GmJIi MILrrARY
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
223
AUSTRIAN SPECIALIST TROOPS OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS
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PHILIP J...
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GmJIi MILrrARY
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
223
AUSTRIAN SPECIALIST TROOPS OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS
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PHILIP J. HAYTHORNTHWAITE BRYAN FaSTEN
EDITOR: LEE JOHNSON MIUTARY
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
223
AUSTRIAN SPECIALIST TROOPS OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS Text by PHILIP HAYTHORNTHWAITE Colour plates by BRYAN FOSTEN
First published in Great Britain in 1990 by Osprey, an imprint of Reed COllsumer Books Ltd. i\1iehclin House, 81 Fulham Road, London SW3 6RB and Auckland, Melbourne, Singapore and Toronto
iO Copyright t990 Rced Imernational.Books Ltd. Reprinted [995, [996
All rights resen·cd. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as pennittcd under tlle Copyl'ight Designs and PatcnLS Act, [988, no part of this publication may be reproduccd, stored in a retrieval system, or tl1ln.smittcd in any fonn or by any means, electronic, elcctrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior pClmission of the copYliglu owner. Enquiries should bc addressed to the Publishers.
British Library Cataloguing ill Publlia/ion Dala Hayd101'Ilthwaite, PhilipJ. (Philip John) 1951Austrian specialist troops oflhe Napoleonic wars. [. Europe. ~d ilitary Ce lace and wiLb a rosette in the centre. This depicts the CorsehutorpOS1.,8" style. (R. vOn Ouenfdd)
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worked on the manufacture ofartillery, small arms and powder. In 1801 the strength of the Can"ison Artillery was 1,971 gunners and I, I 13 artisans. As noted above, the Bomhardwr-Corps was used partly as a training school and partly La provide the most skilled gunners to the field artillery; in the field they were altached especially to the siegetrain, artillery reserve and howitzers. The corps was formed on I November 1786 with a stalf and four companies (the personnel of which were employed piecemeal, as and when required;, cOllunandl,.-d by an Oherst-lieutmanl (lieutenantcolonel), or an Oberst (coloncl) t 808-1 2, in the person of Joseph Smola, under the general command of the field anillery; its headquarters was Vienna. I ts staff comprised the Oberst-Lieutenal/t, two lllajors, one instructor (of artillery theory: a Hauptmann), twO Oberfeuerwerkmeislers and three Feuerwerkmeisters (commissioned ranks equaling with subalterns; the unusual title was similar to the British 'fireworker' used at the same time fOl" the same type of artillery technician). The staff was enlarged in t801 when a fifth company was formed. Company strength comprised a Hauptmann (captain), an Oher-liwtenant, twO UnlerLieutenants, 24 Oherfeumverlurs, 36 Fwemnkers (NCOs), six cadets, one Fourier (quam:rmaster) and one assistant (Fouriers,hut~e,,). twO musicians and 13t bombardiers. The main instructional depot was at Simmering, commanded by an Oberfeuerwerkmeister. Whcn dcployed. in the ficld the ordinary bombardiers automatically took command of their gun teams as gun·captains; Feuerwerkers could command sections of howitzers or even ba lteries. The Artillery Fusilier Battalion, which had existed in the earlier l8Lh century but which was disbanded in t 772 (its personnel going to the 3rd Field Artillery), was originally intended to provide the untrained labour required for those guns which were not permanemly attached to infantry regiments (which provided (heir own labourers). Tn 1790 the unit was re-established with a staffand six companjcs, the staff comprising an Olurs/·
lielltenant, a major, a chaplain, an Auditor (senior clerical officer), a Ruhllungifiihm (accountant), a surgeon-major, a battalion surgeon and four assistants. a provost and a drummer; each company comprised a Captain, an Ober-Lieutlllllnt, an Unln-lieuunanl, a Fe/d;.vebel (sergeant-major), a Fourier and an assistant, six corporals, two drummers, 100 pri"ates and four sen;ants; company strength was
