Medical Synonym Lists from Medieval Provence: Shem Tov ben Isaak of Tortosa: Sefer ha - Shimmush. Book 29 (Etudes Sur Le Judaisme Medieval)

Medical Synonym Lists from Medieval Provence: Shem Tov ben Isaac of Tortosa, Sefer ha-Shimmush, Book 29

Études sur le Judaïsme Médiéval Fondées par

Georges Vajda Dirigées par

Paul B. Fenton

TOME XXXVII

Medical Synonym Lists from Medieval Provence: Shem Tov ben Isaac of Tortosa, Sefer ha-Shimmush, Book 29 Part 1: Edition and Commentary of List 1 (Hebrew – Arabic – Romance/Latin)

By

Gerrit Bos Martina Hussein Guido Mensching Frank Savelsberg

LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011

This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shem Tov ben Isaac, of Tortosa, 13th cent. Medical synonym lists from medieval Provence : Shem Tov ben Isaac of Tortosa, Sefer ha-Shimmush, Book 29. p. cm. – (Études sur le judaïsme médiéval ; t. 37) Contains lists of terms in Hebrew, Aramaic and Provençal, with their equivalents in Arabic, Latin and Provençal transliterated into Hebrew; commentary in English. These supplementary lists were appended by Shem Tov ben Isaac of Tortosa to his Sefer ha-Shimush, a translation into Hebrew of Tasrif li-man 'ajiza 'an al-ta'lif by Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn 'Abbas al-Zahrawi. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-16764-3 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Medicine, Medieval–Terminology. 2. Plants in the Bible–Terminology. 3. Plants in rabbinical literature–Terminology. 4. Hebrew language, Medieval–Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. 5. Aramaic language–Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. 6. Provençal language–Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. 7. Arabic language–Transliteration into Hebrew. 8. Latin language, Medieval and modern–Transliteration into Hebrew. 9. Provençal language–Transliteration into Hebrew. 10. Shem Tov ben Isaac, of Tortosa. Sefer ha-Shimmush. Book 29. I. Bos, Gerrit, 1948- II. Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn 'Abbas al-Zahrawi, d. 1013? Tasrif li-man 'ajiza 'an al-ta'lif. III. Title. IV. Series. R128.S54 2010 610.1'4–dc22 2009032747

ISSN: 0169-815X ISBN: 978 90 04 16764 3 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.

CONTENTS

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii General Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Source Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Hebrew Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Overview and Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Aims and Organisation of this Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Transcription System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medieval Synonym Lists in Hebrew Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shem Tov’s Synonym Lists in the Sefer ha-Shimmush . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Biographical and Historical Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Background and Motivation of the Sefer ha-Shimmush and the Two Synonym Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Shem Tov’s Synonym Lists Were Compiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sources for Hebrew and Arabic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sources for Romance and Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Creation of New Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Vernacular Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Jewish-Romance Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The Old Occitan Language and How It Is Reflected in the Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Dialectal Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Catalan, French and Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Edition and the Commentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Notes on the Manuscript Filiation and Choice of Base Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Norms Used in the Edition and Organisation of the Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 1 4 5 10 10 12 16 16 22 27 32 32 34 41 44 47 52 52 60 64

vi

contents

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Texts and Dictionaries . . . . . . . . 67 Other Texts Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

edition of sefer ha-shimmush, book , synonym list  Alef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gimel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dalet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zayin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Het . ..................................................................... Tet . ...................................................................... Yod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lamed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Samekh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ayin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sade .................................................................... . Qof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91 129 147 167 181 195 197 209 239 249 263 285 303 335 353 377 401 429 447 479 495 529

Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

ABBREVIATIONS

General Abbreviations abbr. ad loc. add. adj. Akk. a.o. Arab. Aram. art. bibl. bk. c. Cat. cf. ch. col. corr. doc. ed. eds e.g. em. esp. f./ff. fem. fol. fols Fr. Gr. Hebr. ibid. i.e. imp. inf. It. l.

abbreviation ad locum addidit adjective Akkadian amongst others Arabic Aramaic article biblical book century Catalan confer chapter column correction documentation editor / edition editors exempli gratia emendavit especially and the following feminine folio folios French Greek Hebrew ibidem id est imperfect infinitive Italian line

Lat. lit. loc. cit. masc. M. Fr. M.l. M. Lat. Med. Lat. mod. Mod. Fr. Mod. Occ. MS MSS n. n.d. Nif. no. O O. Cat. Occ. O. Fr. O. Sp. o.l. om. O. Occ. P p./pp. part. pass. Pers. plur. R. rabbin. repr. rev. Sept.

Latin literally loco citato masculine Middle French Mishnaic language Middle Latin Medieval Latin modern Modern French Modern Occitan manuscript manuscripts note no date Nif ’al number MS Oxford Old Catalan Occitan Old French Old Spanish other language omisit Old Occitan MS Paris page/pages participle passive passive Persian plural Rabbi rabbinic reprint revised Septuagint

viii sing. Suppl. s.v. Syr. trad. transl.

abbreviations singular Supplement sub voce Syriac tradition translation

V VLat. vol. vols Vulg.

MS Vatican Vulgar Latin volume volumes Vulgate

Source Abbreviations Biblical Sources Am Chron Dan Deut Ea Ec Es Ex Ez Gen Hb Hg Hos Is Jer Jon Jl Job Js Ju Kings Lam Lev Mal Mi Na Neh Num Ob Prov Ps Rt Sam Song Zech Zp

Amos Chronicles Daniel Deuteronomy Ezra Ecclesiastes Esther Exodus Ezekiel Genesis Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Jonah Joel Job Joshua Judges Kings Lamentations Leviticus Malachi Micah Nahum Nehemiah Numbers Obadiah Proverbs Psalms Ruth Samuel Song of Songs Zechariah Zephania

Rabbinic Sources b Babylonian Talmud m Mishnah y Jerusalem Talmud Gen. R. Genesis Rabbah Ex. R. Exodus Rabbah Targ. Targum Targ. O. Targum Onkolos Tos. Tosefta Tractates of the Mishnah and the Talmud Ab Abot Arakh Arakhin AZ Abodah Zarah BB Baba Batra Bekh Bekhorot Ber Berakhot Bez. Bezah . Bik Bikkurim BM Baba Mezia . BQ Baba Qamma Dem Demai Eduy Eduyyot Erub Eruvin Git Gittin Hag Hagigah . . Hal Hallah . . Hor Horayot Hul Hullin . . Kel Kelim Ker Keritot Ket Ketubbot Kil Kilayim Kin Kinnim Maas Ma#aserot MaasrSheni Ma#aser Sheni

abbreviations Mak Makhsh Me Meg Men Mid Miqw MQ Naz Ned Neg Nid Ohol Orl Par Peah Pes Qid RH

Makkot Makhshirin Me#ilah Megillah Menahot . Middot Miqwa"ot Mo#ed Qatan Nazir Nedarim Nega#im Niddah Oholot Orlah Parah Pe"ah Pesahim . Qiddushin Rosh Ha-Shanah

Sanh Shab Sheb Shebi Sheq Sot Suk Taan Tam Tem Ter Tevul Toh Uqz Yad Yeb Yom Zab Zeb

ix Sanhedrin Shabbat Shebu#ot Shebi#it Sheqalim Sotah Sukkah Ta#anit Tamid Temurah Terumot Tevul Yom Tohorot Uqzin . Yadayim Yebamot Yoma Zabim Zebahim .

Hebrew Abbreviations éøâäá éáøòá æòìá æòìá àåä

䧧á ò§§á 짧á ò§§ìá §åä

ïåâë øîåìë ùåøéô ùåøéô øîåì äöåø

⧧ë ì§§ë §ô §éô 짧ø

INTRODUCTION

. General Overview and Preliminaries .. Aims and Organisation of this Edition This is the first volume of a three volume publication dedicated to the commented critical edition of the two synonym lists that appear in book twenty-nine of the Sefer ha-Shimmush by Shem Tov ben Isaac de Tortosa.1 The Sefer ha-Shimmush is itself a translation of the Kit¯ab attas. r¯ıf li-man #ajiza #an at-ta"l¯ıf (The Arrangement of Medical Knowledge 1 This publication is the result of two projects funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) from  to . We would like to express our thanks to the DFG and, in addition, to Julia Zwink, Jessica Kley, Judit Mock, Jan Thiele and Richard Praetorius, who helped us with our lexical research and various other aspects of this edition. Several other articles have been published as part of our research on the synonym lists edited in this and the following volumes and have been partially integrated into this introduction, in particular (see the bibliography for a list of abbreviations): HebMedSyn, MTerMed, TermMedOc, and, in addition: G. Bos / L. Ferre / G. Mensching, “Textos médicos hebreos medievales con elementos romances y latinos: Edición y análisis del ‘Sefer ha-Shimmush’ y otras listas de sinónimos”, in IANUA  (), pp. – ; G. Bos and G. Mensching, “Shem Tov Ben Isaac, Glossary of Botanical Terms, Nos. –”, in Jewish Quarterly Review  (), pp. –; M. Hussein, “Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der mittelalterlichen hebräischen Fachsprache der Medizin: Die Edition des . Buches des Sefer ha-Shimmush des Shem Tov ben Isaak von Tortosa”, in A. Kuyt and G. Necker (eds), Orient als Grenzbereich? Rabbinisches und außerrabbinisches Judentum, Wiesbaden  (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. ), pp. –; G. Bos, “Medizinische Synonymliteratur in hebräischen Quellen zwischen Rezeption und Innovation: Shem Tov Ben Isaac von Tortosa und seine Übersetzung des Kitab al-tasrif von al-Zahrawi”, in D. Boschung and S. Wittekind (eds), Persistenz und Rezeption. Weiterverwendung, Wiederverwendung und Neuinterpretation antiker Werke im Mittelalter, Wiesbaden , pp. –; G. Bos, “The Creation and Innovation of Medieval Hebrew medical terminology: Shem Tov Ben Isaac, Sefer haShimmush”, in A. Akasoy and W. Raven (eds), Islamic Thought in the Middle Ages. Studies in Text, Transmission and Translation, in Honour of Hans Daiber, Leiden / Boston , pp. –; G. Bos, “Medical terminology in the Hebrew tradition: Shem Tov Ben Isaac, Sefer ha-Shimmush, book ”, in Journal of Semitic Studies LV/ (), pp. – .



