Plutarch Lives, VII, Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar (Loeb Classical Library No. 99)

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UTARCH'S LIVES VII

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DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO ALEXANDER AND CAESAR i i i i i

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1 1 1 1 Translated bv

BERNADOTTE PERRIN

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Complete

list

found at the

of loeb titles can be end of each volume

PLUTARCH

(Plutarchus, c. A.D. 45120, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece, studied philosophy at

Athens, and, after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. iMarried

and father of one daughter and four sons, he appears as a man of kindly character and independent thought. Studious and learned, he wrote on many subjects. Most popular have always been the 46 Parallel Lives, biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs (in each pair one Greek person and one similar Roman), though the

last

four lives are single. All are inknowledge of the

valuable sources of our lives

and characters of Greek and

Roman

statesmen or soldiers or orators. Plutarch's

many other 60

in

Essays'

varied extant works, about

number, are known as 'Moral or 'Moral Works'. They are of

besides being ol groat high literary value, use to people interested in philosophy, ethics and religion.

\ V

92/7

\\

NY PUBLIC

LIB

3 333C

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB,

LL.D.

EDITED BY E. H.

WARMINGTON,

M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

FORMER EDITORS f-T.

E.

fW. H.

PAGE, D.

C.H., LITT.D.

ROUSE,

LITT.D.

fE. CAPPS, L. A.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES VII

99

PH.D., LL.D.

POST,

L.H.D.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN

ELEVEN VOLUMES VII

DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO ALEXANDER AND CAESAR

fffS|2fm JTv

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLXVII

First printed 1919 Reprinted 192S, 1949, 19JS, 1967

Printed in Great Britain

CONTENTS PAOK

PREFATORY NOTE

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES

vi

IN THIS EDITION

TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES

DEMOSTHENES

.

CICERO

.

.

.

viii

ix

1

81

COMPARISON OF DEMOSTHENES AND CICKRO

211

ALEXANDER

223

CAESAR

441

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES

611

PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agreement between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 18551857) editions of the Parallel Lives has been taken as the basis for the text. Any preference of one to the other, and any important departure from both, have been indicated. An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch

may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. None of the Lives presented in this volume are contained

in

the

two oldest and most authoritative

Codex Sangermanensis (S ) and manuscripts the Codex Seitenstettensis (S), or in the excellent s

the

Paris manuscript No. 1676 (F*).

Their text there-

principally on the Paris manuscripts Nos. 1671, 1673, and 1674 (ACD), although in a fewinstances weight has been given to readings from fore

rests

the Codex Matritensis (M*), on the authority of the Graux and his editions of the

collations of Charles

Demosthenes and Cicero. naturally, to furnish vi

No attempt

has been made,

either a diplomatic text or a

PREFATORY NOTE full critical

apparatus.

For these, the reader must

be referred to the major edition of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846, 4 voll., 8vo), or to the rather inaccessible text of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler, in the

Teubner Library of Greek and Latin texts

(Vol. III.,

In the present was published in 1915). edition, the reading which follows the colon in the Fasc.

I.

brief critical notes

and

is

that of the Teubner Sintenis,

also, unless otherwise stated in the note, of the

Tauchnitz Bekker. All

the standard translations of the Lives have

carefully compared and utilized, including those of the Cicero and Caesar by Professor Long. And more or less use has been made of the follow-

been

Graux, Vie de Demosthcne, and Vie de Ciceron, Paris, 1883 and 1882; Holden, Plutarch's

ing works

:

Demosthenes,

Gudeman,

Cambridge,

Pitt

Press

Series,

1893;

Sources of Plutarch's Cicero, Philadelphia,

1902; Sihler, Cicero of Arpinum, New Haven, 1914, and Annals of Caesar, New York, 1911. B.

PERR1N.

NEW HAVEN,

CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. November, 1918.

vn

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VOLUME (1)

(2)

(3)

VOLUME (4)

VOLUME

I.

Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. Solon and Publicola. Comparison. II.

Themistocles and

(22) (7)

Paulus.

Comparison.

