Prussian Staff & Specialist Troops 1791-1815
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
3
THE PRUSSIAN GENERAL STAFF
5
• • • • PETER HO...
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Prussian Staff & Specialist Troops 1791-1815
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
3
THE PRUSSIAN GENERAL STAFF
5
• • • • PETER HOFSCHR6ER Is • recognised ..pert on the German campaigns 01 the Napoleonic w.....nd the Pru..i.n .rmy In partlcul.r. He has p~1y written lou. titles on the Pru..S.n Army of the period, and L~ipzig ISI3, number 25 in the C.mpalgn .eries.
Origins alld Itislon llw General Siaffand War ~Ijlli"ln Ihe 'ne\I" Gelleral Sian unifurms
TACTICS: THE USE OF COMBINED ARMS
14
ARTILLERY & ENGINEERS
18
• Org;ll·ti ...· uioll illId ('quiprnl'llI • ,millen uniloflll'>- 179~-IH07. Il:W~IHL;-.lIli...ll1lurnp.lnie.. - WI!fC:...
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Acknowledgements My thanks go to Dallas Gav.... and Jo/YI Cook lor readtng the dt"at1 01 thos te~t and gMng me their 5UQ9I$tIOr1S lor IITlprovements. Any .-nn are, 01 COI.lfM. my IlISPOfI$IbMy,
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Author's Note ISBN 18.. UnMd Kingodm
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The -.cIng ",-,,-, Osprey Dncl USA c/o MBI PubhIlong, 121 " " , , - , ..._ . 0see0Ia. WI 5olo02O, USA
upon thcs mailer
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The Publtstw's regret that they cen 8'tter onto no correspondence
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Select Bibliography [II ,tllrlili,m ,•• 1111' Wtlll... li'lt't! ill (h~ \';uli.-r \"llhlll1C,; Oflhi, ~lie,. till'
followillH ''l't t' "1",, "'''I1'lIlI,'(\ tor (hi- lulul1ll':
Uniforms ,\I"rI." KI;lII,·I','u'l &
()r1'·llhllq,~.
a{I!lf"!I\\I,rlwll II nlU'f' I
(:c"l"lo{.
t'lIIfr!l1/1l'1J
dr,
i87-1806/i (Ikd,lllll. I ~!H~\)
Gt'IU'ral Staff lkllH"I,-", K:l1l /h" {"'IlIvl,,' O[ji:inl/l)/I!' ill (~~fll.\rllllft ,/lui \/l/al/65f)-IlJ." (Ikrlin. I!llil) I·it'dll'l". Siq,:lrit·d. (;nwllm, liN' ,IIIIiliit· Ill/II K/lrgl'gr'lfllirlltr !ltllld J. SII/lfIlr(JII/:"I-.,..1I I'WIIII'II (i\lUllil h.
I ~171'1) (."dirt. Walrer,
Klfllll (;I"rl"rlilf Gt'/Il'/lIl.ltfllxl (I\corlin, 1!l7i)
tI",
"f,,"rllm
Arti1lcrr \Ilon. 1".XJ'r..,rU"glnI/PIII fill 1/11 ,1,.lllIm" lin KOlliglirh /'rfU\I,\("hnl ,Inm'l' (lkrlin. UH2) \lHm. \ mlff(I/l1'l ,,/ d"lmlnl If'IIl"ml-" 0/ /-'nl\liflll .-'tr/iIlPrl·. "If'. • I~firi,h l.lhr:tf\. 1.0nd"l1 H1l~I.."l.·rm. Il.uL' (l'(I.), .IfJ/J,"UWl'Jvr-KoI/lIIU.ll. III·ft II 'ZUf \ll,I"ldull~ lind I,.kuk ,I"r \rulll·nt·· {(};;n,.hrl,ck. 198'l) (;)l'im. lnu·r-{)Oiril'r. Om I,,",,,,,,, m,l linn I·'M-(~rhlll:. (lI'IO·H (~n""""r (ol·lIl·r.ll~I.lh. I ,*'jflflltrhP IIn/m.L.'!" ,11I11 fmvhllllf:"/
zur ('.t'lf/whlp f/Jo, l'trlll,I/,dwlI limp'. llt'lr 11 F,. 'Dit' I'rl'l".i... hl' Ani11t'rit' 11111 illrt'l i':t'lIfi,nrl,llioll 1809 hi. mm.J.,lln· IHIIi' (I~·rlil1. 1!IH~I) .\I.r1illo,,,J..v. 1.'IUi. "m~; Uonill, Rulwlt Ion. (~,rlllrhfp dl'l' '''''lIlIlpll!mll:i,dl./Jr{'u''IIf!l1"1I "\rllll,.ril', :1 "II. (lkllill.1HH!-·I:!) RibOt-rIll op. '''I/IIIIII/fllll: "Oil \ invhlljlnl . . \ 11/I~'I'llllg"" ](11I1 '/IInllgnl 1111/,"1:1"11 iilJI" di" 1·.../d"'/fll!wK". lilt" Ir'/'flrg'lwI-" 11'1I/11, flllt! (ilr f{f'/tlfJllllf'fllIIg lin Kii"igllf'h 1'tJ'rI"i,,!I,., ImIN' (Ikt lirr. 11'1) Ii) S;UlIt: tht:t"d ill a plt,thol,l of l11ilil.ln joutnal, p'lhli~hed in (;{'nn::tm" SchamllOl....l \\'a~ lIlt' pllbli~l\{'r (II 01\{' 'Uell jOllrn,t1. ,Itld {,0 un. Fredclid. Willialll" ....111\ \\,1" :l I ,000 lIIt'll 'troll/-:, FredericL. \\'illiam I. hi., J.;"mlHholl ;till! l.lther ul Frt'd(.'ncL. lhe Cre.lt. commanded an anm III HO.UUU ml.