marble gave no hint of the living statue within, but was only a rude mass of stone, unof that earlier
Even
gainly, unpolished.
streams, the
the
new world
of beauty in the
hills, the waters about him, possibly was only
seen by untaught eyes which, seeing, as yet saw not. To him also, no doubt, as to that other untrained man ages after by the muddy banks of the Thames, "
The
A
primrose by the river's brim yellow primrose was to him;
And
it
;
was nothing more."
Probably to him as yet the blue depths of the skies were only the blue vault, carrying no higher poetic mean-
was as yet a song sung to ears that heard not; and the voice of the night wind in the pines only the soughing of the breeze. Yet they became more as the sleeping soul awoke. As the years ing;
and the song
went by the harsh, artistic
in
of the sea
battling,
Aryan blood here took on an
development, a poetic type, such as nowhere else wide wanderings have ever come to it. Some-
all its
what
of this
may be
explained by the supposition that,
a plant in vegetable branch of the Aryan blood had born in like the sporting of
poetic possibility which was less
life, it
marked
this especial
an
artistic
and
in the others
;
somewhat, by the peculiarly favorable natural surroundings which it had in this its first settled home while still in the formative stage of
its
separate race
life.
explanation, the fact remains and after [101] ;
Whatever the all
the years the
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES heart of the world goes back to the land and the people as to the mystic charm of some old shrine, and keeps for
them a tenderness, a
among
all
such as
love,
it
has given to no other
the varied folk of the earth.
Here then, in bread, and in the
this easing
leisure
up
of the struggle for daily
which thus came to men, began life which in like manner and
that development of mental
had come earlier to the Brahminic Aryan as he emerged from the rocky passes of the Hindu Kush upon the fertile plains of the upper Indus, and which from
like cause
later
came
to the Iranic kin as
spread over the wellwatered highlands about the headwaters of the TigroEuphratean streams. With the Greek this mental develit
opment was no doubt stimulated and hastened by direct more advanced civilizations of the Phoenicians and the Egyptians. Another factor must contact with the older and
have entered into the shaping of the type of mental life which was to spring up about
in this infant civilization
The
the shores of the ^Egean.
grass belts of the world,
which belong under the colder and cloudier skies of northern lands, are the natural grazing, and hence the game and meat, belts of the world. In them are espefound the fighting races of mankind, men who fight for fighting's sake, for the mere love of conflict. It was in cially
this belt that the old Berserker,
with blood heated by his and fired by fermented drinks, battled
strong animal diet, for the sheer love of battling. It was only the grass-land folk who pictured a heaven wherein heroes spent celestial days hacking and hewing each other in a great Valhallic joy of slaughter, to renew their strength each night and fit for the next day's carnage by gorging upon boar's head
and quaffing huge
drafts of
mead.
[102]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN But tion
;
to this
man
of the south
rude, primitive at
first
came a
still
;
gentler civiliza-
showing
slowly fading traces of the stern, turbulent of a harsher original
homeland
at times the
Aryan blood
yet a civilization growing
;
Fed more upon
gentler, kindlier with the years.
the
and the grains of an agricultural life, a milder blood flowed in his veins. There was in his battling less of the fruits
mere joy
of
slaughter,
more
of pity
and
Even
ruth.
brutish Achilles could pause from the conflict to
weep
over the dead body of Patroklos, and with relenting heart could soften from the fury of his rage to heed the tears of gray-haired Priam pleading for the corse of his son.
We
are beginning to learn, moreover, as before said,
that the historic Greece
Greece of a Renaissance
;
we have known
only the that back of this was another
Greece, primitive, prehistoric
;
is
a Greece of shadowy kings
of even more shadowy kingdoms. Yet that it was real is shown not merely by tradition and the spade of the antiquary, but inferentially and no less conclusively by the " The " Iliad and the literary finish of Homer's work. "
"
Odyssey
are not the rude songs of a beginning, but
rather the polished production of a culmination, the su-
preme
literary flowering of
an
era.
It is
maturity, not
youth, that they show. And the picture which Homer gives is not of rude beginnings. It is a picture of a people already far
advanced in
skilled in the arts.
And
two the more advanced. zation.
Troy
and grace.
is
But
civilization, well
the Dardanian Greek
His
a city of no
is
ordered, is
of the
evidently the older
mean
civili-
attainments in culture
his civilization, possibly
grown
feeble
Knossos, is manifestly going down before the onset of the newer and more vigorous Dorian blood. Yet
like that of
[103]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES the Dorian also was possessed already of no
The home
tion.
Menelaus
of
in
mean
civiliza-
Dorian Lacedaimon to
which Telemachos comes in the quest after his long-lost father is such a home as might have been found in the ranche
stately old
In
Southern California.
and
of the earlier Spanish days of
life
many
of the
manners and ways,
in the kindly hospitality, the parallel
The civilization of
one.
is
a striking
the Dardanian Greek went
down
not to rise again; for no barrier of intervening waters was to shield him from the oncoming power of Lydian
and
Persian
who were
successively to dominate the
Asiatic shore.
The Homeric finished
epics could not have stood alone as
monuments
The history among other races life.
premws anterior,
of
in a desert of mental
and
literary
other ages and Supreme efforts are su-
literatures in
all
proves
this.
and by their very rank imply others, and which are recedingly the superior, and then the
efforts,
nearly forgotten superus ; just as afterward in the decadence folio wan inferior &n& an imus. It is the same
maybe
legitimate
and conclusive argument which claims, and and the
justly, that before the age of the polished shaft
must have been, as antecedent and preparatory, the stage and age of the ruder column and the finished statue
equally crude ikon.
ornate Korinthian with is
evolution.
And
the story of the severely plain lonik, and the
It is
Dorik pillar before the it is
more elaborate
its
capital of acanthus leaves.
It
no legitimate counter-argument
to say that the history, the links, are largely lost. All human experience is one unbroken proof that they were
In view of the perfection of literary finish of Homer, and of the startling revelations made by the
there.
[104]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN spade of the antiquary concerning an older Greek life, it is, as before said, a question whether we should not revise
our views with regard to the
"
"
Iliad
and the
"
"
Odyssey
?
Whether, instead of the beginning, they do not mark the end of an era? Whether they should not rather take their place side by side with Tiryns, and Mykene, and Knossos, as lone surviving peaks of that submerged and long-forgotten continent of a prehistoric civilization of the Greek peoples?
It
would be an anomaly
races for such finished literary
tal life of
unheralded and isolated and alone.
seem more probable of a literature
that back of
which had perished
in the
work
Rather
them
men-
to appear it
would
lay the long line
in the rude onslaught
Dorian invasion; as much of Rome's literature, Ennius and the lost books of Livy for instance, perished when northern barbarism overthrew the older Latin civiliof the
or as the literary treasures of the south shore of the Mediterranean disappeared before the then uncul-
zation
;
tured hordes of Islam
;
or that of the
Mayas before the
bigotry of the Spanish priests. It is easier to reconcile this supposition with the literary finish of these two
Greek epics than it is to suppose that they stood perfect and complete as lone monuments in a desert of mental life
of a people yet in its infancy.
Literatures, like
civili-
zations, grow, and from crude beginnings. They are no exception to the general law of evolution which prevails
elsewhere.
Caedmon and Milton
are two extremes of
such a growth in one department of English
And
literature.
and largely prehistoric age was no mean period in the race life of the Greek peoples. It was that yet more ancient and heroic time of which Herodotos dimly saw the far-off fading-out, and of which he that older
[105]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES "
regretfully says,
All the Greeks were then free
"
for
;
Lydia and Kroisos even were not yet. This was the true age of Greek power. It was the age of Mykene, of Tiryns, of Kretan Knossos, of the Argonauts, of the wars of the Troad, whatever these
may
mean, and of the It was the age, too,
fully
spread of the Greek colonies. of those old Theban myths which later gave, ready-made, to the pens of Alschylos and Sophokles the cycle of first
legends which centered about Oldipous and the Doom of Blood. It was the age of the legends of Herakles of Argolis, of Theseus of Attika, and of Minos of Krete.