introduction

for One Who Is Not Able to Compile a Book for Himself ) by the Andalusian physician Ab¯u l-Q¯asim Halaf ibn ‘Abb¯as az-Zahr¯aw¯ı, known in the ˘ Western world as Abulcasis. Shem Tov omitted the original Arabic, Syrian, Persian, and Ibero-Romance indices in his translation and substituted them instead with the two lists that are at issue here. The first list, which is edited in this volume, starts with the Hebrew or Aramaic term, followed by the Arabic synonym, and then—in about seventy percent of the entries—by the vernacular term, which is usually Old Occitan, and / or by a Latin synonym. As will be explained in detail in section ., this list was intended to help the reader identify and clarify the Hebrew terminology used by the author in his translation of the Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf. The second list, which is to be edited in volume two, starts with the Old Occitan or Latin term followed by its Arabic synonym and, in some cases, with its Hebrew or Aramaic equivalent, and was intended to be used and consulted independently of the Sefer haShimmush. The use of Romance languages was a standard procedure in Hebrew glossaries and synonym lists of this type, as they were mainly compiled in Southern France and on the Iberian Peninsula. The literature on this subject has therefore usually identified these languages as Spanish, French, and sometimes Italian.2 Our work on the synonym lists by Shem Tov quickly showed that the Romance variety employed in this case is Occitan, the autochthonous language of Southern France. For this reason, a major part of the present publication will be dedicated to this language, especially in the commentaries on the individual medicobotanical terms. Our critical edition is based on the three manuscripts known to contain the synonym lists of the Sefer ha-Shimmush, MSS Paris, BN héb. , Vatican Ebr. , and Oxford, Hunt Donat .3 Apart from creating a critical edition, our main aim is to provide a commentary on the terminology found in these lists, in particular medieval Hebrew and Occitan medico-botanical terminology, both of which have remained largely unknown until now. Our edition thus makes a contribution towards an understanding of these terminologies. One essential task has been to clarify the meaning of the individual Hebrew and Occitan terms, which often has to be deduced from the meaning of the corresponding, much 2

Cf. HebMedSyn, in particular pp. –. Cf. . for details. In the following, we shall use the abbreviations P (Paris), V (Vatican) and O (Oxford) to refer to these manuscripts. 3

introduction



more well-known Arabic and Latin terms. It should also be noted that a Hebrew medico-botanical terminology had not yet been established at the time when Shem Tov was compiling these synonym lists. Thus, as will be shown later in this introduction, the two lists we have edited here can be viewed as an attempt to create such a terminology. We have therefore also tried to retrieve the sources used by the author when deciding on which Hebrew term to use. As stated above, the first volume of this publication is dedicated to the first synonym list (Hebrew-Arabic-Occitan / Latin) contained in the Sefer ha-Shimmush. The second list, which is ordered according to the Occitan or Latin terms, will be published in volume two. These two volumes will then be supplemented by a third one containing indices for all of the languages that appear in the edition and our commentaries. This introduction is intended to serve as a general introduction to all three volumes and is structured as follows. Section  provides a brief introduction to literature on medieval medico-botanical synonyms. We then focus on the Jewish physician Shem Tov ben Isaac de Tortosa and his Sefer ha-Shimmush (section ), paying particular attention both to the biographical and historical contexts in which he worked as well as to the background to and the motivation for his writing the Sefer haShimmush and compiling the two synonym lists. In section , we carry out a detailed examination of the lexicographic practice adopted by Shem Tov, addressing the issue of how his synonymies were established. We then provide an overview of the most important sources used by Shem Tov as well as the methods he employed to create his own Hebrew medico-botanical terminology. The last part of this section summarises the effects and influence of the terminology created by Shem Tov. Section  is dedicated to the Romance languages, with a particular focus on Occitan. This section is to some extent aimed at scholars from outside the field of Romance philology and provides some basic information on Occitan, a Romance language that was of great literary importance in the Middle Ages and is still spoken today as a minority language in Southern France as well as in small areas of Italy and Spain. The information provided in this section is essential for the reader to be able to follow the commentaries on the Romance medico-botanical terms. Since the Romance terms in our synonym lists are written in Hebrew characters rather than in the standard Latin alphabet, we also address some of the problems arising from this fact which had to be taken into consideration when we were identifying and interpreting the Romance material. Section  is dedicated to more technical matters. In ., we



introduction

describe the three manuscripts from which the text was obtained, while in ., we describe the norms and procedures used in our edition and commentary. .. Transcription System In the course of the following sections, the form of the synonym lists, their origin and the lexical material used in them, which consists of a great number of Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Romance medico-botanical terms, shall all be discussed extensively. We would therefore like to begin by providing a summary of the transcription system to be used throughout the three volumes. Our transcription of the Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Romance terms which are expressed using Hebrew letters in the manuscripts mostly follow modern, well-established transliteration standards, such as those suggested by the Encyclopaedia Judaica (E.J.). Our decision to use a transcription system based on Latin characters for the Hebrew alphabet is motivated by the fact that the Latin, Romance and Arabic terminology is also expressed in Hebrew characters in our manuscripts. This transcription makes the terms in these languages accessible to both scholars of the corresponding disciplines as well as to readers from the history of medicine and other fields. It also enables the reader to follow our argumentation for the interpretation of each term. The transliteration aims to establish, whenever possible, a one-to-one correspondence between Hebrew consonants and Latin based transliteration signs, thus maintaining the full range of interpretational content contained in the original Hebrew character based version. This means that our particular interpretation is not reflected in the transliteration. For example, when a word is written with Bet, we spell it with an uppercase B, even if our interpretation implies that its phonetic value was fricative and not occlusive. We proceed in a similar way with the Hebrew consonant character Shin: even if our lexical interpretation sees it as a Sin, or as a non-palatal sibilant of Romance or Arabic, we still use an upper-case S˘ for the transliteration. In cases where vowel signs have been added to the Hebrew consonant text, the vowels are transliterated using lower-case transcription signs.

introduction



The following table illustrates our transcription system: Hebrew Name letter à á â §â ã ä §§ä å æ ç è é ë ì î ð ñ ò ô ö ÷ ø ù ú

Alef Bet Gimel Gimel Dalet He T¯a" marb¯ut.a Waw Zayin Het . Tet . Yod Kaf Lamed Mem Nun Samekh Ayin Pe Sade . Qof Resh Shin Tav

Transcription sign " B G G˘ D H H W Z H . T. Y K L M N S # P S. Q R S˘ T

The second variant of the letter Gimel shows a diacritic (Rafe), which the scribes used to indicate a palatal pronunciation, such as [ʤ] in Romance and Arabic. In MS P, the Arabic T¯a" marb¯ut.a () is represented by the letter He with two diacritical points above the letter, which we have transcribed as §§ä.

. Medieval Synonym Lists in Hebrew Characters It is not our intention here to provide an exhaustive discussion of the history of medieval synonym lists.4 Broadly speaking, as MacKin4 The reader is referred to the following books and articles: M. Steinschneider, “Zur Literatur der ‘Synonyma’ ”, in J.L. Pagel, Die Chirurgie des Heinrich von Mondeville, Berlin



introduction

ney5 points out, medical synonym lists form part of a sub-category of medieval writings characterised by their alphabetical arrangement. Apart from rare cases of general medical treatises arranged in alphabetical order and handbooks of materia medica, the majority of such alphabetically structured medical writings comprised medical glossaries and lexicons. According to MacKinney,6 [t]hese appear under the titles glossaria, hermeneumata, synonyma, vocabularia, index, expositio nominum, etc., and are usually characterized by the id est formula; that is, each entry is followed by id est (or a variation thereof) and the explanatory material. Such works are clearly distinguishable from concordances and pharmaceutical handbooks in that their chief purpose was philological (i.e., the clarification of word meanings) and not the presentation of purely medical information.

