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2009
Demography and health Economy
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OECD Tokyo Centre 3rd Floor, Nippon Press Center Building 2-2-1 Uchisaiwaicho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 Tel.: 81 3 5532 0021 Fax: 81 3 5532 0035 E-mail:
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OECD in Figures 2009
OECD in Figures 2009 Contents Demography and health Demography Health spending and resources Health status Economy Gross domestic product Economic growth and performance Sectoral contributions to gross value added Services: value added Business statistics Transport Energy Energy: supply Energy: production Energy consumption and electricity generation Labour Employment Part-time and self-employment Unemployment Services: employment Science and technology Research and development (I) Research and development (II) Patents and trade in technology Environment Resources Emissions and pollution CO2 emissions
6 6 8 10 12 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 24 26 28 30 30 32 34 36 38 38 40 42 44 44 46 48
Education Expenditure Performance Public finance Agriculture: support estimates Government sector Taxation Development aid International trade and investment Direct investment Trade Trade in services
50 50 52 54 54 56 58 60 62 62 64 66
Prices and finance
68
Prices and interest rates Insurance and pensions Financial balance sheets and institutional investment Domestic and foreign finance
68 70 72 74
World map
76
OECD in graphs GDP growth GDP per capita Public debt climbs Financial deficits Joblessness record? Immigrants and new jobs Healthcare gap Inflation R&D spending alert Investment collapse Rarer youth Pension funds Development aid warning Costly energy subsidies General notes Glossary
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
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© OECD 2009
4
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia (1971), Austria (1961), Belgium (1961), Canada (1961), Czech Republic (1995), Denmark (1961), Finland (1969), France (1961), Germany (1961), Greece (1961), Hungary (1996), Iceland (1961), Ireland (1961), Italy (1962), Japan (1964), Korea (1996), Luxembourg (1961), Mexico (1994), Netherlands (1961), New Zealand (1973), Norway (1961), Poland (1996), Portugal (1961), Slovak Republic (2000), Spain (1961), Sweden (1961), Switzerland (1961), Turkey (1961), United Kingdom (1961), United States (1961). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members.
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
Also available in French under the title: L'OCDE en chiffres 2009
2009
OECD in Figures
Demography and health Economy Energy Labour Science and technology Environment Education Public finance International trade and investment Prices and finance
21 072
8 315
10 623
32 927
10 323
5 457
5 289
61 938
84
31
9 976
79
43
338
549
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
48 456
476
105 791
100
3
1 996
Korea*
41
269
Netherlands
New Zealand
Mexico
4 228
16 382
127 771
378
Japan*
Luxembourg
4 339
58 880
70
Iceland
301
311
103
Hungary
Italy*
10 056
93
Greece*
Ireland
82 257
11 193
357
132
Germany
Australia
3 781
15 611
94 478
421
45 954
126 166
56 941
3 664
271
10 290
10 777
82 052
58 207
5 140
5 285
10 304
29 906
10 181
8 072
18 518
1.0
0.2
0.9
1.5
0.3
0.0
0.8
2.5
2.3
- 0.1
0.4
- 0.1
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.5
1.1
0.8
0.4
1.8
growth rate, 2007/2006
Population*
1997
thousands
2007
7 687
Thousand km²
Total area
Demography and health > Demography
3
16
402
53
183
486
338
195
62
3
108
85
230
113
16
127
131
3
348
99
2007
per km²
Under 15
21.0
18.0
30.0
18.3
18.0
13.5
14.1
20.4
21.0
15.1
14.3
13.4
18.3
17.0
18.5
14.3
17.1
16.9
15.5
19.4
2007
32.9
30.0
..
21.4
42.3
30.2
23.4
30.5
34.8
25.3
26.1
21.3
26.4
30.4
25.2
25.4
33.7
23.5
22.0
30.2
1960
Age structure*
15-64
66.5
67.4
64.5
67.6
72.0
65.0
66.1
68.8
67.4
68.8
67.1
66.3
65.1
66.5
66.0
71.2
69.5
66.0
67.5
67.5
2007
58.5
61.0
..
67.9
54.8
64.1
67.6
58.6
57.1
65.6
65.8
67.8
62.0
62.3
64.2
64.9
58.7
64.5
65.8
61.3
1960
As a % of total population
12.5
14.6
5.5
14.0
9.9
21.5
19.7
10.8
11.5
16.1
18.6
20.2
16.6
16.5
15.5
14.5
13.5
17.1
17.0
13.1
8.7
9.0
..
10.8
2.9
5.7
9.0
10.9
8.1
9.0
8.1
10.8
11.6
7.3
10.6
9.6
7.6
12.0
12.2
8.5
1960
65 and over 2007
21.6
10.7
0.4
36.2
1.7
1.7
5.8
15.7
..
3.8
5.7
12.9
8.5
3.8
6.9
6.2
20.1
13.0
14.2
25.0
2007
-2
-4
16.4
9.4
0.4
31.9
0.3
1.2
2.1
7.4
..
2.8
2.7
12.1
7.3
2.3
5.2
4.3
17.7
9.9
11.2
23.3
1997
As a % of total population
Foreign-born population*
-2
+1
+2
-1
+1
Australia
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea*
Japan*
Italy*
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece*
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
6
0.4
0.6
0.6
1.0
0.6
- 3.3
0.9
0.7
1.8
0.1
0.2
15
34
121
34
32
249
90
183
20
89
110
115
122
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
1 104 520
372 972
684 234
272 647
58 314
64 063
7 089
8 846
39 583
5 383
9 878
0.0
1.0
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
1 179 337
390 750
726 038
301 290
60 975
70 586
7 551
9 148
44 874
5 398
10 604
4 405
38 292
.. -n
34 804
3 240
21 182
4 709
38 116
*
OECD total
EU15
G7
9 376
245
United Kingdom
United States
781
41
Turkey*
Switzerland
450
49
Slovak Republic
Sweden
92
Portugal
505
313
Poland
Spain
324
Norway
18.8
15.8
17.2
20.2
17.6
26.4
15.0
16.9
14.6
16.0
15.4
15.6
19.3
66.9
66.5
66.5
67.2
66.4
66.5
68.1
65.7
68.8
72.1
67.3
70.9
66.1
61.6
63.2
63.0
59.7
64.9
55.1
66.1
65.9
64.5
61.5
..
60.8
63.2
14.3
17.7
16.3
12.6
16.0
7.1
16.8
17.4
16.6
11.9
17.3
13.4
14.6
..
..
..
13.6
10.2
..
24.9
13.4
13.4
6.8
6.1
1.6
9.5 -5
..
..
..
10.7
7.2
1.9
21.3
10.8
3.0
..
5.3
..
5.8
+3
OECD total
EU15
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey*
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702411568104
8.5
10.1
9.0
9.2
11.7
3.7
10.7
11.8
8.2
6.9
..
5.8
10.9
Sources: Labour Force Statistics: 1987-2007, OECD, Paris, 2008; International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI, 2008 Edition, OECD, Paris, 2008.
28.6
23.6
27.9
31.0
23.3
41.2
23.2
22.4
27.3
31.6
..
33.5
25.9
7
10.2
8.4
6.8
8.1
6.4
7.7
10.4
9.6
7.4
9.3
7.6
8.7
8.1
Germany
Greece*
Hungary*
Iceland
Ireland*
Italy
Japan
7.0
10.2
11.0
France
-1
8.2
6.7
7.6
6.8
Czech Republic
8.8
8.3
9.8
10.1
Canada
8.2
10.2
Belgium
9.8
Finland
10.1
Austria
7.6
1997
Denmark
8.7
Australia
-1
81.3
76.5
80.7
82.5
70.6
60.3
76.9
79.0
74.6
83.8
85.2
70.0
75.1
76.4
67.7
2007
-1
-1
81.5
70.8
73.9
82.1
81.3
52.8
80.8
79.6
72.2
81.7
90.3
70.1
75.4
75.7
66.9
1997
% of total expenditure
% of GDP
2007
Public expenditure*
Total expenditure
2.2
1.9
6.4
2.4
5.0
6.8
1.4
2.4
4.6
3.7
4.9
3.5
3.8
2.0
2.9
Average annual growth rate* 2000-07
Demography and health > Health spending and resources
-1
-1
2 581
2 686
3 424
3 319
1 388
2 727
3 588
3 601
2 840
3 512
1 626
3 895
3 595
3 763
3 137
-1
-1
1 695
1 728
1 396
2 114
679
1 354
2 413
2 226
1 606
2 060
922
2 152
1 969
2 416
1 805
1997
19.6
19.3
..
13.5
31.2
24.8
15.1
16.3
14.1
8.6
21.5
17.7
15.7
13.3
13.7
2007
-1
-1
20.6
21.2
..
15.1
25.9
16.2
13.1
15.0
13.6
9.0
24.9
14.8
16.5
10.9
12.6
1997
% of total expenditure
Per capita USD PPP
2007
Pharmaceutical expenditure
Health expenditure
8.2
3.1
2.7
..
4.1
3.9
5.7
3.6
3.7
2.9
5.2
2.7
4.3
6.1
3.5
2007
-1
-1
-1
11.5
5.2
2.9
..
5.9
3.9
6.6
4.4
4.2
3.7
6.3
3.8
4.9
6.6
3.8
1997
per 1 000 population
Acute care beds*
2.1
3.7
3.0
3.7
2.8
5.4
3.5
3.4
3.0
3.2
3.6
2.2
4.0
3.8
2.8
2007
-1
-1
2.2
1.8
4.0
2.1
3.3
3.0
4.0
3.1
3.3
2.6
-1
3.1
2.0
3.7
2.9
2.4
1997
-1
-1
per 1 000 population
Practising physicians*
-1
-2
40.1
18.6
8.5
19.3
2.8
13.2
8.2
5.7
15.3
10.2
4.4
6.7
7.5
17.7
5.1
2007
-2
-2
-3
18.8
4.1
..
7.4
1.4
1.9
3.2
2.5
6.6
5.4
1.1
1.8
3.2
8.4
3.5
1997
per million population
MRI scanner units
-1
+2
Australia
Japan
Italy
Ireland*
Iceland
Hungary*
Greece*
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
8
9.2
8.9
6.4
9.9
7.7
8.5
9.1
10.8
5.7
8.4
16.0
8.9
New Zealand
Norway*
Poland
Portugal*
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom*
United States
OECD average
-2
-1
7.6
13.4
6.6
3.1
10.0
8.1
7.3
5.8
8.0
5.6
8.4
7.3
7.9
4.8
73.2
45.4
81.7
71.4
59.3
81.7
71.8
66.8
71.5
70.8
84.1
78.0
81.4
45.2
90.9
54.9
-2
-1
-1
-1
72.8
44.7
80.4
71.6
55.0
85.8
72.5
91.7
65.7
72.0
81.3
77.3
71.2
44.7
92.5
41.7
4.3
3.7
4.7
6.1
2.1
3.8
4.2
11.5
2.3
6.4
2.5
4.8
4.5
3.6
5.1
9.2
-2
-1
-1
2 984
7 290
2 992
618
4 417
3 323
2 671
1 555
2 150
1 035
4 763
2 510
3 837
823
4 162
1 688
-2
-1
-1
623
1 641
4 055
1 488
250
2 846
1 887
1 299
564
1 186
498
2 350
1 352
1 916
407
1 972
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
9.8
Netherlands*
5.6
4.3
.. -n
5.9
Mexico
-1
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
7.3
Luxembourg*
*
6.8
Korea
-1
-2
16.9
9.5
15.9
24.3
10.5
12.4
20.8
34.0
23.8
..
9.1
14.4
11.0
18.6
12.6
25.8
+2
+2
+2
3.8
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.5
2.1
2.5
4.9
2.8
4.6
2.9
..
3.0
1.0
4.4
7.1
-1
-1
4.4
3.2
3.0
2.1
4.9
2.7
2.9
6.1
3.4
5.7
3.3
..
3.7
1.1
..
4.2
Sources: OECD Health Data 2009, OECD, Paris, June 2009. http://www.oecd.org/health/healthdata
17.1
12.0
..
..
10.3
13.4
21.0
27.9
21.8
24.5
8.0
9.6
11.0
24.0
8.4
24.7
+3
1.7
3.1
2.4
2.5
1.5
3.9
3.6
3.7
3.1
3.5
2.2
3.9
2.3
3.9
2.0
2.9
-1
-3
1.2
+3
+1
16.0
11.0
25.9
8.2
5.6
14.4
..
9.3
5.7
8.9
2.7
..
8.8
6.6
1.5
10.5
-2
5.1
5.1
13.5
4.7
0.6
12.4
6.8
3.3
..
2.8
..
..
2.6
3.9
..
2.4
+3
-1
-2
-2
Korea
OECD average
United States
United Kingdom*
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal*
Poland
Norway*
New Zealand
Netherlands*
Mexico
Luxembourg*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702473374743
2.7
2.3
1.9
1.2
3.3
2.9
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.9
1.7
2.4
9
72.6
78.0
78.2
77.4
82.3
82.2
Netherlands
New Zealand*
76.8
Mexico
-1
76.1
82.7
79.2
86.0
Japan*
81.9
78.4
-1
84.0
Italy
Luxembourg*
77.3
-1
82.1
Ireland
Korea
69.2
79.4
77.3
82.9
77.0
77.2
77.5
Iceland
82.0
Greece
-1
Hungary
84.4
75.9
-1
83.1
Finland
82.4
76.1
-1
80.7
Denmark
Germany
73.5
-1
France
78.4
-1
83.0
79.9
76.6
-1
82.3
Belgium
Canada
77.3
82.9
Austria
Czech Republic*
79.0
83.7
Men
2007
Australia*
Women
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
80.2
80.2
75.0
79.4
79.4
82.6
81.2
79.7
81.2
73.3
79.5
79.8
81.0
79.5
78.4
76.7
80.7
79.5
80.1
81.4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
80.0
80.5
75.7
80.0
78.1
83.8
82.1
78.7
81.5
75.1
80.8
80.5
82.3
80.7
78.6
77.6
81.3
80.7
80.5
81.3
Women
1997
74.8
75.2
70.3
74.0
70.6
77.2
75.9
73.4
76.3
66.4
75.6
74.1
74.5
73.5
73.6
70.5
75.7
74.2
74.1
75.6
Men
Total
77.4
77.9
73.0
77.0
74.4
80.5
79.0
76.1
78.9
70.8
78.2
77.3
78.4
77.1
76.1
74.1
78.5
77.5
77.3
78.5
2.01
1.72
2.17
1.64
1.26
1.32
1.34
1.90
2.10
1.35
1.41
1.33
1.98
1.83
1.85
1.33
1.54
1.80
1.38
1.81
5.9
-1
3.1
2.5 15.7 4.1 4.8
-1 -1 -1
4.1
2.6
3.7
-1
-1
-1
3.6
-1
2.0
3.8
3.8
2.8
3.8
3.3
5.0
3.7
3.7
4.2
2007
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
6.8
5.0
24.0
4.2
7.7
3.7
5.6
6.1
5.5
9.9
6.4
4.9
4.9
3.9
5.2
5.9
5.5
5.4
4.7
5.3
1997
per 1 000 live births
Infant mortality
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Children per woman 15-49 2007
Number of years
Total
Fertility rate
Life expectancy at birth
Demography and health > Health status
-1
18.1
29.0
..
21.0
25.3
26.0
22.4
29.0
19.4
..
40.0
23.2
25.0
20.6
25.0
24.3
18.4
22.0
23.2
16.6
2007
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
26.0
36.0
27.7
32.0
33.5
35.3
25.2
33.0
27.3
35.5
37.6
24.3
28.0
24.1
32.0
26.2
24.5
26.5
24.3
22.1
1997
% of adults smoking daily
Tobacco consumption
+1
+1
+1
+1
-3
+1
-2
-1
-1
+1
Obesity*
..
26.5
11.2
30.0
20.0
3.5
3.4
9.9
15.0
20.1
..
16.4
13.6
10.5
14.9
11.4
17.0
15.4
12.7
12.4
2007
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-1
18.8
8.1
24.2
14.9
2.2
2.7
8.8
11.0
..
18.2
..
11.5
7.4
9.9
7.6
11.3
11.4
11.1
9.1
19.8
1997
% of adults with BMI>30 kg/m²
-2
+3
+1
+2
+1
+3
+2
-3
-1
-1
+2
New Zealand*
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg*
Korea
Japan*
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic*
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia*
10
77.1
75.4
-2
-1
78.1
84.4
83.0
84.2
74.2
81.1
80.7
81.8
Slovak Republic*
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom*
United States*
OECD average
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
81.1
79.7
79.4
79.7
70.9
82.2
81.8
82.3
76.7
79.3
77.0
75.5
73.4
73.6
74.6
66.3
76.3
76.7
75.2
68.9
72.2
68.5
-n
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
79.0
78.1
79.1
71.8
81.7
81.0
81.1
74.3
78.9
-1
..
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
80.6
75.4
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
76.2
69.3
79.2
78.9
77.7
70.5
75.5
-1
*
-1
-1
-1
82.3
Portugal
78.2
71.0
Poland
-1
82.9
79.7
Norway
78.3
76.6
76.5
77.2
68.6
79.3
79.3
78.8
72.8
75.8
72.8
1.90
-1
-1
4.9
6.7
4.8
20.7
4.4
2.5
-1 -1
3.8
6.1
-1 -1
3.3
6.0
3.2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
4.1
7.5
7.2
5.9
38.8
4.8
3.6
5.0
8.7
6.4
10.2
Sources: OECD Health Data 2009, OECD, Paris, June 2009. http://www.oecd.org/health/healthdata
1.65
2.10
1.84
2.17
1.44
1.85
1.38
1.24
1.36
1.27
22.0
23.3
15.4
21.0
33.4
20.4
14.5
26.4
25.0
19.6
26.3
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-3
-1
-2
-1
-1
9.0
15.1
34.3
24.0
..
8.1
10.2
14.9
16.7
15.4
12.5
-1
-1
-1
-3
-2
6.4
12.2
30.5
18.0
..
6.8
7.9
11.7
16.2
11.5
11.4
+3
+1
-1
-1
+1
OECD average
United States*
United Kingdom*
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic*
Portugal
Poland
Norway
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702478677155
29.1
20.3
28.0
47.4
28.9
19.2
33.2
..
19.5
31.5
34.0
11
0.5
5.4
7.3
0.8
0.5
0.0
0.5
4.6
188.3
2 140.7
2 927.3
334.7
189.6
11.7
197.3
1 815.6
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
0.7
0.5
260.0
Canada
200.0
386.9
1 311.2
Belgium
Czech Republic
1.0
3.3
320.4
Denmark
2.0
0.8
803.1
Austria
% of OECD total
Australia
Billion USD
Using current PPPs*
Using current exchange rates, billion USD
USD
993.0
2 303.1
272.0
16.3
153.8
355.9
3 649.5
2 856.5
272.7
341.2
217.1
1 502.2
504.2
413.4
37 400
30 300
44 200
36 700
18 900
29 800
35 600
33 400
35 400
36 400
24 900
39 400
36 400
38 400
OECD = 100
Using current PPPs*
91
132
110
57
89
107
100
106
109
75
118
109
115
112
Per capita at current market prices
Total
at current market prices
Economy > Gross domestic product, 2008
38 500
61 000
51 100
15 300
31 700
44 400
44 500
51 300
62 100
20 800
45 100
47 500
49 500
46 200
Using current exchange rates, USD
0.866
0.94
123.1
140
0.726
0.851
0.911
0.989
8.70
14.3
1.22
0.890
0.881
1.47
Purchasing power parities
Australia
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
12
3.7
0.9
0.8
2.5
1 461.1
340.5
319.2
981.6
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
39 856.3
OECD total
Not available or not applicable.
26.9
100.0
10 734.8
Euro area
..
72.7
28 965.7
G7
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
35.6
14 196.5
United States
*
5.5
2 211.0
United Kingdom
0.6
0.3
246.6
115.6
Portugal
0.7
1.6
270.0
656.1
Poland
0.3
1.7
3.8
0.1
3.1
10.9
Norway
676.8
115.1
New Zealand
1 531.1
Netherlands
Mexico
39.0
1 245.7
Korea
Luxembourg
4 363.4
Japan
43 235.7
13 399.6
32 071.7
14 196.5
2 653.6
741.5
491.3
479.1
1 604.2
95.0
243.5
527.8
450.0
126.8
871.0
1 081.7
53.7
858.8
4 910.4
34 100
100
101
118
139
109
39
124
111
96
64
70
52
170
80
123
43
239
77
102
Sources: National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2009.
33 400
33 600
39 500
46 500
36 300
13 100
41 600
36 900
32 000
21 400
23 200
17 200
56 600
26 700
41 200
14 400
79 800
25 600
38 400
116
..
0.852
..
1.00
0.653
0.983
1.67
9.27
0.750
0.583
0.674
1.94
9.40
1.57
0.879
7.86
0.940
760
Japan
OECD total
Euro area
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702548810026
36 200
42 000
43 700
46 500
43 500
9 900
64 000
52 000
35 200
17 600
22 900
13 900
94 400
29 500
53 000
10 100
110 000
17 700
13
1.1
0.4
3.2
- 1.1
0.9
0.4
1.3
2.9
0.5
0.3
- 2.3
- 1.0
- 0.7
2.2
2.9
4.0
1.6
3.1
2.0
1.5
4.0
3.6
3.8
5.7
1.2
1.3
5.3
4.5
2.9
2.4
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
2.1
1.3
- 0.9
2.2
2.3
1.8
3.2
2.4
Austria
2007-08
Australia
1998-2008
3.5
3.2
5.2
5.1
2.4
1.6
6.0
3.8
1.2
4.0
2.5
2.3
4.2
1.6
6.0
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.7
2006-07
Average annual % volume change
GDP growth
Economy > Economic growth and performance
1.6
4.2
1.8
0.9
0.7
- 0.9
6.1
4.2
- 0.7
2.2
0.1
1.0
2.0
- 0.2
2.9
4.5
0.9
0.9
3.7
Private final consumption expenditure
3.4
-1
-1
6.8
-1
2.1
1.0
1.3
4.2
2.0
0.6
3.3
1.3
3.2
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.1
0.9
3.7
2.1
0.5
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Government final consumption expenditure 9.7
3.1
3.9
5.2
1.8
5.3
5.6
1.7
- 1.7
1.1
- 3.0
1.3
- 14.9
- 2.9
- 11.5
4.4
0.6
1.0
- 3.6
Total
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
4.2
..
