Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy in Shakespeare's England (Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity)

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy in Shakespeare’s England

Kaara L. Peterson

POPULAR MEDICINE, HYSTERICAL DISEASE, AND SOCIAL CONTROVERSY IN SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLAND

/LWHUDU\DQG6FLHQWL¿F&XOWXUHV RI(DUO\0RGHUQLW\ Series editors: 0DU\7KRPDV&UDQH'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK%RVWRQ&ROOHJH86$ +HQU\7XUQHU'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\86$ 7KLVVHULHVSURYLGHVDIRUXPIRUJURXQGEUHDNLQJZRUNRQWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ OLWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVHVLQ(XURSHGXULQJDSHULRGZKHQERWK¿HOGVZHUH LQDFUXFLDOPRPHQWRIKLVWRULFDOIRUPDWLRQ:HZHOFRPHSURSRVDOVIRUERRNVWKDW DGGUHVVWKHPDQ\RYHUODSVEHWZHHQPRGHVRILPDJLQDWLYHZULWLQJW\SLFDORIWKH VL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHV±SRHWLFVUKHWRULFSURVHQDUUDWLYHGUDPDWLF SURGXFWLRQXWRSLD±DQGWKHYRFDEXODULHVFRQFHSWXDOPRGHOVDQGLQWHOOHFWXDO PHWKRGV RI QHZO\ HPHUJHQW ³VFLHQWL¿F´ ¿HOGV VXFK DV PHGLFLQH DVWURQRP\ DVWURORJ\ DOFKHP\ SV\FKRORJ\ PDSSLQJ PDWKHPDWLFV RU QDWXUDO KLVWRU\  ,Q RUGHUWRUHÀHFWWKHQDWXUHRILQWHOOHFWXDOLQTXLU\GXULQJWKHSHULRGWKHVHULHVLV LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ LQ RULHQWDWLRQ DQG SXEOLVKHV PRQRJUDSKV HGLWHG FROOHFWLRQV DQGVHOHFWHGFULWLFDOHGLWLRQVRISULPDU\WH[WVUHOHYDQWWRDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH PXWXDOLPSOLFDWLRQRIOLWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FHSLVWHPRORJLHV

3RSXODU0HGLFLQH +\VWHULFDO'LVHDVH DQG6RFLDO&RQWURYHUV\ LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶V(QJODQG

.$$5$/3(7(5621 Miami University, USA

‹.DDUD/3HWHUVRQ $OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG 1R SDUW RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ PD\ EH UHSURGXFHG VWRUHG LQ D UHWULHYDO V\VWHPRUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQVHOHFWURQLFPHFKDQLFDOSKRWRFRS\LQJ UHFRUGLQJRURWKHUZLVHZLWKRXWWKHSULRUSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHSXEOLVKHU .DDUD / 3HWHUVRQ KDV DVVHUWHG KHU ULJKW XQGHU WKH &RS\ULJKW 'HVLJQV DQG 3DWHQWV$FW WREHLGHQWL¿HGDVWKHDXWKRURIWKLVZRUN 3XEOLVKHGE\  $VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ/LPLWHG :H\&RXUW(DVW  8QLRQ5RDG  )DUQKDP   6XUUH\*837  (QJODQG  

      

      

 $VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\ 6XLWH &KHUU\6WUHHW %XUOLQJWRQ 97 86$

ZZZDVKJDWHFRP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 3HWHUVRQ.DDUD/ 3RSXODUPHGLFLQHK\VWHULFDOGLVHDVHDQGVRFLDOFRQWURYHUV\LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶V(QJODQG ±/LWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FFXOWXUHVRIHDUO\PRGHUQLW\ (QJOLVKOLWHUDWXUH±(DUO\PRGHUQ±±+LVWRU\DQGFULWLFLVP:RPHQLQ OLWHUDWXUH'LVHDVHVLQOLWHUDWXUH+\VWHULDLQOLWHUDWXUH ,7LWOH,,6HULHV ¶GF Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 3HWHUVRQ.DDUD/ 3RSXODU PHGLFLQH K\VWHULFDO GLVHDVH DQG VRFLDO FRQWURYHUV\ LQ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V (QJODQGE\.DDUD/3HWHUVRQ SFP ,QFOXGHVELEOLRJUDSKLFDOUHIHUHQFHVDQGLQGH[ ,6%1DONSDSHU ²,6%1HERRN (QJOLVKOLWHUDWXUH²(DUO\PRGHUQ±²+LVWRU\DQGFULWLFLVP0HGLFLQHLQ OLWHUDWXUH+\VWHULDLQOLWHUDWXUH:RPHQSDWLHQWV²(QJODQG²+LVWRU\²WKFHQWXU\   :RPHQ SDWLHQWV²(QJODQG²+LVWRU\²WK FHQWXU\   /LWHUDWXUH DQG PHGLFLQH² (QJODQG²+LVWRU\²WKFHQWXU\/LWHUDWXUHDQGPHGLFLQH²(QJODQG²+LVWRU\²WK FHQWXU\  0HGLFLQH²(QJODQG²+LVWRU\²WK FHQWXU\  0HGLFLQH²(QJODQG² +LVWRU\²WKFHQWXU\,7LWOH 3503 ¶²GF  ,6%1KEN ,6%1HEN

&RQWHQWV List of Figures Acknowledgments Frontispiece Illustrations ,QWURGXFWLRQHistorica Passio7KH)LWRI+LVWRU\  

vii ix xii 



(DUO\0RGHUQ0HGLFLQHDQGWKH&DVH+LVWRU\RI King Lear





³6RWURXEOHGZLWKWKHPRWKHU´'\LQJWR/LYH  





³7KH,QNRI/RYHUV´5HYHQJH7UDJHG\¶V%ORRG/HWWHUV  





³0RFNHGZLWK$UW´DQG3OD\LQJ'HDG7KH7KHDWULFVRI Hysterica Passio



(SLORJXH+HUPLRQH¶V/HJDF\RU+\VWHULDDIWHU  



Works Cited Index

193 209

This page has been left blank intentionally

/LVWRI)LJXUHV )URQWLVSLHFHL

-RKQ6DGOHUThe Sick Womans Private Looking-glasse WLWOHSDJH,WHP UHSURGXFHGE\SHUPLVVLRQRI7KH+XQWLQJWRQ/LEUDU\ 6DQ0DULQR&$

[L

(GZDUG-RUGHQA Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother  WLWOHSDJH. :HOOFRPH/LEUDU\/RQGRQ

[LL

,    

1LFKRODV&XOSHSHUDirectory for Midwives WLWOHSDJH 3XEOLVKHGE\SHUPLVVLRQRI@%XWDPRQJVWDOOWKHGLVHDVHVZKHUHXQWR WKDWVH[LVREQR[LRXVWKHUHLVQRQHFRPSDUDEOHXQWRWKLVZKLFKLVFDOOHGThe Suffocation of the motherHLWKHUIRUYDULHWLHVRUIRUVWUDQJHQHVVHRIDFFLGHQWV ²(GZDUG-RUGHQA Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother $QGZKHQ,KDG>«@FRQVXOWHGZLWK*DOHQDQG+LSSRFUDWHVIRUP\SURFHHGLQJ DPRQJVWDOOGLVHDVHVLQFLGHQWWRWKHERG\,IRXQGQRQHPRUHIUHTXHQWQRQHPRUH SHULORXVWKHQ>VLF@WKRVHZKLFKDULVHIURPWKHLOODIIHFWHGZRPEHIRUWKURXJKWKH HYLOOTXDOLW\WKHUHRIWKHKHDUWWKHOLYHUDQGWKHEUDLQHDUHDIIHFWHG ²-RKQ6DGOHUThe Sick Womans Private Looking-glasse

7KH+LSSRFUDWLFWH[WV¶RIWUHSHDWHGVWDWHPHQWDERXWWKHURRWRIDOOZRPHQ¶VLOOQHVVHV GHULYLQJLQWKHZRPELQVSLUHVWKLVERRN¶VLQGHSWKH[DPLQDWLRQRIK\VWHULFDO³¿WV´ DQGWKHLUUHOHYDQFHWRHDUO\PRGHUQ(QJOLVKFXOWXUHDQGWKHSRSXODULPDJLQDWLRQ 0\ LQWURGXFWLRQ¶V WLWOH ³historica passio´ RU ³¿W RI KLVWRU\´ VXJJHVWV KRZ LQFRPSOHWH DQG LQDFFXUDWH D SLFWXUH ZH DUULYH DW ZKHQ ZH WU\ WR DFFRPPRGDWH ODWHUWKHRULHVDERXWK\VWHULDWRWKHYHU\GLIIHUHQWFRQVWUXFWVRIK\VWHULFDOGLVHDVH IRU WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH +\VWHULFDO SDWKRORJLHV DFKLHYH ZLGHVSUHDG DQG VLJQL¿FDQW DWWHQWLRQLQVL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\OLWHUDWXUHDQGFXOWXUHDVDZKROH WKRXJKWKHVHKDYHEHHQV\VWHPDWLFDOO\REVFXUHGE\WKHYDJDULHVRIVFKRODUVKLS :KDW,H[SORUHKHUHWKHQLVDSDUWLFXODUVHULHVRIRQJRLQJFRQYHUVDWLRQVZLWKLQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ (QJODQG DQG (XURSH DERXW SRSXODU PHGLFLQH DQG FXOWXUH QDPHO\ WKHFXOWXUH¶VDWWHPSWVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHFDXVHVDQGFXUHVRIK\VWHULFDOGLVHDVHVRI ZRPHQDVZHOODVWKHUDPL¿FDWLRQVRIWKHVHLOOQHVVHVIRUWKHHQGXULQJKDELWVDQG DHVWKHWLFV RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ7KH ERRN HQGHDYRUV WR SRLQW RXW ZK\ WKLV SRSXODU FDQRQRIPHGLFDOWKHRULHVFRQFHUQHGZLWKIHPDOHVXEMHFWVGHPDQGVGLVFXVVLRQDQG WRH[SODLQZKDWIXHOVVSHFL¿FFRQWURYHUVLHVDERXWK\VWHULFDOGLVHDVHLQWKHSHULRG $V0DU\)LVVHOOSXWVLWLQVernacular Bodies³0RVWRIZKDWHDUO\PRGHUQZULWHUV ZDQWHGWRVD\DERXWZRPHQ¶VERGLHVFRXOGEHIRXQGLQRQHFODVVLFDODXWKRULW\RU DQRWKHURULQWKHOHDUQHGZULWLQJVRIWKHSUHYLRXVFHQWXULHV:KDWPDWWHUV>«@LV 

 $V-DQH6KDUSSXWVLWLQDQRWKHUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVWDWHPHQW³,WZDVWKHMXGJPHQWRI +LSSRFUDWHVWKDWZRPHQVZRPEVDUHWKHFDXVHRIDOOWKHLUGLVHDVHV´$SDUWIURP6KDUS¶V RULJLQDOWH[WWKDW,ZLOOFLWHIUHTXHQWO\VHH(ODLQH+REE\¶VXVHIXOHGLWLRQRI-DQH6KDUS¶V PLGZLIHU\WH[WThe Midwives Book. Or the Whole Art of Midwifry DiscoveredHG(ODLQH +REE\1HZ$ULVWRWOH@ Aristotle’s master-piece compleated in two parts/RQGRQ DQG>$ULVWRWOH@Aristotle’s masterpiece compleated in two parts/RQGRQ   See Aristotle’s masterpiece    6HH 5RJHU 'L[RQ Consultum sanitatis /RQGRQ   6LPLODUO\ VHH WKH IURQWLVSLHFHWR)UDQVGH/H%Rs¶VNew Idea of the Practice of PhysicWUDQV5LFKDUG*RZHU /RQGRQ ³:KHUHLQLVFRQWDLQGEHVLGHD1HZ0HWKRGLQJHQHUDOD9LQGLFDWLRQRI the Spleen and MotherIURP)LWVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHP´7KH³YLQGLFDWLRQ´SURPLVHGLVVDGO\ REVFXUH

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



YHU\WLWOHVHHIURQWLVSLHFH¿JXUH 7KHVHWH[WVDSSDUHQWO\FDSLWDOL]HRQWKHLQWHUHVW LQ FKDUWLQJ ZRPHQ¶V SDWKRORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQV WKDW RQO\ LQFUHDVHV WKURXJKRXW WKH VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGPXVWFRQWULEXWHWRIXUWKHUDWWHQWLRQDVZHOO :KHUHSRVVLEOH,H[DPLQHKRZSRSXODUZRUNVRUWKHLUWUDQVODWLRQV VKLIWIRFXV WRJLYHPRUHVSDFHWRLQFUHDVLQJO\GHWDLOHGGLVFXVVLRQVRIK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWVRYHU VHYHUDO HGLWLRQV 0DQ\ RI WKHVH ZRUNV , UHDG WKURXJK WKH OHQV RI ERWK PHGLFDO DQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQVRIWKHSHULRGLQDQHIIRUWWRREWDLQDGHWDLOHGSLFWXUHRIWKH LQWHUVHFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKLQNLQJDERXWGLVHDVH¶VHWLRORJLHVDQGKRZ WKHOD\SXEOLFFRQVWUXHVWKHP,DOVRUHLQWHUSUHWRUFORVHUHDGPRUHDWWHQWLYHO\WKRVH WH[WVWKDWUHSHDWHGO\¿QGWKHLUZD\LQWRFXUUHQWFULWLFDODQDO\VLVEXWDUHQRWDOZD\V UHDGZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWDFFXUDF\LQVXI¿FLHQWGHSWKRUZLWKSUHFLVHDWWHQWLRQWRWKH PHGLFRVRFLDOFRQWH[WVEHKLQGPHGLFDOZULWHUV¶XQGHUO\LQJDVVHUWLRQVEHOLHIVDQG SHUVSHFWLYHV7REHVXUHGUDZLQJDQDFFXUDWHSLFWXUHRIWKHVHPHGLFDOSUHFHSWV LVFUXFLDOHVSHFLDOO\ZKHUHSRVW5HQDLVVDQFHWKHRULHVRIGLVHDVHHWLRORJLHVKDYH EOXUUHGRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSDVW The Ecology of Hysterica Passio 0LFKHO)RXFDXOW¶VKLJKO\LQÀXHQWLDOThe History of Sexuality FODLPV³LWVHHPVWKDW ZHFDQGLVWLQJXLVKIRXUJUHDWVWUDWHJLFXQLWLHVZKLFKEHJLQQLQJLQWKHHLJKWHHQWK FHQWXU\IRUPHGVSHFL¿FPHFKDQLVPVRINQRZOHGJHDQGSRZHUFHQWHULQJRQVH[´ 2QHRIWKHVHVWUDWHJLFPHFKDQLVPVLVWKH³K\VWHUL]DWLRQRIZRPHQ¶VERGLHVD>«@ SURFHVVZKHUHE\WKHIHPLQLQHERG\ZDVDQDO\]HG²TXDOL¿HGDQGGLVTXDOL¿HG²DV EHLQJWKRURXJKO\VDWXUDWHGZLWKVH[XDOLW\ZKHUHE\LWZDVLQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHVSKHUH RI PHGLFDO SUDFWLFH E\ UHDVRQ RI D SDWKRORJ\ LQWULQVLF WR LW´ /LWHUDU\ FULWLFV UHJXODUO\LILPSOLFLWO\ HQGRUVH)RXFDXOW¶VKLVWRULFLVWUHDGLQJRI³K\VWHUL]DWLRQ´ ZLWKRXWUHH[DPLQLQJKLVSUHPLVHVVR LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVFRUHMXVWKRZPXFK well before WKH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ IHPDOH FRUSRUHDOLW\ DQG VH[XDOLW\  ZDV UHSUHVHQWHG DQG SHUFHLYHG DSSDUHQWO\ DV QRUPDWLYHO\ OLFHQWLRXV SDWKRORJLFDO DQG XQFRQWUROODEOH H[FHSW WKURXJK UHJXODU VDOXWDU\ VH[XDO DFWLYLW\ ,I )RXFDXOW ORFDWHV WKLV ³K\VWHUL]DWLRQ´ SURFHVV LQH[DFWO\ WKHQ GH¿QLQJ WKH FDWHJRU\ RI WKH ³K\VWHULFDO´PRUHSUHFLVHO\LVFDOOHGIRU 

0LFKHO)RXFDXOWThe History of Sexuality, Volume 1WUDQV5REHUW+XUOH\1HZ 6RUDQXV@ UHMHFWV DQ\ LGHD WKDW WKH ZRPE LV DQ DQLPDO LW µGRHV QRW LVVXH IRUWK OLNH D ZLOG DQLPDO IURP WKH ODLU GHOLJKWHG E\ IUDJUDQW RGRUV DQG ÀHHLQJ EDG RGRUV¶´ 6RUDQXV¶V DFFRXQW RI K\VWHULFDO V\PSWRPV H[SODLQV DSSDUHQW XWHULQH PRYHPHQWPHUHO\DVDQHIIHFWRILQÀDPHGPHPEUDQHVRUOLJDPHQWV7KHXWHUXV RQO\VHHPVWRVKLIWSRVLWLRQWKHZRPEGRHVQRWPRYHDVDQLQGHSHQGHQWHQWLW\ UDWKHULWVYHVVHOVFRQVWULFWPHUHO\appearingWRPRYH/LNHZLVH*DOHQOD\VWKH JURXQGZRUNIRUDGLIIHUHQWJHQXVRIZRPESDWKRORJ\E\UHMHFWLQJZRPEPRELOLW\ DQGWKHRUL]LQJWKDWWKHXWHUXV¿OOVZLWKSXWUHI\LQJÀXLGVWKDWDUHWKHSURGXFWVRI KXPRUDO LPEDODQFHV$UHWDHXV DOVR LQDXJXUDWHV WKH QRWLRQ RI V\PSDWK\ LQ WKH VHFRQGFHQWXU\LQDQDWWHPSWWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHZRPE¶VDELOLW\WRDIIHFWRWKHUSDUWV RIWKHERG\ZLWKRXWHQWDLOLQJGLUHFWFRQWDFWDWKHRU\ZLWKLPSRUWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQV IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI WKH ZRPE DV VHPLDXWRQRPRXV WKDW , ZLOO DGGUHVV ODWHU LQ VHYHUDOUHODWHGVHFWLRQV 2QFHWKHVHZULWHUV¶ZRUNVDUHWUDQVODWHGIURP*UHHNLQWR$UDELFDQGWKHQLQWR /DWLQEHJLQQLQJLQWKHHOHYHQWKFHQWXU\$UDELFPHGLFLQHOHDYHVLWVVWDPSRQWKH GHYHORSLQJFDQRQDVZHOO³,Q$UDELFPHGLFLQHD+LSSRFUDWLFPRELOHZRPEEHFRPHV DPRELOHZRPEZLWK*DOHQLFFRQWHQWVDQGYDSRUVDVZHOODVV\PSDWK\H[SODLQLWV HIIHFWVRQWKHKLJKHUSDUWV7KXVE\WKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGZKDWUHVXOWVLVD ³ZLGHUDQJHRIYDULDWLRQVWKDWFDQRFFXURQWKHWKHPHRIZRPEPRYHPHQW´DVZHOO DVKRZWRWUHDWLWIURP³WKH+LSSRFUDWLFWH[WVDGU\KRWDQGOLJKWZRPEULVHVLQ VHDUFKRIPRLVWXUH´EXWPDWHULDOGHULYHGIURP6RUDQXVDVVHUWV³WKDWWKHDQFKRULQJ PHPEUDQHVSUHYHQWDQ\PRYHPHQWZKLOHIRU$UHWDHXVDOWKRXJKWKHZRPEPRYHV  6HH.LQJDQGKHUHVVHQWLDOGHWDLOHGGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHFODVVLFDOKLVWRU\RQ SHUFHSWLRQV RI WKH ZRPE¶V DQLPDWHQHVV RU ODFN WKHUHRI VFHQW WKHUDS\ DV WUHDWPHQW WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQRIYDULRXVVWRULHVDERXWWKHZRPE¶VVWDWXVDIÀLFWLRQVDQGVRRQDVWKH\DUH WUDQVODWHGRYHUWKHDJHV  .LQJWUDQVODWHV6RUDQXV¶VVWDWHPHQW±  6HH6RUDQXVSoranus’ GynaecologyWUDQV2ZVHL7HPNLQHWDO%DOWLPRUH -RKQV+RSNLQV831S6RIWVKHOO DQG.LQJIRUGLVFXVVLRQRI³status strictus´  7KRPDV/DTXHXUKDVDUJXHGWKDW*DOHQPHUHO\VHL]HVXSRQ+HURSKLOXV¶VGLVFRYHULHV LQ%&6HH/DTXHXU  6HH.LQJDQGJHQHUDOO\IRUWKHFRQYROXWHGKLVWRU\RIWUDQVODWLRQDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQ RI*UHHN/DWLQDQG$UDELFWH[WV  )RU IHPLQLVW FULWLFV RQH RI WKH PRVW SRLQWHG LURQLHV RI WKH SHULRG RI D UHQHZHG VSLULWRI LQTXLU\OLHVSUHFLVHO\LQ PHGLFLQH¶V ³UHWXUQWRWKHROG+LSSRFUDWLFWKHRU\RIWKH ZDQGHULQJ ZRPE´ 6HH / 'L[RQ¶V GLVFXVVLRQ RI HDUO\ PRGHUQ FRQWLQHQWDO PHGLFLQH DV UHSUHVHQWHGLQ'XWFKSRUWUDLWXUHLVODUJHO\DFFXUDWHDQGFRPSOHPHQWVPLQH

Introduction



LWLVSXOOHGEDFNE\LWVPHPEUDQHVWKXVDIIHFWLQJWKHKLJKHUSDUWVRIWKHERG\RQO\ WKURXJKV\PSDWK\,Q*DOHQWKHSUREOHPLVDZRPE¿OOHGZLWKUHWDLQHGVHHGRU PHQVHVURWWLQJWRSURGXFHFROGQHVV´$VXUYH\RIWKHIUHTXHQWFLWDWLRQVLQHDUO\ PRGHUQWH[WVUHYHDOVDSUROLIHUDWLRQRIWKHVHFRPSOH[HWLRORJLFDOH[SODQDWLRQVIRU hysterica passio GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKHWKHU +LSSRFUDWLF *DOHQLF RU D PpODQJH RI WKHVHDQGRWKHUWKHRULHVSUHGRPLQDWHLQWKHZULWHU¶VZRUN 6L[WHHQWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKFRXUWSK\VLFLDQ$PEURLVH3DUpV\QWKHVL]HV*DOHQLF DQG 6RUDQLF PHGLFLQH WR GHVFULEH XWHULQH PRYHPHQW DQG OLQNV YDSRURXV IHWLG XWHULQH FRQWHQWV WR VZROOHQ OLJDPHQWV DQG VHHPV WR KHGJH DERXW WKH ZRPE¶V SRWHQWLDODELOLW\WRRSSUHVVEUHDWKLQJLQWKHIHPDOHVXEMHFW WKHZRPEHVZROQHRUSXIIHGXS E\UHDVRQRIWKHDFFHVVHRIJURVVHYDSRXUVDQG KXPRXUVWKDWDUHFRQWDLQHGWKHUHLQDQGDOVRVQDWFKHGDVLWZHUHE\DFRQYXOVLYH PRWLRQE\UHDVRQWKDWWKHYHVVHOVDQGOLJDPHQWVGLVWHQGHGZLWKIXOQHVVHDUHVR FDUULHGXSZDUGVDJDLQVWWKHPLGULIIHDQGSDUWVRIWKHEUHDVWWKDWLWPDNHWKWKH EUHDWKWREHHVKRUWDQGRIWHQas ifDWKLQJOD\XSRQWKHEUHDVWDQGSUHVVHGLW

In Mikrokosmographia  ZHFDQVHHWKHFRPSOH[SRVLWLRQLQJLQ+HONLDK &URRNH¶V DWWHPSWV WR UHFRQFLOH GLVSDUDWH WKHRULHV DERXW WKH ZRPE ZKDWHYHU JHQXLQH HVWHHP KH PD\ KDYH KDG IRU DQ\ RU DOO RI WKHP +H H[SODLQV WKDW WKH ZRPELVWKRXJKWWRWU\WRPRYHDZD\IURP³RIIHQVLYH´VPHOOV,WLV³W\HG´DQG ³KHOGVWHGIDVW´\HW³ULGHWK´DQGPRYHV³XSZDUGWRWKH/LYHUDQG0LGULIIH´+H FDXWLRQVWKDWWKHZRPEKHOG³DYHU\FUHDWXUH´E\3ODWRLQWKHTimaeusPXVWQRW EH³XQGHUVWRRG´DVD³JDGGLQJ´PRELOHSDUWRIDQDWRP\EXWRQHZKLFKPHUHO\ ³H[WHQGV´E\PHDQVRILWVVWUHWFKLQJOLJDPHQWV %XW ZH PXVW XQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKH ZRPEH LV QRW OLNH D JDGGLQJ FUHDWXUH WKDW PRYHWKRXWRIRQHSODFHLQWRDQRWKHUUHOLQTXLVKLQJKHUSURSHUSODFHEXWLVRQHO\ XQHTXDOO\H[WHQGHGDQGDJDLQHUHFDOOHGRUGUDZQHEDFNHLQWRLWVHOIHIURPWKDW H[WHQVLRQ>RIOLJDPHQWV@>«@3ODWRLQTimaeoFDOOHWKLW>WKHZRPE@DFUDYLQJ FUHDWXUH>«@EHFDXVHLQWKHFRQFHSWLRQLWKDWKDNLQGHRI$QLPDOOPRWLRQRU OXVWWREHVDWLV¿HG[margin commentary:7KHZRPEHDYHU\FUHDWXUH@QHLWKHU GRWKLWRQHO\PRYHLWVHOIHLQWKHOXVWRIFRQFHSWLRQEXWDOVRLWZLOOLQDPDQQHU GHVFHQG RU DULVH XQWR DQ\ VZHHWH VPHOO DQG IURP DQ\WKLQJ WKDW LV QR\VRPH ZKLFKLVWKHUHDVRQWKDWPDQ\ZRPHQDUHVRHDVLO\RIIHQGHGZLWKWKHVPHORI PXVNHRURWKHUSHUIXPHVWDNHQDWWKHQRVHIRUWKDWWKHZRPEHPRYHWKXSZDUG XQWRWKHPDQGLQWKH¿WRIWKHULVLQJRIWKHPRWKHUZHDSSO\EXUQWIHDWKHUVDQG 

.LQJ $PEURLVH 3DUp The Workes of the Famous Chiurgion Ambrose Parey WUDQV 7KRPDV-RKQVRQ/RQGRQ .NNNrP\LWDOLFV $OOFLWDWLRQVWR3DUpDUHIURPWKLV HGLWLRQXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHVSHFL¿HG$UHQRZQHGDQGFRQWURYHUVLDO¿JXUHWKH)UHQFKFRXUW VXUJHRQ3DUpEHJDQSXEOLVKLQJLQWKHVWKURXJKWKHVEHIRUHKLVGHDWKLQ DFFRUGLQJO\-RKQVRQWUDQVODWHVPDWHULDOIURPVHYHUDOSULRUGHFDGHVVRWKHGRFWRU¶VFDQRQ ZHOOSUHGDWHVWKHWXUQRIWKHFHQWXU\ZKHQHYHUDQGZKHUHYHUSDUWLFXODUGHWDLOVJHWDGGHG RYHUWUDQVPLVVLRQ 

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



VXFKOLNHQR\VRPHYDSRXUVWRWKHQRVHWRGUDZHWKHZRPEHGRZQHZDUGDJDLQH DVDOVRVZHHWHDQGRGLIHURXV>IX@PLJDWLRQVWRGUDZLWGRZQHZDUGWRWKHRZQH QDWXUDOOVHDWH

,QPDQ\GLVSXWDWLRQVHDUO\PRGHUQZULWHUVUHMHFWWKHFODLPVSUHYLRXVO\PDGH in the TimaeusDQGFODLPOLNH&URRNH WKDWWKHXWHUXVLVQRW³UHDOO\´DQDQLPDOEXW VRPHWLPHVWKH\DOVRVWDWHWKDWLWLV³OLNH´DQDQLPDORU³DOOEXWDOLYH´DV$UHWDHXV GRHV $QG ZKHQ WKH ZRPE LV \HW RQO\ ³DQLPDOOLNH´ VWLOO /LpEDXW LV DEOH WR LPDJLQHDXWHUXVWKDWPRYHVQRWRXWRIUHDOFRQVFLRXVQHVVRUZLVGRP³SUXGHQFH´ LQ KLV SKUDVLQJ  EXW DFFRUGLQJ WR D SXUHO\ sensuous GHVLUH IRU WKH ³GHOHFWDEOH´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³EUHDWKLQJ LQ RI VZHHWH VDYRXUV GRWK FRPPRQO\ SURFXUH WKHVH ¿WWHV HLWKHU IRU WKDW WKH PDWUL[ E\ D QDWXUDOO SURSHUWLH LV GHOLJKWHG ZLWK VZHHW VDYRXUHV>«@RUEHFDXVHWKHDQLPDOOVSLULWHVRIWKHEUDLQHEHLQJWKHUHE\VWLUUHG XSWRPRWLRQGRHE\FRQVHQWDIIHFWWKHPDWUL[ZLWKWKHOLNH´+HWKHQSURYLGHVD FRQWHPSRUDU\H[DPSOH³)RUUHVWXVWHOOHVXVRID%UXHUVZLIHRI'HOIWZKRFRXOG QHYHUHDWHRUGULQNHDQ\WKLQJWKDWZDVVZHHWHRUSOHDVDQWEXWKHU¿WZRXOGWDNH KHUDIUHVKDQGWKHUHXSRQZDVIDLQHWRPL[HZRUPHZRRGZLWKHYHU\WKLQJWKDWVKH GLGHDWHRUGULQNH´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

&URRNH9Y9r $UHWDHXVTWGLQ.LQJ  /LpEDXW¶VPDWHULDOIURPKLV/DWLQWUDQVODWHGZRUNTrois livres appartenans auz LQ¿UPLWH]HWPDODGLHVGHVIHPPHVLVFLWHGLQ0LFKHO)RXFDXOWMadness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason)RUWKHGLIIHUHQFHDPRQJWKHYDULRXVIDFXOWLHV QDWXUDODQLPDOYLWDOHWF VHH-RUGHQFKDSWHUV±IRUDPRGHUQRYHUYLHZVHH)'DYLG +RHQLJHU  -RUGHQ**r 

Introduction

)LJ,



1LFKRODV&XOSHSHUDirectory for Midwives FRQWHQWVSDJH³2I WKHV\PSWRPVWKDWEHIDOO9LUJLQVDQG:RPHQLQWKHLU:RPEV´L

EXWDVWKH\DUHSODFHGDQGVWUHQJWKHQHGE\WKHP%XWKRZGRWKWKHZRPEFKXVH VZHHWVPHOVDQGUHIXVHWKHFRQWUDU\LIVKHFDQQRWGLVFHUQ",NQRZQRWZK\LWLV VRXQOHVVWKHUHDVRQEHEHFDXVHRIWKHLPSXULW\RIWKRVHYDSRXUVWKDWDULVHIURP VWLQNLQJWKLQJVIRUVXFKWKLQJVDUHQR\VRPH>«@

'LVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHZRPE¶VUROHDQGFDSDELOLWLHVH[WHQGEURDGO\EH\RQGWKLV SDUWLFXODUWRSLFWRHQFRPSDVVGLIIHUHQWIRUPVRIK\VWHULFDOGLVHDVH'HPRQVWUDWLQJ LWVSULPDULO\*DOHQLFPDWHULDORQXWHULQHDLOPHQWV&XOSHSHU¶VSRSXODUHGLWLRQ of A Directory for Midwives FRQWDLQV FKDSWHUV RQ ZKDW DUH SURSHUO\ K\VWHULFDO XWHULQH DIÀLFWLRQV QRW OLPLWHG WR hysterica passio &XOSHSHU UDQJHV RYHU VXFK DIÀLFWLRQVDV³*UHHQVLFNQHVVRU:KLWHIHDYHU´FKDSWHUWZR ³6\PSWRPHVIURP WKH:RPEDQG0RWKHU¿WVLQ*HQHUDO´FKDSWHUWKUHH ³)UHQ]LHRIWKH:RPE´ furor uterinusFKDSWHU¿YH ³0HODQFKRO\RI9LUJLQVDQG:LGRZV´FKDSWHUVL[  ³(SLOHSVLHIURPWKH:RPE´FKDSWHUVHYHQ DOORIZKLFKDUHVXEVXPHGXQGHUWKH KHDGLQJ³2IDOOWKH6\PSWRPVWKDWEHIDOODOO9LUJLQVDQG:RPHQLQWKHLU:RPEV  -DQH6KDUSThe midwives book, or, The whole art of midwifery discovered/RQGRQ  ,r,Y8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGDOOIXUWKHUUHIHUHQFHVDUHWRWKLVHGLWLRQ

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



)LJ,

1LFKRODV&XOSHSHUDirectory for Midwives FRQWHQWVSDJH³2I WKHV\PSWRPVWKDWEHIDOO9LUJLQVDQG:RPHQLQWKHLU:RPEV´LL

DIWHUWKH\DUHULSHRI$JH´&XOSHSHU¶VFKDSWHUDUUDQJHPHQWLVIDLUO\W\SLFDODQG UHYHDOVZULWHUV¶ZD\RIWKLQNLQJDERXWKRZLOOQHVVLVFDWHJRUL]HG )RQWDQXV@ The Womans Doctour or, An exact and distinct explanation of all such Diseases as are peculiar to that Sex /RQGRQ   FRQWDLQV DQRWKHUH[SOLFLWGHFODUDWLRQDERXWWKHFODVVL¿FDWRU\DSSDUDWXVRIKLVWH[W³:RPHQVGLVHDVHV DUHGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUH&ODVVHVZKHUHRIWKH¿UVWFRQWDLQHWKWKHGLVHDVHVWKDWDUHFRPPRQWR DOOZRPHQWKHVHFRQGFRPSUHKHQGHWKVXFKDVDUHSHFXOLDUWR:LGRZHVDQG9LUJLQV7KH WKLUGVSHFL¿HWKWKRVH$IIHFWVWKDWFRQFHUQEDUUHQZRPHQDQGVXFKDVDUHIUXLWIXO$QGWKH IRXUWKWUHDWHWKRIVXFKGLVHDVHVDVEHIDOO:RPHQZLWK&KLOGH´$r   7\SLFDORIPDQ\HDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFDOZRUNV&XOSHSHUIRULQVWDQFHLQFOXGHVD FKDSWHUGHVFULELQJZRPHQ¶V³6WRQHV´WHVWLFOHV DQG³6HPLQDO9HVVHOV´'rII 

Introduction



GLVHDVHVDV+HOHQ.LQJKDVGLVFXVVHG$GROHVFHQWVDUHQRWWKHVROHVXIIHUHUVE\IDU WKRXJKZLWKZRPHQ¶VIXQGDPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQEHLQJVRFRPSURPLVHGLQLWVHVVHQWLDO QDWXUHWKDWXWHULQHSDWKRORJLHVUXQWKHIXOOJDPXWDQGDIÀLFWZRPHQUHJDUGOHVVRI PDULWDO VWDWXV RU VH[XDO DFWLYLW\ 6KDUS H[SODLQV ³PDQ\ RI WKHVH GLVHDVHV DQG GLVWHPSHUVDUHFRPPRQWRDOOWKH)HPDOHVH[,PHDQWKH\VRPHWLPHVKDSSHQWR WKHPLQDQ\RIWKHIRUHVDLGWKUHHHVWDWHVRIOLIHEXW9LUJLQVRU0DLGVGLVHDVHVWKDW DUHPRUHSHFXOLDUWRWKHPWKRXJKQRWHVVHQWLDOEHFDXVHPDQ\RIWKHPDUHLQFLGHQW WRWKHUHVW´7KHSHULRG¶VVWLOOGRPLQDQW*DOHQLFDOO\EDVHGKXPRUDOWKHRULHVVHW RXWDYLVLRQRIZRPHQ¶VERGLHVDVQDWXUDOO\SOHWKRULFDQGSROOXWHGE\WKHLURZQ EORRGDVZHOODVE\EXLOGXSVRIVHHGVSRLOHGPHQVWUXXPDQGVHHGZHUHWKRXJKW WR DFFXPXODWH LQ WKH XWHULQH FDYLW\ DQG LI WKHVH ÀXLGV KDG QR UHOHDVH WKURXJK PHQVWUXDWLRQRUVDOXEULRXVDFWVRILQWHUFRXUVHRUWKURXJKWKH³IULFWLYH´WUHDWPHQWV SHUIRUPHGE\PLGZLYHVWKDWFUHDWHGPXFKFRQWURYHUV\DV6FKOHLQHUGRFXPHQWV  WKH\FRXOGSURGXFHKDUPIXOHIIHFWVLQFOXGLQJSRLVRQRXVYDSRUV WKDWZRXOGLPSDUW \HWDQRWKHUHIIHFWXSRQWKHERG\6HSDUDWHPHGLFDOWUDGLWLRQVVHWWLQJRXWYDU\LQJ UROHVIRUEORRGDQGVHHGHYHQWXDOO\FRQYHUJHGWKRXJKQRWLQDWRWDOL]LQJIDVKLRQ ZLWKERWKÀXLGVLQFUHDVLQJO\JDLQLQJFLWDWLRQDVWKHFDXVHVRIZRPHQ¶VDLOPHQWV ZLWKVHHGXVXDOO\KHOGWREHWKHIDUPRUHGDQJHURXVVXEVWDQFHDIWHU*DOHQ 

,W LV WUXH WKDW PHGLFDO ZULWHUV )RQWDLQH %XUWRQ HWF  GR IUHTXHQWO\ VWDWH WKDW VHGHQWDU\ XSSHUFODVV ZRPHQ KDYH PRUH DLOPHQWV WKDQ WKHLU ORZHUFODVV FRXQWHUSDUWV ZKRVH JUHDWHU SK\VLFDO DFWLYLW\ ZDV WKRXJKW WR EXUQ RII DGYHUVH KXPRUV %XW WKLV GRHV QRWUHVWULFWZULWHUVIURPWDONLQJK\SHUEROLFDOO\DERXWGLVHDVHVDIÀLFWLQJZRPHQDFURVVWKH ERDUG  6KDUS5Y0DQ\RWKHUVPDNHVLPLODUFODLPV  ,DQ 0DFOHDQ VWDWHV LQ KLV RIWFLWHG EXW QRW H[KDXVWLYHO\ UHVHDUFKHG  ZRUN ³7KH PDOLJQLW\RIPHQVHVLVFKURQLFOHGLQDQFLHQWPHGLFDOWH[WVQRWDEO\LQ$ULVWRWOH&ROXPHOOD 3OLQ\DQG3OXWDUFKDQGWKHVHRSLQLRQVDUHUHSURGXFHGE\HDUO\5HQDLVVDQFHZULWHUV´%XW ³WKHUHLVIDUOHVVVWUHVVRQWKHQR[LRXVQDWXUHRIPHQVHVDWWKHHQGRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\´ ±  JHQHUDOO\ WUXH +RZHYHU VHH )RQWDLQH¶V RSHQLQJ VDOYR IRU ³ROG´ FRPPHQWDULHV RQ WKH ³FRXUVHV´ ³E\ WKH EHQH¿W RI WKRVH HYDFXDWLRQV WKH IHFXOHQW DQG FRUUXSW EORXG PLJKWEHSXUL¿HGZKLFKRWKHUZLVHDVEHLQJWKHSXUHVWSDUWRIWKHEORXGZRXOGWXUQHWR UDQNH SRLVRQ ZRXOG LW UHPDLQH LQ WKH ERG\ DQG SXWUL¿H´$PRQJ WKH PDQ\ DQDO\VHV RI WKLVVXEMHFWVHHIRUH[DPSOHSoranus’ Gynecology5XGROSK(6LHJHOGalen’s System of 3K\VLRORJ\DQG0HGLFLQH$Q$QDO\VLVRIKLV'RFWULQHVDQG2EVHUYDWLRQVRQ%ORRGÀRZ Respiration, Humors and Internal Diseases%DVHO6.DUJHU 3DWULFLD&UDZIRUG ³$WWLWXGHVWR0HQVWUXDWLRQLQ6HYHQWHHQWK&HQWXU\(QJODQG´Past and Present  ±DQG-DFTXDUWDQG7KRPDVVHW+HOGDVDQLQQRYDWRURIPHGLFDOWKHRU\IRUGLIIHUHQW UHDVRQV 3DUDFHOVLDQ PHGLFLQH VWLOO ORRNHG WRZDUGV FRUUXSWHG UHWDLQHG PHQVWUXXP IRU WKHFDXVHRIXWHULQHLOOQHVV,QWKHHGLWLRQRIThe Diseases that Deprive Man of His Reason3DUDFHOVXVGHVFULEHVWKHSURFHVVRIGHFD\DV³ZLQHWXUQLQJWRYLQHJDU´TWGLQ/ 'L[RQ /LNHPDQ\RWKHUV3DUDFHOVXVOLQNVWKLVLGHDRIPHQVWUXDOEORRG¶VGHFD\WRWKH VWLPXODWLRQRIVH[XDOGHVLUHLQZRPHQLQKLVWKHRU\DERXWchorea lascivaRU6DLQW9LWXV¶V GDQFH/'L[RQ &HUWDLQWHFKQLFDODVSHFWVRI'L[RQ¶VWUDQVODWLRQVRUSKUDVLQJKDYH EHHQUHYLHZHGDPELYDOHQWO\E\+HOHQ.LQJEXW'L[RQ¶VRYHUDOODQDO\VLVLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWK P\REVHUYDWLRQVDERXWDEURDGHDUO\PRGHUQVHQVLELOLW\IRUZRPHQ¶VLOOQHVVHV 7KLVEHDUV RXWWKHSRLQWPDGHE\WKHHGLWRUVRIThe Medical Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

)RULQVWDQFHWKHWH[WRIAristoteles Master-pieceWKHSRSXODUFRPSHQGLXP JRLQJWKURXJKPXOWLSOHHGLWLRQVLQGLFDWHVWKHVHWWOHGVWDQFHRIWKHZULWHUV RQWKH LPSRUWDQFHRIVHHG¶VGHVWUXFWLYHSRWHQWLDO+HUHRQHFDQDOVRVHHDW\SLFDOJHVWXUH RIWKHWH[WPDNLQJFOHDUWKHQHHGWRFRQWDLQDQGOLFHQVHGHVLUHZLWKLQPDUULDJH DQGIRUSURFUHDWLRQ %ORRG ZKLFK LV QR ORQJHU WDNHQ WR DXJPHQW WKHLU %RGLHV DERXQGLQJ LQFLWHV WKHLU0LQGVDQG,PDJLQDWLRQVWR9HQHU\$QGE\WKH5HWHQWLRQRIWKH6HHGPDQ\ WLPHVLWJDOOVRXWWKDWWKH\DUHFUXHOO\DIIHFWHGZLWKIDLQWLQJ)LWVDQGVWUDQJOLQJ RIWKH0RWKHUfor all learned Physicians are of Opinion, that more harm comes by the Seed corrupting, than by their Courses being unseasonably obstructed IRUWKH6HHGGHURJDWHVWRDYHQRPRXVTXDOLW\DQGIURPWKHHIIHFWVWKHUHRIDULVH WKH 6ZDUWK DQG ZHDVHO &RORXU LQ 0DLGV ZKHQ WKH\ EHJLQ WR EH LQ /RYH DQG GHVLURXVRI&RSXODWLRQDVDOVRWKHLUVKRUW%UHDWKLQJV7UHPEOLQJVDQG3DQWLQJV RIWKH+HDUW

