Myanmar encyclopedia_1-b

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130


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132


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134


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168


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194


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195


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199


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1949 ckEpS f taxGaxGvw F af wmf nDvmcHwpf7yfwiG f bmvifyw d q f \dkru = pkd Of;pm;cJ. h ? aemufwiG f oabmwl nDcsuf 7&Sjd y;D aemuf ,if;ydwq f \krd = jy©emrSm jy;D ajyoGm; avonf? xkEd pS t f xd tjynfjynfqidk 7f m Edik if iH ,frsm; xdef;odrf;xm;a7;pepft7 ukvorCtzGJ\0ifEdkifiHrsm; tm; xde;f odr;f xm;ap7ef vFt J yfxm;aom a'orsm;rSm <ef;'g;„tl&eG 'f /D jAdwo d ~ESijfh yifopfuR&Ge;f e,frsm;/ wd*k v kd ef/ wef*ef,;D u/ em;tl;&l;/ e,l;*if;eD/ taemuf qrdk;t/ rm7S,fuGsef;pk/ r,f7D,³m;uGsef;pkESihf u,f&dk vdik ;f uGsef;pkrsm; jzpfavonf? taxGaxGvw F af wmf wwd,t-urd n f v D mcHrS arWm 7yfcHcsuft7 tEkjrLtiftm;apmifha7Smufa7;tzGJ\ESihf vufeufuef\owfa7;tzG\w J \o dk nf vltrsm; aoa-uysuf pD;apwwfaom vufeufrsm; zsupf ;D a7;twGuf ukv orCu wm0efcx H m;onft h wdik ;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd 7f ef enf; vrf;rsm;udk qufvuf-uKd ;yrf;7SmazGco hJ nf? xkjd yif tjcm; vufeufrsm; av~mah ygha7;ESifh tjynfjynfqidk 7f m tEkjrL tiftm;xdef;odrf;a7;twGufvnf; -udK;yrf;cJh.? 1950 jynfhESpfZGefv 257ufae\wGif udk7D;,m; ajrmufydkif;wyfrsm;u ukd7D;,m;awmifykdif;ukdusL; ausmf wku d cf u dk cf o hJ nfrpS I ud7k ;D ,m;ppfypJG wifco hJ nf? ukvorConf udk7D;,m;ajrmufydkif;tm; wkdufcdkufr= 7yfp7J ef ta7;qdck ahJ omfvnf; tcsn;f ES;D omjzpfco hJ jzifh ukvorC0ifEdkifiHrsm;u oabmwlqHk;jzwfum ud7k ;D ,m;awmifyikd ;f zufr0S ifa7mufwu kd cf u kd af y;cJo h nf? aemufqHk;Yukvor. -udK;yrf;r=a-umifh 1953ckESpf Zlvdkifv2^7ufae\wGif ppf7yfqJa7;pmcsKyfudk ESpfOD; ESpzf ufvufrw S f a7;xk;d cJo h nf?(ud7k ;D ,m;ppfy„JG 7=? ) 1951 ckEpS w f iG f t%7D,,ftpd;k 7u a*smf'efjrpfukd jyKjyifazgufvkyfonfrSpI qD;7D;,m;EdkifiHESihf tcsif; rsm;cJ-h uonf? TudPrSm ukvorCvHjk cHKa7;aumifpD ok\d a7mufojzifh jzefajza7;tzG\J apvFwcf 7hJ onf? wku d f cdu k af 7; 7yfprJ r= sm;udk ESpjf ynfaxmifv;kH rSyif vufc-H u aomfvnf;/ tm7yfEdkifiHrsm;.wif;rmr=a-umifh aqG; aEG;yJrG sm;ysujf ym;cJ7h avonf? ukvorConf *smreDEikd if w H iG f ta7S\yikd ;f taemuf ydik ;f [k cGjJ cm;aeonfukd yl;aygifay;7ef -udK;pm;cJo h nf? TudPESifh pyfvsO;f I pHpk rf;a7;tzG\Jrsm; apvFw7f efppD Of onft h cg/ *smreDta7S\yikd ;f u pHpk rf;a7;tzG\Jukd t0ifrcH[k wif;rmpGmjyef-um;ojzifh TudPrSm ratmifjrifacs? ukvorConf 1951 ckEpS t f wGi;f 45 jynfaxmif tpkd;7rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a7; pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfqdkum/ rwdk;