·11 with .1 '"llil.lr "-'tem. Fre(kricL. himself I,'a" one uf )lo!tL.I"" "1.11", 01 tht.' lil'l unkr', I k did lUll llel.·tllllihili\\ Il,r {\l'It'nllillill~ lIl.lrching rouIC". c;tlllp~il{'" ('IC.. ha~l.'t:' lu lilt· North &,1. the Rhinc .llId Ihc \lain. lilt' Adjoillt, \\l'r(' n'Wlnkd .1' \Ollllg onlCCt"" of pOlt,tllial. to Ill" groollled 101 I.l!l·l PIOlllOliol1 to lIlort' ,cl1illr po,ilion' in lhc (;t'Ilt't~ll Slaff. Thmt' ,lppoinlt'd to th.1t 1'0,,>1 included .\liHlJing 01 Walerloo tlll1e; Georg- \\'illwlrn \ nn \'alt'lll illi (I 77.~ I H:H), whme ICXL~ wert' I,HC'r IN·d to tI~lill .Iflm oflict,t",,; .llId !\mcll, TIlt:" hc.td (If lilt' QC..~ Inllll I iIJ6 \\,1'" Olle Le\-ill \'on GeU~IU. lilt' .... llillf a I\;;nlt-II llobkTllilll .md .ul/;Ihl'f of Ihe 'forl'ign merCl'nark·..·, It lI;h during hi", pt_'litKI 01 onil I' Ih,lI lilt' ,I gl'lIl'r.. !. i.l'.•1' ,III imkpelldl'lll commander or all anm:' Thai Ihi.. COIUribllll'd ~igllific;lIllh IU the I'rll~l>ian defeal W:;L~ n'coWli'iC-,(! h\ (,nei""'ll,lll, \\Iul wnllt" ill hi~ mcmo"mdUlII 011 tht: campaign 01 IMOt): ·.\lorl·U\l.... \\l' illlil,lIed Ihm.c part:. of til(" Fn'nch ~\"'lem lhat W(' ,hOllld ha\(' ,l\'oicled, 1I,Illll'h t1'W-lIIi,ing Iht' allll\ inlO di\i~iolH ,dlholll consjdt'rin~ tlMt \\(. did nOi haH' '1lIlicil;:"Ilt gl;:"lIemh. capablt' 01 OIIIllIl,tlIdill); Ihl''lol' lorm.lliorh ... · Thl're an' two point-. 10 be mark Iwlt·, Fir'lh. (.Ill'i'>l·nau-" (Ollllllt'lI1 flJllli,m, Ihal"plonn~ had ht'('n carrit'dlillt in the ("(lIl1m,llId 'IrI.lClIIl"l' of tilt' Prll~ian .\nm, (Ollll,tn to thl' IIl\th, ,Iholll the ·...IlICli" tlflhl' in hl'rit,U\cc of Fredetid.. tht· (.rl·,It·. \lore()\l'r, Crwi""'II,HI indicall''' llut IIwrl'h cu!)\"ill); thl;:" French "lIher Ih.m d('\('lopin); Ill(' Pn,,~i;Ul " ..telll \\.I~ all errur. ~culldh. ~hl'colllt'lht' hOlh Ih.lI would conlrol ,llld nllllmalld tllc'c fonn.lliulll>. II was on the ret real from the fkld of AIlt'I"'It'lIt Ihal f.Ilc dt'cidl'd tilt' IUrln 11i'11 Ill(' hlltlrl' (;('rm;1II (;t'I1('I,,1 SI.tll \\ullld t,lkl'. Sch.lrnhOl-';1. ~q)arall'd from lhl:" I{m,.1 I IeadqllalIt'I''' lIul"illlo{ lht· cOlilmion 01 lIw rl'ln'a!, bumped into BleICher, who I"h lr"ill).\" 10 ("0\"(.'1' lhl' withdr,m.11 01 lhl' I1l"l\"\ anilkr\', rhl:" 1110 ,llrl',lel\' klll'\1 (lIll' ;ll1olht'r anrl UlfldH:l did nUl hnilalc 10 appoilll SchalllhoN lri~ ad\"i,Ol fOI hi, lighling rt 'I n'al to I.Clheck 011 1he I\all if" coa~l, [II Ihe 'lllllllll'r of 1HI:l CI1('i~Pl1all would 'l'placl' llll' l11orl:l1h \\Ollll(lt-d Slh;ll"Ilhlll"l. rhi~ Iypt' ot Il'am c11:1I~1Ctcri,cd fUlllrt' Prll~:.ial1 :llld Gl'nnall g:l'lll'I,t1 ~lat"ls - IIIl' Cro\\1l Prim'l' of I'ru~si:l and Counl Blllllu']11Ilal ill Iht, c;lIl1pd ·brig.uln', tht" \\ert' lUI .til illlt'llh ,md p"rptl'l'S di,"i,ion,. 011 I \I.lI'ch IXO'!llh.. "1111I1' ,Inm \\,L.. pLtced lllU!t'1' tht' ('(mtrol of lilt· \f,11' Dqhll1lllt'II1 (Krieg..-DI'p,lltell1\·llI) or :\lini,tn of W.II', I hi~ both repl.lCt'd tht, Obt'l J,.,riq"'....l..olkgilllll. tht· (,elll:.'''ll ,-\(ljUl'IlIb.· Ollicl.' .1IId tht> (.CIlt·"11 11I'lx'CIOl.III' til lhle" .\nm, .t~ \\ell ;L' lhe ,l.(0\l'rnOl" of Iht' larger lortll'\..'e,. Ilnl .. ,l.(rt\lth ,illlplih'ill,l.( arm\ .. dlllini,tr,IlIOIl. Ilw lIIilli~ln I\.I~ divI
10