To
it
the dramatists wrote, looked back for Its hither
material.
its
when
the Greek literature of that after- Renaissance,
Hesiod saw
it
only afar; for in
"
golden."
inspiration
and
verge was the days of Homer.
even then looks back from an
which were
its
It
"Works and Days" he "
iron age
"
to the years
might be termed the creative
age of the Greek mind in literature. Whether written or oral, its legends were the fountain-head so far as we
can
All after-Greek ages go back to mine among its literary creations, and to rebuild with the older material just as the degenerate Greek of the Middle Ages trace.
;
builded his huts out of the marbles of the dismantled
temples which his forefathers had reared. this
for
The
wealth of
which furnished the very groundwork the after-Greek dramatic literature shows a people legendary store
already rich in mentality and strong in power.
from the cycle of the Persian wars time added
To
the dying civilization of that older
that older
;
to
it.
Greek land the
Dorian invasion brought fresh blood and a new juvenescence
Apart
little
life,
a
re-
just as to the failing Latin civilization of
Rome came
the wave of fresh Teutonic blood [106]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN and
in the fourth Italy of the
came
fifth centuries,
Middle Ages.
the Renaissance.
civilization
may
fall
making
possible the
Yet not at once in either case came chaos. The older
First
suddenly, with a crash
;
but the new
has to grow. With the Greek no doubt, as with the Latin we know, ages of confusion and retrogression must
have followed.
And
It is
in the darkness
the law of the mixing of bloods.
which ensued even the recollection
and
of the older civilization,
holds,
became
dim
so
that
of the seats of its strong-
when out
of the chaos
Greek
emerged again reborn, historians, neglecting thought it was the beginning. The spade of
civilization
tradition,
the antiquary at
Mykene,
at Tiryns, at Knossos, has vin-
dicated tradition.
was a civilization kindly, sweet, light of heart, full of the cheer and the joy of life and which looked up and was glad and failed not to thank the gods Yet, old or new,
it
;
;
which
it
knew
for,
The winds, and the foaming sea, And the wave-girt isles, and all That
is fair
But upon the banks
and bright
to
man.
of the Tiber
grew up a type of civilization which, while having apparently the same common race origin, was yet so different that one might almost hesitate to class it as of the same blood. And yet when we take that strain of Dorian blood which passing
on
to the south of the Peloponnesos isolated itself within
the mountain walls of
remained with likeness.
"
Hollow Lacedaimon," and thus
least change,
we can
The Alolik digamma
readily see the kin
of the
more primitive
cognate Latin V, together with a broadening of the vowels common to both
Greek
of the northern uplands
[107]
and
its
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES compared with the thinner vocalization of the Attik and the lonik, and also a marked assimilation in case as
endings of that primitive Latin, which" preceded the classic speech, to the forms of the older Greek of the
Dorian and the Alolian, to be noted especially in the nominative and dative both singular and plural all these ;
when the two races probsomewhere on the north confines of Hellas before the Latin passed on around the head of the Adriatic, and then down the flanks of the Apennines to his final home by the Tiber. There is no evidence that this Latin man reached his home on the Tiber by way of the sea as Vergil would fain make believe and the marked absence of maritime instinct in the primitive Latin man would also tend to controvert such a supposition. He seems first to have taken actively to point apparently back to a time ably journeyed together as one
;
the sea ages after under the pressure of the Punic wars and the keen rivalry for dominion with the man of Tyre in his
newer home
fleets
and
his
at Carthage.
mained always
Even
then, with
of the sea, the
man
in instincts a landsman.
He
command
was the race
of
all
Rome
his re-
had no love
which lay back of " the words of that Latin poet when he sang, Sweet it is to watch the mariner toiling amid the perils of the deep,
for the sea.
It
yourself lying at ease
amid the grass upon the
distant
He
only voiced the true feeling of the Latin man. sea was always to him a barrier and a dread. It
hills."
The
instinct
checked the victorious march of his legions. And in his naval encounters he was always only a soldier on shipboard.
Sailors
he had none;
he and the Slav are none.
His
sole
alike.
idea was
all
were marines.
And
In this
naval tactics he had
to lay his ship alongside the
[108]
THE GR&CO-LATIN ARYAN enemy, and over the grappled sides to fight as infantry with his foe. His fleet carried an army as its fighting
Even
was transferred to shipboard and became the castellum which survives inour/orecastte. Yet we have the apparent anomaly of an after-Italy force.
his land tower
developing a chain of maritime cities, notably Venice and Genoa, which possessed in a high degree the true maritime instinct It
and which, each
in
its
turn,
dominated the
would be interesting to trace how
been owing to a
far this
seas.
may have
which never really and which, repressed dur-
strain of coast blood
became Latin except
in tongue,
ing the ages of Latin supremacy, afterward, as
Rome
maritime instinct and aptness for That Magna Graecia which sprang up about the the older Hesperia, and along the coasts of the
failed, reasserted its old
the sea.
shores of
Greek Trinakria, dotted the sheltered bays
of
these
its commercial cities. Crossing over westward from the island of Korkyra to the prominent headlands of the modern Calabria where it juts out into the waters of the Ionian Sea, the Greek peoples had gradu-
waters with
ally
made
their
way about
the Gulf of
Tarentum
;
thence
southward along the coast and thence across the narrow strait to Sicily, and northward along the west shore of Italy; founding in their course a chain of maritime cities, ;
Greek
in population
of the sea.
in their love of ships and the earlier of these cities
and Greek
Notable
among
were Taras, Sybaris, Kroton, Rhegion, Megaris, and ancient Kyme in Campania. Naples, founded later, was simply Nea spread
is
" IIoXis,
New Town." How much farther they
more a matter
ever, that the Phokaians, of
sailed
on northward
in their
whom
We
know, howHerodotos speaks,
of tradition.
"long slim ships" to the
[109]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES and the Arnus, and within the recesses of the Gulf of Genoa, and thence westward to the
mouths
of the Tiber
Rhone, and on beyond to the far land of Iberia; while boldly casting loose from the shores and
outlet of the
trusting to the guidance of the favoring stars they crossed
the open waters of the Tyrrhenian sea, and skirted the east borders of Sardinia and Corsica. Wherever they fortified trading-posts which Greek cities, and remained for cenGreek blood and Greek love for the
landed they established their gradually grew
into
turies after foci of
Nikaia, Monakos, Antipolis, Massalia, Panormos,
sea.
Monaco, Antibes, Marseilles, Palermo, bear tesThese are only a few of the points which history and tradition fairly locate. The evidence is that the whole coast line was dotted with their towns, as Nice,
timony to their work.
while they also settled upon such islands as here and there lie off shore. There is no evidence that these cities, as they
came
in after-years
lost their original
under
Roman
Greek blood with
its
dominion, ever
love and aptitude
for the sea.
Upon
the east side of the Italian peninsula
we have
somewhat of a similar tho less complete record. These same Phokaians who established their cities as far west as the shores of Spain also ventured well to the north in
the waters of the Adriatic.
Altho the record
is less
com-
would be unreasonable to suppose that they would turn away from the fertile shores and the sheltered waters
plete
it
of the
upper Adriatic, where the rich valley of the Po has
modern Italy, to brave the stormy vastness and the unknown perils of the Great Sea beyond only, in the warring of races, when Greek and Phoenician and Roman battled for supremacy [no]
become
in later times the corn-field of
;
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN about the shores of Sicily and the South-Italian lands, the quieter annals of the Adriatic settlements would naturally receive less attention,
come
and be the more apt
to be-
lost in the lapse of the centuries.