3.7
- 2.0
- 0.4
- 1.8
- 0.3
14.0
- 4.4
- 14.6
3.0
- 1.0
- 1.3
- 5.7
- 2.6
1.4
..
1.5
5.9
-1
-1
-3
-1
-1
-1
Housing and other construction
Gross fixed capital formation
Volume % change 2007-08
GDP growth by component
8.0
- 1.6
28.5
- 1.2
1.7
- 0.5
10.7
- 10.6
1.5
- 8.8
6.2
- 2.5
3.9
2.2
5.0
1.9
- 0.5
5.4
- 1.8
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
% of GDP at current prices, 2008
External balance (goods and services)
12.2
17.0
..
17.6
6.3
2.0
12.4
- 1.2
3.1
- 2.7
11.4
5.0
9.6
7.9
4.7
11.0
6.9
11.5
7.3
% of GDP at current prices, 2008
Net national saving
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Australia
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
14
0.0
6.4
1.2
- 0.2
1.6
4.2
1.5
5.1
3.5
2.8
2.0
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.3
United States
G7
Euro area
OECD total
.. -n
0.7
United Kingdom
3.1
2.5
2.7
2.2
2.0
3.0
4.5
3.3
2.6
3.7
10.4
1.9
6.7
3.1
3.2
2.4
0.5
2.1
2.8
1.4
4.6
2.1
- 0.2
0.1
6.1
1.6
5.4
1.4
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
0.7
0.8
0.5
1.1
1.1
3.8
2.6
Turkey
4.9
2.1
2.4
Norway
- 1.6
3.0
New Zealand
4.3
2.8
-1
-1
1.9
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
4.7
1.9
0.0
0.7
- 2.2
- 3.1
3.3
5.4
2.7
- 3.0
6.8
- 1.1
8.1
3.9
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
..
..
- 1.5
- 5.6
- 3.5
..
- 0.5
1.5
- 4.8
1.9
- 5.9
2.9
2.0
- 2.4
Sources: National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2009.
2.1
2.0
1.9
-1
3.4
- 1.1
1.5
5.3
4.3
0.5
7.6
3.8
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
- 0.9
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1.7
..
4.6
1.7
3.7
..
18.9
15.2
3.4
5.8
- 6.7
7.1
29.7
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
New Zealand
Euro area
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
- 1.0 -1 .. OECD total 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702554741633
1.0
- 1.7
- 5.2
- 3.0
- 5.0
9.2
7.4
- 5.8
- 2.4
- 9.5
- 3.7
19.3
15
0.9
3.8
4.0
5.8
1.7
2.1
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland2
Ireland
Italy
2.0
6.2
1.4
Netherlands
New Zealand4
Norway
3.3
2.2
France
0.4
3.3
Finland
Mexico
1.2
Denmark
Luxembourg
2.4
Czech Republic
1.4
2.2
Canada
2.9
0.8
Belgium
Japan3
1.8
Austria
Korea
2.6
2007
Australia
-3
-1
-2
-3
% of value added
Agriculture
1997
2.4
6.8
3.5
5.5
0.8
5.2
1.7
3.2
5.2
9.8
7.4
7.7
1.3
3.2
4.1
3.2
4.2
2.5
1.6
2.3
3.4
2007
42.7
24.6
24.4
35.8
15.6
37.1
28.5
27.5
33.6
23.7
29.7
20.4
30.4
20.4
32.6
26.5
38.9
31.7
23.9
30.6
29.1
Economy > Sectoral contributions to gross value added1
-3
-1
-2
-3
Total
1997
Industry
37.1
25.5
25.8
35.2
20.9
37.9
32.8
29.5
38.6
28.9
31.8
20.0
31.0
23.5
32.3
25.6
40.6
30.9
28.4
30.9
27.7
% of value added
2007
10.4
15.3
13.7
18.9
8.5
27.6
20.6
19.0
21.9
10.1
22.1
10.3
23.9
12.3
23.6
15.0
27.4
16.2
16.4
20.2
10.5
-3
-1
-2
-3
Manufacturing 1997
12.3
16.9
16.2
21.4
13.1
25.6
22.2
21.7
30.8
16.4
23.5
11.1
22.4
16.1
24.6
17.0
27.3
18.0
20.2
19.9
14.3
66.3
+3
55.9
69.2
73.6
60.9
84.0
60.0
70.1
70.4
64.8
70.5
75.9
68.7
77.4
64.2
72.4
58.7
66.1
75.3
67.7
68.4
+3
+2
2007
-3
-1
-2
-3
% of value added
Services
1997
60.4
67.6
70.7
59.2
78.2
56.2
65.5
67.3
56.2
61.3
61.1
72.2
67.7
73.3
63.7
71.2
55.2
66.6
70.1
66.8
68.9
Norway
New Zealand4
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan3
Italy
Ireland
Iceland2
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia
16
0.7
1.3
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States 2
1.7
1.4
10.8
1.8
21.8
23.0
27.8
28.0
28.3
29.8
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
8.7
Switzerland
2.5
5.0
-n
1.2
Sweden
39.3
Value added estimated at factor cost. Value added is estimated approximately at market prices. Value added is estimated at producer's prices.
1.4
Spain
5.3
31.8
24.5
2. 3. 4.
2.9
Slovak Republic
6.6
4.6
According to the 1993 System of National Accounts and the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Revision 3 (1990). Value added is estimated at basic prices and includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM).
3.6
Portugal
1.
4.3
2.5
Poland
33.4
25.5
29.9
37.2
28.5
29.1
29.3
35.2
29.1
18.9 -1
17.3
20.3
27.9
20.1
21.7
19.0
23.0
18.9
19.8
+1
76.9
76.3
63.5
70.8
70.3
67.4
57.2
73.0
63.8
72.8
68.7
52.2
69.8
68.4
65.7
59.5
66.3
60.0
United States 2
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702607835138
Sources: National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2009.
13.3
12.7
18.7
20.3
20.0
15.2
24.7
14.3
17
14.2
14.5
10.3
13.1
13.8
14.4
13.5
11.7
12.3
11.8
22.0
13.7
12.5
12.8
14.9
17.0
9.7
11.7
18.5
14.9
Canada*
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan*
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
-1
-1
-2
14.7
Belgium
15.2
..
18.3
16.9
12.7
13.3
13.1
24.4
12.3
12.9
11.7
13.6
13.4
17.2
16.8
Austria
14.5
13.1
-1
1997
Australia*
2007
6.8
8.2
6.3
7.7
7.0
9.2
8.7
7.2
6.4
7.6
5.2
7.3
8.2
8.6
5.8
6.4
9.8
7.8
10.3
2007
-1
-1
-2
-1
7.2
7.9
7.5
8.7
7.1
..
10.0
6.7
6.8
7.0
5.9
8.7
8.4
5.6
5.5
6.2
10.0
8.0
10.5
1997
Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants Transport, storage and communication and hotels I II
Economy > Services: value added*
8.7
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.9
2.9
5.4
3.7
7.4
5.6
5.4
7.9
6.0
3.6
27.3
8.9
6.7
5.1
10.6
2007
-1
-1
-2
-1
III
7.2
6.0
4.1
6.6
4.3
3.7
4.4
4.9
4.9
3.5
5.0
2.9
7.2
6.1
5.7
6.5
6.2
..
20.0
1997
Finance and insurance
22.2
16.7
20.0
12.8
19.9
22.5
17.5
18.5
18.1
14.7
25.0
29.0
18.4
19.2
13.6
17.8
23.5
18.8
21.7
2007
-1
-1
-2
-1
19.8
..
17.8
13.2
17.4
18.7
12.0
12.6
14.7
16.5
22.4
24.4
15.7
16.9
11.8
18.0
20.2
14.6
20.9
1997
Real estate, renting and business services IV
% of total value added
Contribution to total economy
2007
6.8
3.8
5.1
6.4
5.5
6.4
4.3
4.7
8.4
8.3
5.7
7.4
4.6
6.0
5.5
5.6
7.2
5.6
4.2
-1
-1
-2
-1
V 1997
Public administration and defence
7.4
..
6.0
5.6
4.9
6.1
5.2
4.7
8.2
8.2
6.6
8.2
5.4
6.9
5.3
6.1
7.1
6.8
4.3
16.6
9.1
11.0
12.7
13.0
14.4
14.4
16.2
13.8
15.6
16.2
17.3
16.7
20.5
11.3
14.0
16.1
14.8
14.4
2007
-1
-1
-2
-1
15.0
..
11.3
10.4
11.3
14.5
13.9
17.1
13.0
13.2
15.9
16.6
17.3
19.9
10.4
14.4
15.4
14.9
14.0
1997
Education, health, social work and other services VI
Australia*
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan*
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada*
Belgium
Austria
18
15.7
18.2
11.8
17.1
14.2
17.3
17.4
17.6
12.7
15.6
16.7
14.3
15.0
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States*
-1
6.3
7.7
11.4
6.1
7.9
7.3
10.6
6.5
6.2
+1
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
5.9
6.8
15.6
6.5
7.2
6.8
7.1
-1
8.0
9.6
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
+1
7.0
7.0
-3
.. -n
15.8
15.9
17.6
20.2
7.5
7.4
*
-1
-1
19.7
Poland
15.1
11.8
Norway
-3
15.4
10.0
New Zealand*
6.3
7.9
7.6
3.3
12.5
3.6
5.2
3.8
7.5
5.2
3.6
-1
-1
-3
5.5
7.2
6.6
7.9
11.4
5.5
4.6
3.7
6.2
3.9
3.7
24.9
24.3
15.3
16.7
21.7
16.9
13.1
14.6
13.5
-1
-1
-3
21.9
22.9
18.8
7.7
16.5
19.0
14.4
13.3
13.4
11.5
13.1
+1
Sources: OECD STAN Database, June 2009; National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, 2009.
+1
21.8 14.3
4.4
8.0
5.1
4.4
..
4.8
6.0
6.7
9.2
5.8
4.5
-1
-3
4.7
+1
13.9
15.8
17.9
7.1
..
20.2
14.9
9.1
17.3
12.7
16.0
-1
-3
12.3
14.7
16.0
5.2
..
18.5
14.2
10.7
14.2
11.8
16.6
+1
New Zealand*
United States*
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702673143772
8.0
5.4
4.1
..
5.7
6.3
5.5
8.3
6.4
5.6
19
Production
602
573
1 225
406
171
294
397
142
106
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
305
745
18
93
5
142
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
37
3 464
13
281
284
45
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
-1
2 778
956
Luxembourg
Korea
271
725
7 549
2 683
Japan
3 834
1 126
Italy
218
6 934
66
Germany
1 980
France
Greece
400
3 577
147
1 098
Finland
-1
994
252
1 947
Thousands
Billion USD
Australia
-3
Number of employees*
-1
-3
-1
-3
-1
Manufacturing
Economy > Business statistics, 2006*
23
46
348
1
119
277
514
4
3
61
93
197
254
25
18
149
49
36
29
-1
-3
-1
-3
27
134
81
6
..
..
496
33
..
21
51
436
430
33
90
31
..
102
68
174
Billion USD
Thousands
133
Production
-1
-3
333
1 158
2 601
40
1 276
10 720
1 827
294
20
494
546
4 295
3 113
248
430
517
..
469
548
-1
-3
-4
54
162
1 780
7
917
..
1 247
32
5
151
309
474
706
48
50
214
..
132
80
350
-1
-3
Thousands -1
Thousands
1 756
Number of enterprises*
Number of employees*
Wholesale and retail trade
Number of enterprises*
28
151
29
11
..
..
301
33
..
16
28
473
555
33
71
28
..
90
53
-1
-3
222
1 214
1 120
48
1 275
..
1 584
186
12
345
194
3 811
3 154
208
350
344
..
425
348
1 005
Thousands
Billion USD 187
Number of employees*
Production
-1
-3
-1
143
147
157
9
217
..
1 059
35
19
193
142
620
631
56
73
250
..
110
85
718
Thousands
-1
-3
Number of enterprises*
Business services and real estate
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia
20
3 138
-1
-2
-n
54
..
498
57
..
69
230
7
41
127
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
430
153
281
..
61
220
8
98
-1
..
-1
-2
19
192
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
12 549
2 085
-1
*
5 020
793
United Kingdom
United States
200
Turkey
-1
..
..
-2
711
228
Sweden
Switzerland
411
810
2 451
Slovak Republic
255
2 245
36
Portugal
-1
622
92
Poland
Spain
96
194
Norway
-2
-1
338
-4
-2
-1
56
1 242
381
968
..
126
816
21
299
591
-2
-1
-2
-3
-1
17 057
4 340
401
323
482
2 212
108
568
632
232
-4
-2
-3
-1
97
1 298
644
110
30
227
645
14
224
268
-2
-3
-1
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702761036354
..
668
17
56
100
217
4
34
37
59
Sources: Structural and Demographic Business Statistics, OECD database.
21 761
4 440
1 333
..
516
2 641
189
827
1 460
21
..
48.1
..
16.3
Canada
Korea
Mexico
77.2
0.3
10.9
Japan
Luxembourg
25.3
23.3
Italy
-
0.1
222.4
0.6
..
353.2
171.6
19.1
..
13.2
10.1
Hungary
Ireland
16.5
Iceland
343.4
Germany
0.8
207.1
40.5
France
114.6
26.0
Finland
Greece
11.8
1.8
10.4
Denmark
Czech Republic
42.1
7.7
Belgium
18.6
21.4
168.3
198.7
Austria
Roads
Australia
Rail
Economy > Transport, 2007
-2
-1
-1
Coastal shipping
Rail
-
-
0.3
-
-
0.1
-
-
2.2
-
64.7
8.8
0.1
-
0.9
..
9.0
2.6
-1
-1
-
..
-
-
-
11.5
-
-
5.7
-
15.8
21.7
-
4.6
2.1
..
1.5
7.2
299.6
1.2
..
376.6
205.8
19.3
..
31.2
17.2
538.6
278.1
36.5
18.2
67.4
..
62.1
49.8
357.4
-2
-1
-1
-1
..
-
26.6
207.8
46.6
1.9
0.1
-
..
..
..
2.9
..
-
..
..
-
125.9
18.4
-1
-2
0.1
0.3
49.8
405.5
-1
2.0
-
8.8
1.9
79.1
80.3
3.8
6.0
6.9
..
9.9
9.6
12.9
449.9
..
..
84.1
104.1
..
0.7
16.9
6.1
66.2
47.1
7.5
7.5
9.5
..
18.1
..
19.2
Buses and coaches
-1
-1
-1
-1
..
..
..
833.9
720.2
..
5.1
41.4
36.2
869.0
727.8
63.8
63.9
71.5
..
109.9
..
263.2
Private cars
-1
-1
-1
-1
449.9
..
..
917.9
824.3
..
5.7
58.3
42.3
935.2
774.9
71.3
71.4
81.1
..
128.0
..
282.4
Total road transport
Billion passenger-kilometres
Billion tonne-kilometres
Inland Total inland Oil pipelines waterways freight
Passenger transport
Freight transport
-1
-1
-1
-1
450.0
0.3
..
1 313.6
874.1
2.0
5.7
67.0
44.1
1 014.2
855.2
75.1
77.4
88.0
..
137.6
9.3
295.2
Total passengers
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
..
- 28.3
- 53.8
- 41.0
- 23.7
- 28.4
0.0
- 11.4
- 23.4
- 42.1
- 45.3
- 13.2
- 17.0
- 23.5
- 8.8
- 21.8
- 37.5
- 9.3
2007 / 1997
% of fatalities compared
..
1.2
342.1
1 040.2
331.0
8.1
1.7
28.7
21.4
436.4
107.8
8.8
7.1
30.5
202.9
66.9
53.9
..
Killed and injured, thousands
-1
Road accidents
..
9
13
5
9
8
5
12
14
6
8
7
7
12
8
10
8
8
Killed per 100 000 population
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia
22
2 090.3
Russian Federation
0.2
1 140.9
853.6
10.8
12.9
-1
-1
-1
3 523.1
5 711.8
202.0
204.2
38.1
52.3
273.8
37.7
21.0
238.6
23.0
..
89.1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-n
..
..
11.7
384.7
50.6
..
-
7.9
47.8
-
..
..
23.7
Nil or negligible. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
-1
-1
-1
-
8.9
-
-
23.5
4.3
-
5.6
Not available or not applicable.
86.0
408.5
0.2
-
0.1
-1
-
-1
-1
-
-
1.0
-
1.3
-
-
43.6
..
205.8
175.9
1 889.9
21.3
2 556.6
United Kingdom
United States
25.4
181.3
9.9
Switzerland
36.4
253.8
13.4
15.9
Turkey
11.1
27.1
9.6
Slovak Republic
Sweden
18.4
2.6
Portugal
Spain
16.3
159.5
2.5
54.3
Poland
..
New Zealand
Norway
32.9
19.2
7.2
Netherlands
-1
-1
174.1
9.3
48.4
5.6
16.2
10.4
21.9
2.2
4.0
19.9
3.4
..
16.3
52.3
238.6
49.8
..
5.3
-1
-1
-1
-1
..
4 278.6
690.0
..
88.2
99.6
343.3
26.0
86.6
239.3
53.1
..
148.8
-1
-2
-1
52.3
4 517.3
739.8
209.1
93.8
108.1
402.5
33.7
97.2
266.6
59.1
..
163.6
-1
-2
-1
-1
IRTAD: www.irtad.net.
Sources: Trends in the Transport Sector, ITF, Paris, 2009;
-1
8.5
59.2
7.7
10.6
27.4
5.9
..
15.6
226.3
4 526.0
788.2
214.7
109.9
118.5
424.3
35.9
101.1
286.5
62.5
..
179.0
-1
-2
-1
-1
- 39.0
31.1
..
2 532.3
257.2
..
27.5
27.2
146.3
0.6
48.0
68.8
11.7
16.4
-1
4
..
14
5
..
5
5
9
12
9
15
5
10
Netherlands
Russian Federation
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702767650465
..
- 1.8
- 18.3
..
- 34.6
- 12.9
- 31.8
- 20.4
- 55.9
- 23.6
- 23.1
- 22.0
23
33.7
11.9
1.3
11.3
184.26
80.42
16.77
26.86
New Zealand
Norway
Mexico
Netherlands
Luxembourg
35.4
Ireland
4.22
Iceland
27.5
4.89
Hungary
222.20
26.73
Greece
Korea
101.6
32.18
Germany
0.9
2.8
331.26
France
513.52
32.3
263.72
Finland
Japan
- 4.1
36.47
Denmark
10.6
8.5
19.65
Czech Republic
24.9
- 3.4
13.0
45.76
Canada
15.06
7.8
57.02
269.37
Belgium
178.16
0.4
12.8
33.18
Italy
22.5
17.7
124.07
Austria
% Change 2007/1997
Total
Australia
Mtoe3
Energy > Supply, 2007
0.14
0.25
0.18
0.24
0.16
0.31
0.10
0.15
0.11
0.42
0.43
0.19
0.16
0.18
0.24
0.11
0.59
0.31
0.21
0.15
0.24
Energy intensity4
- 12.6
- 25.9
- 13.4
- 2.9
- 18.9
- 16.5
- 10.1
- 3.9
- 35.2
30.6
- 30.9
- 11.3
- 17.9
- 13.9
- 20.6
- 20.3
- 24.0
- 18.6
- 19.7
- 8.4
- 13.6
% Change 2007/1997
-
-
-
-
1.09
2.72
-
37.25
68.76
-
-
-
3.84
-
36.62
114.60
6.10
-
6.84
24.36
12.57
Mtoe3
-
-
74.4
- 0.3
-
85.4
- 17.3
-
-
-
4.9
-
- 17.5
11.2
12.1
-
110.2
13.1
1.7
-
-
% Change 2007/1997
Nuclear
0.75
1.53
8.45
9.10
0.08
56.31
114.57
16.78
2.37
0.11
3.13
10.81
86.64
13.34
7.22
4.65
21.26
30.07
4.24
3.87
54.75
Mtoe3
- 26.9
27.4
- 8.6
41.9
- 74.5
76.9
30.7
47.9
- 21.8
103.6
- 31.8
26.6
- 0.3
- 9.0
5.4
- 30.5
- 8.2
9.2
- 46.9
5.0
23.5
% Change 2007/1997
Coal and peat
Primary energy supply1
9.54
6.12
32.94
104.93
2.48
94.45
229.82
75.03
7.83
0.83
7.28
15.91
104.40
83.26
9.74
7.46
9.56
94.45
22.50
13.25
36.99
Mtoe3
Oil
17.3
6.6
37.1
24.0
47.2
- 12.4
- 12.2
- 16.6
28.9
20.2
4.1
13.3
- 21.8
1.6
2.8
- 13.0
23.2
15.8
- 6.2
11.7
10.6
% Change 2007/1997
4.42
3.65
33.31
50.54
1.20
31.15
83.05
69.51
4.28
-
10.70
3.35
76.62
38.47
3.72
4.06
7.16
79.00
14.92
6.98
25.35
Mtoe3
12.8
- 22.5
- 5.7
75.3
92.1
133.8
41.8
46.4
54.6
-
10.3
+
6.5
22.8
28.1
3.3
- 6.6
11.4
32.5
6.7
49.8
% Change 2007/1997
Natural gas
12.14
5.47
4.63
16.98
0.46
3.03
17.33
16.84
0.58
3.95
1.78
2.11
26.97
14.06
9.68
3.48
0.93
41.48
2.79
9.08
6.98
Mtoe3
9.9
11.5
74.7
11.9
- 7.2
151.9
- 2.7
38.2
222.7
134.9
69.1
33.6
210.1
16.8
27.6
203.5
50.5
11.4
132.7
48.6
5.7
% Change 2007/1997
Other 2
Australia
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
24
- 1.4
- 11.8
4.37
2.95
42.06
3. 4.