&RUUXSWLQJ VHHG LV IUDPHG DV PRUH GDQJHURXV LQ WKLV ZRUN %XW ZKDWHYHU WKH VSHFL¿FV RI D SDUWLFXODU WKHRUHWLFDO H[SODQDWLRQ DW URRW WKH NH\ SRLQW LV WKH GLVSRVLWLRQ DQG IXQFWLRQ RI WKH XWHUXV GLVWLQFWLYH HYHQ ZKHQ WKH IHPDOH RUJDQ LV SHUFHLYHG RFFDVLRQDOO\ DV DQDORJRXV WR PDOH VWUXFWXUHV 7KHVH RSLQLRQV DUH RI FRXUVH LQGHEWHG WR WKH SHUVSHFWLYH²ZKLFK , DOOXGHG WR DW WKH VWDUW RI WKH FKDSWHU²H[SUHVVHGE\ZULWHUVFRQYHUVDQWZLWKWKH+LSSRFUDWLFFDQRQWKDWWKHURRW RIZRPHQ¶VLOOVLVWKHXWHUXV5DWKHUWKDQHDUO\PRGHUQZULWHUV¶FRQFHLYLQJRID GLVHDVHZLWKDVLQJOHRULJLQRUFDXVHZHVHHWKDWGLVHDVHVFDQKDYHGLIIHUHQWFDXVHV ZLWKWKHJHQGHURIWKHSDWLHQWEHLQJKLJKO\GHWHUPLQDWLYHThe Compleat Midwife’s PracticeVHFRQGHGQ H[SODLQVWKHFDXVHRIDWXPRUIRULQVWDQFHWREHDGXVW ³PHQVWUXDOEORXGZKLFKLVUHWDLQHGRUFRUUXSWHGLQWKH0DWUL[´$FFRUGLQJWR WKLVYLHZHYHQFDQFHUKDVDJHQGHUHGH[SODQDWLRQZKHUHWKHZRPELVSHUFHLYHG ³ZKHQ VWULSSHG RI LWV WKHRU\ 3DUDFHOVLDQ PHGLFLQH LQ SUDFWLFH²WKDW LV LQ GLDJQRVLV DQG WUHDWPHQW²ZDVYHU\VLPLODUWR*DOHQLFPHGLFLQHZLWKWKHLPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHWKDWFKHPLFDO GUXJVZRXOGKDYHEHHQXVHG´IRUWUHDWPHQW[Y 6HH$QGUHZ:HDU5.)UHQFKDQG,0 /RQLHHGVThe Medical Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83   DQG WKH &DPEULGJH SXEOLFDWLRQV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH:HOOFRPH ,QVWLWXWH JHQHUDOO\ )RUDKLVWRU\RIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI3DUDFHOVXVIRU(QJOLVKPHGLFDOSUDFWLFHH[FOXVLYHRIDQ\ FRQFHUQIRUJHQGHUVHH$OOHQ*'HEXVThe English Paracelsians1HZLHLPPHGLDWHO\@WKH3DWLHQWLVRXWRIKHU ¿W LI VKH EH PDUULHG´ +KKr  LQ >5LYHULXV@ The Practice of Physick FRPS DQG WUDQV 1LFKRODV &XOSHSHU$EGLDK &ROH DQG :LOOLDP 5RZODQG /RQGRQ ) 5LYLqUH ZDV D VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKFRXUWSK\VLFLDQZKRSUDFWLFHGLQ0RQWSHOOLHUWKH¿UVWHGLWLRQRI KLVFROOHFWHGZRUNVDSSHDUHGLQ(QJOLVKLQWKH/DWLQDSSHDUHGLQ 7KHUHDUH QRVLJQL¿FDQWDOWHUDWLRQVWR5LYLqUH¶VFRPPHQWDU\DPRQJWKH¿YHDYDLODEOHHGLWLRQV,KDYH VXUYH\HGGDWHG±VRFLWDWLRQVDUHIURPWKHHGLWLRQ  6HH7KRPDV&KDPEHUOD\QH¶VHGLWLRQRIPDWHULDOFXOOHGIURP/RXLVH%RXUJHRLVThe Compleat Midwife’s Practice Enlarged/RQGRQ 0r

Introduction



FRQVLVWHQWO\DVWKHVLWHRIGLVHDVH²³WKH6LQNRU&RPPRQ6KRDUZKHUHXQWRWKH UHVWRIWKHSDUWVRIWKH%RG\GLVEXUGHQWKHPVHOYHV´LQ/D]DUH5LYLqUH¶VSKUDVH 7KHVHVL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\PHGLFDOWH[WVFRQVLVWHQWO\HPSKDVL]H ZRPHQ¶VVSHFLDOVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRSDWKRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVEHFDXVHRIWKHXQLTXH DFFLGHQW RI ZRPHQ¶V SK\VLRORJ\ DQG KXPRUDO FRPSOH[LRQ JRLQJ VR IDU DV WR VWDWHWKHinevitabilityRIXWHULQHG\VIXQFWLRQ,QKLVYROXPHH[SOLFDWLQJWKH KDOOPDUNV RI XWHULQH GLVHDVH DQG ZULWWHQ DJDLQVW WKH EDFNGURS RI HDUO\ PRGHUQ FRQWURYHUVLHV DERXW hysterica passio LQ SDUWLFXODU -RUGHQ H[SODLQV WKH VSHFLDO



6HH5LYLqUH*JJr $V -DQHW$GHOPDQ DQG .DWKDULQH 3DUN KDYH PDGH FOHDU WKHUH DUH H[FHSWLRQV WR WKHJHQHUDOUXOHDERXWWH[WV¶YLHZRIDQ\WRSLFRQHPXVWEHFDUHIXOLQPDNLQJWRWDOL]LQJ FODLPVDERXWWKHYDVWO\YDULDEOHDQGHYHQFRQIXVHGMXPEOHRIPHGLFDOZULWLQJ)RULQVWDQFH D GLVFXVVLRQ OHVV RULHQWHG WRZDUGV IHPDOH SDWKRORJ\ WKDW $GHOPDQ KLJKOLJKWV  FDQ EH IRXQGLQ5D\QDOG¶VVZRUNThe Birth of Man-kindeLWVHOIDVHFRQGDU\WUDQVODWLRQRI DQRULJLQDOE\5RHVVOLQ VHH7KRPDV5D\QDOGThe Birth of Man-kinde; Otherwise named The Womans Booke. Set forth in English by Thomas Raynald Physitian, and by him corrected and augmented /RQGRQ 7KH5D\QDOGHGLWLRQV,KDYHVHHQWKH UHSULQWRIWKHWH[WDQGDPRGHUQUHSULQWLQJRIWKHHGLWLRQHGLWHGE\-RDQ.OHLQ GRLQIDFWSUHVHQWDPRUHURV\SLFWXUHRIIHPDOHDLOPHQWVDQGRIIHUD³SHUIHFWLRQLQNLQG´ DUJXPHQW IRU IHPDOH DQDWRP\¶V ZRUNLQJV UDWKHU WKDQ D PRGHO EDVHG RQ PDOH SHUIHFWLRQ ,WLVVWLOOWUXHKRZHYHUWKDW5D\QDOG¶VREVWHWULFDODQGJ\QHFRORJLFDOREVHUYDWLRQVDUHQRW ¿QDOO\DOOWKDWGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHRWKHUPHGLFDOZULWLQJ,KLJKOLJKWKHUHLWLVPRUHDPDWWHU RIWKHZULWHU¶VWRQHWKDW.OHLQDQG$GHOPDQREVHUYHWKDQDWRWDOO\DOWHUQDWLYHYLHZSRLQW)RU LQVWDQFH5D\QDOGVWDWHV³E\WKHSHUIHFWNQRZOHGJHRIWKLVERRN\HVKDOOFOHDUO\SHUFHLYH WKHUHDVRQRIPDQ\GLVHDVHVZKLFKKDSSHQSHFXOLDUO\WRZRPHQDQGWKHFDXVHVWKHUHRI´   6HH -DQHW $GHOPDQ ³0DNLQJ 'HIHFW 3HUIHFWLRQ 6KDNHVSHDUH DQG WKH 2QH6H[ 0RGHO´Enacting Gender on the English Renaissance StageHG9LYLDQD&RPHQVROLDQG $QQH5XVVHOO8UEDQD8RI,OOLQRLV3 ±DQG-RDQ/DUVHQ.OHLQHGDaughters, Wives, and Widows: Writings by men about Women and Marriage in England, 1500±1640 8UEDQDDQG&KLFDJR8RI,OOLQRLV3 .DWKDULQH3DUN¶VFDXWLRQUHJDUGVWKHVSHFL¿FV RIWKHRQHVH[GHEDWHGHEDWHDERXWVWUXFWXUDOKRPRORJ\EXWLWLVDXVHIXOJHQHUDOUHPLQGHU WRDQ\VFKRODUUHDGLQJHDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFDOWH[WV 

,ZLVKVSHFL¿FDOO\WRXQGHUVFRUHWKHLPSRVVLELOLW\RIUHGXFLQJFRQWHPSRUDU\LGHDVWR DµRQHVH[ERG\¶>«@RULQGHHGWRDVLQJOHPRGHORIDQ\NLQG>«@7KHWRSRJUDSK\RI PHGLFDOWKRXJKWDQGZULWLQJRQVH[XDOGLIIHUHQFHZDVDVFRPSOLFDWHGDQGFRQWHVWHGLQ WKHVL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHVDVLWLVWRGD\DQGDVLWKDGEHHQIRUPLOOHQQLD  PROGHG E\ WKH FURVVFXUUHQWV RI SURIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQ SHUVRQDO ULYDOU\ DQG QDWLRQDO WUDGLWLRQDVZHOODVE\WKHLPSDFWRIQHZPHWKRGVRILQTXLU\DQGWKHUHUHDGLQJRI DQFLHQWWH[WV,WLVWKHVHFURVVFXUUHQWVDQGIDXOWOLQHVIDUPRUHWKDQDQ\UHWURVSHFWLYHO\ FRQVWUXFWHG FRQVHQVXV WKDW UHYHDO WKH FRPSOLFDWHG UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ VH[ DQG JHQGHULQWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG± 6HH³7KH5HGLVFRYHU\RIWKH&OLWRULV)UHQFK0HGLFLQHDQGWKH7ULEDGH±´ The Body in Parts: Fantasies of Corporeality in Early Modern EuropeHG'DYLG+LOOPDQ DQG &DUOD 0D]]LR 1HZWKH XWHUXV@ IURP ZKHQFH WKLV GLVHDVH ZKLFK ZH VSHDNH RI >hysterica passio@ GRWK DULVH)RUDVLWKDWKPRUHYDULHWLHRIRI¿FHVEHORQJLQJXQWRLWWKHQRWKHUSDUWHV RI WKH ERGLH KDYH >«@$QG DV WKRVH RI¿FHV LQ WKHLU SURSHU NLQGHV DUH PRUH H[FHOOHQWWKHQRWKHUVRWKHGLVHDVHVZKHUE\WKH\DUHKXUWRUGHSUDYHGDUHPRUH JULHYRXV%XWDPRQJVWDOOWKHGLVHDVHVZKHUHXQWRWKDWVH[LVREQR[LRXVWKHUH LV QRQH FRPSDUDEOH XQWR WKLV ZKLFK LV FDOOHG The Suffocation of the mother, HLWKHUIRUYDULHWLHVRUIRUVWUDQJHQHVVHRIDFFLGHQWV>@DOOGLUHFWO\IURPWKLV RQHIRXQWDLQHLQVXFKVRUWDV\RXVKDOORIWHQW\PHVSHUFHLYHLQRQHDQGWKHVDPH SHUVRQGLYHUVHDFFLGHQWVRIFRQWUDULHQDWXUHVWRFRQFXUUHDWRQFH

,Q KLV PLGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ ZRUN The Practice of Physick   5LYLqUH UHFRUGVDVLPLODUVWDWHPHQWLQDSUHIDWRU\VXPPDU\WRKLV¿IWHHQWKERRNIRFXVHG RQZRPHQ¶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ÀDPPDWLRQV8OFHUV 6FLUUKXV &DQFHU *DQJUHQH 'URSVLH FRPLQJ IRUWK DQG VKXWWLQJ XS WKHUHRI WKHVHPD\KLQGHU*HQHUDWLRQEXWE\DFFLGHQW 

5LYLqUH DOVR HQJDJHV LQ D ELW RI OLWHUDU\ FULWLFLVP FULWLTXLQJ ³ODWH :ULWHUV´ IRU EHLQJVR  ,Q FKDSWHU WZR )LVVHOO DUJXHV IRU WKH JUHDW VLJQL¿FDQFH RI -RUGHQ¶V WH[W D SRLQW ZLWK ZKLFK , FRQFXU KRZHYHU , EHOLHYH VKH RYHUVWUHVVHV WKH QRYHOW\ RI WKH Discourse’s IRFXV RQ WKH negative FDSDELOLWLHV RI WKH ZRPE DQG VLPSOL¿HV VRPH RI WKH LQÀXHQFH RI PHGLFDOKLVWRU\ZKLOHRWKHUVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ZRUNVPD\KDYHKLJKOLJKWHGPRUHSRVLWLYH UHSURGXFWLYHSRZHUVRIWKHZRPEWKHYHU\FRPPRQJHQHUDOSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHZRPEDV QHJDWLYH GRHV QRW EHJLQ ZLWK -RUGHQ QRU LV KH WKH VROH LQÀXHQFH RQ VXEVHTXHQW ZULWHUV ZKRFRQYH\VLPLODUO\QHJDWLYHYLHZVLQSRVWPDWHULDODIWHUDOOWKHVHWH[WVWKDWDUH WUDQVODWHGDIWHUDQGSXEOLVKHGLQWKHVWRVDUHIUHTXHQWO\ZULWWHQPXFKHDUOLHU )XUWKHUFODVVLFDOWH[WVDUHFHUWDLQO\MXVWDVQHJDWLYHDVSRVLWLYHDERXWZRPEIXQFWLRQLIQRW FOHDUO\PRUHQHJDWLYHLQVODQWDQGDV)LVVHOOKHUVHOIREVHUYHVLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQ HDUO\ PRGHUQWH[WVVLPSO\DGDSWFODVVLFDOYLHZVZLWKDGPLUDEOHUHJXODULW\7KLVZLOOEHFRPHYHU\ FOHDULQ&KDSWHU¶VIRFXVRQ-RUGHQ¶VWH[WDQGLWVGHHSHPEHGGHGQHVVLQSHULRGGLVSXWHV  -RUGHQ%r%Y  5LYLqUH=]Y

Introduction



VXSHUÀXRXVLQWKHLU7UHDWLVHVRI:RPHQV'LVHDVHVZKLOHLQGLIIHUHQW&KDSWHUV WKH\ GHVFULEH VHYHUDO 'LVHDVHV VSULQJLQJ IURP WKH:RPE YL] 6XIIRFDWLRQ RI WKH:RPE +HDGDFK (SLOHSWLFDO ¿WV 3DOSLWDWLRQV RI WKH +HDUW >«@ 'LVHDVHV RIWKH6WRPDFK/LYHUDQG6SOHHQDULVLQJIURPWKH:RPEDQGGLYHUVSDLQVLQ VXQGU\SDUWVRIWKH%RG\DULVLQJWKHUHIURPVHHLQJDOOWKHVH,Q¿UPLWLHVGRDULVH from one and the same cause,DQGDUHWREHFXUHGE\WKHVHOIVDPH0HGLFLQHV VRWKDWWKHDIRUHVDLG$XWKRUVDUHIDLQWRUHSHDWWKHVDPHWKLQJVRYHUDQGRYHU LQVHYHUDO&KDSWHUV

,QWKH Directory, &XOSHSHURQHRIWKHWUDQVODWRUVRI5LYLqUH¶V(QJOLVKHGLWLRQ  H[FODLPV ,W LV QRW WR EH H[SUHVVHG ZKDW PLVHUDEOH GLVHDVHV ZRPHQ DUH VXEMHFW WR ERWK 9LUJLQVDQGRWKHUVIURPWKHZRPEDQGLWVFRQVHQWZLWKRWKHUSDUWV)RUZKHQ WHUPVRUEORRGDUHVWRSWWKHUHDUHJUHDW6\PSWRPVDQGZKLOHWKH\SXWUH¿HRU JHW HYLO TXDOLWLHV WKH 6\PSWRPV DUH JULHYRXV DQG DOPRVW XQH[SUHVVLEOH 2QH ZRPDQPD\KDYHGLYHUV6\PSWRPVIURPWKHZRPEDWWKHVDPHWLPHZKHQWKH VHHGDQGWHUPV>PHQVWUXDOEORRG@DUHPL[HGZLWKRWKHUKXPRUVDIWHUWKH\DUH FRUUXSWHGDQGWKHUHLVPRUHVRPHWLPHVDQGVXFKQREOHVXEVWDQFHVDVVHHGDQG WHUPVEHLQJFRUUXSWHGDUHOLNHSR\VRQ

7KHVHH[FHUSWVVWUHVVWKHSUHVHQFHRI³SRLVRQRXV´RUQR[LRXVÀXLGVLQZRPHQ¶V ERGLHV DQG ZH FDQ VHH WKH EHJLQQLQJV RI D GLVFXVVLRQ RI KRZ WKHVH SXWUHI\LQJ ÀXLGVFUHDWHDZKROHVHWRISRVVLEOHVHFRQGDU\V\PSWRPVDQGFRPSOH[DWWHQGDQW DIIHFWVLQFOXGLQJPHODQFKRO\DLOPHQWV 6XFK PHGLFDO ZULWLQJ UHÀHFWV WKHQ LQ LWV EDVLF DVVXPSWLRQV WKH GRPLQDQW *DOHQLF YLHZ RI ZRPHQ¶V IXQGDPHQWDOO\ ÀDZHG WHPSHUDPHQW²D FROG DQG ZHW GLVSRVLWLRQ DV RSSRVHG WR WKH UHODWLYHO\ PRUH SHUIHFW PDOH PRGHO WKDW LV KRWWHU GULHU DQG PRUH HI¿FLHQW %XW LW IROORZV WKDW ZKDW ZULWHUV DGGUHVV DW OHQJWK LQ fact, are the effectsRIVXFKDÀDZHGIHPDOHV\VWHP²WKH³JULHYRXV´³LQQXPHUDEOH FDODPLWLHV´DQG³PLVHUDEOHGLVHDVHV´WKDWHDFKZULWHUDOOXGHVWRDERYH&HUWDLQO\ PHGLFDOZULWLQJSHUFHLYHVWKHÀDZHGKXPRUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHIHPDOHERG\DV WKHSULPDU\FDXVHRIZRPHQ¶VDLOPHQWVRU³FDORULFLQVXI¿FLHQF\´DV3DVWHUWHUPV LW 7KDW WKLV LQIHULRU IHPDOH KXPRUDOLVP PRVW FRPPRQO\ manifests DV XWHULQH SDWKRORJ\LVVDOLHQWWRREVHUYHKHUHKRZHYHUVLQFHZHFDQVHHWKDWWKHEXONRI PHGLFDOZULWLQJGLUHFWVLWVHOIWRWKHVHFRQGDU\HIIHFWVRUV\PSWRPVJHQHUDWHGE\ WKLVXQGHUO\LQJLPSHUIHFWLRQDQGWRWKHLUWUHDWPHQW ,WLVQRWRYHUVWDWLQJLWWKHQWRVD\WKDWKDQGERRNVGLUHFWHGDWIHPDOHVXEMHFWV LQGLFDWHVXEVWDQWLDOLQWHUHVWLQGHVFULELQJYDULRXVSDWKRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHLU PDQDJHPHQW WKH\ IRFXV OHVV RQ ZKDW WKH\ XQGHUVWDQG DV WKH HVVHQWLDO IHPDOH KXPRUDOFRQGLWLRQ$VZHKDYHVHHQDERYHSULQWHGERRNV¶SUHIDFHVWLWOHSDJHVDQG WDEOHVRIFRQWHQWVODXQFKGLUHFWO\LQWRWKHLUH[SDQGLQJGLVFXVVLRQVRISDWKRORJ\ RUDGYHUWLVHWKHLULQWHUHVWZLWKVRPHWKLQJDSSURDFKLQJUHOLVK7KXVZKLOHDEDVLF   

5LYLqUH+KY &XOSHSHUDirectory for Midwives.Y.r 6HH3DVWHU³7KH8QEHDUDEOH&ROGQHVVRI)HPDOH%HLQJ´



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

EHOLHILQZRPDQ¶VÀDZHGKXPRUDOV\VWHPRSHUDWHVLQGHHGDVWKH³JLYHQ´EHKLQG DQ\WH[W¶VIRFXVRQZRPHQ¶VSDWKRORJLHVDIWHUZULWHUVHVWDEOLVKWKLVD[LRPLIWKH\ ERWKHU WR DFFRXQW IRU LW DW DOO  WKHLU IRFXV OLHV LQ QRWLQJ VHFRQGDU\ DQG WHUWLDU\ FKDLQVRIV\PSWRPV7KHHIIHFWVRIGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIQR[LRXVÀXLGDGPL[WXUHVDUH RILQWHUHVWWKHFDXVDOLQVXI¿FLHQWKHDWPXFKOHVVVR )RU WKHVH UHDVRQV , GHSDUW IURP 3DVWHU¶V HPSKDVLV RQ WKH UROH RI FDORULF LQVXI¿FLHQF\DQGDUJXHWKDWDYRODWLOH³ÀXLGHFRORJ\´RIWKHZRPELVWKHFHQWUDO FRQFHUQHOXFLGDWHGLQPRVWJ\QHFRORJLFDODQGZRPHQ¶VKDQGERRNV:HPLJKW DOVRQRWHWKDWWKLVIRFXVHFOLSVHVDQ\H[WHQGHGFRPPHQWDU\RQLVRPRUSKLVPZKLFK KDV JDUQHUHG PXFK VFKRODUO\ DWWHQWLRQ 7KDW LV UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU IHPDOH JHQLWDODQDWRP\LVSHUFHLYHGDVPHUHO\DQLQIHULRUDQGLQYHUWHGYHUVLRQRIWKHPDOH DQDWRP\E\WKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHXWHUXVLVFRPPRQO\XQGHUVWRRGDV³WKDWSDUW ZKLFKLVGLVWLQFWLQWKHPIURPPHQYL]WKH:RPE´DV5LYLqUHSXWVLWDERYH For UHDGLO\DSSDUHQWUHDVRQVDQDWRP\WH[WVGRLQFOXGHVRPHGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHWRSLF 2QHRIWKHPRUHPHPRUDEOHGLVPLVVDOVRILVRPRUSKLVPLVLQIDFWWKHDQDWRPLVW 7KRPDV%DUWKROLQ¶V³7KHVLPLOLWXGHRIWKH\DUGDQGRIWKH:RPEULGLFXORXV´ ,QFRQVLGHULQJDQDWRP\WH[WZULWHUVVXFKDV%DUWKROLQZKRPD\rejectWKHRQHVH[ PRGHOLWLVUHOHYDQWWKDWQHYHUWKHOHVV*DOHQLFpathologyPRGHOVVWLOOFRPPDQG FLWDWLRQLQVLGHEDUFRPPHQWDULHV³PHQDUHQRWVRFUXHOO\LQIHFWHGZLWKWKH¿OWK\ YDSRUVRIFRUUXSWVHHGDVZRPHQDUH´$QGIRUPHGLFDOZULWHUVZKRmaintain WKH RQHVH[ SHUVSHFWLYH *DOHQLF WKHRULHV FRQWLQXH WR KROG PXFK VZD\ DV ZHOO WKXVZULWHUVFDQDI¿UPWKHLUEHOLHILQstructural homologyDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKH\ XQGHUVWDQGSDWKRORJ\DVdifferentiatingPDOHDQGIHPDOHVXEMHFWV:HPLJKWVD\ WKHQWKDWDVWKHFUXFLDODUWLFXODWLRQRIFDORULFLQVXI¿FLHQF\SDWKRORJ\LVDPRUH  , ¿UVW FRLQHG WKLV WHUP LQ P\ HVVD\ ³)OXLG (FRQRPLHV 3RUWUD\LQJ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V +\VWHULFV´Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature0D\  ±,QDGYDQFLQJWKLVYLHZ,FRQFXUZLWK5REHUW0DUWHQVHQZKRZULWHV³0\SUHPLVH LVWKDWWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVLQNLQGDQGTXDOLW\RIÀXLGZHUHSHUFHLYHGWRFRQVWLWXWHWKHQRQ FKLOGEHDULQJRUQXUVLQJ IHPDOHERG\DVIXQGDPHQWDOO\GLIIHUHQWIRUPWKHPDOH´   6HH DOVR &KDSWHU  IXUWKHU 7KH SRLQW WR EH PDGH KHUH LV WKDW WKHVH SLHFHV RI FULWLFLVPGRQRWPDNHWKHFDVHIRUJHQGHUGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQE\DUJXLQJIRUSDWKRORJ\DVWKH GLVWLQJXLVKLQJIDFWRU  7KHWH[WDVFULEHGWR%DUWKROLQSXEOLVKHGE\&XOSHSHUDQG$EGLDK&ROHLVDSSDUHQWO\ FXOOHGIURPHDUOLHUPDWHULDOZKLFKLVIDLUO\W\SLFDORIFRPSHQGLDDQGWUDQVODWLRQVFRPSLOLQJ VHYHUDO GHFDGHV¶ ZRUWK RI D VLQJOH RU PXOWLSOH VHW RI DXWKRUV¶ ZRUN SXEOLVKHG DW D ODWHU GDWH7KHLPSOLFDWLRQWKHUHIRUHLVWKDWWKHJHQHUDOWHQGHQF\WRUHIXWHWRWDOO\WKHRQHVH[ PRGHODUULYHVE\WKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\DWZKDWSRLQWLQWLPHEDVLF FRQVHQVXVDULVHVLVGLI¿FXOWWRSLQSRLQWSUHFLVHO\6HHBartholinus AnatomyWUDQV1LFKRODV &XOSHSHU DQG$EGLDK &ROH /RQGRQ   9Y WKH VLJQDWXUH LV SDUWLDOO\ REVFXUHG DOVR %RRNFKDSWHUS   Bartholinus Anatomy TY+HONLDK&URRNH¶VDQDWRP\WH[WPDNHVDVLPLODUREVHUYDWLRQ DERXWSDWKRORJ\LQMikrokosmographia¶VFKDSWHUDERXW³JHQHUDWLRQ´  6HH IRU LQVWDQFH -DFTXHV )HUUDQG Erotomania or A Treatise Discoursing of the Essence, Causes, Symptomes, Prognosticks, and Cure of Love or Erotique Melancholy, WUDQV(GPXQG&KLOPHDG2[IRUG HVS±)HUUDQG¶VWH[WZDV¿UVWSULQWHG LQLQ)UHQFK

Introduction



UHOLDEOHLQGLFDWRURIIHPDOHGLIIHUHQFHDERYHDQGEH\RQGLVRPRUSKLVPDVDPRGHO DQGSDWKRORJ\DFFRXQWVIRUWKHZLGHGLVFXVVLRQRIÀXLGV¶UROHLQXWHULQHDLOPHQWV HVSHFLDOO\WKHPRUHVSHFWDFXODUSUHVHQWDWLRQVOLNH¿WVRI³WKHPRWKHU´Hysterica passioLVRIFRXUVHRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWWRPHGLFDOZULWHUV ,WVKRXOGEHDOUHDG\FOHDUIURPWKHZRUNV,KDYHFLWHGKHUHWKDWLQOLJKWRID KLVWRULFDOO\VSHFL¿FHWLRORJLFDOVWDQGSRLQWQHLWKHUhysterica passioQRUK\VWHULFDO DLOPHQW²DIDUELJJHUFDWHJRU\²LVWKHVDPHWKLQJDV³K\VWHULD´1RUWKHUHIRUH FDQK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWVDIÀLFWPDOHVXEMHFWVQRUFDQPDOHV\PSWRPVRQO\VLPLODUWR SUHVHQWDWLRQVRIhysterica passioDFWXDOO\EHDWWULEXWHGWRXWHULQHHIIHFWV5XGROSK ( 6LHJHO SRLQWV RXW KRZ PRUH SUHFLVH WUDQVODWLRQV RI WKH +LSSRFUDWLF FRUSXV FRXOGKDYHSUHYHQWHGWKHORQJUHDFKLQJHIIHFWVRIPLVSULVLRQ³LIWKH*UHHNZRUG hysterikos ZRXOG QRW KDYH EHHQ WUDQVODWHG DV K\VWHULD EXW DV uterine.´ *LYHQ WKHVHLPSRUWDQWFODUL¿FDWLRQVWKHQ,GHQRWHZRPHQ¶VSDWKRORJLHVDV³K\VWHULFDO´ RU HVVHQWLDOO\ XWHULQH LQ RULJLQ WR GLVWLQJXLVK WKHP IURP ³K\VWHULD´ ZLWK LWV GLIIHUHQWUHVRQDQFHV$PRUHSUHFLVHWKRXJKÀH[LEOHWHUP³K\VWHULFDO´PDUNVRXW WKHHVVHQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHRIWKHHDUO\PRGHUQIHPDOHERG\ZKHUHPHGLFDOOLWHUDWXUH UHÀHFWVDEURDGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHcategoryRIWKHK\VWHULFDORUXWHULQHhysterica passioLVXQGHUVWRRGDVDPRUHVSHFL¿FDLOPHQWZLWKLWVRZQJHQHUDOL]HGFOXVWHU RISUHVHQWDWLRQV )UHXG¶VPRGHORIUHSUHVVHGVH[XDOLW\ZKHUHLQSK\VLFDOV\PSWRPVDUHDIXQFWLRQ RIWKHUHYHUVDORIDIIHFWZRXOGODWHUERUURZIURPWKHVHQRWLRQVRIWKHhystera’s HVVHQWLDOGLVSRVLWLRQDQGV\PSDWKHWLFRSHUDWLRQVK\VWHULD¶VPDLQLQQRYDWLRQZDV WRPDNHUHSUHVVLRQD¿JXUDWLYHRUV\PEROLFQRWOLWHUDOPHFKDQLVWLFSURFHVVDVWKH HSLORJXHH[SORUHVEULHÀ\7KHVHGLVWLQFWLRQVDOVRZDUUDQWWKDWhysterica passioLV VLPSO\QRWFRH[WHQVLYHZLWK³K\VWHULD´7RZDUGVWKLVHQGRIIXOO\HOXFLGDWLQJWKH 

6LHJHO  7KH FODVVLFLVW +HOHQ .LQJ PDNHV D VLPLODU SRLQW ³,Q D ZRPDQ DV DQRWKHU+LSSRFUDWLFWH[WSXWVLWµWKHZRPELVWKHRULJLQRIDOOGLVHDVH¶VRLWZRXOGEHIDLU WRVD\WKDWLQ+LSSRFUDWLFJ\QHFRORJ\DOOGLVHDVHVDUHK\VWHULFDO´   )UHXG SXUSRVHIXOO\ DGDSWHG FODVVLFDO *UHHN WKHRULHV RI OLWHUDO UHSUHVVLRQV RI ERGLO\ÀXLGVIRUKLVPRGHORISV\FKRORJLFDOUHSUHVVLRQ)RUIXUWKHUGLVFXVVLRQVHH(ODLQH 6KRZDOWHU ³+\VWHULD )HPLQLVP DQG *HQGHU´ Hysteria Beyond Freud HG 6DQGHU / *LOPDQHWDO%HUNHOH\8RI&DOLIRUQLD3 ±9HLWKDQG0LFDOH  ,W LV WUXH FHUWDLQO\ WKDW PRUH UHFHQWPHGLFDOWKHRULVWVDQGKLVWRULDQVFRQWLQXHWR DUJXHDERXWWKHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRIK\VWHULDLWVHOIDVZHOODVZKHWKHULWFDQFRQVWLWXWHDFRKHUHQW RU VWDEOH FDWHJRU\ LQ SDVW RU SUHVHQW PHGLFLQH PXFK DV WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQLVWV , H[SORUH KHUHDUHDWWHPSWLQJWRGLVFHUQWKHFRQWRXUVRIK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWV6HHIRULQVWDQFH(ODLQH 6KRZDOWHU Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture 1HZ«@LWZRXOGEHOLWHUDOPLQGHGSHUKDSVHYHQREWXVHWRLQTXLUHKRZ6KDNHVSHDUH FRQFHLYHGRIDPDOHK\VWHULFLQDQHUDZKHQWKHGRFWRUVKDGREVHUYHGIHZ ²*65RXVVHDX

)RUWKHVLPSOHUHDVRQWKDW/HDU¶VIDPRXVFDVHRI hysterica passio LVDVPHPRUDEOH DQGRIWQRWHGDVLWLVPLVLQWHUSUHWHGLWLOOXVWUDWHVSDUWLFXODUO\XVHIXOO\ERWKDVSHFWV RIWKLVERRN¶VODUJHUDLPVQRWRQO\WRHVWDEOLVKWKHFXUUHQF\RIPHGLFDOGLVFRXUVHV of hysterica passioHYLGHQFHGLQSRSXODUOLWHUDWXUHDQGLQWKHEURDGHUFXOWXUHEXW DOVRWRUHQRYDWHVFKRODUVKLSWKDWKDVH[SODLQHGDZD\WKHPHDQLQJDQGVLJQL¿FDQFH RI³FDVHKLVWRULHV´RIK\VWHULFDOSDWKRORJ\/HDU¶V hystericaKDVWKXVIDUHVFDSHG KLVWRULFL]LQJDWOHDVWRIDQ\ULJRURXVNLQG$FFRUGLQJO\,GHYRWHWKLVFKDSWHUWR IRFXVLQJRQMXVWWZRSKUDVHVIURPWKHSOD\LQDQHIIRUWWRH[SODLQZK\ZKHQ.LQJ /HDUDQQRXQFHVWKDWKHKDVhysterica passioKHGRHVQRWVXIIHUIURP³K\VWHULD´² GHVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW IRU RYHU D FHQWXU\ HGLWRULDO DQG VFKRODUO\ SUDFWLFHV KDYH UHJXODUO\DVVHUWHGWKDWVXFKLVWKHFDVHHDFKPXWXDOO\UHLQIRUFLQJWKHRWKHUDQG FRGLI\LQJIXUWKHUKDELWVDQGUHVSRQVHV7KHFRPPRQDVVXPSWLRQWKDW.LQJ/HDU¶V hysterica passioLVK\VWHULDDQGWKDW/HDU¶VDWWHPSWDWVHOIGLDJQRVLVFRXOGHYHQEH DFFXUDWHLVSHUKDSVPRUHV\PSWRPDWLFRIWKHKROGWKDWSV\FKRDQDO\WLFSDUDGLJPV KDYH RQ RXU FULWLFDO FRQVFLRXVQHVV WKDQ ZH KDYH DFNQRZOHGJHG 0\ SXUSRVH LV WKXVWREHOLWHUDOPLQGHGZKHQZHUDUHO\HYHUDUHDERXW/HDU¶VVWDWHPHQWDQGWR VKRZZK\UHH[DPLQLQJDIHZVKRUWSKUDVHVPDWWHUVDJUHDWGHDO



 :LWKDIHZPLQRUDOWHUDWLRQVWKHSRUWLRQVRIWKLVFKDSWHUGLVFXVVLQJKing Lear¿UVW DSSHDUHGLQShakespeare Quarterly6SULQJ ±DV³Historica PassioKing Lear(DUO\0RGHUQ0HGLFLQHDQG(GLWRULDO3UDFWLFH´  7KHTXRWHLVIURPWKH$UGHQ6KDNHVSHDUHIRUDFWVFHQHDQGOLQHGLYLVLRQVSULQWHG LQ)King LearHG5$)RDNHV$UGHQ6KDNHVSHDUH7KLUG6HULHV:DOWRQRQ7KDPHV 7KRPDV1HOVRQ 7RDYRLGXQQHFHVVDU\UHSHWLWLRQIRUHGLWRULDOJORVVHVWRWKHVHOLQHV LQ DOO RWKHU HGLWLRQV , GRFXPHQW KHUH , GR QRW FLWH WKH DFW VFHQH OLQH QXPEHUV RU WKH SOD\WLWOHDJDLQ²,LQFOXGHWKHSOD\¶VWLWOHRQO\IRUVLQJOHSOD\HGLWLRQV0RVWIROORZWKH FRQÀDWHGWH[W GHOLQHDWLRQ RI ± WKRVH XVLQJ WKH ) WH[W SULQW  DV DQ XQEURNHQ VFHQHZLWKWKHUHOHYDQWOLQHVDW± 



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

6RPH SURSRVH DV *6 5RXVVHDX GRHV WKDW WR UHJDUG /HDU¶V VWDWHPHQW DV DQ\WKLQJ EXW DQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V SUHVFLHQW JHQLXV ZRXOG EH XQGXO\ QDUURZ³1DUUDWLYHHVSHFLDOO\JUHDWLPDJLQDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHVXFKDV6KDNHVSHDUH¶V SOD\VRUFRQYHUVHO\ SRSXODUQDUUDWLYHVXFKDVSDPSKOHWVDQGWUDFWVKDVDOZD\V SURYLGHG VFLHQFH DQG PHGLFLQH ZLWK VRPH RI LWV EHVW LGHDV QDUUDWLYH EULOOLDQWO\ OHDSV WR K\SRWKHVHV GRFWRUV ZRXOG QRW SHUKDSV FRXOG QRW LQWHOOHFWXDOO\ DQG LPDJLQDWLYHO\ GDUH WR PDNH´ ,W LV WKH DFW RI UHDGLQJ /HDU¶V FRPPHQW DOPRVW H[FOXVLYHO\ DV D V\PEROLF VWUXFWXUH WKDW KDV DFWXDOO\ QDUURZHG RXU SHUVSHFWLYH KRZHYHU,DUJXHDJDLQVWWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOZLVGRPVHWRXWE\HGLWRUVDQGVFKRODUV DERXWZKDWDIÀLFWV/HDU¿UVWE\GH¿QLQJhysterica passioLQSHULRGVSHFL¿FPHGLFDO WHUPVVXUSULVLQJO\WKHVHKDYHQRWJDUQHUHGSUHFLVHHQRXJKGLVFXVVLRQLQPDQ\ FULWLFDOHGLWLRQVRIWKHSOD\$Q\GLVFXVVLRQRI/HDU¶Vhysterica passioQHFHVVDULO\ HQWDLOVDQH[SODQDWLRQRIZKDWWKHGLVHDVHLVDFFRUGLQJWRHDUO\PRGHUQWKHRULHV DQGWKHUHIRUHZKDWLWLVQRW2WKHUFKDSWHUVZLOOGLVFXVVGLIIHUHQWIHPDOHFDVHVRI hysterica passioEXWKHUH,IRFXVRQLearEHFDXVHDVWKHRQO\H[SOLFLWPHQWLRQRI hysterica passio from a male6KDNHVSHDUHDQFKDUDFWHU/HDU¶VEULHIDQGH[WUHPHO\ FRPSOH[DOOXVLRQKDVFRPHWRVWDQGKRZHYHULQFRUUHFWO\DVWKHVWDQGDUGEHDUHU IRUZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVSHULRGPHGLFDOSUHFHSWVDQGEHOLHIV7KXV,H[SODLQKRZDQ LPSUHFLVH GH¿QLWLRQ RI hysterica passio FDQ OHDG HGLWRUV WR PLVLQWHUSUHW LQ WXUQ WKHKLVWRULFDODFFRXQWVIURPZKLFK/HDU¶VFRPPHQWGHULYHV²6KDNHVSHDUH¶VRZQ VRXUFH IRU WKH hysterica passio FLWDWLRQ :KDW LV DW VWDNH LV WKH UHGH¿QLWLRQ RI NH\ HOHPHQWV RI HDUO\ PRGHUQ WKLQNLQJ ZKDW brings 6KDNHVSHDUH WR VKRZ /HDU PLVGLDJQRVLQJKLPVHOI" 7KH UHIHUHQFH WR /HDU¶V hysterica passio DOVR PD\ EH XQGHUVWRRG DV DQ LPSOLFLWFULWLFLVPRIWKHNLQJ¶VFKDUDFWHUEXWRQO\LQOLJKWRIWKHDOOXVLRQ¶VGHHS HPEHGGHGQHVVZLWKLQSHULRGPHGLFDOWUXLVPVDQGLWVLQKHUHQWPHWDWH[WXDOLW\:KDW WKHQLVWKHWHQRURI6KDNHVSHDUH¶VUHVSRQVHWR6DPXHO+DUVQHWW¶VSDPSKOHWWKHWH[W WKDWKDVORQJEHHQUHFRJQL]HGDVDQHVVHQWLDOLQÀXHQFHRQWKHSOD\"0DQ\GHFDGHV RIVRXQGFULWLFLVPKDYHHVWDEOLVKHGWKDWLearLQFRUSRUDWHVSRUWLRQVRI+DUVQHWW¶V Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures  PRVWQRWDEO\LQWKHUHQGHULQJ RI3RRU7RP¶VVSHHFK,URQLFDOO\HQRXJKKRZHYHUZHKDYHRYHUORRNHGWKHZD\ 6KDNHVSHDUHDFFRPPRGDWHV/HDUWR+DUVQHWW¶VGHULVLYHSHUVSHFWLYHZKHQWKHSOD\ FLWHVWKHFDVHRIhysterica passio²DFDVHEHOLHYHGE\PDQ\VFKRODUVWRKHUDOGDQ LPSRUWDQWGHYHORSPHQWLQPHGLFDOKLVWRU\6R,IRFXVRQWKHLPSRUWDQW\HWVWLOOQRW ¿QDOO\ H[SOLFDWHG KLVWRU\ RI /HDU¶V hysterica passio WKH ³historica´ EHKLQG WKH ³hysterica,´E\¿UVWWDNLQJXSWKHOHDG,EHJDQLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQ²GHVFULELQJ  6HH*65RXVVHDX³µ$6WUDQJH3DWKRORJ\¶+\VWHULDLQWKH(DUO\0RGHUQ:RUOG ±´Hysteria Beyond FreudHG6DQGHU/*LOPDQHWDO%HUNHOH\8RI&DOLIRUQLD 3 ±  +HUHDQGHOVHZKHUH,HFKR5LFKDUG+DOSHUQ¶VODQJXDJHLQKLVFRPPHQWVRQLear +DOSHUQ TXLEEOHV ZLWK WKH RUWKRJUDSKLFDO LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV LQ WKH YDULRXV TXDUWR DQG IROLR HGLWLRQV¶UHQGHULQJRI³Historica passio´YHUVXVWKHIRXUWKIROLR¶VUHQGHULQJRIWKHVSHOOLQJ DV³Hysterica´²DSSDUHQWO\VFULEDORUFRPSRVLWLRQDOHUURUVFRUUHFWHGLQWKHHGLWLRQ

Early Modern Medicine and the Case History of .LQJ/HDU



PRUHIXOO\ZKDWNLQGRIFXUUHQF\WKHUHIHUHQFHVWR³hysterica passio´ZRXOGKDYH KDGIRUHDUO\PRGHUQDXGLHQFHV The Mother of All Ailments $QLPSRUWDQWGH¿QLQJPRPHQWIRUSXEOLFDWLRQVRQK\VWHULFDOSDWKRORJLHV(GZDUG -RUGHQ¶V A Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother  IRFXVHVH[FOXVLYHO\RQhysterica passio VHHIURQWLVSLHFH¿J  +HGHVFULEHV WKH FKRNLQJ RU VXIIRFDWLQJ VHQVDWLRQ LGHQWL¿HG ZLWK WKH DLOPHQW²³Suffocatio, Prafocatio, and Strangulatus uteri, Caducus matricisHWF,Q(QJOLVKWKH0RWKHU RU WKH 6XIIRFDWLRQ RI WKH 0RWKHU EHFDXVH PRVW FRPPRQO\ LW WDNHV WKHP ZLWK FKRDNLQJLQWKHWKURDWDQGLWLVan affect of the Mother or wombe´,Q-RUGHQ¶V 6DGOHU¶V&XOSHSHU¶VDQG5LYLqUH¶VLOOXVWUDWLYHWUHDWLVHVhysterica passioLVFLWHG DV WKH PRVW W\SLFDO DLOPHQW -RKQ 3HFKH\ FRQFXUV ³7KLV GLVHDVH LI , FDOFXODWH ULJKW LV WKH PRVW IUHTXHQW RI DOO &KURQLFDO 'LVHDVHV >«@ IRU YHU\ IHZ :RPHQ ZKLFK6H[FRQWDLQVWKHKDOIRIJURZQ3HRSOH DUHZKROO\IUHHIURPDOONLQGVRI +\VWHULFN'LVHDVH´6WDWHPHQWVDERXWWKHLQHYLWDELOLW\RIDIÀLFWLRQSHSSHUWKHVH ZRUNVWKRXJKZULWHUVGLIIHURYHUWKHDJHDWZKLFKVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRhysteria passio GHFOLQHVZKHWKHUSUHJQDQWZRPHQFDQEHDIÀLFWHGDQGPXOWLSOHRWKHUYDULDQFHV $V,UHYLHZHGLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQWKHVHPHGLFDORSLQLRQVUHÀHFWWKHSHUVSHFWLYH RIHDUO\PRGHUQWKHRULHVRIhysterica passioUHIUDFWHGWKURXJKFODVVLFDODQG$UDELF PHGLFDOWUDGLWLRQVZKLFKPD\RUPD\QRWHPSKDVL]HDZDQGHULQJ+LSSRFUDWLF VW\OHGFRQFHSWRIWKHZRPEDVKDYLQJWKHSRWHQWLDOWRULVHXSLQWRWKHWKURDWRU VWRPDFK DQG FDXVH FKRNLQJ RU DOWHUQDWLYHO\ D *DOHQLFVW\OH KXPRUDO GLVRUGHU ZLWK D VHFRQGDU\ FKDLQ RI SDWKRORJLFDO HIIHFWV )RU +LSSRFUDWHV hysterike pnix UHIHUVWRWKHPRUHOLWHUDOL]HGPRYHPHQWRIWKHZRPERXWRILWVFDYLW\WRRSSUHVV EUHDWKLQJZKLOH*DOHQLFPHGLFLQHXVXDOO\DVVLJQVWKHVWURQJHUUROHWRYDSRUVLQ FUHDWLQJDFKRNLQJVHQVDWLRQ7\SLFDOO\LQVXIIHUHUV-RUGHQZULWHVEUHDWKLQJ³LV GLPLQLVKHG RU DEROLVKHG LQ 6XIIRFDWLRQ RU FKRDNLQJ IURP ZKHQFH WKLV GLVHDVH +H DVNV ³ZKDW does /HDU VXIIHU IURP K\VWHULD RU KLVWRULD" ,V WKH SOD\ WR EH UHDG LQ D SV\FKRDQDO\WLFHWKLFDODQGSHUVRQDOUHJLVWHURULQDSROLWLFDODQGKLVWRULFDORQH"´LWDOV RULJ 6HH The Poetics of Primitive Accumulation,WKDFD&RUQHOO83 $OWKRXJK ,GHSDUWVLJQL¿FDQWO\IURP+DOSHUQ¶VYLHZRIWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKH³KLVWRULFD´EHKLQGWKH ³K\VWHULFD´KLVHVVD\ZDVFHQWUDOWRWKHFKDSWHU¶VGHYHORSPHQW  -RUGHQ&r  -RKQ3HFKH\A Collection of Chronical Diseases/RQGRQ $Y  7R UHFDS WKH GLIIHUHQFHV ZLWK +LSSRFUDWLF WKHRU\ , FRYHUHG LQ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ *DOHQRIWHQDWWULEXWHVhysterica passioWRWKHUHSUHVVLRQRIVHHGGXHWRLQIUHTXHQWUHOHDVHLQ LQWHUFRXUVHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKKLVSRVLWLRQWKDWVHHGUHWHQWLRQLVPRUHGDQJHURXVWKDQUHWHQWLRQ RIPHQVWUXXP³+HGLGQRWEHOLHYHWKDWVXFKFRQJHVWLRQZRXOGFDXVHDGLVSODFHPHQWRUD SULPDU\GLVHDVHRIWKLVRUJDQ´LQVWHDGFODLPLQJWKDWhysterica passio³RFFXUVLQZRPHQ ZKRDVRQHVD\VKDGEHHQSUHYLRXVO\PHQVWUXDWLQJRUKDGEHFRPHSUHJQDQWRUDUHPLVVLQJ WKHUHJXODULQWHUFRXUVHZKLFKWKH\KDGEHIRUH´6HH6LHJHO