MacKinney7 distinguishes between three different phases of evolution within the Western world: ) Latin lists of Greek terms in the early Middle Ages (glossaria, hermeneumata), ) Latin lists of Greek and Arabic terms, due to the influence of Arabic medicine during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, ) “polylingual lexicons”, in which Latin, Arabic and Greek terms were provided with equivalents in European vernacular languages. The synonyma appear to be typical for the second phase; they can be distinguished from the hermeneumata and early glossaria in that “they contain a larger proportion of non-herbals and of threeto four-line descriptions.”8 These lists often accompanied Latin versions of Arabic authorities, such as the Index to the translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s Kit¯ab al-Q¯an¯un attributed to Gerald of Cremona, or were of independent (Western) origin such as the famous Alphita.9 , pp. –; M. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, Berlin , repr. Graz ; L.C. MacKinney, “Medieval Medical Dictionaries and Glossaries”, in J.L. Cate and E.N. Anderson (eds), Medieval and Historiographical Essays in Honor of James Westfall Thompson, Chicago , pp. – ; M. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, Leiden / Köln  (Handbuch der Orientalistik I, Ergänzungsband VI,); G. Endress, “Die Entwicklung der Fachsprache” and “Die wissenschaftliche Literatur: Medizin”, both published in W. Fischer (ed.), Grundriss der Arabischen Philologie, Band III: Supplement, Wiesbaden , pp. – and –; B.M. Gutiérrez Rodilla: La esforzada reelaboración del saber. Repertorios médicos de interés lexicográfico anteriores a la imprenta, San Millán de la Cogolla . 5 Op. cit., p.  ff. 6 Op. cit., pp. –. 7 Op. cit., p. . 8 MacKinney, op. cit., p. . 9 MacKinney, op. cit., pp. –. For the Alphita, see I. Mandrin, Griechische und griechisch vermittelte Elemente in der Synonymenliste Alphita, Bern et al. , and the

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

A similar tradition also existed in Arabic medical writing: one of the ways in which the Arabs tried to solve the problems created by the fusion of Greek, Syriac, Indian, Persian, Berber, and Ibero-Romance plant and drug names was to establish corresponding synonyms. Thus, all major pharmaceutical handbooks had special sections or chapters dealing extensively with synonyms, such as in Ibn al-Bayt.a¯r’s Kit¯ab alJ¯ami# and in the Kit¯ab al-Musta#¯ın¯ı by Ibn Bikl¯ariˇs. In addition to the synonym discussions that were integrated into such major works, the Arabs also compiled stand-alone lists of synonyms compiled separately, which can be considered a special branch of lexicographical literature and were closely related to the Syriac Puˇsˇsa¯q ˇsm¯ah¯e.10 The Jewish synonym list tradition (including the two lists compiled by Shem Tov) seems, in general, to fit into the typology and chronology outlined above, whilst crucially anticipating (by the thirteenth century already) the subsequent polylingual lexicon phase by including vernacular synonyms in a systematic fashion. The practical use of these lists should be taken into account in future research on the history of Jewish synonym lists, which has yet to be carried out in a comprehensive manner.11 During the Middle Ages, when there was no uniform system for identifying plants and herbs, there was a genuine risk of a doctor administering the wrong drug to a patient. This risk was particularly acute given the fact that doctors frequently moved to and settled in different countries at this time, thus meaning they were often faced with an entirely different linguistic environment. Jewish doctors in particular were faced with this problem when, in the wake of the Berber invasions of the Almohads and Almoravids in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many of them emigrated from Southern Spain to the Northern, Christian part of Spain and to Southern France. They thus moved from a society where Jews used and understood Arabic in addition to Hebrew and Romance to a society where their knowledge of Arabic was soon lost. This shift in languages led to an urgent need for “lexica or glossaries in which technical-medical expressions were listed alphabetically, especially the recent edition by A. García González, Alphita. Edición crítica y comentario, Florence . Since our work on list one published in the present volume was completed in early , García González’s edition has not been quoted in our commentary. Instead, we used the older edition by S. Renzi (RAlph), the Spanish version contained in the Sinonima delos nonbres delas medeçinas griegos e latynos e arauigos (abbr. Sin; the critical apparatus mostly includes material from the Latin version) and the commentary by R. Creutz (CA). 10 Cf. M. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, pp. – and –. 11 For what follows, cf. G. Bos, “Medical terminology in the Hebrew tradition”.



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names of simple medicines.”12 As will be shown in section , it was these practical aspects that formed the driving force for Shem Tov to compile the two synonym lists. In the field of Jewish studies, the medical genre of synonym lists has been sorely neglected by modern research in spite of the comprehensive bibliographical surveys carried out by Moritz Steinschneider in the nineteenth century. Steinschneider’s work highlighted the importance of this particular genre for deciphering individual plant names in pharmacological fragments, recommending in particular the edition of the glossary compiled by Shem Tov ben Isaak and the one extant in MS Florence, Mediceo Laurenziana Or. .13 The only notable exceptions are a recent concise survey of Hebrew medical glossaries in manuscripts by J.P. Rothschild that forms an appendix to an article on the manuscript tradition of the Hebrew-Italian glossary of Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed prepared by Moses of Salerno,14 and the synonym list with Catalan elements edited by Magdalena Nom de Déu (GHAT). The apparent lack of interest shown by Jewish studies scholars for this particular area stands in stark contrast to the interest that this area has enjoyed in the fields of Latin and of Arabic studies. The latter can boast of a recent bibliographical survey by Ullmann,15 while one of its best known glossaries, namely the one compiled by Maimonides under the title Sharh. asm¯a" al-#uqq¯ar, is available both in a critical edition and in French, Hebrew, and English translations.16

12 Definition by M. Steinschneider, “Zur Literatur der ‘Synonyma’ ”, p.  (English translation: Bos). Some of the following issues are discussed in “Shem Tov Ben Isaac, Glossary of Botanical Terms, Nos. –” and in HebMedSyn –. 13 Cf. M. Steinschneider, “Donnolo. Pharmakologische Fragmente aus dem . Jahrhundert”, in Virchows Archiv, vols – and  (–; vol. , pp. –; vol. , pp. –; vol. , pp. –; vol. , pp. –), vol.  (), pp. –; idem, “Zur Literatur der ‘Synonyma’ ”, pp. –; idem, “Glossar zu den Synonymen Cap. IX des Antidotarius”, in J.L. Pagel, Chirurgie des Heinrich von Mondeville, Berlin , pp. –; and his Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, pp. –. 14 J.P. Rothschild, “Remarques sur la tradition manuscrite du glossaire hébreu-italien du Commentaire de Moïse de Salerne au Guide des égarés (en appendice, note sur les glossaires medicaux hébreux; liste de manuscrits hébreux contenant des glossaires)”, in Lexiques bilingues dans les domaines philosophique et scientifique (Moyen Âge—Renaissance), Actes du Colloque international organisé par l’École Pratique des Hautes Études— IVe Section et l’Institut Supérieur de Philosophie de l’Université de Louvain (Paris, – juin ), édités par J. Hamesse et D. Jacquart, Turnhout , pp. –. 15 Cf. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, pp. –. 16 See Me in the list of abbreviations in the bibliography for the reference.

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In the course of our projects concerning this type of lists, we have reviewed a considerable number of lists other than those by Shem Tov.17 It could be shown that most of them were composed in Southern France or in Catalonia. In contrast, synonym lists of possible Northern French, Spanish or Italian origin seem to be quite rare. We have also established an initial typology of medico-botanical synonym lists written in Hebrew characters:18 A. Lists without lexical material in Hebrew but written in the Hebrew alphabet, such as Latin-Arabic-Romance synonym lists. B. Lists that contain lexical material in Hebrew, but no Hebrew lemmata, e.g. Arabic-Hebrew-Romance-Latin lists. C. Lists arranged according to Hebrew lemmata, with synonyms in other languages (such as Arabic, Latin and / or Romance). We can assume that the type A lists in particular are often transcriptions of Arabic or Latin lists, such as the version of the Alphita that is extant in MS Parma .19 The type B lists may, to some extent at least, have originated in a similar fashion through the addition of Hebrew synonyms, whereas the type C lists have to be regarded as original compilations or rearrangements according to the Hebrew lemmata. As far as Shem Tov’s lists are concerned, the first one—edited in this volume and described in section  of this introduction—is a type C list. The second one is a type B list (Occitan-Hebrew-Arabic) and will be presented and edited in the second volume. At this point, it cannot be said whether and to which degree the Latin and Arabic medical synonym tradition provided a model for Shem Tov or whether he even used the Alphita or similar lists in the Latin tradition as a source. Some of the Latin terms and a few of the ArabicLatin / Romance synonymies featured in Shem Tov’s lists can also be found in the Alphita. It also seems probable (maybe even highly so) that Shem Tov possessed a copy of another well-known word list, namely the Arabic-Latin index of the Latin translation of the Q¯an¯un by Ibn S¯ın¯a compiled by Gerald of Cremona (–).20 At least as far as the Hebrew-Arabic correspondences are concerned however, it is rather the Jewish rabbinic tradition (not including the Bible) that Shem Tov drew 17 18 19 20

See HebMedSyn. See HebMedSyn –. See HebMedSyn  ff. See Sin for this index, in particular pp. –.

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upon in order to establish his synonymies. We shall return to this subject in section , which covers the “production” of the two synonym lists. In this section, it should become clear that the two lists edited by us in this and the forthcoming volume form a quite exceptional case within the genre of medical synonym lists: whereas most of the lists known to us from both the Western and Jewish traditions are anonymous, Shem Tov, on the other hand, is an individual author whose writings also provide us with information concerning the background of his lists as well as the methods he used to compile them.

. Shem Tov’s Synonym Lists in the Sefer ha-Shimmush .. Biographical and Historical Context Shem Tov ben Isaac was born in  in the Catalan city of Tortosa. He traveled to the Near East for business before, at the age of thirty, beginning to study in Barcelona at some point after  under R. Isaac ben Meshullam. He subsequently spent some time in Montpellier, and was later active as a physician and translator in Marseille.21 Although Marseille had previously been an independent and sovereign city, it was forced to recognise the sovereignty of Charles of Anjou in . In return, Anjou provided the inhabitants with a constitution (Les Statuts de Marseille), which regarded Jews and Christians as equal citizens.22 Anjou even protected and intervened on behalf of the Jews when necessary, such as in , when he issued a special decree against the inquisitors who were attempting to introduce even more stringent measures against the Jews than those that had been decided both at the Fourth Lateran Council in

21

On Shem Tov ben Isaac, his life and literary activity, see E. Renan, Les Rabbins français du commencement du quatorzième siècle, Paris , repr. Farnborough , p. ; M. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, pp. –; H. Gross, Gallia Judaica. Dictionnaire géographique de la France d’après les sources Rabbiniques, Paris , pp. –; S. Muntner, “R. Shem Tov Ben Isaac of Tortosa about the life of the European Jewish doctor and his ethics”, in Sinai Jubilee Volume, Jerusalem , pp. –; G. Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science,  vols, New York , vol. ., pp. –; J. Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, Berkeley / Los Angeles / London, , pp. –; G. Bos, “The Creation and Innovation of Medieval Hebrew medical terminology”, pp. –. 22 Cf. A. Crémieux, “Les Juifs de Marseille au Moyen Age”, in Revue des Études Juives  (), pp. – and –, here pp. –.