2.
-
- 10.5
47.0
66.4
330.9
289.7
9.3
- 0.2
6.1
25.6
- 35.8
Nil or negligible.
0.76
- 27.6
- 34.4
- 4.2
10.0
Growth of more than 500%
25.9
0.77
1.65
16.19
3.22
592.38
243.89
478.80
218.03
16.43
-
7.31
17.45
40.2
-
-
- 0.4
+
134.34
South Africa
43.8
13.7
- 27.4
1.1
- 14.4
- 17.9
- 15.0
- 17.7
- 27.8
- 4.4
- 14.6
- 26.9
14.36
4.04
-
-
-
672.14
Russian Federation
0.83
0.29
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.20
0.12
0.27
0.09
0.17
- 6.2
- 38.8
- 2.8
- 37.0
These figures are based on an assumption of 100% efficiency for hydro-electric, 33% for nuclear and approximately 10% for geothermal plants. Includes hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables, waste and international trade in electricity. Million tonnes of oil equivalent. Total primary energy supply divided by GDP (ratio expressed in toe per thousand 2000 USD).
595.31
India
80.0
32.4
9.3
4.9
6.4
9.1
- 3.9
41.9
4.7
0.5
0.20
0.57
0.21
0.43
1.
1 955.77
5 497.13
OECD total
China
1 758.85
EU27
235.56
4 107.28
Brazil
2 339.94
G7
211.31
United Kingdom
United States
100.01
25.72
Switzerland
Turkey
50.42
Sweden
36.3
17.85
Slovak Republic
143.95
25.07
Portugal
Spain
- 4.9
18.7
97.11
Poland
97.10
102.20
242.49
1 285.07
13.55
1 157.68
330.07
854.21
554.15
38.65
29.39
0.17
2.64
20.01
4.00
2.89
55.73
- 20.8
23.96
17.00
132.39
140.75
354.99
92.62
2 110.35
607.36
1 565.50
909.69
68.84
30.70
10.45
13.33
67.94
3.54
13.14
32.5
78.8
4.9
53.1
86.1
10.9
2.6
- 3.2
0.6
9.2
- 7.7
3.9
- 12.1
- 9.5
23.8
1.5
- 2.7
3.77
365.96
33.37
59.12
17.77
1 258.91
432.21
967.03
538.44
81.94
30.42
2.63
0.91
31.85
5.09
3.81
12.37
Sources: Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009; Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009; Main Economic Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009.
19.7
- 4.2
60.5
96.4
10.6
8.8
- 5.6
9.0
7.4
- 3.6
38.8
49.8
0.9
8.8
- 21.3
- 18.2
5.04
13.52
29.52
174.32
240.40
108.40
377.81
145.31
241.75
119.63
5.45
9.50
5.15
16.09
9.80
1.17
5.23
20.3
18.3
61.1
16.7
9.0
42.3
20.0
50.4
16.8
3.6
53.5
- 16.8
42.5
16.6
47.7
10.4
30.9
Poland
South Africa
Russian Federation
India
China
Brazil
OECD total
EU27
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702780788615
173.4
17.5
77.1
250.9
244.7
19.9
20.4
12.0
6.2
7.5
264.7
14.8
14.0
181.7
- 8.8
+
31.4
25
Ireland
213.91
72.65
Poland
14.00
Norway
61.45
New Zealand
251.05
0.08
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
42.48
1.41
Iceland
Korea
3.95
Hungary
26.38
10.22
Greece
90.47
12.15
Germany
Japan
137.03
France
Italy
15.95
135.45
Finland
27.04
Canada
33.73
14.36
413.19
Belgium
Denmark
10.90
Austria
Czech Republic
289.21
Australia
Mtoe
3
- 27.4
0.6
- 5.1
- 6.6
13.1
75.4
79.0
- 14.8
- 13.2
- 50.7
134.9
- 23.3
27.1
- 4.6
4.6
6.0
33.6
2.6
13.2
7.2
25.2
43.9
% Change 2007/1997
Total
Energy > Production, 20071
-
-
-
-
-
1.09
2.72
-
37.25
68.76
-
-
-
3.84
-
36.62
114.60
6.10
-
6.84
24.36
-
-
-
74.4
- 0.3
-
85.4
- 17.3
-
-
-
4.9
-
- 17.5
11.2
12.1
-
110.2
13.1
1.7
-
-
% Change 2007/1997
Nuclear
12.57
Mtoe
3
62.49
2.68
2.81
-
6.00
-
1.33
-
0.10
0.59
-
1.77
10.37
54.59
0.24
1.09
-
23.80
33.89
-
-
218.41
Mtoe
3
- 32.1
+
44.1
-
19.9
-
- 33.1
-
85.8
- 22.9
-
- 49.1
34.5
- 22.9
- 94.7
- 58.6
-
- 15.9
- 21.2
-
- 99.9
55.3
% Change 2007/1997
Coal and peat
0.73
120.23
2.07
3.05
182.29
-
0.58
0.81
6.31
-
-
1.21
0.07
4.54
1.07
0.09
15.58
0.39
160.95
-
1.00
25.30
Mtoe
3
Oil
97.6
- 25.1
- 35.1
1.3
6.6
-
23.5
- 6.5
4.3
-
-
- 38.2
- 82.5
33.2
- 51.5
91.9
36.1
- 10.3
31.4
-
- 4.4
- 10.3
% Change 2007/1997
3.90
78.06
3.65
54.74
42.96
-
0.32
3.58
7.95
0.37
-
2.00
0.02
12.87
0.92
-
8.27
0.14
150.59
-
1.59
38.52
Mtoe
21.6
90.4
- 22.5
- 9.6
52.1
-
-
68.3
- 49.6
- 80.6
-
- 40.3
- 50.9
- 20.0
- 57.0
-
17.3
- 14.1
9.4
-
30.7
50.8
% Change 2007/1997
Natural gas 3
5.53
12.94
5.47
2.56
17.08
0.08
3.00
17.33
12.03
0.45
3.95
1.40
1.69
28.42
18.63
8.67
3.19
2.55
43.40
1.80
8.32
26.1
20.8
11.5
63.9
13.5
75.4
153.2
- 2.7
41.1
147.5
134.9
61.8
22.0
219.1
5.5
25.2
82.2
258.0
7.7
116.9
34.6
5.7
% Change 2007/1997
Other2
6.98
Mtoe
3
Australia
Poland
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
26
12.62
27.27
Switzerland
Turkey
450.92
India
33.5
Million tonnes of oil equivalent.
Nil or negligible.
Growth of more than 500%
-
+
139.87
146.16
210.19
1 312.15
2.35
1 018.94
187.66
666.64
567.79
10.03
14.79
-
0.16
5.46
Includes hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables and waste.
- 10.5
47.0
66.4
330.9
289.7
9.3
- 0.2
6.1
25.6
- 35.8
-
10.0
- 4.2
- 0.4
-
0.55
3.
2.95
42.06
4.37
16.19
3.22
592.38
243.89
478.80
218.03
16.43
-
7.31
17.45
14.36
-
40.2
2.
11.3
-
4.04
These figures are based on an assumption of 100% efficiency for hydro-electric, 33% for nuclear and approximately 10% for geothermal plants.
159.59
28.3
65.8
71.0
1.0
- 12.2
- 3.0
- 1.1
- 34.3
- 2.5
16.5
3.5
- 4.3
20.8
23.1
1.
South Africa
1 230.63
1 813.98
China
Russian Federation
215.58
3 832.87
Brazil
OECD total
860.59
2 643.93
G7
EU27
1 665.18
United States
176.23
33.58
Sweden
United Kingdom
30.33
Slovak Republic
Spain
4.62
5.98
Portugal
-
11.3
37.1
47.4
90.3
7.8
- 0.3
- 29.7
- 6.4
1.0
- 66.1
12.8
-
- 16.7
- 44.6
- 48.1
-
-
44.5
60.5
2.3
16.0
111.4
- 11.7
- 30.3
- 13.9
- 19.5
- 40.0
- 38.1
-
-
- 61.7
300.6
-
1.61
521.85
23.73
57.93
9.16
921.91
167.31
686.44
445.66
64.89
0.74
-
-
0.08
0.11
-
14.02
30.53
173.52
241.29
106.41
373.25
142.16
240.76
116.24
4.72
9.64
5.32
15.98
10.29
1.01
4.62
14.8
50.7
16.2
9.1
45.2
19.0
47.8
15.8
3.3
122.2
- 14.2
26.9
13.8
49.1
41.9
23.1
South Africa
Russian Federation
India
China
Brazil
OECD total
EU27
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702826300556
16.7
13.3
26.0
205.0
77.7
6.0
- 16.8
- 0.8
1.1
- 16.0
252.7
-
-
- 50.5
- 51.1
Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009.
Sources: Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009;
1.14
490.04
39.10
186.42
94.45
926.40
119.57
571.29
317.45
80.16
2.11
-
-
0.14
0.26
27
11.9
2.1
2.7
39.65
204.98
26.96
15.13
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
15.8
26.94
- 2.7
28.1
9.7
40.8
40.0
13.5
1.0
20.6
35.4
22.0
233.15
21.80
18.67
2.51
12.37
139.27
341.70
146.80
3.96
114.76
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
60.73
12.43
21.07
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Mexico
11.5
9.7
13.7
4.7
France
Luxembourg
14.6
26.75
164.97
Finland
- 0.6
18.8
75.93
Austria
% Change 2007/1997
Australia
Mtoe3
Total
8.96
4.34
27.38
37.97
1.04
75.35
140.60
46.71
2.68
1.20
5.29
5.33
82.71
46.21
13.62
3.18
10.95
77.59
18.19
9.18
30.51
Mtoe3
14.1
- 12.8
30.6
- 2.4
5.3
38.6
- 1.8
5.1
- 1.2
106.3
6.1
11.8
8.7
- 9.1
21.3
- 3.9
- 16.7
9.7
7.0
23.7
15.1
% Change 2007/1997
Industry
5.03
4.96
12.19
50.86
2.19
30.70
83.18
41.79
4.80
0.31
4.48
7.86
55.49
45.96
4.62
4.70
6.50
58.02
8.50
8.51
27.13
Mtoe3
19.2
29.8
18.5
56.2
78.6
5.2
- 6.1
10.1
95.3
58.5
71.9
30.7
- 6.2
7.6
17.1
16.1
69.1
14.6
5.6
48.5
11.3
% Change 2007/1997
Transport
Final energy consumption by sector 1
Energy > Energy consumption and electricity generation, 2007
7.08
3.13
21.16
25.94
0.73
40.74
117.91
50.77
4.89
0.99
8.89
8.61
94.95
72.79
8.50
7.25
9.51
69.36
12.96
9.25
18.28
Mtoe3
Other
3.7
23.2
- 4.5
14.7
2.8
6.8
10.5
25.7
33.3
- 0.9
- 5.6
38.2
- 9.0
13.7
4.1
- 1.7
0.9
12.0
- 12.6
- 2.9
24.5
% Change 2007/1997
136.4
43.9
103.2
257.5
3.2
425.9
1 123.5
308.2
27.9
12.0
40.0
62.7
629.6
564.4
81.3
39.2
87.8
639.7
87.5
60.9
254.6
TWh2
23.1
22.2
19.2
42.3
+
91.8
11.9
25.0
41.6
114.4
12.9
44.9
14.9
12.6
17.5
- 11.6
36.7
11.5
12.4
9.4
39.3
% Change 2007/1997
Total electricity generation
Australia
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
28
11.53
Slovak Republic
20.41
76.48
Switzerland
Turkey
- 3.4
9.5
32.1
57.8
29.9
7.7
17.3
3 771.48
189.79
1 248.23
391.31
429.83
65.01
OECD total
Brazil
China
India
Russian Federation
Including non-energy use. Terawatt hours, excluding output from pumped storage plants. Million tonnes of oil equivalent.
Growth of more than 500%
1. 2. 3.
+
South Africa
7.1
5.7
2 814.69
1 223.92
EU27
10.4
G7
- 3.5
142.81
1 587.83
43.7
8.7
- 4.9
39.8
0.7
20.5
United States
United Kingdom
34.35
Sweden
102.56
Portugal
Spain
64.90
20.10
Poland
25.35
174.90
152.14
680.68
90.17
1 253.72
415.44
882.71
450.19
38.69
28.84
4.59
14.42
33.60
4.94
7.98
21.44
- 3.1
12.6
43.3
79.6
43.1
5.4
1.3
2.3
3.8
- 12.0
44.5
14.2
- 7.2
15.8
1.8
8.7
- 18.3
15.98
92.50
40.77
139.05
58.29
1 242.27
337.50
965.27
635.78
45.05
16.61
6.00
8.25
39.07
2.42
6.42
14.90
56.7
23.69
162.43
198.40
428.50
41.33
1 275.50
470.97
966.72
501.86
59.07
31.03
9.82
11.68
29.90
4.17
5.71
28.56
- 9.1
39.8
- 8.2
18.8
21.2
21.2
9.0
3.0
8.7
11.3
- 3.8
44.1
3.7
- 12.6
62.9
- 19.1
27.3
1 013.4
792.4
3 279.2
445.1
10 645.0
3 327.9
7 980.6
4 322.9
392.3
191.6
66.5
148.8
300.3
27.9
46.9
158.8
12.6
21.6
70.1
189.0
44.5
20.5
17.8
15.7
17.7
12.3
85.4
7.2
- 0.3
58.7
11.3
37.4
Poland
Russian Federation
India
China
Brazil
OECD total
EU27
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
260.5 25.4 South Africa 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702837230256
Sources: Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009; Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009.
30.0
38.5
46.1
137.0
25.1
14.6
16.3
10.3
14.8
5.7
41.4
13.5
14.2
50.3
66.7
32.1
29
18.9
18 008
8 741
2 245
New Zealand
44 048
Netherlands
Mexico
343
24 216
Luxembourg
Korea*
2 202
Ireland
66 690
181
Iceland
Japan*
4 238
Hungary
24 728
6.1
4 918
Greece
Italy
4.7
14.6
41 685
Germany
18.5
13.9
19.3
46.6
11.2
- 1.7
7.0
43.1
22.8
7.5
8.8
2 695
27 702
France
1.3
2 893
Denmark
Finland
0.3
5 198
Czech Republic
Canada
8.9
4 733
Belgium
8.5
4 213
Austria
18.7
11 000
2007/1997
% change
72.2
72.6
47.4
96.2
59.1
66.9
51.1
63.7
82.0
54.9
54.2
70.0
63.4
74.5
76.3
62.2
74.4
60.7
68.3
69.7
2007
67.8
61.8
44.0
62.2
55.4
63.7
44.1
50.3
78.8
48.8
46.3
62.5
60.4
69.6
75.1
64.4
68.0
57.4
61.9
64.9
1997
Female participation rate*
Total labour force*
Australia
Thousands, 2007
Labour > Employment
2 156
8 464
42 552
333
23 433
64 120
22 970
2 095
177
3 890
4 520
37 815
25 093
2 483
2 752
4 908
16 866
4 380
4 016
10 470
2007
Total, thousands
22.4
17.5
20.1
46.7
10.5
- 2.2
14.7
52.7
24.6
9.1
17.3
6.5
13.2
14.8
3.9
0.5
23.1
16.4
9.0
24.2
2007/1997
% change
7.1
3.0
13.3
1.4
7.4
4.2
4.0
5.4
5.9
4.7
11.6
2.3
3.2
4.6
2.9
3.6
2.5
1.8
5.8
3.4
2007
8.7
3.7
23.3
2.0
10.8
5.3
6.2
10.3
8.6
8.1
19.8
2.9
4.4
7.0
3.7
5.8
3.9
2.3
6.8
5.1
1997
Agriculture, forestry and fishing Industry
21.8
19.1
27.4
22.5
25.9
27.9
30.5
27.5
20.7
32.9
22.4
30.0
22.6
25.8
23.5
40.3
21.6
24.4
27.3
21.5
2007
23.8
22.2
22.5
25.9
31.4
33.1
33.3
27.1
25.5
33.9
22.5
34.8
25.3
27.5
26.8
41.6
22.1
25.3
31.6
22.0
1997
Composition
Civilian employment*
Services
71.0
77.9
59.3
76.1
66.7
67.9
65.5
67.0
73.4
62.4
66.1
67.7
74.2
69.7
73.6
56.1
75.9
73.7
66.9
75.1
2007
67.5
74.1
54.2
72.2
57.8
61.6
60.5
62.6
65.9
58.1
57.7
62.3
70.3
65.5
69.5
52.6
74.1
72.5
61.6
72.9
1997
23.8
11.0
..
46.5
2.1
0.3
9.1
15.5
6.1
1.7
8.7
13.6
11.9
3.1
8.1
2.1
21.2
10.6
16.6
25.8
2007
-1
-1
-1
19.9
8.6
0.4
39.6
0.5
0.2
0.6
6.8
3.3
1.7
5.1
11.9
11.8
1.7
4.6
1.9
19.2
9.7
12.6
24.7
1997
% of total labour force
+4
+3
+2
+2
Czech Republic
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea*
Japan*
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Canada
-1
Belgium
Austria
Australia
+5
Foreign-born labour force
30
10.8
Switzerland
9.4
10.6
64.8
62.4
59.7
58.3
64.6
533 627
173 830
341 876
146 047
28 965
20 738
4 413
4 541
20 268
2 357
5 135
11.3
15.5
9.3
12.7
10.7
- 2.2
11.7
15.8
52.6
6.8
14.3
0.4
12.1
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
568 162
OECD total
67.7
70.2
67.1
31.2
74.6
75.0
48.3
61.9
63.7
2 428
15 241
.. -n
188 221
EU15
7.9
70.4
69.2
25.8
80.2
77.8
61.6
60.6
72.9
75.3
60.0
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
363 898
G7
12.2
77.4
56.0
*
154 365
30 721
United Kingdom
United States
- 0.6
8.7
11.0
4 573
23 114
Turkey
Spain
30.9
Slovak Republic
4 838
5.0
2 649
Portugal
22 190
15.8
5 618
Poland
Sweden
9.6
- 1.8
2 507
16 909
Norway
2.8
5.1
3.5
2.4
1.4
1.4
23.5
3.9
2.2
4.6
4.2
11.7
14.7
4.7
24.9
26.3
23.7
19.8
22.4
26.7
23.7
21.6
29.4
39.4
30.7
30.7
21.1
27.6
29.5
27.9
23.9
26.7
23.7
26.1
26.0
30.1
39.3
31.6
31.9
23.2
70.1
70.2
73.9
78.8
76.3
49.8
72.4
76.1
66.0
56.4
57.6
54.5
76.0
..
..
..
16.3
12.2
2.2
25.4
13.8
16.9
0.6
8.0
0.3
8.3
..
..
..
12.3
7.7
..
23.2
9.2
3.0
..
4.5
..
4.9
+4
OECD total
EU15
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702853606563
64.2
65.7
68.5
73.4
71.4
34.6
69.2
71.3
61.7
51.5
54.7
47.5
72.1
Sources: Labour Force Statistics: 1987-2007, OECD, Paris, 2008; International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI, 2008 Edition, OECD, Paris, 2008.
8.1
4.9
3.6
2.7
1.9
41.7
4.7
2.8
8.1
9.2
13.7
20.6
31
11.5
15.6
18.8
3.3
17.1
9.7
14.7
16.6
9.1
17.6
18.7
18.4
3.5
18.0
11.5
13.4
22.1
7.8
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
22.4
New Zealand
22.7
30.0
15.0
..
36.1
Netherlands
Mexico
6.7
12.6
9.3
Korea*
12.7
..
19.6
Japan*
Luxembourg
17.6
11.2
21.0
16.3
Italy
Iceland
Ireland
3.2
23.2
3.1
15.1
Hungary
Czech Republic
..
1998
23.8
Total
Australia*
2008
Labour > Part-time and self-employment
Women
35.0
59.9
..
27.3
13.2
33.2
31.0
36.0
23.6
4.3
13.4
38.6
22.7
15.1
23.7
5.8
26.4
33.8
30.9
37.7
2008
..
37.6
54.8
28.3
29.2
9.2
..
22.4
31.9
38.6
4.9
15.5
32.4
25.5
13.0
25.6
5.4
28.7
31.2
22.8
1998
% of total employment
Part-time employment*
11.6
16.2
..
1.8
6.5
9.9
6.6
8.2
8.0
2.0
4.2
8.2
5.2
8.2
12.9
1.7
11.3
5.9
6.4
12.3
2008
Men
4.7
2.7
..
10.5
12.4
8.2
2.7
5.1
..
4.9
8.2
9.8
1.7
5.3
4.6
5.9
6.7
9.9
1.7
10.5
1998
72.3
75.5
..
91.9
59.0
70.4
75.8
79.0
71.2
64.7
67.4
79.9
79.5
63.0
61.7
72.1
67.8
82.9
80.4
71.7
2008 ..
74.5
75.8
63.8
86.7
55.2
..
71.9
72.0
77.4
70.2
63.1
84.1
77.9
63.6
68.5
70.0
69.7
82.4
86.9
1998
% of total part-time employment
Female part-time employment
17.3
13.1
34.3
6.0
31.8
13.4
26.4
16.8
13.7
12.5
35.9
12.0
8.9
12.6
8.9
16.2
9.3
14.8
14.4
12.0
2007
20.1
12.6
40.9
8.2
36.8
17.5
29.1
20.8
17.7
17.4
45.2
10.9
10.1
14.9
9.1
12.4
11.4
18.6
13.6
15.1
1997
% of civilian employment
Self-employment*
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea*
Japan*
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia*
32
20.8
25.3
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
11.9
15.5
OECD total
31.5
26.3
Not available or not applicable.