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



ZKLFKZHLQWUHDWRIWDNHWKKLVQDPHDVIURPWKHPRVWFRPPRQ6\PSWRPZKLFK DSSHDUHWKLQLW´6\PSWRPVRIhysterica passio or hysterike pnix DUHLQGHHGXVXDOO\ VDLGWREHSULPDULO\UHVSLUDWRU\GLVWUHVVDQGWKHIHHOLQJRIVWUDQJOLQJRUSUHVVXUH pnix VRPHWLPHVOHDGLQJWRDFRPSOHWHFHVVDWLRQRIDSSDUHQWEUHDWKLQJapnoia  DOOWUDFHDEOHEDFNWRDQXQGHUO\LQJXWHULQHFRQGLWLRQ 7KRXJKWKHODQJXDJHKHUHPD\VHHPFRQIXVLQJLQLWLDOO\³WKHPRWKHU´LVERWK DQ³DIIHFWRIWKHZRPEH´DQGDWHUPIRUWKHZRPELWVHOI¿WVRIWKHZRPEFDQWKXV UHIHUWRWKHV\PSWRPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKhysterica passioRURWKHUSUHVHQWDWLRQV,WLV LPSRUWDQWWRSRLQWWKLVRXWOHVWWKHH[SOLFDWLRQRIRQHW\SHRIZRPEDIÀLFWLRQEH WDNHQDVWKHRQO\IRUPRIXWHULQHDLOPHQW3HFKH\H[SODLQV 1RULVWKLV'LVHDVHRQO\IUHTXHQWEXWVRZRQGHUIXOO\YDULRXVWKDWLWUHVHPEOHV DOPRVWDOOWKH'LVHDVHVSRRU0RUWDOVDUHVXEMHFWWRIRUZKDWHYHUSDUWLWVHDWV LWVHOILQLWSUHVHQWO\SURGXFHVVXFK6\PSWRPVDVDSSHUWDLQWRLWDQGXQOHVVWKH 3K\VLFLDQLVYHU\VDJDFLRXVDQGYHU\VNLOOIXOKHZLOOEHPLVWDNHQDQGVXSSRVH WKDWWKRVH6\PSWRPVSURFHHGIURPVRPHHVVHQWLDO'LVHDVHRIWKLVRUWKDWSDUW DQGQRWIURPDQ+\VWHULFDO'LVWHPSHU

*LYHQ WKH DUUD\ RI FRQWULEXWLQJ IDFWRUV WKH SUHSRQGHUDQFH RI WKH GRFWRU¶V GLDJQRVWLF ZRUN LQYROYHV ¿QGLQJ RXW ZKDW FRPSOH[ VHW RI DIIHFWV LQ SDUWLFXODU LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRURSSUHVVHGEUHDWKLQJSDOSLWDWLRQVIDLQWLQJVSHOOVDQGVRRQ² EHZLOGHULQJ SUHVHQWDWLRQV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ immediately associated ZLWK XWHULQH SDWKRORJ\,QWKHSHFXOLDUORJLFRIWKHSHULRGLWLVHQWLUHO\SRVVLEOHIRUWKHDQLPDO YLWDODQGQDWXUDOIDFXOWLHVWREHDIIHFWHGE\DSULPDU\XWHULQHSDWKRORJ\+RZHYHU RGG LW LV WR RXU SUHVHQW VHQVLELOLWLHV XQHYDFXDWHG PHQVWUXDO EORRG FDQ LQGHHG FDXVHKHDUWSDOSLWDWLRQVVLQFHWKHDQLPDOIDFXOW\LVFRPSURPLVHG $JDLQZHVHH WKDWWKLVLVDWWULEXWHGWRHDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFDOEHOLHIVDERXWWKHZRPE¶VVSHFLDO UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH IHPDOH ERG\ H[SODLQHG DV WKH IXQFWLRQ RI ³V\PSDWK\´ RU ³FRQVHQW´EHWZHHQWKHZRPEDQGRWKHURUJDQV,QWKHYLHZRIPHGLFDOZULWHUV LWLVSULPDULO\WKHRSHUDWLRQVRIV\PSDWK\WKDWDFFRXQWIRUWKHPDQLIROGGLVHDVHV VXIIHUHG E\ ZRPHQ ³7KH ZRPE E\ LWV FRQVHQW ZLWK RWKHU SDUWV RI WKH %RG\ DVZHOODVE\LWVRZQQDWXUHLVVXEMHFWWRPXOWLWXGHVRIGLVHDVHVDQGLWLVQRWWR EH XWWHUHG DOPRVW ZKDW 0LVHULHV ZRPHQ LQ JHQHUDO E\ PHDQV WKHUHRI EH WKH\



-RUGHQ(Y Pechey Dr  )RUDQH[DPSOHRIDGLVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHYDULRXVIDFXOWLHVDQGWKHLULQYROYHPHQWLQ hysterica passioVHH-RUGHQFKDSWHUWKUHHRQWKHYLWDOIDFXOW\FKDSWHUIRXURQWKHDQLPDO IDFXOW\DQGFKDSWHU¿YHRQWKHQDWXUDOIDFXOW\-RUGHQVD\VKHZLOODEEUHYLDWHWKHODVWFKDSWHU EHFDXVH³WKHVH6\PSWRPHVRIWKHVHIDFXOWLHVDUHQRWVRHYLGHQWWRWKHEHKROGHUVH\HQRU VRVWUDXQJHDVWKRVHRIWKHYLWDOODQGDQLPDOOIDFXOWLHVDUH´)r &OHDUO\WKHVSHFWDFXODU SUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHRWKHUW\SHVRIDIÀLFWLRQVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHRWKHUWZRIDFXOWLHVDUHPRUH LQWHUHVWLQJWRKLP 

Early Modern Medicine and the Case History of .LQJ/HDU



0DLGV :LYHV RU ZLGRZHV DUH DIIHFWHG ZLWK´ 1LFKRODV )RQWDLQH GHYRWHV KLV ¿UVWFKDSWHURIThe Womans Doctour WRGLVFXVVLQJ³2IWKHFRQVHQWRIWKH 'LVHDVHVRIWKH0DWUL[ZLWKWKHRWKHUSDUWV´DQG-DQH6KDUSGHYRWHVDVLPLODU FKDSWHU1LFKRODV&XOSHSHUDOVRH[SODLQVKRZYDULRXVO\WKHQHWZRUNVRIV\PSDWK\ FDQEHFRQVWUXHG 7KHFRQVHQWZLWKRWKHUSDUWVLVIURPOLNHQHVVRISDUWVQHDUQHVVRUFRQQH[LRQRI YHVVHOV$QGEHFDXVHWKHZRPELVPHPEUDQRXVLWKDWKDJUHDWFRQVHQWZLWKWKH PHPEUDQHVDQGQHUYHV$OVRWKHSDUWVDGMDFHQWDUHHDVLO\LQIHFWHG$QGWKLUGO\ LWKDWKFRQVHQWZLWKDOOWKHERG\E\YHLQVDUWHULHVDQGQHUYHV,WFRQVHQWVZLWK WKHEUDLQE\WKHQHUYHV>«@LWFRQVHQWVZLWKWKHKHDUWE\WKHDUWHULHVZLWKWKH OLYHUE\WKHYHLQVZKLFKDUHJUHDWLQWKHZRPEDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHEORRGDQGEDG KXPRUVJREDFNWRWKHOLYHU>«@,WFRQVHQWVZLWKWKHSDSSVE\YHLQVDQGQHUYHV DQGWKHKHDUW'LDSKUDJPDKHDGEUDLQDQGDOOWKHRUJDQVRIVHQVHDQGPRWLRQ ZLWKWKHOLYHUVSOHHQVWRPDFKEHOO\PHVHQWHU\EODGGHU>«@EDFNKLSVDUPV DQGOHJVDQGFDXVHWKV\PSWRPV

-RUGHQWHOOVXVVLPLODUO\WKDWWKHVHQVDWLRQRIFKRNLQJGXULQJhysterica passio ³LVDQDIIHFWRIWKH0RWKHURUZRPEHZKHUHLQWKHSULQFLSDOSDUWVRIWKHERGLHE\ FRQVHQWGRVXIIHUGLYHUVHO\DFFRUGLQJWRWKHGLYHUVLWLHRIWKHFDXVHVDQGGLVHDVHV ZKHUHZLWKWKHPDWUL[LVRIIHQGHG´+HFRQWLQXHV³,VD\RIWKH0RWKHURUZRPEH EHFDXVHDOWKRXJKWKHZRPEHPDQ\WLPHVLQWKLVGLVHDVHGRHVXIIHUEXWVHFRQGDULO\ \HW WKH RWKHU SDUWV DUH QRW DIIHFWHG LQ WKLV GLVHDVH EXW IURP WKH 0RWKHU Radix suffocationum uterus ´$ IHZ SDJHV ODWHU -RUGHQ SURGXFHV VRPH ZRQGHUIXOO\ FLUFXODUORJLF I adde by consent of the MotherWRGLVWLQJXLVKWKRVHSymptomsRUGLVHDVHVIURP VXFK DV DUH FDXVHG RULJLQDOO\ E\ WKH SDUW DIIHFWHG )RU EHLQJ SURFXUHG EXW E\ FRQVHQWWKH\HQGXUHQRORQJHUWKHWKH>VLF@¿WVRIWKHPRWKHUGRFRQWLQXH7KH FRQVHQWRUFRPPXQLWLHZKLFKWKHPDWUL[KDWKZLWKWKRVHSULQFLSDOSDUWVRIWKH ERG\LVHDVLO\SHUFHLYHGLIZHHFRQVLGHUWKHDQDWRP\RIWKDWSDUW WKHGLYHUV ZDLHVZKHUHE\LWPD\DQGGRWKFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKWKHP

,QWKLVOHQJWK\DFFRXQWRIFRQVHQW-RUGHQJRHVRQWRVHWRXWGLIIHUHQWIRUPVRI WKH SKHQRPHQRQ communitas non absoluta and communitas absoluta QHDWO\ FRYHULQJ²DV ZHOO DV P\VWLI\LQJ²DOO SRVVLEOH PHDQV E\ ZKLFK WKH PDWUL[ PD\



6KDUS;Y-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXLQKLVWUHDWLVHIRUPLGZLYHVThe Happy Deliverie of Women,VWDWHVKLVYLHZVRQV\PSDWK\SHUKDSVWKHPRVWHFRQRPLFDOO\³)RUWKH0DWULFH KDWK DQ DI¿QLWLH DQG FRQQH[LRQ ZLWK PDQ\ SDUWV RI WKH ERGLH DV ZLWK WKH KHDG DQG VWRPDFNH´)Ir   &XOSHSHUDirectory for Midwives.r  -RUGHQ&r±&YLWDOLFVRULJLQDO  -RUGHQ&r±&Y>WKHURRWRIDOOVXIIRFDWLRQLVWKHXWHUXV@  -RUGHQ&Y



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

³LPSDUWKHURIIHQFHXQWRRWKHUSDUWV´7KHFRQFHSWXDOFRQQHFWLRQSRVLWHGEHWZHHQ V\PSDWK\RUFRQVHQWDQGWKHZRPEWKXVJRHVDORQJZD\WRZDUGVH[SODLQLQJKRZ VXFKDWRWDOL]LQJPRGHOIRUSDWKRORJ\DURVHJLYHQWKLVUXGLPHQWDU\FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQZRPEDQGWKHUHVWRIWKHERG\¶VRUJDQVZHVHHMXVWKRZIXQGDPHQWDO XWHULQHSDWKRORJ\LVWRHDUO\PRGHUQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZRPHQ¶VDLOPHQWV $FXWHQHVVRIDIÀLFWLRQLQhysterica passioLVIUHTXHQWO\GLVFXVVHGDVLQ6KDUS¶V UHSUHVHQWDWLYHFRPPHQW³LWLVQRWWREHXWWHUHGDOPRVWZKDW0LVHULHVZRPHQLQ JHQHUDOE\PHDQHVWKHUHRIEHWKH\0DLGV:LYHVRUZLGRZHVDUHDIÀLFWHGZLWK %XWDPRQJVWDOOGLVHDVHVWKRVHWKDWDUHFDOOHG+\VWHULFDO3DVVLRQVRUVWUDQJOLQJ RIWKHZRPEDUHKHOGWREHWKHPRVWJULHYRXV´$FFRUGLQJWR*DOHQJULHYRXV DIÀLFWLRQPDQLIHVWVLQ³WKUHHV\QGURPHV´³$K\VWHULFDOFRQYXOVLRQZLWKORVVRI FRQVFLRXVQHVVORFDOL]HGVSDVWLFDIIHFWLRQRIWKHOLPEDQGDQLQWHUPHGLDU\VWDWH LQ ZKLFK K\VWHULFDO FRQYXOVLRQV RFFXU EXW FRQVFLRXVQHVV LV SUHVHUYHG´ .LQJ DGGVWRWKLVOLVW³JULQGLQJWKHWHHWKORVVRIYRLFHFROGH[WUHPLWLHVDQGOLPESDLQV RUSDUDO\VLV´0RUELGFROGQHVVRIWKHERG\²DQLQIUHTXHQWSUHVHQWDWLRQLQWKH +LSSRFUDWLFDVRSSRVHGWR*DOHQLFWUDFWV²EHFRPHVYHU\SRSXODULQHDUO\PRGHUQ GLVFXVVLRQVRIhysterica passioWKDWUHSHDWDOPRVWYHUEDWLP*DOHQ¶VREVHUYDWLRQV &XOSHSHUH[SDQGVRQWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIDFXWHVWUDQJXODWLRQLQKLVFKDSWHU³2I 6XIIRFDWLRQRIWKH:RPE´ ,Q WKLV WKH\ VHHP WR EH VWUDQJOHG$QG WKHUH DUH VR PDQ\ 6\PSWRPV DW RQFH WKDWLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRGH¿QHLWE\RQH6RPHWLPHVWKHUHLVRQO\VKRUWEUHDWK VRPHWLPHVWKHDQLPDODFWLRQVDUHKXUWWKHZKROHERG\LVFROGIURPDPDOLJQDQW YDSRU VHQW XS IURP WKH ZRPE >«@ 7KHUH LV RIWHQ VKRUW GLI¿FXOW EUHDWKLQJ ZLWK KHDUWDFK YRPLWLQJ DQG ORDWKLQJ ,I WKH YDSRU JR ¿UVW WR WKH KHDUW WKH PRWLRQ RI LW FHDVHWK DQG WKHUH LV VZRXQGLQJ DQG VKH IDOOV GRZQ >«@7KHUH LVDOVREHOFKLQJ\DZQLQJ\H[LQJVKRUWZLQGKHDUWEHDWLQJORDWKLQJGXOOQHVV ODXJKWXUHDWWKHFRPLQJRIWKH¿WIURPWKHYDSRUJHWWLQJLQWRWKHPHPEUDQHRI WKHEUHDVWWKDWWLFNOHWKHPVRPHFU\VRPHERWKODXJKDQGFU\

6DGOHU¶V  WUHDWLVH IUDPHV WKH GLVFXVVLRQ LQ VLPLODU EXW QRW LGHQWLFDO WHUPV DWWHPSWLQJ WR PDNH D GLVWLQFWLRQ DERXW WKH ZRPE¶V UROH²DV WKH DFWXDO VLWH RI VWUDQJOLQJ VHQVDWLRQV YHUVXV LWV EHLQJ WKH SURGXFHU RI VWUDQJOLQJ VHQVDWLRQV 6DGOHU DOVR FRPPHQWV RQ WKH PRULEXQG DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH K\VWHULF D VXEMHFW , ZLOOFRYHUPRUHWKRURXJKO\ODWHU DVZHOODVWKH³HI¿FLHQWFDXVHV´LQWKHFKDLQRI XWHULQHDIIHFWV  -RUGHQ&Y&r+HDWKHU)LQGOD\GLVFXVVHVV\PSDWK\DQG³communitas´LQ-RUGHQ¶V WH[W+HDWKHU$QQ)LQGOD\³0DGZRPHQ:LWFKHVDQG/DG\:ULWHUV+\VWHULDLQ(QJOLVK 5HQDLVVDQFH7H[WV´'LVV&RUQHOO8 HVSII  6KDUS ;Y VHH .LQJ II RQ WKH QXDQFHV RI WUDQVODWLQJ ³VXIIRFDWLRQ´ YHUVXV ³VWUDQJXODWLRQ´  6LHJHO  .LQJ  &XOSHSHUDirectory for Midwives.r.Y6DGOHU¶VFKDSWHUVDUHRUJDQL]HGDORQJ URXJKO\WKHVDPHOLQHVLQ-RKQ6DGOHUThe Sick Womans Private Looking-glasse/RQGRQ  

Early Modern Medicine and the Case History of .LQJ/HDU



7KLVDIIHFWZKLFKVLPSO\FRQVLGHUHGLVQRQHEXWWKHFDXVHRIDQDIIHFWLVFDOOHG LQ(QJOLVKWKH6XIIRFDWLRQRIWKH0RWKHUQRWEHFDXVHWKHZRPEHLVVWUDQJOHG EXWIRUWKDWLWFDXVHWKWKHZRPDQWREHHFKRNHG,WLVDUHWUDFWLRQRIWKHZRPEH WRZDUGV WKH 'LDSKUDJPH DQG VWRPDFNH ZKLFK SUHVVHWK DQG FUXVKHWK XS WKH VDPH WKDW WKH LQVWUXPHQWDOO FDXVH RI UHVSLUDWLRQ WKH PLGULIIH LV VXIIRFDWHG ZKLFKFRQVHQWLQJZLWKWKHEUDLQHFDXVHWKWKH$QLPDOOIDFXOWLHWKHHI¿FLHQWFDXVH RIUHVSLUDWLRQDOVRWREHHLQWHUFHSWHGZKHUHE\WKHERG\EHLQJUHIULJHUDWHGDQG WKHDFWLRQVGHSUDYHGVKHIDOOVWRWKHJURXQGDVRQHEHLQJGHDG

0RUH WKDQ RWKHU GLVHDVHV WKH WUHDWLVHV , KDYH FLWHG DERYH UHSHDWHGO\ VWDWH XWHULQH DIIHFWV UHTXLUH WKH SK\VLFLDQ¶V GLDJQRVWLF VNLOOV WR GLVWLQJXLVK DPRQJ SULPDU\ VHFRQGDU\ DQG HI¿FLHQW FDXVHV :ULWHUV FRQVLVWHQWO\ DGPRQLVK DQG UHPRQVWUDWHDJDLQVWRWKHUSK\VLFLDQVIRUHUURUVRIGLDJQRVLVDERXWWKHVHSUREOHPV -RUGHQZULWHV³)RUSUHYHQWLRQZKHUHRI,KDYHEULHÀ\VHWGRZQHZKDWWKHGRFWULQH RI3KLVLWLRQVLVFRQFHUQLQJWKLVGLVHDVHRIWKH0RWKHUZKLFKRIDOORWKHUVLVPRVW VXEMHFWXQWRPLVFRQVWUXFWLRQ´,QDQLURQLFWXUQHDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFDOZULWHUV¶ FDXWLRQVWRWKHLUSHHUVQRWWRPLVFRQVWUXHWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWV KDYH JRQH SHUKDSV PRVW XQKHHGHG LQ PRUH UHFHQW VFKRODUVKLS¶V GLVFXVVLRQV RI PHODQFKRO\ ,IPHODQFKRO\KDSSHQVWREHFLWHGLQWKHOLVWRIV\PSWRPVDIIHFWLQJZRPHQ ZH VHH WKDW WKH LQYHVWLJDWLQJ GRFWRU ZLOO XVXDOO\ ¿QG D XWHULQH GLVRUGHU EHKLQG WKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIPHODQFKRO\XVXDOO\PHQVWUXXPIRUPHODQFKRO\ ,QWKHFDVH 

6DGOHU'r±'Y -RUGHQ&r  6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHVHPLQDOZRUNSaturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion and Art E\ 5D\PRQG .OLEDQVN\ (UZLQ 3DQRIVN\ DQG )ULW] 6D[O /RQGRQ 1HOVRQ   6WDQOH\ : -DFNVRQ Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times1HZ+DYHQV@LQWRWKHQDWXUHRIDQH[FUHPHQW´7KLVSXWUHIDFWLRQ 

Early Modern Medicine and the Case History of .LQJ/HDU



 FLWHVWKHVFDVHRID\RXQJJLUO³PLVHUDEO\DIÀLFWHGZLWK0HODQFKRO\ KHU&RXUVHVDV\HWQRWKDYLQJEURNHQIRUWKDVDOVRZLWKWKH0RWKHU´+LVWKLQNLQJ OLQNVGHOD\HGPHQDUFKHWRPHODQFKRO\DQGWRXWHULQHGLVWUHVVLQORJLFDOWDQGHP ,IZHORRNDWWKHWLWOHVDQGWLWOHSDJHVRIPHGLFDOSXEOLFDWLRQVWKHLUSKUDVLQJLV DOVRUHYHDOLQJ:KHUHDV7LPRWK\%ULJKW¶VWUHDWLVHRQPHODQFKRO\DGGUHVVHV PDOHVXEMHFWVWKHSRSXODUDQGEXUJHRQLQJPHGLFDOOLWHUDWXUHRIWKHODWHUVL[WHHQWK DQG VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXULHV WDUJHWV IHPDOH VXEMHFWV ZLWK GLVFXVVLRQV RI VSHFL¿F gynecologicalSDWKRORJLHV²DV1HHO\PHQWLRQV²UDWKHUWKDQQHZHPHUJHQWIHPDOH melancholics 7R DGDSW D SKUDVH RXW RI VHW WKHRU\ ZH PLJKW VD\ PHODQFKRO\ VXIIHUHUVDUHXVXDOO\K\VWHULFVEXWIHZK\VWHULFVKDYHPHODQFKRO\$VIDUDV,DP DZDUH QR VL[WHHQWK RU VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ WUHDWLVH LV HQWLWOHG VRPHWKLQJ DNLQ to The Melancholy of Women \HW LQFUHDVLQJO\ DQG WHOOLQJO\ PDQ\ WLWOH SDJHV KHUDOGDWWHQWLRQWRVSHFL¿FK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWVDV,VHWRXWLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQ 7UDFWV IUHTXHQWO\ OLVW JUHHQVLFNQHVV VXIIRFDWLRQ RI WKH ZRPE GURSV\ HWF DV ³FDXVHWK GLYHUV NLQGV RI 6\PSWRPV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH TXDOLWLH DQG GHJUHH RI WKH GLVWHPSHUDWXUHWKHUHRI7KLVGLVWHPSHUDWXUHLVHLWKHULQPDQLIHVWTXDOLWLHVRIKHDWH FROGPRLVWXUHGULQHV>GU\QHVV@DFFRUGLQJXQWRZKLFKLWLVVDLGWREHMelancholicke, Flegmaticke, Cholericke, &tc3URGXFLQJ6\PSWRPVRIWKHOLNHQDWXUHRULQFRUUXSWLRQ DQGSXWUHIDFWLRQRIWKLVEORXGZKLFKEUHHGHWKGLYHUVVWUDQJHNLQGVRIGLVWHPSHUDWXUHV DFFRUGLQJWRWKHGLYHUVLW\RIWKHKXPRUSXWUH¿HGWKHGHJUHHRISXWUHIDFWLRQRUWKH FRQGLWLRQRIWKHFDXVHRUDXWKRUWKHUHRI´ $V,XQGHUVWDQGWKHSDVVDJHDSULPDU\RYHUDEXQGDQFHRIEORRGSXWUH¿HVLQWRDSDUWLFXODU DGXVW KXPRU ZLWKLQ WKH SDWLHQW WKH DGXVW KXPRU WKHQ FUHDWHV D QHZ LPEDODQFH RU GLVWHPSHUDWXUH WKDW PDQLIHVWV YDULRXVO\ EHFDXVH RI LWV HIIHFW RQ RWKHU RUJDQV IDFXOWLHV HWF -RUGHQ¶V ¿QDO DOOXVLRQ WR PHODQFKRO\ GRHV FRQFHUQ D ZRPDQ WKH ³&RXQWHVVH RI 0DQWXD ZKR EHLQJ LQ WKDW GLVHDVH ZKLFK ZH FDOO PHODQFKROLD +\SSRFKRQGULDFD GLG YHULO\ EHOHHYH WKDW VKH ZDV EHZLWFKHG *r±*Y  -RUGHQ VHWV WKLV ZLWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI ³PHODQFKROLNH FRQFHLWV´ VXIIHUHG E\ ³PHODQFKROLNH DQG SDVVLRQDWH SHRSOH´ +r  DQG WUHDWHG WKURXJK SK\VLFLDQ¶V GHFHLW WKHVH DUH DOO FRQWDLQHG ZLWKLQ WKH Discourse’s ¿QDO VHFWLRQ RQ ³SHUWXUEDWLRQV RI WKH PLQG´ WKDW SUHVHQW DV WKH YDULHWLHV RI hysterica passio )LQDOO\ K\SRFKRQGULDFDO PHODQFKRO\ LV DFWXDOO\ LQFUHDVLQJO\ EHLQJ GH¿QHG DV WKH PDOH ³YHUVLRQ´RIK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWVLQWKHSHULRG  6HH 2EVHUYDWLRQ /;;; LQ KLV Observations on English Bodies ¿UVW SULQWHG LQ WKHHGLWLRQLVUHSULQWHGLQJohn Hall and His Patients: The Medical Practice of Shakespeare’s Son-in-Law HG -RDQ /DQH DQG 0HOYLQ (DUOHV 6WUDWIRUGXSRQ$YRQ 6KDNHVSHDUH%LUWKSODFH7UXVW   6HH 7LPRWKLH %ULJKW A Treatise of Melancholie /RQGRQ   )RU DQRWKHU SHULRG GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH PHODQFKROLF KXPRUDO GLVSRVLWLRQ DQG UROH RI WKH HVVHQWLDO ÀXLG PHODQFKRO\VHH/HYLQXV/HPQLXVThe touchstone of complexionsWUDQV7KRPDV1HZWRQ /RQGRQ DVZHOODVWKHPRUHPRGHUQW\SHIDFHHGLWLRQRI   ,QWKHFKDSWHU³'LDJQRVLQJ:RPHQ¶V0HODQFKRO\´1HHO\PHQWLRQVWKHSUROLIHUDWLRQ RI SXEOLVKHG WLWOHV DERXW K\VWHULFDO DLOPHQWV Distracted Subjects  DQG ± IQ   EXW GRHV QRW FRPPHQW RQ WKH ODFN RI WLWOHV IRFXVLQJ RQ IHPDOH PHODQFKRO\ VSHFL¿FDOO\ LIIHPDOHPHODQFKRO\LVHPHUJLQJDVDGLVWLQFWLYHGLVFRXUVHoutRIWKHELJJHUFDWHJRU\RI XWHULQHSDWKRORJLHVWKHQLWVrelativeREVFXULW\LVSX]]OLQJ



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

XWHULQHDIÀLFWLRQVIDLOLQJWRPDNHVXEVWDQWLYHRUVRPHWLPHVHYHQFXUVRU\PHQWLRQ RI PHODQFKRO\ PXFK OHVV GR WKH\ HVWDEOLVK PHODQFKRO\ DV D IHPDOH FRQGLWLRQ VXEMHFWWRQHZVFUXWLQ\7KLVWHQGHQF\WRIDLOWRGLVFXVVIHPDOHPHODQFKRO\LV QRWFRQVLVWHQWO\DWWULEXWDEOHWRPHODQFKRO\DLOPHQWV¶FRPPRQO\EHLQJXQGHUVWRRG DVVRessentialWRIHPDOHSDWKRORJ\LQWKHVDPHZD\ZHVHHLQVXI¿FLHQWKHDWRU FDORULFLQVXI¿FLHQF\SHUFHLYHGDVIXQGDPHQWDOO\FDXVDOIRUDOOXWHULQHDLOPHQWV  WKDWZULWHUVRIWHQIRUJRPHQWLRQLQJLW 3KLOLS %DUURXJK¶V The Method of Phisicke   OLNH WKH RWKHU V DQG V WH[WV GLVFXVVLQJ PHODQFKRO\ VLPSO\ DOOXGHV WR PHODQFKRO\ DV RQH EDVLF DIÀLFWLRQDQGWKHQPRYHVRQWRGLVFXVVWKHVSHFL¿FVRI³VWUDQJOLQJRIWKHZRPEH´ FKDSWHU /9,  ZKLFK could EH FDXVHG E\ KXPRUV WKDW ³KDYH WKH QDWXUH RI WKH PHODQFKROLH´ -RUGHQ 5LYLqUH 6KDUS )RQWDLQH DQG -RKQVWRQ WR QDPH D IHZ FOHDUO\ GHVFULEH PHODQFKRO\ DV D secondary HIIHFW RI ZRPE DLOPHQWV ³,I WKHVH ZRPE)LWV GHSHQG XSRQ WKH 0HQVWUXDO %ORRG UHWDLQHG DQG FRUUXSWHG DV WKHLU FDXVH >«@ $QG VRPH 6\PSWRPV GR DWWHQG WKLV VXSSUHVVLRQ DV 0HODQFKROO\ :DVSLVKQHVV 6OXJJLVKQHVV 'URZVLQHVV +HDGDFK´ V\PSWRPV ZKLFK DUH DV , XQGHUVWDQGLWcomplicationsRU³DWWHQGDQW´DIIHFWV6LPLODUO\)HUUDQG¶VSRSXODU tract ErotomaniaORFDWHVZRPHQ¶VORYHPHODQFKRO\ZLWKLQWKHFODVVLFDOWUDGLWLRQ RIDGROHVFHQWXWHULQHSUREOHPVFXUDEOHE\WKH³PDUULDJH´RUVH[FXUH³%RXUJHRLV@DQG6DGOHU7KHSRVWHGLWLRQV RI &XOSHSHU¶V Directory FRQWDLQ H[SDQVLYH GLVFXVVLRQV RI PXOWLSOH XWHULQH DLOPHQWV PHODQFKRO\PHUHO\LQFOXGHG5LYLqUH¶VPractice of PhysickLVVLPLODU6HHDOVRP\GLVFXVVLRQ RIGLIIHUHQWHGLWLRQV¶IRFXVLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQ  0HODQFKRO\ LV RI FRXUVH D QRUPDO ÀXLG LQ *DOHQLF FRPSOH[LRQ WKHRU\ DQG DOVR DQDGXVWVXEVWDQFHWKDWFDXVHVLOOQHVVDSHUVRQFDQEHQDWXUDOO\PHODQFKROLF0HODQFKROLF LQGLVSRVLWLRQVRIHLWKHUW\SHKRZHYHUDUHXVXDOO\EODPHGRQXWHULQHPDOIXQFWLRQVZRPHQ SRVVHVVLQJQDWXUDOO\SOHWKRULFEORRGHYLGHQFHGE\DQGQRUPDOO\VKHGLQPHQVWUXDWLRQ  %DUURXJK1LLMY  5LYLqUH +KKr 6KDUS H[SOLFDWHV ³7KH FDXVHV RI WKLV GLVHDVH >VWUDQJXODWLRQ hysterica passio@ DUH YHU\ PDQ\ IRU D VXGGHQ IHDU D EDG QHZV UHODWHG KDWK FDVW GLYHUV ZRPHQLQWRWKHVH¿WVfor by this0HODQFKROO\JHWVWKHPDVWHU\RIWKHP´«@¶DQG>PDNHVKLP@IHD>U@ WKDWKHOLNHKLVEURWKHUZLOOGLHRILW´:KDWEHJLQVDVDVWDWHPHQWUHFRJQL]LQJ WKH SXUSRVHIXO DEVXUGLW\ RI /HDU¶V PDODG\ TXLFNO\ JHWV H[SODLQHG DZD\ E\ WKH VXSSRUWLQJHYLGHQFHRI³DPDQ¶V´UHDOFDVH ,URQLFDOO\WKHPRUHSUHFLVHDQGGH¿QLWLYHWKHKLVWRULFL]LQJDQGFRQWH[WXDOL]LQJ PDWHULDOLQFULWLFDOJORVVHVDSSHDUVWKHIXUWKHUZHVHHPWRJHWIURPWKHRULJLQDO IUDPLQJ WKDW WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ DXWKRUV FRQFHLYHG )RU H[DPSOH .LWWUHGJH VXSSOHPHQWVKLVJORVVRIhysterica passioZLWKWKHTXRWDWLRQIURP0DLQ\WKLVWLPH DWWULEXWHGWR0DLQ\EXWFUHDWLQJDQHUURQHRXVLPSUHVVLRQDERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRI ³WKHPRWKHU´DQGYHUWLJR.LWWUHGJHZULWHV 5LFKDUG0DLQ\RQHRIWKHVXSSRVHGGHPRQLDFVLQ+DUVQHW¶VDeclaration VXIIHUHGIURPµWKHPRWKHU¶,QKLVFRQIHVVLRQKHVD\Vµ:KHQ,ZDVVLFNRIWKLV GLVHDVH LQ )UDXQFH D 6FRWWLVK 'RFWRU RI 3K\VLFN WKHQ LQ Paris FDOOHG LW DV , UHPHPEHUVertiginem capitis,WULVHWKDVKHVDLGDQG,KDYHRIWHQIHOW RID ZLQGLQWKHERWWRPHRIWKHEHOO\DQGSURFHHGLQJZLWKDJUHDWVZHOOLQJFDXVHWK D YHU\ SDLQIXOO FROOLFNH LQ WKH VWRPDFN DQG DQ H[WUDRUGLQDU\ JLGGLQHV LQ WKH KHDG

7DNHQRXWRIWKHPXFKEURDGHUFRQWH[WRI0DLQ\¶VHYLGHQFHDQG+DUVQHWW¶V DVVHVVPHQWRILWKHUH³WKHPRWKHU´GRHVLQGHHGORRNOLNHZKDW0DLQ\VXIIHUHG IURPWKHSUHFLVHGHVFULSWLRQRIV\PSWRPVDSSHDUVWRUHIHUEDFNWR³WKHPRWKHU´ .LWWUHGJH PLVOHDGLQJO\ VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH V\PSWRPV WKH GRFWRU DVFULEHV WR

 

6HH:HOOVDQG7D\ORUHG2[IRUG6KDNHVSHDUHHPSKDVLVDGGHG .LWWUHGJH5LEQHUDQG.LWWUHGJH 

Early Modern Medicine and the Case History of .LQJ/HDU



YHUWLJR²WUXO\³WKLVGLVHDVH´²DUHone and the sameDVDV\PSWRPDWLFGHVFULSWLRQ RI³WKHPRWKHU´ (OOLSVHV DOVR XQKDSSLO\ FRQÀDWH SHUKDSV GULYHQ E\ VLPLODU LPSHWXVHV 7KH $UGHQWKLUGVHULHVRIIHUVDFUHDWLYHUHDGLQJ³6KDNHVSHDUHIRXQG>hysterica passio@ LQ+DUVQHWWZKRFLWHV5LFKDUG0D\QLHDVVD\LQJLQKLVFRQIHVVLRQWKDWKLVHOGHVW EURWKHUGLHGRIWKHGLVHDVHDQGKHKLPVHOIKDGµ³VSLFHRIWKH0RWKHU«,WULVHWK« RIDZLQGLQWKHERWWRPHRIWKHEHOO\>«@´7KHWZRVHWVRIV\PSWRPVDUHFRQÀDWHG LQWRRQHLQRUGHUWRH[SODLQDZD\0DLQ\¶VGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHYHUWLJRV\PSWRPVDV WKRVHRI³WKHPRWKHU´,QIDFWLQVRPHHGLWLRQVWKHWZRGLVWLQFWNLQGVRIGLVHDVHV EHFRPHVRFRQÀDWHGWKDW³hysterica passio´DFTXLUHVVRPHYHU\RGGGH¿QLWLRQV LQGHHG3HUKDSVWKHPRVWUHGXFWLYHDUHWKH«@ JLGGLQHVV LQ WKH KHDG´¶ 7KH WZR HGLWRUV VKLIW 0DLQ\¶V WHVWLPRQ\LQWRZKDWEHFRPHVDJDLQHarsnett’s¿UVWKDQGQDUUDWLYHRIWKHV\PSWRPV of hysterica passioDQGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DQ\PHQWLRQRIYHUWLJRGURSVRXWRIWKH

 6LPLODUO\LQDVHPLQDOHVVD\FLWHGE\PDQ\ODWHUHGLWRUV0XLUMX[WDSRVHVVWDWHPHQWV IURP0DLQ\WDONLQJ¿UVWDERXWKLV³VSLFHRIWKHPRWKHU´DJDLQVWWKHVXEVHTXHQWGLDJQRVLVRI YHUWLJRWKHHIIHFWLVWKHVDPHDVLQ.LWWUHGJH¶VDQGERWKKDYHKDGVXEVWDQWLDOLQÀXHQFHRQ IXWXUHHGLWRUV6HH³6DPXHO+DUVQHWWDQGKing Lear´  7KH RGGHVW HQWU\ LV 5RZVH¶V ZKLFK VWDWHV ³PRWKHU $ VFXPP\ FRQWDPLQDWLRQ RFFXUULQJ LQ WKH IHUPHQWDWLRQ RI YLQHJDU´ DQG ¿QLVKHV ZLWK D QRQ VHTXLWXU ³7KHUH LV DOVRDTXLEEOHXSRQWKHµhysterica passio¶K\VWHULDEHLQJFRQVLGHUHGDZRPDQ¶VDLOPHQW  RI WKH IROORZLQJ OLQH´ 2I FRXUVH DV VKRXOG QRZ EH FOHDU ³WKH PRWKHU´ LV QRW WKH VDPH WKLQJDVK\VWHULDQRUYHUWLJRHYHQLIK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWVareVDLGWREHOLQNHGWR³VFXPP\ FRQWDPLQDWLRQV´ ZLWKLQ ZRPHQ¶V XWHUXVHV LQ SHULRG PHGLFDO OLWHUDWXUH 5RZVH¶V FLWDWLRQ UHFDOOV SHUKDSV 3DUDFHOVXV¶V GHVFULSWLRQ RI VSRLOLQJ PHQVWUXXP 6HH The Annotated Shakespeare, Tragedies and RomancesHG$/5RZVHYROV1HZLQJ@ WKH NLQJ¶V RZQERG\´³$QJOLQJLQWKH/DNHRI'DUNQHVV3RVVHVVLRQ'LVSRVVHVVLRQDQGWKH3ROLWLFV RI'LVFRYHU\LQKing Lear´English Literary History6XPPHU ±HVS 6HHDOVR3HWHU/5XGQ\WVN\³7KHµGDUNHDQGYLFLRXVSODFH¶7KH'UHDGRIWKH9DJLQDLQ King Lear´Modern Philology ±DQG*X\%XWOHU¶VHVVD\³7KH'HDWKV RI&RUGHOLDDQG/HDU´Shakespeare in Southern Africa ±ZKLFK¿QGV/HDULQ DIXOO\ÀHGJHG¿WRIhysterica passio³0HGLFDOO\LWFRXOGEHVDLGWKDWKHH[SHULHQFHVWKH ¿QDO¿WVRIKLVFKRNLQJDIÀLFWLRQ²K\VWHULFDSDVVLRWKHFOLPELQJVRUURZ²ZKLFKUHDFKHV LWVFOLPD[LQWKRVH¿YHJDVSLQJµQHYHUV¶7KHIHHOLQJRIVXIIRFDWLRQIRUFHVKLPWRSOHDGIRU KHOSµ3UD\XQGRWKLVEXWWRQ¶´   6HH $GHOPDQ TWG LQ )RDNHV HG $UGHQ 7KLUG 6HULHV ,Q Suffocating Mothers, KRZHYHU$GHOPDQQRWHVWKHZD\HDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFLQHPDNHVFOHDUMXVWKRZPXFK/HDU¶V DLOPHQWLV³EDFNZDUGV´HYHQZKHQKHUIRFXVLVWUDLQHGRQLWVV\PEROLFLPSRUWVHHQ DERYH 6KHEHJLQVE\QRWLQJWKHKLVWRULFDO³EL]DUUHQHVV´RI/HDU¶Vhysterica passio, then VKLIWLQJQHYHUWKHOHVVWRDGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHUHWXUQRIWKHUHSUHVVHGPRWKHU¿JXUHVHHHVS DQGLWVQ   )RU FRPSHOOLQJ UHDGLQJV RI WKH V\PEROLF UDPL¿FDWLRQV RI WKH ³DEVHQW PRWKHU´ HPEOHPDWL]HG LQ /HDU¶V ³KLGGHQ PRWKHU´ VHH &RSSpOLD .DKQ 6HH DOVR )LQGOD\ -XOLHW 0LWFKHOO³)URP.LQJ/HDUWR$QQD2DQG%H\RQG6RPH6SHFXODWLYH7KHVHVRQ+\VWHULD DQGWKH7UDGLWLRQOHVV6HOI´ Yale Journal of Criticism6SULQJ ±DQG0DUN 66KHDUHU³7KH&U\RI%LUWK.LQJ/HDU¶V+\VWHULFD3DVVLR´Postscript ±

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



)RDNHVHQFRXUDJHVXVWRVHHWKHV\PEROLF³XSVLGHGRZQ´DQGLQVLGHRXWUHDGLQJRI ³WKHPRWKHU´:KLOH,FRQFXUZLWKWKHIHOLFLW\RIWKHVHUHDGLQJVLWLVOHVVDPDWWHU RI/HDU¶VGLVHDVHEHLQJWKHLPDJHRIDrealGLVHDVHVXIIHUHGE\VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ PHQWKDQDQLVVXHRI/HDUDQG0DLQ\¶VKDYLQJJRWWKHLUGLDJQRVHVwrong²LWis DVWUDQJHWRSV\WXUY\ZRUOGZKHUHDNLQJFDQKDYHhysterica passioEXWWKLVLV becauseRI0DLQ\¶VPDODSURSLVPVQRWGHVSLWHWKHP 7KH $UGHQ 7KLUG 6HULHV DQDO\VLV LV SHUKDSV WKH PRVW FRJHQW LOOXVWUDWLRQ RI WKHSLWIDOOVRIDFLUFXODUV\VWHPRIFULWLFDOH[FKDQJHVDQGGHEWVEHFDXVHLWVWDQGV DVERWKWKHLQKHULWRURISDVWFULWLFDOKDELWVDQGWKHDUELWHURIIXWXUHSUDFWLFHV,WV W\SLFDOO\ H[KDXVWLYH DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH KLVWRULFDO DQG FXOWXUDO VLWXDWHGQHVV RI WKH SOD\WH[W DFFUXHV DXWKRULW\ ZLWK VFKRODUV \HW WKH$UGHQ WRR UHTXLUHV UHVLWXDWLQJ EH\RQGUHDGLQJ0DLQ\¶VWHVWLPRQ\WR¿QGHYLGHQFHRIWKH³UHSUHVVHGPRWKHU´WKDW KDV³UHVRQDQFHVEH\RQGWKHUHIHUHQFHWRDGLVHDVH´:HOOWKHUHPD\EHUHVRQDQFHV EXWWKHLPSRUWRIWKHVHHFKRHVKDVDOUHDG\WRRRIWHQEHHQGHFLGHGEHIRUHWKHIDFW ZKDWLQYHVWPHQWVGRZHKDYHLQ/HDU¶VKDYLQJ³K\VWHULD´RUQRW " 0\UHDGLQJRIWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHEHKLQG/HDU¶VVWDWHPHQWWKDWKHVXIIHUVIURP D K\VWHULFDO DLOPHQW GRHV QRW TXLEEOH ZLWK RWKHU FRPPHQWDU\ WKDW VHHV /HDU DV V\PEROLFDOO\ IHPLQL]HG FRPSURPLVHG LUUDWLRQDO SV\FKLFDOO\ LOO UDWKHU DOO GHSHQGVRQKRZRQHcomes toWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZ,QLPSOLFLWO\DUJXLQJDFDVHKHUH IRUKRZIXWXUHFULWLFDOSUDFWLFHPLJKWWUHDWWKHVHOLQHV,WKLQNLWLPSRUWDQWIRUFULWLFV WRWDNHSDLQVWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHH[SOLFLWO\EHWZHHQWKHV\PEROLFDOO\DEVWUDFWDQGPRUH PDWHULDOLVWPHWKRGRORJLHVWKH\EULQJWRKing Lear DQGRWKHUHDUO\PRGHUQZRUNV  :KLOHHDFKDSSURDFKSV\FKRDQDO\WLFDQGKLVWRULFLVWRUV\PEROLFDQGPDWHULDOLV YDOXDEOHLQLWVRZQZD\ZHVKRXOGEHDEOHWRGLVWLQJXLVKFOHDUO\WKHFODLPVWKHVH LQWHUSUHWLYHVWUDWHJLHVPDNHWRRXUDWWHQWLRQZKHQLQVWHDGGLIIHUHQFHVRUHOLVLRQV DUH RIWHQ REVFXUHG RU QDWXUDOL]HG 7R EH FOHDU KLVWRULFLVW DQG SV\FKRDQDO\WLF UHDGLQJVVWLOOKDYHLPSRUWDQWWKLQJVWROHDUQIURPHDFKRWKHUZKLFKPLJKWPHDQ ³GRLQJ´EHWWHUKLVWRULFLVWDQDO\VLVRUSV\FKRDQDO\WLFWKHRUL]LQJRQLWVRZQWHUPV ,W LV UHOHYDQW LQ P\ YLHZ WKDW PHQ GLG QRW VXIIHU IURP hysterica passio in 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V RU +DUVQHWW¶V  PLQG WKRXJK SHUKDSV WKH\ PD\ LQ 0DLQ\¶V RU /HDU¶V DQG ZH VKRXOG QRW RYHUORRN WKH EDVLV IRU WKH SOD\ZULJKW¶V HIIHPLQL]LQJ FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI/HDU6KDNHVSHDUH¶VWKRXJKWSURFHVVKHUHDERXWPHGLFLQHDQG WKH SROLWLFV RI WKDXPDWXUJ\ LV FRPSHOOLQJ VWXII WR SRQGHU IXUWKHU UDWKHU WKDQ WR ZULWHRIIYDULRXVO\DVUHJUHWWDEOHÀDZDFFLGHQWDOSUHVFLHQFHRUSXUSRVHOHVVHIIHFW $WRRUHDG\DVVHUWLRQRI³K\VWHULD´DVGH¿QLWLYHWHQGVWRSULYLOHJHDSV\FKRDQDO\WLF UHDGLQJQDWXUDOL]LQJLWDVDOZD\VDOUHDG\SUHVHQWLQWKHFLUFXODUIDVKLRQ,DOOXGHG WRHDUOLHU/HDUKDVK\VWHULDEHFDXVHQRZZHNQRZZKDWKHZDVWDONLQJDERXWWKHQ ZHNQRZWKDWK\VWHULDH[LVWHGWKHQEHFDXVH/HDUDOOXGHVWRLW7KHKLVWRU\RIVXFK DQDVVXPSWLRQLVODWHQWWKRXJKWKHWHUPVRILWVLOOXVWUDWLRQDUHH[SOLFLWO\VWDWHGLQ 