Then,
too, while the Phoenician yielded
supremacy to
the Latin in Sicily and about the shores of the west basin of the Mediterranean, we have no reason to sup-
pose that he left the land. The Sicilians in fact are rather a mixed Greek and Phoenician people than Latin. In the light of these race facts it is easy to see how among a Latin-speaking people of after-times a sea aptitude is found surviving in what are really non-Latin bloods.
With
the separation a well-marked differentiation be-
gan to grow up between the east and west branches this
common
Graeco-Latin stock.
It
could not have
of
come
from climate, for climatically the home about the shores of the ^Egean and that other by the Tyrrhenian sea upon the west slope of the Apennines were so nearly alike that
might be classed as the same. The differentiation which grew up must have come from other causes. Most potent of these would seem to have been practically they
the influence of surrounding races. And it is to be noted that it was apparently the Greek rather than the
Latin to
whom
from the older
who grew away This we may conclude
the change came, and
common
type.
from the many points of likeness which continued to exist between the Latin and that more archaic Greek man, the Dorian of Lakonia. The Ionian Greeks of both shores of the ^Egean, and of the island world between, became by very force of surroundings cosmopoli-
[in]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES Maritime in race habit through narrowness of race homeland, they were quickly and constantly
tan in character.
brought into contact with the Semitic Phoenician of the Tyrian coast, with the Hamitic Egyptian of the Nile through the widely scattered Greek colonies, with the barbarous races of the Euxine and of the regions
valley, and,
of the west basin of the Mediterranean.
The very neces-
and wide-spread intercourse as traders and colonizers among so many and so unlike peoples would inevitably soon tell upon the Greek speech and the Greek character. The sentence became clear and pliant and direct; for the Greek must make himself sities of this diversified
and as widely as possible to the varied peoples among whom he so largely gained his support in traffic. In reading Xenophon and Herodotos I intelligible as readily
have been constantly reminded of the simple sentences and the limpid style of Defoe.
The words
also did not escape change.
cases of declension
The
eight
which the Brahminic Sanskrit
re-
presumably from the framework of an elaborate common Proto-Aryan mother speech, dropped down to five tained,
with the Greek.
He
kept, however, but probably used even there, the dual number for throughout, and the middle voice. The optative mood,
home
use, and
still
little
and the augment and reduplication, he also retained. The broader vowels and the harsher consonants, wherever possible, were softened.
had
The
archaic
digamma he
behind somewhere out upon the Alolik highonly, its echo is still to be faintly discerned in the
left
lands
;
scanning of Homer. The Latin retains it, but softened to V. The Greek /So/rvs-^o/ros was the Latin bovis-bovis ; the nominatives contracted respectively by elimination to [112]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN /Jous
and
bos to avoid confusion with the genitive.
means an tendency els
instinctive attempt to is
especially
and the changing
marked
make speech
The
in the thinning of the vow-
of the harsher aspirates as heard in
the musical lonik of Herodotos sos which lay over
easy.
It all
him
of that Halikarnas-
upon the enervating Asiatic
shore.
such a change as has come to the Spanish tongue among the ease-loving natives of sub-tropic America, one " " of the branches of that soft, bastard Latin of Byron, It is
still
further softened and smoothed of
its
old Proto-Aryan
under yet milder skies. A typical illustration working of a broad climato-linguistic law is here to
asperities
of the
be found in the change which has come to the stately and sonorous Castilian caballo which softens the more difficult
V and
drops the L sound entirely from the LL, retaining only the Y sound, while the second A melts into the more musical diphthong, giving as labial
B
to the dental
a result the softer and
more flowing cavaiya^ with
its
upon the vocal organs. But while the Greek was thus, through the molding in-
lighter tax
manner of life, becoming cosmopolitan in type, the Latin was on the contrary becoming more and more provincial and he, too, because of surroundings and manner of life. Before him spread the sea, which he did not like. About him, instead of fluence of his surroundings and
;
the ripened and polished civilization of the east, was that vast wilderness
swamped Rome.
of western barbarism
And
then his
own
which
afterward
land, at least for
was large enough and productive enough to supply his race wants. And so, long after the Greek had become a cosmopolite, a man having lot and share in the^
many
ages,
broader race 8
life
about him, the Latin lived on in the [113]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES narrow provincial ways of his forebears and changed but little.
Yet he too did change. hard, sturdy
common
There was a substratum
him
of
man
sense in that older Latin
on doing simply as the fathers had done. An evolution was coming to him With an even more than Dorik scorn for the sualso. perfluous he discarded from his speech the middle voice and the dual and the optative, heirlooms from the primiwhich would not
let
forever go
Proto-Aryan tongue, while with these went the augment, and with a few exceptions, as pependi, cucurri, and tive
some
Yet, with his char-
others, the reduplication also.
acteristic desire for accuracy, inite ablative,
he retained the more
which the Greek
def-
Both, however,
lost.
re-
tain traces of an ancient Proto-Aryan locative, which even in the Sanskrit was already beginning to drift from its
In the face of the lack of a perfect active
moorings.
however, he proved to be linguistically as helpas has the English-speaking man in the lack of a
participle, less
common pronoun
of the third person singular.
His sen-
Latin stubbornness, retained its rigid Nothing of the Greek flexibility ever came
tence, with the
framework. to
it.
Like his
later military roads,
with a supreme
regard of the inequalities of the way, flexible course,
up
hill
and down,
it
went on
its
disin-
to the desired end.
His speech was lacking also in the nicer shadings and the elusive subtilities of the Greek but then the Latin ;
mind was not subtile, nor overly critical. Unlike the Greek, the primitive harsh consonants of the Latin
seem
to have long remained with
until at length the softening influence of (for
Greece became schoolmaster to [114]
little
change,
Greek culture
Rome) began
to ex-
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN modifying and mollifying power over Latin Arx (ks for kes) would seem to have led in
ercise a
speech.
sound to a genitive arkis^ as calx (ks) to calkis, or dux But that a change came to the hard sound (ks) to dukis.
C
K) before certain vowels is shown by the interchangeableness of C and the Greek Sigma in the crude phonetic spelling of the early Christians as found of
(originally
in the inscriptions is
upon the walls of the catacombs. It a softening such as came to the hard consonants and
the broad vowels of the harsher old Alolik Greek, or to the uncouth sounds of the early English.
One mind
lesson of
and a lesson ever
in linguistic research, is that
ginning in still
it all,
human Back
older.
speech.
Back
to be borne in
we never reach of the old
is
the be-
always a
of the Latin of Caesar, of Cicero,
back
even of that older Latin of Ennius or the archaic song of the Fratres Arvales, lies a still older Latin, as back of
Homer even lies a still older Greek, and as back of the Vedic hymns a yet more ancient Aryan the Greek of
speech; for
all historic
upon the but
structure built
older prehistoric speech
more ancient Iliums linguistic
human speech ;
is
only a super-
half-leveled walls of
some
just as Schliemann found
as the spade
went deeper.
spade has ever yet struck bed-rock
still
Only, no in the
speech of men.
Yet
in
it all
that older Latin
have of
lost this.
it.
Latin
The The
for the sono-
a truer ear than his linguistic soft Italian and the nimble French
rous resonance of speech
descendants.
had an ear
;
statelier Castilian retains a
measure
The Roman church was for
its
ritualistic
tongue could lend
itself
wise in retaining the service. Probably no other
so effectively to the intoning of
[us!
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES the lector or to the stately measures of the Gregorian chant as it echoes through the vaulted naves of dim cathedrals.
In mental type the Latin remained Dorian that unchanged Dorian of the lower Peloponnesos. Both were of the
slower, stolider type;
utterly unlike the sharp-
witted, volatile, laughter-loving Ionian.