15.9
18.3
EU15
..
12.0
16.5
G7
17.0
37.7
19.2
45.9
19.6
21.1
4.1
14.3
14.1
30.8
*
13.4
12.2
United States*
23.0
22.9
6.0
24.2
13.5
7.7
2.0
10.0
11.8
United Kingdom
8.4
25.9
Switzerland
Turkey
14.4
2.7
Slovak Republic
Sweden
9.7
Portugal
11.1
9.3
Poland
Spain
20.3
Norway
20.3
29.8
20.0
19.1
41.2
13.2
45.8
22.0
16.5
3.2
15.8
16.6
35.9
7.7
7.5
8.3
7.5
10.2
4.6
9.0
9.6
3.8
1.5
5.7
5.3
10.9
7.9
71.7
72.4
77.2
72.8
68.1
76.1
59.7
81.2
64.6
80.6
67.1
68.5
68.1
72.2
78.7
74.1
68.2
80.2
61.3
83.4
78.1
75.7
71.6
70.9
62.2
79.6
Sources: Labour Market Statistics, OECD database, June 2009; Labour Force Statistics: 1987-2007, OECD, Paris, 2008; OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris, 2009.
5.7
5.8
5.6
8.1
8.2
3.2
7.2
5.6
2.9
1.0
5.2
8.0
8.0
8.2
19.0
16.8
12.6
8.2
14.5
55.4
13.9
10.8
23.5
6.3
28.9
28.3
OECD total
EU15
G7
United States*
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702886557863
16.0
15.5
10.9
7.2
13.3
39.6
11.5
10.6
17.7
12.9
24.2
23.5
33
4.3
12.6
9.1
4.8
6.2
12.7
11.2
9.9
10.2
10.4
11.8
3.4
2.6
2.7
4.1
5.5
6.6
4.4
7.5
6.0
5.3
4.0
6.9
8.2
8.7
8.1
7.4
2.3
4.6
6.2
3.9
3.2
3.0
3.4
3.2
3.6
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
3.9
8.9
8.5
1997
4.4
Total
Australia
2007
Labour > Unemployment
Unemployment rates*
Women
3.9
3.6
3.7
3.2
2.6
3.7
7.9
4.3
2.3
7.7
12.6
8.8
8.7
7.2
4.3
6.7
5.6
8.4
5.0
4.8
2007
6.6
7.0
6.1
3.2
2.3
3.4
16.2
10.3
4.5
7.8
15.9
10.6
12.6
13.0
7.6
5.9
8.9
16.0
4.6
8.2
1997
% of civilian labour force
3.3
2.8
3.2
2.9
3.7
3.9
5.0
4.8
2.3
7.2
5.0
8.6
7.7
6.6
3.6
4.2
6.4
6.7
3.9
4.0
2007
Men
6.6
4.5
3.0
2.4
2.8
3.4
9.2
10.4
3.3
9.8
6.6
9.4
10.0
12.4
5.0
4.0
9.3
9.8
4.0
8.7
1997
4.4
36.3
1.7
38.6
2.7
33.3
47.5
29.4
4.1
47.6
49.6
53.4
37.9
18.2
16.1
50.2
7.1
52.6
24.2
14.9
2008
19.3
47.9
0.8
31.3
1.5
20.3
59.6
57.0
16.1
50.1
54.9
52.6
44.2
27.5
26.9
31.2
13.8
61.7
30.3
29.7
1998
-1
(12 months or more) % of total unemployment
Long-term unemployment
11.0
5.6
6.5
13.5
9.3
7.2
21.3
10.5
8.2
19.9
20.6
10.4
18.1
14.8
7.2
9.9
11.6
14.3
8.1
8.9
2008
Total
14.6
8.1
6.4
6.4
15.9
7.7
32.1
11.6
6.0
14.0
29.7
9.0
25.4
22.0
7.2
12.4
15.2
20.4
5.8
14.6
1998
Youth unemployment rates
Women
10.6
5.5
6.8
12.5
8.0
6.6
24.7
7.6
7.5
20.9
27.7
10.0
18.0
16.2
8.4
9.9
10.0
13.8
8.2
8.6
2008
13.5
8.5
8.7
7.1
12.7
7.3
39.0
11.1
5.6
11.7
39.3
8.2
30.0
24.5
7.6
14.8
13.6
23.0
6.6
13.8
1998
(under 25) % of youth labour force
11.4
5.7
6.2
14.3
11.5
7.9
18.9
13.1
9.0
19.1
15.1
10.7
18.2
13.7
6.1
9.8
13.1
14.8
7.9
9.1
2008
Men
15.6
7.8
5.2
5.8
20.5
8.2
27.2
11.9
6.4
15.8
21.4
9.7
21.8
20.1
6.7
10.7
16.6
18.3
5.0
15.4
1998 Australia
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
34
20.7
10.2
4.1
6.8
8.3
6.2
3.5
10.3
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
5.6
OECD total
7.0
10.6
5.9
7.8
5.5
7.7
12.1
6.9
5.0
5.8
7.7
4.0
9.8
28.2
5.4
6.4
5.4
4.7
5.6
10.0
2.8
5.9
6.4
9.8
6.7
4.0
6.4
9.4
6.2
4.9
8.1
6.5
4.1
10.6
15.9
11.1
6.0
9.5
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
7.0
EU15
6.5
4.5
4.9
11.0
4.3
6.4
10.9
7.5
12.8
2.6
9.0
-n
5.4
G7
4.9
9.6
12.5
4.2
13.2
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
4.6
United States
2.5
10.3
*
5.3
United Kingdom
Turkey
7.1
6.7
Slovak Republic
11.9
Portugal
8.0
9.6
Poland
11.0
4.1
11.2
2.5
Norway
6.0
25.9
38.6
26.4
10.6
25.5
26.9
34.3
12.4
23.8
66.1
48.3
29.0
8.3
7.5
12.4
14.9
12.6
12.8
14.1
20.5
7.0
19.4
24.6
18.9
16.4
17.3
9.1
12.9
18.4
12.3
10.4
12.3
14.2
5.6
16.7
33.9
25.1
10.3
23.2
6.8
11.7
14.8
11.3
11.2
12.0
21.3
7.4
19.6
25.8
19.9
20.2
19.9
Sources: Labour Market Statistics, OECD database, June 2009; Labour Force Statistics: 1987-2007, OECD, Paris, 2008; OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris, 2009.
33.1
49.2
31.5
8.0
32.7
40.3
34.8
33.5
54.3
51.3
44.7
37.4
9.4
8.2
15.1
13.7
14.4
16.0
20.1
6.7
19.2
23.7
18.1
13.4
15.2
8.9
16.8
12.6
11.1
13.9
14.9
4.4
17.3
27.0
26.6
8.2
21.5
Norway
EU15
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
13.3 13.0 12.6 OECD total 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703037433056
20.3
11.9
9.8
10.5
12.8
7.0
16.1
43.0
23.4
12.8
25.2
35
15.5
25.6
18.5
19.5
16.0
17.2
19.5
26.6
19.0
17.8
20.5
19.4
25.2
24.4
17.9
29.3
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
-1
-1
18.9
17.5
Belgium
..
20.5
27.7
25.6
19.0
20.0
17.1
17.1
24.6
19.4
16.6
17.2
25.5
17.9
20.7
21.3
25.4
Austria
-1
24.0
Australia*
4.6
8.0
6.4
5.8
4.9
5.8
6.3
7.7
5.5
5.5
6.1
7.0
6.5
6.8
6.1
6.8
6.3
6.4
2007
-1
-1
-1
..
7.2
5.5
5.8
5.2
4.6
6.9
8.6
6.8
5.4
6.1
7.7
6.7
7.0
6.0
7.2
6.6
6.4
1997
II
1997
I
2007
Transport, storage and communication
Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels
Labour > Services: employment*
1.0
11.5
3.5
2.7
2.5
4.4
4.9
2.1
2.5
3.0
3.1
1.6
2.9
1.7
5.7
3.2
2.9
3.9
2007
-1
-1
-1
III
..
10.3
3.7
3.0
2.7
3.7
3.0
2.3
2.4
3.3
3.2
2.0
2.9
1.8
5.3
3.7
3.2
3.7
1997
Finance and insurance
4.7
16.5
10.0
11.7
12.2
9.4
9.7
7.2
6.3
14.2
15.5
11.4
12.9
10.9
12.0
16.7
12.1
12.0
2007
-1
-1
-1
IV
..
11.6
5.4
8.8
8.6
6.7
6.3
4.1
4.0
9.5
12.6
7.7
8.5
7.4
9.3
12.5
7.8
10.6
1997
Real estate, renting and business services
% of total civilian employment
Contribution to total employment
4.8
5.2
3.4
3.2
5.5
4.6
5.0
7.3
9.8
6.7
9.3
6.8
5.7
5.9
5.0
9.7
6.3
4.7
-1
-1
-1
..
5.5
3.1
3.3
6.7
4.9
4.2
7.1
8.7
7.9
10.0
7.6
6.5
5.7
5.4
9.5
6.8
4.0
16.0
17.1
19.0
19.4
22.9
22.6
29.6
19.5
18.2
23.5
25.1
26.4
28.6
14.7
22.6
24.2
21.0
23.9
2007
-1
-1
-1
..
17.0
12.4
15.2
22.0
20.8
28.4
19.3
15.1
20.9
24.2
25.1
28.2
13.4
22.6
22.9
19.3
22.7
1997
VI 1997
V 2007
Education, health, social work and other services
Public administration and finance
Australia*
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
36
20.7
Switzerland
22.5
United States
4.2
3.5
-n
..
5.2
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.6
2.2
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
4.8
5.7
..
6.5
6.7
5.7
7.5
3.6
5.8
1.9
3.2
3.4
..
-1
-1
-2
9.1
6.2
5.6
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
4.7
5.8
..
6.3
6.3
5.7
6.7
3.9
5.3
8.0
6.2
5.5
*
22.3
..
23.1
..
22.4
Turkey
United Kingdom
14.9
22.7
15.1
Sweden
-1
15.1
21.4
22.0
22.3
Spain
20.1
-1
Slovak Republic
15.3
-2
17.0
17.5
23.5
17.3
Norway
26.6
20.1
Portugal
26.8
New Zealand*
Poland
20.3
Netherlands
-1
-1
-2
4.1
3.8
..
5.2
2.1
2.5
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.3
3.6
3.4
-1
-1
-2
14.2
13.8
..
9.4
9.6
7.1
5.7
4.9
4.4
7.9
10.1
16.0
8.7
5.5
..
4.4
6.0
6.7
6.7
7.0
6.5
6.1
3.5
5.6
-1
-1
-2
National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2009.
Sources: OECD STAN Database, June 2009;
14.8
17.5
..
12.2
12.7
9.7
8.4
6.4
7.2
12.0
12.9
18.7
26.7
26.1
..
23.5
32.8
20.3
16.5
17.0
15.9
30.7
24.9
26.7
-1
-1
-1
-2
24.3
23.1
..
21.7
31.4
18.7
18.0
16.2
16.8
28.7
23.8
24.7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand*
Netherlands
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703043152228
8.8
5.7
..
3.8
7.1
8.1
6.6
6.4
4.5
7.7
3.7
6.2
37
31.42
41.19
1.88
1.54
Canada*
Czech Republic
38.80
30.13
2.75
Iceland
16.61
36.23
42.66
1.63
0.46
1.70
1.21
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
45.34
15.63
24.80
3.44
3.47
Japan*
-2
44.41
0.97
Hungary
48.32
46.82
0.57
Greece
1.31
27.76
2.54
Germany
1.13
38.42
2.08
France
Italy
24.05
Finland
Ireland
27.58
2.55
3.47
Denmark
-1
24.65
1.87
Belgium
38.37
35.60
-1
2.01
2.56
Austria*
31.06
-2
51.06
-4
40.14
46.49
79.72
73.65
77.71
40.42
59.26
50.35
-2
-2
-1
-1
68.07
43.86
52.44
-1
68.20
59.53
53.96
49.40
59.68
47.68
57.23
-1
-2
-2
-1
Industry
% financed by
Government
Australia*
% of GDP
-4
-2
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)
325
669
57
1 300
861
1 157
334
591
980
181
163
874
680
1 206
917
369
724
662
952
716
Per capita at current USD, PPPs
Science and technology > Research and development (I), 2007*
-2
-1
-1
42.7
60.4
49.5
83.8
76.2
77.9
48.8
66.8
54.6
50.3
26.9
69.9
63.2
72.3
64.9
63.8
56.0
69.3
70.4
57.3
% of GERD
-2
-1
-1
0.77
1.63
0.30
1.97
3.87
3.66
0.91
1.33
2.44
0.78
0.25
2.86
2.28
4.00
2.89
1.34
1.56
2.10
2.70
1.64
-2
-1
% of value added in industry
8.8
3.4
5.7
5.2
6.2
1.1
7.9
3.9
5.4
9.6
5.6
4.5
11.2
3.5
2.4
13.6
2.3
6.2
9.6
4.4
Government
-4
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
79.4
81.6
92.6
91.7
93.4
98.5
81.8
86.5
83.2
74.9
85.7
92.0
80.2
90.9
86.0
82.2
82.5
78.7
66.4
-1 -1
93.3
-1
Industry
% financed by
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD)
-4
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
0.56
0.70
0.19
0.39
0.96
0.70
0.63
0.55
0.92
0.37
0.30
0.79
0.75
0.97
0.85
0.61
0.57
0.60
0.68
0.46
% of GDP
4.0
-2
-2
-1
0.1
-3
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
18.0
5.2
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
-1
6.0
27.7
2.8
0.6
2.3
0.3
-1
0.0
7.7
% of which defence R&D
-2
-1
-3
-1
-2
-1
Government budget appropriations for R&D, 2008
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan*
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada*
Belgium
Austria*
Australia*
38
-3
16.11
43.87
29.45
-2
-5
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
-2
-5
70.37
-2
-1
-1
-1
.. -n
38.19
63.79
-1
39.38
54.98
-1
+3
55.60
65.80
-1
-3
-2
-1
-2
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
-2
62.62
80.81
24.62
57.88
33.36
26.64
66.44
47.19
48.45
69.73
63.86
-3
47.07
-2
35.60
36.27
-1
-2
45.25
34.26
*
0.92
South Africa
1.49
China*
-3
1.02
Brazil
0.71
2.29
OECD total*
1.12
1.77
EU27*
Russian Federation
28.56
1.90
EU15*
India*
34.11
2.53
G7
29.33
27.73
1.79
2.68
-1
22.71
47.07
United States*
Turkey
United Kingdom
2.90
0.71
Switzerland
42.49
24.43
1.27
Slovak Republic
3.60
53.92
0.46
Portugal
Sweden
55.20
1.18
Poland
Spain
44.87
58.61
1.64
0.57
Norway
76
165
13
77
92
748
530
635
981
1 221
640
92
1 003
1 320
401
92
269
91
878
-2
-3
-1
-3
53.3
58.3
64.2
19.8
72.3
47.9
69.6
63.4
64.3
70.8
71.9
64.1
41.3
73.7
73.8
55.9
39.6
51.5
30.4
0.79
1.01
..
..
..
2.44
1.79
1.97
2.79
3.05
1.81
0.42
3.06
4.45
1.08
0.25
1.03
-2
-3
8.7
16.2
55.3
..
4.8
0.8
6.7
7.2
7.0
6.7
9.2
6.6
9.7
1.5
4.3
14.4
10.3
4.2
11.7
-2
-3
-1
-1
-3
-1
-2
79.6
68.3
36.6
..
91.9
99.2
90.1
82.7
82.9
90.7
90.8
70.1
89.1
90.9
85.0
79.0
73.5
91.4
83.1
..
0.40
..
..
0.53
0.78
0.69
0.74
0.87
1.00
0.67
..
0.72
0.81
1.08
0.26
1.01
-1
-4
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
..
52.1
..
..
1.2
32.9
12.5
13.1
38.6
56.6
24.2
..
0.6
12.4
13.1
4.4
0.5
1.4
5.2
-4
-4
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
South Africa
Russian Federation
India*
China*
Brazil
OECD total*
EU27*
EU15*
G7
United States*
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703137671354
-2
-3
-1
-1
-3
-1
-2
0.68 0.32
Sources: Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009; National sources: Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT); India: National Science & Technology Management Information System, Department of Science & Technology.
-2
-2
-1
-3
1.25 0.26
39
23.7
9.2
-1
-1
9.0
40.2
27.9
-2
-1
-1
48.1
32.3
38.0
53.8
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea*
Netherlands
37.4
-1
6.9
-2
25.0
Iceland
..
16.0
-1
53.7
Hungary
Mexico
13.7
-2
21.9
Greece
..
52.3
-1
30.9
Germany
Luxembourg
32.6
-1
41.9
France
17.7
28.5
..
..
30.4
14.4
39.9
57.9
Finland
-1
28.2
-1
38.5
10.2
-1
Medium high-tech industries*
Denmark
35.3
15.1
Belgium
Czech Republic
41.2
Austria
Canada
9.1
30.2
Australia
High-tech industries*
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
8.9
..
..
8.3
11.7
8.0
9.8
5.7
6.6
17.1
6.8
11.9
11.5
7.5
7.4
15.7
15.7
12.6
14.1
Medium low-tech and low-tech industries*
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
21.9
..
..
7.1
8.5
26.3
32.9
59.7
21.4
44.9
9.4
9.5
14.0
33.5
36.6
35.8
17.0
28.0
40.5
Service industries
% of business expenditure on R&D (BERD) performed in
Science and technology > Research and development (II), 2007*
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Researchers
44 116
48 401
2 174
221 928
709 974
88 430
12 169
2 208
17 391
20 817
284 305
211 129
39 000
29 572
27 878
134 300
35 937
31 352
87 270
-1
+2
3.6
5.1
1.2
6.5
9.5
11.0
6.0
-1
12.5
4.5
4.4
7.2
8.3
15.6
10.2
5.4
8.2
8.2
7.8
8.5
Per 1 000 total employment
-1
-1
+2
Full-time equivalent
(national totals)
+2
-1
-1
-1
+2
-1
26.6
27.4
3.0
10.7
12.6
30.3
26.4
25.1
23.4
50.4
16.3
19.2
18.7
27.5
16.9
33.7
21.8
24.1
25.7
% of GERD
-2
-1
-1
0.45
0.13
0.05
0.37
0.43
0.34
0.35
0.69
0.23
0.29
0.41
0.40
0.65
0.70
0.26
0.63
0.41
0.62
0.52
% of GDP
Higher education expenditure on R&D (HERD)
-2
-1
-1
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea*
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia
40
..
5.1
..
..
12.0
..
India*
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
..
2.6
..
..
..
8.9
9.5
9.5
8.4
6.5
7.6
14.9
..
7.9
16.2
..
..
12.1
.. -n
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
..
13.5
*
South Africa
Russian Federation
..
27.9
-1
40.9
OECD total*
..
34.4
-1
37.1
EU27*
..
34.6
-1
37.3
EU15*
..
26.5
-1
42.5
G7*
China*
16.3
-1
46.9
United States*
Brazil
18.8
Turkey
-1
..
..
..
Switzerland
49.0
..
43.7
Sweden
United Kingdom*
31.4
22.6
Spain
22.2
..
..
Slovak Republic
-1
..
..
Portugal
27.1
19.2
Poland
-1
..
18.9
..
12.4
Norway
New Zealand
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
36.4
72.0
..
..
..
20.3
16.8
16.5
21.5
29.6
23.2
25.8
..
15.3
33.2
47.4
44.0
29.7
40.0
41.1
18 300
17 303
469 076
92 500
1 423 381
118 296
3 997 466
1 360 332
1 166 129
3 026 989
1 425 550
175 476
49 668
25 400
47 762
122 624
-2
-5
1.3
-1
1.4
6.7
0.2
1.9
7.4
6.0
6.5
8.7
9.7
5.6
2.3
6.1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-3
10.6
6.0
5.7
5.5
4.1
9.8
10.8
-2
-5
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-3
30.1
-3
-3
0.36
0.07
0.03
0.13
..
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.39
0.36
0.44
0.34
0.66
0.77
0.33
0.11
0.35
0.19
0.51
-3
-3
New Zealand
Russian Federation
India*
China*
Brazil
OECD total*
EU27*
EU15*
G7*
United States*
United Kingdom*
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
19.3 -2 0.18 -2 South Africa 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703144282540
6.3
4.9
8.5
..
16.8
21.8
21.6
15.5
13.3
24.5
48.2
22.9
21.3
26.4
25.0
29.9
33.9
31.4
Sources: Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009; Research and Development Expenditure in Industry, 1990-2007, OECD, Paris, 2009; National sources: Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT); India: National Science & Technology Management Information System, Department of Science & Technology.
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
27 986 12 354
61 395
-2
24 769
-1
-2
41
1 326.7
Czech Republic
1 197.6
Luxembourg
180.4
1 897.0
Korea
Mexico
5 737.3
21 080.1
Japan
Ireland
Italy
..
31 703.8
Iceland
443.0
2 500.6
42 739.4
Germany
Hungary
5 188.3
France
Greece
3 817.2
Finland
..
2 514.2
Canada
Denmark
7 854.8
Belgium
-2
-1
-4
-1
6 125.5
Austria
2 093.5
1 267.4
4 838.0
6 033.9
4 619.3
30 849.8
..
3 672.7
1 133.7
38 350.0
3 233.5
5 570.5
..
1 889.9
1 357.6
8 714.3
3 644.1
5 069.2
3 629.1
-1
Payments
Receipts
Australia
-2
-1
-4
-1
-1
Million USD, 2007*
-1 913.1
- 69.8
-2 941.0
15 046.3
1 118.0
854.0
..
-1 172.1
- 690.6
4 389.3
1 954.8
-1 753.3
..