-RDQQD /HYLQ FDOOV IRU WKLV NLQG RI SUDFWLFH FDXWLRQLQJ WKRVH WKHRULVWV LQGHEWHG WR )UHQFK IHPLQLVP DJDLQVW DVVHUWLQJ RQO\ WKH V\PEROLF DQG QRW PDWHULDO VLJQL¿FDQFH RI GLDJQRVHVRIPDGQHVVDQGGHPRQLFSRVVHVVLRQ6HH-RDQQD/HYLQ³/DG\0DFEHWKDQGWKH 'DHPRQRORJLHRI+\VWHULD´English Literary History ±

Early Modern Medicine and the Case History of .LQJ/HDU



WKHJORVVHV,EHJDQZLWK³hysterica passio K\VWHULD´$IHZHGLWRUV¶SURFHGXUHV OLNH )RDNHV¶V WKHQ WXUQ WR OLWHUDU\ FULWLFV¶ DUJXPHQWV LQ RUGHU WR UHVXEVWDQWLDWH ZKDWLVRIWHQHIIHFWLYHO\WKHVDPHVHWRIDQDO\WLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHV 2WKHU HGLWRUV UHFLWH WKH KLVWRULFDO PDWHULDO FRQGHQVLQJ FRQÀDWLQJ DQG UHSUHVHQWLQJLWWRYDU\LQJGHJUHHVVXFKWKDWLWDOLJQVZLWKZKDWLVDOUHDG\EHOLHYHG WREHWUXH0DLQ\KDVK\VWHULD/HDUKDVK\VWHULD2U/HDUFDQQRWKDYHhysterica passio EHFDXVH 6KDNHVSHDUH LV PLVWDNHQ DERXW KLV VRXUFHV EHFDXVH +DUVQHWW LV PLVWDNHQ WR FRUURERUDWH 0DLQ\¶V LQLWLDO HUURUV ,W LV DQ HVVHQWLDO SDUW RI WKH SOD\¶V GHVLJQ WR UHFRJQL]H WKDW /HDU¶V PLVGLDJQRVLV LV QRW DQ\RQH¶V PLVSULVLRQ EXW6KDNHVSHDUH¶VPHWKRGRIVHQGLQJDOHJLEOHDXGLEOHPHVVDJHWRKLVDXGLHQFH DERXWWKHNLQJ¶VHUUDQWPLQGQRWKLVHUUDQWZRPEDOWKRXJKEULHILWDOVRVLJQDOV 6KDNHVSHDUH¶VDZDUHQHVVRIWKHSUHVHQWFRQWURYHUV\RYHUIHPDOHFDVHVRIhysterica passioZKLFK,ZLOOQRZWXUQWRLQGHSWK,QHIIHFWWRSHUVLVWLQPLVGLDJQRVLQJ /HDU¶V LOOQHVV DV D QRUPDWLYH PDODG\ LV WR VHYHU LW IURP UHDO VLWXDWHGQHVV LQ DQ DOPRVW WRRIDPLOLDU KLVWRULFDO UHFRUG²DQG ULVNV SHUSHWXDWLQJ 0DLQ\¶V PLVWDNHV RQFH PRUH SXWWLQJ XV ¿UPO\ EDFN DW VTXDUH RQH ,Q WKH FKDSWHUV WKDW IROORZ , UHVLWXDWHhysterica passioZLWKLQLWVPRUHFKDUDFWHULVWLFDUWLFXODWLRQVDQGH[SDQG RQWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIDQRWRULRXVHDUO\PRGHUQGLVHDVH

This page has been left blank intentionally

&KDSWHU

³6RWURXEOHGZLWKWKHPRWKHU´ '\LQJWR/LYH ,Q P\ WLPH WKHUH ZHQW D ZRPDQ EHJJLQJ DERXW WKLV &LWWLH ZKR KDG D &RI¿Q FDUULHGZLWKKHUDQGRIWHQWLPHVVKHIHOOLQWRWKRVH+\VWHULFDOO¿WVDQGZRXOG O\HVRORQJLQWKHPQRWKLQJGLIIHULQJIURPDGHDGFDUNDVVHWLOOWKHZRQWHGWLPH RIKHUUHYLYLQJ+HQFHLWPD\EHFDPHWKH3URYHUEHThou shalt not beleeve a woman […] when shee is dead ²+HONLDK&URRNHMikrokosmographia    

   

,NQRZZKHQRQHLVGHDGDQGZKHQRQHOLYHV 6KH¶VGHDGDVHDUWK/HQGPHDORRNLQJJODVV ,IWKDWKHUEUHDWKZLOOPLVWRUVWDLQWKHVWRQH :K\WKHQVKHOLYHV ²King Lear± 

7KRXJKKHUHJLVWHUVVRPHLQLWLDOVNHSWLFLVPIRUWKHYDOLGLW\RIVXFKUHYLYL¿FDWLRQ WDOHV +HONLDK &URRNH FRQFOXGHV KH KDV ³QR JUHDW UHDVRQ WR PLVWUXVW´ WKHP +H WKHQ SUHVVHV RQ WR WHOO XV WKH ³PLVHUDEOH FDVH>V@´ RI ZRPHQ ZKR ³KDYH EHHQ NQRZQHVRORQJDIWHUWKHLUVXSSRVHGGHDWKVWRUHYLYHDQGVRPHWDNHQDJD\QHRXW RIWKHLU&RI¿QVKDYHEHHQHIRXQGWRKDYHEHDWHQWKHPVHOYHVXSRQWKHLUUHYLYLQJ EHIRUHWKHLUVWLÀLQJLQWRWKHJUDYH´&URRNH¶VPHGLFDOVWRU\LVRQHRIPDQ\W\SHV RIUHYLYL¿FDWLRQQDUUDWLYHVFLUFXODWLQJWKURXJKHDUO\PRGHUQFXOWXUH$V'RUHHQ 'HO9HFFKLRDQG$QWRQ\+DPPRQGQRWHDERXW6KDNHVSHDUH¶V³ODVWSOD\VFKDUDFWHUV FRPHEDFNWROLIHDWDQDODUPLQJUDWHLQWKH¿QDOVFHQHV´   $Q HDUO\ YHUVLRQ RI VRPH SRUWLRQV RI WKLV FKDSWHU DSSHDUHG DV ³6KDNHVSHDUHDQ 5HYLYL¿FDWLRQV(DUO\0RGHUQ8QGHDG´LQShakespeare Studies;;;,,)DOO ±   8QOHVV RWKHUZLVH QRWHG DOO OLQHV IURP 6KDNHVSHDUH SOD\V DUH IURP :LOOLDP 6KDNHVSHDUH The Complete Works of Shakespeare HG 'DYLG %HYLQJWRQ WK HGQ 7KH /RQJPDQ6KDNHVSHDUH1HZRUWKH@PDLGZKRKDGD0DWUL[ OLNHWKDWRID%LWFKGLYLGHGLQWZRSDUWV%XWVRPHSHUKDSVPD\WKLQNWKHVHWKLQJV IDEXORXV,FRQIHVVWKH\DUHPRQVWURXVDQGRXWRIWKHRUGLQDU\FRXUVHRIQDWXUH´ 6KDUSZRQGHUVLIWKHKDSOHVVZRPDQSRVVHVVLQJdoubleWKHVLWHIRUDOOWKHXVXDO SDWKRORJLHVULQJVWUXHDQGZKHWKHUWKHUHSRUWLVQRW³IDEXORXV´ 7KH ³ZRPEOHVV´ DQG ³VXSHUQXPHUDU\´ VWRULHV FLUFXODWLQJ LQ PHGLFDO WH[WV SHUKDSVUHJLVWHUWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWKHVHQDUUDWLYHV¿QDOO\EHFRPHRYHUZURXJKW WKHWDOHRIXWHULQHVXSHUÀXLW\DQGH[FHVVUHÀHFWVKRZWKHRUJDQKDVLQVRPHZD\V EHFRPHODUJHUWKDQOLIHDG\QDPLF,ZLOOH[SORUHIXUWKHULQODWHUVHFWLRQV3RVVLEO\ WR FRXQWHU K\SHUEROLF WDOHV WKDW WKUHDWHQ WR GHYDOXH FUHGLEOH VWRULHV FLWDWLRQ RI SUHFHGHQW EHFRPHV DFFRUGLQJO\ PRUH SURQRXQFHG LQ PHGLFDO QDUUDWLYHV ZLWK DXWKRUVHPEHGGLQJUHIHUHQFHVWRFODVVLFDODXWKRULWLHVZLWKLQGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHLU RZQ H[SHULHQFH ZLWK WUHDWLQJ UHYLYLQJ K\VWHULFV²SUHFLVHO\ ZKDW ZH ZLOO VHH LOOXVWUDWHGE\6KDNHVSHDUH¶VSK\VLFLDQFKDUDFWHU&HULPRQLQPericles3K\VLFLDQV VRPHZKDWDQ[LRXVO\DWWHVWWRWKHUHDOLW\RIK\VWHULFDODIÀLFWLRQV¶H[LVWHQFHDV6KDUS DVNVDERYH DQGWKRVHFRQYHUVDQWZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOPHGLFDOKLVWRU\DQGDXWKRULW\ DVZHOODVZLWKWKHSXUSRUWHGO\UHDOFRQWHPSRUDU\³FDVHKLVWRULHV´ PDNHKHDY\ UHIHUHQFHWRSUHFHGHQWWRVXEVWDQWLDWHWKHLUFODLPVDVZHOODVSURYLGHDJUHDWGHDORI DGYLFHWRRWKHUSK\VLFLDQVWRKHOSWKHPDYRLGPHGLFDOHUURULQWKHVHFDVHV&LWLQJ WKHYLHZVDQGH[SHULHQFHVRISULRUPHGLFDODXWKRULWLHVWKXVJRHVKDQGLQKDQGZLWK GLVSHQVLQJ YDULRXV IRUPV RI DGYLFH DERXW KRZ WR UHFRJQL]H DQG WUHDW K\VWHULFDO PRUELGLW\ WKH DSSHDO WR SUHFHGHQW HVWDEOLVKHV WKH ZULWHU¶V XQXVXDO H[SHULHQFHV DVJHQXLQHDQGDOVROHJLWLPDWHVWKHSUHVFULSWLRQVRUDGPRQLWLRQVRIIHUHGWRWKHLU SHHUV :KDW 1DQF\ 6LUDLVL FDOOV WKH ³KLVWRULFDO RU SKLORVRSKLFDO LQWHUHVWV´ RU WKH ³FODVVLFL]LQJ LPSXOVH´ RI ³5HQDLVVDQFH PHGLFLQH´ LV DQ HVVHQWLDO SDUW RI LWV UKHWRULFV (GZDUG-RUGHQSURYLGHVSHUKDSVWKHORQJHVWOLVWRI³$XWKHQWLFDOOZULWHUV´ZKR FRQWULEXWHWRWKHWUDGLWLRQRIUHYLYL¿FDWLRQWDOHVEXWKHLVFDUHIXOWRDOOXGHWRPRUH FRQWHPSRUDU\³ODWHH[SHULHQFHV´DQGKLVRZQPXOWLSOHHQFRXQWHUVZLWKhysterica passioSDWLHQWV$V-RUGHQFRQVLGHUVWKHIDPLOLDUTXHVWLRQRIKRZPDQ\GD\VWR 

6KDUS«@ Plinie PDNHWK PHQWLRQ RXW RI Heraclides RI D ZRPDQ ZKR IRU VHYHQ GD\HV WRJHWKHU OD\ IRU GHDG LQ D ¿W RI WKH PRWKHU DQG ZDV UHVWRUHG DJDLQH WR OLIH ZKLFK VDLHWK Marcellus Donatus LVQRWWREHWKRXJKWDIDEXORXVWDOHVHHLQJLWLVQRWUHSXJQDQWWRWKH UXOHVRI3KLORVRSKLHDQG3K\VLFNH$QGGalenPDNLQJPHQWLRQRIWKHYHULHVDPH K\VWRULHXQGHUWKHQDPHApnaeaGLVFRXUVHWKRIWKHUHDVRQVRILWRabbi Moses DQ DQFLHQW$XWKRU LQ 3K\VLFNH UHSRUWHWK DOVR RI D ZRPDQ WKDW LQ WKH ¿WWH RI WKHPRWKHUGLGOLHVL[GD\HVZLWKRXWVHQVHDQGPRWLRQKHU$UWHULHVEHLQJZD[W KDUGDQGVKHUHDGLHWREHEXULHGDQG\HWUHFRYHUHG>$QRWKHU@ODWHSURIHVVRURI 3K\VLFNHLQ3DGXDUHSRUWHWKRIDZRPDQWKDWEHLQJJLYHQRYHUIRUGHDGLQD¿WRI WKH0RWKHUZDVE\VXFKFRQFOXVLRQVDVKHWULHGGLVFRYHUHGWREH\HWDOLYHDQG UHFRYHUHGKHUIRUPHUKHDOWKDJDLQH>«@0DQ\PRUHH[DPSOHVWRWKLVHQGFRXOG ,SURGXFHRXWRI$XWKHQWLFDOOZULWHUVDQGODWHH[SHULHQFHV>«@

+HUH -RUGHQ FLWHV ERWK VL[ GD\V 5DEEL 0RVHV¶V H[DPSOH  DQG VHYHQ GD\V 3OLQ\¶V H[DPSOH  DV WKH SHULRGV HODSVLQJ EHIRUH PRULEXQG K\VWHULFV UHFRYHUHG WKH QDUUDWLYH VHHPV LQYHVWHG LQ ¿QGLQJ H[FHSWLRQV WR WKH PRUH XVXDO WKUHHGD\ 

3HUKDSVWKHVHZULWHUVZRXOGKDYHEHHQJUDWL¿HGWRKHDUWKH³VWUDQJHDQGZRQGHUIXOO UHODWLRQRI7KHEXU\LQJDOLYHRI-RDQ%ULGJHVRI5RFKHVWHU´SXEOLVKHGLQZKLFKWHOOV RIKRZ-RDQZDVDSSDUHQWO\PLVWDNHQIRUGHDGEXWEXULHGVWLOODOLYHKHUVWUXJJOHVWRHVFDSH IURPKHUFRI¿QDUHGHWDLOHGLQWKHVKRUWSDPSKOHWLQFOXGLQJ³7KHPDQQHURIKHUWHDULQJ RSHQ RI KHU RZQ EHOO\ WKH JHWWLQJ RI WKH &ORDWK RII KHU IDFH DQG ORRVLQJ RI KHU IHHW LQ WKH*UDYH´ZKLFKZDVYLHZHGDIWHUWKHIDFW³E\DERYH3HUVRQV´ZKRZLWQHVVHGKHU H[KXPDWLRQ7KHDGGHQGXPWRWKHWH[WLV³$&HUWL¿FDWHRIWKHWUXWKRIWKH3UHPLVHV$V LW ZDV DI¿UPHG WR WKH /RUG 0D\RU RI /RQGRQ DQG GLYHUV 0HPEHUV RI WKH +RQRXUDEOH +RXVHRI3DUOLDPHQW´-RDQ¶VSUHPDWXUHEXULDOKDSSHQHGDVDUHVXOWnotRIDPLVGLDJQRVHG K\VWHULFDOVXIIRFDWLRQEXWDSSDUHQWO\XQUHFRJQL]HGDOFRKROLFFRPDRUVWXSRUVKHKDGEHHQ UHSRUWHGGUXQNEHIRUHIDOOLQJLQWRDPRUELGVWDWHDQGFRXOGQRWEHDZDNHQHG5HJDUGOHVV LW LV LQWHUHVWLQJWR SRQGHU ZKHUH WKH QDUUDWLYHZRXOG KDYHJRQHKDGKHUUHODWLYHVZDLWHG WKHUHFRPPHQGHGORQJHUSHULRGRIGD\VEHIRUHEXU\LQJ-RDQ²ZKLFKWKHPHGLFDOZULWHUV VXJJHVWIRUIHPDOHFDVHV²UDWKHUWKDQWKHVKRUWHURQHWKH\GLGXSKROG0DQ\WKDQNVWRWKH +RXJKWRQ/LEUDU\IRUJLYLQJPHDIHOORZVKLSIRUDFFHVVWRWKHFROOHFWLRQVZKHUH,IRXQGWKLV WH[W$QRQ\PRXVA Strange and wonderfull relation of the burying alive of Joan Bridges of Rochester /RQGRQ 6HHDOVRWKH(SLORJXHIXUWKHU  -RUGHQ'r±Y'r

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



SUHEXULDO REVHUYDWLRQ SHULRG WKDW DUH VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ FUHGLEOH \HW WKXV DOO WKH PRUHVWULNLQJO\HQWHUWDLQLQJIRUUHDGHUV:LWKLQWKLVIUDPHZRUNRISUHFHGHQWDQG LQQRYDWLRQ-RUGHQPDNHVDJHVWXUHWRKHOSKLVIHOORZSK\VLFLDQVDYRLG³GLYHUVH HUURUV´E\GRFXPHQWLQJDUDQJHRISRVVLEOHFDVHVFHQDULRV -RKQ 6DGOHU SURYLGHV DQRWKHU OHQJWK\ VHW RI FODVVLFDO SUHFHGHQWV IURP ³DXWKHQWLFDOO´ WH[WV LQ The Sick Womans Private Looking-glasse   6DGOHU DWWULEXWHV KLV YHUVLRQ RI WKH ³UHIULJHUDWHG´ DQG VHHPLQJO\ GHDG K\VWHULF VWRU\ WR $PEURLVH 3DUp DQ DFFRXQW -RUGHQ DOVR PHQWLRQV  3DUp¶V VWRU\ LV FLWHG UHSHDWHGO\ ,QWKHVHKLVWHULFDOOSDVVLRQVVRPHFRQWLQXHORQJHUVRPHVKRUWHU5DEE\0R\VHV ZULWHVRIVRPHZKLFKOD\LQWKHSDUR[LVPHRIWKH¿WWZRGD\HV5XI¿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«@7KRVHZRPHQWKHUHIRUHWKDWVHHPHWRGLHVXGGDLQO\DQGXSRQ QRHYLGHQWFDXVHOHWWKHPQRWEHHFRPPLWWHGXQWRWKHHDUWKXQWLOOWKHHQGRI WKUHHGD\HVOHVWWKHOLYLQJEHEXULHGIRUWKHGHDG

7KHFOLIIKDQJHUVWRU\RISURIHVVLRQDOSHULOKLQWVDWDQ[LHWLHVEDUHO\OLQJHULQJEHORZ WKH VXUIDFH ZH VHH VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH VSHFWDWRUV¶ ³DGPLUDWLRQ´ IRU WKH UHYLYLQJ K\VWHULF¶VUHWXUQWROLIHLVMX[WDSRVHGDJDLQVWWKHDQDWRPLVW¶VRUSK\VLFLDQ¶VJUHDW HUURULQEHJLQQLQJWRFXWLQWRKHU,QWKHHQGWKHSDWLHQWTXLWHOLWHUDOO\XSVWDJHV WKHDQDWRPLVWDVLIWKHSURWDJRQLVWVZHUHRQDSXEOLFWKHDWHUVWDJHDVRSSRVHGWR DQ DQDWRP\ WKHDWHU ,Q 6DGOHU¶V UHQDUUDWLRQ RI WKH 3DUp HSLVRGH WKH K\VWHULF¶V PLUDFXORXV UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ VWRU\ DUJXDEO\ GHPRQVWUDWHV OHVV DFFODLP DWWDFKLQJ WR WKHPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQDOIRUUHYLYLQJKHUDOEHLWDFFLGHQWDOO\WKDQWRWKHK\VWHULF IRUKHURZQVSHFWDFXODULPSURPSWXSHUIRUPDQFH 3DUp¶V RZQ YHUVLRQ RI WKH VWRU\ WROG DERXW WKH IDPRXV VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ DQDWRPLVW9HVDOLXVHPSOR\VPRUHSDWKRVWKDQLWVVXEVHTXHQWUHWHOOLQJVKRZHYHU ,WLVKDUGWRGHFLGHIRUZKRPWKHUHDGHUVKRXOGIHHOPRUHV\PSDWK\WKHUHYLYLQJ K\VWHULFRUWKHKDSOHVVDQDWRPLVWDVWKHQDUUDWLYHEHFRPHVDGLGDFWLFFDXWLRQDU\ WDOHIRUPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQDOVZLVKLQJWRSUHVHUYHWKHLUVWDWXV



6DGOHU 'r±'Y 'r 0XFK RI 6DGOHU¶V FLWDWLRQV VHHP WR JHQHUDWH IURP -RUGHQ¶V VSHFL¿FDOO\IRULQVWDQFHWKHUHIHUHQFHWR5DEEL0RVHVWKDWDSSHDUVLQERWKRIWKHLUVHWVRI H[DPSOHV  &ULWLFVVXFKDV-RQDWKDQ6DZGD\KDYHRIFRXUVHVXJJHVWHGSUHFLVHO\WKHDHVWKHWLF FRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRVSDFHV

“So troubled with the mother”



)RU KH >9HVDOLXV@ EHLQJ FDOOHG LQ 6SDLQH WR RSHQ WKH ERG\ RI D QREOH ZRPDQ ZKLFK ZDV VXSSRVHG GHDG WKURXJK VWUDQJXODWLRQ RI WKH ZRPEH EHKROG DW WKH VHFRQG LPSUHVVLRQ RI WKH LQFLVLRQ NQLIH VKH EHJDQ VXGGHQO\ WR FRPH WR KHU VHOIHDQGE\WKHPRYLQJRIKHUPHPEHUVDQGERG\ZKLFKZDVVXSSRVHGWREH DOWRJHWKHUGHDGDQGZLWKFU\LQJWRVKHZPDQLIHVWVLJQHVWKDWWKHUHZDVVRPH OLIHUHPDLQLQJLQKHU:KLFKWKLQJVWURRNHVXFKDQDGPLUDWLRQ KRUURULQWRWKH KHDUWV RI DOO KHU IULHQGV WKDW ZHUH SUHVHQW WKDW WKH\ DFFRXQWHG WKH 3K\VLFLDQ EHLQJ EHIRUH RI D JRRG IDPH DQG UHSRUW DV LQIDPRXV RGLRXV DQG GHWHVWDEOH VR WKDW LW ZDQWHG EXW OLWWOH WKH\ ZRXOG KDYH VFUDWFKHG RXW KLV H\HV SUHVHQWO\ ZKHUHIRUHKHHWKRXJKWKHUHZDVQREHWWHUZD\IRUKLPLIKHZRXOGOLYHVDIH WKDQWRIRUVDNHWKHFRXQWUH\%XWQHLWKHUFRXOGKHHVRDOVRDYR\GHWKHKRUULEOH SULFNHDQGLQZDUGZRXQGRIKLVFRQVFLHQFHIURPZKRVHMXGJHPHQWQRRIIHQGHU FDQEHDEVROYHG IRUKLVLQFRQVLGHUDWHGHDOLQJEXWZLWKLQIHZGD\HVDIWHUEHLQJ FRQVXPHGZLWKVRUURZKHG\HGWRWKHJUHDWORVVHRIWKHFRPPRQZHDOWKDQG WKHDUWRISK\VLFN

5HJDUGOHVVRIWKHYHUVLRQRIWKHVWRU\DWKDQGHDFKZULWHUPDNHVFOHDU²SHUKDSV LQFUHDVLQJO\VR²KRZWUHDWLQJPRULEXQGSDWLHQWVVXIIHULQJIURPhysterica passio LVGRQHDWFRQVLGHUDEOHULVNWRWKHSK\VLFLDQ¶VUHSXWDWLRQWKH³FRPPRQZHDOWK´ DQG³WKHDUWRISK\VLFN´$V,RXWOLQHGLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQIRUDSHULRGWKDWVDZ SURIHVVLRQDO ULYDOULHV KHDWLQJ XS EHWZHHQ PHGLFDO ZULWHUV IURP WKH HVWDEOLVKHG UDQNV VXFK DV -RUGHQ DQG PLGZLYHV DQG RWKHU OD\ SUDFWLWLRQHUV WKH DELOLW\ WR OD\ FODLP WR H[FOXVLYH H[SHUWLVH LQ D IUDXJKW DWPRVSKHUH KDV VSHFLDO UHVRQDQFH WKHKDELWRIFLWLQJWKRURXJKO\WKH³DXWKHQWLFDOO´VRXUFHVIRU-RUGHQ¶VFODLPVLVDQ LQGH[RIKLVGHEWWRWKHSURIHVVLRQEXWPRUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\DQLQGLFDWLRQRIDFHUWDLQ GHIHQVLYHQHVVDERXWWKHLGHDOSUDFWLWLRQHU7KHIDFWWKDWVRPHK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWV ZHUHSHUFHLYHGDVZRUWKFXULQJRQDFRQWUDFWXDOUDWKHUWKDQRFFDVLRQDOEDVLVDV 0DUJDUHW3HOOLQJKDVREVHUYHGDERXWGRFXPHQWHGFDVHVLQPHGLFDOORJVLVSHUKDSV DQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHFRQVLVWHQWUDWHRIDIÀLFWLRQDVZHOODVWKHHVVHQWLDOGLI¿FXOW\ UHFRJQL]HGE\PDQ\RI¿QGLQJHIIHFWLYHFXUHVORQJRUVKRUWWHUPDOOVLJQL¿FDQW FKDOOHQJHVWRWKHUHSXWDWLRQRISK\VLFLDQV 0HGLFDO ZULWHUV ZKR DUH DW WLPHV RSHQO\ DQWDJRQLVWLF WRZDUGV WKH SUDFWLFHV RI SURIHVVLRQDO PHPEHUV EHORQJLQJ WR WKH &ROOHJH RI 3K\VLFLDQV GR QRW DSSHDU WRGLVDJUHHZLWKFHUWDLQJHQHUDOSULQFLSOHVDERXWXWHULQHSDWKRORJLHVKRZHYHU,W VHHPVWKDWK\VWHULFDOGLVHDVHVDUHUHFRJQL]HGDVHQGHPLFLQWKHIHPDOHSRSXODWLRQ DQGSUHVHQWVSHFL¿FFKDOOHQJHVWRPHGLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHUVRIPDQ\VWULSHV7KXVZKHUH 6LPRQ)RUPDQDSDUWLVDQDGYRFDWHRIDVWURORJLFDOO\EDVHGPHGLFLQHUHSRUWVKLV GLVDJUHHPHQWZLWKDFROOHDJXHDERXWWKHFRXUVHRIWUHDWPHQWIRUDQLOOQHVVRIWKH 

3DUp.NNNr±.NNNY 3DUpLVRIFRXUVHDFRQWLQHQWDOFrenchFRXUWSK\VLFLDQEXWZHFDQVHHWKDWZRUU\ DERXWSURIHVVLRQDOSHULOH[WHQGVWR(QJODQG  6HH0DUJDUHW3HOOLQJ¶VZRUNRQPHGLFDOFRQWUDFWV³WKHEDVLFIRUPDWLVVLPSOHWKH SDWLHQWDQGWKHSUDFWLWLRQHUDJUHHGRQDFHUWDLQVXPWREHSDLGWRWKHSUDFWLWLRQHURQWKH FRPSOHWLRQRIWKHFXUH´0HGLFDO&RQÀLFWV 6KHDOVRFKDUWVWKHYDULRXV³FRQGLWLRQV PHQWLRQHGLQ´WKHDQQDOVRI³PHGLFDOFRQWUDFWV±´ZKLFKLQFOXGH³SDVVLRQVRIWKH PRWKHU>XWHUXV@´ VLPLODUWRZKDW)RUPDQ¶VDQG+DOO¶VFDVHERRNVDOVRGHPRQVWUDWH 

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



³0DWUL[´KLVODWHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\WUHDWLVHRQWKH³0DWUL[DQGWKHSDLQHWKHUHRI´ VWLOO UHYHDOV D FRPSOHWHO\ RUWKRGR[ YLHZ RI IHPDOH DQDWRP\ DQG KXPRUDOLW\ DV /DXUHQ.DVVHOOKDVUHFHQWO\DOVRH[SORUHG$GLVSXWHWKDW)RUPDQUHFRUGVZLWK DQRWKHUSK\VLFLDQWKHUHIRUHKLQJHVRQWKHUROHRIDVWURORJ\LQWUHDWLQJDSDWLHQW¶V XWHULQHLOOQHVVWKHXVXDOPHODQFKRO\KXPRUVPL[HGZLWKPHQVWUXXP EXWQRWZLWK WKHHVVHQWLDOHWLRORJLFDOFRQFHSWV)RUPDQ¶VFDVHERRNVUHYHDOFRQVLVWHQWUHFRXUVH WR GLVFXVVLRQV RI XWHULQH GLVSRVLWLRQ DQG FRQGLWLRQ LQ WUHDWLQJ IHPDOH SDWLHQWV ZKDWHYHU WKHLU VSHFL¿F FRPSODLQW +H HFKRHV WKH IDPLOLDU FLWDWLRQ IRXQG LQ WKH +LSSRFUDWLFWH[WV¶DERXWWKHZRPEEHLQJWKHVLWHRIDOO³JULHIV´ ZHKDYHPRFKFRQVLGHUHGKHUHRIDQGE\H[SHULHQFHWKRURZHWKHJUDFHRIJRG RXULQGXVWULHDQGSDLQHVWDNLQJHLQVHUFKLQJHWKHFDXVHE\DVWURORJLHDQGE\WKH H[DPLQDWLRQRIGLYHUVHZRPHQWKDWKDYHELQHWUREOHGKHUZLWKHZHKDYHIRXQG WKDWWKHGLVWHPSUDWXUHRIWKHPDWUL[WKURURZHWKHFDXVHVDERYHVDLGHKDWKELQH WKHFDXVHRIDOOWKHLUJULHI:KHUHXSRQ,KDYHZULWWHQWKLVOLWWOHWUHDWLVHWRVKRZH WKHUHPHGLHVWKHUHRI

)RUPDQ¶V FDXWLRQ WR KLV IHOORZ SK\VLFLDQV QRW WR LJQRUH DVWURORJLFDO LQÀXHQFHV GHPRQVWUDWHV MXVW RQH PRUH DVSHFW RI WKH SURIHVVLRQDO SHULOV GRFWRUV HQFRXQWHU LQWUHDWLQJDQGFXULQJXWHULQHFRQGLWLRQV2WKHUSLWIDOOVDZDLWWKHKDSOHVVPHGLFDO DGYLVRU “Diverse Errors” and the Tests for Life 3HUKDSV SUHGLFWDEO\ DORQJ ZLWK WKHVH VWRULHV RI SURIHVVLRQDO ORVVHV RI IDFH DOVR FRPHV D JUHDW GHDO RI GHEDWH DQG LQVWUXFWLRQ DERXW KRZ WR GLDJQRVH K\VWHULFDO DIÀLFWLRQV YHUVXV RWKHU PRULEXQG GLVHDVHV LQ ZRPHQ SDWLHQWV ,Q D W\SLFDO FRPPHQW)RQWDLQHH[SODLQVWKDW³E\VWDQGHUV´ZKR³PD\HDVLO\PLVWDNHKHUWREH GHDG´FDQGHWHUPLQHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH³GURZVLHDQGVOHHS\GLVHDVH>V@´ ZKLFKSHUPLWWKHSDWLHQWWREUHDWKHIUHHO\DQGK\VWHULFDOVXIIRFDWLRQV)XUWKHUKH WHOOVXVD¿WRIWKHPRWKHU GLIIHUV IURP D &DWDOHSV\ DQRWKHU GURZVLH GLVHDVH FDVWLQJ WKH VLFN LQWR D SURIRXQG DQG GHDG VOHHS  EHFDXVH WKH\ ZKR DUH WDNHQ ZLWK WKDW OLH ZLWKRXW DQ\PRWLRQEXWWKH\ZKRKDYHWKHPRWKHUDUHWRUPHQWHGZLWK&RQYXOVLRQ¿WV WKHLUOHJVDQGWKHLUKDQGVDUHVWUHWFKHGDQGZULWKHGLQWRXQXVXDOO¿JXUHVDQG VWUDQJHSRVWXUHVDQGE\WKLVLVLWGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPDQ$SRSOH[\XQWRZKLFK LWLVH[FHHGLQJOLNH 

,QKHUH[DPLQDWLRQRI6LPRQ)RUPDQ¶VFDVHERRNV.DVVHOOEXLOGVRQWKHZRUNRI %DUEDUD7UDLVWHUDQGWRXFKHVRQVRPHRIWKHFRQWURYHUVLHVRYHUZLWFKFUDIWDQGPHGLFLQHWKDW ,H[SORUHGLIIHUHQWO\LQ&KDSWHU6HH/DXUHQ.DVVHOOMedicine and Magic in Elizabethan London: Simon Forman: Astrologer, Alchemist, and Physician 2[IRUG &ODUHQGRQ 3  HVS±DQG±DQG%DUEDUD7UDLVWHUThe Notorious Astrological Physician of London: Works and Days of Simon Forman&KLFDJR8RI&KLFDJR3   )RUPDQ¶V³0DWUL[DQGWKHSDLQWKHUHRI´TWGLQ.DVVHOO  Fontaine Er±(Y

“So troubled with the mother”



+HUH )RQWDLQH WRXFKHV RQ \HW DQRWKHU GLVSXWH EHLQJ KHOG RYHU ZKDW SUHFLVH PHFKDQLVPVDOORZZRPHQVXIIHULQJ¿WVRIhysterica passioWRFRQWLQXHWRWUDQVSLUDWH WKURXJK ³VNLQ EUHDWKLQJ´ DQ LGHD WKDW JRHV EDFN WR (PSHGRFOHV  GLVFXVVHG LQ PDQ\ WH[WV +H FODUL¿HV ³DOWKRXJK WKHVH ZRPHQ OLYH ZLWKRXW UHVSLUDWLRQ \HW GRH WKH\ QRW OLYH ZLWKRXW WUDQVSLUDWLRQ´ 5LYLqUH¶V Practice of Physick   HPSOR\V*DOHQWRVHWWOHWKHUHVSLUDWLRQYHUVXVWUDQVSLUDWLRQ *DOHQUHVROYHVD'RXEWZKLFKLVWKLV7KDWIHHOLQJLVJHQHUDOO\KHOGWKDWDPDQ FDQQRWOLYHZLWKRXWEUHDWKLQJWKHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWKDW+\VWHULFDOSHUVRQV VKRXOGLQWKHLU¿WVEHTXLWHGHSULYHGRIEUHDWKLQJ7RZKLFKKHDQVZHUV7KDWLQ DQH[WUHDPFRROLQJRIWKH+HDUWWKHUHLVQRQHHGRIUHVSLUDWLRQ>«@EXWWKDWOLWWOH ZDUPWKZKLFKLV\HWUHPDLQLQJLQWKH+HDUWLVFKHULVKHGRQO\E\WUDQVSLUDWLRQ RUYHQWLODWLRQWKURXJKWKH3RUHVRIWKH%RG\

5HÀHFWLQJWKHGLVFXVVLRQVLQPDQ\RWKHUWH[WV&URRNHGHWDLOVKRZWUDQVSLUDWLRQ LQ K\VWHULFV LV PDGH SRVVLEOH WKURXJK WKH RSHUDWLRQV RI V\PSDWK\ RU FRQVHQW KLV4XHVWLRQLVGHYRWHGWRFRQVLGHULQJWKH³ZRQGHUIXOOFRQVHQWEHWZHHQHWKH ZRPEHDQGDOPRVWDOOWKHSDUWVRIZRPHQVERGL>H@V´DQGFRQFOXGHV³VXFKZRPHQ OLYHRQHO\E\WUDQVSLUDWLRQ´  %HWZHHQHWKHKHDUWDQGWKHZRPEHWKHFRQVHQWLVPDGHE\WKHPHGLDWLRQRIPDQLH QRWDEOH$UWHULHVFDOOHG6SHUPDWLFDOODQG+\SRJDVWULFDOOWKDWLVWKH$UWHULHVRI VHHGH  RI WKH LQIHULRXU SDUW RI WKH ORZHU EHOO\ +HQFH FRPH OLJKW IDLQWLQJV GHVSHUDWHVZRRQGLQJVWKHFHVVDWLRQRIEUHDWKLQJDQGLQWHUPLVVLRQRIWKHSXOVH WKHXVHRIWKHPERWKEHLQJWDNHQDZD\E\DYHQRPRXVEUHDWKZKLFKGLVVROYHWK WKHQDWXUDOOKHDWHRIWKHKHDUWDQGVXFKZRPHQOLYHRQHO\E\WUDQVSLUDWLRQ>«@ LWLVLPSRVVLEOHDOPRVWWRSHUFHLYHZKHWKHUVXFKZRPHQGR\HWOLYHRUQRDQG GRXEWOHVVHPDQ\DUHEXULHGLQVXFK¿WVIRUWKH\ZLOOODVWVRPHWLPHV+RXUV RUPRUHDQGWKHERGLHVJURZFROGHDQGULJLGOLNHGHDGFDUNDVVHV ZKRZRXOG UHFRYHULIVSDFHZHUHJLYHQ

7KHSUHFLVHHI¿FDF\RIWKHGLDJQRVWLFWHVWVIRUVLJQVRIOLIHLQWKHK\VWHULFDOSDWLHQW JDLQVHTXDOO\SURPLQHQWGLVFXVVLRQKRZPD\DSK\VLFLDQWHVWZKHWKHUDK\VWHULF 

)RUWKHFODVVLFDORULJLQVRI³VNLQEUHDWKLQJ´IRUPVRIUHVSLUDWLRQVHH.LQJII Fontaine EY  5LYLqUH+KKr+KKY  (GLWLRQV RI &URRNH¶V Mikrokosmographia DUH RUJDQL]HG WR FRQVLGHU ³TXHVWLRQV´ XQGHU DFWLYH GHEDWH E\ PHGLFLQH DW WKH HQG RI HDFK RI LWV ERRNV 4XHVWLRQ  FRQVLGHUV ZRPEPRYHPHQWLQDFRPPHQWDU\WKDWH[SDQGVRQLWV¿UVWPHQWLRQHDUOLHUDQG4XHVWLRQ SRQGHUVKRZLWLVSRVVLEOHIRUWKHZRPEWREHDIIHFWHGE\VPHOOVDQGVFHQWWKHUDS\7KH H[LVWHQFHRIVXFK³TXHVWLRQV´UDLVHGIRUPDOO\WRWKHOHYHORIGLVSXWDWLRQLVDQLQGH[RIWKH FXOWXUH¶VSUHRFFXSDWLRQZLWKK\VWHULFDOSDWKRORJLHVWKHWHVWVIRUOLIHWKHTXHVWLRQRIKRZ ORQJ WR DZDLW EXULDO ³VNLQ EUHDWKLQJ´ ZRPE PRELOLW\ DQG VHQWLHQFH DUH DOO PDWWHUV IRU DFWLYHFRQWHQWLRQ  &URRNH«@WKHLUSURPLVHV DUHIROORZHGE\DSK\VLFDOFRQVXPPDWLRQZKLFKZDVQRWDOORZHGSDUWQHUVLQDde praesenti VSRXVDO6XFKDXQLRQWKDWUHVXOWHGLQSK\VLFDOFRQVXPPDWLRQZDVVWLOOYDOLGWKRXJKLUUHJXODU DQG WKH DFWLRQ ZDV GHSORUHG´   6HH ³'H¿QLQJ&RQ¿QLQJ WKH 'XFKHVV 1HJRWLDWLQJ

“So troubled with the mother”



:HEVWHU¶V-DFREHDQWUDJHG\LQDPDQQHUVLPLODUWR6KDNHVSHDUH¶V-DFREHDQZRUNV VHHPVXQDEOHWRUHFRQFLOHWKHVH[XDOIUHHGRPKHLPDJLQHVIRUWKH'XFKHVVZLWKDQ LPSOLFLWHQGRUVHPHQWRIKHUDFWLRQVWKDWZRXOGWDNHWKHIRUPRIOHWWLQJKHUVXUYLYH RUSHUKDSVVRPHRWKHUVWUXFWXUDOH[LJHQF\RIWKHSORW 7KHUHLVDSDOSDEOHFRQÀLFWRILQWHUHVWVLQKLV'XFKHVVRQRQHKDQGD¿JXUH RIJUDFLRXVLQWHOOLJHQFHKRQHVW\DQGLQGHSHQGHQFHDQGRQWKHRWKHUDWKRURXJK ³ZRPDQ´H[KLELWLQJ³PDGQHVV´7KHVHREVHUYDWLRQVDUHPDGHE\&DULRODLQWKHOLQHV FRQFOXGLQJWKHVFHQHRIWKH'XFKHVV¶VKDVW\PDUULDJHWR$QWRQLRDQLFRQRFODVWLF FHUHPRQ\RYHUZKLFKWKH'XFKHVVKHUVHOISUHVLGHV³:KHWKHUWKHVSLULWRIJUHDWQHVV RURIZRPDQ5HLJQPRVWLQKHU,NQRZQRWEXWLWVKRZV$IHDUIXOPDGQHVV, RZHKHUPXFKRISLW\´± :KLOH,GRXEWZHDUHWRVHULRXVO\TXHVWLRQWKH 'XFKHVV¶Vsanity:HEVWHUEDODQFHVWKHK\VWHULFDOSDWKRORJLHVRIRQHWZLQZLWKWKH O\FDQWKURS\RIWKHRWKHU)RUWKH'XFKHVVDQG)HUGLQDQGDOLNH:HEVWHUIRFXVHV RQ WKH SK\VLRORJLFDO QDWXUDO H[SODQDWLRQ IRU ZKDW DLOV HDFK SDUW\ DQG SDLUV WKH WZRLOOQHVVHV²³WKHPRWKHU´DQGO\FDQWKURS\²IRUKLVVHWRIWZLQV)HUGLQDQG¶V PRQVWURXVSDWKRORJ\DJUDQGGLVRUGHUEHOLHYHGPHODQFKROLFRUFKROHULFLQRULJLQ ZKHUHLQWKHVXIIHUHUWKLQNVKHLVDZROI LVWKH³WZLQ´WRWKH'XFKHVV¶V³PRWKHU´ EXWZKHUHDV)HUGLQDQG¶VGLVRUGHULVFRPPRQO\GLVFXVVHGE\FULWLFVLWPXVWDOVR EHVHHQWRJRKDQGLQKDQGZLWKWKHIDUOHVVUHFRJQL]HGYLHZWKDWWKH'XFKHVV¶V