In lilt· t'\elll 01 \\,11. il \I.I~ p1.lIl1led III rorm lhl' 'IX hrij,folde" inlo Ihll'e ,trllI\ (I}lV', I ht' Ct'Ih'I~11 ~t.ln \\0111peeif"irlg" ill tklail whal lI':h r{'quil'l'd of' dll' jlllrilJl olliclT~ irl\ohed: 10 \\'ork oul thl' dl'laib 01 e1i"po~ilioll~, :mrl k('('p Ihl' war dian'. III ~lr(lrt, hl' WOl~ rlL\' chicFol-sl:dr~ t:xecLLlhl' ollkt,!. (") Til" Thlnl (;(,lU'ml Stry/Offi"" Thi, oflirl'r was re~poll,ib1c for de:llill.l-( with ,Ill pn'"illg Ill'lun... in llet:lil. on in~tl'LLCliolls from :lIld ill ... Uppull 01 thl' umllllamlillg gelll'l~11 al1d hi~ chid-of-SlafT. (5' /Jngmlt' G('//"ml SIO!! O/firf't) The'it:' uffin:rs dealt wilh mallei'll ,111.11 ,L.!I lht' I'I'ltlllll,li"l>,tllle of tt·n~litl and am re'iuhillg changes in tilt' dirl'Clioll 01 11ll' m,uThing columns. pankularh when lhe\ rode at ,he Ilead of till' (Ohlllln~; with reconnoitring the enemy and the COUlltn~idt.'. panicLlI,lrh Ililh rt:'gard 10 lht:' 'Llpph and quanering of the troop~: with lilt' t"l'C('ipl and impkmenI.U.iOII of orders regarding combal, deplt)\ tllt'lll .\lld llMrchillg. Filldlh. lhe brig-Ide SlalTofficcl' \\~dS required 10 dl·:tl with t:\t.'n m,tllt.'1 d,a"n 10 his attention b\ Ihe blilfotdc commander.
11
Uniforms:
Until
1809 the General tend(:d to he lJrg:lrli~ed 011 an informal ha... i~, I,ith ~elecled officer'> heillg ,lllMhed to headqLl,tnel~ .Iccordillg to net-'d. While Ihi~ practice continued to wille extellt, ,ther the fOllnding of the War \lini~ln in 1809 a more lonnal procedure 'I.~ .Idopled alld a corps of Iwnnant'nl ~tafT oniccrs \I.I~ t-,\t"bli'ihed. L'llIil then tilt-' itll.lehed nmcel'~ contilltlt'r! 10 l\t'ar Iheir l"('Killlc:nt,tl uniJonll\. bill thl'n'itllc'r ..pc'cific ..lafT llIlifnrm'i 1\I'n' more COlli ilion. ( I he rq~illwnlal I II), I:"J2, I G2 .llld I 72.) ~t;tn
ABOVE lEFT Qua;".l"Il\Qter
Genenlla, t800. The rlgure on the len .. -Mtn9 the ~bre . .rvlt;. unltann conal.llng 01 a Pru....n blue lrock coal wlth poppy·red fKlng. -.1d gold IK., bulllyellow wal.tcNt and whit. breec...... The pia unilorm on the I'lght has the more ", Ith gold IK. embroi6l!l.lSis IrulII IIIt'Il (ktached frum \;triOll' IInit" \1(',lriIlK Iht, IIIliforlll' of their p,lrenl n'h-rimellb,
TACTICS: THE USE OF COMBINED ARMS I he Gcm'I..'] SIan' W,IS in'lruC!t'd in IIll' 11'1' of;l llt'\1 'el Hf drill rq~u laliom, the F.xrr:,,~H"J.,.T{l'ml'/l1 {iir du' \rllllrr;" tlrr Kii'/lKl;,1I ''I"un;lfllf'll .\rlllN'ol ]~12, OIH' unique ll',.lurt' ollhi, donll11t'Il1 1\;1, llw ,,-clioll 011 lht' Iht' "flllt" combined ~lf1lh,.h 111(' l.lek (If C'o-oldin,lIillll or lhe ann~ in combal \\'I~ one of the major (';1I1't" or deit',tl ill IHOll, Ihi, ]Ihl run ion cau be regarded a~ the 1110'1 ,ig-llili(',lllt of the rdunn' ,tchie\ed, The origin (lr thi, part of Ihe Rl'glt'llwnl g-Ol'~ hack to;1ll 11l\1l'1IClioll on the u~(' 01 the hrigade in comhat Ilrill{'1l h\ Fn'dt'rid.. Willi,1I1l III in IH09, 'I he Reg-klllcllt ~pn'ilicd hI i/{oldl' tOllnalil)ll~ 101 11\lfln;tl "'C, lor the advance 10 ('Olllan, for thl' 1);l\ol1l't 1"'I1,tl'l-\"(' :111(1 for e1di'IH't' ag-:Iin'l r"":lIIY NOl'ln:tll\', the hrig-adl"s illl~t1l1l'v would Iw dr'l\I'l1 lip ill lhree lille" Thc trollt line Ilould (I)mi~I ut il~ two Ill,ilil'j h;ltl,tlioll~. I\hit::h Il'olild be \I'nl 10 1'01'111 1111,' ,I..irtni~h lilll', Thrl'(' 1I111,1..('tt'I'r h:lttalion~ ~to"d L~)O P
1\\0 1ll1l~L.t.'tet.'1
Rq.~lt'llIt·nl
~ll0\\"
\('1"\
e1l'.lrh lh.ll till' I)ru"ian C('lIcl':ll Slalr had lcarned lhe It''~I11~ 01 ~.Ipoleollie \\ ....I:u'(·, TaL.ell as ;1 \\ho1l', lhi, Rl'I:::lelllclll r{'pr{'q'lll~ llw l'j)ilOllll' of ~,Ipoleollie t.lelic~ ;l11d grand lactic,.