For the Ionian
the Athenian of Paul.
was true ancestor of the lonik mind was ever
like the
The
keen thrust of a
wit of rapier,
while that of the Latin never lost somewhat of the ponderous sweep of the broadsword. And the Latin never
from the leading-strings of Greek literary " " " " Without the Iliad and the Odyssey there thought. " would have been no /Eneid." In fact, this dominance It passed on of Greek thought did not stop with Rome. cut
loose
to hold the totle for
The
whole West in the mental thraldom of Aris-
a thousand years after. Latin man as contrasted with the Ionian Greek
was singularly destitute of the poetic and artistic faculties. His whole mental strength went apparently to war and dominion, and the law-making which followed as a nec-
Yet herein he showed the Dorian likeness again. He was the soldier and the law-maker of the world as has been no other man in all history. The modern army and the modern legal code go back to the Roman legion and to the Pandects of Justinian, and to
essary sequence.
that older Jus Vetus of the Res-publica, as their foundation.
And
he was both stern and
Jews, clamoring for the "
Festus gave answer,
life
It is
of Paul,
just.
When
to the
an untried prisoner,
not the manner of the
Romans
to deliver any man to die before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have license to answer
[116]
THE G&ECO-LATIN ARYAN for himself concerning the crime laid against him,'*
he
only voiced the animating spirit of the whole system of Latin jurisprudence. But it was even more than this. It was West vs. East Europe vs. Asia. It was in a more general sense Aryan vs. non-Aryan. The Roman was first to speak for the newer Aryan civilization. The emblems of Roman civilization, forerunner of the greater Aryan civilization to be, were prophetically the scales and the sword. Yet with all this stern justice, possibly because of the sternness, it was a civilization singularly
lacking in the joyousness, the abandon, the childlike oneness with nature, which marked that of the /Egean. It
ran in narrower and intenser lines.
analog with the Greek lay in the valley of the Eurotas. The Roman never had a youth. The wolf-fostering of the myth ran too fiercely in his veins. His was a civilization of war, Its
and merciless. Most like this was the Spaniard of the
of bloodshed, of iron, ruthless
him
of all his children in
fifteenth
and sixteenth
centuries, the Spaniard of Mexico,
of Peru, of the Netherlands.
centuries from
Numa
Only four times
to the
in the long
Caesars were the brazen
doors of the temple of Janus closed in token of universal peace. The world does not turn back lovingly across the centuries to
Rome;
rather with a vague wonder; for the
tramp of her legions has scarcely yet died out from the troubled earth.
Yet what Latin
made up
civilization
in strength.
And
missed in sweetness
it
the Latin stamped himself
upon the world's history no less indelibly than did the Greek only in a different way. It was, too, a civilization ;
longer-lived in itself than that of the Greek.
the strain of blood was
more persistent In?]
Possibly
in type ; possibly
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES the sterner battling of
and hardened no
hectic,
no
it
;
its
had strengthened
early youth
possibly both.
But the years brought
flush of premature decay to
its
cheeks.
It
took the centuries, and old age, and the Goth and even then the end was not. It was rather a merging into the ;
modern in the
life
of the world.
same sense
The Latin
folk never became,
as the Greek, dead to the
onward
march of the races. It lives through its children as the Greek has not for the Greek left no children. His widespread colonies went down before the onset of stronger peoples, losing autonomy and language. We only trace ;
their after-life, as in the coast cities of the
West
Mediter-
ranean, by the persistence of certain race characteristics. Possibly this utter dying-out of the whole genius of the
Greek
life
in part have arisen
may
Greek, from his
home upon both
from the
fact that the
shores of the yEgean,
always remained half-way Oriental in spirit and affiliations, and thus came in after-years to share in the torpor which settled down over the whole East after that final
quick flaming-up of
Arab had ing
;
Mohammedanism when
the Semitic
one gorgeous but evanescent race flowera torpor which has never lifted, but which has grown his
deeper as the ages have gone by until it would seem to have passed into the coma and the stertor of death. of
Yet altho the Latin was himself seemingly destitute the poetic and artistic sense, an apparent anomaly is
again to be seen, as in the case of the maritime instinct, in the fact that a portion at least of the races commonly classed as of Latin origin possess these faculties in a
well-marked degree. sculpture, and
Latin
home
life
Italy,
of song,
with
its
the
home
of
painting, of
was the very center of the old marked lack in these capacities. [118]
THE GR&CO-LATIN ARYAN But
anomaly may be said that the of the later years was far from pure Latin in The repeated waves of Teutonic blood which
in explanation of this
Italian
blood.
swept into and remained among the Latins of the old Roman empire, have made of the modern Italians a mixed
How much
race.
and
of the after-development of the poetic
may have been
the result of this ad-
the awakening
of a previously dor-
artistic faculties
mixture,
how much
mant capacity
in the Latin blood
a question which will probably always remain without answer. The race admixture is now too complete to allow of segregaitself,
is
remembered that the valley of practically is North Italy, was Celtic, Cis-Alpine Gaul as the Latins them selves called it; while Southern Italy was the Magna Graecia of a people instinct with the poetic and artistic temperament. Somewhat of the same line of thought will apply also to the Spanish race, and to such development of the artistic Then, too, the Po, which
tion.
sense as has
it
come
to be
is
to
it.
Even
eyed folk of the northlands darker-complexioned people
The
Visigoth
is
there.
The Frenchman,
usia.
yet the fair-haired, blue-
may of the
uplands of Spain. Andalusia is only Vandal-
And man
the
be found amid the
of Gaul, can hardly be
spoken of as Latin. While using a modified and corrupted form of Latin speech, he is in blood essentially Celt and Teuton.
In the south of France the old Greek
towns already mentioned, and an overflow of Latin blood from Italy, give the mixed Romance population of Provence
;
while northward the Belgae, the Aquitani, and the
Celtae, of Caesar, with the after-mixture of Gothic
and
Norse bloods, gave as product a population which has never been Latin save in religion and name. The
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES "
Omnis
Ireland,
"
was no more Latin than was that other Celto-land. Nor is it much more Gallia
The Breton
Latin to-day.
changed
;
of Caesar
is
the man, the same.
Briton land.
And
the
And
Norman
while the center of France
is
a vowel
only the Briton Brittany
is still
the
is
only a
Norseman
;
Frank and the whole south ;
Biscayan shore line has the blood of the Basque, whoever he may be, but one thing is sure, not Latin. It is only,
upon the Mediterranean littoral, that the Latin, and before him the Greek, have taken root and abide. Even the [name shows the prevailing non-Latin blood, for France is simply Frank-land, and a second Frank-land, as the Britain of Caesar became as just said, in the south
afterward the second Engle-land.
western Europe
is
much
less
speech would seem to indicate; his
name
In reality
all
south-
Latin in blood than
its
Latin gave and his tongue to far more than the Latin for
the
blood.
The
fact then that the Latin, a race so singularly de-
ficient in the artistic
have is
left
and poetic temperament, should
a progeny of races in
markedly developed, finds
its
whom
this
temperament
probable explanation in
that other fact that these races are only in part,
and
really
only in small part, of Latin blood. Ethnologically the question may fairly be asked, Is there in the world to-day a Latin blood in the sense in
which there maybe said to be a Teutonic blood? There was a time concerning which such a question would seem strange.
Back
of the old
the early kings,
even in the
when
earlier
Romanes was
still
Roman
empire, in the days of
the Latins lived in Latium, and
days of the republic when the Ager an Ager Latinus, and the Celt still [120]
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN ruled in the valley of the Po, there was a true Latin blood and it was, so far as we can judge by history, a ;
But judging from its after-
masterful, not a fecund blood.
was not a blood which kept itself free from admixture with other, and often inferior, races in this respect differing markedly from the Teutonic peoples. it
history
;
That old
swamped itself
Latin
blood would seem to have
in a flood of alien bloods
in the
;
become
within the Latin land
mongrel hordes which were gathered under
the corrupting largesses of food, or were brought in unwillingly as slaves,
empire
;
in
and
in the alien legions of the
Spain swamped
Roman
in the preponderating
of Iberian blood of the native population ;
in
mass
Gaul swal-
lowed up as a rivulet by a river in the great fecund stream of Celtic blood; for the Latin intermingled with the native bloods of these subjugated lands as did his mixed
descendants ages afterward in Canada and tropical AmerIt is everywhere to be remembered that Latin ica.
speech does not prove Latin blood. ethnological clues the
Of the
Philology
three great divisions of the
Europe the
is
of
all
most uncertain and misleading.