WKH )HPDOH %RG\ LQ -RKQ :HEVWHU¶V 7KH 'XFKHVV RI 0DO¿´ Studies in Philology  6SULQJ   ± -DQNRZVNL ZULWHV DERXW WKH 'XFKHVV¶V VH[XDOLW\ ³6KH LV QHLWKHU FKDVWH YLUJLQ QRU XQUHJHQHUDWH ZKRUH H[FHSW SHUKDSV LQ ZKDW:HEVWHU KDV GHSLFWHG RI )HUGLQDQG¶VPLQG \HWVKHLVVRPHWKLQJWKDWQRUPDOO\GRHVQRWDSSHDULQWKHHDUO\PRGHUQ GUDPD²DORYLQJZLIHZKRLVDOVRDVH[XDOO\PDWXUHDQGDFWLYHZRPDQ´ :HEVWHU VHHPVWRSXWWKHIRFXVRQWKHFRXSOH¶VGHVLUHDVVRPHZKHUHEHWZHHQOLFLWDQGLOOLFLWSHUKDSV DFFRXQWLQJIRU&DULROD¶VHYDOXDWLRQRIWKH'XFKHVV¶VDFWLRQV  &DOODJKDQ VHHV :HEVWHU UHQGHULQJ D WKRURXJKO\ ³V\PSDWKHWLF´ SRUWUD\DO RI WKH 'XFKHVV&HUWDLQO\WKHSRUWUDLWRIWKH'XFKHVVLVDWWXUQVV\PSDWKHWLFEXWWKLVLVGHVLJQHGWR SRLQWHGO\FRQWUDVWZLWKWKHSOD\ZULJKW¶VSUHVHQWDWLRQRIKHUZLWKLQWKHWUDGLWLRQDOVWUXFWXUH RID-DFREHDQUHYHQJHWUDJHG\ZKHUHWKHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVVXIIHUXQMXVWSXQLVKPHQWV,W VHHPVOLNHO\WRPHWKDW:HEVWHUFKRRVHVWRUHWDLQVRPHHOHPHQWVRIWKH-DFREHDQUHYHQJH WUDJHG\DQGWRSODFHWKH'XFKHVVVTXDUHO\ZLWKLQLWLQRUGHUWRFULWLTXHWKHJHQUH¶VW\SLFDO KDQGOLQJRIIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUVWKLVGRHVQRWPHDQKHHUDVHVDOOFRQWUDGLFWRU\VLJQDOVDERXW KHUFKDUDFWHUKRZHYHU6HH'\PSQD&DOODJKDQ³7KH'XFKHVVRI0DO¿DQG(DUO\0RGHUQ :LGRZV´Early Modern English Drama: A Critical CompanionHG*DUUHWW$6XOOLYDQ -U3DWULFN&KHQH\DQG$QGUHZ+DG¿HOG1HZ«@WKH ZRPE LV KHOG VWHGIDVW >«@ WKHVH /LJDPHQWV DOVR DV +LSSRFUDWHV DQG 3ODWR in Timaeo KDYH ZULWWHQ OLNH WR %ULGOHV GR KROG LQ WKH ZRPEH ZKLFK \HW QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJULGHWKDVDPRRUHG6KLSLQD7HPSHVWEHWZHHQHKHU$QFKRUV

,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WKDW WH[WV OLNH &URRNH¶V LI LQFRQVLVWHQWO\ HYRNH WKH IXQFWLRQ RI OLJDPHQWV WR constrain ZRPEV LQ FRQWUDVW WR WKH RWKHU GLVFXVVLRQV , KDYH KLJKOLJKWHGWKXVIDUWKDWURXWLQHO\HQWHUWDLQDQRWLRQRIWKHRUJDQ¶VOLWHUDOPRYHPHQW DQGGLVSODFHPHQW²KHUHD³EULGOHG´ZRPELVKHOGDVLILWLVD³VKLSSHWRVVHGLQWKH 6HD´RU³7HPSHVW´WRVVHG2IFRXUVHDVWKHSODFHRILQIDQWV¶FRQFHSWLRQWKHVLWH RIWKHXWHUXVLVDOVRWKHsine qua nonRIGRPHVWLFLW\WKHZRPEDSSDUHQWO\DFTXLUHV WKHUHVWUDLQWRID³EULGOH´LQDPDQQHUUHPLQLVFHQWRILWVXQUXO\IHPDOHSRVVHVVRUV ZKRDUHPDGHWRZHDU³VFROG¶VEULGOHV´LQVKDPLQJULWXDOVGHVLJQHGWRUHWXUQWKHP WRVRFLDORUWKRGR[\



2QEULGOHVVHH/\QGD%RRVH¶VHVVD\WKDWKDVEHHQLQÀXHQWLDOVLQFHLWVDSSHDUDQFH ³6FROGLQJ%ULGHVDQG%ULGOLQJ6FROGV7DPLQJWKH:RPDQ¶V8QUXO\0HPEHU´Shakespeare Quarterly6XPPHU ±  -RUGHQ XVHV D VLPLODU PDULWLPH PHWDSKRU LQ GHVFULELQJ KRZ WHPSHVWXRXV PLQGV SURGXFH ³¿WV RI WKH 0RWKHU´ ³ZHH DUH OLNH EDWWHUHG &LWWLH ZLWKRXW ZDOOHV RU VKLSSHV WRVVHG LQ WKH 6HD H[SRVHG WR DOO PDQHU RI DIIDXOWV DQG DXQJHUV HYHQ WR WKH RYHUWKURZ RI RXU RZQH ERGLHV´ *Y *r  -RUGHQ LQWHQGV WKLV FRPPHQW JHQHUDOO\ WR UHIHU WR KRZ ³SHUWXUEDWLRQV RI WKH PLQG´ FDQ KDYH EDG VRPDWLF HIIHFWV EXW KH DOVR FRQQHFWV WKHVH WR K\VWHULFDOLQGLVSRVLWLRQVVSHFL¿FDOO\  &URRNH9Y9r9r



)LJ

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

$PEURLVH 3DUp Workes   GLVVHFWLRQ ³VKHZLQJ WKH SDUWV RI ZRPHQGLIIHUHQWIURPWK>R@VHLQPHQ´

“The Ink of Lovers”

)LJ



-DFRSR%HUHQJDULRGD&DUSLIsagoge brevesF GLVVHFWLRQ

7R DJUHH LQ SULQFLSOH ZLWK 0DU\ )LVVHOO¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW ³VRPHZKHUH LQ WKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\´WKH³ZRPEJRHVEDG´RQHPLJKWVHHFRQWDLQHGLQWKH UKHWRULFV RI QDUUDWLYHV DERXW WKH ZRPE D GHYHORSLQJ FRPSHQVDWRU\ HIIRUW E\ PHGLFLQH WR WDPH DQG UHGRPHVWLFDWH WKH VRPDWLF PHPEHU VR RIWHQ FRQVLGHUHG UHVWLYHGHVSLWH²RUSHUKDSVEHFDXVHRI²LWVUHODWLYHREVFXULW\WRDQDWRPLVWVZKR ZRXOGKDYHUDUHO\LIHYHUKDGRFFDVLRQWRGLVVHFWDIHPDOHFRUSVH&HUWDLQO\IRU DQDWRPLVWV WKH RUJDQ WKDW VKRZV ³WKH SDUWV RI ZRPHQ GLIIHUHQW IURP >WKRVH@ LQ PHQ´LVZKDWPDNHVIHPDOHERGLHVXQLTXHO\LQWHUHVWLQJDVDVXEMHFWRIH[SORUDWRU\ GLVVHFWLRQDV3DUp¶VLOOXVWUDWLRQLQKLVWorkesPDNHVFOHDU ,Q IDFW WKH XWHUXV LV ³VRXJKW DIWHU ZLWK DQ DOPRVW IHURFLRXV LQWHQVLW\ LQ 5HQDLVVDQFH DQDWRP\ WKHDWUHV´ -RQDWKDQ 6DZGD\ REVHUYHV +H FRPPHQWV RQ %HUHQJDULR¶V³VHOIGHPRQVWUDWLQJ´IHPDOH¿JXUH WKHZRPDQJHVWXUHVWRZDUGVWKHH[FLVHGXWHUXVZKLFKKDVEHHQSODFHGRQWKH SHGHVWDOIURPZKLFKVKHKHUVHOIKDVMXVWVWHSSHG>«@WKHYLJRURXVJHVWXUHZLWK ZKLFKVKHSRLQWVWRWKHXWHUXVVHHPVWRGHPRQVWUDWHKHUPDVWHU\RYHUWKDWRUJDQ DQHUVWZKLOHLQGHSHQGHQWDJHQWRIWKHERG\>«@>EXW@WKHXWHUXVLVPDVWHULQJher, QRWWKHRWKHUZD\DURXQG+HULGHQWLW\PRUHRYHULVHQWLUHO\GHWHUPLQHGE\WKH 

6HH6DZGD\

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



XWHUXVWRDQH[WHQWWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHIRUKHURZQSRVLWLRQRQWKHSHGHVWDOWREH DVVXPHGE\MXVWRQHDQDWRPLFDORUJDQWKHXWHUXVLQHIIHFWisWKHZRPDQ

6DZGD\¶V GHVFULSWLRQ RI %HUHQJDULXV¶V DQDWRPLFDO GUDZLQJV IURP WKH VL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\ ZRUN Isagoge brevis KDV D YLYLG FODULW\ LI D VOLJKWO\ IDQFLIXO WRXFK KLV SRLQW VWDQGV WKDW WKH H[FLVHG XWHUXV LOOXVWUDWLRQ LV DQ XQHTXLYRFDO REMHFW RI IDVFLQDWLRQIRUPHGLFDOVFLHQFH ,QPDQ\ZD\VZRPEVDUHHVVHQWLDOO\WKHVWXIIRI ¿FWLRQDQGOHJHQGWKHLUH[LVWHQFHFRQYH\HGDOPRVWVROHO\E\LOOXVWUDWLRQLQSULQWHG DQDWRP\ERRNV 3HUKDSV WKH PRVW UHDGLO\ UHFRJQL]DEOH DQG PHPRUDEOH LPDJHV RI H[FLVHG IHPDOH JHQLWDO RUJDQV IURP VL[WHHQWK DQG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ DQDWRPLHV DUH GUDZQE\9HVDOLXVWKHSLRQHHULQJ)OHPLVKDQDWRPLVWZKRZRUNHGLQ3DGXDDQG LVPRVWFORVHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHVSLULWRI5HQDLVVDQFHPHGLFDOGLVFRYHU\+LV GHSLFWLRQV LQ De humani corporis fabrica   DQG Tabulae anatomicae sex  RIIHPDOHJHQLWDOVGUDZQWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHLUVWDWXVDVLQYHUWHGYHUVLRQV RIWKHPDOH²WKHIDPRXV³LQVLGHRXW´RUJDQ²VSDZQHGDZKROHVHULHVRIFORVHO\ LPLWDWHG¿JXUHVE\&URRNHIRULQVWDQFHZKLFKKDYHJHQHUDWHGWKHPRUHEHODWHG VFKRODUO\GHEDWHVDERXWWKHGH¿QLWLYHQHVVRIWKH³RQHVH[´PRGHOIRUWKHSHULRG $SDUW IURP WKH HTXDOO\ VWULNLQJ ¿JXUH LQ WKH Isagoge brevis JHVWXULQJ GUDPDWLFDOO\WRKHUDQDWRPL]HGXWHUXVPDQ\REVWHWULFDOJ\QHFRORJLFDOWH[WVSULQW LOOXVWUDWLRQVRIIHWXVHVOLWHUDOO\ÀRZHULQJin uteroDVVKRZQLQWKHSODWHIURP-DQH 6KDUS¶VVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\The Midwives BookWKDWJUDFHVWKLVERRN¶VFRYHU²DV LIWKHXWHUXVLWVHOIZDVOLWHUDOO\Dhortus conclususLQIXOOEORRP ,Q OLJKW RI WKH SULRU FKDSWHUV¶ GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH GHEDWHV RQJRLQJ LQ PHGLFDO OLWHUDWXUHDERXWWKHSDWKRORJ\VHQWLHQFHDQG³DQLPDO´TXDOLWLHVRIWKHZRPEDV ZHOODVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIDOORIWKHVHWRWKHZRPE¶VSURFOLYLW\WRZDQGHUZHFDQ VHHKRZPXFKHDUO\PRGHUQFXOWXUHYLHZVWKHIHPDOHERG\DVWKHVXPRIKHUSDUWV 

,¿QG6DZGD\¶VRSLQLRQWKDWDQLPDJHRIWKHSURJUHVVRIVFLHQFHLVUHÀHFWHGLQWKH ZRPDQ¶VGHSLFWLRQ¿QDOO\DOLWWOHWRRRSWLPLVWLFKRZHYHUULJKWKHLVDERXWIDVFLQDWLRQZLWK WKHXWHUXV±   -DFRSR%HUHQJDULRGD&DUSLZDVDSLRQHHULQJLOOXVWUDWRURIDQDWRP\ZKRSUHFHGHG 9HVDOLXVKHU@ UHYHQJH´ ³Opening the letter@0RQWVXUU\¶VUHVSRQVHLVLFLO\VDUGRQLF³$\µWLVWKHLQNRIORYHUV´  %XW RI FRXUVH WKH audience FDQ UHDG WKH LQYLVLEOH LQN SURSHUO\ WKH WUDFHV RI D IDPLOLDUO\LQYRNHGHPEOHPRIIHPDOHLQVXI¿FLHQF\DQGK\VWHULFDOSDWKRORJ\ 

.LHIHUZRQGHUVDERXWZKDWSURPSWV7DP\UD¶VFKRLFHRILQN³:KDWLQVSLUHVVXFK LQJHQXLW\LVXQFOHDUEXWZHUHFDOOWKDWHDUOLHU7DP\UDZDVKHUVHOIWKHUHFLSLHQWRIDEORRG\ OHWWHU IURP %DUULVRU ´ +H WKHQ VHHPV WR FRQWUDGLFW KLV HDUOLHU SRLQW DERXW KRZ WKH ¿UVW OHWWHUIDLOVWRVHUYHDVDFDWDO\VWIRUDFWLRQVHHDERYH ³6RWKHOHWWHUWKDWVKHQRZZULWHVWR %XVV\HYRNHVWKHPHPRU\RIDQRWKHUVXFKOHWWHUZKLFKKHOSHGOHDGWRKHUDIIDLUZLWKKLP LQWKH¿UVWSODFH´ +HGRHVQRWH[SDQGIXUWKHUXSRQWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIEORRGOHWWHUV  ³0LVUHDGLQJ´KHU2WKHOORDVNV'HVGHPRQD³:DVWKLVIDLUSDSHUWKLVPRVWJRRGO\ ERRN0DGHWRZULWHµZKRUH¶XSRQ"´± .LHIHUPDNHVDVLPLODUREVHUYDWLRQ³7KH LURQ\KHUHRIFRXUVHLVWKDW'HVGHPRQDLVMXVWDVLQQRFHQWDVVKHFODLPVWREH2WKHOOR FRPSOHWHO\PLVUHDGVWKHZULWLQJLQIURQWRIKLP´ 6HH&KDSWHUIXUWKHU



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

,W LV HVSHFLDOO\ WHOOLQJ WKDW WKLV PHVVDJH JRHV DVWUD\ LQ WKH IDVKLRQ WKDW LW GRHV FRPPXQLFDWLQJ WKH RSSRVLWH RI WKH DXWKRU¶V H[SUHVV LQWHQW %XVV\ FDQQRW EHH[SHFWHGWRLQWXLWWKDWEORRGLQNRIDOOWKLQJVVKRXOGnotUHÀHFWWKHDXWKRU¶V FRPSRVHG³FKDUDFWHUV ´8QGHUWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV7DP\UDIDLOVWRUHFRJQL]HKHU VHOIGHFHSWLRQWKDWKHUEORRGZULWLQJPLJKWVD\VRPHWKLQJRWKHUWKDQLWGRHVEXW WKHODUJHUDQGFUXHOHULURQ\KHUHSXWIRUWKE\&KDSPDQLVWKDW7DP\UD¶VEORRGOHWWHU GLFWDWHVH[DFWO\ZKDWLWLVVXSSRVHGWRWKH³HUUDQWZLOGHUQHVVRI´ZRPHQ³:KHUH PHQFDQQRWJHWRXW>RI@´± ,QWKH¿QDOOLQHVRIWKHOHWWHUVFHQH0RQWVXUU\ PXVHVDERXWKLVZLIHLQDQHDWPHWRQ\P\RI&KDSPDQ¶VIRUJLQJWKDWPDNHVWKH ERG\RIWKHZRPDQDV\QHFGRFKHRIKHUEORRG\ZULWV³+HUHKHUHZDVVKH7KDW ZDVDZKROHZRUOGZLWKRXWVSRWWRPH7KRXJKQRZDZRUOGRIVSRWV´±  7KH VSRWV RI EORRG WKDW IRUP 7DP\UD¶V ³FKDUDFWHU´ PLUURU WKH ³VSRWWHG´ QDWXUH RIKHUVWDLQHGFKDUDFWHUZKLFK0RQWVXUU\WUDQVFULEHVEXWLVDOUHDG\DXWKRUHGLQ LQGHOLEOH³LQN´DOOWRRHDVLO\UHDG 7RUHWXUQWRTitus AndronicusPXFKFULWLFLVPKDVEHHQGHYRWHGWRGLVFXVVLQJ WKHSOD\¶V ³ZLOGHUQHVVRI WLJHUV´  RU WKH ZLOG VDYDJHU\ZUHDNLQJKDYRF RQ5RPHWKDWLVVRVWURQJO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK7DPRUD¶VZD\ZDUGHURWLFLVPDQGKHU WDERROLDLVRQZLWK$DURQH[SUHVVHGWKURXJKWKHLULQLWLDWLQJWKHUDSHRI/DYLQLD 0DQ\KDYHEHHQSHUVXDGHGWRVHHLQWKHVHLPDJHVRIXQFRQWUROODEOH³ZLOGHUQHVV´ DFRPSHOOLQJFRQQHFWLRQZLWK7DPRUD¶VIDPRXVO\ORDWKVRPH³SLW´RUSRLVRQRXV VH[XDOLW\ (YHQ PRUH IUHTXHQWO\ /DYLQLD¶V UDSH DQG KHU WRUWXUHG UHVSRQVHV WR LW²SDUWLFXODUO\WKHVFHQHLQZKLFK/DYLQLDWUDFHVRXWWKHQDPHVRIKHUUDSLVWVLQ WKHVDQG²KDYHEHHQUHDGE\FULWLFVDVSRZHUIXODFWVRILQVFULSWLRQ³DQHPEOHP RIWKHZLOOWRVSHDNDQGXOWLPDWHO\RIWKHZLOOto write´³VKHLVWKHWH[WIRU>µWKH RWKHUV¶@DQGRXULQWHUSUHWDWLRQDµPDSRIZRH¶ZKRPOLNHDPDSZHPXVWOHDUQ WRUHDG´ 6FKRODUV VHHPWR DJUHHWKHQWKDWWKLV SOD\LV HVSHFLDOO\FRQFHUQHGWR IRUJH DOOXVLYH OLQNV EHWZHHQ WKH PXUN\ WHUULWRU\ RI IHPDOH VH[XDOLW\ WKH JHRJUDSK\ RI WKH XWHUXV DQG WKH DEMHFW ERG\ DQG ³DQ HYHQ GHHSHU DQG SHUKDSV SHUYHUVH DOOLDQFHEHWZHHQERG\DQGZULWLQJ´$V0DU\/DXJKOLQ)DZFHWWSRLQWVRXW³Titus AndronicusHQFRXUDJHVVXFKVSHFXODWLRQVDERXWWKHQDWXUHRIODQJXDJHLWVRULJLQV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQVDQGOLPLWV,WRXJKWWREHXVHGPRUHRIWHQWKDQLWLVDVDSULPDU\ WH[WWRHYROYHDWKHRUHWLFDODFFRXQWRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHERG\VLJQV VSHHFKDQGZULWLQJ´&HUWDLQO\PXFKDQDO\VLVWKDWIRFXVHVRQWKHSOD\¶VKHDYLO\ IUHLJKWHGDFWVRIZULWLQJKDVEHHQOLPLWHGWRGLVFXVVLRQVRI/DYLQLDZKHQZHPLJKW WXUQPRUHDWWHQWLRQWRWKHSHUKDSVHYHQPRUHFRPSOH[¿JXULQJRI7DPRUDDVDVLWH RISHULRGVSHFL¿FQRWLRQVRIDXWKRUVKLSDQGUHLQVFULSWLRQTitusLVOHVVFRQFHUQHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW D PRUH ³OLWHUDU\´ /DYLQLD GRPLQDWHV RYHU ³WKH QRQWH[WXDO

 0DU\ /DXJKOLQ )DZFHWW ³$UPV:RUGV7HDUV /DQJXDJH DQG %RG\ LQ Titus Andronicus´English Literary History 6XPPHU ±  )DZFHWW  )DZFHWW

“The Ink of Lovers”



7DPRUD´WKDQWRUHYHDO7DPRUD¶VYHU\GLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSWRVH[XDOLW\WH[WXDOLW\ DQGDXWKRUVKLS (DUO\ LQ WKH SOD\ 7DPRUD WHOOV 6DWXUQLQXV ³7KH JRGV RI 5RPH IRUIHQG  , VKRXOG EH DXWKRU WR GLVKRQRXU \RX´ ±  :KLOH KHU SKUDVH PD\ EH WRR LPSUHFLVH WR UHFDOO H[SOLFLW FLWDWLRQ RI WKH +LSSRFUDWLF QRWLRQ RI ³DXWKRUVKLS´ WKHDFFLGHQWRISKUDVLQJLVQRQHWKHOHVVDXVSLFLRXVIRUVKHFHUWDLQO\VWDQGVDVWKH SOD\¶V PRVW ODVFLYLRXV FKDUDFWHU ZKRVH VH[XDO GULYH FXFNROGLQJ RI 6DWXUQLQXV DQGEUXWDOUHYHQJHSHUIRUPHGDVVH[XDOYLRODWLRQ DUHDOOFUXFLDOO\LQWHUWZLQHG 2IFRXUVH7DPRUD¶VSUHH[LVWLQJUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK$DURQFRQWLQXLQJDVDGXOWHU\ DIWHUPDUULDJHWR6DWXUQLQXV ZLOOVRRQUHYHDOKHUFRPPHQWDVKHDYLO\LURQLFIRU WKHDGXOWHURXV³GLVKRQRXU´WKH³/DVFLYLRXV*RWK´ ZLOOLQGHHGYLVLWXSRQ 6DWXUQLQXVWDNHVWKHFRQFUHWHIRUPRIKHUGHVLUHIRU$DURQDGHVLUHFOHDUO\PDUNHG DV HUUDQW DQG PRQVWURXV 7DPRUD¶V SRLVRQRXV OLFHQWLRXVQHVV LQVWLJDWHV KHU ZDQGHULQJZLWK$DURQLQWKH¿UVWSODFHWKDWFRQYHUJHVDWWKHVLWHRIWKH³DEKRUUqG SLW´ DQGOLNHVRPDQ\ZRPHQSURWDJRQLVWVRIWKHUHYHQJHWUDJHG\JHQUH KHUVH[XDOLW\ZULWHVRXWKHUIXWXUHWUDJHG\LWLVXQVXUSULVLQJWKHQWKDWWKHVFHQH RI/DYLQLD¶VUDSHWDNHVSODFHLQWKHSOD\¶VIDPRXVO\PDOHYROHQWIRUHVWVHWWLQJD IXUWKHUVXJJHVWLRQWKDWDOOPD\KHPFRQYHUJHVLQWKHIHPLQLQH³VZDOORZLQJZRPE  2I WKLV GHHS SLW´ ±  ZKHUH WKH SDUWLHV ZDQGHU SHULORXVO\ WR WKHLU H[WUHPHGHWULPHQW



6HH)DZFHWW¶VFODLPVIRU/DYLQLD¶VUROH$UWKXU//LWWOH-UZULWHVFRPSHOOLQJO\ DERXWTitus AndronicusDQGRQLQVFULSWLRQ¶VLPSRUWDQFHIRUSDLQWLQJVDQGSRHPVGHSLFWLQJ The Rape of LucreceLQKLVERRNRQ6KDNHVSHDUHShakespeare Jungle FeverEXWGRHVQRW WDNHXSWKLVVXEMHFWWKLVZLWKUHJDUGWR7DPRUD  &RPSDUHIRULQVWDQFH%ROLQJEURNH¶VKRQRUL¿FWHUPIRUKLVIDWKHU-RKQRI*DXQW in Richard II ³2 WKRX WKH HDUWKO\ DXWKRU RI P\ EORRG  :KRVH \RXWKIXO VSLULW LQ PH UHJHQHUDWH'RWKZLWKDWZRIROGYLJRXUOLIWPHXS7RUHDFKDWYLFWRU\DERYHP\KHDG´ ±   -XOLH&UDZIRUGH[SODLQVKRZPRQVWURXVELUWKVFRXOGEHYLHZHGDVGLYLQHSXQLVKPHQW IRUYLRODWLRQVRIPDUULDJHFRQWUDFWVLQMarvelous Protestantism II  In Suffocating Mothers-DQHW$GHOPDQH[SRXQGVRQWKHSXQVVKHVHHVLQ³IDXOW´ DQG³IRXWUH´H[SODLQLQJWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHIHPDOH³IDXOW´RUJHQLWDOVDV³IDXOW\´RQH PLJKWVHHDVLPLODUFRPSOH[ORJLFKHUHZLWKWKH³DEKRUUqGSLW¶V´FRQQHFWLRQWR³HUUDUH´LQ WKLVVFHQHLQWKHVHQVHWKDW³WRZDQGHU´DQG³WRHUU´DUHERWKLPSOLHGLQWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI7DPRUD¶VDGXOWHURXV³DEKRUUqGSLW´ZKLFKFRQÀDWHVERWKIHPDOHJHQLWDOVDQGWKHXWHULQH VSDFH)XUWKHUWKHUHLVDQHVWDEOLVKHGFULWLFDOWUDGLWLRQRIVHHLQJ7DPRUDDQGDOVR/DYLQLD DVHPEOHPDWLFDOO\SUHVHQWLQWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHIRUHVW7DPRUDQDUUDWHV± DQG LQ4XLQWXVDQG0DUWLXV¶VFDSWXUHLQWKH³EORRGGULQNLQJSLW´II DQLPDJHRIYLRODWHG YLUJLQLW\LVRIWHQSHUFHLYHGLQWKLV³VXEWOHKROH´ZLWK³QHZVKHGEORRG´DVZHOO6HHIRU LQVWDQFH 0DULRQ :\QQH'DYLHV µ³7KH VZDOORZLQJ ZRPE¶ &RQVXPHG DQG &RQVXPLQJ :RPHQ LQ Titus Andronicus´ Shakespeare’s Tragedies 1HZ &DVHERRNV HG 6XVDQ =LPPHUPDQ +RXQGPLOOV 0DFPLOODQ   ± $OEHUW 7ULFRPL¶V RIWFLWHG HVVD\ ³7KH$HVWKHWLFVRI0XWLODWLRQLQTitus Andronicus´Shakespeare Survey ± DQG/LWWOH-UShakespeare Jungle Fever

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



0DULRQ:\QQH'DYLHVLGHQWL¿HVWKHVWKHSHULRGRITitus’sFRPSRVLWLRQ DVDSDUWLFXODUO\IUDXJKWWLPHIRUDQ[LHWLHVRYHUZKRKDGFRQWURORYHUZRPHQ¶V ZRPEVIUDPLQJWKHVHWHQVLRQVDJDLQVWWKHEDFNGURSRI(OL]DEHWKDQUDSHVWDWXWHV HQDFWHGLQWKDWJDYHZRPHQIXUWKHUFRQWURORYHUVH[XDO³VHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ´ ³&RQWURORIWKHZRPEZDVSDUDPRXQWWRGHWHUPLQLQJDGLUHFWSDWULOLQHDOGHVFHQW DQGZKHQWKLVH[HUFLVHRISRZHUIDLOHGDQGZRPHQGHWHUPLQHGWKHLURZQVH[XDO DSSHWLWHVUHJDUGOHVVRISURFUHDWLRQWKHVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHZDVWKUHDWHQHGZLWKFROODSVH >«@7KHUDSHOHJLVODWLRQZLWKLWVVXJJHVWLRQRIIHPDOHVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ LVDSDUDOOHOYDOLGDWLRQRIWKLVVDPHLQGHSHQGHQWVH[XDOFRQWURO´:\QQH'DYLHV ORFDWHVTitus AndronicusVTXDUHO\ZLWKLQDFXOWXUHSUHRFFXSLHGZLWKVSHFL¿FIRUPV RIFRQWURORYHUIHPDOHVH[XDOLW\DUJXLQJWKDWWKHODZ¶V³YHU\H[LVWHQFHVXJJHVWV D QHHG WR DQVZHU WKH VDPH ZRUU\LQJ FRQFHUQV DERXW ZRPHQ¶V LGHQWLW\ DV WKRVH HYLQFHG LQ Titus Andronicus´ 7KXV ³WKH VLPSOH SUHVHQFH RI UDSH OHJLVODWLRQ DIWHUDFHQWXU\¶VLQDFWLYLW\UHYHDOVDSHDNRILQWHUHVWLQDQGFRQFHUQDERXWVH[XDO DVVDXOW´WKDWEHFRPHVPLUURUHGLQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VSOD\VSHFL¿FDOO\KRZHYHUWKLV FRDOHVFHQFH DOVR ³VXJJHVWV D JUHDWHU VLJQL¿FDWLRQ IRU WKH IHPDOH LGHQWLW\ DV D ZKROHLQODWHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\(QJODQG´,ZRXOGDUJXHWKDWWKHFXOWXUH¶VGXDO IRFXVRQWKHDQDWRP\DQG³FKDUDFWHU´RIWKHZRPE²DQGSHUKDSVHTXDOLQWHUHVWLQ ³VFROGV¶EULGOHV´RUWDPLQJZRPHQ²LVDOVRDSURGXFWRIWKLVSUHVHQWDZDUHQHVV Titus ³WKURZV LQWR VKDUS UHOLHI WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH VH[XDO FRQVWUDLQW DQG VH[XDOVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIZRPHQ´ Titus AndronicusUHSUHVHQWVSHUKDSVWKHPRVWWKRURXJKJRLQJH[DPSOHRI³WKH ZRPE JRQH EDG´ WR UHFDOO )LVVHOO¶V SKUDVLQJ 6KDNHVSHDUH LGHQWL¿HV 7DPRUD² DQGKHU³PDUNHG´RIIVSULQJ²DV³SUHZULWWHQ´WH[WVRUSDOLPSVHVWVTXLWHOLWHUDOO\ ³XQGHUZULWWHQ´ E\ XWHULQH SDWKRORJ\ 6KH VWDQGV DV 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V DEVWUDFW H[SUHVVLRQRIWKH³DXWKRUHG´WH[WVRLGHQWL¿HGE\+LSSRFUDWHVDGRFXPHQWRIVRUWV ZKRVHWUDFHVDUHPHUHO\UHQGHUHGPRUHYLVLEOHE\$DURQZKR³LQNV´KHUQRWRULRXV ³FKDUDFWHU´+LVJOHHIXOH[XOWDWLRQWR³PRXQWKHUSLWFK´JRHVERWKZD\VDOOXGLQJ WRKHUDVFHQWWRWKHWKURQHDQGWRWKHHVVHQWLDOPRUDOEODFNQHVVRIKHUVH[XDOLW\ $FFRUGLQJO\LIZHVHH$DURQDQG7DPRUD¶VELUDFLDOEDE\FRQFHLYHGGXULQJWKHLU RQJRLQJ DGXOWHURXV UHODWLRQVKLS DV LQGHHG WKH HSLWRPH RI 7DPRUD¶V EHLQJ WKH ³DXWKRU WR GLVKRQRXU´ 6DWXUQLQXV WKHQ WKHUH LV QR PRUH DSSURSULDWH DXWKRU RI 

:\QQH'DYLHV :\QQH'DYLHV  :\QQH'DYLHV6KHFRQFOXGHVWKDWUDSHODZVUHYHDODQLQFUHDVLQJDZDUHQHVVRI WKHVXEMHFWVWDWXVRIZRPHQZKHWKHUWKLVLV¿QDOO\HQGRUVHGE\TitusRUQRW  :\QQH'DYLHV  &KDUQH\OLNHPDQ\FULWLFVVHHV$DURQDVWKHPRUHSRZHUIXOSDUW\KHFRPPHQWV WKHUHIRUH RQO\ RQ WKH ³GRXEOH HQWHQGUH´ EHKLQG WKH PHDQLQJ RI ³SLWFK´ IRU $DURQ KH ZLOOµPRXQWDORIW¶ZLWKKLVLPSHULDOPLVWUHVVDQGKHZLOODOVRµPRXQWKHUSLWFK¶³3LWFK¶LV OLWHUDOO\DWHUPIURPIDOFRQU\PHDQLQJWKHDSH[RUDÀLJKW>«@%XWµPRXQW¶LVDOVRDYXOJDU WHUPIRUµFRSXODWH¶HVSHFLDOO\DPRQJDQLPDOV5LJKWDIWHUZDUGV$DURQLVERDVWLQJWKDWKH KROGV7DPRUDSULVRQHUµIHWWHUHGLQDPRURXVFKDLQV¶>«@$DURQKDVFKDUPHGKHUDQGVKH ZLOOFKDUP6DWXUQLQXVLPSO\LQJWKDW$DURQKDVWKHJUHDWHUSRZHU´  

“The Ink of Lovers”



WKDW LQIDQW WKDQ7DPRUD¶V IDPRXV ³DEKRUUqG SLW´ WKDW FRQFHLYHV ERWK GHVLUH DQG WZRVHWVRISHUKDSVLQFUHDVLQJO\ SURGLJLRXVRIIVSULQJ%HOLHYHGQRXULVKHGE\D KLJKO\UH¿QHGIRUPRIEORRGZLWKLQWKHZRPEVRIWKHPRWKHUVZKRDXWKRUWKHP LQIDQWVPLJKWWKXVEHWKHXOWLPDWHYHUVLRQVRI³EORRGOHWWHUV´,WLVWKXVWHPSWLQJ RQFH PRUH WR UHJDUG WKH ³ÀRZHULQJ´ IHWXV LQ -DQH 6KDUS¶V DQG RWKHU PLGZLIHU\ ZRUNVDVLIWKH\GHSLFWHGDQLPDJHRIWKHLQIDQWin uteroFRQWDLQHGZLWKLQWKHSDJHV RUOHDYHVRIDWH[W²LQWKLVFDVHSURGLJLRXVSURGXFWLRQ :KHUH *DOHQLF KXPRUDO WKHRU\ PDLQWDLQHG WKDW WKH FROG ZHW WHPSHUDPHQW RI WKH IHPDOH ERG\ OHIW ZRPHQ¶V PLQGV VRIW DQG LPSUHVVLRQDEOH WR WKH OLWHUDO LPSULQWLQJRILGHDVOLNHWUDFHVOHIWLQZD[7DPRUD¶VHDV\DGXOWHURXVFRQVRUWLQJ ZLWK WKH HYLO EODFN$DURQ FRQYH\V ERWK KHU HVVHQWLDO ZHDNQHVV DQG KHU ERG\¶V ³LPSULQWLQJ´ E\ KLP %RWK SDUWLHV¶ LPSXUH DGPL[WXUH RU ³DGXOWHU\´ EHFRPHV OLWHUDOL]HGLQWKH¿JXUHRIWKHELUDFLDOLQIDQWWKHPL[HGSURGXFWRIWKLVSROOXWHG OLDLVRQWKDWLVLQGHHGD³EORRGOHWWHU´FRDXWKRUHGE\WKHWZRYLOODLQV³7KLVEDE\ LVZULWWHQRQLWVFRORUµEODFN«DVORDWKVRPHDVDWRDG¶ GHPRQVWUDWHV$DURQ¶V SDWHUQLW\µWK\VWDPSWK\VHDO¶´ %XWQRWPHUHO\$DURQ¶V³VWDPS´LPSULQWVRQWKHLQIDQW¶VIDFHVLQFHWKHEDE\¶V FUHDWLRQLVDVPXFK7DPRUD¶VDV$DURQ¶VGHVSLWHKHUGLVFODLPLQJWKHLQIDQWDQG WKH EDE\¶V FRORU EHLQJ UHSRUWHG DV EODFN PLUURULQJ LWV IDWKHU¶V FRPSOH[LRQ$V )UDQFHVFD5R\VWHUSXWVLW³7KHEDE\SK\VLFDOO\PDQLIHVWVWKHXQFHUWDLQW\DERXW 7DPRUD´ :\QQH'DYLHV FRQFXUV ³%\ HPSKDVL]LQJ WKH LOOHJLWLPDWH IUXLWV RI IHPDOHUDWKHUWKDQPDOHVH[XDOWUDQVJUHVVLRQWKHSOD\DSSHDUVWRKROGJXLOW\WKHOXVW

 5H¿QHGEORRGLVWKHPDWWHUWKDWVXVWDLQVIHWXVHVin uteroWKRXJKWKLVEORRGLVOHVV SXUHWKDQPDOHEORRGDQGPDOHVSHUP6HHDOVRQEHORZ:KLOHKHUH,DPFRQVLGHULQJ LQIDQWVDORQHDVPHWDSKRULFDOH[DPSOHVRI³EORRGOHWWHUV´RWKHUDEVWUDFWLRQVDUHSRVVLEOH )RULQVWDQFHZHPLJKWLPDJLQH/DG\0DFEHWK¶VIUDQWLFDWWHPSWVWRFOHDQVHKHUKDQGVRIWKH LPDJLQDU\EORRGVWDLQLQJKHUKDQGVDVDQRWKHUIRUPRI³LPSULQWLQJ´RIJXLOWXSRQKHUWKDW LVGLVWLQFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRKHUUHTXHVWWRWKHVSLULWVWREORFNXSKHUPHQVWUXDOSDVVDJHV$GG WRWKLVKHUIDPRXVO\PLVVLQJFKLOGUHQDQGKHU³VSRWWHG´KDQGVEHFRPHFRPSOH[LPDJHVRI FRPSOLFLW\LQWKHPXUGHUWKDWDUJXDEO\VKH³ELUWKV´DQGVH[XDOSDWKRORJ\WKDW³XQGHUZULWHV´ KHUFRQFHSWLRQRI'XQFDQ¶VPXUGHU%ORRGPXUGHUXWHULQHSDWKRORJ\DQGELUWKLQJDOOORRN YHU\FORVHO\UHODWHGLQ/DG\0DFEHWK¶VFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ6HH&KDSWHUIXUWKHU  7KHLPSUHVVLRQDEOHZD[PHWDSKRULVDFRPPRQSODFHRIPHGLFDODQGRWKHUOLWHUDWXUH 6HH:DFNII  )DZFHWW,QWKHDGXOWHURXV7DPRUDZHPLJKWDOVRUHFDOOSULRUFULWLFV¶GLVFXVVLRQ RIWKHQXDQFHVEHKLQGWKHPHDQLQJRI³DGXOWHU\´LQSOD\VVXFKDVHamlet  6HH )UDQFHVFD 5R\VWHU µ³:KLWHOLPHG:DOOV¶:KLWHQHVV DQG *RWKLF ([WUHPLVP LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VTitus Andronicus´Shakespeare Quarterly:LQWHU ± :KLOHVKHLVIDUPRUHV\PSDWKHWLFDOO\SRUWUD\HGWKDQ7DPRUDZHPLJKWDOVRVHHThe 'XFKHVVRI0DO¿¶V'XFKHVVDQGKHUSUHJQDQWERG\DVKHUO\FDQWKURSLFEURWKHU)HUGLQDQG GRHVDVWKHEUHHGLQJJURXQGRIFRQWDPLQDWLRQ)HUGLQDQGEHOLHYHVKHUIHWXVLVPDGHRXWRI KHUFRUUXSWHGEORRGDQG:HEVWHUGHSLFWVKHUVXIIHULQJIURPWKH³PRWKHU´6HHDOVR&DOEL¶V DQDO\VLVII

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



RIZRPHQUDWKHUWKDQRIPHQIRUDQ\VRFLDOEUHDNGRZQ´*LYHQWKDW7DPRUD¶VWZR H[HFUDEOHVRQV&KLURQDQG'HPHWULXVDUHIDWKHUHGE\anotherPDQSUHYLRXVO\ZH KDYHHYLGHQFHWKDW7DPRUD¶VEDGVH[XDOLW\DQGLWVUHSURGXFWLRQSUHFHGHVWKHDIIDLU ZLWK$DURQ²KHUOLFHQWLRXVQHVVLVDSSDUHQWO\LQKHULWHGE\&KLURQDQG'HPHWULXV DV WKH SURSHQVLW\ WR UDSH ,Q WKLV ZD\$DURQ¶V ³LGHD´ KHOSV WR UHDOL]H WKH UDSH EXW DSSDUHQWO\ GRHV QRW H[DFWO\ FUHDWH WKH FRQGLWLRQV IRU LW KRZHYHU PDOLFLRXV KLVSRUWUD\DO&KLURQDQG'HPHWULXVLQIDFWSODLQO\UHÀHFWWKHLURULJLQVZLWKLQ DÀDZHG³DXWKRU´³:KHQSOHDGLQJZLWK7DPRUD¶VVRQV>/DYLQLD@WULHVWR¿QGD GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPDQGWKHLUPRWKHUµHYHU\PRWKHUEUHHGVQRWVRQVDOLNH¶´ «@7DPRUD¶V ZKLWHQHVVLVREOLWHUDWHGIURPWKHFKLOG¶VµSLFWXUH¶RQFHWKHSK\VLFDODFWVRIFRQFHSWLRQDQG FKLOGELUWKDUHFRPSOHWHG´ VKHFRQWLQXHVRQKRZHYHUWRVD\WKDW³LWLVWKHWUDFHRIKHU FRH[LVWHQFHLQWKHFKLOG¶VERG\WKDWLVKLGGHQDQGLVLQLWVHOIDQDFWRIFRQVSLUDF\´,QWKLV VHQVHWKHQ7DPRUD¶VWUDFHVUHPDLQSHUKDSVQRWHYLGHQWEXWDVDSDOLPSVHVW  )DZFHWW

“The Ink of Lovers”



UDSLQJ/DYLQLDQHYHUWKHOHVV6KDNHVSHDUHUHVHUYHVWKHDXWKRUL]DWLRQRIWKHDFWLRQ IRU7DPRUDPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\LQWKHVHQVHRIOLWHUDOO\ELUWKLQJWKHP²DJDLQWKH VRQV¶ SDWHUQLW\ LV LUUHOHYDQW LQ RUGHU WR VWUHVV 7DPRUD¶V ZRPE¶V SURGXFWLRQ RI WKHPWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHRULJLQRIWKHLUGHSORUDEOHFULPHVZLWKLQ³WKHPRWKHU´² DQGLQWKHVHQVHRIKHUDSSURYDORIWKHLUFRQGXFW/DYLQLDKHUVHOISHUFHLYHVWKDWLW LV7DPRUD¶V³ZUDWK´WKDWKDVEHHQ³WDXJKW´KHUVRQVDQGWUDQVPLWWHGLQEUHDVWPLON WKHPRVWUH¿QHGYDULHW\RI³IXQJLEOH´EORRGDORQJZLWKVSHUP³WKHPLONWKRX VXFNHG¶VWIURPKHUGLGWXUQWRPDUEOH(YHQDWWK\WHDWWKRXKDGVWWK\W\UDQQ\´ ±  $SSDUHQWO\FDXJKWXSLQWKHKHDWRIWKHPRPHQW$DURQKDVLQIRUPHGKHURI WKH SODQ WR UDSH /DYLQLD  7DPRUD DWWHPSWV WR GLVSDWFK /DYLQLD EHIRUH WKH UDSH FDQKDSSHQHPSOR\LQJWKHVDPHODQJXDJHWKDW&KDSPDQ¶VSOD\ZLOOVRRQVKRZ 0RQWVXUU\GLUHFWLQJDW7DP\UD³*LYHPHWKHSRQLDUG«@7KLVFKDOOHQJHWRUHOLJLRXV IDLWKLVVSHFL¿FDOO\WH[WXDO(UURXUSURGXFHVEDGWH[WVDVVKHVSHZVYRPLWµIXOORI ERRNHVDQGSDSHUV¶DQGVSDZQVRIIVSULQJµEODFNHDVLQNH¶>«@,QFKDUDFWHUL]LQJ (UURXU¶VPDWHUQLW\DVDEDGWH[WXDOUHSURGXFWLRQ6SHQVHUUHPLQGVKLVUHDGHUVRI WKHEUHHGLQJRIIDOVHGRFWULQHWKDWRFFXUVLQWH[WVVXFKDVWKHµPRQVWURXV¶0DUWLQ 0DUSUHODWHWUDFWV>«@WKH(UURXUHSLVRGHHQJDJHVFRQWHPSRUDU\IDQWDVLHVDERXW ZRPHQXVXUSLQJWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOSDUWRISURFUHDWLRQ

,QGHHGVLPLODUWR(UURXU¶VVSHZLQJRXWVSXULRXVWH[WV7DPRUD¶VJUHDWHUUROHOLHVLQ ³SXEOLVKLQJ´YHUVLRQVHGLWLRQVLIQRWSUHFLVHO\FRSLHV RIKHUFRUUXSWVHOIDXWKRUHG E\KHU³DEKRUUqGSLW´ RU³KHOOLVKVLQNH´²³VLQN´EHLQJDIUHTXHQWO\XWLOL]HG DOWHUQDWHWHUPIRU+LSSRFUDWLFPHGLFLQH¶VFLWDWLRQRIWKHZRPEDVWKHURRWRIDOO LOOV²EXWVKHGRHVQRWWDNHDOLWHUDOO\DFWLYHKDQGLQFRPPLWWLQJUHYHQJHDJDLQVWWKH 

%UHDVWPLONEHLQJZKLWHLVWKHPRVWKLJKO\UH¿QHGIRUPRIEORRG6HHDOVRQ

DERYH  7KH OLQHV RI FRXUVH SUHVDJH &RULRODQXV¶V IDPRXVO\ ZUDWKIXO DQG XQIRUJLYLQJ PRWKHU9ROXPQLDZKRWHOOVKHUVRQ³7K\YDOLDQWQHVVZDVPLQHWKRXVXFNHG¶VWLWIURP PH´   6SLOOHU