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 and at subsequent Councils.23 The Jewish doctors in Marseille found themselves in a particularly privileged position, enjoying as they did special rights both with regard to their colleagues in the rest of Provence and their fellow citizens. As Marseille suffered from frequent epidemics and there were only few Christian physicians, they were tolerated in the city by sheer necessity and sometimes even employed by the municipality, in contrast to the Jewish doctors in the rest of Provence.24 It was in the city of Marseille that Shem Tov translated az-Zahr¯aw¯ı’s Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf.25 Calling it “Sefer ha-Shimmush”, Shem Tov started his translation in the year  and completed it at an unknown date.26 In addition to the Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf, Shem Tov also translated Ab¯u Wal¯ıd Muhammad ibn Rushd’s . Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s De Anima,27 Ab¯u Bakr Muhammad . ibn Zakariyya ar-R¯az¯ı’s medical encyclopaedia Kit¯ab al-Mans. u¯ r¯ı,28 and Hippocrates’ Aphorisms with Palladius’ commentary.29

23

Cf. Gross, Gallia Judaica, p. . Cf. Crémieux, Les Juifs de Marseille au Moyen Age, p. ; I. Alteras, “Jewish Physicians in Southern France during the th and th Centuries”, in Jewish Quarterly Review  (/), pp. –, in particular p. . 25 On the Kit¯ ab at-tas. r¯ıf, see D. Jacquart and F. Micheau, La médecine arabe et l’occident mediéval, Paris , pp. – and passim. 26 The year  is derived from the introduction to the translation (cf. Muntner, “R. Shem Tov Ben Isaac of Tortosa”, p. , paragraph []). In the same introduction, Shem Tov relates an incident that occurred in Marseille in the year  (cf. Muntner, op. cit., p. , paragraph []). From this, it can be concluded that Shem Tov either wrote the introduction after compiling the lists and that the year  marks its completion, or that he completed the work at an earlier date and then subsequently revised it, inserting the incident mentioned above in the process. The first assumption seems to be that of M. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Handschriften der K. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in München, nd rev. enl. ed., Munich  p. , no. : “(–).” The second assumption seems to be that of Renan, Les Rabbins français du commencement du quatorzième siècle, p. , who, however, draws on an unknown source to assert that Shem Tov completed the work in  and then revised it in . This is also the opinion of Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, p. , and Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, p. . Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, p. , remarks that he completed the translation between – (= Muntner, “R. Shem Tov Ben Isaac of Tortosa”, p. ). 27 Cf. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, p. ; Averroës, Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s De Anima. A Critical Edition of the Arabic Text with English Translation, Notes, and Introduction by Alfred L. Ivry, Provo , pp. xxviii–xxix, . n. . 28 Cf. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, pp. –. 29 His commentary is no longer extant in Greek, but it has recently been rediscovered by Hinrich Biesterfeldt and Y. Tzvi Langermann, who hope to publish a preliminary study of Palladius’ commentary soon, to be followed by a full edition and analysis. 24

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introduction .. Background and Motivation of the Sefer ha-Shimmush and the Two Synonym Lists

Shem Tov’s translation of az-Zahr¯aw¯ı’s Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf is especially important, as it represents an attempt to create a new Hebrew medical terminology based on the terminology of the Bible, Mishnah and Talmud, as well as on medieval commentaries and translations.30 In some cases, he also uses loan-translation or semantic borrowing as a method for translating terms not attested in any Hebrew source. Shem Tov’s main reason for translating the Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf was to provide Jews with easier access to medical knowledge, meaning they would no longer have to depend on non-Jewish doctors.31 With regards to his method of translation, he remarks that he uses names from the Bible, rabbinic literature or Romance as far as possible in his translation. He uses the Arabic term for any diseases, organs, drugs, wild and domestic animals, insects and vermin whose names he is unable to obtain from these sources, remarking that the lengthy period of exile suffered by the Jews has led to reduced knowledge of Hebrew within their numbers.32 In order to emphasise the intention behind his translation once more, Shem Tov extols its qualities, remarking that it can be put to use for individuals and crowds, for the wise and the foolish, for kings and paupers and at any time and any place. He goes on to warn physicians emphatically against substituting one remedy for another similar one or buying an unfamiliar remedy from a pharmacist, as that might lead to their receiving an entirely different remedy, whether intentionally or not.33 Shem Tov adds that, in some countries, those who make mistakes regarding the names of herbs, seeds and plants 30 S. Muntner (art. “medicine”, in E.J. :) remarks that the translation of azZahr¯aw¯ı’s Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf by Abraham Shem Tov [sic] is “of particular importance because he introduced a new Hebrew terminology based mainly on terms used in the Talmud.” 31 Cf. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters, p. . See paragraphs []–[] of Shem Tov’s Introduction to the Sefer ha-Shimmush, edited by Muntner in “R. Shem Tov Ben Isaac of Tortosa”, pp. –; the relevant passages are on pp. –. See also the Catalan translation in E. Feliu and J. Arrizabalaga, “El pròleg de Semtov ben Issac, el Tortosí, a la seva traducció hebrea del Tas. r¯ıf d’Ab¯u al-Zahr¯aw¯ı”, in Tamid  (), pp. –, especially pp. –. 32 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. ; Steinschneider (op. cit., p. ) summarises the text as follows: “Alle Krankheiten, Glieder, Mittel etc., für welche er einen Ausdruck in der Bibel, in der Sprache der Weisen oder in der Landessprache gefunden, habe er danach benannt, sonst den arabischen Terminus beibehalten, da sich durch das Exil die Kenntnis der hebr. Sprache vermindert habe.” 33 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraphs [], []–[], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. .

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then also end up misleading others.34 As an example, he talks about four different species of the same plant, one of which was called fan˘gankuˇst (chaste-tree, Vitex agnus castus L.) by Persian doctors,35 meaning ‘five leaves’, while Christians referred to it as pentaphyllon (cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans L.),36 which also means ‘five leaves’.37 This was a source of confusion for many physicians according to Shem Tov. Some physicians thought that fan˘gankuˇst was a fragrant tree as large as a man (or even large enough for a man to hide under) with fruits called agnus castus and that pentaphyllon was a plant without a stem consisting of five leaves growing directly from the earth. Other physicians, however, thought that fan˘gankuˇst was a plant that could be used to get rid of sexual lust38 rather than a tree, and that pentaphyllon was a plant with a stem.39 Another example of a possible mix-up of remedies is taken from Maimonides, who warns against prescribing the wrong species of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.).40 Many physicians prescribe one species for internal diseases, and another, similar species, which can be easily distinguished from the previous one when it has been dried and its fruits become black, when it is still fresh, for external diseases, as it is poisonous. If the second species is mistaken for the first one and its juice is ingested, it causes severe suffocation, hiccups, and nausea accompanied by yawning and vomiting of blood.41 Shem Tov also stresses how the 34 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., pp. –. 35 Cf. Maimonides, Sharh asm¯ a" al-#uqq¯ar, Me  (English translation: Rosner, abbr. . M); A. Dietrich, Dioscurides Triumphans (abbr. DT), :. The actual meaning of the Persian term is not ‘five leaves’, but ‘five fingers’ (panfi anguˇst); cf. VL :: “quinque digiti”. 36 Cf. Maimonides, Sharh asm¯ a" al-#uqq¯ar (Me); M ; DT :. . 37 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. . 38 For the effect of the chaste tree as an antiaphrodisiac, cf. Ibn al-Jazz¯ ar, On Sexual Diseases: A critical edition, English translation and introduction of Bk.  of Z¯ad almus¯afir wa-q¯ut al-h¯ . adir . (Provisions for the Traveller and the Nourishment of the Settled). Translation and study by Gerrit Bos, London , p. : “Galen maintained that the women of the inhabitants of Athens used to spread chaste-tree and then sleep upon it during their high festivals so that the lust for coitus would leave them” (= Galen, De simpl. med. temp. et fac., VI,  (C.G. Kühn, Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia,  vols, Leipzig – , repr. Hildesheim , vol. , p. ). 39 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. . 40 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., pp. –; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. . 41 Shem Tov’s quotation is taken from Maimonides’ On Poisons (BMP ): “To the [substances] taken by mistake belongs the soporific type of black nightshade (Solanum