FIg.3: Brigade formation fOt" an
attack with lhe bayonet. One. lhe enemy .hawed algn. 01
...."verlnll arter the openln; 01 the battle by the light infantry, the second wave of troop. wOuld
pre.. home
lit
Ir....
", .....
the polnl of the
bayo"et. The light Inlantry would
lall back on the nank' to ,,'orm
.........
in column and join the third
'M.""'.
,.. ".....
wave. (Drawing by John Cookl
........
,
Fig.4: Brigade formation to receive cavalry attack. The
Infantry blllUllon. form cloMd M1~'"
In •
cheq~rbo.rd
formation lor mutuallllJpport.
.-
~.
.-
.-
After the enemy cavalry n.d bHn disrupted by 'hi. defenalve Ii.., the Pru••yn br\9ad...
eanlry would then move up In wpport to eN.. them off.
17
ARTILLERY & ENGINEERS Organisation and strength
In 1787 tbe Field Artillcl) COlV~ W'i1~ rcuqfl'n'(' j.{um. The field anil1cry rcS(:'n·c!> ill IIIl' dq)(Jb ;ulIUlIllIed 10 89-1 piecl:"!>. In 17RR, including f01"lre"~ and ..iege anilkn. tht, l'ru""ian" had 6..-109 picrl'" at lheir dbpo"al. In 1790, two balll'rit'" (',1c I~allcrie .. Nm.1 to 6: HombardllleJll I\attcries Nos. I 10 'I, ctc. Tl1cre \\l'n' at..n 11 C.arri~Oll ArtilJe'1 r.ompanie.. in the fortn:"St:~. Fredcrick the Great's Ellgilll'er Cnrp~ had Iwen wea\... in both tmining and pcrfnnnallcc. Iii" Iwir alll'rnplt'r1 In I"('Clif\' thi.. h\· increasilll{ ilS 1);1\· and prc,tig:c. and a IOll1lal "lrU("Iure \\'l.~ e ..tablishcd. In 1788 an Enginc!.:rs' Acadcnl\ \\';1.') upclIcd. FI"l·derit-\... William II SLlCCC'iSflllh rcorgani'\t:d and Ill()(krni~l'd 11ll" I'ru.."i;\Il anil1el"'\'. Thanks to him, it ' ..,IS abk to pla\ a ,igllilicalll rok ill lhl' \\;If'> of the French
"'L"
,.
Rt:\()!ll1lon, p:1I lintl:lIl\' al til
Mlllery & Pontonnter Corp., 1800: pmetellen), officer (right). Pnn.len bl\HI lrock coat. with black l;oc1nsl' end vellow ...."'1 tKlttons; white .mellclothe.: the privllte na. e .-d neck .tock. the officer white. Note thlIt the otf'lCer he, gold tKlttonhole l;ace only below hi' turned,back lapel, end on his loreenne, (Remmj
Equipment and performance
The 6-pdr cannon were made of hrol17e: llll' 12-pdrs had ('ilher hronte or in)ll barn-I." ~h"l 01 Ihl' equipl1lt:lll alld de..igns daled from Iht: end oflhe \Rlh cellllln, nIL' field a1'lillt:n m;linl) used rOll1ld..,llO!. i.e...olid cannon balk th,1I I' l'rl' g"l'llt:I";llh lighler Ihan Ihe 1I0rni nil 1calihn' of Iht, piece. Ilo",iuns Ll,t:d 'hdls - hollow iron balls filkd with gunpowdt:r and ~('t on'l" a llll';lsurcd time fll~l' Ihal was ignited in Ihe harrd br tilt' firing 01 tilt' propel1iull rharg"l'. Aboul olle third of lhe allllllunilic)ll used \\'a~ calli,tt:r - hollo'\' (";\~e~ COllli\illing a Olllnber of ~mall irol1 h"ll .., I,'hit'll hursl al Ihe llHrl.llt': Ihi~ IVpC of amtllunition 1\";1;'> IIs('d \0 grt:;ll eITeel at clOSt' r'lll~t'. 1100\'it~ers and mortars ;ll~o (ired inc('ruliary sho\' used to SCi alighl buildilll{s and fonificatiOlls. Flares 1\'I:"re ;Ilso ll~l·d .. The field anilkn lIol'lnall\' fired {)wr open ~ighL~, selling the r;:lllgt: b~ ek\':lling: til(' harTt'l 01 Ihl' piece. The canllOll ball would be aimed 10 strike jlht 10 lhl' f!'Out of lhe largel so thaI il would glallet: up 'llld licochel lhrough il. An ('k\,;llion of 1t:1"O degrees would callSC Ihe ball 10 SU'ike al "hOlrl 400 pa('('~, 111('1\ hOll\l('(' 10 1.000 pacc~ befort' rolling on 102,100 paen. 01ll' dcgrl'{' of de\";-llioll WOllid calise tbe ball 10 g:bnce ill 800 pace~, lhen hounc(' 10 1300 pace.. before rolling on to 2,200 paces. The effecti\ e '''''llj.;:l' of lidd artil1l'rv fiting hall was thus helween 400 and 1,300 pace'. 1100\'It/t:"'" lobbed their :ohdls, firing at e1e\':llions ofbell\t:'t:'n 3 and 12 d{'g:ree~, and theic effecti\'e rangl.'S were up 10 2,900 pace~. Mortars lobiX'd Ih{'u ~hl'l1!> around 2,000 paces ,II e1e.....ltions of bel',ecn 43 and 'G d('grt:c~. Cllli~lcr \\...'-, gcncrallr used at ranges of under 1.000
19
P"Ct:S. being most dl"ectiw.: at 600 10 HOO pan:s. I he l).-pdr "::UIl,> (ould tire a ma:ximulll of I~ rotlnd~ JX'I" millll1e, howi\lt'l"' lWO rOllllds in threl: minUlt·... though ~uch ratl:~ of lift· could !lol Ill' 1l1,lilH.lilled lor long II itholll e:xhau,>ting both the ("J l'\\"~ ;md IIH'il ,Wllllllll;l iO!l ,upplil".