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Artillery comp....y officer, iro • uniform datirtS froID rn on the yellow cuers of 'he grey coat. The black centre of d.e hat· on their hats and no sword-knots. These thl-ee pompon bear.. the gold 'F.Il' cypher used by officers. (R. von Ouenfeld) ranks carried sabres, but unlike (he rank and file usually suspended them from a waistbelt. Feldwith slightly cut-away rear tOps. Waistcoats were webels worc uniform like that of lhe gunners, but brown. wilh the usual Prima Planll distincLions. III 1802 iL The headdress of the artillery was initially lhe was ordered thal NCOs, FQuricrs and surgeons Corse/wi or 'Corsican hat', basically of the style should wear larger bicorns of better-quality felt, worn by]agers, but its appearance changed quite with gold loop, la-in. feather plume and two considerably over the period (lnd alternated with comer-pompons. Among accounts detailing (lnilother forms of headdress. In its earliest pattern it lery uniforms are noted hats with gold loops for resembled the 'round hat' worn by a number of NCOs and woollen loops for the remainder, brown European armies in the 1790s: a black felt con- waistcoats, and grenade-badges for wear upon the struction with a low crown, sometimes slightly shoulder belts of the Bombardiers. Officers' uniforms followed the style of the rounded, with a wide brim turned up at one side or at the back, tbe upturned brim usually ornamen- infantry, long-skirted coats being worn in place of led with the black and yellow national cockade, the shan-tailed jacket or the olher ranks, ill the secured by a yellow lace loop and brass bUllon, the artillery colouring and with the same distinctions edges of the hat sometimes bound with black tape as used by the infanuy: no epaulenes or any or leather, and on occasion bearing the black-over- differentiation between the various grades of comyellow national plume. Throughout the period, it missioned rank, save for gold lace edging upon the was usual for the Feldzeichen to be carried in the cuffs offield officers. U. A. Klein, however, shows a headdress, a sprig of green foliage imitating the most unusual uniform which includes a short-
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tailed jacket with heavy epaulet tes and an officer's ordinary brown artillcry jacket with red facings plumed bicorn.) Other distinctions of rank wcrc and shoulder-strap piping, with grey overalls like those used by lhe rcmainder of lhe army: the butloned on the outer seam in cavalry style (a gold and black waist-sash (Feldbinde), black waist- logical item of uniform under the circumstances), belt with gold lace stripes and gilded eagle·plales but with a black leather cavalry helmet with lhe for field ranks, in white leathcr for company usual brass plate and fittings and black·overofficers; and gold and black sword knot. Although yellow crest, and a black waistbelt and slings and a the Austrian officer's coal was made officially straight-bladed cavalry sabre wilh iron scabbard. wi thoutturnbacks, lattcdy atlcast turn backs wcrc This pcrhaps rcprcscnts an individual or battery worn, coloured red like the collar, cuffs and lining. whidl had adopted cavalry helmets for want of Officers worc while breeches and knee-boots, and regula lion headdress (or conceivably a cavalrywere armed with an epee like that can'ied by fusilier man wearing an artillery jacket?). Anillery equipment waS based upon Ihal of the officers of 'German' infalllry, but other patterns are also in evidenccj Klein, for example, shows a infantry, though muskets were generally restricted heavy-bladed weapon resembling a dragoon to the Artillery Fusilier Bn. and the Halldlallgersabre. Corps, and were of the ordjnary infantry panern. The Hal/dlal/ger-CoTps wore a uniform like lhal of All gunners carried sabres ljke those of the infantry the ordinary artillery, but with liglH blue collar, grenadiers, wilh a slightly cUlvcd, wide blade in a cufls and tUnlbacks; they wore the bicorn, and Offi4'esen at th~ ~nd of th~ were equipped with infantry weapons and per- Napoleonic War~. Tbe officer wears a gr~y coal wilb ydlow and bas a red shabraql1"; tb~ NCO has th~ Whil~ sonal equipment. Personnel of the cavalry bat- facings unifonn with y"lIo_ fa.. i. blac:k.. (R. "on Olleneeld)
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In addition to the military transport service, the main magazines (Hauplmaga a green..,nameUed laurel wreath and red and white Au.striau a .....1i in the ceolre. Od>ers wore a whit.,..,naDI",Ued cross wid> gill edge aud red and white centre, upon a red ribbon with white edges, CollUD.anders around the neck and Knighls from II button.hole.