200


ukvorC wufaom Edik if rH sm;udk pufrv = ufr/= pD;yGm;a7;tultnD ay;cJo h nf? ukvorC.udK;yrf; a7S\aqmifra= -umif/h ,cifutD wvDEikd if H vufatmufcjH zpfcahJ om vpfAsm;jynfrmS vGwf vyfaom tcsKyftcsmtm+mydik Ef ikd if jH zpfvmavonf? ukvorC-uD;rSL;I 3 ESpfwdkifwdkif a7;qGJcJhaom vl\tcGit hf a7; ausnmpmwrf;udk yg7pfjrK\dY usi;f yaom ukvorC rsuEf mS pHn k D tpnf;ta0;-uD;u 1948 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 107ufae\wiG f uef\uu G o f rl &Sd vufct H wnf jyKco hJ nf? xkad usnmpmwrf;wGif tyk’d af ygif; 30 yg0if I vlwdkif;vlwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyf pGm ajymqdka7;om;cGifhESihf aus;uèfpepfy,fzsufydwf yifa7;ponfwkd\udk az:jyxm;onf? twnfjyKonfh ae\ut kd a-umif;jyKI 'DZifbmv 10 7ufae\ukd vl\tcGihf ta7;ae\tjzpf ukvorCtzG\Ju qH;k jzwfxm;avonf? (aus;usGepf eH pf„7=? ) 1953 ck rwfv 31 7ufae\wiG f trsK;d orD;wk\d.Ekid if H a7;tcGit fh a7;rsm; ausnmcsuu f kd ukvorC0if Edik if H rsm;u vufcHtjyK-uonf? Tausnmpmwrf; wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; a,mufsm;rsm;ESihf wef;wla&G; aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJay;EdkifcGifh/ rJjzifh a&G;aumufwif ajr|muf7aom tzG\Jtpnf;rsm;Y yg0ifEikd cf iG /fh 7mxl;7mcH rsm;wGif 0ifa7mufvyk u f ikd cf iG &hf adS -umif; yg0ifavonf 1953 ck {jyDv ^ 7ufae\wiG f qD'G ifEikd if rH S 'kw, d Edik if H jcm;a7;0ef-uD;ESihf pD;yGm;a7;yg7*ljzpfol rPwm'uf

*smvrmtCeD[rfrmp,kd;tm; E=wfxGufoGm;aom x7pfADvD;.ae7mY uvorC. twGif;a7;rSL;csKyf tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr|mufavonf? [rfrmp,d;k . wku d w f eG ;f csurf mS ukvorCtm; rdrw d \dk wkid ;f jynfrsm; wGif 7ifqidk af e7aom jy©emrsm;udk wifjywkid -f um;7 rnfXh mewpfcrk ~om oabmrxm;-ubJ/ rdrw d \Edk iS 7hf nf&, G f csucf si;f wlnaD omudPrsm;twGuf atmifjrifru = kd a7S; &=vsuf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G -f u7efjzpfonf? 1953 pufwifbmv 15 7ufae\wiG f usi;f yaom t}rt-udrfajrmuf ukvorC taxGaxGvFwfawmf nDvmcHwiG f tdN, d Edik if rH S ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG\Jacgif;aqmif r'rf0Zd ,vuf7rS yD @pftm; OU}tjzpf wifajr|mufchJ onf? vuf7rS yD @pfu OU}rde\f ceG ;f jrGw-f um;7mwGif ud7k ;D ,m;ppfyJG 7yfpo J mG ;jy;D jzpfI uBmh ta7S\widk ;f jy©em 7yfrsm;udk ajz7Sif;ay;7ef vrf;yGihfoGm;jyDjzpfonfht jyif tcGit fh cgaumif;vnf; qku d af 7mufaejyDjzpfa-umif; ajym-um;cJo h nf? jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;okd\ w&kwftrsKd;om;tpdk;7 wyfom; 12000 cef\0ifa7muf usL;ausmrf E= iS fh pyfvsO;f I 1953 ck rwfv 26 7ufae\wiG f ukvorCtaxGaxG vFwfawmfnDvmcH-uD;okd\wkdifwef;cJhonf? {jyDv 22 7ufae\wiG u f si;f yaom Edik if aH 7;7mESihf vHjk cHKa7;aumfrwD u Edik if jH cm;wyfom;rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rSxu G f cGmoGm;7rnfodk\r[kwvufeufrsm;cstyfI csufjcif; tzrf;cH7rnf[k qH;k jzwfcsucf sco hJ nf?