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area where a species is grown can influence how it looks by quoting Maimonides’ statement in the Mishneh Torah, Sefer Zera#im, which states that a species can take on many [different] forms depending on where it is grown and in what type of soil and that such forms of the same species can differ from one another to such an extent that they can look like entirely different species.42 Shem Tov invokes Maimonides once again to remark that the opposite can also happen, namely that two different species can look so similar to one another that they appear to be the same. He also quotes from the same source in order to provide a range of different examples of this, such as garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and wild lettuce (Lactuca scariola), chicory (Cichorium intybus) and wild chicory (Cichorium pumilum), garden leek (Allium porrum) and field leek (Allium ampeloprasum), garden coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and wild coriander (Smyrnium conatum Boiss.).43 Shem Tov concludes his extensive quotation from Maimonides by exclaiming that if, in the case of crops, the Torah is very strict and makes it obligatory to know the different forms of plants and trees and their fruits because of the prohibition of Kil"ayim (mixing together of different species), how much more so should this be the case for remedies when human life is at stake.44 Shem Tov then gives an example of how administering the wrong drug can have fatal consequences by relating an incident that happened around the year  in Marseille, whereby two Christian doctors gave a patient a purgative of half a drachm of white hellebore, which led to the patient

nigrum and var.), for we often prescribe black nightshade juice among the ingredients to be taken for diseases of the internal organs. One of its varieties that has black seeds and that is soporific is [sometimes taken] by mistake when [the seeds] are [still] green before they turn black. Upon drinking, it immediately causes severe dryness, hiccups and vomiting of blood. Its treatment: hasten to let him vomit by means of the general emetics which have been described before. Then let him vomit for the last time by means of water and honey. Then let him drink a large quantity of water and honey. When he has digested something of it, he should take another drink of water and honey. He should do so for a day and a night. And then he should feed himself as usual [. . .].” Instead of “dryness” Shem Tov has “suffocation”, which is similar to the variant reading in MS P (Paris, BN, héb. ):  and Moses ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew translation: äøëñà (angina). 42 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. ; Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sefer Zera#im, Hilkhot Kil"ayim III, . 43 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraphs []–[], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., pp. –; Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sefer Zera#im, Hilkhot Kil"ayim III, –. 44 Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., p. .

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dying of suffocation.45 He adds that if it is a Jewish doctor that applies the wrong treatment, it may not just be the life of the patient that is endangered, but the lives of the whole Jewish community, too.46 Jewish doctors needed to excercise great care in their work, having to think twice before treating a Christian patient, a fact borne out by the Sefer ha-Yosher, a medical treatise composed at the end of the Middle Ages.47 To minimise the risk of confusing medicinal herbs and drugs due to ignorance or a lack of proper terminology in the vernacular of the time and to provide both Jewish doctors and patients with the proper medico-botanical terminology, Shem Tov compiled “a list of roots and herbs in the language of the Bible and of the Sages, of blessed memory, according to the interpretation most commentators agreed upon, in the vernacular language and in Arabic, alphabetically arranged.”48 This list, which actually consists of two separate lists of synonyms, is part of book twenty-nine of his translation of Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf. Shem Tov only modified the first two chapters of the five chapters originally contained in the Arabic text of book twenty-nine for his intended purpose, since, as the author states, the Jews would neither need nor benefit from a translation of the first two chapters, which deal with foreign or differing names for plants in Greek, Syriac and Persian.49 In the introduction to the first list, which is the one edited in the present volume, the author specifies the scope of this particular list by explaining that it not only covers roots and herbs, but also instruments, bodily parts and other items.50 With regards 45

Cf. Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., pp. –; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., pp. –; Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, p. . 46 Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, op. cit., p. ; Feliu / Arrizabalaga, op. cit., pp. –; translation Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, pp. –; but see as well Crémieux, Les Juifs de Marseille, p.  who states that complaints were never filed against the Jewish community of Marseille as a whole following individual misdemeanours due both to the protection the Jews enjoyed based on the “Statuts de Marseille” and to the spirit of tolerance predominant in the city. 47 Cf. Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, p. ; M. Güdemann, Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der Juden in Italien während des Mittelalters, Vienna , repr. Amsterdam  (Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der abendländischen Juden während des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit II), p. . 48 Introduction to Sefer ha-Shimmush, paragraph [], see Muntner, “R. Shem Tov Ben Isaac of Tortosa”, p. : ïåùìá ïéáùòäå ïéø÷òä úåîù íéøùòå äòùú øîàîá ãåò íëì áåúëàå ïåùìáå íéæòåì ïåùìáå íäéìò åîéëñäå íéùøôîä áåø íäá åùøôù äî éôë 짧æ íéîëç ïåùìáå àø÷î .᧧àä éô ìò éøâä; Feliu-Arrizabalaga, ibid., p. , . 49 MS Paris, BN héb. , fol. a: íéøòùä éðù ú÷úòäá úìòåú àìå êøåö åðì ïéàù éúåàøáå ñøôå úéîøàå ïåé ïåùìá íéîñäå íéáùòì ùéù úåðåùäå úåøæä úåîùá íéðåùàøä. 50 MS Paris, BN héb. , ibid.: íúìåæå íéìëå ïéøáéàå ïéáùòå ïéø÷éò.

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to the second list (see vol. two, forthcoming) he remarks: “I have also composed an explanation of the drugs and herbs in the vernacular and Arabic so that someone who goes on a distant journey will know their names in both languages. And I have arranged them alphabetically.”51

. How Shem Tov’s Synonym Lists Were Compiled .. Sources for Hebrew and Arabic Shem Tov consulted the work of both Sa#adya ben Yosef al-Fayy¯um¯ı, better known as Sa#adya Ga"on52 (–), and Ab¯u l-Wal¯ıd ibn Merw¯an, i.e. Jonah ibn Jan¯ah. (died after ), as sources for the proper Biblical Hebrew synonyms for Arabic terms.53 Research has shown that Ibn Jan¯ah. in turn relied heavily upon Sa#adya’s biblical translations and commentaries for identifying botanical terms included in the Bible.54 Shem Tov remarks that he chose these two authors in particular because he agreed with how they identified the relevant Hebrew and Arabic terminology. Sa#adya Ga"on’s Arabic translations and / or commentaries to the Torah, Isaiah, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job often provided Shem Tov with the Hebrew equivalent required for a specific Arabic term.55 The entry 51 MS Paris, BN héb. , ibid.: éøâä ïåùìáå æòì ïåùìá íéáùòäå íéîñä øåàá éúáúë ãåòå úéá óìà êøã ìò ãçàå ãçà ìë éúøãñå ®úåðåùìä éúùá íúåîù ãåãð ÷éçøîä úòã ïòîì. Note that

the alphabetisation is only to one letter, as was still usual in Shem Tov’s time. 52 For Sa#adya Ga"on, philosopher and exegete, poet and polemicist, legist and communal leader, see H. Malter, Saadia Gaon. His life and works, Philadelphia . For a fundamental study of the language comparisons in his linguistic works and for his Bible translations, which served as a source for subsequent scholars, see A. Maman, Comparative Semitic Philology in the Middle Ages. From Sa#adiah to Ibn Bar¯un (tenth–twelfth C.), abbr. MCS, esp. pp. –. The diffusion of Sa#adya’s works in Provence was otherwise ascertained from the Sefer Doreˇs reˇsumot, which quotes from Sa#adya’s long commentary on Genesis in Hebrew (cf. Y.T. Langermann, “A Citation from Saadia’s King Commentary to Genesis in Hebrew Translation”, Aleph. Historical Studies in Science & Judaism  (), pp. –). 53 For Jonah ibn Jan¯ ah, . the undisputed master of Sephardic linguistics who lived in the first half of the eleventh century, see the article by D. Tenne in E.J. :–, s.v. ibn Jan¯ah, . Jonah. For the language comparisons in his works see MCS –. 54 Cf. LF : and E.J. :. 55 Sa#adya also allegedly composed a translation of the Five Scrolls and of Ezra. Of the edition of the Five Scrolls with Sa#adya’s translation by Kafih. (Jerusalem , abbr. SH), only Esther is considered to be authentic. In our edition of Shem Tov’s glossary, we have included the edition by Kafih, . leaving the question of its authenticity open. For Sa#adya’s commentaries on and / or translations of the Bible see RT – and M. Polliack, The Karaite Tradition of Arabic Bible Translation. A Linguistic and Exegetical Study of Karaite

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Alef  provides an example of this, where the Arabic synonym §âñåò ˘ to be read as #awsa˘g) is given for the Hebrew lemma ãèà (" TD). (#WSG, . Whereas modern literature identifies the Biblical Hebrew term either as the European boxthorn, Lycium europaeum, or the buckthorn (such as Rhamnus lycioides or Rhamnus palaestinus), Arabic #awsa˘g56 is known to have designated different kinds of lycium which were often confused. Although we are unable to establish the intended meaning,57 the identification of both terms can be traced back to Sa#adya on Gen :, which reads ãèàä ïøâ–ãò åàáéå (When they came to Goren ha-Atad58). The place name literally means ‘boxthorn’s threshing floor’ and is translated into Arabic as §âñåòìà øãðà éìà åà§â (S ) by Sa#adya. With regard to Jonah Ibn Jan¯ah, . Shem Tov certainly used the Kit¯ab alus. u¯ l, a dictionary of Biblical Hebrew,59 as can be demonstrated by the entry He : Hebrew íéðáä (HBNYM) as well as Arabic ñåðáà ("BNWS = aban¯us) mean ‘ebony’. The fact that the Hebrew and Arabic words are considered synonyms goes back to Ibn Jan¯ah, . who explicitly refers to Rav Hai Gaon: ïåàâ ééàä áø     íéðáäå (HBNYM is alaban¯us according to the translation of Rav Hai Gaon; IJ ). We see here that although Shem Tov consulted Ibn Jan¯ah. for this Biblical term, the ultimate source of the synonym is Hai Gaon. In addition to the Kit¯ab al-us. u¯ l, Shem Tov consulted Ibn Jan¯ah’s . Kit¯ab at-Talkh¯ıs. , a book on simple drugs, measures and weights which provides synonyms for the drugs in Arabic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, Berber, Spanish, and Latin, among others.60 Unfortunately we could not consult this text as we, conform to the general opinion, considered the work to be lost.61 Thus we could only consult secondary sources, namely, a Translations of the Pentateuch from the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries C.E., Leiden / New York / Cologne , pp. –. 56 Unlike Hebrew, we transcribe Arabic terms with their vowels, as there is a standard vocalisation for Arabic botanical terminology. 57 The Romance synonym refers to another plant of the Rhamnaceae family. 58 The English translation is that of the Jewish Publication Society (Tanakh. A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures according to the Traditional Hebrew Text. Philadelphia / New York / Jerusalem ). 59 Ed. A. Neubauer (= IJ). 60 See Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, p. ; Tenne (in E.J. :); AS –. 61 However, Fabian Käs has identified a unique copy in Istanbul, MS Aya Sofya , fols. v–v. See Fabian Käs, Die Mineralien in der arabischen Pharmakognosie. Eine Konkordanz zur mineralischen Materia medica der klassischen arabischen Heilmittelkunde nebst überlieferungsgeschichtlichen Studien (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Mainz. Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission). Band ,  vols, Wiesbaden , vol. , p. .