the right; or angled acl'Oss the head so thal it was neither athwart nor fore·and-aft. All these styles are shown concurrently in contemporary pictures, so on campaign at least it would appear that personal preference was the main criterion for the manner of wearing the hat.
lJ2: Private, Handlanger·Corps, /809 The Handlanger-Corps wore the ordinary artillery uniform, the jackets in 'roe-deer' brown, but with distinctive light blue facings and piping; like the earlier Artillery Fusiliers, they wore infantry equipment and were armed with muskets, sabres and bayonets, and (as appropriate to their duties as artillery labourers) carried in addition the bricole-strap and skein of rope; the rope would be altached to the artillery carriage and the leather
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strap used as a 'harness' around the body. Legwear was like that of the artillery, though among recorded variations are overalls of the same colour as thejackct. D3: Driver, Fuhrwestn, c./8/3
From about 18°3-05 the Fuhrwestn worc whitc jackets, with lhe previous yellow facings; but though the shako appears to have been introduced about the same time as it was adopted by the infantry its use was nm universal, as demonstrated by tbis figure (taken in part from several Klein illustrations). Klein shows many variations on the standard uniform, most interestingly what appear to be artillery drivers C.1814 wearing brown artillery jackets with red collar, cuffs and turnbacks, six bullons on the breast, white breeches, black knee-boots or black infantry gaiters, brown greatcoats, and plain CQrs/hut With low crown and high, upturnt:d IefL brim. D4: Cunner, Arlillery, 180g This figure shows the rear of the artillery jacket, which followed the pattern used by the infantry at lhis time, the lurnbacks becoming slightly reduced from 1808, and the original diagonal pockets with a single button being altered to the three-button version. Although leather satchels as in Plate DI were carried by some gunners, lhe more common equipment was the black leather 'holster' of tools suspended from a frog upon the belt over the right shoulder; the bricole-strap and rope are also carried. E/: Sapper, /Bog
This figure wears the uniform of the engmeer services, with the original lround hat' having developed into lhe Corse/wi proper, with a large flap uptumed at the left side; thejackel was a light grey·blue shade described variously as cornflower blue or pike-grey, Wilh dark red facings. Sappers had white leather equipment (though black leather belts are noted in inventories), and wcre armed with the musket and bayonet and carried a black cartridge· box. Some probably carried the grenadier-style sabre with stirrup hilt, but more usual was the sapper sword without a knuckle bow.
As the Apostolic Order of St. Stephen (founded '7'4) was intended as a civil award for the nobility, Francis I founded in January .1l6lI the Order of Leopold, fol' both eivil and military meritorious service. Knigbtll Grand Crollil wOre a saver breast_lltar bearing a _hite and red~narnel1edcrollS ..ith gilt edges and oak leaves, gilt motto lntegritati et Aferito and a red eentraJ. dise bearu.g gilt 'FIA' ('Frandseu. bnperator Austriae'. ColDJ:Danders _ore a eron of similar design, topped by a gilt imperial crown, On an inch-wide red ribbon willi _hite liae -near the border around the neck. KDights wore a smaller version of the Same medal on a haIf.inch ribbon from a button_bol.,. Knights Grand Cross bad a similar medal upon Ii wide shoulde....ribbon ror 'dress' oCCllsions.
£2: Miner, /Bog Throughout (he period Miners wore the same basic uniform as the Sappcrs (though some illustrations suggest an all-black plume in the early period, as opposed to the Slandard black-overyellow), but their equipment was quite distinctive. Miners were armed with a sabre but carried neither musket nor bayonet; instead, they had a pistol in a brown leather holster at the rear of the right hip, suspended from a belt ovcr the left shoulder; and also carried a heavy entrenchingtool in a leather case at the left side.
E,:r Pioneer, /809 The re-created Pioneer corps from 1806 wore thc true Cors/hut as used by the Sappers and Miners, plain for the rank and file and with silver lace
ix JKrwnnd, J)a La liscrb b1eu. crain du'inlluaie", co corps de rartill.rie qui portai, I'''quipemenl e' I.. ann", de I'infan lene ai".i que Ie bricole. 0] Ell partie d'apr", Io."1eio: ".. ,~ b1a,,~h. avcc lioem jaun.. PO"ligue Sris fonc" d. la cal'aleri•. G. Lema",eau a mai",enam dc,·...i' r; Ie style arn,;neur COlllinuail" '" porter. Bien que 1.. dj"i""ti"n'lur lc hioom. ""ien, ~ach!1~ri""n:. H] Ilien qu'Oltenfcld el d',ulr Ulle elud. 1'4' Kloill de I. rurg. ",...hile du R.:gilllelll 1"', d'l nfanlerie - Ull arti.an en 'e""e d. Iral·.il.