Aryan peoples
in
so-called Latin of to-day probably represents
the most^broadly mixed blood
Latin, Greek, the primitive
Moor, German, and with but not of him, him, Goth, Frank, Northman, Italic
stocks, Phoenician, Iberian, Celt,
the Basque, that haunting shade of
and buried
some
long-forgotten
past.
development which came to the Greek and the Latin, altho they were so nearly akin in blood and climatic surroundings, there is a difference so In the types of
marked
civil
as to call for careful consideration.
The
Latin
developed as the key-note of his whole civil fabric the idea [121
]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES Whether
were under the primitive chieftainship of a mythical Romulus, under the earlier kingships, with the so-called republic, or under aristocof centralization.
it
racy, oligarchy, triumvirate, or imperator, there could
be
only one Imperium and the animating life, the political soul of that, must be upon the Seven Hills by the Tiber. ;
Wherever might be found Roman men or Roman arms, there was only one true Roman city, and that city was the Imperium.
France, in
a curious and striking all
the daughters of
Roman
of
all
parallel.
Rome,
in type.
its political
is
history, presents
This, the least Latin of
yet in this respect the
most
Paris has been France as has
no
other capital in Europe been to its land. Whether under King, or Directory, or Committee of Safety, or First Consul, or Empire, or Commune, or Republic whether ;
under Bourbon, or Sans-Culotte, or Bonaparte, or Orleans,
it
is all
The
the while Paris that rules France.
true idea of a democracy, a rule which originates with the
people of a land, seems to be foreign to the whole spirit of Latin civilization. It is always the rule of one, whether king or city, over the many the provinces always looking ;
to the center for the initiative in
town meeting
of
New
all civil
older Teuton, seems never to have existed
Latin folk. scribed as
The
matters.
England, the village
moot
of the
among
the
Even republican France might be fairly dea kingdom with a president just as Britain ;
might with equal truthfulness be termed a democracy with a king. In this characteristic of the centralization of power, at least, the Latin for he too
was a
man
of
one
was akin to the Phoenician, As Rome was to the city.
Latin, so Carthage was to the Phoenician, or that city of the older Phoenicia
Tyre, upon her rock in the sea. [122]
THE'GR&CO-LATIN ARYAN Maybe
all
ever was a
from the Asiatic Semite, for he centralized power and of one city.
three had
man
of
it
Yet there are hintings
of a
Rome Latium
rather "
"
of the primitive days in those
antiquissimis temporibus
man, when the urbs was only the central village of the ager, and life was at the most only semiurban in type. It was a land and a life of stern, simple
of the older Latin
homes, and of reverence for the gods they knew, gods of forest and field and stream, more as the Norse gods of the fjord and the woodlands. Cybele
virtues, of chaste
and the imported Asiatic abominations came later with the city life and the mixed bloods and the degenerate days and with these it was no longer the res-publica, but in its stead the imperium, and the arena, and the largesses; and then the Goth at the gates, and the end. But the picture ;
which we have
of that older
the evil days were
man
upon him,
is
of Latium, before that
a picture such as
gives of the earlier pre-city life of the
the days
when Telemachos
we have from our own
preurban. and the simple
life
of the ager
is
such a
American fronalso was as yet
when American life But polls and urbs came to the
a century ago
it
forebears of the
homely, clean-hearted pioneer days of the tier of
in
drives in his chariot across
the Lakonian plains seeking for a father; or picture as
Homer
Greek peoples
Graeco-Latin,
became a thing
of
an older
and the man changed with the times. Yet historically Rome, urban Rome, was, and still is, the one great, central fact of the Latin world. The Greek also had become essentially a city man; but the Greek race was a race of many cities. The Teuton, the
past
;
Slav, were never city
wood,
the
field,
men
the sea.
all. They were men of The whole after-life of
at
[123]
the the
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES Latin blood, however, centers about that one city upon the Tiber. To the older Latin Rome became the im-
perium about which the race Latin
it is
the
revolved
life
Imperium in imperio.
;
It is
to the
modern
an anchor cast
into the stream of the past which holds the race fast against the current of modern life. The world can never forget, the
been to
it
;
world ought never to forget, what Rome has yet the child that remains cast in the mold of
the ancestor must
Rome
the years.
keep pace with the march of has been to the Latin what sometimes to
fail
a strong-minded, strong-willed father becomes to a child the yoke is never entirely thrown off; the stamp of the ;
parent makes thrall of the child. The stamp which the Rome of that older Latin has so indelibly fixed upon the
Latin political world is centralization the man made for not the state made for the man. So deeply the state ;
was the stamp impressed that
it
has taken the instinct of
the initiative out of the individual.
value of the unit.
Paris
Rome.
a local
Madrid
is
these central points the the
body
politic
in the without. Britain,
if
is
has destroyed the to the Frenchman only a local
Rome
It
to the Spaniard.
From
moving impulse must go out
to
there can be said to be a body politic
It is
because London
Washington not Rome
is
not
Rome
to
to America, that the
English-speaking man bids fair to become the world's master; for the conditions of race supremacy have be-
come materially changed under the stress and complexity It is the individuality of the unit of modern race life. that
now
counts, the initiative which begins
the center at innumerable separate points.
away from Modern civil-
ization has
become too
tricate, for
the successful guidance and control of one
vast, too
[124]
widely ramified, too
in-
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN because the English-speaking man has, of men, most clearly realized this fact, and has based his
center. all
It is
civilization
upon
it,
that he
is
so rapidly distancing
others in the struggle for race supremacy.
all
Centralization
belongs to an earlier and a lower type of civilization.
The successful army can no longer be an aggregate of human machines. It must instead be an aggregate of individual thinkers. The Boer war retaught this lesson. And the army industrial now works under the same law. be noted, however, that centralization and organization are not one and the same are not necessarily even It is to
;
Organization without centralization is one of the secrets of the English-speaking man's success. Centraliallied.
one of the secrets of the
zation without organization
is
Latin man's decadence.
with the lack of the individ-
It,
ual initiative, is the secret of the Slav's slow progress to-
ward a higher type of civilization. The imperium came to the Latin race
came
to the Greek, altho of kindred blood.
it
never
These
diver-
life
;
gences in race evolution do not come by chance. There In this case such is always a good and adequate reason. a reason
may be found
in the law of grades
for intercommunication.
and
facilities
The enduring empires
of the
world'have had at least the nucleus of their power in the great plains which are to be found
upon the
earth. Egypt,
Babylonia, Assyria, India, and later Persia, Rome, China, and in more recent times Russia, Germany, France, and
America, are instances of the working of the law.
man
It
was
Mid-Latium, the Priscus Latinus, the lowlander of the campus latus, but whom we first know so that the
in
of
his straggling villages at
White Town'
1
it
Alba Longa, the "Long
was so that he prevailed over
his
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES and stamped his impress of speech and tribal type the kindred Sabines, Volscians, -#quians, and Herupon nicans about him. Plain and river were the secrets of his fellows,
And
the after- Rome was always and everywhere the power of the great plains. With Britain the
supremacy.
great plain of the sea takes the place of the earth plains of the continents in the working out of the same law.
Back
of the fact, as its explanation
and reason, lies, as just
stated, the law of easy grades with the consequent possi-
ready intercommunication and of unimpeded moving of armies. Such empire may have outlying posbility of
sessions in the ruggeder regions oFthe world, partly isolated
and cut
off
last gained, will
from the main body, but they will be the remain always in a measure alien to the
and they are the first weakness begins to show itself saying is no less true because center,
terposed
make enemies
away when any
to drop
in the central trite that
of bloods
which
"
The
life.