- 563.2
1 156.6
- 859.5
2 481.4
-1 440.1
Balance
Technology balance of payments
-2
-1
-4
-1
-1
20
22
2 488
14 605
756
76
4
42
14
6 146
2 468
318
322
19
706
410
400
342
2007
Triadic patent families*
Science and technology > Patents and trade in technology
Patenting activity
2006
193
49
6 396
23 505
3 158
346
39
191
84
17 147
6 085
1 593
1 125
149
2 898
1 060
1 274
19.6
60.8
5.0
3.0
13.2
33.4
26.1
30.3
20.6
15.6
21.9
16.2
19.6
26.3
28.6
44.6
26.6
15.2
2006
Total
2 048
% of which foreign coinventors
23
14
2 885
9 994
552
137
10
71
14
3 984
1 789
943
298
22
1 132
200
386
569
2006
ICT
5
2
270
1 103
141
21
3
10
4
639
349
46
148
4
289
118
82
190
2006
Biotechnology
Patent applications filed under the PCT*
Trade coverage ratios
108
45
182
125
72
231
77
118
19
115
109
123
110
90
62
102
88
25
2008 *
High-tech industries*
94
57
156
373
132
232
8
114
20
200
97
112
92
129
75
111
112
21
2008 *
Medium hightech industries*
Exports as % of imports
2.7
0.2
4.6
8.4
6.4
1.5
0.1
1.0
0.3
16.8
6.8
1.2
1.2
1.5
3.7
5.4
2.0
0.9
2008 *
All manufacturing industries
3.5
0.1
7.0
8.1
2.7
3.4
0.1
1.5
0.1
13.6
7.3
1.1
1.0
1.2
2.3
4.5
1.2
0.5
2008 *
High-tech mfg industries*
% of total OECD
Export market shares
Australia
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
42
1 237.3
1 319.4
Portugal
9 064.4
10 970.7
14 668.8
16 554.5
10 316.8
Sweden
Switzerland
..
17 816.1
..
34 621.8
United States
-1
-1
4
29
66
171
591
66
15 923
1 645
24
898
851
240
43
369
789
1 077
5 195
436
49 909
6 322
291
2 054
2 807
1 343
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
-1 233.1
- 609.4
..
..
..
36 962.0
16 805.7
..
-4 352.0
5 583.9
-1
103
128
634
323
3 411
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
-1
- 224.1
-2 389.8
12
18
128
50
1 024
.. -n
1 278.7
-1
-1
-1
82.1
-2 294.3
1 315.7
..
..
*
South Africa
45.6
..
1 137.9
..
India
-1
..
..
China
528.5
..
..
Russian Federation
48 957.0
85 919.0
Brazil
Turkey
United Kingdom
Spain
6 674.6
573.0
3 993.9
1 699.6
Poland
-1
3 232.0
4 547.7
Norway
348.9
..
..
New Zealand
Slovak Republic
..
..
Netherlands
12.2
22.8
23.9
12.4
14.6
10.7
22.9
9.4
43.4
18.4
19.7
49.2
41.0
30.6
20.9
21.8
19.1
11
73
84
175
29
4 124
420
1
104
127
118
4
13
12
29
29
266
17
9
30
120
35
83
84
21
201
126
44
83
47
49
49
27
106
2.4
1.6
15.0
1.7
12.9
4.5
1.6
2.4
2.1
2.9
0.7
0.6
1.6
0.6
0.3
5.0
0.2
0.4
23.0
0.7
19.4
5.2
0.2
4.9
1.8
1.4
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.1
6.0
Russian Federation
India
China
Brazil
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
71 0.7 0.1 South Africa 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703204304314
29
56
109
58
73
82
61
116
115
76
117
64
91
40
25
128
Sources: Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009; OECD, STAN Indicators Database; OECD, Patents database, June 2009.
84
200
257
2 967
58
19 145
2 225
41
449
1 123
245
7
30
33
149
65
1 379
43
13.0
28.0
3.3
6.7
15.8
2.0
31
9 985
79
43
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark*
99
Korea
Mexico
1 964
3
378
Japan
Luxembourg
301
Italy
70
Ireland
8.6
17.0
3.8
8.0
12.5
0.5
5.6
8.9
93
Greece
103
2.8
132
Germany
Iceland
55.7
357
France
Hungary
8.2
11.8
338
552
Finland
Australia*
84
1.1
-
18.8
9.2
4.2
8.1
0.6
5.8
2.7
10.5
7.5
7.0
7.4
6.8
2.5
10.6
3.2
0.2
0.04
..
1.27
1.16
0.55
0.07
0.00
0.17
0.12
0.19
0.24
0.07
0.12
0.11
0.06
0.50
0.10
0.01
Thousand km²
7 741
t / km² of agricultural land
t / km² of agricultural land
% of territorial area
Total area
Austria
Pesticides use
Nitrogenous fertilisers use
Major protected areas*
Land
Environment > Resources, latest available year*
33
34
63
68
34
10
-
22
29
32
28
74
12
34
34
22
47
21
% of land area
Wooded area
..
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
..
-
0.6
..
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.8
..
0.8
0.6
..
Harvest / annual growth
Use of forest resources
Forest
32
52
11
23
41
2
-
38
38
38
19
11
22
20
20
36
22
24
% of known species
Mammals
16
23
6
13
18
5
44
15
2
27
19
13
16
50
10
25
28
13
% of known species
Birds
Threatened species
16
3
40
20
24
2
-
5
12
19
17
2
5
11
2
32
5
1.5
-
1.9
4.8
0.3
0.3
1.6
-
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.9
-
1.2
-
-
0.2
% of world catches
% of gross annual availability 5
Total fish catches
Water withdrawal
Water
36
95
83
69
69
65
57
60
65
93
80
81
88
74
72
55
89
..
% of population connected
Public waste water plants
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark*
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia*
44
25.2
7.7
9.2
324
313
92
49
505
450
Norway*
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
28.7
3.9
18.3
19.5
13.1
14.3
12.4
41
784
244
9 632
21 448
3 243
35 096
United Kingdom*
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
Not available or not applicable. Nil or negligible.
.. -
2.2
6.0
3.3
2.6
5.9
3.3
3.6
5.1
3.3
4.6
2.3
6.3
10.0
1.8
13.4
*
OECD total*
EU15
G7
United States
Switzerland
Turkey
4.9
28.1
4.6
19.5
New Zealand
15.6
42
268
Netherlands
0.07
0.22
0.11
0.07
0.14
0.04
0.09
0.07
0.14
0.15
0.44
0.10
0.07
0.03
0.55
31
39
34
33
12
13
31
67
36
40
41
30
31
31
11
..
..
..
17
16
14
33
18
13
22
26
14
14
18
19
..
..
..
12
16
4
36
17
27
14
38
8
16
21
22
26.1
5.6
13.3
5.3
0.7
0.6
-
0.3
1.0
-
0.3
0.2
2.6
0.6
0.5
71
84
76
71
97
42
97
86
92
56
65
61
77
80
99
OECD total*
EU15
G7
United States
United Kingdom*
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway*
New Zealand
Netherlands
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703206110145
11
17
12
19
13
19
5
1
30
1
12
20
1
1
11
Sources: OECD Environmental Data Compendium 2008, OECD, Paris, 2009; OECD Key Environmental Indicators 2009, OECD, Paris, 2009.
..
..
..
..
0.5
0.4
..
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.7
45
Netherlands
Mexico
4
26
5
Luxembourg
14
Ireland
9
30
Iceland
Korea
12
Hungary
7
48
Greece
Japan*
6
Germany
7
7
Italy
16
France
21
Czech Republic
Finland
62
Canada*
5
11
Belgium
Denmark
3
122
Austria*
Australia*
kg / capita
58
- 66
-3
- 83
- 46
- 17
- 78
- 67
20
- 88
14
- 90
- 66
- 66
- 86
- 89
- 36
- 65
- 62
% change since 1990
Sulphur oxides
Air
21
32
17
22
37
34
27
71
21
27
82
20
14
30
26
15
18
28
107
kg / capita
17
36
- 42
14
- 38
46
-5
- 45
-4
3
- 13
22
- 52
- 27
- 35
- 32
- 62
-3
- 48
% change since 1990
Nitrogen oxides
Environment > Emissions and pollution, latest available year*
30
..
30
40
40
30
40
10
40
..
20
60
110
10
30
..
50
..
20
t / million USD
Industrial waste per unit of GDP*
Waste
630
350
690
380
410
550
780
560
460
450
580
540
510
800
290
400
490
590
690
kg / capita
Municipal waste
Quantity generated
t / Mtoe
0.1
0.1
-
3.2
1.5
-
-
-
1.7
-
1.2
4.2
1.9
-
1.7
6.2
2.0
-
-
Nuclear waste per unit of energy*
1.2
1.0
..
4.5
0.8
2.7
0.9
0.4
9.7
4.0
3.4
2.7
1.8
1.7
2.9
4.4
2.3
1.9
4.2
as % of total government R&D budget
Environment R&D budget*
Australia*
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan*
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada*
Belgium
Austria*
46
- 83
- 46
- 65
- 58
11
- 82
- 42
- 54
- 72
- 48
18
16
27
4
2
23
11
41
24
11
24
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland*
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States*
G7
EU15
OECD total
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
Not available or not applicable. Nil or negligible.
*
.. -
- 40
- 63
32
Poland
50
- 60
4
19
Norway
New Zealand*
33
24
35
53
26
15
11
19
34
16
25
24
41
40
- 24
- 36
- 31
- 30
- 46
72
- 48
- 43
19
- 61
5
- 42
-8
56
10
400
580
560
630
760
570
430
710
520
580
290
470
320
830
..
..
..
..
0.4
1.8
..
0.1
2.2
3.0
1.0
3.5
2.4
2.1
OECD total
EU15
G7
United States*
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland*
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703225273143
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.0
1.0
-
1.9
4.1
1.2
3.0
-
-
-
-
OECD Key Environmental Indicators 2009, OECD, Paris, 2009.
Sources: OECD Environmental Data Compendium 2008, OECD, Paris, 2009;
50
40
50
..
30
30
-
110
30
120
50
120
20
47
437.9
182.2
35.5
Netherlands
New Zealand
10.7
Mexico
Luxembourg
488.7
44.1
Ireland
1 236.3
2.3
Iceland
Korea
53.9
Hungary
Japan
97.8
Greece
437.6
798.4
Germany
Italy
369.3
France
122.1
Czech Republic
64.4
572.9
Canada
50.5
106.0
Belgium
Finland
69.7
Austria
Denmark
396.3
Australia
Total, million tonnes of CO2
66.4
16.4
49.5
2.5
113.1
16.1
10.0
44.1
24.6
- 19.1
39.5
- 16.0
4.9
18.5
0.2
- 21.4
32.5
- 1.8
24.0
52.5
% change 2007/1990
Environment > CO2 emissions, 2007
9.3
31.3
39.2
0.3
209.8
444.8
60.5
9.0
0.5
11.7
36.6
347.5
50.9
29.0
18.1
80.1
123.8
16.7
15.0
222.7
Coal and peat
18.1
71.3
266.1
7.5
197.5
578.2
212.8
25.0
1.9
17.7
53.5
261.3
226.1
26.5
21.9
25.1
266.7
51.9
35.6
109.2
Oil
8.1
76.3
132.6
2.8
73.7
208.8
160.6
10.1
-
24.2
7.7
179.4
87.1
8.5
9.5
16.2
181.9
34.5
16.1
63.9
Gas
-
3.3
-
0.1
7.7
4.5
3.8
-
-
0.3
-
10.2
5.2
0.4
0.9
0.7
0.6
2.8
2.9
0.5
Other2
12.0
57.5
140.9
1.3
218.9
509.2
141.5
14.0
-
19.2
47.4
361.6
54.9
31.1
23.1
67.8
133.1
24.2
15.9
231.0
Electricity and heat
5.3
38.6
62.7
1.7
90.0
280.0
79.2
5.2
0.8
7.3
10.8
117.3
69.3
12.2
5.4
21.1
101.5
27.3
12.6
47.9
Industry
14.6
34.9
147.6
6.5
88.5
239.4
121.1
14.2
0.9
12.9
22.8
148.7
130.6
13.6
13.9
18.5
164.8
25.0
23.9
78.3
Transport
0.5
15.7
21.9
1.3
32.2
62.6
50.4
6.7
-
8.3
8.5
101.7
56.4
2.1
3.0
6.8
41.4
16.1
7.5
7.5
Residential
By sector Million tonnes of CO2
Million tonnes of CO2
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion1
By type of fuel
3.1
35.5
64.8
0.1
59.1
145.3
45.3
4.0
0.6
6.2
8.3
69.1
58.1
5.4
5.1
7.9
132.1
13.3
9.8
31.6
Other
0.53
0.41
0.58
0.40
0.69
0.24
0.37
0.31
0.20
0.87
0.58
0.39
0.25
0.43
0.28
1.58
0.66
0.40
0.31
0.78
kg/2000 USD
CO 2 per unit of GDP
8.48
11.13
4.14
22.35
10.09
9.68
7.38
10.13
7.53
5.36
8.74
9.71
5.81
12.19
9.24
11.83
17.37
9.97
8.38
18.75
t/capita
CO 2 per capita
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia
48
Slovak Republic
3 926.4
EU27
1 587.4
India
Russian Federation
Nil or negligible.
-
13.3
-
-
-
84.9
40.5
54.4
27.5
2.7
0.2
3.5
1.8
1.4
0.2
0.5
Includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.
-
820.7
71.2
127.5
40.7
2 946.9
992.0
2 251.6
1 245.5
188.4
70.9
6.1
1.9
74.3
11.3
8.8
0.6
2.5
-
62.7
325.8
359.7
897.7
257.0
5 504.5
1 624.5
4 111.5
2 381.5
184.9
78.6
31.9
33.6
190.2
9.5
34.8
10.5
27.1
2.
283.0
427.6
895.5
5 002.7
49.4
4 464.6
1 269.4
3 289.3
2 114.8
146.9
115.4
0.7
8.9
78.7
15.8
11.2
22.9
62.7
Calculated using the IEA energy balances, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sectoral Approach and the default emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. They may differ from National Communications submitted to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
35.8
- 27.2
125.1
172.6
79.8
17.4
- 3.3
12.7
18.6
- 5.4
108.8
3.6
- 12.4
2.9
212.4
1.
345.8
1 326.5
China
South Africa
347.1
6 027.9
Brazil
13 000.8
9 706.9
G7
OECD total
5 769.3
523.0
United States
265.0
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Turkey
46.2
42.2
Sweden
67.5
- 35.1
36.8
Portugal
344.7
40.5
55.2
Poland
Spain
30.6
- 11.4
36.9
304.7
Norway
1.0
7.1
47.3
241.5
289.6
1 887.2
105.9
1 895.1
632.7
1 346.1
638.0
60.8
62.4
6.3
10.7
55.1
9.7
9.4
39.7
14.6
46.3
228.8
118.7
407.3
146.4
3 543.8
962.7
2 742.9
1 807.5
130.9
48.0
16.8
22.6
115.4
6.5
18.7
42.2
0.6
16.5
119.5
74.7
252.2
16.1
954.1
424.3
716.8
330.9
73.4
32.1
10.3
0.6
20.3
2.8
2.1
30.4
Sources: CO 2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, IEA, Paris, 2009; Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009; Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009; Main Economic Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009.
220.0
877.4
746.6
3 029.4
32.8
5 186.2
1 483.1
3 862.4
2 459.0
203.1
97.3
1.6
7.9
117.2
9.1
19.5
165.7
3.91
1.72
2.55
0.43
0.43
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.30
0.71
0.15
0.16
0.47
1.18
0.45
1.35
0.19
11.21
1.18
4.57
1.81
10.97
7.92
13.32
19.10
8.60
3.59
5.62
5.05
7.68
6.82
5.20
7.99
7.85
Russian Federation
India
China
Brazil
OECD total
EU27
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
15.7 1.95 7.27 South Africa 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703348700051
120.2
96.8
451.8
45.8
1 421.7
423.6
1 038.7
533.9
54.8
25.2
7.1
4.4
36.7
8.7
5.5
26.7
13.6
49
5.16
5.85
5.51
6.09
Austria*
Belgium*
5.70
5.48
4.08
..
5.84
5.92
4.78
..
Denmark*
Finland*
France
Germany
5.64
7.98
4.67
Hungary*
Iceland*
Ireland
4.39
7.17
5.11
6.67
7.25
Czech Republic
Greece
4.24
6.48
4.80
Canada*
4.79
4.14
5.71
Australia
-1
% of GDP
% of GDP
Public and private
-1
Public
151
144
152
..
103
103
122
115
145
108
112
106
115
2000 = 100
-1
Expenditure on educational institutions
Education > Expenditure, 2006*
0.28
0.81
0.54
..
0.71
0.44
0.14
0.59
0.56
1.70
0.24
0.35
1.56
% of GDP
Private
-1
6 337
9 299
4 599
..
5 362
5 482
5 899
8 798
3 217
..
7 072
8 516
6 311
Primary education
8 991
8 493
3 978
..
7 548
9 303
7 533
9 662
5 307
7 774
8 601
10 577
8 700
Secondary education
USD using PPPs*
11 832
8 579
6 367
..
13 016
11 568
12 845
15 391
7 989
22 810
13 244
15 148
15 016
Tertiary education
Annual expenditure per student
-1
159
135
167
..
104
103
119
112
152
125
102
109
111
2000 = 100
-1
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
91
90
88
..
99
105
112
116
130
..
104
139
117
2000 = 100
Tertiary education
Index of change in annual expenditure per student
52 972
25 227
14 515
32 107
57 978
34 179
39 144
40 322
29 127
..
..
40 304
44 942
Annual statutory salary
72
38
26
64
76
54
66
62
46
..
..
66
55
Salary per statutory teaching hour
USD using PPPs*
Teachers' salaries in public lowersecondary education after 15 years of experience
Ireland
Iceland*
Hungary*
Greece
Germany
France
Finland*
Denmark*
Czech Republic
Canada*
Belgium*
Austria*
Australia
50
..
4.65
4.82
5.60
Netherlands
New Zealand
4.66
6.33
Spain
Sweden
..
..
..
1 566
6 437
9 709
7 732
1 130
8 793
7 699
5 970
3 221
5 138
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
190
157
0.85
2.36
0.72
..
..
0.17
0.50
0.62
0.44
3 770
9 486
4 952
6 425
2 003
13 676
4 935
6 989
7 716
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
3.87
4.91
121
120
117
..
112
118
121
127
101
0.54
..
1.26
0.78
1.07
..
2.88
1.66
0.32
.. -n
..
4.91
5.01
5.19
2.72
5.42
6.15
4.17
3.63
128
120
111
120
123
..
151
101
111
*
..
5.81
OECD average
Russian Federation*
7.38
United States
Brazil*
5.91
United Kingdom*
..
4.25
Slovak Republic*
..
5.57
Portugal*
Turkey*
5.68
Poland*
Switzerland*
5.16
..
5.12
5.00
5.36
6.26
Norway*
Luxembourg*
..
4.47
7.35
Korea
5.72
3.33
4.99
Japan*
Mexico
4.60
4.93
Italy*
8 725
4 279
10 294
12 336
25 109
15 447
4 648
22 230
16 991
11 087
6 056
9 724
5 224
16 235
9 288
15 196
6 462
..
8 564
13 418
..
165
124
114
150
..
106
114
119
157
112
141
103
..
116
117
..
159
112
110
..
84
111
103
139
..
102
100
127
108
135
127
97
..
98
111
..
134
112
104
..
61
..
..
..
..
..
63
..
46
..
56
38
..
22
140
100
81
55
Brazil*
OECD average
United States
United Kingdom*
Turkey*
Switzerland*
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic*
Portugal*
Poland*
Norway*
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg*
Korea
Japan*
Italy*
.. .. Russian Federation* 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703404350478
..
41 993
44 015
..
..
62 183
32 799
44 774
..
34 876
..
36 298
37 213
48 818
23 455
89 864
54 671
48 742
32 859
Sources: Education at a Glance 2009 : OECD indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009 or revised data. www.oecd.org/edu/eag2009.
2 399
1 538
8 006
10 821
8 763
1 834
13 268
8 496
7 955
2 963
6 846
3 411
11 435
6 043
9 516
2 165
18 144
7 261
8 305
8 495
51
520
527
510
513
548
496
504
459
491
506
501
462
523
547
490
501
527
483
494
547
488
495
460
482
484
517
469
498
556
479
Canada
Czech Republic*
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
505
490
Belgium
520
513
Austria
Maths
Australia
Reading
486
522
531
475
508
491
504
473
516
495
563
496
513
534
510
511
527
Science
Student performance on the reading, scientific and mathematical literacy scales, mean score, 2006*
Education > Performance, 2007*
65.7
77.9
..
52.3
67.6
64.5
79.2
59.6
84.4
68.7
80.5
75.5
90.5
86.6
68.0
80.1
68.2
74.6
91.3
93.0
84.9
89.6
85.9
84.3
96.2
99.5
..
96.8
85.4
88.0
78.9
..
..
..
-1
26.5
34.6
41.0
13.6
32.2
29.8
17.7
22.7
24.3
26.8
36.4
32.2
13.7
48.3
32.1
17.6
33.7
..
..
38.8
35.0
45.0
63.1
29.4
17.7
23.4
..
48.5
47.3
34.9
30.6
..
22.1
49.8
-1
-1
Upper Current upper All tertiary First-time secondary or secondary attainment, 25- tertiary-type A higher, 25-to-64graduation rate to-64-year-olds graduation rate year-olds*
% educational attainment of adult population and current graduation rates
150
201
..
143
201
..
185
..
174
161
160
127
170
177
151
169
156
Women
179
-1
178
-1
138 184
-4 -1
..
165
-2
..
248
..
167
178
140
195
173
155
170
143
-1
-1
-2
-2
Men
-1
-4
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
..
2.3
2.8
5.2
..
..
2.8
..
4.5
5.7
3.6
3.0
1.5
3.5
..
3.6
2.1
Women
..
2.5
2.5
3.0
..
..
2.1
..
3.6
4.9
3.2
2.9
1.5
3.5
..