Artillery uniforms: 1792-1807 Fom Anillc.... uniform,; wert' ,irniLtI to tllO~e 01 Ill(' infant ..... From 1787, ,I Prus....i;lIl bluc frocl OM! \la, 110111. Ilith hltl(' I.leill).;"' .Illrl \dlm\ bUIlOll,>. The 11~li'ICO;lt and brt'l'c1Il" l\l·rt· I\hitt'. I ht' field .Irlillt·.... Ilore fl'd lIl'cl ,tock.. tht· 'P;lI1.I'lh' 'trai..::ht "Iflul, Oflicel~ 11'!:"III 1798 tht· .Inilkn \~~b gi\i'11 it, char,lCh'ri'lit hl.lt" l;llillj.,"" allli at lhe ""line lilll(' a !liCOnl fl'plan>e1 Ill(' (".l..elm·III·, I ht' ollin·....· f,lcinJ.,.... Ilt'lI' m.l(!t: of \ehel: thl:l h,1l1 11'11 hUlIon, Oil llu:ir I.lpd'l .llulIlo; lIith 18 b..., uf 1.10::. TIll' F(·\lt·....H·I"l..(·r h.ld I~ lliIrf()I\l'! 1M'''' of I.IC(': homhanlit·(,l' \rtilkn. ,Ind a plain g:old coni c!,"p for lht' I'out \nillen. rill: 1101"'(' \1 tilll'r\ h,ld ,I lIlixed hhill.. ;111(1 \1 hilt· k.llhc·! plume, lht' FOOl \nilkn hl.Ie'I... In IHl.IlJ. ,I'" ,I lempor,..... ml·1.) ..upponed change~ in the lISC of artillen. calling for an incn':L IIl\H'I'l:d, lilt: ball tended (() land shon and then bounce high u\er the ellelll\. G.mi'ler rUlInd:-. :.pread lheir load O\'er a \\;de area, bllt alxml half nltht' h.ll]'" 'trud., lilt' ground in Ill(' fit"'t :;0 paccll, either burying lh.'I11'l,IH:' ur IXHlI1cing O\er lhe head:-. of Ihe t:1lt:lm. To :>lllll tip. in IIH.: cilrh p $('n;ng: the gun' Orh'ing lhe KIlIl' & 'llpph 1',lgun" On"ing Iht, ,lIll1lHlI1iliUll 1',lgUIl' In r(";("l'\c
To/al 12-/xir lHlII,,""l Scr,"illl{ the 1{l1l1' Driling Ihe gUlls Driling ,lit' dlllll1Uni,iflll wagon, (xIO) Drhing lhe ,upph .... ;IIo;"Olh (,2)
JOial
i'l mell 24 mel]
20 lIlen / /6 Inf'lI
-",,,-,
1:-,
lllcn men lIlell
18 lIlen / ]2
96
men
32 men
30
men
6 /84
1IIt"1I /!II'II
The mel hods lor 't'nlllg e,lch 11'!k of piece 6-pdrs and l'l-pdr.., i-Ixlr and IO-Ixlr howil/Cfswcre "1X'rilied in lhe Kel{lel1l('IlI:
6-pdr field piece Onc "erg(';Ull and dl{ht K\IIlIler~ "t:n'(.'d lhi, piece. No~.7 and 8 Ilcre in It'',el"\e; in the Ilor~e Artillel). lhe> held lhe hor~e, when Ihe gUll \\':.Il> unlimber(·d. f\ cannon ....':.1" "('I"\('d h\ orc1l'r: '\Vipt' piece! - Cartridl{('! - In,(·rt!Pon-Fire! - Aim! - Firt'! - Kt.'tlll'll Can lion!' The No.1 sponged rhe h;llTt'l 10 cxtingui ..h ;ll\> I{lowing emher.. that might pr('marurclr ignile Ihe neXI ch,lrg:e; Illeillll,'hilc the 1\'0.4 (a re.. pon"ibk \'t·\(.'ran, Oltt'll holding the l':.lllk of bOlllh;mlicr) kepi hi .. Ihumb o\'t.'r Ihe louchholc, tll prevenl lht.' l"tl,fl of ;lir CllN'd hy lilt' lighl-fl1ling sponge frolll reiglliting ;111}' ~parks, ;uld 10 crC;Ul' a VaCUll111 as Ihe sponge wa .. withdl'awll. Tht.' Nu.2touk Ihe round - charge and 5hol- froll11he Nu:5. II'ho had carried il lip frolll till' lrail che.. t or the limber. and placed il in lhc mllule. Th(' No.1 Ihl'l1 rt'v('r~ed hi .. combined ramrod and SPOIl~(' and f;ul1llled il h0111e; ,llf'lin. Ihe No.4 guarded the \ent. As lhe charge bag l"t'adwd lilt' br('('ch l'nd of Ihe barrel he felt for il wilh a bfa~~ pricker Ihrough Ihl' lOuchhol(', pit'rced it. ami held it in place. 