Mountains
else like
in-
kindred
drops had mingled into one." And it is in accordance with this truth that the broken mountain lands of the
world give
rise to small,
divided nationalities, each main-
independence of the others, each living its own national life, each developing and perpetuating its own
taining
its
separate and distinct national character.
If, through force an occasional ruler or conqueror, the law times be apparently set aside, and a broader im-
of genius of
should at
perium of mountain lands
only temporary the ill-assorted kingdom is apt to perish with the death of its founder, or within a comparatively short time thereafter. It is especially the mountain lands of the world which are arise, it is
;
torn and distracted by clans and local feuds, whether it be the Epiros, the Highlands of Scotland, or the moun[126]
THE GR&CO-LATIN ARYAN tains of
and
It is
Kentucky.
the baleful fruitage of isolation
alienation.
means of communication and transportation which have come of steam and tunnels, broader mountain empire is possible than in the ages
With
past,
the improved
and the force
of repulsion
to a certain extent
is
the general law holds good, that broad and permanent empire will have its seat in the great plains of the world, or by the sea.
counteracted
The
;
yet
still
Greek lands
physical geography of the
Greek
the key to the
affords
Hellas, the central
political life.
land of the /ace power, the one land to which
all
the
and by common consent called it Home, altho a peninsula, is like two islands rising out of the sea and joined together by a narrow isthmus. The upland region of Arcadia makes a mountain widely scattered
Greek
folk looked,
center to the Peloponnesos, while the mainland of Greece, the older Hellas, has as a similar center the broken mountain cluster of the Pindos, the Olta,
and Parnassos, with
From
these as centers nu-
Doris shut in
from the
sea.
merous small yet fairly fertile valleys face out to the sea, each shut off from the others by the mountain center behind, and upon either side by the mountain spurs which, running out to the shore line like the radiating arms of the starfish, wall in each valley from
its
fellows.
Thus
shut off from each other, each Greek valley became a
community by
itself,
government, having
developing its
own
its
ruler,
own
and
separate form of
living
its
own
dis-
Attika, Argolis, Elis, Messenia, Hollow Lacedaimon, Altolia, Boiotia, and others about the two shores. Arkadia and Doris were equally isolated as in-
tinct civic life
land communities occupying mountain valleys. [127]
Then
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES came the Greek
islands, scattered
and along the coast
of
throughout the
Asia Minor, and the Greek
cities,
dotting at long intervals the coasts of the Propontis and of the Euxine, and westward about the shores of the Ital-
Greek Trinakria, and the borders the Mediterranean still farther on westward as far as
ian Hesperia and of the of
the Iberian peninsula, constituting 'H McyaXq 'EXXas of Strabo, the Magna Graecia of later writers, in contradistinction
to 'H
Amelia
'EXXcfc,
the Older Greece, of Plu-
tarch.
How were
these widely scattered peoples of Greek blood to remain in any kind of manner one ? In a certain
sense they did not, for with the development of the separate Greek cities, which indeed seemed to be a necessity of the race surroundings, a
common
civic
life,
as already
they utterly failed to evolve. Each became a law unto itself. Yet the kinship remained. The Greek man
said,
was a Greek man, recognized as a brother wherever he might go among the Greek peoples easily and quickly ;
from one to the other upon removal, as the American does his State citizenship and his local right of suffrage, upon removal from one State to transferring his citizenship
Indeed, the analogy of American citizenship is quite striking. In the comity of the broader life of the whole Greek folk the man of Greek blood stood very another.
much
as the
American does
in the broader citizenship of
the whole American'people; only, the Greek folk stopped American went on, and so failed of a
short where the legal
union of the separate
cities
which otherwise corre-
sponded somewhat to the American State life. Had they passed on to this, the analogy would have been nearly perfect.
In
all else,
in readiness of citizenship transfer,
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN in
comity of race, in the quick companionship, the cama-
was simply a citizen in the general body of the whole Greek folk. When Herodotos writes his famous history, altho he is of Halikarnassos oversea raderie of blood, he
Karian land, and altho he writes in the dialect of an Ionian of the Asiatic shore, yet it is not as a Karian in the
Greek
that he writes, but as a
;
and
not of Halikar-
it is
nassos, nor of Karia, nor of the Ionian, but of the Greater
Hellas,
and
common Greek
of the wars of the
he terms them.
against the outlanders, ol /3ap/3apoi as
And
it
is
at the Pan-Hellenic gathering in Elis,
was the race
mon Greek Greek
folk as
shrine, that
he
where
recites the history as a
com-
epic to the assembled Hellenic folk of
Tho
all
often at war
among themselves, tho battling for dominion the one with the other, yet such war was always recognized as a war betwen kin, very diflands.
ferent from
local all
war with the barbarians
of the
non-Greek
And when
need arose, sinking for the time all differences they battled as a people of one kin for
lands.
Hellas as a
common
fatherland,
and
to save the folk
from being swallowed up in the tide of barbarian invasion from Asia. Plataian, and Theban, and Athenian, and Spartan remembered only that they were Greek life
when
the Persian crossed the Hellespont.
What
influences were thus potent to keep
up the kin
a people divided politically, and with all the dissensions which, as we well know, so often rent and tore them tie in
in internecine feuds?
Among
the ties of union
may
be
cited:
A common race history.
i.
With
all
the divisions into tribes and separate com-
munities they 9
still
possessed the tradition of a [129]
common
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES origin
and
of a continuous kinship.
It
showed
itself
in
the ready and intimate comradeship which, as before said, existed
might
be,
between Greek and Greek wherever they
and which was unlike
their relationship to all
others. 2.
A
With
common
language.
all its dialects,
and the other
lonik, Dorik, primitive Alolik,
tongue was yet so manifestly one that its unity could never be called into question. The Ionian might thin his vowels and soften slighter variations, the
the diphthongs while he avoided the harsher concurrence of consonants.
The
Boiotian might broaden and roughen
his vowels into the full chest tones.
The
older and ruder
Alolik might cling to its harsh aspirates. Yet back of them all were the home words, and, even in the harshest of the dialects, a liquid flow such as neighboring tongues did not have, and which was so characteristically Greek. 3.
A common religion.
Altho upon the Akropolis Athena Promachos with bronze crest and spear, towering above the city and seen from afar, might be the guardian spirit of and as such receive local honors and tho upon Attika, of the mariner
;
the shores of Krete might be the especial shrine of the
Syrian Aphrodite while Poseidon was to the seagoing lonians the god most nearly interwoven -with their tra;
ding and colonizing ship life; yet all were to the folk mind only parts of a common theogony. And above all, reigning upon Olympos was Zeus llarrjp, the one supreme god of all the Greek kin, whom all alike worshiped.
When
Sophokles makes the chorus in Elektra say, Zeus, 05 ec^opa
ovpav TrdWa /cat
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN Zeus, the mighty All- Father of all Greeks, who from " his high seat in the heavens looks down upon and over-
it is
whom they speak; and whom they speak. common love of art.
rules all things," of
Greek kin
A
4.
The
the whole
sense of the beautiful found expression in the
Greek race not
The
it is
for
in music, nor in painting, but in outline.
chisel of the sculptor
was
to the
Greek what the
brush and palette were to the medieval Italian, or the Wherever director's baton to the music-loving German.
Greek man wandered he carried this love of sculpture with him in some of the kin, notably in the Attik, developed and trained more highly than in the others, yet found in all. Wherever a Greek city arose was the temple with its statue of the guardian deity, and its carved marbles, while about were grouped the various works of art which the earth now gives up to the spade of the antiquary. And wherever the Greek man entered a Greek city these things, and the possession of the common race love of the beautiful, made him at home. the
;
5.
A common type of
architecture.