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number of quotations from the Kit¯ab at-Talkh¯ıs. made by subsequent authors, such as al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (d. ), who was active at the court of King Roger II of Sicily and compiled the Kit¯ab al-j¯ami# li-sif¯at aˇst¯at an-nab¯at wa-dur¯ . ub anw¯a# al-mufrad¯at (Compendium of the Properties of Diverse Plants and Various Kinds of Simple Drugs).62 This work has survived as an incomplete manuscript in Istanbul (Fatih Library, no. ) and as a complete manuscript in Teheran (Kit¯abkh¯anai Majlis-i San¯a, ). These manuscripts actually represent two different versions of the original text, with the Istanbul manuscript preserving the synonyms for the names of plants and drugs, while the Teheran manuscript omits them.63 An example of a quotation from Ibn Jan¯ah’s . Kit¯ab at-Talkh¯ıs. by al-Idr¯ıs¯ı is the entry Alef : here, two Arabic synonyms are given for Hebrew âåîìà ("LMWG), namely ïà§âøî ˘ (MRG"N) and ãñá (BSD). The word "LMWG as a biblical term indicates a precious wood unable to be clearly identified. In rabbinic literature it is identified, amongst other things, as ‘coral’. Marj¯an is the Arabic equivalent for "LMWG as ‘coral’, whereas bussad is the Persian term and is often used as a synonym, although, strictly speaking, it refers to the root of the coral as well as to the subsoil to which it is stuck. The identification of marj¯an as bussad goes back to Ibn Jan¯ah’s . Kit¯ab at-Talkh¯ıs. as quoted by al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :):    :    (Ibn Jan¯ah. says that the marj¯an is the bussad).64 Another author whose writings served to preserve material from Ibn Jan¯ah’s . Kit¯ab atTalkh¯ıs. is Se#adyah ibn Dan¯an from Granada (fifteenth century), who composed the Sefer ha-Shorashim, a dictionary of Biblical Hebrew which draws heavily on Ibn Jan¯ah’s . work, explicitly quoting him no less than  times. In entry Het , Arabic ÷øæà ("ZRQ) is used as a synonym . ˘ for the Hebrew lemma éìîùç (H with the additional explana. SMLY), tion íéîùä ïéòë 짧ø (i.e., like the sky). The Hebrew word is an adjectival ˘ which means ‘glitterform derived from Biblical Hebrew ìîùç (H . SML), ing substance, amber’. However, Arabic "azraq means ‘blue, sky-coloured’ (L ). The identification of both terms goes back to Ibn Jan¯ah, . as can be read in Se#adyah ibn Dan¯an, Sefer ha-Shorashim (SID ): øàð :ìîùç ˘ 짧æ ãéìåìà éáàì à÷øæ (H is blue light according to Ab¯u l-Wal¯ıd [ibn . SML Jan¯ah]). .

62 63 64

Facs. ed. in  vols by F. Sezgin, abbreviation SID. SID VII–VIII. Cf. AS .

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We only have Shem Tov’s general reference to “medieval commentators” when it comes to the sources he consulted to identify Arabic synonyms with Rabbinic Hebrew or Aramaic terminology. Identifying these medieval commentators has proven to be especially problematic. One prominent medieval commentator to whom Shem Tov probably had recourse was Sa#adya Ga"on, who was not only an important Bible commentator and translator but also a prominent linguist, who dealt extensively with the explanation of difficult terms in the Mishnah within the genre known as Alf¯as. al-Mishnah, several examples of which exist in the Genizah. These writings consist, as Brody remarks, of “a series of short glosses in Arabic on Hebrew words and expressions, according to the order of the Mishnaic text.”65 Unfortunately, these lexical explanations have only survived in incomplete form and are, moreover, still in manuscript for the most part.66 An example of a derivation that possibly goes back to Sa#adya’s Alf¯as. al-Mishnah is the entry Gimel :67 The Hebrew lemma ïðôåâ (GWPNN) features in rabbinic literature and means ) ‘fennel’, Foeniculum vulgare MILL., and ) ‘the fruit of the sebestentree’, Cordia Myxa L. The Arabic synonym ïàúñáñ (SBST"N) is sibist¯an or sabist¯an, which designates the fruit of the sebesten-tree. The identification of the two terms can be found in Sa#adya (SAM :).68 Another medieval commentator consulted by Shem Tov was Maimonides, whose commentary on the Mishnah contains a wealth of medico-botanical synonym terminology.69 Maimonides relied in turn on earlier sources, possibly Sa#adya’s explanatory lists and certainly the 65 R. Brody, The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture, New Haven / London , pp. –. While Allony attributed these lexical explanations to Sa#adya Ga"on, Abramson (“Millon ha-Mishnah le-Rav Sa#adya Ga"on”, in Leshonenu  (), pp. –) and subsequently Maman (MCS , n. ) argued that they are not Sa#adya’s at all. According to Brody (The Geonim of Babylonia, p. ), Allony’s identification was correct, as confirmed by “further manuscript discoveries in the Genizah, along with a comparison of citations in Se#adyah’s name and interpretations contained in his other works”. 66 Three of the fragments were published by N. Allony (SAM). A large Geonic fragment covering the commentary of nearly half the Mishnah is being prepared for publication by the Institute for the Complete Israeli Talmud but has not been published so far. 67 As virtually all identifications featured in Sa#adya’s Alf¯ as. al-Mishnah can also be found in Maimonides’ Commentary on the Mishnah, we cannot be sure whether Shem Tov consulted these lists directly or only indirectly via Maimonides. 68 See also Maimonides on mDemai .: ïàúñáñìà ìé÷å úáùìà äáùé ìå÷áìà ïî òåð :ïðôåâ (i.e., GWPNN is a plant similar to aneth and according to others to sebesten) (MK :). 69 Abbr. MK. For this commentary see I.M. Ta-Shma, Ha-Sifrut ha-Parshanit laTalmud, nd rev. ed.,  vols, Jerusalem –, vol. , p.  ff.

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works of Ibn Jan¯ah’s, . a fact which he states explicitly in the introduction to his Glossary of Drug Names.70 As we have seen above, Shem Tov was familiar with Maimonides’ commentary, clearly had access to it and therefore consulted it as necessary. There are a few cases where it is beyond any doubt that Shem Tov derived his terminology directly from that of Maimonides, as he occasionally includes direct quotations from Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishnah, such as in the entry ˘ ‘smoothing, plastering’, which reads:ãéáìúìà åä òåù Shin  for òåù (SW#) ˘ àúéá úé òåùéå úéáä çèå íåâøúå ãáìîìà éùìà êì§ã ä§âå êìãé äðàì (SW#, i.e., 71 "LTLBYD, because he rubs the surface of something [to be] mended and Targum Onkelos has for úéáä çèå (i.e., the house shall be scraped72)) àúéá úé òåùéå. Shem Tov explains this by means of a direct quote from Maimonides on the mentioned Mishnah (MK :).73 The medieval commentary and responsa literature composed by the Geonim, i.e., the heads of the Jewish academies in Babylonia, proved to be an important source for Shem Tov with regards to the remaining terms. These commentaries and responsa contain a wealth of botanical material and are a valuable source of information for technical scientific terminology in Arabic and Hebrew.74 However, with a few exceptions,75 consulting this particular source is problematic, as some texts have been edited without proper indices, others are still in manuscript and yet others have to be considered as lost.76 An example of a quotation from Geonic sources is the entry Dalet , in which Aramaic ïéöøã (DRS. YN, ‘cinnamon’) is explained by the Arabic synonym éðéöøàã (D’RS. YNY), to be read as d¯ar s.¯ın¯ı, ‘Chinese cinnamon’, Cinnamomum ceylanicum Nees. 70

Maimonides’ Glossary of Drug Names (translation by Rosner, abbreviation M), p. . Arabic talb¯ıd means ) ‘forming, pressing, felting, making one’s hair stick together’; ) ‘lining, covering, mending’ (WKAS :–). 72 Lev :. 73 Other examples are: Ayin ; Qof , ; Shin ; Tav . 74 For instance, the responsa composed by Sherira and Hai Gaon contain, as S.W. Baron (A social and religious history of the Jews, nd rev. and enl. ed., vols –, and Index, vols –, New York –, vol. , p. ) remarks, “so many attempts at correct identification of names [of plants] and their relation to the previously known species.” 75 A major exception is the Osar ha-Ge"onim, Thesaurus of the Gaonic Responsa and . Commentaries (LO), the momumental collection of Geonic responsa and commentaries in the order of the Talmud tractates (to Baba Mes. ia), edited by B. Lewin. 76 An example of a text still largely in manuscript is the Kit¯ ab al-H¯aw¯ı, a dictionary of Biblical and Rabbinic Hebrew written in Judaeo-Arabic and composed by Hai Gaon, of which substantial portions have survived in the Genizah; cf. R. Brody, The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture, pp. –, and MCS –. 71