011 the cOlllmand 'Pon-Fire!' the No.4 then took from his pouch a pon-fin: or fme - a ~Illall paper whe of fine priming powder - bil off il.~ ('IH\. remo\'Cd Ihe pricll'l frolll lite IOtlclthole, and insencd lhe port-fire; if he had none. he Il,t'd loO'.e ptiming powder from his flask. Next. Ihe :"'0.4 laid til(' pl('ce b\ looking aloTlg the barrel and indicadng 10 Ihe :"'03 hml milch 10 Il':.l\el"'ie it. Ihe ];lIIer lIsing the lrail-spike to \eler lhe trail around the fulcrum of lhe clITiage's axle. The No.4 tllen adjustcd
Thl. plan .Plows (..ttl. how • &·pdr cannof'l wa. unlimbered to the lore. Tha cannon was unhookad, and 'W\l"9 aroundttte gunne... being In po.ltlon to do so .. they were marching each .Ide 01 It _ and made ...ady to fI .... while the limber wa. moved to the rear. (Right) .how. how a te"m 01 four ho..... was unhooked and "ttached to the gun to move It lorward. white In a combat .Ituatlon; ttte NCO lead. th. team.
33
;1Il0 tll!.I\ ·...n·uOUl 01'1 PlICUlUI03 .I.1V·l'\.l.ln.l.:l ;mo ·... n·1lom
\.\l~,llj
.ll{l p.l.\.I.b Il;JUI ;J\!_-1 ,;.).I!.-1 - .n::l.l0l';. :.I;)p.lO ;)111 tlll P,l\OUl;U .l;I\UJ ;)tp PUl~ ·P;}.I.)'OJ .J[II11m .Jtll 'j>od q~l\ .Jlllj .111J. '.o1'[d Olll! punt)J
c PUl~ .I.:t.ln"-I~;l1ll l! IIl!'\ lol,UI~q ;:1111 Olll! p.l.mnd 'luc-lIllmb lo,.l;)UUII~ I~ ljq,\\ p;l'p;Hp puc \\;).lJ!> Jlp IP!,I\
,")I{l p'")lpU!" .I;)llun;l: SI~\\ .1~.II~IP ;)tLL
I,)' UUpC.\.Jp .Jt{l 'l>.llf!dj,-l!,~l tpP\ P!l~l SI~I\ .D.l!d
;UI.L
'J;)(lllIl~q,) ,I'llJ\\IKII'
(I! ").l~.lI'IP .llp 1iU!L[1i!;l,'\ .I0j ,)\q!j,UIX!lo,l.l SI~I\ .l,l!Pll'qlU()(ll~ pill' "Wllum .),J,np
(II 0111
pJpUClllUIOJ
,lIlO ·.l,J!p.ll::qUlOq
.1,):ot,.I.J,lu.ln,J~1
-Xi
I~
01
PI~ll U10tj.l\jO ,)uu ISI~.lllt~ 'kll::1.I0Ll,1 1I1}f!1.1I[l p,J\.l,h U,llll ,).I.lILL ·'.l,lll!.I\OlI .11[1 11,1,\;)") pill:: j,11ll~ \'\I::,)'! :up pd\.I,l"- II:UU X!S ·.l:J!p.n·qllloq ,HI Il"';)~.l;l" I:: jO PIll::llHlltl:1 ,lLP .I:JPllll p:J:)l.qd .1.1.11\ lollll.\'i 0.'\1 pm: Ill,llp ,\I,l.lJ fli 'p,)j~UI1j, ILlill ,'l.\y \I::IP Id:J::JX:J ';)\oqc Sl:: p.l\.l,')' "'.1.1,,\ Pll1~ ,l.LI~.!II~,,\ ",llllOj tl! p;l")11
'"KJ pp1O:1 .1"Oql:: lP q!J:lS:lP S,1J"J!d .10 ,l~1I ,)111 p,l.L.).\OJ lllJlUJI.\'i.)}1
1>IlIl a'sa!s
'un6 a"l 01 dn pe":)II" wllal as.Jo,,-Jnoj a"l .pwal JalU::I!I!JIlj OJ. 'U!I~..ltl p,)~uod~
uO!I!sod SI! OIU!
Pl!q Uti.!