2.3
1.8
Men
Index of earning differentials, tertiary-type A and advanced % unemployment ratio at tertiaryresearch programmes to upper type A attainment level (25-to-64secondary and post-secondary nonyear-olds)* tertiary education (25-to-64-yearolds)*
Australia
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic*
Canada
Belgium
Austria
52
492
466
461
507
499
447
495
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey*
United Kingdom
370
476
393
440
Brazil*
Russian Federation
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
-5
..
..
82.1
77.5
88.7
58.4
89.1
74.1
74.3
84.7
65.1
83.7
91.9
74.5
..
42.6
.. -n
88.0
36.8
70.1
87.9
68.3
28.7
86.0
84.6
50.7
87.0
27.5
86.3
78.9
71.6
73.2
33.3
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
479
390
500
489
515
424
512
503
488
488
474
498
487
530
525
410
*
498
492
OECD average
474
..
United States
495
424
530
502
480
495
466
508
490
484
Norway
472
522
521
New Zealand
Portugal*
531
507
Netherlands
Poland*
406
410
Mexico
..
15.1
38.7
36.5
38.7
15.2
31.4
39.9
32.4
38.9
42.6
49.0
43.4
47.6
42.8
-4
-1
..
270
164
173
199
162
164
132
156
..
178
165
134
145
159
..
190
-1
-2
284
166
188
153
162
154
144
144
..
194
-1
-3
125
142
151
-1
-1
-2
-3
-1
-1
-1
-1
3.8
3.7
1.8
2.1
9.9
2.9
3.0
5.2
..
7.6
4.3
..
2.3
1.8
4.5
2.6
3.0
1.9
2.3
5.4
2.1
3.6
3.8
..
5.1
3.3
..
2.1
1.7
3.4
Brazil*
OECD average
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey*
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal*
Poland*
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
54.0 -5 .. .. .. .. .. Russian Federation 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703440120450 Sources: Education at a Glance 2009 : OECD indicators, OECD, Paris, 2009. www.oecd.org/edu/eag2009; PISA 2006: Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World, OECD, Paris. www.pisa.oecd.org.
9.6
27.5
40.3
31.8
10.8
31.3
31.3
29.0
14.1
13.7
18.7
34.2
41.0
30.8
15.9
53
0
42
18
6
51
48
52
13
1
62
58
25
7
Iceland
Japan
Korea
Mexico
New Zealand
Norway
Switzerland
Turkey
United States
2
23
16
6
4
0
6
6
13
Canada
2008
Total in billion USD
Australia
% of value of total gross farm receipts
Producer support estimate1
Public finance > Agriculture: support estimates, 2008
2007
2
34
12
5
3
0
6
26
36
0
7
11
- 18
- 41
- 43
-2
-2
- 48
- 41
- 33
- 11
-1
% of value of consumption expenditure on commodities domestically produced 2008
28
- 12
-3
-2
0
-1
- 20
- 47
0
-3
0
Total in billion USD
Consumer support estimate2
2007
0
13
-5
-3
-1
0
-2
- 32
- 41
0
-4
% of GDP
0.7
2.3
1.2
1.0
0.2
0.7
2.4
1.1
1.1
0.6
0.3
Total support estimate3
United States
Turkey
Switzerland
Norway
New Zealand
Mexico
Korea
Japan
Iceland
Canada
Australia
54
-1
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
1
10
The value of gross transfers from taxpayers and consumers arising from policy measures which support agriculture.
3
South Africa
5
49
3.
0
-1
11
Russian Federation
-1
-1
The value of gross transfers to consumers of agricultural commodities arising from policy measures which support agriculture (when negative, the CSE is an implicit tax on consumption).
8
-1
2.
50
-1
9
China
-1
The value of gross transfers from domestic consumers and taxpayers to support agricultural producers (when negative, the PSE is an implicit tax on agriculture).
5
-1
5
Brazil
260
135
1.
150
265
25
21
EU27
OECD total
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
- 51
0
- 10
- 23
-2
- 108
-1
-1
-1
-1
- 45
-1
-1
-1
-1
0.5
0.8
2.1
0.5
0.8
0.9
-1
-1
-1
-1
South Africa
Russian Federation
China
Brazil
OECD total
EU27
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703443465000
-1
- 12
- 27
-2
- 118
Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation, 2009 Edition, OECD, Paris, 2009.
Sources:
-2
- 13
-4
-3
- 10
- 10
55
42.4
51.7
48.4
40.4
40.9
55.1
52.5
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
36.0
28.7
-1
-1
48.8
35.9
46.0
33.5
33.3
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
48.7
35.7
49.8
46.5
Hungary
43.2
44.9
39.9
Greece
-1
43.9
Germany
-1
52.7
49.3
43.8
France
39.1
50.0
48.7
Austria
-1
48.7
35.7
48.2
Australia
34.1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
14.7
17.9
20.2
16.0
24.8
21.5
16.5
18.1
23.2
22.1
26.6
20.3
19.3
23.1
18.6
17.7
% of GDP
% of GDP
% of GDP
-1
General government final consumption expenditure
Total general government expenditure
Total general government revenue
Public finance > Government sector, 2008
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
% of GDP
3.1
11.6
17.7
9.8
5.9
15.9
18.4
16.9
17.5
15.2
14.9
12.7
9.9
15.9
18.1
7.7
Social security transfers
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
8.6
- 2.9
- 1.0
3.7
8.6
- 3.2
- 4.4
0.8
- 2.1
4.3
3.7
- 0.1
2.6
- 0.8
1.3
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
4.7
- 2.5
- 2.7
0.2
5.5
- 3.4
- 5.0
- 0.1
- 3.4
4.1
3.4
- 1.4
1.4
- 1.2
- 0.5
1.6
% of GDP
% of GDP 2.9
Net lending of general government
Net saving of general government
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Australia
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
56
39.9
43.1
45.9
34.9
44.6
58.7
39.2
43.2
32.7
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Switzerland
47.7
42.3
34.6
United Kingdom
United States
..
-n
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
37.3
..
..
Turkey
-1
34.7
Sweden
33.7
40.5
53.1
36.6
55.6
Spain
-2
45.5
46.4
Netherlands
39.7
..
..
-1
40.7
43.3
Mexico
Luxembourg
-1
-2
-1
16.1
21.7
12.2
11.2
26.4
19.1
16.4
20.7
18.5
19.2
18.8
25.1
10.3
16.4
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
- 2.8
- 5.4
..
1.0
2.5
- 3.8
- 2.2
- 2.7
- 3.9
18.7
4.9
1.0
..
2.6
-1
-2
-1
Luxembourg
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703462060711
- 1.6
- 2.7
..
1.7
3.5
- 0.4
- 1.3
- 2.7
- 0.4
20.1
6.5
2.1
..
5.9
Sources: National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2009.
12.3
13.2
..
-1
11.4
-1
15.1
12.3
11.3
15.6
14.1
11.7
10.2
10.3
..
14.4
-2
-1
-1
57
Personal income tax
37.4
22.3
29.3
36.3
11.5
49.8
30.3
17.5
24.5
14.9
18.3
33.7
27.8
25.6
18.5
15.2
21.0
25.1
% of GDP
30.6
41.7
44.5
33.3
36.9
49.1
43.5
44.2
35.6
31.3
37.1
41.5
31.9
42.1
27.9
26.8
35.9
20.6
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico*
Total tax receipts
Public finance > Taxation, 2006
..
13.8
14.3
17.0
8.1
12.0
5.8
6.3
8.5
5.9
6.7
7.7
8.7
13.0
11.0
8.3
5.2
21.7
Corporate income tax
14.9
12.4
11.9
15.9
5.3
4.5
..
6.8
13.9
16.9
9.2
5.4
2.0
9.8
5.9
9.2
14.0
0.0
Employees
..
12.0
9.1
16.6
20.6
8.2
..
24.9
16.3
18.4
25.1
20.4
0.1
27.5
8.4
18.6
16.2
0.0
Employers
Social security contributions
% of total tax receipts
Tax structures
56.3
27.9
32.6
18.6
25.6
36.5
42.3
38.4
36.0
28.4
24.8
31.1
33.2
30.2
24.3
25.6
27.7
27.1
Taxes on goods and services
3.7
12.9
16.8
13.4
14.7
11.0
18.2
5.4
10.5
6.0
16.8
5.0
6.2
8.1
14.1
9.0
14.7
13.7
Other taxes %
21.5
34.7
35.5
47.1
44.6
42.0
35.3
59.0
33.6
43.3
36.5
49.2
55.0
28.0
46.4
45.1
42.7
48.5
Personal income tax %
29.0
30.4
27.5
39.5
33.0
12.5
18.0
17.3
29.0
38.9
34.4
26.0
28.0
24.0
36.1
34.0
25.0
30.0
Corporate income tax
Highest rates of income taxes*
95.0
73.4
89.4
80.6
71.5
85.3
74.6
64.7
74.4
56.3
71.0
69.4
59.1
77.6
76.1
58.1
66.8
76.0
Single person
95.0
100.5
90.9
86.4
84.3
108.6
93.1
79.2
72.8
75.4
82.9
76.9
70.9
99.8
87.2
77.9
80.9
87.7
Married with two children*
% of gross pay*
Disposable income of average worker*
Australia
Mexico*
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
58
15.4
8.5
18.9
31.9
43.9
33.5
35.7
29.8
36.6
49.1
Norway
Poland*
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
18.8
36.7
New Zealand
24.8
39.8
35.9
EU average
OECD average
10.7
8.8
11.8
Not available or not applicable.
36.5
25.1
28.0
United States
10.8
..
29.0
37.1
United Kingdom
6.0
10.1
7.5
11.5
9.9
8.4
7.1
29.4
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
15.6
Turkey
8.5
15.8
*
35.6
29.6
24.5
Switzerland
13.7
20.7
40.7
39.3
Netherlands
8.6
9.2
10.4
7.6
8.4
10.8
5.4
5.0
9.4
9.6
36.3
6.6
0.0
17.3
14.6
16.2
12.1
10.2
9.6
10.6
19.8
24.5
21.4
20.8
..
12.1
0.0
11.8
30.5
13.1
9.7
10.7
12.3
13.4
11.7
9.9
9.2
12.9
12.1
5.3
4.7
3.8
10.9
52.0
40.5
43.8
41.3
40.0
35.6
37.8
56.6
45.0
10.8
37.4
31.5
40.0
39.0
Taxing Wages , 2007-2008, OECD, Paris, 2008.
Sources: Revenue Statistics, 1965-2007, OECD, Paris, 2008;
31.5
30.0
16.8
29.0
48.7
23.0
26.1
27.2
38.7
40.6
38.1
27.3
32.7
29.6
63.7
73.4
69.9
75.6
73.1
69.6
78.3
69.1
79.5
77.6
77.5
67.8
70.9
78.9
71.7
84.9
82.4
88.6
79.6
69.6
90.9
77.2
86.7
96.3
88.9
69.6
79.3
96.9
Netherlands
OECD average
EU average
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland*
Norway
New Zealand
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703488337628
28.1
29.4
39.3
30.0
20.0
21.3
28.0
35.0
19.0
27.5
19.0
28.0
33.0
59
409
6 993
Netherlands
9 362
Japan
Luxembourg
4 444
Germany
1 325
France
Italy
10 957
13 910
Finland
Ireland
1 139
Denmark
693
2 800
Canada
Greece
2 381
4 725
Belgium
1 681
Austria
0.80
0.92
0.18
0.20
0.58
0.20
0.38
0.39
0.43
0.82
0.32
0.47
0.42
0.34
2008
3 166
2008
Australia
% of GNI
Million USD
2008
5.8
0.3
7.8
3.7
1.1
0.6
11.6
9.1
1.0
2.3
3.9
2.0
1.4
2.6
Share in total DAC ODA*
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
Public finance > Development aid
4.1
7.5
- 2.0
2.7
13.3
3.2
8.7
1.7
7.4
0.7
6.3
- 0.2
17.8
9.1
2002-03/2007-08
Annual average % change in volume
100.0
100.0
86.2
98.9
100.0
100.0
95.8
92.6
99.9
100.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
2007
% of ODA commitments
Grant element
2007
25.4
32.5
24.8
68.0
30.9
50.2
35.3
36.7
40.5
35.6
22.7
36.5
26.8
15.0
% of ODA
Multilateral aid
2007
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.04
..
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.07
0.03
0.08
% of GNI
Grants by NGOs*
2007
0.23
0.35
0.06
0.06
0.28
0.04
0.09
0.11
0.15
0.34
0.11
0.17
0.07
0.08
% of GNI
ODA to LDCs*
Australia
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Canada
Belgium
Austria
60
0.30
0.88
0.27
0.43
0.98
0.41
0.43
0.18
0.25
0.42
0.30
346
3 967
614
6 686
4 730
2 016
11 409
26 008
80 815
70 168
119 759
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
G7
EU15
DAC total*
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL Data for 2008 are preliminary.
Not available or not applicable.
* .
..
New Zealand
100.0
58.6
67.5
21.7
9.5
1.7
3.9
5.6
0.5
3.3
0.3
5.4
5.9
4.9
7.0
6.7
4.4
7.4
14.3
1.4
3.8
8.1
29.6
37.6
29.7
13.2
43.1
25.0
32.4
35.0
42.6
22.7
22.7
Sources: OECD/DAC Statistics, www.oecd.org/dac/stats.
97.1
97.4
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.8
85.7
100.0
100.0
0.09
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.14
0.11
0.29
0.08
0.10
0.34
0.07
DAC total*
EU15
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Portugal
Norway
New Zealand
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703520540522
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.09
0.02
0.11
0.02
..
0.00
..
0.04
61
2.1
11.0
3.7
6.0
4.4
3.3
25.1
3.0
4.9
3.1
Austria
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
2.1
1.1
0.1
6.9
1.8
10.1
0.4
0.1
1.6
..
0.7
1.4
4.3
..
..
0.7
0.5
0.3
..
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
..
1.5
0.0
New Zealand
Norway
2.6
3.3
1.9
9.2
2.0
Mexico
Netherlands
Luxembourg*
9.3
..
3.4
Finland
Belgium-Luxembourg*
1.6
1998
4.5
2008
Australia
% of GDP
Inflows
- 0.1
2.0
- 9.1
21.9
..
2.2
24.4
17.0
- 12.3
- 0.4
6.6
5.1
24.9
97.0
- 4.2
10.7
10.7
44.7
139.9
13.5
46.6
2008
3.9
1.8
36.9
8.6
..
5.4
3.2
4.3
8.9
0.1
3.3
0.1
24.6
31.0
12.1
7.7
3.7
22.8
30.1
4.5
6.0
1998
Billion USD
6.2
0.1
6.1
0.1
..
1.5
2.6
1.9
81.1
..
1.1
0.7
4.3
7.0
0.6
8.0
0.9
5.2
30.8
6.8
3.5
2008
% of GDP
Direct investment flows
International trade and investment > Direct investment
1.7
0.7
9.1
0.0
..
1.4
0.6
1.3
4.4
0.9
0.6
..
4.1
3.3
14.3
2.6
0.2
5.6
10.6
1.3
0.9
1998
Outflows
28.1
0.1
53.1
0.7
103.9
12.8
128.0
43.8
13.2
- 8.1
1.6
2.6
156.2
200.0
1.6
27.3
1.9
77.6
172.1
28.2
35.8
2008
2.5
0.4
36.5
0.0
0.0
4.7
24.2
16.1
3.9
0.1
0.3
- 0.3
88.8
48.6
18.6
4.5
0.1
34.3
29.1
2.7
3.3
1998
Billion USD
..
53.4
644.6
..
..
85.3
203.4
343.2
0.0
0.0
88.4
34.8
915.4
991.5
87.9
..
114.4
412.3
..
164.2
272.3
2008
25.6
33.2
164.5
63.6
20.8
0.0
26.1
108.8
62.5
0.5
20.8
13.1
252.4
246.2
16.5
35.7
14.4
143.3
..
25.0
106.0
1998
Billion USD
..
13.1
843.8
..
..
95.5
680.3
517.1
..
..
19.5
27.8
1 228.4
1 397.1
114.5
..
9.9
520.4
..
160.1
194.8
2008
23.7
5.5
229.0
..
8.0
..
270.0
177.0
20.3
0.4
0.8
2.8
365.2
288.0
29.4
38.8
0.8
171.8
..
17.5
78.6
1998
Billion USD
Outward
Direct investment positions Inward
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg*
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium-Luxembourg*
Austria
Australia
62
9.6
0.6
2.8
2.6
43.8
31.9
524.2
179.0
74.3
0.9
8.9
19.8
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
0.4
70.3
0.7
11.8
Not available or not applicable.
3.9
South Africa
2.2
41.1
..
45.1
1 021.2
6.4
3.0
..
5.0
Russian Federation
0.7
4.2
3.9
2.2
319.7
96.0
18.2
17.4
40.4
65.4
3.4
3.5
16.0
*
..
3.6
Brazil
3.8
2.4
OECD total
India
2.3
United States
China
5.1
3.6
United Kingdom
2.1
3.3
0.3
7.8
8.4
Sweden
3.5
2.0
4.1
Spain
2.5
3.2
3.6
Slovak Republic
Turkey
2.5
1.4
Portugal
Switzerland
3.7
3.0
Poland
0.6
..
3.7
1.8
..
1.7
3.8
2.3
4.1
0.3
17.6
8.4
4.8
0.3
0.9
0.2
1.3
1.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
2.7
1.6
8.4
0.1
6.9
9.6
3.2
0.7
3.4
3.4
0.3
1.6
1.3
0.0
2.6
2.7
651.1
142.6
122.9
0.4
18.8
24.4
18.9
0.1
4.0
..
..
..
..
..
6 963.3
..
982.8
..
374.1
253.4
634.8
45.9
99.8
161.4
22.5
21.8
..
..
..
..
..
9 080.0
..
1 510.5
13.9
724.7
319.2
601.9
1.9
63.6
1.2
..
..
..
..
..
3 775.7
1 196.0
488.4
..
184.2
93.5
74.1
0.4
10.2
Poland
South Africa
Russian Federation
India
China
Brazil
OECD total
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703543766732
..
..
..
..
..
2 940.6
920.0
337.4
..
72.0
51.0
126.0
2.9
30.1
Sources: International Direct Investment Database, OECD, Paris, 2008.
- 2.3
52.4
19.4
..
20.5
1 630.8
332.0
110.4
2.6
86.3
40.2
77.2
0.3
2.1
63
735.9
France
698.0
424.0
Italy
Japan
Korea
73.5
618.4
Ireland
Luxembourg
9.2
179.3
Iceland
109.3
100.0
Finland
Hungary
155.5
Denmark
104.6
130.7
Czech Republic
Greece
467.6
Canada
1 322.4
393.4
Belgium
Germany
213.2
199.1
Austria
3.5
11.7
1.5
3.8
4.1
- 1.4
13.4
6.7
5.0
5.4
6.5
2.8
14.2
5.5
4.6
7.5
12.7
2007/2006
Billion USD
Australia
% volume change
89.7
439.9
771.4
613.5
207.2
7.1
111.5
71.9
1 556.4
687.5
112.4
162.2
139.5
495.4
407.1
220.9
196.5
Billion USD
4.4
12.6
8.4
4.6
6.8
18.1
16.4
3.1
7.5
2.6
8.1
2.2
14.9
1.0
4.0
8.8
4.5
2007/2006
% volume change
Exports
At current prices and exchange rates
Goods and services1
At current prices and exchange rates
Imports
International trade and investment > Trade, 2007
22.3
356.8
622.2
511.8
86.7
6.7
94.7
76.1
1 059.3
611.1
81.7
98.0
116.8
380.4
413.4
156.1
157.8
Billion USD
13.5
15.3
7.5
15.6
13.2
11.7
23.0
19.5
14.9
15.3
17.7
15.9
25.0
8.7
16.9
16.2
19.0
% change 2007/2006
Total
73.9
61.5
55.7
75.0
80.4
76.7
85.3
70.7
79.4
76.5
70.7
80.0
84.5
80.7
77.0
79.6
77.6
% of total trade
1.1
0.5
- 0.7
0.5
- 2.2
- 2.8
- 2.3
4.0
2.0
1.4
0.5
- 0.2
1.5
- 1.0
2.2
4.3
0.0
% change 2007/2006 141.0
16.2
371.5
714.3
500.4
122.0
4.8
94.6
23.5
1 328.8
539.3
90.1
101.6
120.9
420.2
430.9
156.6
14.3
14.1
14.1
10.5
20.0
12.2
38.2
27.7
12.4
18.4
12.6
16.5
12.7
27.1
8.3
16.7
16.7
91.0
91.2
96.4
88.6
87.5
54.2
89.6
63.6
91.5
83.0
86.6
68.5
91.2
62.9
82.8
88.2
33.5
% of total trade
- 0.1
- 0.3
- 0.5
- 0.2
- 0.5
25.0
- 1.2
5.0
0.3
- 0.1
- 0.2
0.2
- 0.2
- 2.8
1.1
2.5
2.6
% change 2007/2006
Manufacturing, share of total trade
Exports (f.o.b.)*
% change 2007/2006
Total
Billion USD
Trade by commodities2
Manufacturing, share of total trade
Imports (c.i.f.)*
72.6
104.1
114.8
97.8
140.8
71.3
99.9
30.9
125.4
88.3
110.2
103.7
103.5
110.5
104.2
100.3
89.3
Coverage ratio
Australia
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
64
..
India
9.1
Customs basis data, by SITC rev. 3
Not available or not applicable.
..
6.4
..
..
..
6.1
5.4
8.4
- 4.1
6.7
9.4
5.8
4.9
13.8
7.5
..
..
393.2
..
..
..
11 092.5
6 527.0
1 662.4
740.4
144.3
238.4
238.5
380.9
64.9
73.0
173.3
2.5
2.9
2.
..
27.3
37.8
177.8
6.2
6.5
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL National accounts basis according to the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA).
..
..
..
..