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The identification of these phytonyms goes back to a Geonic responsum (cf. LO Teshuvot on Shab a, p. , where it is stated that ïéöøã (DRS. YN) is a sharp and dry spice hailing from China that is called d¯ar s.¯ın¯ı in Arabic). In some cases, we were only able to retrieve the Geonic source indirectly based on it having been quoted in the Arukh, a lexicon on the Talmud and Midrashim composed by Nathan ben Jehiel . of Rome and completed in . Most of the Arabic plant names quoted in the Arukh are derived from Geonic sources, as Löw pointed out in his monumental Flora und Fauna der Juden.77 An example of such a quotation from the Arukh is the entry for úåéðáãáã (DBDBNYWT) in Dalet , which includes both the Arabic synonym àéñàø÷ (QR"SY", qar¯asiy¯a ‘cherries’) and another Arabic term, êåìîìà áç (HB . "LMLWK). The Hebrew term features in rabbinic literature and means both ‘lumps of dripping grapes’ and ‘overripe grapes moistened by their own juice’. The term is also used in the Middle Ages to refer to the fruit cherry, Prunus cerasus. Thus, we find both identifications, grapes and cherries, in the Arukh (KA :), al-mul¯uk and also the Arabic equivalent êåìîìà áç (HB . "LMLWK), habb . (‘berries of kings’), which was used in Spain and the Maghreb for both the cherry and the sebesten-tree, Cordia myxa L. (DT :; M  and ). Shem Tov consulted the work of one final author, Tanhum ben Josef . ha-Yerushalmi, whose work also served to preserve material from earlier sources now lost. This author was active in Jerusalem in the thirteenth century and composed a dictionary of difficult terms occuring in Maiconsulted monides’ Mishneh Torah entitled Kit¯ab al-murshid.78 Tanhum . a variety of sources in his lexicographical explanations of these terms, including a range of different Geonic authors, including both Sa#adya and Sherira/Hai, whilst taking Nathan’s Arukh, Ibn Jan¯ah’s . works and Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishnah as his main sources. An example of a quotation preserved only by Tanhum is Gimel , where ÷åäéâ . (GYHWQ) is explained using Arabic éèîú (TMTY). Hebrew GYHWQ . usually meant ‘belching’, but Rashi provides a second explanation, 77 LF :: “Die arabischen Pflanzennamen des Aruch stammen mittelbar oder unmittelbar aus gaonäischen Quellen”; see as well idem, entry “Plants”, in Jewish Encyclopaedia, vol. , pp. –. 78 The Kit¯ ab al-murshid was edited by B. Toledano, Tel Aviv – (letters AlefKaf), by J. Dana, MA thesis, Jerusalem  (letter Tav), and by H. Shy, Diss., Jerusalem  (letters Lamed-Tav). For a study of this dictionary and excerpts from it, see TB. An anonymous summary of this work can be found in Qis. s. ur al-Kafi, MS Berlin .

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namely ‘to raise and stretch one’s body upwards’ (cf. BM , n. ). Arabic tamat. t. a¯ (M") does, in fact, mean ‘he stretched himself ’. The identification of GYHWQ as tamat. t. a¯ can be found in Tanhum ben Josef . ha-Yerushalmi (TB ), who remarks that ÷äéô (PYHQ), ‘to yawn’, is an abbreviation of íé÷ä åéô (PYW HQYM, ‘to stretch one’s mouth’), in the same way that ÷äéâ (GYHQ, ‘to belch’, properly ‘to stretch oneself ’ (= Arab. tamat. t. a¯)) is an abbreviation of íé÷ä åúéåâ (GWYTW HQYM, ‘to stretch one’s body’). .. Sources for Romance and Latin Some of the sources mentioned above may also have served for finding Romance and Latin synonyms. In many cases however, the Romance and Latin words in question refer to fairly common names for plants, minerals and animals; we should also keep in mind that Shem Tov was born in Catalonia and thus a native speaker of Catalan. We may suppose that once Shem Tov had established an Arabic equivalent to a Hebrew or Aramaic term, he was usually able to translate the term into Catalan and its sister language Occitan without any problem. Similarities to other authors may therefore be coincidental: on a few occasions, namely when the synonym is identical in Italian or Latin and Occitan / Catalan, we find matching material in the Arukh and Shem Tov’s writings, such as for àáìî (MLB") (malva, ‘mallow’; He  and KA :, :). In some cases, it seems that the Arukh itself uses Occitan or Catalan forms, which then appear in a similar or even identical form in Shem Tov’s glossary, for example: ১øèìéô (PYLTR", KA :) and . éøèìéô (PYLTRY, He ), both corresponding to O. Occ. / O. Cat. pelitre . (Anacyclus Pyrethrum L.) as a synonym for Aramaic àôæøä (HRZP"); àâåèøè (TR KA :) and äâåèøè (TR O. Occ. / O. Cat . TWG", . . TWGH, . tartuga, Samekh ), that is ‘tortoise’, are used as an explanation for Hebrew úéðúìåñ (SWLTNYT), which is equated with Arabic silahf¯ . ah 79 (‘tortoise’). 79 In other cases, the correspondences are very vague or indirect. For example, the Hebrew word in Resh , äìéâø (RGYLH), meaning ‘portulaca, purslane’, Portulaca oleracea L., is explained in the Arukh by means of the Latin synonym àì÷÷øåô (PWRQQL"), corresponding to porcacla, one of the many Vulgar Latin derivations of portulaca that can be found in medieval Latin medical texts (NPRA ,  quotes portacla, porcacla, and porclaca; also cf. Sin b with respect to the use of such forms in the Alphita manuscripts). However, in this case, the Arukh might just have provided inspiration for Shem Tov, since he used the corresponding Romance (O. Occ. or O. Cat.) variant

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The situation is different with some highly specific synonymies, which, strikingly, cannot be found in the Arukh but rather in Moses ibn Tibbon’s translations of Maimonides. Moses ben Samuel ibn Tibbon was active between  and  in Naples, Marseille and later in Montpellier, where he settled at some time between  and 80 and translated Maimonides’ F¯ı tadb¯ır as. -s. ih. ha . in  under the title Al Hanhagat haBeri"ut prior to Shem Tov’s own translation.81 Working at the same time as Shem Tov, he also translated ar-R¯az¯ı’s antidotarium Kit¯ab al-aqr¯ab¯ad¯ın al-kab¯ır under the title Aqrabadin in , Maimonides’ Commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms in the same year or in the year , Ibn alJazz¯ar’s medical encyclopaedia Z¯ad al-mus¯afir82 under the title S. edat haderakhim in ,83 and Ibn S¯ın¯a’s poetical summary of the Kit¯ab alQ¯an¯un in ,84 entitled al-Urj¯uza f¯ı l-t. ibb.85 His translations of Maimonides’ treatises On Poisons86 and On Hemorrhoids are not dated.87 As none of these works, with the exception of the antidotarium, is a pharmaceutical handbook that Shem Tov would have been able to consult easily and as most of these translations were being written at the same time when Shem Tov was translating the Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf, it seems unlikely that Shem Tov was actually able to draw upon Moses ibn Tibbon’s translations. A final verdict with regard to this matter will only become possible

verdolaga. Similarly, the words åéôà ("PYW = Italian apio or Latin apium, KA :; for the omission of Latin -M, see below, section .) and 姧èðéîéôøåà ("WRPYMYNTW . = Lat. auripi(g)mentum, KA :) appear as éôà ("PY = O. Occ or O. Cat. api) and èðîéôøåà ("WRPYMNT. = O. Occ. or O. Cat. aurpi(g)men(t), O. Cat. orpiment) in Shem Tov’s synonym list (Kaf  and Samekh ). For yet another case, see Pe . 80 For Moses ibn Tibbon and his translation activity, see J.T. Robinson and U. Melammed, entry “Ibn Tibbon (Tibbonids)”, in E.J.2:–, p. ; O. Fraisse, Moses ibn Tibbons Kommentar zum Hohelied und sein poetologisch-philosophisches Programm. Synoptische Edition, Übersetzung und Analyse. Berlin / New York  (Studia Judaica. Forschungen zur Wissenschaft des Judentums. Hrsg. von E.L. Ehrlich und G. Stemberger. Band XXV), pp. –; G. Bos, Medical terminology in the Hebrew tradition: Moses Ben Samuel Ibn Tibbon (forthcoming). 81 A critical edition of the Arabic text and Hebrew translations by G. Bos is forthcoming. 82 For this encyclopaedia, see Ibn al-Jazz¯ ar, On Sexual Diseases (ed. Bos), pp. –. 83 Cf. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, p. . 84 Cf. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, p. . 85 Cf. Steinschneider, op. cit., p. . 86 See Steinschneider, op. cit., p. . Edition by G. Bos (abbr. BMP). 87 See Steinschneider, op. cit., p. . While Steinschneider rejected the ascription to Moses ibn Tibbon, there is new evidence confirming his authorship; cf. the forthcoming critical edition of the Arabic text and Hebrew translations (abbr. BMH).