U,)LP
SI~\\ un.\i ;)IIJ. ·:ot,:>OlSlI!Il>!lI 11I!.I\ ;).\i,lI~lP ,1111 P:lI!u}l! {i'ON ;lI[I 'PUIlUIlIIO:> Jlp 110
Pl.lI~
::J.8p:>,,\ puc ,\\,)J:)S ~ jO SIII::.)lIl
:'1,),).1.1'1 .lIp J.lPUlJ
.\r up. An('1ll iOIl 1\~lS al,o paid 10 lhe mm'l'llll'lll ;IlHI po,i tioning of a hallen. The: h:I1I('n was drawn up in ~llrh a 1\,1\ that 11ll' ei/{Ill /{llll' W('le 20 paces apan: the 11\·0 hOI\itll'r~ were ill the lCllIH" ,\ith thret' tarlllorl 011 e;lch "ide, The hatter~ \\'a" di,idL'd illiO tll"O h:llr·hallcri('~. eadl cOlHi~lin/{ 01 thre(' cannon and olle IHI\I·il/l'l". Th(' halle ....' wa~ t:rt'"(! alld tht" gUll IlIl1l1lc.. aligned \\;dl lhl' firM ranI. of troop.. 'tilnding Ill'ar them. TIl(' men 100lo.. lip Iheir riling po~ilions. the Foot \rtilkn 'l.lcking their ~mall behilld the limber \\.1:. tIl(' inclu:.iun uf ltowill(·P.l in thc fidd b.lllnic... ,I-.. Iht:'ir "lie uf lire \\;~ :.lol\cl' thMl lhal 01 tltt:" GIIIIlOn, and the ,mole from the 1.11((."1' oneil blocked thcir line 01 :.ighl. I)c:.pitt:" the:.t: :.horlcoming... thi.. Reglcmcnt \\.1:' a lllo:.t uscful docuHlent and the training it gll\e was excmpl,ln,
COLOURS & STANDARDS 1787-1797 Under Frederick William II. onll Ihl' i1l1a1l1l'. c\1il";Il>~ier and dragoon rt·gill1I'IH.s carried lIags, At this timl' therl' \\'t'n.' fJ5 illl;u1I.,,' regiments l·;tell 01'1\\0 hattalions (Nol>,3 ,lIld 15 had Ihn:e, Nos,6 alld 50 on I} 0111::): 1:1 ruirast'ier l'egirnellL~, a tOlal 01 6;\ \quadront': ancl 12 dragoon rt'l{illlCtllS. a lotal 01'70 S left. ,\hhuugh it I'.I~ IHIII onll 12 It·l{imen ..... ~tronK. a fun her 20 11('\\' colour' wert.' llct.'cled, and tlw'>t: l\t'n' ~upplit.'d bell\t.'t:1l ISOSilnd 1811. Ahhough each rq{imt.'llt h.ld IUUI cnluu..... -111'0 l:K:r IIlU,I...clcer banal ion - 01111 onc colour (the \'.lllcit:rf;lhnc, thuugh al"l) ,till refern'd 10 as the 1.t.·lbfahnc) 1\,1' t,Ikt.'!l on campaign. rI1(' 12 ballaliolls Ihat well! 10 Ru,sia tool... om' {olour e.uh: Ihdr remaining 12 colulIr.. (the Retirierfahncn) were p.I~,ed on 10 lhc ,ix grenadier hatTalioll'. The I{renadier'l 100,," one each of TI1: Cllimni".llrW So. I rel,lined thl' I.c:ib- and lhn·t· Regimell~~"llld,lrlt:'11ollormcr Cuirassit'r Regt :\'0.1 Clllmj{i". I~ So. 2 rcl,linl'd f01l1' R('gil11l'llt'iSI- ,md thl'l.'e Rl:'gllllClIbl,l1lllell 01 forlllt'r D',lguon Rq;-t :--:0.:-, f)mKoon U,Kt So. 2 f('cl"iH'd 1\'-0 Regilllenhqandarten of fOflllt'r Cllira~ier Rl.'ll;t :--:0,6 ,llld t'HI 01 lunller Dragoon Regl :\'0.6 Omgooll Urgt So. J "l't'lilll'd Ill!': uib- .lIId thrcc Rl'!{illll'lll.'>f,lhncn 01 forml.'r Dragooll Rt'J.:1 '\'n. i Dmj.,'OO1I RPJ,11 .\'u.4 lel.lincd ItlUI RCJ.:imel1t~fahllCIl of former 0101J.:0011 Rc!{t No.8 f)m/{OOII Hl'f!l So. ~ l"t'c('iH'c1 fOil I' Rt'ginwllIsf.-lhnen of fonner Dragoon Rc!{t No.5 f)m~J(m Ilrj.,l1.\'u.6 I't'('{'i\l.'d tht' I.eihfahrll' 01 fllrll.l~r Dragollil Rl'gt No,~~ and thn'l' Re!{illlt'l1t~Ldl11l'1l 01 I'ornl('r DlOlgOOIl Ikgt No.1 :-':0111.' of thl.' IIt'll lq.{illlt'lll:'o lelCi\·l.'d ,111\ colollrs UI ~1;U1dal't" lllltil after Ihe eml of tht, \V,lIt'doo t;lI11paigll.
RallMrllJhne
01 the new typ.e presented to IR Nos.3 and 4 In c, t808-10, This Is essentially Type 3 from Cn.rt 1, with white wedge., bl;ock Crosl, orange centre, bleck eegle in new lettlacing p....-ntatJon, lilver scroll, red crown cushion, lind gold pelnt including 'FWR' monogrems. The IInlalls a gilt lpearhead piet'ced with Ihe royelll'lOl1Ofl,am, the tasselled cord I. Illvar and bWck; Ihe pole bleck, and tIM! lleeva blaek with gilt naill,
Presenting the Ita!'ldards 10 Prince Wllllam'l Dril900n 8rigade In 1808, Ttll. regiment i. WU"ng the old uniform of 1808; the new Shakos and CCNltee. were isM>ed shortly afterward•• ThItI provl.ioNll brig.ade later becamll Dragoon Reglm8f\t No.2. (Drewlng by t.ebrec.htl
39
Chart 1: Prussian Infantry Colours 1797-1806 (NB - 81_ 1740 palt&n \ri8ss o!hBfwlse noled1 No.