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

$QGURQLFL:KHWKHU6KDNHVSHDUH¶VSOD\ZLWKLWVLPSUHFLVHGDWHRIFRPSRVLWLRQ RUWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKH¿UVWIHZERRNVRI6SHQVHU¶VHSLFSUHFHGHVWKHRWKHUWKHVH ZRUNVDUHDOOFOHDUO\LQGLDORJXHDERXWDVLPLODUVHWRIFRQFHUQVOLQNLQJWH[WXDOWR VH[XDO UH SURGXFWLRQ WKRXJK GUDPD LV PRVW IRFXVHG RQ WKH PRWLI RI WKH EORRG OHWWHUIRULWVLQKHUHQWFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHDWULFDOLVP,HVWDEOLVKHGHDUOLHU Publishing/Imprinting $V6SLOOHUVHHVLVLQGLFDWHGLQ6SHQVHU¶VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI³PRQVWURXVRIIVSULQJ´ EHLQJ³WKHSURGXFWRIZRPHQ¶VLGHDV´7DPRUD¶VEODFNEDE\DOVRUHFDOOVSRSXODU PHGLFDO P\WKV DERXW WKH IXQFWLRQ RI DQ HUUDQW PRWKHU¶V LPDJLQDWLRQ LQ VKDSLQJ KHUEDE\¶VSK\VLRORJ\0DU\)OR\G:LOVRQZULWHV³(DUO\PRGHUQWH[WVDERXQG ZLWK UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH SRZHU RI D PRWKHU¶V LPDJLQDWLRQ GXULQJ FRQFHSWLRQ DQG SUHJQDQF\ DV H[SODQDWLRQV IRU ELUWKPDUNV DQG WKH ELUWK RI PRQVWHUV´ ³7KH QRWRULRXV LPSUHVVLRQDELOLW\ RI WKH IHPDOH PLQG GXH WR KHU H[FHVVLYH PRLVWXUH  ZDVW\SLFDOO\FKDUJHGZLWKSURGXFLQJLUUHJXODULWLHVLQELUWKV´,QKLVIDQWDVWLFDO OXULGO\LOOXVWUDWHGDes monstres et prodiges $PEURLVH3DUpOLVWVWKHUHDVRQV  6HH5LYLqUH¶VSKUDVLQJIRUWKHXWHUXVDVWKH³6LQNRU&RPPRQ6KRDUZKHUHXQWRWKH UHVWRIWKHSDUWVRIWKH%RG\GLVEXUGHQWKHPVHOYHV´*JJr   -&UDZIRUGKDVZULWWHQDERXWKRZVWRULHVRIPRQVWURXVELUWKVZHUHXVHGDV³WRROV IRUGLVSDUDWHPHVVDJHVRIVRFLDOUHIRUP´YLL VHUYLQJYDULRXVLGHRORJLFDOHQGVLQ3URWHVWDQW (QJODQG³$FHQWUDODUJXPHQWRIWKLVERRNLVWKDWIRUDOPRVWDOOHDUO\PRGHUQSHRSOHWKH ELUWKRIDPRQVWHUDPRUELGV\PSWRPVLJQDOHGDFULVLVLQWKHUHSURGXFWLRQRIUHOLJLRXVDQG VRFLDOQRUPVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQV´ 6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHVWRU\RI A certaine relatione of the hog-faced gentlewoman called Mistris Tanaakin Skinker, who was borne at Wirkham a neuter towne betweene the Emperour and the Hollander, scituate on the river Rhyne Who was bewitched in her mothers wombe in the yeare 1618./RQGRQ :KHUH:\QQH 'DYLHVVHHVTitusSUHRFFXSLHGZLWKPDWWHUVWRGRZLWKZRPHQ¶VDJHQF\DQGFRQWHPSRUDU\ UDSH ODZV &UDZIRUG H[SODLQV KRZ ³WKHVH VWRULHV GUDZ FRUUHVSRQGHQFHV EHWZHHQ PRQVWURVLW\DQGVSHFL¿FZRPHQ¶VEHKDYLRUVSDUWLFXODUO\DVWKH\SHUWDLQWRFRQWURYHUVLDO SRVW5HIRUPDWLRQ GHEDWHV RYHU WKH OHJLWLPDWH IRUPV RI PDUULDJH DQG UHSURGXFWLRQ´   &OHDUO\WKHSRSXODULW\RISURGLJLRXVELUWKVWRULHVUHSURGXFHGRQEURDGVKHHWVDQGLQPHGLFDO WH[WVLQGLFDWHVWKHFXOWXUH¶VWURXEOHGUHODWLRQVKLSWRIHPDOHVH[XDOLW\DQGDQDWRP\DFURVVD ZLGHUDQJHRIH[SUHVVLRQ  )OR\G:LOVRQQ  )OR\G:LOVRQ  Q  6HH DOVR %LFNV Midwiving Subjects  Q  7KHVH VWRULHVDUHWUDFHDEOHEDFNWR+HOLRGRUXVLQGLVFXVVLQJ6LU7KRPDV%URZQH¶VPseudodoxia Epidemica )OR\G:LOVRQFRPPHQWV

$VIDUDV,DPDZDUH%URZQHLVWKH¿UVWZULWHUWRFRQVLGHUPDWHUQDOLPDJLQDWLRQ DVWKHoriginaryVRXUFHRIEODFNQHVVDQGLQVRGRLQJKHUHFDWHJRUL]HVLWDVD PDUYHO0DWHUQDOLPSUHVVLRQVSURGXFHGDQRPDOLHV²KDLU\RUEHDVWOLNHSHRSOH µPRQVWHUV¶DQGVWUDQJHELUWKPDUNV²SKHQRPHQDWKDWZHUHPRVWRIWHQDWWULEXWHG WRWKHZDQGHULQJWKRXJKWVDQGLQFRQVWDQWDSSHWLWHVRIFRQFHLYLQJRUSUHJQDQW ZRPHQ «@ LQGLFDWHV RQH FRXOG MXVW DV HDVLO\ FRQVWUXH µZKLWHQHVV¶LQWKHVDPHWHUPV

“The Ink of Lovers”



IRUPRQVWURXVELUWKV²³7KHUHDUHUHFNRQHGXSPDQ\FDXVHVRIPRQVWHUV´²ZLWK WKH ¿IWK UHDVRQ EHLQJ ³WKH IRUFH DQG HI¿FDF\ RI LPDJLQDWLRQ´ In addition to WKH UROH RI LPDJLQDWLRQ VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ SK\VLFLDQ /HYLQXV /HPQLXV FODLPV PRQVWURXVELUWKV³KDSSHQIURPIDXOW\FRQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH:RPEIURP¿OWK\FRUUXSW VHHGDQGGLVRUGHUO\FRSXODWLRQ´-DQH6KDUS¶VDQG3DUp¶VYROXPHVUHWHOOVRPH RIWKHPRVWSRSXODUWDOHVDERXWPRQVWURXVRIIVSULQJVXFKDVWKH³5DYHQQD´DQG ³.UDNRZ´PRQVWHUVWKH³KDLU\YLUJLQ´DQGWKH³IURJIDFHG´FKLOG³WHVWLI\>LQJ@WR DKHLJKWHQHGDQGPRUHXUJHQWLQWHUHVWLQSURGLJLHVLQWKHODWHU¿IWHHQWKDQGHDUO\ VL[WHHQWKFHQWXULHV´6WRULHVRIZRPHQELUWKLQJEODFNRUKDLU\LQIDQWVDIWHUVLPSO\ ORRNLQJDWPHQZLWKWKHVHELRORJLFDOWUDLWVDUHDOVRFRPPRQSODFHLQREVWHWULFDODQG J\QHFRORJLFDOWUDFWVOLQNLQJWZRIRUPVRIIHPDOHLPSUHVVLRQDEOHQHVVWKHKXPRUDO DQGWKHLPDJLQDWLYH%LFNVH[SODLQV³$SUHJQDQWZRPDQFRXOGVKDSHWKHIHWXVVKH FDUULHGZKHQVKHVDZRULPDJLQHGFHUWDLQLPDJHVWKDWLPSULQWHGRQWRLWVERG\VKH DOVRFRXOGFRQIRXQGSDWHUQLW\E\WKLQNLQJRIDPDQRWKHUWKDQKHUKXVEDQGDWWKH WLPH RI FRQFHSWLRQ RU ZRUVH LPDJLQH KHU KXVEDQG ZKLOH FKHDWLQJ RQ KLP ´ *XLOOHPHDXFDXWLRQVZRPHQDJDLQVWEHLQJRSHQWRKDUPIXOLQÀXHQFHV³GLVFUHHW ZRPHQDQGVXFKDVGHVLUHWRKDYHFKLOGUHQZLOOQRWJLYHHDUHXQWRODPHQWDEOHDQG IHDUHIXOOWDOHVRUVWRU\HVQRUFDVWWKHLUH\HVXSRQSLFWXUHVRUSHUVRQVZKLFKDUH XJOLHRUGHIRUPHGOHDVWWKHLPDJLQDWLRQLPSULQWRQWKHFKLOGWKHVLPLOLWXGHRIWKH VDLGSHUVRQRUSLFWXUH´$V-XOLH&UDZIRUGSXWVLW³,WLVwomenZKRVHDFWVDQG EHKDYLRUVSURGXFHGPRQVWHUV´ $FFRUGLQJWRWKLVPRGHORIWUDQVIHUHQFHWKHLPSULQWLQJRI$DURQ¶VEODFNQHVV XSRQ WKH EDE\¶V ERG\ RFFXUV SRWHQWLDOO\ DV D UHVXOW RI WKH RSHUDWLRQV RI WKH PDWHUQDO LPDJLQDWLRQ RU YLVXDOL]DWLRQ HIIHFWLYHO\ DOLJQLQJ SUR FUHDWLYH SRZHU ZLWK7DPRUD¶V DELOLW\ WR WUDQVIRUP$DURQ¶V EODFNQHVV LQWR D PDWHULDO SURGXFW D 0DULH+pOqQH +XHW Monstrous Imagination &DPEULGJH +DUYDUG 83   FLWHV (PSHGRFOHV DV WKH RULJLQ RI ³RQH RI WKH PRVW SRSXODU EHOLHIV LQ WKH VWXG\ RI SURFUHDWLRQ´   5HSULQWHGLQ$PEURLVH3DUpWorkes/RQGRQ 0PPPY0PPPr)RUWKH FRPSOHWHWUDQVODWLRQRIWKH)UHQFKZRUNVHHOn Monsters and MarvelsWUDQV-DQLV/ 3DOOLVWHU&KLFDJRDQG/RQGRQ8RI&KLFDJR3 8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGTXRWDWLRQV are from Workes  )RU DQDO\VLV RI 3DUp¶V FDXVHV RI PRQVWURVLW\ VHH .DWKDULQH 3DUN DQG /RUUDLQH-'DVWRQWonders and the Order of Nature 1150±17501HZKHU@EORRG´KHUEURWKHU0HODQWLXV FODLPV KHUERG\EHDULQJWKHLPSULPDWXURIWKHVH[XDOFULPHVVKHGH¿DQWO\ HYHQSURXGO\DFNQRZOHGJHVLQWKHYLROHQWFRQIURQWDWLRQZLWKKLPLQ$FW³0\ IDXOWV VLU , ZRXOG KDYH \RX NQRZ , FDUH QRW  ,I WKH\ ZHUH ZULWWHQ KHUH LQ P\ IRUHKHDG´± 0HODQWLXVUHSOLHVIXUWKHULQJWKHPHWDSKRU³7K\ERG\LVWRR OLWWOHIRUWKHVWRU\7KHOXVWVRIZKLFKZRXOG¿OODQRWKHUZRPDQ7KRXJKVKHKDG WZLQVZLWKLQKHU´±  %HDXPRQWDQG)OHWFKHUVWDJH(YDGQHDQG0HODQWLXV¶VDOWHUFDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR ZKDWZHPLJKWQRZUHFRJQL]HDVDIDPLOLDUIRUPXODWKHSOD\IRUJHVLPPHGLDWH SDUDOOHOV WR The Spanish Tragedy DQG HYHQ PRUH SRLQWHGO\ WR Bussy D’Ambois $OO EXW TXRWLQJ 7DP\UD DQG 0RQWVXUU\¶V HDUOLHU VFHQH 0HODQWLXV WKUHDWHQV WR ³SXEOLVK´ (YDGQH¶V ZKRULVKQHVV RU PDNH OHJLEOH ZLWK KLV VZRUG LQ EUDQGV WKH DXWKRU WKDW DOUHDG\ XQGHUZULWHV KHU VR WKDW RWKHUV PD\ ³UHDG´ KHU ³LI WKRX FRQIHVVHQRWQDNHGDVWKRXKDVWOHIW7KLQHKRQRXUZLOO,OHDYHWKHH7KDWRQ WK\EUDQGHGÀHVKWKHZRUOGPD\UHDGH7K\EODFNHVKDPHDQGP\MXVWLFH´±  $PLQWRU KDV DOUHDG\ VDLG ZRUGV WR WKLV VDPH HIIHFW XSRQ KLV GLVFRYHU\ RI (YDGQH¶VFRPSURPLVHGVWDWH³RQWK\ÀHVK,¶OOSULQWDWKRXVDQGZRUGVWROHWRXW OLIH´±  The Maid’s Tragedy VHHPV WR ERUURZ LQVSLUDWLRQ IURP WKH VDPH LPDJHU\ RI IHPDOH³LPSULQWLQJ´DQGDXWKRUVKLSDVWKHPRUHOLWHUDOH[DPSOHVRIEORRGOHWWHU ZULWLQJ:HPLJKWHYHQUHDG(YDGQH¶VEOHHGLQJRIWKHNLQJDV\HWDQRWKHUYHUVLRQ RIWKHEORRGOHWWHUPRWLIWKDW%HDXPRQWDQG)OHWFKHUH[SDQGRQ7KDWLVHYHQLI $PLQWRUFDQQRW¿QGWKHZLOOWRRYHUZULWH(YDGQH¶VFRPSURPLVHG³ÀHVK´ZLWKKLV ³SULQWLQJ´0HODQWLXVGRHVNLOOLQJWKHNLQJLVDPHVVDJH0HODQWLXVVHQGVWKURXJK WKHPHGLXPRI(YDGQHWKH³OHWWHU´$VLVQRZW\SLFDOZLWKWKHVHSOD\VIHDWXULQJWKH EORRGOHWWHUPRWLI0HODQWLXVUHPRYHVIURPKHUWKHGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVRI³DXWKRULQJ´ WKHUHYHQJHHYHQWKRXJKLWLVE\KHUKDQGWKHNLQJGLHVE\³SK\VLFNH7RWHPSHU >KLV@KLJKHYHLQHV´± %XW(YDGQH¶VKXVEDQG$PLQWRUIDLOVWRUHFRJQL]H 0HODQWLXV¶V³KDQG´DVLWZHUHXQGHUZULWLQJKHUPXUGHURIWKHNLQJDQGDVVDLOVKHU ³WRDXJPHQWP\ZRHKHU@KDQG´ $VDOLWHUDO³OHWWHU´RIUR\DOEORRGDQGPRVWSRLQWHGO\ VLPLODU SHUKDSV WR %HOLPSHULD (YDGQH LV JXDUDQWHHG WR EH IDWDOO\ PLVUHDG E\ WKRVHZKRPDWWHUHYHQDVVKHDFFRPSOLVKHVKHUEURWKHU¶VJRDOWRGLVSDWFKWKHNLQJ (YDGQHLVFRQVFULSWHGHIIHFWLYHO\WRDGHDGOHWWHURI¿FHVRWRVSHDN

 $OO TXRWHV IURP )UDQFLV %HDXPRQW DQG -RKQ )OHWFKHU The Maid’s Tragedy HG $QGUHZ*XUU)RXQWDLQZHOO'UDPD%HUNHOH\DQG/RV$QJHOHV8RI&DOLIRUQLD3 

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



Deposing ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore UHFDVWVVLJQL¿FDQWHOHPHQWVIURPBussy D’Ambois LQWZRSDUDOOHOVFHQHV¿UVWZKHUH6RUDQ]RFRQIURQWV$QQDEHOODIRUKHULQ¿GHOLWLHV DQG QH[W ZKHQ $QQDEHOOD ZULWHV KHU EORRG OHWWHU %RWK )RUG¶V DQG &KDSPDQ¶V SOD\VIHDWXUHWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQVFHQHDVDQLQFUHDVLQJO\YLROHQWHQFRXQWHULQZKLFK WKH KXVEDQG WKUHDWHQV RU DWWDFNV KLV UHVSHFWLYH ZLIH /LNH 7DP\UD$QQDEHOOD LVGLVFRYHUHGLQDQDGXOWHURXVDIIDLUEXW)RUGXSVWKHDQWHRQ&KDSPDQ¶VPRUH FRQYHQWLRQDO DGXOWHU\ DV $QQDEHOOD¶V OLDLVRQ ERWK SUHFHGHV KHU PDUULDJH WR 6RUDQ]RWKXVPDNLQJDPRFNHU\RIWKHLUFRQWUDFW DQGLVLQFHVWXRXVWHFKQLFDOO\ VKH FRPPLWV DGXOWHU\ ZLWK 6RUDQ]R and ZLWK KHU EURWKHU *LRYDQQL DQ DFWLRQ VXJJHVWLYHO\OLQNHGWRWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ)RUGSURYLGHVRI$QQDEHOOD¶V³¿WV´ 8QOLNH *LRYDQQL SURQH WR WRUWXUHG ³GLVSXWDWLRQV´ FOHDUO\ PHDQW WR ULYDO +DPOHW¶VDQGEXLOGRQ9LQGLFH¶VH[FHVVHVLQThe Revenger’s Tragedy$QQDEHOODLV QRWUHSUHVHQWHGDVFDXJKWXSLQDQ\VLJQL¿FDQWPRUDOFRQÀLFWDERXWHPEDUNLQJXSRQ LQFHVW³7KRXKDVWZRQ7KH¿HOGDQGQHYHUIRXJKWZKDWWKRXKDVWXUJHG0\ FDSWLYHKHDUWKDGORQJDJRUHVROYHG´± +HUQRWDEO\XQLQWHOOHFWXDOL]HG VLQLVGHSLFWHGDVIDUPRUHSULPDU\LQRULJLQWKDQ*LRYDQQL¶VDQGKLVLVIXUWKHU PHGLDWHGE\KLVDSSDUHQW³'LVWUDFWLRQ´ 6RUDQ]RDVVDLOVWKH³KRWLWFKDQG SOHXULV\RIOXVW´DQG³VXUIHLW´WKDWKDVOHGWR$QQDEHOOD¶V³KH\GD\RI>«@OX[XU\´ DQG ³OXVWEHOHSHUHG´ VWDWH   7KDW *LRYDQQL¶V GLVSXWDWLRQV PD\ RQO\ SDUWLDOO\ UDWLRQDOL]H WKH PRUDOLW\ RI LQFHVW²RU SHUKDSV FRPSULVH D FODVVLF H[DPSOHRIhamartiaRUWUDJLFKHURLVP²LV¿QDOO\ODUJHO\LUUHOHYDQWIRU7KRPDV (OOLFH¶V FRPPHQGDWRU\ HSLVWOH WR WKH SOD\ H[WHQGV LWV FRPPHQGDWLRQV SUHFLVHO\ WR *LRYDQQL RSLQLQJ RQ KLV ³ORYH XQEODPHG´ $W OHDVW RQH YLHZHU VHHPV WR 

0F/XVNLH PDNHV WKH VDPH FRPPHQW DERXW )RUG¶V DQG &KDSPDQ¶V WH[WV   6HH.DWKOHHQ0F/XVNLHRenaissance Dramatists$WODQWLF+LJKODQGV1-+XPDQLWLHV3 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO   $OOSOD\TXRWHVWDNHQIURP-RKQ)RUG‘Tis Pity She’s a WhoreHG%ULDQ0RUULV /RQGRQ$ &%ODFN    7KRPDV(OOLFH¶V³7R0\)ULHQGWKH$XWKRU´LQWHUSUHWVWKHSOD\DFFRUGLQJO\ :LWKDGPLUDWLRQ,EHKHOGWKLV:KRUH $GRUQHGZLWKEHDXW\VXFKDVPLJKWUHVWRUH  +HU*LRYDQQLLQKLVORYHXQEODPHG      6HFXUH 5HVWWKRXWKDWWK\QDPHKHUHLQVKDOOHQGXUH 7RWK¶HQGRIDJHDQG$QQDEHOODEH *ORULRXVO\IDLUHYHQLQKHULQIDP\±±  (OOLFHLVXQDPELJXRXVDERXWZKLFKSDUW\LVWREHFRQVLGHUHG³LQIDPRXV´HYHQLIJORULRXV DQGZKLFK³XQEODPHG´DORQJVWULFWJHQGHUOLQHV(OOLFH¶VOHWWHUDSSHDUVLQµTis Pity She’s a WhoreHG%ULDQ0RUULV 

“The Ink of Lovers”



VKDUHWKH&DUGLQDO¶VYLHZRI$QQDEHOOD¶V³LQIDP\´DQRWRULRXVVKDPHVKHKHUVHOI DQWLFLSDWHVLURQLFDOO\ %HFDXVH$QQDEHOODZLOOQRWQDPHKHUORYHU6RUDQ]R¶V0DFKLDYHOOLDQVHUYDQW DQGFRQVSLUDWRU9DVTXHVLVHPSOR\HGWRVLIWKLPRXW,QDQRWKHULURQLFDOEHLWREOLTXH UHIHUHQFHWRWKHPHGLFDOPHWDSKRURIWKHZRPE¶VUROHLQZULWLQJWKHERRNRQWKH ³LQQXPHUDEOH &DODPLWLHV´ RI IHPDOH SDWKRORJ\ 9DVTXHV VXPPDUL]HV 6RUDQ]R¶V LQWHQWLRQV³-RUGHQ@ZDVLJQRUDQWWKDW&DUGDQ XSRQIXUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQLQWKDWPDWWHUDIWHUZDUGKDWKSXWXVRXWRITXHVWLRQWKDW LWZDVE\WKHZRUNHRIWKHGLYHOO´ %UDGZHOO¶VGLVVDWLVIDFWLRQFRQFHUQVZKDWKHSHUFHLYHVDV-RUGHQ¶VPDQLSXODWLRQ RIWKH³DXWKRUVKLS´TXHVWLRQVSHFL¿FDOO\,QKLVH\HVWKH³VWRULH´&DUGDQRWHOOVLV PLVUHSUHVHQWHG E\ -RUGHQ EHFDXVH WKH ZRPDQ¶V V\PSWRPV DUH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH ZURQJ DXWKRU WR WKH QDWXUDO XWHULQH FDXVHV HVWDEOLVKHG E\ FODVVLFDO PHGLFLQH  ZKHQ DXWKRUVKLSEHORQJVWUXO\WRDVXSHUQDWXUDO DJHQW0RUH DFFXUDWHO\ -RUGHQ GRHVQRW¿QDOO\GHQ\WKDWWKHGHYLOFRXOGDOVR³XQGHUZULWH´SDWKRORJLFDOV\PSWRPV DVDQ³H[WHUQDOOFDXVH´EXWKHOLPLWVWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHGHYLOWRDIIHFWXWHULQH IXQFWLRQ,QWKLVVHQVHWKHQZKHWKHURUQRWWKHGHYLOPD\UHJLVWHUVRPHHIIHFW RQWKHIHPDOHERG\IRU-RUGHQWKHZRPE¶VRUJDQLFRSHUDWLRQVFRQVLVWHQWO\H[HUW PRUHLQÀXHQFHRQZRPHQ¶VVRPDWLFKHDOWK 6XFKGLVFRXQWLQJRIWKHVXSHUQDWXUDODVDQH[SODQDWLRQIRUXWHULQHDIÀLFWLRQKDV PDUNHGDQGEURDGUDQJLQJUDPL¿FDWLRQVIRUHDUO\PRGHUQ(QJOLVKFXOWXUHKHOSLQJ WR FUHDWH D GHYHORSLQJ SHUFHSWLRQ RI K\VWHULFDO DLOPHQWV HVSHFLDOO\ hysterica passioDVDOVRHVVHQWLDOO\theatricalLQQDWXUH,QWKHFKDSWHUWKDWIROORZV,WXUQ IURPDEVWUDFWIRUPVRI³DXWKRUVKLS´WRLQYHVWLJDWLQJWKH³WKHDWHU´DQGSROLWLFVRI hysterica passio LQ JUHDWHUGHSWKUHWXUQLQJWR WKHHDUO\PRGHUQVWDJH¶V ³DUWIXO´ UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ VFHQHV WKDW SRLQWHGO\ LQWHUURJDWH ZKHWKHU UDLVLQJ ZRPHQ IURP D VWDWH RI RQO\ DSSDUHQW GHDWK LV D ODZIXO RU XQODZIXO RI¿FH²D ³PLUDFOH´ RU WKH GHYLO¶VDXWKRUVKLS



%UDGZHOOUSWLQ0DF'RQDOG7KHOEDQGHGQ GH¿QHVWKHREVROHWH GHQRWDWLRQIRU³DXFWKRU´DVWKH³LQYHQWRUFRQVWUXFWRURUIRXQGHU>«@RIWKLQJVPDWHULDO´ DPRQJ RWKHUV 7KH OED DOVR FRPPHQWV RQ WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ SHULRG¶V HW\PRORJLFDO FRQIXVLRQDQGFRQÀDWLRQRI³DXWKRU´DQG³DFWRU´  -RUGHQ%r

&KDSWHU

³0RFNHGZLWK$UW´DQG3OD\LQJ'HDG 7KH7KHDWULFVRIHysterica Passio (LWKHU+HUPLRQHGLHGDQGZDVUHVXUUHFWHGLQPDUEOHRUHOVHVKHVSHQWVL[WHHQ \HDUVLQDJDUGHQVKHGRQWKHJURXQGVRIKHUKXVEDQG¶VSDODFH>«@:K\FRXOG +HUPLRQHQRWKDYHHPHUJHGIURPDFRQYHQLHQWO\SODFHGFRQYHQWOLNHWKHDEEHVV in The Comedy of Errors RU ZK\ FRXOG QRW 3DXOLQD KDYH UHVWRUHG +HUPLRQH GLUHFWO\DV3URVSHURUHVWRUHV$ORQVRDQG)HUGLQDQGWRHDFKRWKHULQThe Tempest RUZK\FRXOGQRW+HUPLRQHKDYHUHVWRUHGKHUVHOIDV5RVDOLQGGRHVLQAs You Like It":K\LQVKRUWUXQVXFKULVNVZLWKGUDPDWLFYHULVLPLOLWXGH" ²/HRQDUG%DUNDQ )RUWKLVRQFH6KDNHVSHDUHTXLWHGHOLEHUDWHO\VHWRXWWRWULFNKLVDXGLHQFH ²$QGUHZ*XUU

/HRQDUG %DUNDQ¶V ZU\ H[DVSHUDWLRQ DERXW +HUPLRQH¶V UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ DW WKH HQG of The Winter’s Tale UDLVHV D QXPEHU RI VLJQL¿FDQW TXHVWLRQV DERXW WKHVH NLQGV RIHSLVRGHVLQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VODWHUSOD\V)DUPRUHSRSXODUDVXEMHFWIRUFULWLFDO VSHFXODWLRQWKDQLWVFORVHFRXVLQPericlesWKHSOD\¶V¿QDOVFHQHKDVUDLVHGPDQ\DQ DXGLHQFH¶VKDFNOHV0RUHSRLQWHGO\WKHFDVHWKDQIRUDQ\RWKHUSOD\6KDNHVSHDUH VHHPV WR ZLWKKROG FUXFLDO NQRZOHGJH WKDW ZRXOG DVVLVW XV LQ IRUHVHHLQJ WKH TXHHQ¶VUHYLYDODVDVWRQ\VWDWXHLQVXOWLQJRXUH[SHFWDWLRQVIRU³YHULVLPLOLWXGH´ HYHQLQDURPDQFH RULQWKHYHLQRIDJRRGGHWHFWLYHVWRU\SHUFHLYLQJWKDWVKH KDV QRW UHDOO\ EHHQ GHDG IRU  \HDUV EXW OLYLQJ LQ D JDUGHQ VKHG DOO DORQJ In DWWHPSWLQJWRDQVZHU³ZK\EULQJ+HUPLRQHEDFN"´DQG³ZK\GRLWLQthisZD\"´ FULWLFV KDYH PLQHG 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V NQRZQ VRXUFH PDWHULDO FODVVLFDO P\WKRORJ\ 2YLGLDQOLWHUDWXUH5HQDLVVDQFHSKLORVRSKLHVRIDUWDQGQDWXUH5HIRUPDWLRQDQG &DWKROLFWKHRORJ\DQGPDQ\PRUHWKHRUHWLFDODQGKXPDQLVWWUDGLWLRQVLQVHDUFK RIVDWLVIDFWRU\DQVZHUV:KHUHLQ&KDSWHU,SURSRVHGWREHOLWHUDOPLQGHGDERXW DVNLQJZK\6KDNHVSHDUHJLYHVDSDWHQWO\ZRPDQ¶VGLVHDVHWRDPDOHPRQDUFKQRZ 

 $QHDUOLHUVKRUWHUYHUVLRQRIVRPHSDUWVRIWKLVFKDSWHUDSSHDUHGDV³3HUIRUPLQJ $UWV+\VWHULFDO'LVHDVH([RUFLVPDQG6KDNHVSHDUH¶V7KHDWHU´LQDisease, Diagnosis, and Cure on the Early Modern StageHG6WHSKDQLH0RVVDQG.DDUD/3HWHUVRQ%XUOLQJWRQ 97DQG$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH ±  ,Q WKH VHFRQG HSLJUDSK DERYH *XUU HFKRHV WKLV VHQWLPHQW ³The Winter’s Tale LV DOPRVWXQLTXHDPRQJ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VFRPHG\HQGLQJVLQLWV%HDXPRQWDQG)OHWFKHULDQQRW WR VD\$JDWKD &KULVWLH  VXUSULVH DW WKH FRQFOXVLRQ´   , VKRXOG DOVR QRWH WKDW *XUU¶V HVVD\³7KH%HDUWKH6WDWXHDQG+\VWHULDLQThe Winter’s Tale´Shakespeare Quarterly :LQWHU ±LVQRWFRQFHUQHGZLWKHDUO\PRGHUQFRQVWUXFWVRIK\VWHULFDO GLVRUGHURUHYHQPXFKZLWK³K\VWHULD´



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

DV,UHWXUQRQFHPRUHWRWKHVXEMHFWRIWKHUHYLYL¿FDWLRQPRWLI,ZLVKWRUHFRQVLGHU VRPH RI RXU IXQGDPHQWDO SUHPLVHV DQG DVVXPSWLRQV DERXW WKH SOD\ ZKHQ WKH DXGLHQFHLVOHGE\3DXOLQDWREHOLHYHWKDW+HUPLRQHLVGHDGDWWKHFRQFOXVLRQRI WKHWULDOVFHQHDQG\HWZHVHH+HUPLRQHOLYLQJDJDLQLQWKHVWDWXHVFHQHZK\QHHG ZHDVVXPHWKHVHDUHLQFRPPHQVXUDEOHVLQLVWHURUPLUDFXORXVDFWV"+HUPLRQH¶V VFHQH VLWXDWHG LQ D ³ZLQWU\´ VHWWLQJ VHUYHV DV WKH GHSDUWXUH IRU WKLV FKDSWHU¶V GLVFXVVLRQ RI hysterica passio’s SHUFHLYHG OLNHQHVV WR VWDWHV RI KLEHUQDWLRQ DQG IRU D GHHSHU DQDO\VLV RI ZKDW IXUWKHU PHDQLQJV WKH ³DUWIXO´ VWDWXH VFHQH ZRXOG KDYH FRPPXQLFDWHG WR LWV DXGLHQFHV The Winter’s Tale UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ VFHQH LV WKHNH\WRJUDVSLQJDJUHDWGHDOPRUHDERXWZKDWHDUO\PRGHUQLQGLYLGXDOV²DQG 6KDNHVSHDUHVSHFL¿FDOO\²WKRXJKWDERXWWKHFRQWURYHUVLHVVXUURXQGLQJhysterica passioLQWKHLUFXOWXUHDQGPRUHRYHULQIXVLQJWKHLUSROLWLFV +LVWRULFDOO\WKHVWDWXHVFHQHKDVVXJJHVWHGWRFULWLFVRI6KDNHVSHDUHVHYHUDO NQRWW\LQWHUSUHWLYHVWDWHPHQWVDERXWWKHQDWXUHRIOLIHDQGGHDWKDUWDQGUHDOLW\ DUWDQGPDJLFHDFKLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVXJJHVWHGE\WKHSOD\¶VDOWHUQDWHO\IDQWDVWLFDO RUPLPHWLFHOHPHQWV$V%DUNDQSXWVLW³6KDNHVSHDUH¶VGHQRXHPHQWDOVRLQYROYHV KLPLQVRPHYHU\KLJKOHYHOVRILPSUREDELOLW\²HYHQIRUWKHZRUOGRIURPDQFH´ EXW-+33DIIRUGQRWHVLQKLV$UGHQHGLWLRQRIWKHSOD\³WKHVWURQJZHERIUHDOLVP UXQQLQJWKURXJKWKHZDUSRIURPDQFH´8VXDOO\WKH³DUWL¿FHYVUHDOLW\´FUX[UXQV LQWKHIROORZLQJGLUHFWLRQGRHVDGHDG+HUPLRQHDFWXDOO\YLYLI\LQWKHIRUPRID VWDWXHH[HFXWHGE\-XOLR5RPDQRDPLUDFOHRIPLPHWLFDUWWULXPSKLQJRYHUWKH OLPLWVRIUHDOLW\"'RHV+HUPLRQHVXUYLYHKHUFROODSVHLQWKHWULDOVFHQHDQGUHPDLQ LQKLGLQJIRU\HDUVZLWK3DXOLQD¶VDVVLVWDQFHUHXQLWLQJZLWK/HRQWHVRQO\E\ SUHWHQGLQJ WR EH D VWDWXH" ,V +HUPLRQH UHVXUUHFWHG IURP GHDWK WKDQNV WR GLYLQH SURYLGHQFH²RUWR3DXOLQD¶VVRUFHU\"6FKRODUVKDYHYDULRXVO\VRXJKWWRGLVFRYHU 6KDNHVSHDUH¶VYLHZVRQZKHWKHU3DXOLQDVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDZLWFKPLGZLIH RUGRFWRUVLQFHVKHLVWKHLQVWLJDWRURI+HUPLRQH¶VUH DQLPDWLRQZKRFRQVLVWHQWO\ FDOOVDWWHQWLRQWRWKH³XQPDJLFDO´RUQRQWKDXPDWXUJLFDODVSHFWVRIKHUDFWLRQV 7DNLQJ D VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW WDFN , SURSRVH LQVWHDG WKDW WKH VFHQH¶V PRVW LQWHUHVWLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQOLHVLQLWVHPEHGGHGQHVVZLWKLQWKHQDUUDWLYHVDERXWFDVHV  %DUNDQFRQWLQXHVEHPXVHGO\³(LWKHU+HUPLRQHGLHGDQGZDVUHVXUUHFWHGLQPDUEOH RUHOVHVKHVSHQWVL[WHHQ\HDUVLQDJDUGHQVKHGRQWKHJURXQGVRIKHUKXVEDQG¶VSDODFHD VROLWXGHEURNHQRQO\E\GDLO\YLVLWVIURPKHUSURWHFWUHVV²RUMDLOHU"²3DXOLQDDOOWKHZKLOH WKDWWKLVVDPHZRUWK\ODG\ZDVHQFRXUDJLQJ/HRQWHVLQWRGHHSHUSDUR[\VPVRIJULHIRYHU KDYLQJLQHIIHFWNLOOHGKLVZLIH,UHVWDWHWKHVHIDPLOLDUSHUSOH[LWLHVRIWKHSOD\¶VQDUUDWLYHDV DUHPLQGHUWKDWWKHVL[WHHQ\HDUDEVHQFHRI+HUPLRQHLVGLVWLQFWIURPWKHPRWLIRIWKHVWDWXH FRPLQJWROLIH´ %DUNDQVXUYH\VPDQ\RIWKHXVXDOREMHFWLRQVWR6KDNHVSHDUH¶VSORW DQGUHFRJQL]HVWKDWWKHUHYLYL¿FDWLRQVFHQDULRLVQRWXQXVXDOIRU6KDNHVSHDUH²³LWLVFOHDU WKDWWKHPRWLIRIWKHVWDWXHFRPLQJWROLIHZDVDOLYHDQGZHOOLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHRI6KDNHVSHDUH¶V WLPH´ ²EXWWKHHVVD\SXUVXHVDGLIIHUHQWOLQHRIDUJXPHQW+HSRLQWVRXW³WKHLPSDFW DQGPHDQLQJRIWKHSOD\GHSHQGXSRQWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIDVWDWXHWKDWFRPHVWROLIH´  6HH µ³/LYLQJ 6FXOSWXUHV¶ 2YLG 0LFKHODQJHOR DQG The Winter’s Tale´ English Literary History:LQWHU ±  3DIIRUG¶VYLHZLVOHVVFRPPRQSODFHLQKLVLQWURGXFWLRQWRThe Winter’s TaleHG -+33DIIRUG7KH$UGHQ6KDNHVSHDUH/RQGRQDQG1HZVKH@KDVJRWVWUHQJWKRIOLPLW´± $GGLWLRQDOVRPDWLFVWUHVVHV PRXQWLQWKHDQQRXQFHPHQWRI0DPLOOLXV¶VGHDWKWKHIDFWRIKHUEHLQJ³KXUULHG +HUHWRWKLVSODFH,¶WK¶RSHQDLU´DQGKHU³FKLOGELUWKSULYLOHJH>EHLQJ@GHQLHG ZKLFKORQJV7RZRPHQRIDOOIDVKLRQ´±± WKHODWWHUWZRGDQJHURXV H[FHSWLRQV WR WKH UXOH RI SURORQJHG ³O\LQJ LQ´ SHULRGV QRUPDOO\ REVHUYHG LQ PHGLFDOWH[WVDQGRFFDVLRQDOO\GHSLFWHGLQSHULRGGUDPD0LGGOHWRQ¶VVFHQHVLQ A Chaste Maid in CheapsideIRURQH $V,KDYHGLVFXVVHGZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH 'XFKHVVRI0DO¿DQG7KDLVDWKRXJKhysterica passioFDVHVZHUHWKRXJKWPRUH UDUHLQWKHUHFHQWO\GHOLYHUHGDVRSSRVHGWRRWKHUK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWV PHGLFDO ZULWHUV¶SHUVSHFWLYHVRQWKLVDUHQRWVRULJLGDVWRGLVDOORZFRQWUDGLFWLRQVZKHUH FRQYHQLHQW,WKLQNZHPD\DVVXPH6KDNHVSHDUHHQYLVLRQVK\VWHULFDOSDWKRORJ\ &DVHERRNV HG $OLVRQ 7KRUQH +DPSVKLUH 3DOJUDYH 0DFPLOODQ   ± /\QQ (QWHUOLQH ³µ«@7KHZULQNOHVRI+HUPLRQHV\PEROL]HWKHDFFHSWDQFHRI WHPSRUDOLW\ DQG LQ WKH VSLULW RI UHVLJQHG DFFHSWDQFH >«@ WLPH LV ERWK FRQTXHULQJ DQG FRQTXHUHG´    2I FRXUVH , DP DUJXLQJ WKDW +HUPLRQH¶V VLJQV RI DJLQJ DUH OHVV V\PEROLFWKDQUHDOLVWLFGHSLFWLRQVDVGRHV/LYLQJVWRQ

“Mocked with Art” and Playing Dead



LOOXVWUDWLRQRIJUDSHVVROLIHOLNHWKDWELUGVZHUHWULFNHGLQWRSHFNLQJDWWKHP,QWKLV ZD\ZHVHH+HUPLRQH¶VUHDOUHWXUQWROLIHDVDQH[SUHVVLRQWKHHSLWRPHRIDUW¶V SRZHUWRLQFDUQDWHWRFUHDWHPLPHVLV$V0DU\/LYLQJVWRQVWDWHV³7KHVWDWXH¶V FRPLQJDOLYHHQDFWVGUDPDWLFDOO\WKHWKHRU\RIDUWLPSOLHGLQ3ROL[HQHV¶VGHIHQVH RIDUWWKHPDJLFPHWDPRUSKRVLVRIµVWRQH¶LQWROLIHV\PEROL]HVWKHZRUNLQJVRI WKHDUWZKLFKµLWVHOILVQDWXUH¶>«@3DUDGR[LFDOO\WKHVWRQHLPLWDWLRQFDQEHPRUH DOLYHPRUHµQDWXUDO¶WKDQVHHPLQJO\OLYLQJVWRQ\KHDUWHGPHQ´ %XWDYLVLRQRIWKHgenuinelyLQFDUQDWLQJSRZHURIDQDUWLVWIRUDQDUWZRUNLV LQWHQGHG MXVW DV SDURGLFDOO\ DV WKH IRUHFORVHGXSRQ SRVVLELOLW\ RI D SURYLGHQWLDO PLUDFOHEHLQJUHVSRQVLEOHIRU+HUPLRQH¶VUHYLYL¿FDWLRQWKHPHVVDJHRI+HUPLRQH¶V FKDUDGHLVFRQFHLYHGDVWKHDZDNHQLQJRIDVXIIRFDWHGK\VWHULF³KLEHUQDWLQJ´XQWLO WKHWLPHIRUKHUUHUHFHSWLRQE\KHUSHQLWHQWVSRXVHLVQLJKQRWDVDUHDOPLUDFOH of stone artworkFRPLQJDOLYH,QWKHZD\WKDW3ROL[HQHV¶VYLVLRQRIWKHHVVHQWLDO QDWXUDOQHVVRIWKHPDQLSXODWLRQVRIDUWFDQEHVHHQDVDGHIHQVHRIWKHDWULFDODUWRU 6KDNHVSHDUH¶VYHU\RZQSUDFWLFH VR+HUPLRQH¶VUHDQLPDWLRQUHPLQGVXV¿QDOO\ WKDWZKLOHLWLVVWDJHGDVDWULXPSKRIDUWDQGD³VWDWXHVFHQH´UHYLYL¿FDWLRQLV VLPLODUO\QRWVXSHUQDWXUDOQRUEH\RQGWKHERXQGVRIQDWXUHEXW¿UPO\FRQWDLQHG ZLWKLQWKHQDWXUDOSUDFWLFHVRIVNLOOHGLQGLYLGXDOVDEOHWRWUDQVIRUPRQO\apparent VWDWHVRIEHLQJ7UXWKDQG¿FWLRQDUHHTXDOO\VWUDQJH ,Q VRPH JHQXLQHO\ FRPLFDO PRPHQWV RIWHQ RYHUORRNHG HVSHFLDOO\ E\ FULWLFV ZKRDQWLFLSDWHDUHDOPLUDFOH3DXOLQDDWWHPSWVWRGLVVXDGH/HRQWHVIURPWRXFKLQJ WKHVWDWXHEHFDXVHRILWV³XQ¿QLVKHG´FRPSRVLWLRQRIREYLRXVO\UHDOERG\SDUWV 3DXOLQD   2SDWLHQFH  7KHVWDWXHLVEXWQHZO\¿[HGWKHFRORU¶V  1RWGU\  «««««««    ,¶OOGUDZWKHFXUWDLQ  0\ORUG¶VDOPRVWVRIDUWUDQVSRUWHGWKDW  +H¶OOWKLQNDQRQLWOLYHV  «««««««  /HWQRPDQPRFNPH /HRQWHV  )RU,ZLOONLVVKHU 3DXOLQD  *RRGP\ORUGIRUEHDU  7KHUXGGLQHVVXSRQKHUOLSLVZHW  Leontes touches her@   2VKH¶VZDUP /HRQWHV  ,IWKLVEHPDJLFOHWLWEHDQDUW  /DZIXODVHDWLQJ 3ROL[HQHV  6KHHPEUDFHVKLP &DPLOOR 6KHKDQJVDERXWKLVQHFN  ,IVKHSHUWDLQWROLIHOHWKHUVSHDNWRR 3ROL[HQHV$\DQGPDNHLWPDQLIHVWZKHUHVKHKDVOLYHG  2UKRZVWRO¶QIURPWKHGHDG 3DXOLQD   7KDWVKHLVOLYLQJ  :HUHLWEXWWROG\RXVKRXOGEHKRRWHGDW  /LNHDQROGWDOHEXWLWDSSHDUVVKHOLYHV>@±±