w7m;0ef-uD;OD;jrihfodef; (tv,fyHk) acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftcsKd\ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;

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xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuu f kd ukvorC taxGaxGvw F af wmfo\kd wifjy7uef\uGufolr&Sd 59 rJjzihf twnfjyKcJhonf? a7S;OD;pGm jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf twGi;f &Sd w&kwf wyfrsm;ta7;udk ajz7Si;f 7efAefaumuf jrK\dwiG f w&kwt f rsK;d om;tpd;k 7/tar7duef/ ,d;k ',m;ESifh jrefrmEdik if w H \dkrS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifaom 4 Ekid if H aqG;aEG;yGjJ yKvkyf cJo h nf? xkad qG;aEG;yGw J iG f jrefrmEdik if rH S wifjycsuu f v kd uf rcHojzifh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xGufvmcJhonf? od\kaomf xyfraH phpyfcsurf sm;t7 1953 ck Ed0k ifbmv^ 7ufae\rSpI w&kwftrsKd;om;ppfwyfrsm; jrefrmEdkifiH wGi;f rS wpfow k jf y;D wpfow k f xGucf mG aeonfukd awG\7.? TxGucf mG a7;udk tar7duefEikd if rH S ume,fyg;rm;/ w &kwf trsK;d om; tpd;k 7zufrS ume,ftidk yf 'D;ESi, hf ;dk ',m; EkdifiHrS ume,fcswfcsKdifwkd\ yg0ifaom 3EdkifiHtzGJ\u -uD;-uyfvsuf &So d nf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrEdik if u H rl avh vmolrsm; tjzpfjzifo h m apmif-h unfch ahJ vonf? qkcd o hJ nftwkid ;f ukvorConf uBm\jidr;f csr;f a7;/ wwd,uBmppf rjzpfyGm;a7;wkd\udk a7S;&=vsuf uBmh t7yf7yfwiG af y:aygufvmaom jy©emt7yf7yfrsm;udk rqkid ;f rwG ajz7Si;f aphpyfay;vsu&f o dS nf? xkad -umifh T tzGJ\csKyf-uD;udk wkdif;i,fjynfi,fuav;rsm;u txl; ,Hk-unf tm;xm;vm-uonf? ,ckwpfEpS f ESpEf pS t f wGi;f wGif ukvorCtzG\-J u;D onf tH-k uGvmaom uBmhjy©em7yf-uD;rsm;udo k m ajz7Si;f ay;&Hrk ~ru/ tzG\J0ifEidk if rH sm;wGif pD;yGm;a7;cdik v f rkH /= puf rlvufr= wk;d wufr/= pdu k yf sK;d a7; aumif;rGev f mapr=w\du k kd tenf;enf;tzHzk kH ulnt D m;ay;cJo h nf? ukvorCvuf atmufcH tzG\J tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom uBmhusef;rma7;t zGJ\/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa7;ESihf wkd;wufa7;qkdif7muBmh b+f/ ynmod_EH iS fh ,Ofaus;r=tzG\J/ uav;rsm; ta7; ay: 7efyakH iGtzG\Jw\drk mS uBm wpf0eS ;f vH;k wGif us,jf yef\pmG vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufvsuf &Sd-uonf? ukvorC. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;I atmifjrifonft h cg atmifjrifcahJ omfvnf; raatmifjrif onft h cgrsm;vnf;&Sad yonf? od\k7mwGiaf emufxyf uBm ppf-u;D rjzpfymG ;7efwnf;[laom t"du 7nf&, G cf sujf zpf onfh jidrf;csrf;a7;rSm wnfjrJvsuf&Sdaeao;ojzifh/ ukvorCrSmar~mfvihzf , G 7f m&Sad eao;ayonf? xkjd yif ukvorC. tiftm;rSm uBmay:&Sd oef;aygif;1000 r~ruaomvltaygif;wk\d wpfO;D ESiw fh pfO;D at;csr;f pGmyl; aygif;aqmif&u G v f rdk a= y:wGif wnfae.? wpfenf;qkd 7aomf xkv d t l aygif;. ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom tpd;k