As
the traveler passes
up the Nile from the
delta to
the cataracts he sees everywhere the hand-marks of a single race in the architectural remains
There
is
one
which
line its banks.
common feature running through them all As he journeys on from the pyramids to
massiveness.
Denderah, Karnak,
Philae,
and
Blocks
upon the slowly
crumbling relics of men long dead, he unhesitatingly says, One race built them. So throughout the Greek world certain features are common to the architectural remains of the race.
It is
fitness of things
not massiveness.
possessed this [131]
A juster sense of the
man of
the yEgean.
Why
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES should he rear a pyramid ? hills
would be
dweller upon the river valleys levels.
He
greater.
who
Nor was
flat
The smallest of had
his mountains.
plains of the earth
and
ponderous columns.
in
It is
the
in the great
above the monotonous
strives to build it
the Kithairon
The
but-
were stronger.
In these things, however, he might exert himself, nature would still dwarf and tresses of the hills
make puny by comparison in
symmetry and grace
his mightiest efforts.
It
was
that he found vent for the archi-
The Greek
temples were not often, indeed, almost diminutive in size.
tectural sense within him.
even large; Their charm lay in the exquisite beauty] of proportion. The Akropolis with its various temples was only a contracted hill-top of a few square rods.
column was
dling of the
work.
The
skilful
especially characteristic of
han-
Greek
Other races had
with them
it
it, the Egyptian, the Hindu; but was simply massive. It impressed by its sheer
bulk, with no especial grace or beauty of outline.
In the
hands of the Greek, however, it became a thing of beauty. Whether crowned with the simple capital of Doris, the spiral volutes of Ionia, or the it
was
still
the
acanthus leaves of Korinth,
Greek column, and
as such kept
its dis-
throughout all the centuries and as such, with other race characteristics in architecture, together appealed to the Greek eye wherever a Greek city might tinctive place
;
be found. 6.
The common
shrines
and the
Pan-Hellenic
councils and folk festivals.
Twice each year
at the
Amphictyonic council,
in the
springtime held at the Delphic temple of Apollo, and in the autumn at the temple of Demeter by Thermopylai, a gathering of tribes of the Hellenic homeland was called.
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN Each
tribe
was
entitled to
took active part upon
Twelve
two delegates.
tribes
a footing of equality, whatever their
A vow was
respective strength might be.
taken not to
destroy any town of the league, or to cut it off from running water either in peace or war, and binding not to
plunder or destroy the property of the gods and common cause was to be made against any who should do so. ;
It
was
of the nature of a semi-sacred federation.
At these
councils, in addition to the race observance of the sacred rites of
the
common
shrine, deliberation
was held over
matters pertaining to the common race welfare. Then each year came one of the great folk festivals, either the Olympic, the Isthmian, the Pythian, or the Nemean,
when
all
the Greek world assembled to take part in the
friendly contests.
Every man
of Hellenic blood,
whether
from Athens or Korinth or Sparta, or from the most distant Greek city upon the shores of the Euxine, or the far western seas, was entitled to enter the equal of
all
others.
list,
and stood the
That he was Greek was the only
requisite; and whether noble or humble, rich or poor, from one of the great cities of the race homeland or from the rudest and most distant outpost of the Greek kin, he
had equal right and chance to compete for the victor's wreath in the contests where athlete and poet and his-
and sculptor met, with the assembled Greek folk as judge. And the victors were honored alike of all Greek men, and their fame became a common heritage torian
During the month of these festivals wars between Greeks were suspended, and peace
of all the race kin. all
reigned supreme. 7.-
The
sea.
While the mountains
of the
Greek homeland divided
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES country and people into many~small states independent of each other, the sea as the common highway of all
Greek men served
common highway It
gether.
as a tie
of
between them.
This as the
Greeks knit and bound them
all
was an inseparable part
of the
to-
common Greek
To some, as the Phokaians, the shore became little more than a place for repairing their ships. Their life was upon the sea. Upon it they met in their long voyaging; and through it they made the acquaintance of the widely scattered kin of the Greek folk. Bound together by all these ties, while there were Greek cities many, and Greek states many, there was always, and everywhere, only one Greek man. life.
Yet the Greek, with all his apparent freedom, and his great number of separate and distinct centers of political each fixing
activity,
signally as
the
its
type of civic
Roman
life
for
itself,
failed as
to develop the true idea of a
democracy, whether in the mother lands of that archaic Hellas or in the Greater Hellas which grew up overseas
upon the coasts
and
of Italy
shores of the Mediterranean.
Sicily,
The
and about the west first
traditions of the
a monarchy; the Basileus, or king, ruling by divine commission from the gods, generally himself by fable a descendant of the gods, and boastful none the race are
of
even tho the baton
less of the lineage
sinister stretched
with its betraying stain athwart the escutcheon. respect he was not unlike to-day.
In this
noble families of Europe Yet whatever the lineage, it was the rule of one
many
over the many, and so accepted, "
The One
rule of
many
king; to
is
whom
not well;
let
one be
ruler,
the son of cunning Chronos gave
THE GR^ECO-LATIN ARYAN Authority and scepter, that he might bear rule For other men."
Thus
says Ulysses as he admonishes the brawling
Thersites to cease from his fault-finding.
Nor does he
hesitate to lay the royal scepter athwart the
back of the
offender with sturdy blows as a punishment for meddling Later came the in matters which belong to his betters. oligarchies
;
and then the after-development into the
so-
the true
Yet, as with the Roman, " democratic idea, the idea of a government of the people, for the people, and by the people," this idea, without called democracies.
which there can be no true democracy, was utterly
lack-
The people only changed masters. Thucydides is ing. authority for the statement that in the age of Perikles, the golden age of Athens,
when
the so-called era of pop-
government was at its best, the government was virThe lonik Greeks of the tually the rule of one man. Asiatic coast never took on the democratic development. They seem always to have been overawed and controlled ular
by the preponderating weight
of the Asiatic monarchical
And
even when Attika, which stood at the head of the democratic idea as Sparta did of the oligarchic, even
idea.
when
it
approximated most nearly to the true democratic
the tyranny of the basileus or of the oligarchy was only exchanged for the still more pitiless tyranny of the majority. The idea of a democracy in which the minorideal,
ity
had
rights that
were entitled to respect, seems never Athenian mind. And this is the
to have entered the fatally
weak point
in the Latin democracies of to-day.
Aristides ostracized, Marius in exile, the proscriptions
and murders
of the Five
Hundred and of
their successors,
the Thirty of Athens, the banishments and the massacres [135]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES of the consulates, the dictatorships, the Triumvirate, only
anticipated the days of '93 and the guillotine, and the
long history of political murders, banishments, and expatriation, which mars the records of the Latin-American In fact Latin republics are largely such only
republics.
name, when gaged by the Teutonic standard. It is still the imperium, and an imperium which will bear with no dissent. And it is still the central power from which in
all initiative
must take
Mere
rise.
labels are often mis-
The
Latin republic thus far has proven to be only a kingdom under another name. The spirit of leading.
the basileus
is
trakon in one
still
way
there,
and regnant.
or another
does
still
And its
the
os-
repressive
work.
Yet
it
is
no small debt that the world owes
Graeco-Latin kin.
To
them, the
first
to develop a fixed civilization,
Aryans the chasm between old and new.
who made possible the world of back the
It
of all the western
it fell
to bridge over
was the Graeco-Latin
to-day.
tide of Asiatic invasion
overwhelm the infant
to the
The Greek rolled
which threatened to
civilization of the
West
in the fifth
and saved the mental life of the Europe which was to be from the fatal lethargy which was even century
B.C.,
settle down upon the inteland spiritual life of the Farther East. The Brahmin and the Medo-Persian succumbed to it, and sleep the sleep of intellectual and spiritual death. The Greek saved the infant West from this. Homer and Herodotos, and the dramatists, and Plato, and Aristotle, are the rich
then already beginning to lectual
bequest of the life
alert, restless
Greek mind
to the mental
of the world.