“Mocked with Art” and Playing Dead



3ROL[HQHV¶V LQLWLDO UHTXHVW IRU UHYHDOPHQW WR ³PDNH LW PDQLIHVW´ VHHPV WR PH SUHPLVHGRQKLVDSSUDLVDOWKDWZKDWKHKDVZLWQHVVHGLVDQLQQRYDWLYHELWRIWKHDWHU KHDSSUHFLDWHVVKHKDVEHHQOLYLQJHOVHZKHUHIRU\HDUVDQGWKDWZKDWKHKDV MXVWVHHQZDVQRWDrealUHYLYDO EXWWKHQKHLQGLFDWHVWKHDOWHUQDWLYHDYDLODEOHWR KLPWKDW³VWHDOLQJ´+HUPLRQHIURPGHDWKPXVWKDYHRFFXUUHG²RQO\HDUOLHU+LV ¿UVWFRPPHQWVXJJHVWVWKHVHFRQGLVHTXDOO\UDWLRQDOWKDWKHLVQRWHQWHUWDLQLQJD P\VWLFDOH[SODQDWLRQVKHZDVUHYLYHGIURPDmoribundVWDWHEXWQRWUHDOO\HYHU LUUHPHGLDEO\ dead3DXOLQD¶VUHSO\WRWKHHIIHFWRI³,I,RQO\WROG\RXKRZVKH FDPHWREHOLYLQJ\RX¶GODXJKLQFUHGXORXVO\MXVWDV\RXZRXOGDWRXWGDWHGWDOHV KRZHYHUJLYHQWKDW\RXFDQVHHVKHLVDOLYH«´ VXJJHVWVWKDWULVLEOHROGWDOHVKDYH \HWVRPHWKLQJWRWHOO 7KHODVWH[FKDQJHEHWZHHQ3ROL[HQHVDQG3DXOLQDLVSUHPLVHGGLVWLQFWO\XSRQ DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI +HUPLRQH¶V UHYLYDO DV D VHFXODU PHGLFDO IHDW ZKHQHYHU LW KDSSHQV7KHVFHQH¶VRFFDVLRQLQWKH³FKDSHO´LVQRGRXEWFKRVHQE\3DXOLQDWR SURYLGHWKHULJKWVHWWLQJWRVWUHVVWKH³ODZIXOQHVV´RIKHUDFWLRQEXWWKHVHWWLQJ GRHV QRW PDNH ZKDW WUDQVSLUHV D PLUDFOH ,QVWHDG WKH VHWWLQJ LV SDUW RI WKH VFHQH¶V KXPRU -XOLD 5HLQKDUW /XSWRQ SRLQWV RXW WKDW WKH FKDSHO FRQQHFWHG WR -XOLR5RPDQR¶VFUHDWLRQLVQRWHYHQQHFHVVDULO\LPEXHGZLWKUHOLJLRXVPHDQLQJ 5RPDQR¶VUHSXWDWLRQIRUIDVKLRQLQJ³WKHDWULFDOVSDFHVIRUVFXOSWXUH´PDNHVKLP D³VWUDQJHO\¿WWLQJFDQGLGDWHIRUKLVUROHDVWKHPDNHURID¿FWLYHVWDWXH>«@WKH HYRFDWLRQ RI µ-XOLR 5RPDQR¶ SUHSDUHV XV WR WDNH WKH DFWRU¶V OLYLQJ ERG\ DV WKH VWRQ\UHSOLFDRI+HUPLRQH´ZKR³RQO\VHHPVWREHDVWDWXHFRPHWROLIH´%XW LIDPLUDFOHGRHVQRWKDSSHQZLWKLQWKHFKDSHOQHLWKHUGRHVWKHVSHFWHURIHYLO 3DXOLQDRQO\PRFNLQJO\FDOOVDWWHQWLRQWRWKHXQIROGLQJHYHQWVWKHZRPHQVWDJHDV  ,UHDOL]HRIFRXUVHWKHUHLVQRUHDO³VFHQH´RIUHYLYL¿FDWLRQWDNLQJSODFH³RIIVWDJH´ PHUHO\ WKDW WKHUH LV LPSOLHG DFWLRQ UHIHUUHG WR LQ YDULRXV WXUQV RI WKH RQJRLQJ GLDORJXH 3HUKDSV6KDNHVSHDUHWKLQNVRIVRPHRQHHOVHDVUHYLYLQJ+HUPLRQHWKRXJKPRVWFULWLFV¶ DVVLJQLQJYDULRXVUROHVRIFDUHWDNHUWR3DXOLQDPDNHVVHQVH  /LNH PDQ\ RWKHUV %XOORXJK VHHV WKH UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ DV IDU IURP DQ LQYRFDWLRQ RI D PLUDFOH ³6LPLODUO\ WKH UHDSSHDUDQFH RI +HUPLRQH GLVJXLVHG DV D VWDWXH ZLWK DOO LWV DVVRFLDWLRQVRI3\JPDOLRQ¶VLPDJHDQG$OFHVWLV¶VUHWXUQIURPWKHGHDGGRHVQRWWXUQWKH SOD\ LQWR DQ DOOHJRU\ RI UHVXUUHFWLRQ´   VHH *HRIIUH\ %XOORXJK HG Narrative and Dramatic Sources of ShakespeareYRO9,,/RQGRQDQG+HQOH\1HZWKHVFHQH@²DV ZDV RQFH PRUH IDPLOLDU²DV D WUDQVODWHG PRPHQW RI UHOLJLRXV UHVXUUHFWLRQ >«@ >7KHUH LV@DVHQVHRIWKLVWKHDWHUDVLQFRPSHWLWLRQZLWKUHOLJLRQDVLIGHFODULQJLWVHOIUHOLJLRQ¶V VXFFHVVRU>«@7KHUHVXUUHFWLRQRIWKHZRPDQLVWKHDWULFDOO\DFODLPWKDWWKHFRPSRVHU RI WKLV SOD\ LV LQ FRPPDQG RI DQ DUW WKDW EULQJV ZRUGV WR OLIH RU YLFH YHUVD´   VHH Disowning Knowledge in Six Plays of Shakespeare&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83   /XSWRQ6KHZULWHV³,Q6KDNHVSHDUH¶VSOD\WKHQDPHRIµ-XOLR5RPDQR¶ DVVRFLDWHGZLWKVWDWXHVUXLQVDQGLGROVERWKDQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQFUHDWHVWKHQLFKHWKH FRQFHSWXDO DQG WKHDWULFDO VSDFH LQ ZKLFK ZH FDQ EHOLHYH WKDW WKH DFWRU LV µUHDOO\¶ D VWDWXH´ 

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



DQH[DPSOHRI³PDJLF´ZKHQLQRWKHULQVWDQFHVGHPRQLFKHOOUDLVLQJPLJKWZHOO KDYHEHHQLQGLFDWHGWRDQDXGLHQFHZDWFKLQJDZRPDQWKH\EHOLHYHGGHDGFRPH DOLYHDXGLHQFHVRIKing LearIRULQVWDQFHDV&KDSWHUKDVH[SORUHGLQGHSWK %DVHGRQ3DXOLQD¶VFDXWLRQVWR/HRQWHVQRWWRWRXFK³ZHWSDLQW´DORQH,ZRXOG DUJXHWKDWKHUFDOOLQJDWWHQWLRQWRWKHSURFHHGLQJVDVnotGHPRQLFIDLOVWRUHÀHFWD VHULRXVDQ[LHW\RQKHUSDUWWKDWUHYLYLQJZRPHQIURPWKHGHDGZLOOEHSHUFHLYHG DV³KHOOUDLVLQJ´DQGWKLVLVHYHQGHVSLWH/HRQWHV¶VFDOOLQJKHUDZLWFK\HDUV HDUOLHU ,QVWHDGWKHVFHQHDVVXPHVWKDWWKLVYHU\TXHVWLRQ²WKDWLWFRXOGHYHQEH asked²LVQRZDQLQWULQVLFSDUWRIWKHKXPRURUZKDW-|UJ+DVOHUFDOOV3DXOLQD¶V ³FR\O\ LURQLF SOD\DFWLQJ´ 6KDNHVSHDUH GRHV UHSUHVHQW 3DXOLQD ³GUDZ>LQJ@ FDUHIXOOLQHVDURXQGKHUVWDJHFUDIWWRGLVWLQJXLVKLWIURPGHPRQLFDUW´EXWWKLVLV QRWEHFDXVH³IHDU´GULYHVKHURU6KDNHVSHDUHWR³VHSDUDWHDQGFRQWDLQWKHGHPRQLF SRZHUVRIWKHZLWFKQDUUDWRU>WR@GLVFORVHWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHFRQWLQXLQJWKUHDWRI WKHSRZHURIZRPHQ¶VWDOHV´&RQYHUVHO\3DXOLQD¶VPRFNKHOOUDLVLQJFHOHEUDWHV MXVWWKHUHDOLW\RI³ROGWDOHV´DORQJZLWKWKHLPSRVVLELOLW\RIWKDXPDWXUJ\ In other ZRUGVWKHOLWHUDOLVPRSHUDWLQJEHKLQGWKHVFHQH¶VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDK\VWHULFDO UHYLYL¿FDWLRQREYLDWHVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI3DXOLQD¶VDFWLRQVEHLQJWUXO\VXEYHUVLYH DSDUWSHUKDSVIURPDZRPDQ¶VRUFKHVWUDWLQJWKHSURFHHGLQJVLQVWHDGRIDPDOH ¿JXUH VDQFWLRQHG E\ PHGLFDO DXWKRULW\ VXFK DV &HULPRQ QHYHUWKHOHVV VKH DUWLFXODWHVWKHPRVWVWDQGDUGFODVVLFDOPHGLFDOEHOLHIVDQGP\WKVLQHDUO\PRGHUQ PHGLFLQHDQGFXOWXUHDOOWKHZKLOHVKHSDURGLHVWKDXPDWXUJ\ 

/HRQWHVGRHVDFFXVHKHURIEHLQJ³DPDQNLQGZLWFK´ GXULQJKHUVSLULWHG GHIHQVH RI WKH LQIDQW 3HUGLWD¶V SDWULPRQ\ EXW SULPDULO\ KH DFFXVHV KHU RI WUHDVRQ ,W LV WUXHWKDWDFFXVDWLRQVRIZLWFKFUDIWZHUHIUHTXHQWO\VSHFLRXVVWLOOKHGRHVQRWSXUVXHWKLV FKDUJH3DXOLQD¶VVXEVHTXHQWFKDOOHQJHVWRKLPDOVRUHÀHFWWKHGLVFRXUVHRIW\UDQQ\DQGWKH SXQLVKPHQWRIWUDLWRUVUDWKHUWKDQWHVWVWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUVKHSUDFWLFHGZLWFKFUDIW$ VHULRXVWKUHDWFRQQHFWHGWRVRUFHU\GRHVQRWVHHPWREHDWRWDOL]LQJIRFXVLQWKHSOD\DSDUW IURP6KDNHVSHDUH¶VSDURG\LQJRIVRUFHU\RUWKDXPDWXUJ\LQWKHVWDWXHUHYLYDOVFHQH1RU LV+HUPLRQH¶VUHYLYDOWREHUHDG,WKLQNDVDQ\WKLQJEXWDSDURG\RIGHPRQLFYHUVLRQVRI ³HFVWDWLF´SRVVHVVLRQRUVSLULWXDOLW\6HH6DUDK)HUEHUDemonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern France/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH ZKRGLVFXVVHV³WKHUDSWXUHVRIHFVWDWLFV´ ZLWK VLPLODU µ³IDOOLQJ DV LI GHDG¶´ EHKDYLRU   6HH DOVR .LUVWLH *XOLFN 5RVHQ¿HOG ³1XUVLQJ 1RWKLQJ:LWFKFUDIW DQG )HPDOH 6H[XDOLW\ LQ The Winter’s Tale´ Mosaic  0DUFK ±IRURQHIRUDGLIIHUHQWYLHZ  +DVOHUVHHV3DXOLQD¶VDFWLRQVDQGGLVSRVLWLRQLQODUJHO\WKHVDPHWHUPV,GRWKRXJK KHGRHVQRWH[SODLQZK\3DXOLQD³HODERUDWHDQGLURQLFFRTXHWU\>«@FRQFHUQLQJKHUVWDWXH´ LVEXLOWLQWRWKHSOD\ -|UJ+DVOHU³5RPDQFHLQWKH7KHDWHU7KH6WDJHFUDIWRIWKH µ6WDWXH6FHQH¶LQThe Winter’s Tale´Shakespeare, Man of the TheaterHG.HQQHWK0XLU -D\/+DOLR'-3DOPHU1HZDUN'($VVRFLDWHG83 ±  /DPE,GHSDUWIURP/DPE¶VIUDPLQJRIWKHVFHQHSV\FKRDQDO\WLFDOO\DVDGHDGO\ VHULRXVFKDOOHQJHWRPDVFXOLQHDXWKRULW\WKDWPXVWEHUHFRQWDLQHG,WKLQNWKHFRPHG\RIWKH VFHQH¶VOLWHUDOLVWSUHPLVHLVWKHPRUHVDOLHQWSRLQW  *RVVHWWQRWHVLQWKH$UGHQPericlesWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRSOD\V³&HULPRQ DVVXUHVKLVDXGLWRUVWKDWQRWKLQJVXSHUQDWXUDODFFRXQWVIRUWKHUHYLYDOOLNH3DXOLQDKHZDQWV WRµSURWHVWDJDLQVW¶DQ\LPSOLFDWLRQWKDWKHLVµDVVLVWHG%\ZLFNHGSRZHUV¶´OQ± 

“Mocked with Art” and Playing Dead



7DOHV RI UHYLYL¿FDWLRQV DUH DSSDUHQWO\ URXWLQH HQRXJK WKDW WKH HQDFWLQJ RI RQH FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG RQ FRPSOH[ PXOWLSOH OHYHOV PRFNHG DV WKHDWHU ZKHQ D IDNH UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ LV SHUFHLYHG WR WDNH SODFH LQ WKH VWDWXH VFHQH EXW LQGHHG DOVR VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ XQGHUVWRRG DV WKH UHDO HYHQW WKDW WUDQVSLUHG DQG UHVXOWHG LQ +HUPLRQH¶V ³VWHDOLQJ´ IURP GHDWK LQ WKH ¿UVW SODFH:H DUH MXVW QRW SULY\ WR WKDWUHYLYDODVZHZHUH7KDLVD¶V7KDWLVWKHUHYLYL¿FDWLRQLVUHDOEXWWKHQHHGWR GLIIHUHQWLDWHLWIURPP\VWLFLVPRUDPLUDFOHLVWKHVXEVWDQFHRIWKHVFHQH¶VMRNH WKHUHYLYL¿FDWLRQLVUHDOEXWXQGHUVWRRGDVSDURGLHGLQWKLVSDUWLFXODULQVWDQFHRI WKHZRPHQ¶VWHDVLQJWKHDWHUEHFDXVHLWKDVDOUHDG\KDSSHQHGDWVRPHHDUOLHUSRLQW EHIRUHWKHIXOO\HDUVHODSVH9LHZHGIURPWKHYDQWDJHSRLQWRIDFXOWXUHZKRVH SK\VLFLDQVUHYLYLI\K\VWHULFVRXUDPXVHPHQWDW3DXOLQD¶VFDXWLRQWR/HRQWHVQRW WRGLVWXUEWKH³ZHWSDLQW´RQ+HUPLRQH¶VIDFHVKRXOGQRWEHDQ\JUHDWHUWKDQWKH QRWLRQKHUDFWLRQVFRXOGEHFRQVWUXHGDVSRWHQWLDOO\GHPRQLF 6RLWLVHQWLUHO\SODXVLEOHWKDW6KDNHVSHDUHLQWHQGV3DXOLQDWRWHOOWKHWUXWKZKHQ VKHVWDWHVWKDW+HUPLRQHLVGHDGLQDQGMXVWDVUHDVRQDEOHWKDWWKHDXGLHQFH FRXOGEHOLHYH+HUPLRQHUHYLYHVIURPVXSSRVHGGHDWKHVSHFLDOO\WKRVHZKROLNHG ³ROGWDOHV´ 7KLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDOVRJRHVDORQJZD\WRZDUGVSXWWLQJWRUHVW\HW DQRWKHUFULWLFDOFUX[RUZK\,WKLQN+HUPLRQH¶VGHDWKLVSHUFHLYHGQRWRULRXVO\DV withheldIURPWKHDXGLHQFHIRUDPRGHUQGD\DXGLHQFHKHUGHDWKDQGODUJHO\  XQDQWLFLSDWHGUHYLYDOis6KDNHVSHDUH¶VXQIDLUO\KROGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQEDFNEHFDXVH ZH GR QRW OLYH LQ DQ HUD ZKHUH WKHVH HYHQWV DUH UHSRUWHG WR KDSSHQ ZLWK DQ\ UHJXODULW\QRUGRZHKDYHPXFKVHQVHRIWKHLUDQWLFLSDWLRQRUDXWKHQWLFLW\)RUDQ HDUO\PRGHUQDXGLHQFHKRZHYHUWKHSURFHVVRIUHYHODWLRQLVPHUHO\WKHH[SUHVVLRQ RUHOXFLGDWLRQRIDGLVWLQFWSRVVLELOLW\QRWDSOD\ZULJKW¶VZLWKKROGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ EXWUDWKHUKLVDFWXDOFRQYH\DQFHRILWUHQGHUHGPLPHWLFDOO\DVDIRUPRISRWHQWLDO H[SHULHQFH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LW LV D UHDVRQDEO\ DFFXUDWH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI KRZ UHYLYL¿FDWLRQVZHUHEHOLHYHGWRZRUNDQGDK\VWHULFDOVZRRQLQJDQGUHYLYL¿FDWLRQ LVZKDW6KDNHVSHDUHDLPVWRGHSLFW&XUUHQWFULWLFLVPWHQGVLQVWHDGWRXQGHUVWDQG WKH VFHQH DV UDLVLQJ TXHVWLRQV DERXW WKH FRKHUHQFH RI DXWKRULDO LQWHQWLRQ UDWKHU



%LFNVZULWHVWKDW³3DXOLQDGRHVQRWOLHZKHQVKHFODLPV+HUPLRQHLVGHDGUDWKHU KHUWDOHRI+HUPLRQH¶VGHDWKVHWVRIIWKHPXOWLSOHRVFLOODWLRQVEHWZHHQWUXWKDQGIDQWDV\WKDW FKDUDFWHUL]HWKHGUDPD¶VPRYHPHQW´ EXWWKHDUJXPHQWLQMidwiving Subjects RIIHUV DQDOWHUQDWLYHUHDGLQJRIKRZ³WHVWLPRQ\DQGWDOHVDUHLQGLVWLQJXLVKDEOH´%LFNVH[DPLQHV PHGLFDOORUHEXWQRWWKHUHYLYL¿FDWLRQWDOHVVHHLQJ7KDLVDDQG+HUPLRQH¶V³UHQHZDOVDIWHU WKHLUSRVWSDUWXPGHDWKV´LQOLJKWRISXUL¿FDWLRQULWXDOVH[SORUHGLQ-DQHW$GHOPDQ¶VDQDO\VLV in Suffocating Mothers6HHDOVR(QWHUOLQHµ³Infelice is revealed@ 6RIWO\VZHHWGRFWRU:KDWDFROGLVKKHDW 6SUHDGVRYHUDOOKHUERG\ 1RZLWZRUNV  >Infelice stirs@ 7KHYLWDOVSLULWVWKDWE\DVOHHS\FKDUP :HUHERXQGXSIDVWDQGWKUHZDQLF\FUXVW 2QKHUH[WHULRUSDUWVQRZµJLQWREUHDN

&KDPSLRQ UHJLVWHUV D FRPSODLQW DERXW Honest Whore¶V SORW VLPLODU WR FULWLFV¶ SURWHVWVDERXW+HUPLRQH¶VUHVWRUDWLRQ³WKHVSHFWDWRUDWOHDVWVXEFRQVFLRXVO\IHHOV KLPVHOIWKHYLFWLPRIDQHPRWLRQDOWULFNZKHQWZRVFHQHVODWHUKHGLVFRYHUVWRKLV DPD]HPHQWWKDW,QIHOLFHIDUIURPGHDGLVKHUVHOIDYLFWLPRIDIDPLO\IHXG´ XQOLNH@ZKHQ6LPRQ0DJXVPDGHVWDWXHVZDONWDON ODXJKDQGWKHOLNHWKRVHZRQGHUVZKLFKEULQJKHDOWK>«@FDQQRWEHHIIHFWHGE\WKH DUWVRIPDJLFRUE\GHPRQV´%XWKRZGRZHDUULYHDWDMXQFWXUHLQVHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ FXOWXUH DW ZKLFK 3DXOLQD¶V UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ RI WKH VOXPEHULQJ XQGHDG  7KH7\UDQW¶VVSHHFKHVUHFDOOPDQ\RIWKHRWKHUV,KDYHKLJKOLJKWHGEXWKHPXVHVRQ WKH³KLEHUQDO´QDWXUHRIWKHERG\IDUPRUHH[SOLFLWO\WKDQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VVXEWOHSOD\RQWKH WKHPH

&RXOG,QRZVHQGIRURQHWRUHQHZKHDW :LWKLQKHUERVRPWKDWZHUHD¿QHZRUNPDQ %XWDODVµ7LVDVXQSRVVLEOHIRUOLYLQJ¿UH 7RWDNHKROGWKHUH $VIRUGHDGDVKHVWREXUQEDFNDJDLQ ,QWRWKRVHKDUGWRXJKERGLHVZKHQFHWKH\IHOO /LIHLVUHPRYHGIURPKHUQRZDVWKHZDUPWK 2IWKHEULJKWVXQIRUPXVZKHQLWPDNHVZLQWHU $QGNLOOVZLWKXQNLQGFROGQHVV6RLV¶W\RQGHU $QHYHUODVWLQJIURVWKDQJVQRZXSRQKHU± 6HH7KRPDV0LGGOHWRQThe Second Maiden’s TragedyHG$QQH/DQFDVKLUH0DQFKHVWHU 0DQFKHVWHU83 7KHIRFXVRQDUWFRQQHFWV0LGGOHWRQ¶VSOD\WRThe Winter’s TaleDV GRHVWKH7\UDQW¶VLQHIIHFWLYHQHVVWR2WKHOOR¶VDQG%RVROD¶V  &KDPSLRQVWDWHVWKDWWKHSOD\¶V¿UVWLQVWDOOPHQW³FDQEHGDWHGZLWKFHUWDLQW\´LQ  ZKLFKZRXOGSXWLWEHIRUHWKHXVXDOGDWHVIRU6KDNHVSHDUH¶VSOD\V,DPQRW HVSHFLDOO\FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHSDUWLFXODURUGHURILQÀXHQFHKRZHYHUEXWZLWKWKHSHULRG HWKRVWKDWPDNHVWKHVHHSLVRGHVSURYRFDWLYHPDWHULDOIRUPDQ\SDUWLHV6WLOOHonest Whore FRQWDLQVVRPDQ\HFKRHVRIRWKHUSRSXODUSOD\VEH\RQGWKRVHRI6KDNHVSHDUH,PHQWLRQ KHUH²Othello, The Maid’s Tragedy, Hamlet, or The Revenger’s Tragedy, The Duchess of 0DO¿²LWPXVWEHPRUHLQÀXHQWLDORQSOD\ZULJKWVWKDQKDVSUHYLRXVO\EHHQUHFRJQL]HGRU WKHSRVVLELOLW\DULVHVWKDWPDWHULDOZDVDGGHGODWHUWRWKLVZRUNLWFRXOGFHUWDLQO\EH DVLQÀXHQWLDODV6KDNHVSHDUH¶VNQRZQVRXUFHPDWHULDO  6HH WKH UHSULQW RI :H\HU¶V WH[W De praestigiis daemonum. Witches, Devils, and Doctors in the Renaissance HG *HRUJH 0RUD HW DO %LQJKDPWRQ 1UHDOO\@ DV DOO WKH OHDUQHG VRUW RI SK\VLFLDQV DI¿UPH  D GLVHDVH SURFHHGLQJSDUWOLHIURPPHODQFKROLHZKHUHELHPDQLHVXSSRVHWKHPVHOYHVWREH ZROYHVRUVXFKUDYHQLQJEHDVWV)RULycanthropiaLVRIWKHDQFLHQWSK\VLFLDQV FDOOHGLupina melancholia, or Lupina insania-:LHUXV>:H\HU@GHFODUHWKYHULH OHDUQHGOLHWKHFDXVHWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHDQGWKHFXUHRIWKLVGLVHDVH 

,GRQRWLQWHQGWRPDNHDVZHHSLQJDUJXPHQWDERXWallUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHPDJLFDO RU VXSHUQDWXUDO P\ DUJXPHQW LV DERXW WKH FRQWHQWLRXVQHVV RI IHPDOH FRPSODLQWV DQG WKH VXSHUQDWXUDO DQG WKHUH DUH SHUVXDVLYH FRQQHFWLRQV EHWZHHQ )HUGLQDQG DQG %RVROD¶V FRQYHUVDWLRQDQG6FRW¶VYLHZV2IIHULQJDGLIIHUHQWDUJXPHQW7ULFRPLZULWHV³$SURPLQHQW IHDWXUHRI7KH'XFKHVVRI0DO¿LVWKDWLWVSULQFLSDOFKDUDFWHUVWDNHWXUQVUHMHFWLQJVXSHUQDWXUDO H[SODQDWLRQVIRUXQXVXDOHYHQWV7KURXJKWKHPWKHSOD\DSSHDUVLQWHQWRQULGLFXOLQJDOOVXFK H[SODQDWLRQVDVµVXSHUVWLWLRXV¶>«@(YHQWVLQ7KH'XFKHVVRI0DO¿GRQRWLQIDFWFRQ¿UP WKHIXOO\QDWXUDOL]HGZLVGRPRIWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQW´³+LVWRULFL]LQJWKH,PDJHU\´ 0\ ERRNWULHVWRUDLVHDGLIIHUHQWSRLQWK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWVIRUFHWKHLQGLYLGXDOWRFRQIURQWWKH YHU\TXHVWLRQRIWKHVXSHUQDWXUDOQRWDOOTXHVWLRQVDERXWWKHVXSHUQDWXUDOZLOOEHVHWWOHGLQ LGHQWLFDOIDVKLRQ$V7ULFRPLDOVR¿QGV³,QGHHGWKHHQWLUHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUWKHVSLULW ZRUOGHVSHFLDOO\GHPRQLFVSLULWVLVSUHVHQWLQWKHHYHU\GD\ZRUOGLVWKHVXEMHFWRIDQ[LRXV VSHFXODWLRQDVVHUWLRQVFRQ¿UPDWLRQVDQGGHQLDOV´ 6HHDOVRKLVYLHZRI)HUGLQDQG¶V O\FDQWKURSLDRVFLOODWLQJEHWZHHQWKHSROHVRIWKHGHPRQLFDQGWKHPHGLFDO  6FRWP\LWDOLFV

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



/LNH6KDNHVSHDUH:HEVWHUVHHPVHTXDOO\WREHLQIRUPHGRI6FRW¶VSHUVSHFWLYHV RQGHOXGHG³ZLWFKHV´WKHZRUNHUVRIPLUDFOHVDQGO\FDQWKURSHV\HW)HUGLQDQG WKHSDWLHQWPD\QRWPLQLVWHUWRKLPVHOI$VKHDWWDFNVKLVRZQVKDGRZLQWKHIXOO WKURHV RI O\FDQWKURS\ WKRXJK KH IDLOV WR UHVSHFW WKH EOLWKH GRFWRU VHQW WR WHQG KLPUHYHDOLQJWKHVDWLULFDOYLHZ:HEVWHUDIIRUGVPHGLFDO¿JXUHVDQGWKHLURQLF SXQLVKPHQWKDQGHGGRZQWR)HUGLQDQGIRUKLV³WUHDWPHQW´RIWKH'XFKHVV $GLVWLQFWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQWKRXJKUHQGHUHGDOOHJRULFDOO\RIWKHGDQJHUVhysterica passio SRVHV WR ZRPHQ¶V ERGLHV LQ SRWHQWLDOO\ ³SRVVHVVLQJ´ WKHP DOVR DSSHDUV LQ WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ The Revenger’s Tragedy   E\ 7KRPDV 0LGGOHWRQ Revenger’s TragedyRIIHUVXVLQIDFWSHUKDSVWKHRQO\H[DPSOHRIZKDWZHPLJKW ODEHOD³hysterica passioPRUDOLW\SOD\´WKHSOD\¶VVXESORWDERXW9LQGLFH¶VIDPLO\ LQWHUDFWLRQVFRQFHUQVVWULFWO\³WKHPRWKHU¶V´DELOLW\WRFRUUXSW³FKDVWLW\´QDPHO\WKH VWUXJJOHEHWZHHQWKHPRWKHU*UDWLDQD³JUDFH´ DQGKHUGDXJKWHU&DVWL]DOLWHUDOO\ ³FKDVWLW\´ IRU&DVWL]D¶VLQWHJULW\Revenger’sGHSLFWVWKHUHYHUVHVFHQDULRRIAll’s WellLQVKRZLQJXVWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIFKDVWLW\WRSXUSRVHIXOFRUUXSWLRQE\DQRWKHU UDWKHUWKDQWKHPDQLSXODWLRQVRIDFKDUDFWHUZKRVHWVLQWRPRWLRQSXUSRVHIXOSORWV WR YDQTXLVK KHU YLUJLQLW\ (PSOR\HG E\ /XVVXULRVR WR ZRR KLV VLVWHU WKH FRXUW VFRXUJH9LQGLFHGLVSOD\VDFRPSOH[VHWRIPLVRJ\QLVWLFPRWLYHVWKDWOHDGKLPWR WHVWKLVIHPDOHIDPLO\PHPEHUV¶VXVFHSWLELOLW\WRWKHFRUUXSWLRQVRIDFRXUWFOHDUO\ VKRZQE\0LGGOHWRQWREHVWHHSHGLQVH[XDODQGRWKHUGHSUDYLWLHV:KHQKHWHPSWV KLVPRWKHUZLWKWKHUHZDUGRIJROGWRSURVWLWXWH&DVWL]DWRWKHGXNH¶VVRQKHLV VKRFNHGWRGLVFRYHUWKDW*UDWLDQD¶VYLUWXHVDUHWKLQO\VWUHWFKHG ,H¶HQTXDNHWRSURFHHGP\VSLULWWXUQVHGJH ,IHDUPHVKH¶VXQPRWKHUHG\HW,¶OOYHQWXUH² µ7KDWZRPDQLVDOOPDOHZKRPQRQHFDQHQWHU¶ :KDWWKLQN\RXQRZODG\VSHDNDUH\RXZLVHU" :KDWVDLGDGYDQFHPHQWWR\RX"7KXVLWVDLG 7KHGDXJKWHU¶VIDOOOLIWVXSWKHPRWKHU¶VKHDG± 

9LQGLFH¶V VRPHZKDW REVFXUH MRNH²UHPLQLVFHQW RI %RVROD¶V DERXW WKH 'XFKHVV EHLQJ³WRRWURXEOHGZLWKWKHPRWKHU´²LVEDVHGHQWLUHO\RQDFRPSOH[SXQDERXW ³IDOOHQ´IHPDOHVH[XDOLW\UDLVLQJWKHVSHFWHURI³WKHPRWKHU´RUhysterica passio ,WLVIDUFOHDUHUKHUHWKDQSHUKDSVLWLVLQDuchessKRZK\VWHULFDOLOOQHVVHVDUH DVVRFLDWHGZLWKRYHUZHHQLQJIHPDOHGHVLUHZKHWKHUIRUVH[RULQWKLVFDVHWKH PDWHULDOLVPRIFRXUWO\DGYDQFHPHQWWKURXJKVH[XDOOLFHQVH$V-HQQLIHU3DQHNSXWV LW³WKHPRWLIRIWKHPRWKHUDVEDZG´LQ0LGGOHWRQ¶VSOD\³WDSVLQWRFHUWDLQHDUO\ PRGHUQDQ[LHWLHVDERXWDPRWKHU¶VDXWKRULW\´*UDWLDQD¶VEHLQJ³XQPRWKHUHG´LV 

$OO TXRWDWLRQV WDNHQ IURP 7KRPDV 0LGGOHWRQ >&\ULO 7RXUQHXU@ The Revenger’s TragedyHG%ULDQ*LEERQV1HZ0HUPDLGV/RQGRQ$ &%ODFN   -HQQLIHU3DQHN¶VLQWHUHVWLQJHVVD\³7KH0RWKHUDV%DZGLQThe Revenger’s Tragedy and A Mad World, My Masters´Studies in English Literature6SULQJ ± FRPSOHPHQWVP\RZQLQUHIHUULQJWRWKH³VHULHVRISXQVWKDWHTXDWHWKHPRWKHUZLWKµWKH PRWKHU¶´ EXWZHGUDZGLIIHUHQWFRQFOXVLRQV

“Mocked with Art” and Playing Dead



FOHDUO\WKXVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\WKHSURFHVVRIKHUEHFRPLQJOHVVD¿JXUHIRUPDWHUQDO SURWHFWLRQ²PRWKHUV VKRXOG DGYLVH WKHLU GDXJKWHUV DJDLQVW WKH H[SORLWDWLRQV *UDWLDQD ZLOO SURSRVH²DQG KHU WDNLQJ RQ WKH FRUUXSWLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ³WKH PRWKHU´RUWKHLQGH[RISDWKRORJL]HGIHPDOHOX[XU\7KHYDQTXLVKLQJRIDYLUJLQ¶V YLUWXHWKXVOLIWVXSthe mother’s KHDG/LNHZLVHDV*UDWLDQDSRQGHUVWKHJROGUHZDUG VKHUHFHLYHVDVDQDGYDQFHIURP9LQGLFHIRUSURVWLWXWLQJ&DVWL]DVKHLPDJLQHVWKDW D ZRPDQ DGPLWWLQJ HYHQ FDSLWDOL]LQJ RQ  WKH GHVLUHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK hysterica passio³ZLOOQRWEHWURXEOHGORQJZLWKWKHPRWKHUORQJ´    WKHVHDUHWKHPHDQV 7KDWJRYHUQRXUDIIHFWLRQV7KDWZRPDQZLOO 1RWEHWURXEOHGZLWKWKHPRWKHUORQJ 7KDWVHHVWKHFRPIRUWDEOHVKLQHRI\RX ,EOXVKWRWKLQNZKDWIRU\RXUVDNHV,¶OOGR±

/LNH PXFK RI :HEVWHU¶V RYHUWKHWRS ULGGOLQJ LQ KLV SOD\ 0LGGOHWRQ¶V OLQHV GHVHUYHIXUWKHUH[SOLFDWLRQZRPHQZKRLQGXOJHWKHPVHOYHVVH[XDOO\ZLOOQRWEH WURXEOHGZLWK³WKHPRWKHU´DVWKHSUHJQDQW'XFKHVVDSSDUHQWO\LV RUK\VWHULFDO SDWKRORJLHVXQGHUVWRRGPHFKDQLVWLFDOO\DVHIIHFWVRIUHSUHVVLRQVLPLODUO\LIKHU GDXJKWHULVDVHDVLO\VZD\HGE\WKH³FRPIRUWDEOHVKLQH´RIJROGFRLQVDV*UDWLDQD &DVWL]DZLOO³QRWEHWURXEOHGZLWK>KHU@PRWKHU¶V´LQWHUFHVVLRQVIRUORQJ 0LGGOHWRQ¶V FRQVLVWHQW RGG KDELW RI XWLOL]LQJ WKH GH¿QLWH DUWLFOHQRXQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ²³the PRWKHU´ WR UHIHU WR D PRWKHU FKDUDFWHU *UDWLDQD²HQIRUFHV P\DUJXPHQWVWKDW0LGGOHWRQLVUHDOO\DOOHJRUL]LQJDFKDUDFWHUDVD¿JXUHIRUD GLVHDVH*UDWLDQDLVERWKUHDOO\WKHPRWKHURI9LQGLFHDQG&DVWL]DZKRZRXOGOHDG KHU GDXJKWHU LQWR VH[XDO FRUUXSWLRQ DQG LQFRQWLQHQF\ DQG DOVR D ¿JXUH IRU WKDW YHU\FRUUXSWLRQLQEHLQJ³WKHPRWKHU´RUWKHOLWHUDOL]HGH[FLVHGERG\SDUWLWVHOI ,IWKLVVHHPVLQLWLDOO\OLNHDVWUHWFKLQORJLF0LGGOHWRQ¶VFRQVWUXFWLRQRI*UDWLDQD DVDPHWDSKRUIRUhysterica passioJDLQVHYHQPRUHHPSKDVLVLQWKHVFHQHZKHUH &DVWL]DSHUFHLYHV*UDWLDQD¶VDSSHDOVDVDIRUPRIRYHUWXUHE\WKHGHYLO &DVWL]D       Gratiana 

  )DOVH,GHI\\RXERWK ,KDYHHQGXUHG\RXZLWKDQHDURI¿UH LQJ@´KHU 0LGGOHWRQ¶VLGLRV\QFUDWLFXVHRIWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHFRQVWUXFWLRQWDNHVRQDUHJXODU VKDSH9LQGLFH¶VUHSRUWVEDFNWR/XVVXULRVRDERXWKLVRZQIDLOXUHVWRFRUUXSWKLV VLVWHULQGLFDWHZKDWVHHPVOLNHDJHQXLQHIHDUWKDWWKH³HDV\YLUWXHV´RIZRPHQZLOO \HWEHRYHUFRPH³%XWVKHLVFORVHDQGJRRG\HWµWLVDGRXEW%\WKLVWLPH²RK the mother, thePRWKHU´± /LNHZLVHDVHUYDQWUHSRUWVWKDW/XVVXULRVR ³LQWHQGVZLWKLQWKLVKRXUWRVWHDO8QWR+LSSROLWR¶VVLVWHUZKRVHFKDVWHOLIHThe PRWKHUKDVFRUUXSWHGIRUKLVXVH´± &HUWDLQO\RQHFRXOGUDWLRQDOL]HDZD\ DOO RI WKHVH LQVWDQFHV RI SHFXOLDU JUDPPDWLFDO SKUDVLQJ DV PHUHO\ VOLJKWO\ RGG ZD\VRIUHIHUULQJWR*UDWLDQD²DQGLQGHHGWKH\doUHIHUWRKHU²EXWWKHVWUXFWXUDO SDWWHUQV DV ZHOO DV WKH FRQVLVWHQW DOOXVLRQV WR FRUUXSWLRQ DFWXDOO\ PDNH PRUH VHQVHUHDGDORQJWKHDOOHJRULFDOOLQHV,VXJJHVW &DVWL]D¶V UHMHFWLRQ RI *UDWLDQD¶V WHPSWDWLRQV LV DOVR FOHDUO\ DQ DOOHJRULFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIUHVLVWDQFHWRWKHGHPRQLFSRVVHVVLRQVKHFDVWVRXWKHU³SRVVHVVHG´ UHODWLYHV¶DWWHPSWVWREUDQGKHURUZULWHWKHLU³KRWLURQV´LQKHUÀHVKZLWKWKHLU ³WRQJXHV´ &RQWLQXLQJ WR MX[WDSRVH WKH VDPH GLVFRXUVHV ZH VHH LQ RWKHU SHULRG GUDPD0LGGOHWRQQH[WFRQÀDWHVUHIHUHQFHVWR³WKHPRWKHU´WKHSDWKRORJ\ ZLWK WKHODQJXDJHRIH[RUFLVPLQ9LQGLFHHIIHFWLYHO\GLVSRVVHVVHVWKHPRWKHURIKHU FRUUXSWLQJSRZHULQDYLROHQWFRQIURQWDWLRQ$V9LQGLFHGHVFULEHV*UDWLDQD¶VWHDUV WKHVLJQRIKHUUHOHDVHIURPFRUUXSWLRQDQGKHUDVVXPSWLRQRIJUDFH0LGGOHWRQ UHPRYHVWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHWRWKHUHIHUHQWIRU*UDWLDQDIURP9LQGLFH¶VV\QWD[ Vindice       Gratiana        

,¶IDLWKµWLVDVZHHWVKRZHULWGRHVPXFKJRRG 7KHIUXLWIXOJURXQGVDQGPHDGRZVRQKHUVRXO +DVEHHQORQJGU\3RXUGRZQWKRXEOHVVHGGHZ 5LVHPRWKHUWURWKWKLVVKRZHUKDVPDGH\RXKLJKHU 2K\RXKHDYHQVWDNHWKLVLQIHFWLRXVVSRWRXWRIP\VRXO ,¶OOULQVHLWLQVHYHQZDWHUVRIPLQHH\HV 0DNHP\WHDUVVDOWHQRXJKWRWDVWHRIJUDFH 7RZHHSLVWRRXUVH[QDWXUDOO\JLYHQ %XWWRZHHSWUXO\²WKDW¶VDJLIWIURPKHDYHQ±

2QFH9LQGLFHVXFFHVVIXOO\FDVWVWKH³LQIHFWLRXVVSRW´IURP*UDWLDQD¶VVRXODQGVKH UHSHQWVKHUDWWHPSWWRFRUUXSW&DVWL]DWKHGLVHDVH³OHDYHV´*UDWLDQD9LQGLFHPD\ WKHQDGPRQLVKKHUIRUZKDW³RI¿FH´PRWKHUVJHQHUDOO\RXJKWWRORRNWR 2K\RXRIHDV\ZD[GREXWLPDJLQH 1RZWKHGLVHDVHKDVOHIW\RXKRZOHSURXVO\ 7KDWRI¿FHZRXOGKDYHFOLQJHGXQWR\RXUIRUHKHDG

“Mocked with Art” and Playing Dead



$OOPRWKHUVWKDWKDGDQ\JUDFHIXOKXH :RXOGKDYHZRUQPDVNVWRKLGHWKHLUIDFHDW\RX ,WZRXOGKDYHJURZQWRWKLVDW\RXUIRXOQDPH *UHHQFRORXUHGPDLGVZRXOGKDYHWXUQHGUHGZLWKVKDPH±

9LQGLFH¶VDOOXVLRQWRWKH³HDV\ZD[´RULPSULQWLQJUHFDOOVWKHIDPLOLDUODQJXDJHRI KXPRUDOLQVXI¿FLHQF\WKDWUHQGHUVZRPHQ¶VPLQGVOLWHUDOO\LPSUHVVLRQDEOH²VRIW ZHWDQGUHWHQWLYHVWUHVVLQJWKHOLQNRQFHPRUHEHWZHHQIHPLQLQHPRUDOFXOSDELOLW\ DQGIHPDOHSK\VLRORJLFDOSDWKRORJLHVWKDWZRXOG³ZULWH´OLNHDEORRGOHWWHU³WKH PRWKHU¶V´WDLQWDFURVV*UDWLDQD¶VIRUHKHDG $OOLVQRWVDIHIRUFKDVWLW\\HW:KHQ&DVWL]DUHHQWHUVWKHVFHQHVKHSUHWHQGV WKDW*UDWLDQD¶VLPPRUDOLW\KDVLQIDFWSUHYDLOHGXSRQKHU+HUSOD\DFWLQJODVWVD PHUHOLQHVEXWLQWKRVHOLQHV0LGGOHWRQWHOOLQJO\UHHQOLVWVWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH IRU &DVWL]D¶V OLQHV DERXW ³WKH PRWKHU´ ([SODLQLQJ KHU QHZIRXQG ZLOOLQJQHVV WR HQJDJHLQWKH³FRPPRQXVXU\´ RISURVWLWXWLRQ&DVWL]DVWDWHV³ThePRWKHU¶V FXUVH LV KHDY\ ZKHUH WKDW ¿JKWV  6RQV VHW LQ VWRUP DQG GDXJKWHUV ORVH WKHLU OLJKWV´± KHUOLQHVDGGUHVV*UDWLDQD¶VHDUOLHUGLVSOHDVXUHZKHQVKHUHVLVWVKHU PRWKHU¶V³LQIHFWSHUVXDVLRQV´ *UDWLDQDLVIRUFHGWRSOHDG³,DPUHFRYHUHG RIWKDWIRXOGLVHDVH7KDWKDXQWVWRRPDQ\PRWKHUVNLQGIRUJLYHPH´±  2IFRXUVH&DVWL]DLVWHVWLQJWKHPRWKHUZKRKDGVRWHVWHGKHUDQG*UDWLDQDQRZ VWDQGVGLVSRVVHVVHG5HFRQFLOHGWRKHUPRWKHU&DVWL]DH[FODLPV³2KPRWKHUOHW PHWZLQHDERXW\RXUQHFN$QGNLVV\RXWLOOP\VRXOPHOWRQ\RXUOLSV,GLG EXWWKLVWRWU\\RX´± DQG0LGGOHWRQ¿QDOO\GURSVWKHXVHRIWKHDUWLFOH 7KHLVVXHDFKLHYHVUHVROXWLRQDQGWKHDOOHJRU\LVVHFXUH³WKHPRWKHU´KDVEHHQ H[RUFLVHGRQFHDQGIRUDOO7KHIDPLO\FHOHEUDWHVLQDFHUHPRQ\3HWHU6WDOO\EUDVV FDOOVDQXSWLDOEXWWKHUHFRQFLOLDWLRQLVVWDJHGPRUHOLNHDQLURQL]HGH[RUFLVPWKDQ DZHGGLQJ ,Q WKLV VHQVH *UDFH¶V UHVXUUHFWLRQ FRPHV DIWHU WKH FDVWLQJ RXW RI WKH HYLOV DVVRFLDWHGZLWK³WKHPRWKHU´DQGUHVLVWHGE\&KDVWLW\0LGGOHWRQSHQVDhysterica passio PRUDOLW\ SOD\ 2I FRXUVH WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ RI WKH PRWKHU DIWHU H[RUFLVLQJ ³WKHPRWKHU´LVUHQGHUHGGLIIHUHQWO\KHUHIURPWKHRWKHUFRQWHPSRUDU\GHSLFWLRQV of hysterica passio RQ VWDJH WKH ³KLEHUQDWLQJ´ +HUPLRQH ZKR UHWXUQV IURP WKH GHDGLQWUXO\DUWIXOO\PLPHWLFIDVKLRQ+HOHQDWKH³PLUDFOHPRQJHU´ZKRVHIDNHG UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ LV PRPHQWDULO\ FRQIXVHG ZLWK DQ H[RUFLVP /DG\ 0DFEHWK WKH VRPQDPEXOLVWZKRVHFXUHLVEH\RQGDUHOXFWDQWGRFWRU¶VSUDFWLFH,QIHOLFHZKRVH UHYLYDO LV FOHDUO\ DQ ³DUW´ SUDFWLFHG XQZLWWLQJO\ XSRQ WKH FKDUDFWHU DQG RQ WKH DXGLHQFH DQG )HUGLQDQG DQG %RVROD ZKRVH GLVFXVVLRQ DERXW VRUFHU\¶V YHUVXV SDWKRORJ\¶VHIIHFWVXOWLPDWHO\SULYLOHJHVWKHRUJDQLF 