ukvorCtaxGaxGvFwfawmf. 1953 ckESpf OUX tdNd,trsKd; orD;rPuf0DZ,vuf7Sd rDy@pf

7rsm;. at;csrf;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkr=ay:wGif wnfaeavonf? tcsKyu f m; ukvorC-uD; xda7muf pGm aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf E= iS fh ukvorC. aemifa7;ar~mv f ihf csufrmS Edik if rH sm;. todOm+fyiG v hf if;aomtusKd;jzpf xGe;f apr=ay:wGif wnfaeayawmhonf? ukvorCae\ ? ?ppfjyD;acwfwiG f atmufwb dk mv 24 7ufae\onf jird ;f csr;f a7;vdv k m;aom uBmol uBm om;rsm;tzd\k tvGet f a7;ygaom ae\-uD;wpfae\jzpfay onf? ta-umif;um; xkdae\wGif uBmay:&SdEdkifiH aygif;51 Edik if H yg0if zG\J pnf;xm;aom ukvorC-uD; aygufzGm;vmaom a-umihfwnf;? xkda-umihf atmuf wdb k m 24 7ufae\ukd ‘ukvorCae\’[k uBmwpf0eS ;f vHk;u todtrSwfjyKxm;-uonf? ukvorCae\ rnfo\rdk nfyjkHzpfay:vmonfukd ukv orC-uD;pwif zG\Jpnf;7yHu k pI az:jy7ayrnf? ukv orCzG\pJ nf;7jcif;. t"du7nf&, G cf surf mS ppfuw kd m;qD; 7efEiS fh uBmhjird ;f csr;f a7; wnfwahH p7ef jzpfonf? uBm ay:Y rnfonfv h rl sKd;rqdk ppf.tM7m,fukd 7ifrqdik f vk-d uacs? ppfjzpfjcif;onf oWM7uyf qdu k jf cif;yif jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh uBm ppf-uD;rsm;jzpfyGm;aom tcg vlESihf usGJEGm;wd7>mefrsm;ygrusef aoa-uysuf pD;-u7.? raoI useaf eolrsm;rSmvnf; td;k tdryf Pnf; rsm; qHk;&H=;jyD;v~if -uD;pGmaom qif;7'kQrsm;ESihf-uHK

202


ucsijf ynfe,f awG\-u7onf? xku d o hJ \kd rESpjf rdKh zG,t f jzpfq;kd rsm; ay: aygufapaom ppfrufta7;rsm;udkwm;qD;7ef EdkifiH acgif;aqmifrf sm;u wwfEikd o f r~ -udK;pm;cJ-h uayonf? yXruBmppf (1914„18)tjyD;wGif ppf.qkd;&Gm; -urf;-uKwrf u = kd qifjcifr-d uaom wdik ;f Edik if -H u;D rsm;pka0; aqG;aEG;I/ ppfrufta7;rsm;udk wm;qD;jyD;v~if xm0pOf jidrf;csrf;a7;udk7&Sd7ef EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;udk 1920 jynfEh pS Of ;D wGif zG\J pnf;wnfaxmifc-hJ uonf? od\k 7mwGif xkt d oif;-uD;. vkyif ef;rsm;rSm ratmifjrifcb hJ /J 1939 ckEpS w f iG f yxruBmppfxuf a-umufrufz, G af umif; aom 'kw, d uBmppf jzpfymG ;cJah vonf? 'kwd,uBmppf jyD;qHk;aomtcgwGif ppf-uD;rsm;udk wm;qD;I xm0pOfjidr;f csrf;a7;/ vHjk cHKa7;wk\u d kd 7&S7d ef -udK;pm;tm;xkw-f ujyefonf? Twpf-udrw f iG f yxrt -udru f uJo h \dkr[kwb f /J xm0pOf jidr;f csr;f a7;ESifh vHjk cHKa7; ud7k &S7d ef yxrt-udrf uxufcikd jf rJaom tzG\Jtpnf;udk wnfaxmif-uavonf? xko d \dk ppfuw kd m;I trsm;csr;f oma7;/ xm0pOfjidr;f csr;f a7;udk 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f vef'efjrdK\ Ycdv k a=H e7 aom Edik if H 9 Edik if rH S ppfajy;tpd;k 7wk\d. 1941 ckEpS pf ed f *srd ;f eef;awmftpnf;ta0;rS tpjyKonf[k qd7k ayrnf? xkdtpnf;ta0;rS pdef*sdrf;eef;awmf ausnmpmwrf;udk xkwjf yefc7hJ m/ jidr;f csr;f a7;twGuf ta7;ygt7ma7muf