,
N._
Type LelbfahM
2
AIl·8omsIecll. 17921MY.
""" """ ""'ween" ."."" .......
c;8"111l
Brown .....
1"Vole....-.tll vbIe ~ wMe oentl1l. 8urn_
I.q1l wttd\I8S. wh1e centre. gold 0--. 8Iadnl
gold Pillf"lt
WhIte wtlh blacl< cross, purpjll centre. gold paiflt WhIte 'Mtlt ~ wedges. lV1t t*JII cenl'll. SlM!f pal'll. gold CfO'lNf\S and F'NR monograms WhIle Wlth red cross. bIuII cenlre. gold 00111 WhIle Wlth blue comet' medaoIons. wht8 centr8, SlIver pant
Purple Wlt!l black cross, wll'te cem,e, gold pawlt Ugttt blue 'Mllt yelk)w wOOges. white cenlre, $llvef patlt gold crowns and FWR monograms Blue ""th red CfOSS. wtI~1I centre.
Ferd!mrxl's
21 21
CV<eat6tu1swlck'S(~X1I~
Taw)
Duke at 8rv:lswIck's
2
5
(trom HI(2) (see Nole 2)
22
Schloeben. 1791 P\rch
2
Klnc:kOW>;troem. 1795
2J
l.Ic:t1nl.msky. 17Q6 W.....-.ng
--
" ""
I 791 Frrierotlerg 1795 Grl.nbe-9 I 799 Zenge
25 25 27
4.
2
3
....!WOk:lec:lt. I 789"AroQ'SChwem. 2 I 795 lMIar;tI, lBOO M·lM1sctt K1lObe1sc1orll 1800 T ~ 2
WhIle WIth lJOO" cross. groon centre, gold 00111 Whole WLth yeIqH wedges. centre. gold parll WMe wth 'f'i'lIIic'N< cross.
ween
yeIjow centre. ~ pQfit 'Mvle field. \/EIftlCaI arms of cross yeIow. horImntall=UPlll, blue cenl'll. gold palin
""" ""'"
WMe WIth blue comet' medaiIk:Jru;, blue cenw. llIMlr panl Groen WIth """'te croe:s. while centre, gold J)llfll
Groen 'Mth '/flION wedges. whle _
-U
"""
---
""'"""
,,- """" ""'"""
No.
Nam.
Type lelblahne
"
Kalcksllll'l. 1789 GO!1lzkow,
3
29
30
" J2 33
"
1792 Ruls, 1795 KlIndt ta.e ""Itl - . '
PM>
'NIvte WIth loghI bk.Je wedges.
WlIdgeS.
"'P blAl centre. goIO paI'lt,
_III CEIf1lI9. goIO perlt
FWR 110...."...'" NQ Cl:*"-n lS9UiId
FWR "0109';)1 IIa
Fon:tea t803 FormaliOn roc
60
Coloor 01 Pole
(:QfT"(lIel1 by 1806 CNebowsky
Noles: (IR No.8) PI'&- I 740 _ _ ,,"lh PiJIm
~ nstead ollauel~. The dosogn ... the cent'1l was at!'W9d to rr-e 1740 Pill'(lrI'l.' e t'la PRO GLORIA ET PATRAICn:lII replIC«l ~ SOJ CEDlT FWR nlOllOglll'lS. ratt8ltlan FR, ta.e comer .r~1S on the ~lSfah"e. OR No.21) A TI'PII3 buI.., IJlIce olltle IOIzOntaI pIiIdB erthef sidII ollhe CB'I'a1 08sq"0wa5 saIuIabon C WF lW'd Hz B 1tl!SPll'"'0'&/)' ""-SleU>eOlIill'S :lithe CU<eol BtunsMCklCarlW...... FIItdninj HBrrogzu ~jar>d w •• '•• oa:e "JO---,tJar iOnIICy 01 U. "9"*'1 (IR NO.Q1 The n-.oaIIo'l 01 the Aegmems!an Frederick Charles Alexander. 1806 Cveen's Rofw, 1790 Werther, t 1103 Aller Borcke, 1700 l~w, 1792 Schenck, 11103 P!lst!lU. 1805 Rt16+!l. 1806 Bact.t-\.. \\illi;o",II (\71l-li'171 ~,. 6 12, Ill-I'!. 2:\ Fr....I.·...-\.. Wilh..", 11l (1770-111 w) -,. i.ll, 8 12. 1.".. Hi Fr....I.......1. Willi",,,, of I\...."'t.-nburl( IIK'U-tlIl1 :;
10:""""..
·,,«,.....
r,.
t:.",... III Ill, 1'1. t'!, Ii. IlI.,pt,..,,) Ii. II b: .,l, 10:."-"1 lut til'. I,ttllntt- tI...1-,""';:1"11/.,.".",,11,,, '........ llll:! 11.17
1"101:"''''''
'i. h. 10
4 6 8 'I. 14 19
..n,Il"f\ 0 E1 19 ~lfI-21. 21 I", ,wH 81 )," II 12. 12 1'\. oW. 46
4.9
.nltlll.·.·rf:..q)'; t'! orj;f""'....n"n 'l. 11-12 MIIlIc.... 111:1:-1.:-1:-1 bnlo:",1·17 c"'I" II> d"",(I".. 1 11-11I III.. (..-".....1 -.ull II
Fre"eh fore.... :\ ( ...nl.. d" c.0'P'. c..I"",... ;lnd .ilJ t ... n.,.raJ ~t;o{l :\oj. 7. 9. Itt-II d"l","",.,.nL' II ......I\I,lOn of .~ "'lfo4m....tton II tcrnulf1