4.5
2.8
289.6
581.4
* 1.
South Africa
280.9
..
China
Russian Federation
..
11 513.7
Brazil
OECD total
7 047.6
- 1.5
835.1
United Kingdom
G7
11.1
177.4
Turkey
2.2
5.9
199.2
Switzerland
2 370.2
9.4
203.4
Sweden
United States
6.2
Slovak Republic
8.9
5.6
89.4
Portugal
65.6
13.6
185.3
Poland
478.4
7.5
Spain
9.6
38.9
New Zealand
115.8
Netherlands
Norway
7.0
5.7
306.1
514.8
Mexico
283.2
79.9
199.7
218.6
956.0
120.6
9 485.8
5 826.7
2 017.1
624.8
170.1
161.2
152.8
391.2
58.7
78.2
164.2
80.3
30.9
421.3
10.6
16.7
45.0
17.9
20.8
32.1
12.7
9.1
5.1
4.4
21.8
14.0
20.2
18.6
32.3
17.2
30.7
25.0
16.9
27.1
84.4
- 1.7
2.6
1.2
- 2.4
0.6
0.3
0.0
- 0.6
- 2.3
- 1.0
1.8
1.3
0.8
3.3
0.2
0.1
- 1.5
0.0
2.8
- 2.0
272.0
64.0
352.3
145.9
1 217.8
160.6
8 641.4
5 105.7
1 162.4
440.1
107.3
172.1
169.1
253.8
57.8
51.3
138.8
136.4
26.9
476.8
8.8
21.7
16.8
15.7
25.7
16.6
14.8
12.5
12.1
- 1.9
25.4
16.4
14.7
18.5
38.5
18.2
26.6
11.6
20.2
28.8
76.7
71.2
32.1
67.6
94.9
52.3
82.8
86.0
83.3
81.8
83.6
93.3
85.2
79.6
89.6
82.8
84.6
29.6
34.6
70.6
- 2.3
1.3
- 2.7
0.4
- 4.3
- 0.2
- 0.7
- 2.1
- 2.4
- 0.1
- 0.2
0.3
- 0.1
1.6
0.3
0.7
12.9
- 7.7
3.6
- 0.7
96.0
80.2
176.4
66.7
127.4
133.2
91.1
87.6
57.6
70.4
63.1
106.8
110.6
64.9
98.5
65.6
84.5
169.8
87.2
113.2
Mexico
South Africa
Russian Federation
India
China
Brazil
OECD total
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703544133021 Sources: National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2009; International Trade by Commodity Statistics, OECD, Paris, 2009; UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database.
73.2
83.4
49.5
74.6
73.6
75.2
74.8
75.4
78.9
73.1
85.7
78.0
72.5
80.8
71.7
81.0
80.2
75.0
71.4
65
14.9
15.3
23.5
32.4
15.6
17.1
20.8
10.8
20.7
23.8
4.4
13.1
15.2
258.3
20.2
15.6
3.0
93.8
121.3
150.2
83.1
37.3
23.8
98.2
9.1
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico*
Netherlands
New Zealand
19.3
53.7
Denmark
18.4
20.6
14.3
Czech Republic
22.0
11.4
80.5
Canada
130.4
36.0
72.3
Belgium*
France
16.3
38.9
Austria
Finland
19.7
38.5
Australia
Billion USD
% change 2007/2006
Total
32.6
21.2
11.5
4.6
35.0
32.6
22.5
3.0
29.8
19.9
52.7
23.8
28.8
25.8
53.9
25.2
23.2
28.2
30.8
33.8
Transport
33.8
19.4
35.2
9.5
26.4
17.6
22.5
9.3
44.6
18.8
16.9
32.1
28.1
18.1
16.3
25.3
30.8
23.8
27.1
36.8
Travel
Imports
3.9
3.4
47.0
61.7
2.0
5.1
3.8
17.2
2.0
3.2
8.3
4.2
4.6
1.4
1.4
7.0
11.1
4.7
6.4
3.3
Finance and insurance
% of total
International trade and investment > Trade in services, 2007*
6.3
10.2
0.0
1.0
6.2
11.1
1.4
25.2
0.2
11.4
3.0
3.8
3.5
6.4
2.5
4.5
9.3
2.6
3.8
7.3
Royalties and license fees
23.5
45.8
6.3
23.1
30.4
33.5
49.9
45.3
23.5
46.8
19.2
36.1
35.0
48.3
25.9
37.9
25.5
40.7
31.9
18.7
Other services*
9.3
111.6
17.7
64.3
63.3
129.0
111.7
89.8
2.2
17.0
42.9
216.5
145.4
23.0
61.3
17.1
62.6
78.9
55.3
40.2
Billion USD
15.2
15.5
8.2
26.6
27.0
10.0
13.1
25.5
20.6
27.3
20.5
15.4
15.4
31.7
18.3
22.9
5.7
32.7
21.1
21.6
% change 2007/2006
Total
21.4
24.6
11.3
5.3
53.0
32.5
15.8
3.9
45.5
19.2
54.1
23.7
22.9
14.1
65.0
29.4
18.1
31.4
21.7
17.9
Transport
58.1
11.9
72.7
6.2
9.7
7.2
38.1
6.7
24.4
27.7
36.1
16.6
37.2
12.3
10.1
38.7
24.7
13.8
34.1
55.3
Travel
Exports % of total
1.2
2.1
11.3
70.3
7.0
5.9
4.7
24.5
0.6
1.6
1.3
8.1
2.1
2.4
1.0
1.8
8.9
5.9
5.1
3.6
Finance and insurance
1.5
12.3
0.7
0.6
2.7
18.0
0.9
1.3
0.0
5.4
0.1
3.4
6.1
5.4
3.3
0.2
5.8
2.1
1.4
1.7
Royalties and license fees
17.8
49.1
4.0
17.6
27.6
36.4
40.5
63.5
29.5
46.1
8.4
48.2
31.7
65.8
20.6
29.9
42.5
46.8
37.8
21.4
Other services*
New Zealand
Netherlands
Mexico*
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium*
Austria
Australia
66
13.9
Portugal
22.2
15.9
32.0
29.0
27.7
16.0
19.5
18.6
13.0
8.4
15.9
34.2
18.1
21.1
25.9
36.8
18.5
20.7
32.7
45.5
15.8
33.3
22.9
24.9
24.9
23.0
24.8
25.3
18.5
42.8
12.2
15.9
25.0
28.2
31.7
23.5
34.0
23.7
37.6
22.9
22.1
25.0
23.0
25.2
26.6
21.6
35.2
21.2
34.7
29.2
19.9
23.5
28.1
32.3
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
16.6
South Africa
*
59.2
130.1
China
Russian Federation
37.2
2 219.5
OECD total*
Brazil
572.0
1 404.3
EU-25*
EU-25 extra*
1 321.9
G7
378.1
15.4
Turkey
203.1
29.6
Switzerland*
United States
47.8
Sweden
United Kingdom
98.5
Spain
6.5
23.9
Poland
Slovak Republic*
38.2
Norway
2.4
5.0
3.9
8.6
5.7
9.0
6.9
7.3
8.7
16.3
7.8
14.1
8.1
2.8
8.1
9.0
4.0
3.8
1.6
9.6
4.7
6.3
6.1
6.6
8.2
5.5
5.7
6.6
5.0
4.2
37.8
3.8
3.4
1.9
3.2
6.5
29.3
16.2
37.9
28.9
43.3
34.3
37.0
39.0
34.2
30.2
33.5
17.8
7.3
48.4
43.6
37.4
33.0
33.9
40.3
21.8
12.9
26.7
32.8
23.1
18.2
21.9
20.2
14.9
14.6
20.2
13.2
19.9
27.8
21.2
29.8
29.8
39.0
47.5
13.3
30.0
25.6
17.2
21.3
23.8
21.4
18.4
15.6
11.6
21.6
8.2
17.5
16.7
31.9
25.4
32.1
10.6
62.3
24.4
30.5
20.7
22.9
15.4
22.6
21.8
24.2
13.4
64.5
18.4
18.9
44.8
28.7
43.9
36.8
3.1
1.3
0.4
1.0
0.3
1.3
7.2
5.2
3.7
9.8
16.8
5.4
0.0
13.5
7.5
0.4
2.1
0.5
0.4
37.4
16.0
40.7
42.7
54.0
35.8
42.4
39.8
36.7
29.5
40.1
10.3
21.7
51.7
32.3
33.1
28.2
29.5
Norway
South Africa
Russian Federation
China
Brazil
OECD total*
EU-25 extra*
EU-25*
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland*
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic*
Portugal
Poland
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703564332456
8.0
3.9
0.9
6.8
12.6
13.2
12.5
13.2
13.9
29.5
3.6
38.2
4.4
5.8
4.2
2.0
1.2
Sources: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 1, 1999-2007, OECD/Eurostat, Paris, 2009; For Brazil, China, Russian Federation and South Africa: IMF.
13.6
39.4
122.2
24.0
2 520.0
687.5
1 595.7
1 439.9
493.2
281.4
28.6
66.3
63.4
128.9
7.0
23.1
28.5
67
- 3.5
1.2
- 0.1
3.6
0.3
6.2
109.2
108.1
100.8
112.7
108.7
118.9
107.4
111.2
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand*
3.0
1.8
11.9
0.7
106.8
Germany
137.9
0.1
106.1
France
Iceland
0.8
108.6
Finland
1.0
1.4
108.5
Denmark
3.3
1.8
113.9
Czech Republic
112.0
0.4
106.5
Canada
122.5
0.6
108.3
Belgium*
Hungary
0.7
107.4
Austria
Greece
2.5
111.5
% change April 2009 / April 2008
Australia*
2005 = 100
April 2009
Consumer prices
Prices and finance > Prices and interest rates
..
..
106.5
126.5
104.5
111.1
103.0
105.7
108.6
164.1
119.7
110.8
104.0
103.9
109.7
112.8
101.8
105.6
110.9
105.4
2005 = 100
April 2009
..
- 9.7
6.8
- 18.1
0.5
- 3.0
- 6.3
- 0.1
12.5
0.3
- 10.4
- 3.4
- 7.3
- 7.7
- 1.1
- 4.8
- 2.2
0.0
- 3.0
..
% change April 2009 / April 2008
Producer prices
68.0
63.9
150.4
85.2
123.4
65.6
56.2
36.6
9.7
64.9
64.7
88.4
71.8
72.3
72.3
65.9
91.8
62.3
61.8
87.1
2005 = 100
April 2009
- 27.2
- 48.7
- 31.8
- 57.2
- 25.6
- 35.7
- 44.4
- 61.6
- 91.7
- 44.4
- 51.2
- 36.7
- 38.5
- 46.8
- 44.0
- 47.1
- 33.0
- 50.3
- 52.9
- 32.4
% change April 2009 / April 2008
Share prices
3.12
..
5.99
..
2.42
0.36
..
..
14.54
9.77
..
..
..
..
2.06
2.50
0.89
..
..
3.10
Short-term, %*
5.24
3.77
6.13
..
4.90
1.40
4.35
5.27
7.90
10.63
5.51
3.13
3.66
3.78
3.50
5.25
2.92
3.90
3.91
4.51
Long-term, %
April 2009
Interest rates
New Zealand*
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium*
Austria
Australia*
68
Not available or not applicable.
8.8
13.1
8.7
- 1.5
5.5
..
128.5
South Africa*
0.6
0.5
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
151.4
Russian Federation*
0.6
1.3
*
..
129.1
India
118.8
Brazil
China
109.3
108.6
excl. high infl.*
109.5
EU27*
OECD total*
108.3
Euro area*
- 0.1
107.5
Turkey
G7
138.0
Switzerland
2.3
6.1
103.9
Sweden
- 0.7
- 0.3
106.7
Spain
110.1
- 0.2
- 0.1
110.6
Slovak Republic
109.2
2.3
114.0
Portugal
United States
- 0.5
108.0
Poland
United Kingdom
2.9
4.2
109.0
112.1
Norway
116.3
136.5
..
..
..
..
108.4
108.8
106.9
105.2
107.0
108.6
113.6
126.6
..
113.7
108.1
97.8
105.5
106.7
2.0
8.1
..
..
..
..
- 4.3
- 4.3
- 4.8
- 5.8
- 5.2
- 6.6
- 1.6
- 3.2
..
2.7
- 6.2
- 5.8
- 6.6
- 2.2
89.9
- 44.8
- 39.0
- 46.5
- 33.0
- 32.9
- 30.3
..
..
..
- 41.8
..
- 41.8
- 32.4
- 27.2
- 31.9
- 28.2
- 38.6
- 26.3
- 37.2
- 42.3
2.87
8.17
14.80
..
1.12
..
..
..
..
1.42
..
0.89
1.48
..
0.40
0.30
..
..
..
4.30
3.90
8.43
10.40
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.09
..
2.93
3.41
..
2.20
3.18
4.02
4.93
4.53
6.19
Norway
South Africa*
Russian Federation*
India
China
Brazil
excl. high infl.*
OECD total*
EU27*
Euro area*
G7
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703588158876
Sources: Main Economic Indicators , Volume 2009/6 - June, OECD.
121.4
124.9
147.7
216.5
169.2
..
..
..
71.3
..
72.6
78.5
105.3
80.6
88.5
85.3
77.5
94.3
92.3
69
9.1
Denmark
1.7
30.9
Mexico
11.8
Luxembourg
23.9
Ireland
Korea
2.9
Iceland
7.5
3.6
Hungary
Japan
2.2
Greece
6.7
6.7
Germany
Italy
9.3
France
1.3
26.1
11.7
7.9
4.0
9.0
2.6
2.3
1.5
6.5
3.6
3.3
11.4
Finland
6.3
2.6
3.7
Czech Republic
5.7
4.1
9.3
7.8
5.3
Canada
5.3
Austria
8.4
Belgium
6.4
Australia
7 711.3
13 706.1
79 381.9
270 355.9
91 109.1
52 860.3
46.8
2 782.9
3 461.1
117 244.5
187 155.1
3 807.3
18 640.7
2 668.5
62 573.4
30 381.6
9 696.5
41 481.7
Life
9 990.6
1 626.6
40 387.4
81 051.8
56 132.3
10 374.0
537.5
2 286.8
3 684.6
163 163.0
125 817.0
4 482.2
9 821.7
3 881.9
73 496.5
12 655.2
14 064.2
25 479.0
Non-life
Millions of USD
1997
% of GDP
2007
2007 premiums
Insurance
Direct gross premiums
Prices and finance > Insurance and pensions
32 472.0
..
349 511.8
2 838 015.0
638 900.7
206 032.9
..
..
..
1 320 297.6
1 975 927.9
61 542.8
..
13 017.1
478 300.0
..
58 070.5
250 034.6
2007
..
..
116 457.2
1 823 927.2
156 925.8
..
..
..
3 351.4
705 703.6
646 258.1
..
107 873.9
2 925.6
140 825.9
..
..
161 210.7
1997
Millions of USD
Financial assets*
10.4
1.0
3.0
20.0
3.3
46.6
115.8
9.7
0.0
4.7
1.1
59.0
47.4
4.7
54.2
4.0
4.2
93.3
18 151.7
874 425.7
-1
112 675.6
512.2
27 790.5
68 685.6
-1
118 633.2
-1
18 882.4
14 885.7
33.7
171 989.8
27 397.3
160 678.4
161 648.7
8 240.7
813 990.9
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
17 125.7
962 539.4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
26 600.0
..
..
759 719.8
25 100.6
45 791.2
6 636.0
2 071.4
..
65 125.3
..
61 951.7
43 639.4
1 404.1
351 615.3
12 771.0
5 673.2
268 180.6
2001
Millions of USD 2008
% of GDP 2008
Financial assets
Pension* Total investment of pension funds
1.2
0.1
0.3
..
0.4
..
7.9
1.4
0.0
0.3
..
10.7
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.2
0.4
13.5
2008
% of GDP
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
0.2
0.1
0.4
..
0.2
..
3.8
0.2
0.0
0.1
..
9.1
0.6
0.3
1.8
0.2
0.3
2.9
2008
% of GDP
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Contributions to Benefits paid by pension funds pension funds
Australia
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
70
5 487 883.9
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
813 993.7
..
3 469.6
293 976.5
319 091.6
252 282.2
..
67 027.1
29 382.3
138 215.2
..
303 956.2
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
568 983.1
133 419.2
7 385.1
21 577.2
15 603.7
46 450.7
1 170.4
6 113.3
6 589.9
7 718.9
3 314.1
28 687.7
.. -n
10.1
423 783.5
1 023.7
23 927.5
15 451.3
31 967.1
1 154.0
12 610.5
9 222.1
12 076.8
..
36 590.4
*
10.8
United States
11.8
1.0
1.3
Turkey
19.2
11.6
9.8
Switzerland
United Kingdom
4.8
5.3
2.3
5.2
3.1
Slovak Republic
4.4
6.4
8.2
Portugal
2.4
4.6
Sweden
3.7
..
8.8
Spain
5.1
Poland
..
New Zealand
Norway
8.3
Netherlands
57.6
78.9
1.7
119.2
8.7
7.5
4.7
12.2
11.0
7.0
10.6
138.1
Sources: OECD, Global Pension Statistics; OECD, Insurance Statistics.
2 709 790.0
1 126 340.7
1 649.9
..
162 734.7
..
..
14 938.8
3 230.1
51 063.0
..
224 644.4
504 601.5
-1
8 180 855.9
2 186 471.5
12 681.9
39 452.3
-1
108 404.4
-1
4 509.6
29 653.0
57 927.0
27 385.4
13 600.9
1 058 153.4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
4.3
..
2.8
0.6
8.7
..
0.7
..
1.5
1.7
0.6
1.5
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
3.6
..
2.8
0.0
5.4
..
0.3
..
0.7
..
0.2
1.4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Netherlands
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Norway
New Zealand
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703600658558
7 207 875.3
1 040 471.9
..
261 356.6
18 254.3
35 059.8
0.0
13 273.3
4 624.0
9 389.0
7 686.9
411 321.8
71
80.79
318.38
58.94
..
228.92
63.16
152.37
..
464.57
461.34
161.99
545.02
245.85
292.44
301.32
225.12
177.89
..
356.89
365.14
530.20
325.90
..
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany*
Greece*
Hungary
Iceland*
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg*
Mexico*
260.53
Norway*
215.20
..
249.94
..
600.39
136.55
73.32
102.13
96.80
Netherlands
-1
-1
88.01
142.18
280.22
Austria
109.33
89.15
366.97
183.38
2007
2007
Australia*
-1
Total liabilities
-1
-1
-1
201.85
24.13
3.43
..
69.16
109.02
25.44
27.77
..
19.27
29.78
20.97
35.63
112.62
34.26
48.08
50.32
14.76
31.21
25.38
2007
Total assets
-1
-1
-1
57.91
51.91
28.87
..
29.54
190.97
112.54
28.10
..
71.82
106.50
65.56
70.03
41.41
31.19
34.14
95.26
87.65
61.93
28.64
2007
Total liabilities
% of GDP
% of disposable income
Total assets
General government
Households and NPISH
Financial balance sheets
-1
-1
-1
34.23
57.05
..
148.58
43.39
53.09
33.94
..
12.00
8.77
5.22
61.22
92.11
26.02
71.90
9.99
34.61
64.93
33.63
33.52
2007
-2
-1
30.70
56.53
..
77.72
33.60
41.05
22.14
..
9.53
4.06
3.24
43.07
54.50
17.20
52.38
9.35
32.71
24.30
25.95
36.25
1997
Insurance companies*
Prices and finance > Financial balance sheets and institutional investment
+5
+2
+4
+5
7.52
122.40
7.83
..
3.98
22.78
2.13
..
131.74
10.83
0.59
11.35
..
2.09
49.82
4.65
63.88
3.96
4.75
97.49
2007
-1
6.96
93.42
0.18
..
3.30
14.65
1.06
..
82.96
0.65
0.10
7.24
..
3.69
39.66
2.73
51.62
3.92
1.72
48.28
1997
Pension funds*
% of GDP
+5
+2
+4
+3
+5
Financial assets of institutional investors
20.18
14.86
7.67
..
44.24
72.95
16.22
..
54.39
13.09
9.47
44.71
79.09
38.93
60.47
7.71
47.86
34.57
51.75
23.91
2007
-1
8.79
16.07
3.66
..
30.67
45.84
12.57
..
13.03
2.83
20.19
24.30
40.48
2.86
7.93
8.21
34.32
14.91
22.75
13.10
1997
Investment companies*
+2
+5
+4
Australia*
Norway*
Netherlands
Mexico*
Luxembourg*
Korea
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland*
Hungary
Greece*
Germany*
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Canada
Belgium
Austria
72
149.51
359.07
634.60
Sweden
Switzerland*
..
187.80
146.79
505.97
509.71
United Kingdom
United States
-n
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
-1
..
20.02
24.84
..
37.05
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
-1
68.02
23.27
32.96
26.81
34.75
*
Turkey*
..
203.24
148.67
308.20
Spain
-1
60.87
85.91
Portugal
Slovak Republic
39.90
157.00
121.36
347.77
Poland
63.38
53.80
..
50.62
47.06
42.19
32.36
70.32
51.66
-1
9.96
45.91
100.77
1.02
89.09
83.56
25.08
8.66
32.88
40.70
87.71
0.65
79.70
66.88
17.28
4.80
+2
12.06
78.21
75.82
..
111.30
3.88
8.40
1.37
12.66
-1
-1
0.34
74.74
77.09
..
95.32
3.21
4.37
..
9.92
Financial Balance Sheets, OECD, Paris, 2008.
11.95
85.77
38.79
2.57
76.64
49.70
25.82
7.29
17.60
-1
0.37
50.72
24.40
0.07
32.30
34.63
33.17
0.58
23.24
+2
United States
United Kingdom
Turkey*
Switzerland*
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic
+4
Portugal
+3
Poland +1
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703605172830
+2
+4
+2
Sources: Institutional Investors database (table 7IA), OECD, Paris, 2008;
-1
-1
2.07 15.31
73
Foreign finance
1 253.59
won
Euro
Mexican peso
Korea*
Luxembourg
Mexico
13.19
..