ch7J rkH u ukvorC jzpfay:vm7efvrf;pudk zGiafh y;onf ESiw fh al vonf? xkEd pS rf mS yif jAdwed Ef iS hf tar7duefjynf axmifpkESpfEdkifiHwkd\uvnf; jidrf;csrf;a7;udk a&S;&=um tWvMdwf ork]7mwpfae7mwGif aqG;aEG;I tWv Mdwpf mcsKyu f ckd sKyq f dk vufrw S af 7;xk;d cJ-h u.? tWvMdwf pmcsKyyf g tcsuf tvufrsm;um; ukvorCzG\pJ nf;a7; ESifh wdu k 7f u kd o f ufqikd af vonf? 1942 ckESpfwGif uBmh jidrf;csrf;a7;udkvkdvm;aom Edik if -H uD; 4 cku tWvMdwpf mcsKyu f kd axmufct H wnf jyKum Edik if aH ygif;pHk ausnm pmwrf;-u;D udk xkwjf yefav onf? 1943 ckEpS w f iG f jAdwed /f tar7duefEiS fh &k&w S \dkarmf pudjk rKd \wiG f pnf;a0;I ukvorCzG\Jpnf;7efvt kd yfa-umif; xkwfjyefausnm.? 1944 ckESpfwGif tar7duef jynfaxmifpk 0g&Siw f efjrdK\ 'rfAmweftw k f taqmuf ttHYk qdck o hJ nfh Edik if -H uD; 3Edik if EH iS fh w&kwEf ikd if rH S ud, k f pm;vS,-f uD;rsm; aqG;aEG;-ujyD;v~if ukvorC[laom trnfjzifh tzG\J-u;D wpfczk \J7G ef qH;k jzwf-u.? xkad emuf 1945ckazazmf0g7DvwGif u&dik ;f rD;,m;e,fa,mfvwmjrKd \ Y vnf;aumif;/ xkEd pS {f jyv D wGit f ar7duef jynfaxmifpk qefz7efpPudjk rdK\Yvnf;aumif; nDvmcHrsm;usi;f yI t cef;-u;D 19 cef;/ yk'rf 111ckyg0ifaom ukvorCpmcsKyf -uD;udk a7;qGjJ yD;v~i1f 945ckatmufwb dk mv247uf ae\ wGif Edik if aH ygif; 51 Edik if o H abmwl vufrw S af 7;xk;d

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203


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ukvm;tkyfrsm;ukdpD;eif;I oJuMm7c7D;-urf;ukdjzwfoef;oGm;vm-uaom tm7yfukefonfrsm;

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Myanmar encyclopedia_1-b

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Myanmar (Burma) (Country Guide)

Economic Development of Myanmar

Historical dictionary of Myanmar

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Buddhism in Myanmar: A Short History

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Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948

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Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East)

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Myanmar encyclopedia_1-b

Myanmar

Myanmar (Burma) (Country Guide)

Economic Development of Myanmar

Historical dictionary of Myanmar

Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity

Medicinal Plants of Myanmar Burma

Buddhism in Myanmar: A Short History

Myanmar: Beyond Politics to Societal Imperatives

Myanmar in ASEAN: Regional Co-operation Experience

Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar

Burma Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know

Myanmar Burma: Inside Challenges, Outside Interests

Lonely Planet Myanmar (Burma) (Country Guide)

Myanmar Burma: Inside Challenges, Outside Interests

Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know

Elephant and Ivory Trade in Myanmar

Myanmar: The State, Community and the Environment

Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948

Beyond Armed Resistance: Ethnonational Politics in Burma (Myanmar)

CultureShock! Myanmar: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette

Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections

State Dominance in Myanmar: The Political Economy of Industrialization

Parlons birman: Le langage de Myanmar (French Edition)

Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East)

Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East)

Land of a Thousand Eyes: The Subtle Pleasures of Everyday Life in Myanmar

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When Economies Change Paths: Models of Transition in China, the Central Asian Republics, Myanmar & the Nations of Former Indochine Francaise

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