"'coonlichen G... hmack \iberla""n worden. Do 0"" hdlblaue Fut«r utt",""heidel di""'n Korpl von d., Artillerie. Sic I.UgCll Infalltericau"ni"utlg u"d W.lTetl.owieden Brieol~. 03 Zum Teil n.ch Klein: ",eille Jacken mil g.lbem FUlle" die ullgerihr .",ischen 1603-5 gClfagcn wurden. Der T""hak "'urde '"ch, \iherall bellU,"'. D. l/inle.. n.ich, ei"er Artilleri.jade au, di"",r 7",i(, ",il "crklcill'C"ell Rockauf>eh li~ll unu Tuchcll mil drei Knoprcn.
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Et Dcr runde HUI h.llc ,id, in den «h'cn Conthu' ",~ilcro",wickelt.Ell Die Mi"oure trugen di. gldclle Grunduniform wie die S"l'peur< mi, ihr~r ".",,,dercn Au,rij"ung; keine ,\lu.kele, .ber einell sabel u "d. ei"e Pi""l. im Hamer sowie -IChwere W"rkzeuge.um gral>en. E3 Die I'i"nicrc, die 1606 "'iedcr eingoruilrl "'u,de", lrug"n nun d~n «hIe" eor-..:hlll. Offi.iell wurden $ie wie die I nfu'erie a"lgeroSlel, ~beT bei der Ve,g,oBcrung imJahre ,f1, 3 verfiig'cn ,ie niehl uber .usreichende Au"ii."unS-. Oa, •. B>tailloll halle ka"allorie. Karabin.r ond. ku .... BlIjone",. F, Teil"·ei", ~'o':' b;:kann'en P"rLriit d .. E..-,hc... ogo Charlel. mit do< Hin.uruf:(" ung d.. Zw."pnz.,. ma goldellcn 1.11""". Er Irigl dell Bru"".", d", :'>lana Tne"",i. Omen. und da. Ab..ichen d .. Gold."en Vii ..". ~n .in"", Band """ scillcm Knopfloch. F~ F:ille hauftS gelragene [)i~nl\unif"rm "'ar di"",r Sriille Ohcrrock ma ",hwo",en Aufochlilllen und ro'em FUller; hiernlil d"r Ranglit.e ci".. ffi;'rcnd." Olf",i.",. F3 Naeh Klein, 1111, - beruhend auf d~r >'ol"$ The Conqui.tadore, Mughullndia 1504· 1761 Gustavus Adolphus (I): Infantry Gusavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry English Civil War Armies New Model Army 1645-60 Loui. XIV·. Army Tile British Army 1660_17Q.4 Marlborough', Anny SamuralArmie, 1550-1615 Polish Armies 1569-1696(1) Polish Armies 1569_1696 (2)
18TH CENTURY 261 18th Century Highlanders 260 Peter the Greaf5 Army (1): Infantry 264 Peter the Great"s Army (2): Cavalry 118 Jacobite Rebellions 236 Frederick the Great ( I ) 240 Frederick the Great (2) 248 Frederick the Great (l) 271 Austrian Army 1740-80 (I) 48 Wolfe', Anny 228 American Woodland Indians 39 Brit. Army in N. America 244 French in Amer. War Ind. 213 General Washington·s Army (I): 1775·1778 NAPOLEONIC PERIOD 257 Napoleon·s Campaigns in Iuly 79 Napoleon·, Egyptian Camp;tign 87 Napoleon·. Manhal. 64 Nap·s Cuirassiers & Carabiniers S5 Nap's Dragoons & uncers 68 Nap·s wne Chasseu,. 76 Nap's Hus...rs 8) Nap's Guard Cavalry 141 Nap's wne Infantry 146 Nap's Ught Inf