..
96.53
..
Euro
Ireland
Euro
126.46
Icelandic króna
Iceland*
yen
206.02
forint
Hungary*
Japan
..
Euro
Greece*
Italy
..
..
Euro
Euro
..
Euro
Finland
Germany
5.45
France
19.54
Czech koruna
Danish krone
1.15
Canadian dollar
Canada*
Denmark*
..
Euro
Belgium
Czech Republic
..
1.31
Australian dollar
Euro
Austria
Per USD
20.58
..
2 000.00
144.93
..
..
192.31
333.33
..
..
..
..
8.42
30.21
1.81
..
..
2.09
Per SDR*
Currency units, April 2009
Australia*
Currency
Exchange rates
Prices and finance > Domestic and foreign finance
56 113
245 345
137 981
661 646
26 618
528 942
2 068
23 885
321 925
32 291
19 977
4 385
30 703
24 467
28 397
6 622
4 434
158.7
..
140.4
107.4
..
..
231.5
153.7
..
..
..
..
154.9
139.9
138.4
..
..
162.6
2005 = 100
Million SDR
20 276
April 2009
14.2
..
8.8
0.0
..
..
29.2
8.4
..
..
..
..
6.1
8.5
12.9
..
..
13.3
% change April 2009 / April 2008
Broad money
April 2009*
Reserve assets
Monetary aggregate
Domestic finance
20.4
5.5
28.3
146.2
86.2
34.5
42.4
55.6
101.2
37.7
52.1
28.2
32.3
25.7
27.8
82.0
54.0
5.1
Marketable
-1
4.1
3.4
0.8
16.7
11.5
- 7.4
2.3
12.7
6.7
1.1
2.1
1.0
0.0
1.3
0.8
8.1
5.5
0.0
-1
Non-marketable
% of GDP, 2008
Central government debt
All banks
..
1.00
1.93
..
1.14
0.73
..
2.18
1.64
0.71
0.47
1.39
0.99
..
1.30
0.50
0.86
..
Net income before provisions*
..
0.30
0.44
..
0.12
0.06
..
0.42
0.44
0.31
0.08
0.12
0.07
..
0.15
0.21
0.25
..
Net provisions
..
0.70
1.50
..
1.02
0.67
..
1.76
1.20
0.40
0.39
1.27
0.93
..
1.15
0.29
0.61
..
Income before tax*
% of balance sheet, annual averages 2007
Mexico
Luxembourg
Korea*
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Iceland*
Hungary*
Greece*
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark*
Czech Republic
Canada*
Belgium
Austria
Australia*
74
..
..
20 459
246 603
162 409
1 083 780
126 616
..
..
149 308
51 930
27 291
43 164
34 575
16 151
8 683
156
1 209
145.4
191.6
273.6
202.4
194.1
190.4
133.3
134.7
138.8
126.9
163.7
206.6
111.7
156.7
..
..
..
169.0
Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the StatLink URL
8.47
33.25
..
..
..
..
..
1.13
..
1.02
2.40
1.71
12.11
..
..
..
31 155
39 044
..
139.6
Not available or not applicable. Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2008, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2007.
Rand
South Africa*
9.91
5.00
7 805
7 995
.. -n
Ruble
Russian Federation*
50.23
6.83
2.18
..
..
0.73
..
0.65
..
2.64
*
Yuan
Rupee
Real
India
..
excl. high infl.*
Brazil
China*
Euro
United States
..
US dollar
United Kingdom*
OECD total
Pound sterling
Turkey*
Euro area
1.11
Turkish new lira
Switzerland*
1.55
Swiss franc
Sweden
..
7.74
Euro
Swedish krona
Spain
..
..
Euro
Euro
Złoty
Poland*
Slovak Republic*
Norwegian krone
Norway*
Portugal*
6.44
3.23
N. Zealand dollar
New Zealand*
..
1.66
Euro
Netherlands
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
36.2
53.9
35.1
19.4
33.4
32.4
24.7
58.3
42.0
12.1
16.4
48.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.1
6.8
4.9
3.5
2.6
1.1
1.5
13.0
3.0
1.6
4.7
1.9
Sources: Main Economic Indicators, Volume 2009/6 - June, OECD; International Financial Statistics, IMF; Central Government Debt, OECD, Paris, 2009; Banking Statistics, database, OECD, Paris, 2008.
9.8
10.6
20.0
25.7
15.8
7.4
7.6
5.8
8.5
13.3
18.7
3.8
2.2
..
..
..
15.9
3.6
7.0
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.55
0.25
1.11
0.46
- 0.03
0.40
- 0.13
0.49
0.23
- 0.06
0.08
0.10
0.68
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.15
0.72
3.29
0.36
0.93
1.11
1.61
0.89
2.27
1.07
1.56
Netherlands
South Africa*
Russian Federation*
India
China*
Brazil
excl. high infl.*
OECD total
Euro area
United States
United Kingdom*
Turkey*
Switzerland*
Sweden
Spain
Slovak Republic*
Portugal*
Poland*
Norway*
New Zealand*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/703605802625
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.70
0.96
4.40
0.83
0.90
1.51
1.48
1.38
2.50
1.02
1.64
0.77
75
Note: For details on OECD enlargement and enhanced engagement, as well as co-operation programmes with other countries, please visit “About OECD” at www.oecd.org.
Enhanced engagement countries Brazil China India Indonesia South Africa
Candidates for accession Chile Estonia Israel Russian Federation Slovenia
OECD member countries (see page 4)
FOR A BETTER WORLD ECONOMY
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OECD in graphs 2009 GDP growth GDP per capita Public debt climbs Financial deficits Joblessness record? Immigrants and new jobs Healthcare gap Inflation R&D spending alert Investment collapse Rarer youth Pension funds Development aid warning Costly energy subsidies
78
GDP growth Average annual, constant PPPs, %, 1989-2008 0.0 Ireland Korea Slovak Republic Luxembourg Turkey Poland Australia Mexico Spain Greece Iceland United States Norway Hungary Netherlands Canada OECD total New Zealand Austria Finland United Kingdom Portugal Sweden Belgium Czech Republic Euro area Japan France Germany Denmark Switzerland Italy
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
6.5 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.2 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.4
Economic growth in the OECD area grew by an average of 2.8% per year in the 20 years to 2008, which was still slightly faster than in the previous 20 years, despite the current crisis. The fastest annual growth over two decades was recorded by Ireland, at over 6% per year, followed by Korea at 5.6% and the Slovak Republic with 5.1%. Average growth reached over 4% in three other countries, but three countries posted growth of below 2%. Poland and Hungary also delivered strong growth, though the Czech Republic, also a transition economy, grew more slowly. Canada and the US were the only G7 economies to grow faster than the OECD average over the past two decades, whereas one G7 country, Italy, showed the most sluggish average performance, at 1.4%. GDP growth in the OECD grew by an average of 0.8% in 2008 and is expected to sag by 4.1% in 2009.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702037810306
GDP per capita
79
US$, using current PPPs Luxembourg Norway United States Ireland Switzerland Netherlands Canada Austria Australia Sweden Iceland Denmark Belgium United Kingdom Germany Finland Japan Euro area OECD total France Spain Italy Greece New Zealand Korea Czech Republic Portugal Slovak Republic Hungary Poland Mexico Turkey
1988 2008
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
Luxembourg, which had the highest GDP per head in the OECD in 1988 at $24,971 per head, was still in the top slot in 2008 with some $79,800 per head, a rise of 220%. The profile of the top 10 has not changed much in two decades, with the US, Norway, Canada and Switzerland still in the leading group. Denmark and Sweden have slipped back, replaced by the Netherlands and Ireland. And in the past year, Iceland, badly hurt by the crisis, has been replaced by Australia. Six countries now have GDP per head above $40,000. The average for the OECD was $33,400 in 2008, compared with $14,493 in 1988. Poland, Mexico and Turkey had the lowest GDP per head in 2008, at below $18,000.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702060641868
Public debt climbs
80
As % of GDP 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
Japan Italy Greece Belgium OECD total United States France Hungary Portugal Germany Canada Austria United Kingdom Netherlands Poland Switzerland Norway Sweden Spain Finland Slovak Republic Czech Republic Ireland Korea Denmark New Zealand Iceland Luxembourg Australia
1989 2008
Public debt, or general government debt, which covers central and local governments, has risen sharply in the OECD area since 1989, from about 59% to nearly 79% in 2008. These proportions are likely to increase significantly in the coming few years, as statisticians factor in the high price of the stimulus packages put in place to bolster recession-hit economies in the OECD area and to tackle the social fallout of the downturn. But in 2008, before stimulus packages were launched, Japan’s debt already stood at nearly 175% of its total GDP, while the level of public debt in Finland, France and Germany had nearly doubled, and had nearly quadrupled in Korea, over the past 20 years. Denmark, New Zealand and Ireland, however, showed significant drops in the level of public debt over the same period.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702088626343
Financial deficits as a % of nominal GDP, 2009
81
Norway Korea Finland Switzerland Luxembourg Denmark New Zealand Sweden Germany Hungary Austria Netherlands Czech Republic Belgium Canada Australia Slovak Republic Italy Estonia Euro area Slovenia Greece Poland Portugal France OECD total Japan Spain United States Iceland Ireland United Kingdom -14
-9
-4
2
7
General government fiscal balances of OECD countries dropped to an average of -7.7% of nominal GDP in 2009. Norway is the only country that is not running an overall deficit, though that is thanks to its oil revenues. The current recession has hit revenues in every country, but countries that needed large crisis response and stimulus packages, like the US, Ireland and the UK, saw their deficits soar to above 10% of nominal GDP. Countries in a strong fiscal position before the crisis managed to limit their deficits to -2%, like Finland, Korea and Switzerland. In the euro area, Germany, which aims to maintain a balanced budget from 2016, managed better than France and Italy, whose fiscal deficits will exceed -5.5% in 2009.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702113603061
Joblessness record? Index base 100 = trough for the unemployment rate, OECD average, quarterly data
82 190
1974Q3
1980Q1
1990Q2
2000Q4
2007Q4
Forecast
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Unemployment in the current recession is set to rise more steeply than in any previous recession since the 1970s. Projections show joblessness to reach nearly 10% in 2010, the OECD’s highest ever rate. If these projections prove accurate, the level of unemployment will be 80% higher than in 2007. That means that almost 26 million more people will be out of work in the OECD area alone. Since, as history shows, employment trends lag behind growth trends, even if economic growth becomes vigorous late in 2010 and in 2011, it will still take several more years to reabsorb this large pool of unemployed into the labour market.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702131842121
Immigrants and new jobs Contribution of immigrant labour to employment growth, %
83
Denmark Luxembourg United Kingdom Italy United States Austria Spain Norway Greece Portugal Australia (96-06) Netherlands Ireland (96-06) Belgium France Finland
2003-2007
Hungary 0%
50%
100%
1997-2007 150%
200%
250%
Immigrants play a key role in the dynamic of labour markets but are also among the hardest hit by the current economic crisis. From 2003 to 2007, some 30 million jobs were created in the OECD area, representing an annual employment growth rate of 1.5%. Immigrant labour contributed significantly to this growth. In the UK, for example, employment rose by more than 2 million since 1997, of which almost 1.5 million, or 71% of the total, was accounted for by persons born abroad. Immigrant employment has represented at least 40% of total employment growth in Austria, Denmark, Italy and Spain. Two main factors explain trends observed in foreign-born employment in the past decade: improvements in labour-market integration of immigrants and greater recruitment of foreign workers. However, the economic downturn significantly worsens prospects for migrant workers. Labour migration is on the decline in most OECD countries, sometimes very sharply, as in Spain, Ireland and the UK, and unemployment among immigrants is increasing more rapidly than among their native counterparts.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702142470156
Healthcare gap 84
Unmet care needs due to costs by income groups, 2007 Below average income
Above average income
52 United States 25
32 Australia 22
30 New Zealand 21
24 Germany 18
18 Canada 7
9
United Kingdom
8
6 Netherlands 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Inequalities in access to healthcare affect all OECD countries. One measure of healthcare access is whether people report an unmet care need, whether for a visit to the doctor, a dental consultation, a hospital admission or some other type of care. While some people cite a lack of healthcare providers, excessive travelling distance, or long waiting times as the reasons why they forego treatment, by far the most prevalent reason cited by adults with low socioeconomic status is cost.The share of people reporting unmet healthcare needs was by far the highest in the US, where adults with below-average incomes who have health insurance report significantly fewer cost-related problems than their uninsured counterparts. The Netherlands and the UK reported the lowest unmet needs, suggesting good access and use of healthcare services in these countries.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702176582365
Inflation Consumer price indices, 2005 = 100
Consumer price (non-food, non-energy)
135
Consumer price (energy)
115
95
75
55
35 Jan-1988
Jan-1993
Jan-1998
Jan-2003
Jan-2008
Energy prices had showed a sharp 70% increase between mid-2003 and mid-2008, yet the current fall in prices is just as spectacular: in the six months before December 2008, the energy price index for fuel, electricity and petrol collapsed by 23%–to reach the same level as in September 2005. Energy prices seem to be firming up again, which could slow a recovery. On the other hand, the rise may also reflect less speculative behaviour. After all, prices for non-energy and non-food items have continued to rise at a regular rate of between 1.5% and 2.5% annually since January 2003. The latest forecasts suggest that there is no risk of deflation in the OECD area for at least the next two years.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702225073788
85
R&D spending alert Venture capital spending, 2005=100
86 180
Total
New projects
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
2009 Q1
2008 Q4
2008 Q3
2008 Q2
2008 Q1
2007 Q4
2007 Q3
2007 Q2
2007 Q1
2006 Q4
2006 Q3
2006 Q2
2006 Q1
2005 Q4
2005 Q3
2005 Q2
2005 Q1
0
Even as the world’s main economies are looking to “green growth” as the way out of the crisis and towards a more sustainable economy, investment in the kinds of ideas and technologies that could stimulate that growth has fallen sharply. Venture capital investment in the US began drying up at the beginning of 2008 and has practically calcified since then. Total investment in the first quarter of 2009 was down 60% compared with the same quarter of 2008, while first sequence investment, or the first investments made in a company from external sources, was down 65%. Venture capitalists are concentrating on helping those firms survive that are already part of their investment portfolio. That means fewer new start-ups and less spending on innovative areas like technology, as well as on “soft assets”, such as research and skills that help drive growth in modern economies.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702234732584
Investment collapse Millions of US$, 1991-2009
87
2,000,000
OECD FDI outflows projection OECD FDI inflows projection OECD FDI outflows OECD FDI inflows 1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
The economic and financial crisis led to an abrupt drop in flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2008. FDI inflows in OECD countries fell by 35% and outflows by 19% between 2007 and 2008. The decrease is not–yet–as large as during the 2001 downturn, though the forecast for 2009 is not encouraging: if the trend continues, inflows would fall to around $500 billion, three times less than in 2007; outflows could dip below $1 trillion for the first time since 2005. Inflows already fell by 48% in the UK, but only by 7% in France. At the same time, outflows from France increased by 18%, whereas Germany and the US recorded a 15% drop in their outflows.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702270558582
Rarer youth 2005=100
88
Australia
2010 2025
Austria
Denmark
France
Ireland
Mexico
Netherlands
Poland
Turkey
United States
OECD average
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
OECD countries have entered a period of demographic ageing that will have a major impact on their economies, labour markets and societies. The first effects of this shift are expected to be felt in the working-age population, as baby-boomers begin to retire in large numbers. Another effect is the size of youth cohorts in OECD countries, which is showing signs of declining. Only in Denmark, Mexico, the Netherlands and Turkey is the size of the youth cohort expected to surpass 2005 levels in 2025. Across the OECD, the size of the 20-24 youth cohort will be 14% smaller in 2025 than it was in 2005. A declining working-age population could pose challenges for financing social protection, maintaining living standards, funding pensions and for skill supply and productivity.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702315300836
Pension funds Nominal investment rate of return in selected OECD countries, % change
89
Ireland United States Australia Canada Japan Netherlands Belgium Hungary Finland United Kingdom Poland Sweden Denmark Iceland Austria OECD average Portugal Switzerland Norway Spain Slovak Republic Italy Germany Czech Republic
Jan-Dec 08
Mexico Jan-Jun 09
Korea Turkey -40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
The sharp declines in stock markets around the world in late 2008 hit private pension systems hard. While pension funds in the OECD area lost more than 10% on average during 2008, that percentage includes a 20% drop in returns late in the year, when the crisis was at a peak. Retirees and prospective retirees in Ireland watched as the value of their pensions plunged by 35% during 2008. Americans and Australians saw more than 20% of their retirement funds evaporate. “Green shoots” began surfacing for pension investments in the first half of 2009, with slight positive returns in the US and Australia, while in Korea and Turkey there were stronger gains. Despite the bursting of two major bubbles within the same decade, pension-fund performance has been positive in the recent past. For example, the average nominal rate of return of pension funds over the past 15years was 11.8% in Sweden (8.5% in real terms), 10.6% in the United-States (6.1% in real terms) and 9.2% in the United Kingdom (6.1% in real terms).
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702355773253
Development aid warning DAC's members net ODA, 1990-2010
90 % of GNI
ODA (2004 US$ billions)
0.40
140
ODA as a % of GNI (left scale) Total ODA (right scale) ODA to Africa (right scale)
0.35
120
0.30 100
0.25 80
0.20
60 0.15
40 0.10
20
0.05
0
0.00 1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
With tightening government budgets, ensuring that development aid is not hit by the crisis will be a challenge. Since 2005, donors had agreed to increase their official development assistance (ODA) by $50 billion in 2010 compared with 2004 (at 2004 prices and exchange rates). Excluding debt relief and humanitarian aid, annual growth of 11% is required to reach that target. ODA was exceptionally high in 2005 ($107.1 billion) and 2006 ($104.4 billion) due to large debt-relief operations for Iraq and Nigeria. Excluding debt-relief grants, net ODA by OECD members of the Development Assistance Committee rose by only 2% those years; this gives a truer reflection of the underlying trend in aid flows. DAC members account for some 90% of global bilateral ODA. So far, about $21 billion of the $50 billion promised by 2010 has already been delivered or planned. This leaves nearly an additional $30 billion in 2004 dollars–about $34 billion in 2007 dollars–to be programmed into donors’ aid budgets if they are to meet their aid commitments.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702364240587
Costly energy subsidies % deviation of emissions relative to business-as-usual if subsidies are removed
91
2050
Non-EU Eastern European countries
2020
Russia Oil-exporting countries India China Rest of the world Brazil Australia and New Zealand Canada United States Japan EU27, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland Annex I Non-Annex I World -50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Carbon taxes and cap-and-trade schemes put a price on greenhouse gas emissions and help control the behaviour that generates them. Removing environmentally-harmful subsidies to energy consumption and production is also important in setting the right price for carbon because these subsidies are a de facto reward for carbon emissions. Energy subsidies are high in Russia, other non-EU Eastern European countries, and a number of large developing countries, particularly India. Removing these subsidies could reduce harmful emissions sharply in these countries and in the oilexporting countries of the Middle East, Algeria, Egypt, Indonesia, Libya and Venezuela. The effects would be less marked in those countries that have agreed to reduce their emissions under the Kyoto Protocol, known as Annex I countries, because most of them do not subsidise energy demand.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/702373628026
92
General notes
Cut-off date Cut-off date for the data: June 2009.
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Totals and averages • OECD total refers to the OECD countries as a whole. • OECD average is the unweighted, arithmetic average of OECD countries shown in the table. • EU refers to EU27, unless otherwise specified. • EU15 refers to the 15 EU member countries prior to May 2004. Notes and abbreviations .. Not available or not applicable. - Nil or negligible. + Growth of more than 500% Data from earlier years Data are for the year specified or for the latest available year. In the latter case, the data are followed by a number, corresponding to the number of years of difference from the indicated year. For instance, -1 means that the data are one year older than the other figures in the column.
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Glossary of terms used in OECD in Figures 93
DAC OECD Development Assistance Committee. GDP Gross domestic product. The standard measure of the incomes generated from productive activity in a country. GNI Gross national income. GNI = GDP + net receipts of wages, salaries and property income from abroad. ICT Information and communication technologies. ISCED International standard classification of education. A system designed by UNESCO to ensure comparability of education statistics. ISCED classifies various education programmes by their level of education (primary, secondary, tertiary...) and field of education (general programmes, humanities and arts, science...). LDC Least developed countries, group of 50 countries established by the United Nations. To be classified as an LDC, countries must fall below thresholds established for income, economic diversification and social development. 13
Mtoe Million of tonnes of oil equivalent. This is defined as 10 kilocalories. This quantity of energy is, within a few per cent, equivalent to the net heat content of 1 million tonnes of crude oil. NGO Non-governmental organisation. ODA Official development assistance. Government aid to developing countries designed to promote economic development and welfare. ODA can be bilateral (from one country to another) or multilateral (via agencies such as the UN or the World Bank). PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty. An international patent law treaty which provides a single procedure for filing patent applications in each of its contracting states (139 countries). PPP Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are the currency conversion which eliminates the differences in price levels between countries. They are used to compare the volume of GDP in different countries. PPPs are obtained by evaluating the costs of a basket of goods and services between countries for all components of GDP; PPPs are given in national currency units per US dollar (in euro per US dollar for euro area countries). SNA The Systems of National Accounts includes definitions that ensure international comparability of national accounts aggregates such as GDP. TWh Terawatt hours.
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OECD Observer
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OECD Paris Centre 2, rue André-Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16 Tel.: 33 (0) 1 45 24 81 67 Fax: 33 (0) 1 45 24 99 30 E-mail:
[email protected] Online ordering: www.oecd.org/bookshop
OECD in Figures 2009
Germany
OECD Worldwide
2009/Supplement 1
Australia
-:HSTCQE=UZV^^\: 02-Sep-2009 2:10:38 PM