The
Latin saved the civic
life
of
Europe from the no
THE GRMCO-LATIN ARYAN deadly influence of the Phoenician Semite of Carthage, and gave law and order as the germs of western
less
civilization
;
was not law but power, The Metaurus marked
for Semitic Carthage
despotic, irresponsible power.
the beginning of the ebb of that older Semitic advance
The head
into peninsular Europe.
into Hannibal's tide,
camp was
is
Hasdrubal tossed
the token of the turning of the
and Semitic Hannibal so knew
pare for the end.
of
And upon
the
it,
and began
to pre-
Roman
military system based the armed strength of Europe which rolled back
the later barbaric waves of invasion on the plains of
Chalons, and before the walls of Vienna while upon the Pandects of Justinian, and their forerunner the Jus Vetus of the primitive Latin, is based the framework of ;
modern jurisprudence with
As
life.
safeguards of property and Greece stood for mental freedom, so Rome stood its
and order law and order as opposed to Asiatic absolutism and Celtic anarchy. When Paul could say " Civis Romanus sum," the howling mob and the subservient captain alike had before them a bar they dared not for law
and when that day he stood before Festus and " protestingly exclaimed, I appeal unto Caesar," even the cross
;
"
hand of the Governor of Judea drew back afraid, for It was not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have license to answer for himself concerning the crimes laid against him."
Out of the womb the West were born.
of
Roman
Need
it
civilization the nations of
be wondered at that in the
pangs of childbirth she was torn by their struggles, for it was manchild laying hold upon manchild. It was a
Roman
poet
who wrote
"
Ilium
fuit."
Had he been
a
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES seer as well, there might have been a thirteenth "
sadder book to the
Upon
and
^Eneid."
Rome
the foundations of dying
a
new Rome
appeared. As the Rome of the Caesars failed, the Rome of the papacy began to grow up within and to supplant it. And it, too, became an imperium and no other spiri;
imperium ever had better opportunity than this, an imperium in imperio, to gain and keep universal domintual
ion.
When
Roman
Christianity
empire the
became the
Rome
religion of the old
of the Caesars
was yet strong,
only beginning to die and the Christianity of the fourth century was one. It went out from the ecumenical coun;
cil
at Nikaea with a united front,
youth yet upon
it
;
and with
its
and the enthusiasm
of
three great centers of
power at Constantinople, at Alexandria, and at Rome. But when under the usurpation of power by the Western church it took the first step away from a true catholicity, it lost the Eastern church, and the Greek, and the Slav. Then when it ceased to be Western in spirit, and became Latin, it lost the Teutonic races, and still further narrowed the field of catholicity.
And
when, again,
it
ceased to be
Latin even, and became Italian, it began to lose its hold upon Celto-Latin France. That close corporation, the Italian cardinalate, with its logical
church.
and intended
corollary,
to-day the bane of the Roman It arouses at once race and national jealousies,
the Italian papacy,
is
and brings into a question which should be one purely of The Italspiritual matters, issues of politics and of state. ianizing of the papacy,
and the never-ceasing
political influence in other lands, are
the contest with
more enlightened
sisted in, will in the
end prove [138
a heavy handicap in
religions, and,
fatal to all ]
efforts after
if
per-
possibility of a
THE GR&CO-LATIN ARYAN make
broader catholicity, and Italian church. There
may
of the
still
be,
papacy only a local as there have been
in the past, times when the present policies may meet with a temporary success but it will only be temporary. The forces which have brought defeat in the past are the ;
same
to-day,
and
will
continue the same in the future, for
they are based upon natural law, and they will inevitably work out the same results. The Roman church will have to abandon the preponderating Italian cardinalate and cease to be national, but instead become truly Catholic as in the earlier
ages of Christianity, or break again,
and this time finally, with the Teutonic peoples. Four things Romanism has incorporated into her phase of Christianity which were no part of the early church as established by Christ and as built up by the Apostles. i.
The Papacy "
and
its
with "
Holy College
its
claim of spiritual
of cardinals.
The
infallibility
genesis of
"
all
"
be found in that older priestly Holy College of heathenism as founded possibly by Numa, and which this is to
had
also its
"
Pontifex
Maximus
spiritual authority of the older ries before the Christian era,
matters was supreme.
The
"
who was
heathen
Rome
and whose word title
and the
the ruling for centuin spiritual
office
seem
to
have passed down together from the older religion to the new. 2.
A practical
saints' adoration.
the older
orders.
The
its
Rome, which found
its highest expression in a change of name. largely celibacy of the clergy and of the conventual
the Pantheon, 3.
Mariolatry and its change from the polytheism of
polytheism, in
The
is
Traces of these orders, and of the celibacy, are [139]
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES to be found not only in the older heathenism of for
too,
it,
their
vow
had
fleeing
its
of virginity
religions.
And
Rome,
celibates as the Vestal Virgins with
and
their dwelling apart, but in is
the same, a
The monastery and
the nunnery
everywhere the thought
from the world.
all
are the soul's confession of defeat in the world struggle.
They
are not the stronghold of the victor, but the retreat
of the vanquished.
They hold
within their walls the
weak, those spiritually unable or afraid to stand in the Not heroes, but weaklings, seek refuge battle of life. there.
The temporal power. The earthly power which Christ disavowed that day " when he said to Pilate, My kingdom is not of this 4.
world," the
Roman
struggled for.
It
church grasped after, and has ever has been the slow-working, insidious
poison of that church. Centuries came and went before the full harm was made apparent, but the germs of all the subsequent harvest of evil to the church and to humanity
were planted the day when the
first
bishop of
Rome saw
opened up before him the possibility of ecclesiastical domination by means of civil power. That day St. Bartholomew's and the Inquisition became possibilities; and
became a prophThe ambition which
that day the revolt of the Teutonic peoples ecy, as yet far off, but inevitable.
Christ discarded, but which Gregory took up despite the virtual prohibition of the Master, has been the bane of
the church, and as a disrupting force lay back of the great divided Christianity is the schism of Protestantism.
A
God
has paid for the departure from the wholesome limitations of its founder. This departure
price the church of
is
the
more deeply
to be regretted because of the great [140]
THE GR&CO-LATIN ARYAN store of worldly
wisdom which Rome's
centuries of evan-
and because of the many wholly admirable features of her teachings and her
gelistic
family
work have taught
her,
life.
Yet the Papacy and
its
policies are not chance.
It is
the normal evolution of that episcopal system which was
not of Peter, but of Paul.
The Papacy
church
the
represents
is
the normal
legitimate end. That completed course Episcopus,
evolution of the episcopacy to
its
Episcopus Senior, Archiepiscopus, Primatus, Pontifex Maximus. The other Episcopal churches may hardly be said to have stopped short in the evolution
;
they simply
lack the centuries of
Rome, and favoring circumstances,
for the full course
but the incipient way-marks of the
;
And the germ of whom Paul ordained,
uncompleted evolution are to be seen. it all
lay in that old
Greek
ETTWT/COTTOS
whom the church as left by Christ seems not to have known. And a heavy load has it all proven to be to the
but
simple EKK\rja-ia which the Master established. All four of these extraneous things which
Rome
in-
corporated into the Latin type of Christianity have in them certain elements of power in the immediate upbuilding of an ecclesiasticism
;
yet
all
four have in them
likewise elements which, as contravening the very basic
laws of man's completest spiritual evolution, must inevitably bring check, and then ultimate defeat to that ecclesiasticism both as a worldly and as a religious force.
The
dry rot which everywhere seizes upon the Roman type of Christianity at a certain stage of its development is no accident.
It is
the working out of law to
life.
legitimate
a law of death, as well These spiritual impedimenta the Latin
and inevitable end. as a law of
its
For there [141]
is
RACE LIFE OF THE ARYAN PEOPLES still
retains.
The more
robust Teuton cast
them
aside
with the wreckage of his Middle Age camps. The hopelessness