VOLUME

Demosthenes and Cicero.

(17)

Comparison. Alexander and Julius Caesar.

Aristides and Cato Elder.

the

Comparison. (13)

Cimon and

Pericles

(5)

(18)

*

(21)

Comparison. Nicias and Crassus.

Comparison. IV.

Alcibiades and Coriola-

(6)

nus.

Comparison. (12)

VOLUME

and Fabius Max-

VOLUME

VIII.

and Eumenes. Comparison. Phocion and Cato the Younger.

III.

imus. (14)

VOLUME (15) Sertorius

Lucullus.

Comparison.

VOLUME

VII.

(20)

Camillus. (9)

VI.

Dion and Brutus. Comparison. Timoleon and Aemilius

Lysander and Sulla. Comparison.

(11)

IX.

Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. Pyrrhus and Cains Marius.

VOLUME X. Agis and Cleomenes, and and Caius Tiberius Gracchus. Comparison. (10) Philopoemen and Flam-

(19)

ininus.

Comparison.

VOLUME (16) Agesilaiis (8)

V.

and Pompey.

Comparison. Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison.

vm

VOLUME (24) Aratus.

(23) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho.

XI.

THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF PARALLEL LIVES. (1)

Theseus and Romulus.

(2)

Lycurgus and Numa.

(3)

Solon and Publicola.

(4)

Themistocles and Camillas.

and Fabius Maximus.

(5)

Pericles

(6)

Alcibiades and Coriolanus.

(7)

Timoleon and Aemilius Paul us.

(8)

Pelopidas and Marcellus.

(9)

Aristides and Cato the Elder.

(10)

Philopoeinen and Flamininus.

(12)

Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. Lysander and Sulla.

(13)

Cimon and Lucullus.

(11)

(14) Nicias

and Crassus.

(15) Sertorius

and Eumenes.

(16) Agesilaiis

and Pompey.

(17)

(18) (19)

(20)

(21) (22)

TtiE

Alexander and Julius Caesar. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Agis and Cleoinenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus.

Demosthenes and Cicero.

..*

Demetrius and Antony. Dion and Brutus.

(23) Artaxerxes. (24) Aratus. (25) Galba. (26) Oulio.

DEMOSTHENES

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yevofievovs,

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Frag. .

.

.

dry

2

.

.

.

an iambic trimeter (Nauck, Trag. Grace. Hawe? restored by Reiske "Iwi/, SeA'/ni/oj

j8/o

p. 744),

:

(for in this attempt the dolphin's land). ftia

.

.

.

might would be on

DEMOSTHENES,

n. 3-111. 3

graceful accomplishment and one not without pleasures, still, the careful practice necessary for attaining this is not easy for one like me, but appropriate for those who have more leisure and a

its

whose remaining years

still suffice for such pursuits. 1 Therefore, in this fifth book of my Parallel I where write about Demosthenes and Cicero, Lives,

III.

examine their actions and their political see how their natures and dispositions compare with one another, but I shall make no I

shall

careers

to

of their speeches, nor try to or the more "For useless," as Ion says, "is a powerful orator. dolphin's might upon dry ground/' a maxim which Caecilius, who goes to excess in everything, forgot when he boldly ventured to put forth a comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero. But really it is poscritical

comparison

show which was the more agreeable

sible that, if the

"

Know

of the oracle 2

thyself"

were an easy thing for every man, be held to be a divine injunction.

it

would not

of Demosthenes and Cicero, then, would seem that the Deity originally fashioned them on the same plan, implanting in their natures In the case

it

similarities, such as their love of distinction, their love of freedom in their political activities, and their lack of courage for wars and dangers, and uniting in them also manv similarities of

many

For in my opinion two other orators could fortune. not be found who, from small and obscure begin-

became great and powerful who came into and tyrants who lost each a who were banished from their native daughter and who, after cities and returned with honour nings,

;

conflict with kings

;

;

;

1

See the note on the Dion,

ii.

4.

2

At

Delphi, 7

PLUTARCH'S LIVES S'

avBis

/cal

X