6HHWKHODVWFKDSWHU¶VGLVFXVVLRQRI³DXWKRUVKLS´ZLWKUHJDUGWR&DVWL]D¶VGHVFULSWLRQ RI³KRWLURQV´ZULWLQJLQKHUÀHVKVRWRR9LQGLFH¶VDOOXVLRQWRWKHLPSULQWLQJRIGLVHDVH¶V PDUNLQWRWKHLPSUHVVLRQDEOH³ZD[´RI*UDWLDQD¶VIRUHKHDG  6HH³5HDGLQJWKH%RG\DQGWKH-DFREHDQ7KHDWHURI&RQVXPSWLRQ´The Politics and Poetics of Transgression HG 3HWHU 6WDOO\EUDVV DQG$OORQ:KLWH/RQGRQ 0HWKXHQ  



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

In Revenger’s Tragedy 0LGGOHWRQ ¿QGV D GHHSO\ FRPSHOOLQJ VXEMHFW LQ WKH LQWHUWZLQHGGLVFRXUVHVRISRVVHVVLRQDQGGLVHDVHWKDWWKH*ORYHUFDVHDSSDUHQWO\ EULQJVLQWRXUJHQWIRFXV%HFDXVH0LGGOHWRQWDNHVVXFKJUHDWSDLQVWRDOLJQWKHVH GLVFRXUVHVLQPXFKWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVWKHHTXLYRFDWLQJSHUVSHFWLYHRIMacbeth, LWLVOHVVFOHDULQZKDWSUHFLVHDQG¿QDOUHJLVWHUZHDUHWRUHDGWKHDOOHJRUL]DWLRQ RI*UDWLDQDRUWKHFRUUXSWLQJGLVHDVHVKHUHSUHVHQWV:HPLJKWVHH0LGGOHWRQ¶V SXQQLQJH[FHVVHVDVDQHQGLQLWVHOIJLYHQKLVDUWIXOZLWW\KDQGOLQJRIDSRSXODU VXEMHFWRUHFKRLQJWKHWHQRURIWKHRWKHUSOD\V,KDYHH[SORUHGKHUH0LGGOHWRQ RSDTXHO\IRUHFORVLQJXSRQWKHVSHFWHURIrealH[RUFLVP:LWKWKHSOD\¶VUHOHQWOHVV VDYDJLQJRIFRXUWYHQDOLWLHVDQGLWVGDUNO\LURQLFSDURGLFYHLQLWVHHPVXQOLNHO\ 0LGGOHWRQKROGVDSRVLWLYHYLVLRQRIWKHSRZHURIFKDVWLW\RYHUDJHQHUDOVHQWLPHQW DERXWWKHHDV\FRUUXSWLELOLW\RIZRPHQE\GLVHDVH,QGHHGWKHSOD\¶VFDVWLQJRXW RI*UDWLDQD¶VGHYLOVZLWKLQVKRXOGVHUYHDVDGLVTXLHWLQJUHPLQGHUWRXVMXVWKRZ HDVLO\³the mother’sFXUVH´FDQFRUUXSWDJRRGPRWKHULQWKH¿UVWSODFH

(SLORJXH

+HUPLRQH¶V/HJDF\RU+\VWHULDDIWHU 7KHSUHHPLQHQW¿JXUHRILPPRELOLW\IRUWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\LVWKHK\VWHULF ZKRVHVWUDQJHSRVWXUHVIUHH]HQRUPDOERGLO\PRWLRQDQGDFWLYLW\ ²*LOOLDQ%URZQ ,QWKHVDPHLQVWDQWDQGEHIRUH+HUPLRQHKDGSXWIRUWKKHUIRRWWKHPRYDEOH SDQHOZKLFKZDVRQDOLQHZLWKWKHSLDQRÀHZRSHQRQWKHULJKWRSSRVLWHWKH VWDJHDQGGLVFORVHGWKHSLFWXUHRIWKHGHDGIDFHDQGWKHÀHHLQJ¿JXUHEURXJKW RXWLQSDOHGH¿QLWHQHVVE\WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHZD[OLJKWV(YHU\RQHZDVVWDUWOHG EXWDOOH\HVLQWKHDFWRIWXUQLQJWRZDUGVWKHRSHQHGSDQHOZHUHUHFDOOHGE\D SLHUFLQJFU\IURP*ZHQGROHQZKRVWRRGZLWKRXWFKDQJHRIDWWLWXGHEXWZLWKD FKDQJHRIH[SUHVVLRQWKDWZDVWHUULI\LQJLQLWVWHUURU6KHORRNHGOLNHDVWDWXHLQWR ZKLFKDVRXORI)HDUKDGHQWHUHGKHUSDOOLGOLSVZHUHSDUWHGKHUH\HVXVXDOO\ QDUURZHGXQGHUWKHLUORQJODVKHVZHUHGLODWHGDQG¿[HG ²Daniel Deronda

$ OHJLRQ RI FULWLFV KDYH FRPPHQWHG RQ WKH IUDJLOH GLVSRVLWLRQ RI *ZHQGROHQ +DUOHWK WKH XQFHUWDLQ KHURLQH RI *HRUJH (OLRW¶V Daniel Deronda )DPRXVO\ *ZHQGROHQ VXIIHUV D ³QHUYRXV DWWDFN´ ZKLOH VKH SOD\V WKH UROH RI ³+HUPLRQH´ from The Winter’s Tale LQ WKH QRYHO¶V tableau vivant VFHQH SODFLQJ KHU ZLWKLQ D³ORQJWUDGLWLRQRIIHPDOHK\VWHULD´FDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRPDQ\FULWLFV6FKRODUV KDYHORQJEHHQLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHZD\VLQZKLFK(OLRWUHIUDFWV6KDNHVSHDUH¶VIHPDOH FKDUDFWHUVWKURXJKWKHOHQVRIQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\K\VWHULDGLVRUGHUVQHXUDVWKHQLD ³IUR]HQ´IHPDOHVH[XDOLW\DQGRWKHUUHSUHVVLYHQHXURVHV,QKHUDQDO\VLV*LOOLDQ %URZQ¿QGVWKHGH¿QLQJ9LFWRULDQDLOPHQWWREH³QHUYRXVLPPRELOLW\´DQGVHHV WKLVVWDWHUHÀHFWHGLQ(OLRW¶VSRUWUD\DORI+DUOHWK&HUWDLQO\(OLRW¶VQRYHOUHYHDOV KRZ QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ PHGLFDO WKHRULHV RI K\VWHULFDO GLVRUGHUV KDYH ODUJHO\ WKRXJK QRW HQWLUHO\  VKLIWHG DZD\ IURP WKH GHWHUPLQLVWLF HDUO\ PRGHUQ PRGHOV RIGLUHFWXWHULQHLQYROYHPHQWRUFRPSOLFLW\LQZRPHQ¶VSDWKRORJ\WR:LOOLV¶VDQG  $WKHQD 9UHWWRV ³)URP 1HXURVLV WR 1DUUDWLYH 7KH 3ULYDWH /LIH RI WKH 1HUYHV LQ Villette and Daniel Deronda,” Victorian Studies6XPPHU ±6HHDOVR6XVDQ 2VWURY:HLVVHU³*ZHQGRO\Q¶V+LGGHQ:RXQG6H[XDO3RVVLELOLWLHVDQG,PSRVVLELOLWLHVLQ µ'DQLHO'HURQGD¶´Modern Language Studies6XPPHU ±DQG0DULDQQH1RY\ ³Daniel DerondaDQG*HRUJH(OLRW¶V)HPDOH5H YLVLRQRI6KHDNHVSHDUH>VLF@´Studies in English Literature ±,QDYHU\GLIIHUHQWDQDO\VLVZLWKVRPHSUREOHPDWLF DVSHFWV ,DQ$GDP¿QGVDSHUVXDVLYHOLQNEHWZHHQLeontes’s³K\VWHULD´DQG*ZHQGROHQ¶V VHH³The Winter’s TaleDQG,WV'LVSODFHPHQWV7KH+HUPLRQH(SLVRGHLQDaniel Deronda´ Newsletter of the Victorian Studies Association of Western Canada6SULQJ ± $GDPGRHVUHFRUGVRPHSUHVFLHQWFRPPHQWVZKLFK,ZLOOPHQWLRQEHORZ  *LOOLDQ%URZQ³7KH(PSLUHRI$JRUDSKRELD´Representations$XWXPQ  ±7KHTXRWHGOLQHVLQWKHHSLJUDPDSSHDURQ

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy



6\GHQKDP¶VWKHRULHVRIQHUYRXVGLVRUGHUVDQGODWHUWR&KDUFRW¶VH[DPLQDWLRQVRI SDUDO\WLFK\VWHULFVIUR]HQLQWRWRUWXRXVKDOIFLUFOHSRVWXUHV$V(ODLQH6KRZDOWHU KDVVXJJHVWHGLVUHOHYDQWWR2SKHOLD¶VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOKLVWRU\WKHKLVWRU\RI³¿WV´ RU K\VWHULFDO GLVHDVH DUJXDEO\ KHOSV XV WR DWWHQG PRUH FORVHO\ WR ZKDW WKH WZR ³+HUPLRQHV´VKDUHDQGZKDWGLYLGHVWKHPRYHUDVSDQRIVHYHUDOFHQWXULHV 1RWDEO\WKHQZHFDQVHHKRZ(OLRW¶VUHQGHULQJRIWKH³+HUPLRQH´HSLVRGHLQ Daniel DerondaEULGJHVGLIIHUHQWHWLRORJLFDOWKHRULHVRIK\VWHULFDOLQGLVSRVLWLRQV DQGVHUYHVDVDQHDWSRVWVFULSWWRP\GLVFXVVLRQRI6KDNHVSHDUHDQUHYLYL¿FDWLRQ in The Winter’s Tale (OLRW UHVKDSHV WKH IDPRXV VFHQH IURP 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V SOD\²ZKLFKGHSLFWVDFDVHRIHDUO\VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\hysterica passioDQGLWV GHHSO\ FRQWH[WXDOL]HG FXOWXUDO SROLWLFV²WR GUDZ DQ HTXDOO\ GLVWLQFWLYH SRUWUDLW RI D QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ K\VWHULF LQVWHDG RI 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V SRVWSDUWXP PDWHUQDO +HUPLRQH VWULFNHQ DQG UHYLYHG IURP D ¿W RI hysterica passio LQ NHHSLQJ ZLWK HDUO\ PRGHUQ LGHDV DERXW SDWKRORJLFDO IHPDOH ERGLHV DQG WKH P\WKRORJLHV RI ³WKH PRWKHU´ *ZHQGROHQ¶V DUUHVWHG DQLPDWLRQ UHÀHFWV EDFN WR XV LQVWHDG WKH &KDUFRWLDQLPDJHRIIUR]HQUHSUHVVHGK\VWHULDDOOZKLOHVKH³SOD\DFWV´QROHVVD ¿JXUHWKDQ+HUPLRQHKHUVHOI3OD\DFWLQJ+HUPLRQHLQWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ ORRNV UHPDUNDEO\ DV LW GRHV LQ WKH HDUO\ VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ EXW WKHVH VXUIDFH VLPLODULWLHVWHOOOHVVWKDQWKHZKROHVWRU\ *ZHQGROHQSHUIRUPVWKHUROHRI+HUPLRQHLQWKHUHYLYL¿FDWLRQVFHQHSULPDULO\ EHFDXVHYDQLW\GULYHV³KHUGHVLUHWRDSSHDULQKHU*UHHNGUHVV´ DQGSHUKDSV WKH SOD\¶V DOOXVLRQ WR WKH 2UDFOH WKXV PDNHV LWV VHOHFWLRQ DSW 7KH FKDUDFWHUV GLVFXVVKRZWRPDNHWKHtableau vivant³PRUH6KDNHVSHDULDQ´ZLWK*ZHQGROHQ¶V FKRRVLQJ WR VWDJH +HUPLRQH¶V UHDQLPDWLRQ LQ VXFK D PDQQHU DV WR ÀDWWHU KHU +HU FDUHIXO VWDJLQJ LV QXOOL¿HG KRZHYHU ZKHQ ³WKH LQFLGHQW RFFXUUHG ZKLFK VKRZHG *ZHQGROHQ LQ DQ XQIRUHVHHQ SKDVH RI HPRWLRQ´   8SRQ 3DXOLQD¶V FDOO IRU PXVLF WR H[SHGLWH +HUPLRQH¶V DZDNHQLQJ +HUU .OHVPHU SURYLGHV EROG SLDQRDFFRPSDQLPHQWWKDWDSSDUHQWO\WULJJHUVWKHPHFKDQLVPRIDKLGGHQSDQHO, UHTXRWHWKHHSLJUDPIRUIXOOHIIHFW ,QWKHVDPHLQVWDQWDQGEHIRUH+HUPLRQHKDGSXWIRUWKKHUIRRWWKHPRYDEOH SDQHOZKLFKZDVRQDOLQHZLWKWKHSLDQRÀHZRSHQRQWKHULJKWRSSRVLWHWKH VWDJHDQGGLVFORVHGWKHSLFWXUHRIWKHGHDGIDFHDQGWKHÀHHLQJ¿JXUHEURXJKW RXWLQSDOHGH¿QLWHQHVVE\WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHZD[OLJKWV(YHU\RQHZDVVWDUWOHG EXWDOOH\HVLQWKHDFWRIWXUQLQJWRZDUGVWKHRSHQHGSDQHOZHUHUHFDOOHGE\D SLHUFLQJFU\IURP*ZHQGROHQZKRVWRRGZLWKRXWFKDQJHRIDWWLWXGHEXWZLWK DFKDQJHRIH[SUHVVLRQWKDWZDVWHUULI\LQJLQLWVWHUURU6KHORRNHGOLNHDVWDWXH LQWR ZKLFK D VRXO RI )HDU KDG HQWHUHG KHU SDOOLG OLSV ZHUH SDUWHG KHU H\HV XVXDOO\QDUURZHGXQGHUWKHLUORQJODVKHVZHUHGLODWHGDQG¿[HG>«@%XWWKH WRXFKRIKHUPRWKHU¶VDUPKDGWKHHIIHFWRIDQHOHFWULFFKDUJH*ZHQGROHQIHOORQ KHUNQHHVDQGSXWKHUKDQGVEHIRUHKHUIDFH6KHZDVVWLOOWUHPEOLQJEXWPXWH DQGLWVHHPHGWKDWVKHKDGVHOIFRQVFLRXVQHVVHQRXJKWRDLPDWFRQWUROOLQJKHU 

)RUIXOOHUDFFRXQWVVHH0LFDOHDQG9HLWK 6HH6KRZDOWHU¶VZHOONQRZQHVVD\³5HSUHVHQWLQJ2SKHOLD´  3DJH FLWDWLRQV IURP *HRUJH (OLRW Daniel Deronda HG %DUEDUD +DUG\ +DUPRQGVZRUWK3HQJXLQ  

Epilogue



VLJQVRIWHUURUIRUVKHSUHVHQWO\DOORZHGKHUVHOIWREHUDLVHGIURPKHUNQHHOLQJ SRVWXUHDQGOHGDZD\±

(OLRWUHYHUVHVWKHVLWXDWLRQ6KDNHVSHDUHLPDJLQHVRID³VWDWXH´VWLUULQJRXWRI D SURWUDFWHG V\QFRSH LQWR YLYLG ZDUPWK DQG ³WLQFWXUH´ HIIHFWLYHO\ HQYLVLRQLQJ *ZHQGROHQLQVWHDGbecomingDPDUPRUHDOVWDWXHIUR]HQDQGQHDUO\LQVHQVDWHRQ WKHYHUJHRIFROODSVH+HULQHUWLDKHUHDJDLQLVDQLQGH[IRUPDQ\RIKHUHPRWLRQDO FROGQHVV1RY\QRWHVWKDW³LWLVSDUWO\EHFDXVH*HRUJH(OLRWORYHVWKHIUDQNSDVVLRQ WKDW VKH VHHV LQ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V ZRPHQ WKDW VKH UHFDOOV WKHP VR HPSKDWLFDOO\ LQ WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D FKDUDFWHU DV IDU UHPRYHG IURP IUDQN SDVVLRQ DV *ZHQGRO\Q´ &RPPHQWLQJRQ*ZHQGROHQ¶VDUUHVWHGDQLPDWLRQ9UHWWRVVHHVLQWKLVPRPHQWD SUHFLVHLPDJHRI&KDUFRW¶VK\VWHULFV¶³H[DJJHUDWHGSRVWXUHV´/LNHO\(OLRWGRHV LQWHQGUHDGHUVWRVHH*ZHQGROHQDVDQHUYRXVK\VWHULFUHJDUGOHVVRIZKHWKHURU QRW(OLRWLVKHUVHOIDZDUHRIWKHYHU\SDUWLFXODUIHOLFLW\RIWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI +HUPLRQH¶V UHYLYDO IURP K\VWHULFDO VXIIRFDWLRQ DQG*ZHQGROHQ¶VDFWLRQVFRQWDLQHGZLWKLQWKDWYHU\VFHQH7KHSRLQW,ZLVKWR VHWRXWKHUHDVDEULHIFRQWUDVWLVKRZDVFHQHIRFXVHGRQ+HUPLRQHXQLWHVWZR WH[WV\HWUHYHDOVLQWKHLUVHYHUDOLWHUDWLRQVPDUNHGO\GLIIHUHQWLGHDVDERXWZRPHQ¶V K\VWHULFDODLOPHQWV &HUWDLQO\ PXFK EHIRUH (OLRW¶V FRPSRVLWLRQ RI Daniel Deronda D JUHDW GHDO KDGFKDQJHGZLWKWKHPHGLFDOWKHRULHVRIK\VWHULFDODLOPHQWVPRYLQJFORVHUWRWKH SV\FKRVRPDWLFPRGHOVRI³K\VWHULD´&KDUFRW¶VQHXURORJLFDOPRGHOIRUK\VWHULD 

1RY\ 9UHWWRV  ³7KXV LQ Daniel Deronda (OLRW ZDV UHZULWLQJ 6KDNHVSHDUH LQ VHYHUDO ZD\V *ZHQGROHQ¶V VWRU\ HQGV PRUH VDGO\ WKDQ 5RVDOLQG¶V EHFDXVH RI *ZHQGROHQ¶V RZQ OLPLWDWLRQV DV ZHOO DV EHFDXVH RI WKH JUHDWHU KDUVKQHVV RI WKH ZRUOG ZKHUH (OLRW SODFHV KHU>«@,Q*ZHQGROHQ¶VSORWZHFDQVHH(OLRW¶VLQWHUHVWLQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VZRPHQWXUQLQJ LQWRDFRQFHUQWRUHSUHVHQWWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIZRPHQPRUHUHDOLVWLFDOO\$PRQJ9LFWRULDQ QRYHOLVWV(OLRWZDVXQXVXDOLQWKHLPSRUWDQFHVKHJDYHWR6KDNHVSHDUH´ :KLOHVKH QRWHV(OLRWSDWWHUQLQJ*ZHQGROHQLURQLFDOO\DIWHU5RVDOLQG 1RY\GRHVQRWH[SODLQ *ZHQGROHQ DV PRGHOHG RQ +HUPLRQH /LNHZLVH 0LUD¶V GURZQLQJ DWWHPSW ODWHU DSSHDUV SDWWHUQHG RQ 2SKHOLD¶V SHUKDSV WKH XOWLPDWH H[SUHVVLRQ RI (ODLQH 6KRZDOWHU¶V QRWLRQ RIDFXOWXUDOO\PHGLDWHG2SKHOLDZKREHFRPHVKHU³DUW´ EXW,GRQRWEHOLHYHWKDW(OLRW XQGHUVWRRG2SKHOLDDVWKHVRUWRIK\VWHULFDOYLUJLQ³W\SH´GLVFXVVHGE\&XOSHSHUDQGPDQ\ RWKHUZULWHUVZKRDFFRXQWIRUK\VWHULFDOLQGLVSRVLWLRQVRIYLUJLQV²DWRSLF,GRQRWFRYHU KHUHDWOHQJWKEXWZLOOLQP\IXWXUHSURMHFWV6RZKLOH,GRQRWVHH(OLRW¶VXOWLPDWHLQWHQWLRQ ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH+HUPLRQH*ZHQGROHQSDLULQJDVFULWLFDOWRP\DUJXPHQW,OHDYHRSHQWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIKHUGHVLJQ6HHDOVRQEHORZ  ,WLVGHEDWDEOHDWSUHFLVHO\ZKDWMXQFWXUHRQHVKRXOGEHJLQXWLOL]LQJ³K\VWHULD´D WHUP,UHVHUYHIRUSV\FKRVRPDWLFPRGHOVRIWKHDLOPHQWWKDWVRPHVHHDVSDUWRIDFRQWLQXXP EXWMXVWDVPDQ\GRQRW+HOHQ.LQJZULWHV 

,VLWDGLVHDVHDWDOO",IK\VWHULDLVFRQVWDQWIRXQGWKURXJKRXWKLVWRU\ZRUOGZLGH ZHFDQEHJLQWRWDONDERXWZKHWKHURUQRW+LSSRFUDWLFPHGLFLQHUHFRJQL]HGLW UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU RU QRW +LSSRFUDWLF PHGLFLQH QDPHG LW MXVW DV ZH FDQ



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

GHYHORSHG LQ WKH V DQG V EXLOGV RQ WKHRULHV LQDXJXUDWHG E\ 7KRPDV :LOOLV DQG 7KRPDV 6\GHQKDP LQ WKH ODWH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\²D VLJQL¿FDQW LI QRW WRWDOL]LQJ GHSDUWXUH IURP WKHRULHV SRVLWLQJ XWHULQH FRPSOLFLW\ DQG WKXV D IXQGDPHQWDOO\GLIIHUHQWHWLRORJLFDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUROHRIWKHZRPEZKLFK FRQWUDVWVSRLQWHGO\ZLWKWKHHDUOLHUVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHRULHV,KDYHGLVFXVVHG 1HXURORJLFDO PRGHOV PXVW EH XQGHUVWRRG WR FRPSHWH ZLWK VSRUDGLF UHFXUUHQFHV RI XWHULQH WKHRULHV XS LQWR WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ DQG WKH\ DOVR DOORZ IRU WKH FRQWLQXLQJ LQÀXHQFH RI WKHRULHV FRQFHUQLQJ ³DQLPDO VSLULWV´ DQG LOO HIIHFWV RI ³FRQFRFWLRQ´RUGLJHVWLRQ0DUN0LFDOHH[SODLQVWKDW $FFRUGLQJ WR &KDUFRWLDQ WKHRU\ VXFK D QHXURORJLFDO GHIHFW UHVXOWHG IURP D FRPELQDWLRQ RI KHUHGLWDU\ SUHGLVSRVLWLRQ WR QHUYRXV GHJHQHUDWLRQ DQG DQ HQYLURQPHQWDODJHQWSURYRFDWHXUZKLFKPRVWRIWHQWRRNWKHIRUPRIDSK\VLFDO RUHPRWLRQDOVKRFN>«@:LWKKLVULJRURXVV\VWHPDWL]LQJLQWHOOLJHQFH&KDUFRW GLYLGHGWKHJHQHUDOL]HGK\VWHULFDOSDUR[\VPLQWRVFKHPDWL]HGVWDJHVDSHULRGRI HSLOHSWLIRUPDJLWDWLRQDSHULRGRIgrandes mouvementsLQFOXGLQJWKHIDPRXV DUFKHGEDFNSRVLWLRQ>WKHarc-en-cercle@ DSHULRGRI³SDVVLRQDODWWLWXGHV´DQG DSHULRGRIGHOLULRXVZLWKGUDZDO

:ULWWHQ MXVW ZLWKLQ WKH SHULRG &KDUFRW ZDV FRQGXFWLQJ KLV ZRUN DW WKH 6DOSrWULqUH FOLQLF WKH SRUWUDLW (OLRW SHQV RI *ZHQGROHQ¶V IUHH]LQJ LV D FORVH FRXVLQWRWKHHSLOHSWLFDJLWDWLRQ0LFDOHGHVFULEHVIRU&KDUFRW¶VVXEMHFWVKHUVKRFN VLPLODU WR ³GHOLULRXV ZLWKGUDZDO´ WULJJHUHG E\ WKH ³HQYLURQPHQWDO´ VWLPXOXV WR KHUDOUHDG\VXVFHSWLEOHQHXURORJ\ZKHQWKHGHDGIDFHXQGHUWKHSDQHOLVUHYHDOHG *ZHQGROHQ¶V³VWDWXHOLNH´SRVWXUHLVPLUURUHGE\WKHFROGEULWWOHQHVVRIFKDUDFWHU VKHLVEHOLHYHGWRSRVVHVVZKLFKOHDGVKHUWRWKHXQKDSS\HYHQSRVVLEO\VDGLVWLF XQLRQZLWK*UDQGFRXUW (YHQWKHQDPH(OLRWFKRRVHVIRUWKHPXVLFLDQ.OHVPHU SHUKDSV GHOLEHUDWHO\ UHFDOOV ³0HVPHULVP´ RU )UDQ]$QWRQ 0HVPHU¶V ³K\SQRWLF WDON DERXW ZKHWKHU WXEHUFXORVLV HSLOHSV\ DQG JRQRUUKHD ZHUH UHFRJQL]HG )XUWKHUPRUH LI LW LV KLVWRULFDOO\ FRQVWDQW D ERG\ RI WH[W RI WKH OHQJWK RI WKH +LSSRFUDWLFPHGLFDOFRUSXVVKRXOGVWDWLVWLFDOO\FRQWDLQVRPHFDVHVRILW>«@ 7KHUHDUHKRZHYHUWZRPDLQREVWDFOHVVWDQGLQJLQWKHZD\RIDGHFLVLRQWRWUHDW K\VWHULDDVDKLVWRULFDOFRQVWDQW7KH¿UVWLVWKDWXQOLNHWXEHUFXORVLVHSLOHSV\DQG JRQRUUKHDK\VWHULDLVLQQRZD\DFOHDUO\GH¿QHGGLVHDVHHQWLW\IRUZKLFKPRVW PHGLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHUVLQRXUVRFLHW\ZRXOGGUDZXSWKHVDPHOLVWRIV\PSWRPV WKHVHFRQGWKDWDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIK\VWHULDRIWHQFRQVLVWVLQLWV VXSSRVHGDELOLW\WRPLPLFV\PSWRPVRIRWKHUGLVHDVHV±  ,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJDQGVRPHZKDWSX]]OLQJWKHQWKDW.LQJHOHFWVWRXVHWKHWHUP³K\VWHULD´ WKURXJKRXWKHUZRUN $SDUWIURP.LQJ¶VFDXWLRQVP\RZQYLHZLVWKDWHYHQLIDFOXVWHU RI VRPHZKDW VLPLODU V\PSWRPVDIIHFWV DIÀLFWV ZRPHQ RYHU WKH VSDQ RI PDQ\ FHQWXULHV DQG FRXOG LQ WKLV OLPLWHG VHQVH VXJJHVW D GHJUHH RI FRQWLQXLW\ WKH HWLRORJLFDO DQG WKXV FRQFHSWXDOGLIIHUHQFHVDQGEHOLHIVDERXWWKHRULJLQRIWKRVHDIIHFWVDUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\YDULRXV HQRXJKWRQHFHVVLWDWHGLVWLQFWLRQVLQWHUPLQRORJ\  )RUDKLVWRU\RIWKHVHVKLIWVVHH0LFDOHDQG9HLWK  0LFDOH

Epilogue



UHVHDUFKLQWRXQFRQVFLRXVPHQWDOSURFHVVHV´WKDWLQDXJXUDWHGDQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ YRJXHIRUK\SQRWL]LQJRU³PHVPHUL]LQJ´IHPDOHSDWLHQWVLQWRHI¿FDFLRXVVWXSRUV IRUWKHUHOLHIRIQHUYRXVV\PSWRPV ,Q WRWDO *ZHQGROHQ¶V DUUHVWDWLRQV ORRN OLNH D FODVVLF H[DPSOH RI UHSUHVVLYH 9LFWRULDQVH[XDOLW\DV:HLVVHUDOVRREVHUYHV(OLRWDSSDUHQWO\IDVKLRQVKHUDVD ³WH[WERRN´FDVHGRFXPHQWLQJKHU¿UVWUXGHDZDNHQLQJLQWRK\VWHULFDOQHXURSDWK\ IRUZKLFK'HURQGDZLOOEHKHURQO\SDUWLDOO\VXFFHVVIXOFOLQLFLDQSK\VLFLDQ After DOO&KDUFRWGLGQRWEHOLHYHWKDWK\VWHULDFRXOGEHHIIHFWLYHO\FXUHG0LFDOHUHPLQGV XVDQGDFFRUGLQJO\'HURQGD³WUHDWV´EXWGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\³FXUH´*ZHQGROHQ ZKRUHDFKHVDQHZOHYHORIVHOIDZDUHQHVVE\QRYHO¶VHQGEXWUHPDLQVZLWK³FROG KDQGV´µ³«@LQWKHQHJDWLYHQDWXUHRIWKHFDVHDV6KDNHVSHDUHKDVWDNHQSDLQV WR VHW LW XS QHLWKHU /HRQWHV QRU ZH FDQ HYHU NQRZ IRU VXUH VKRUW RI GLYLQH UHYHODWLRQ>WKHRUDFOH@>«@,ZDQWWRTXHVWLRQWKHGH¿QLWLYHQHVVRIWKHRUDFOH¶V SURQRXQFHPHQWDQGWKHEDVLVIRURXUKDSS\FRQVHQVXV ,WVHHPVWRPHWKDWDQ\GLVFRUGDQWVXJJHVWLRQVDERXW+HUPLRQH6KDNHVSHDUHPLJKWOHDYHLQ DUHWKHWUDFHHOHPHQWVRIKLVGHEWWRPandostoEXWHYHQZHUHDQ\RQHWRDUJXHWKDW+HUPLRQH LVXQFKDVWHWKLVGRHVQRWIXQGDPHQWDOO\FKDQJHP\DUJXPHQWDERXWWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKH hysterica passioUHYLYL¿FDWLRQHSLVRGH  $GHOPDQSuffocating Mothers   ³,PSUXGHQWFRQGXFW´LVWKHSKUDVH'DYLG%HYLQJWRQXVHVWRGHVFULEHPandosto’s FKDUDFWHU LQ KLV GLVFXVVLRQ SUHIDFLQJ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V SOD\   )RU D GLIIHUHQW YLHZ VHH 0LFKHOOH (SKUDLP¶V ³+HUPLRQH¶V 6XVSLFLRXV %RG\ $GXOWHU\ DQG 6XSHUIHWDWLRQ in The Winter’s Tale´ Performing Maternity in Early Modern England HG .DWKU\Q 0 0RQFULHI DQG .DWKU\Q 5 0F3KHUVRQ $OGHUVKRW +DPSVKLUH DQG %XUOLQJWRQ97 $VKJDWH ±



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

VH[XDOO\VRPXFKDVWKH\DUHLPDJLQHGDVWKHVWDQGDUGPHFKDQLVPVRIPDWHUQDO XWHULQH G\VIXQFWLRQDOLW\ ,W LV GXULQJ KHU XQGH¿QHG SHULRG RI UHFXSHUDWLRQ IURP hysterica passioWKDWVKHLVFOHDQVHGDOVRYHU\OLWHUDOO\²UHWXUQHGWRWKHFXUDWLYH SRZHUVRIKHU³FKLOGEHGSULYLOHJHGHQLHG´²DQGSHUKDSV¿JXUDWLYHO\UHFRXSHGLQ WKHIRUPRIKHU³UHVWRUDWLRQ´WR/HRQWHV/LNH+HURLQMuch Ado about Nothing, +HUPLRQHLVUHERUQWKHFKDVWHZRPDQVKHDOZD\VKDVEHHQXQOLNHWKHZRPHQLQ P\WKLUGFKDSWHU¶VDQDO\VLVKHUFKLOG3HUGLWDLVQRWZULWWHQWREHIDWDOO\ORVWLQKHU GHOLYHU\ $QGKHUHZHDUULYHDWWKHODVWRIWKHPDQ\FRPSOH[¿JXULQJVRIWKHhysterica passio LQFLGHQW LQ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V SOD\ LQ UHSOD\LQJ KHU UHYLYLQJ IURP DQ DFWXDO SDWKRORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQ +HUPLRQH FDQ QRZ EH VHHQ E\ /HRQWHV DV D ³ERUQ DJDLQ YLUJLQ´ RU DW OHDVW D FKDVWH ZLIH QRW GLYRUFHG IURP VH[XDO H[SUHVVLRQ LQ FRQWUDVW WR WKH ZRPHQ ZH VDZ FDVW LQ WUDJLF SORWV ZKRVH VH[XDOLW\ LV DOZD\V ¿QDOO\ SUREOHPDWLF  2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG *ZHQGROHQ¶V UHVSRQVHV SUHGLFW UDWKHU WKHOLNHOLKRRGWKDWKHUVH[XDOFROGQHVVZLOOSUHYHQWKHUIURPDIXWXUHVDWLVI\LQJ XQLRQDQGDOVRFKLOGELUWKWKRXJKDVVXUHGO\VKHZLOO³VXUYLYH´+HU³FROGKDQGV´ DQGK\VWHULDDWWKHHQGRIWKHQRYHOLQGLFDWHWKHUHLVQRVDOXWDU\VH[XDOUHVROXWLRQ RQ WKH IRUHIURQW DQG KHU UHSUHVVLRQV VHHP GHVLJQHG WR IRUHFDVW KHU LUUHSDUDEOH GDPDJH+HU³plastik´DFWLQJKHUSOD\DFWLQJ+HUPLRQHWKXVSRLQWVWRKRZPXFK WKH PRUH VKH ZLOO DVVXPH WKH UROH RI D VWDWXH WKDQ 6KDNHVSHDUH VDZ ¿W IRU KLV FKDUDFWHU²EXWFHUWDLQO\WKH³¿WV´RIKLVWRU\XQLWHERWKRIWKHLUDFWV 6RWRRGRHVDVSHFWHURIWKHIHDURISUHPDWXUHEXULDOUHWXUQLQ(OLRW¶VHSLVRGH OLQNLQJ HDUO\ PRGHUQ LQGLYLGXDOV¶ DQ[LHWLHV DERXW PLVMXGJLQJ WKH DFWXDO GHDWKV RI ³GHDG´ ZRPHQ WR WKRVH ZHOO DIWHUZDUG 3RH¶V VWRU\ ³7KH 3UHPDWXUH %XULDO´  VXPPRQVXSWKHHLJKWHHQWKDQGQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\JRWKLFSDQLFRIEHLQJ WDNHQIRUGHDGDEDQGRQHGDQGOHIWWRGLHIRUZDQWRIZLWQHVVHVRUVSHFWDWRUVWR WKHVFHQH 7REHEXULHGZKLOHDOLYHLVEH\RQGTXHVWLRQWKHPRVWWHUUL¿FRIWKHVHH[WUHPHV ZKLFKKDVHYHUIDOOHQWRWKHORWRIPHUHPRUWDOLW\>«@1RRQHVXVSHFWHGLQGHHG RUKDGUHDVRQWRVXVSHFWWKDWVKHZDVQRWDFWXDOO\GHDG6KHSUHVHQWHGDOOWKH RUGLQDU\DSSHDUDQFHVRIGHDWK7KHIDFHDVVXPHGWKHXVXDOSLQFKHGDQGVXQNHQ RXWOLQH7KHOLSVZHUHRIWKHXVXDOPDUEOHSDOORU7KHH\HVZHUHOXVWHUOHVV7KHUH ZDVQRZDUPWK3XOVDWLRQKDGFHDVHG)RUWKUHHGD\VWKHERG\ZDVSUHVHUYHG XQEXULHGGXULQJZKLFKLWKDGDFTXLUHGDVWRQ\ULJLGLW\7KHIXQHUDOLQVKRUW ZDV KDVWHQHG RQ DFFRXQW RI WKH UDSLG DGYDQFH RI ZKDW ZDV VXSSRVHG WR EH GHFRPSRVLWLRQ

3RH¶V ¿FWLRQDO GHVFULSWLRQ RI ³WKH GLUHFW WHVWLPRQ\ RI PHGLFDO DQG RUGLQDU\ H[SHULHQFH>WKDWSURYHV@DYDVWQXPEHURIVXFKLQWHUPHQWV´RUSUHPDWXUHEXULDOV WKDW ³KDYH DFWXDOO\ WDNHQ SODFH´ ±  VRXQGV PDUNHGO\ OLNH HDUO\ PRGHUQ QDUUDWLYHV0XFKOLNHKLVPHGLFDOZULWHUIRUHEHDUVKLVQDUUDWRUFODLPVWR³UHIHUDW  $OOVXEVHTXHQWTXRWHVIURP(GJDU$OODQ3RH³7KH3UHPDWXUH%XULDO´The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe1HZ«@$FDUHIXOLQYHVWLJDWLRQUHQGHUHGLWHYLGHQWWKDWVKHKDG UHYLYHGZLWKLQWZRGD\VDIWHUKHUHQWRPEPHQWWKDWKHUVWUXJJOHVZLWKLQWKHFRI¿Q KDGFDXVHGLWWRIDOOIURPDOHGJHRUVKHOIWRWKHÀRRUZKHUHLWZDVVREURNHQ DV WR SHUPLW KHU HVFDSH >«@:KLOH WKXV RFFXSLHG VKH SUREDEO\ VZRRQHG RU SRVVLEO\GLHGWKURXJKVKHHUWHUURUDQGLQIDOOLQJKHUVKURXGEHFDPHHQWDQJOHG LQVRPHLURQZRUNZKLFKSURMHFWHGLQWHULRUO\7KXVVKHUHPDLQHGDQGWKXVVKH URWWHGHUHFW

3RH¶V QDUUDWRU¶V²RU 3RH¶V RZQ²JKRXOLVK UHOLVK IRU ³VWUDQJH WUXWKV´ DJDLQ UHVRXQGV ZLWK RU UHSHDWV HDUO\ PRGHUQ DQG 6KDNHVSHDUHDQ IDVFLQDWLRQ ZLWK VLPLODU HSLVRGHV SHUKDSV 3RH FRQFHLYHV RI ZKDW PLJKW KDYH KDSSHQHG ³RII VWDJH´WRDZRPDQVXFKDV+HUPLRQHVKRXOG3DXOLQDQRWKDYHEHHQQHDUE\DQG 

7KLVLVQRWWRVD\WKDWRQO\9LFWRULDQVZHUHZRUULHGDERXWWKHSURVSHFWRIUHDZDNHQLQJ LQWKHLUFRI¿QVRURWKHUFRQ¿QHPHQWVDV-DQ%RQGHVRQFKDUWVVHHDOVR&KDSWHUQLQ D IDVFLQDWLQJ KLVWRU\ RI WKH SUHPDWXUH EXULDO ORUH DQG UHODWHG SDUDQRLD LQFOXGLQJ D WRXU WKURXJK VHYHUDO FHQWXULHV¶ LQYHQWLRQV DQG FRQWUDSWLRQV GHVLJQHG WR UHVFXH XQIRUWXQDWH SDUWLHV DV ZHOO DV PDQ\ VHQVDWLRQDO VWRULHV RI UHDZDNHQLQJV XS WKURXJK WKH SUHVHQW GD\ $Boston GlobeQHZVSDSHUDUWLFOHDERXWDUHDOOLIHFDVHRIDZRPDQVXSSRVHGGHDG ZDNLQJXSLQDIXQHUDOKRPHWKDW,HQFRXQWHUHGZKLOHZULWLQJP\GLVVHUWDWLRQDW%RVWRQ 8QLYHUVLW\LVPHUHO\DPRUHUHFHQWLQVSLUDWLRQIRUWKHVHFKDSWHUV



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

SUHVHQWWRDWWHQGRQKHUUHYLYDO6DUWUHPD\KDYHVDLGWKDWKHOOLVRWKHUSHRSOH EXW 3RH FRQVLGHUV D KHOO ZLWKRXW RWKHU SHRSOH DURXQG  7KH ODG\¶V ¿QDO ³HUHFW´ RUVWDQGLQJSRVWXUHWKHPDUNRIKXPDQYLWDOLW\LQGHDWKPRFNVKHUDWWHPSWVWR VWUXJJOHEDFNLQWRWKHZRUOGRIWKHOLYLQJIURPWKHVHTXHVWUDWLRQRIWKHGHDGWKH URWRIKHUYHUWLFDO³UHPDLQV´LVDFUXHOLURQ\LWVHOIRI3RH¶VLQWKDWKHGRHVQRWDOORZ KLVFKDUDFWHUWKHODWLWXGHWKDWWKHGUDPDWLVWDQGWKHQRYHOLVW(OLRWZRXOGSHUPLW ,Q WXUQ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V DQG 3RH¶V FRQWULEXWLRQV WR D ODVWLQJ LI PRUELG WUDGLWLRQ ERWKDSSDUHQWO\LQIRUP(OLRW¶VSRUWUD\DORI+HUPLRQHIRU(OLRW¶V³+HUPLRQH´LV SHUKDSVWKHPRVWWUXO\OLPLQDORIWKHPRULEXQGSRUWUDLWV²QHLWKHU3RH¶VDOLYHOHIW IRUGHDGQRU6KDNHVSHDUH¶VGHDGUHFDOOHGWROLIH*ZHQGROHQLV¿[HGLQWRDVWDWHRI FROGOLYLQJGHDWKWKDWZLOOVLPSO\HQGXUH 7KH+HUPLRQHRIDQGWKH+HUPLRQHRIDUHQLFHH[SUHVVLRQVWKHQ RI WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH OLWHUDOL]HG PRGHO RI UHSUHVVLRQ LQ VL[WHHQWK DQG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\PHGLFLQHDQGLWVUHLQVFULSWLRQVIRU9LFWRULDQVH[XDOSURELW\ GHVSLWHDQ\RUDOORIWKHDXWKRUV¶LQWHQWLRQVWRLURQL]HWKHVHSHUVSHFWLYHV5HJDUGOHVV RIKRZQHDWO\FLUFXPVFULEHGWKHUHWXUQRIWKHUHSUHVVHGEHFRPHVLQP\RZQSDLULQJ RIWKHVH³ERRNHQGHG´+HUPLRQHVKRZHYHU,ZDQWWRVWUHVVYHU\SRLQWHGO\WKDW WKLVFLUFXODULW\VKRXOGQRWEHWDNHQWRVXJJHVWDEODWDQWEDUHHTXLYDOHQFHEHWZHHQ WKHWZRPRGHOVRIK\VWHULFDOUHSUHVVLRQDQGKLEHUQDOPRUELGLW\WKDWQRYHOLVWDQG SOD\ZULJKWUHSUHVHQWEXWUDWKHUWKHDEVROXWHRSSRVLWH*ZHQGROHQ¶VPDUPRUHDO PXWHK\VWHULFDOWUDQFHFUHGLWVDGLIIHUHQWRULJLQIURPZKDW³DXWKRUV´+HUPLRQH¶V KLEHUQDOFDVHRIhysterica passioKRZHYHUORQJSUHFLVHO\LWLVWKDWXWHULQHRULJLQ WKHRULHVOLQJHUDIWHURUKRZHYHUUHVROXWHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKIHPDOHLQVXI¿FLHQF\ WKH\ERWKDUH²GHVSLWHWKHDSSDUHQWO\HQGOHVVEDWWHU\RIHWLRORJLFDODUJXPHQWVWKDW RIWHQVXSSRUWGHHSO\LGHRORJLFDOYLHZVRIIHPDOHKHDOWKDQGVH[XDOLW\7KHWZR +HUPLRQHVDUHMXVWDVVHSDUDWHGE\WKHLUWZRKXQGUHG\HDUV¶GLIIHUHQFHDVWKH\DUH PLUURUVRIRQHDQRWKHUDWRUWXRXVarc-en-cercle in a mis-en-abymeDOOWKHLURZQ SOD\LQJRXWLQWKHIRUPRIVRPHWUXO\DUWIXOplastik

:RUNV&LWHG An Account of the Causes of some Particular Rebellious Distempers1SQS  $GDP,DQ³The Winter’s TaleDQG,WV'LVSODFHPHQWV7KH+HUPLRQH(SLVRGHLQ Daniel Deronda.´Newsletter of the Victorian Studies Association of Western Canada6SULQJ ± $GG\PDQ0DULH(³7KH&KDUDFWHURI+\VWHULDLQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶V(QJODQG´'LVV 8RI$UGHQ¿UVWVHULHV@/RQGRQ0HWKXHQ &UDZIRUG-XOLHMarvelous Protestantism: Monstrous Births in Post-Reformation England%DOWLPRUHDQG/RQGRQ-RKQV+RSNLQV83 &UDZIRUG3DWULFLD³$WWLWXGHVWR0HQVWUXDWLRQLQ6HYHQWHHQWK&HQWXU\(QJODQG´ Past and Present  ± &URRNH+HONLDKMikrokosmographia./RQGRQ &XOSHSHU1LFKRODVA Directory for Midwives/RQGRQ ²²²A Directory for Midwives/RQGRQ ²²²Directory for Midwives/RQGRQ ²²²A Directory for Midwives/RQGRQ ²²²A Directory for Midwives/RQGRQ ²²²A Physical Directory/RQGRQ 'DZVRQ/HVHOLovesickness and Gender in Early Modern Literature1HZ