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once these translations have been analysed with respect to their medicobotanical terminology. Since Moses ibn Tibbon was born and worked in Southern France, he mostly used Occitan for vernacular synonyms and explanations. One of the passages where Shem Tov shares fairly technical vocabulary with Ibn Tibbon is Gimel , where we find the Arabic "L’M#") corresponding to sah˘ term àòîàìà âåçñ (SHWG . . g al-am#¯a" meaning ‘dysentery, attended by abrasion or excoriation of the colon’ (L ; SN ). The Arabic term is accompanied by a Romance synonym spelt ñèðåô (PWNTS), . which we identified as O. Cat. pons ‘dysentery’. In Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR II, ), we find the expression #$%& '() (i.e., and in some cases it causes abrasion), which is translated as õðåô äùòú íéîòô àéä íàå by Moses ibn Tibbon, where abrasion corresponds to õðåô (PWNS. ). Another case is entry Lamed : Hebrew äáéáì (LBYBH) means ‘heart-shaped pastry’, but is equated with Arabic äéøèà (" TRYH) and Romance ñèéãåðî (MNWDTS). Arabic it. riya designated ‘a . . certain food, like threads, made of flour, noodles’ and features in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (BMR I, ) where it is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon using the same Romance term õèãåðî (MNWDT. S. ). This Romance term represents the plural of O. Occ. menudet, meaning ‘fairly fine, fairly small’, but could also mean ‘a kind of dough’ in certain situations. With respect to plant names, many Occitan terms commonly used in Shem Tov’s writings can be found in the S. edat ha-derakhim.88 Although these are again mostly common words familiar to any Occitan speaker, the mutual occurrence of the more technical vocabulary mentioned above does not seem coincidental. Instead of indicating a direct relationship between the two translators, however, it seems more likely that Shem Tov and Ibn Tibbon shared some common sources. These may have included existing synonym lists, such as several anonymous synonym lists that we have already been able to identify as containing Old Occitan terms.89 Although they are of a later date (fourteenth-fifteenth

88

This text is currently being edited and analysed in a project funded by the DFG run by Gerrit Bos, Guido Mensching and Julia Zwink. The results obtained so far show that the vast majority of the Arabic terminology that appears in the Z¯ad al-mus¯afir was not actually translated into Hebrew but rather into Romance and occasionally Latin, also see section .. 89 These lists are discussed in HebMedSyn, in particular: MS Mich. Add , fols. v– r and MS Parma Bibl. Palat. , the latter list contains both Occitan and Catalan vocabulary. See A. Neubauer, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library and in the College Libraries of Oxford, Oxford , nº ; I.B. De Rossi, Mss Codices Hebraici Biblioth. I.B. de-Rossi accurate ab eodem descripti et illustrati,  vols, Parma, ,

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century), it seems probable that they are copies of earlier lists. The relationship between these lists and the works of Shem Tov and Ibn Tibbon cannot be properly determined before the lists in questions receive full critical attention. As far as Latin terminology is concerned, Shem Tov might have had access to various Latin treatises and translations which were in circulation at the time he was writing. However, it is not possible to determine which exact sources these might have been, because the Latin terminology in question was that used by the Salernitan School and elsewhere at the time. This kind of terminology was transmitted via Latin synonym lists. The most famous of these, the Alphita, may already have existed when Shem Tov was writing90 and actually existed in a Hebrew version (although the known copy dates from the fourteenth century).91 Although this might be coincidental, some of Shem Tov’s ˘ TH, Latin terms can be found in the Alphita, such as äèéîùìá (BLSMY . ˘ ˘ ˘ balsamita, Alef ), ùéìéùðå÷ ùåìå÷à ("QWLWS QWNSYLYS, oculus con˘ camedreos, Bet ), åîùéøâøåâ sulis, Alef ), ùåéøãéîàë (K"MYDRYWS, ˘ (GWRGRYSMW, gargarismum, Gimel ), àéèùåàìá (BL"WS˘TY", . balaustia, Nun ). Since the Alphita only contains a small number of Arabisms, it was not a valuable source of Latin-Arabic equivalences. A better candidate for this purpose was the Latin translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s Kit¯ab al-Q¯an¯un traditionally attributed to Gerard of Cremona (c. –). This translation contains an index consisting of a glossary of mostly Latinised Arabic terms arranged alphabetically, thus providing Arabic-Latin correspondences. Thus nux indica is, for example, identified as nargil (Sin :; i.e., the Arabic n¯ar˘g¯ıl, ‘coconut’), while the same correspondence ˘ o.l. NWZ can be found in entry Alef  (äàéãðéà æåð 짧áå ìé§âøàð: N"RGYL, "YNDY"H), where the Latin term was translated into O. Occ. as *nos

nº ; B. Richler, Hebrew Manuscripts in the Biblioteca Palatina in Parma. Catalogue. Palaeographical and codicological descriptions: Malachi Beit-Arié, Jerusalem , nº . 90 Cf. García González, op. cit., p. , who fixes the terminus post quem at the end of the twelfth century. 91 Cf. HebMedSyn –. The Hebrew version of the Alphita can be found in a fourteenth century manuscript (Parma Bibl. Palat. , fols. r–v; cf. De Rossi, op. cit., nº , Richler, op. cit., nº ; both authors had not identified this list). It cannot be said at the moment whether it is a copy of a version that might have been available to Shem Tov. Strikingly, this version of the Alphita is also of Southern French origin and includes many adaptations of the Latin terminology to O. Occ.

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(or notz) india.92 A fairly striking parallel between the index and the Latin translation of the Kit¯ab al-Q¯an¯un and Shem Tov’s glossaries can be found in entry Ayin , which details the identification of Arabic §âøèéù ˘ TR ˘ as a word spelt àéùáà÷ (Q"BSY"). ˘ (SY Although the Arabic term . G) is easy to interpret as ˇs¯ıt. ara˘g (‘peppergrass, cress’, Lepidium latifolium L.), the supposed Latin correspondence is unclear; the identification of both can, however, be found in the index as “Setaragi, i. capsia” (cf. Sin b).93 As for Romance, it is difficult to show that any medical writings in Occitan or Catalan served as sources for Shem Tov. The first author who wrote medical works in Romance (Catalan) was Ramon Llull (– ),94 with another series of works from the same period, i.e., the last quarter of the thirteenth century, being attributed to Arnau de Vilanova (–). The famous Occitan encylopedic poem Breviari d’Amor by Matfre Ermengau dates from the same period and contains, as has been repeatedly pointed out by P. Ricketts,95 a great deal of medico-botanical terminology. Old Occitan medical translations and writings are mostly documented from the fourteenth century onwards. There are some exceptions, however, such as an Occitan translation of Roger of Parma’s Surgery in verse form from around ,96 which has some vocabulary in common with Shem Tov’s synonym lists, such as festula ‘fistula, suppurating wound’ (vv. , , among others; cf. àìåèùéô—PYS˘TWL" . ), in Gimel ), cranc ‘crab, cancer’ (v. , cf. ÷ðø÷—QRNQ in Sade . 92

Any simple and compound terms that cannot be found in the existing Romance or Latin sources are marked with an asterisk both here and in the commentary itself. 93 See entries Gimel , Het , Mem , Pe , Qof , Resh  for further examples. . 94 Cf. his Començaments de medicina (around ), see K.-H. Röntgen, “Geschichte der technischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Fachsprachen in der Romania: Iberische Halbinsel”, in G. Ernst / M.D. Gleßgen / C. Schmitt / W. Schweickard (eds), Romanische Sprachgeschichte. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Geschichte der romanischen Sprachen, vol. II, Berlin / New York , pp. –; L. Cifuentes i Comamala, La ciència en català a l’Edat Mitjana i el Renaixement, a. ed., revisada i ampliada, Barcelona , pp. , –. 95 P. Ricketts, “Plantes et recettes médicales dans le Breviari d’Amor de Matfre Ermengaud de Béziers”, Mélanges pour Robert Lafont, Montpellier, , pp. –; idem, “Le lexique des plantes médicinales en occitan médiéval”, M.S. Corradini Bozzi and B. Periñán (eds), Atti del convegno ‘Il linguaggio scientifico e tecnico (medico, botanico, farmaceutico e nautico) fra Medioevo e Rinascimento’, Pisa – novembre , Pisa , pp. – . 96 First studied by A. Thomas, “La chirurgie de Roger de Parme en vers provençaux. Notice sur un ms. de la Bibliothèque de Bologne”, Romania  (), pp. – and ; A. Thomas, “La versification de la chirurgie provençale de Raimon d’Avignon”, Romania  (), pp. –.

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enguent ‘ointment’ (v. , cf. èðâðéà—"YNGNT, . Resh ), and caus viva ‘calcium oxide which has not been in contact with water’ (v. , cf. àåéå ñìà÷—Q"LS WYW", Samekh , representing the variant calz viva). These do, however, represent common terms likely to have been familiar to Shem Tov or which may have been taken from other sources.97 With respect to Hebrew sources that contain Occitan words, Shem Tov may have been familiar with the Hebrew translation of the Medieval Latin medical poem commonly known as Macer Floridus.98 Some terms used by Shem Tov in his synomyn lists do, in fact, appear there: Cf. äàéöéøè(÷)éà ("Y(Q)TRY Yod . S. Y"H, MF )—(ä)àéñéøè÷éà ("YQTRYSY"H, . ) for Latin or Romance ictericia ‘icterus’; åðàèðåî ìñ (SL MWNT"NW, . ˇ MF )—íåðàèðåîìéù (SYLMWN T"NWM, Kaf ) for Latin sil montanum . ‘mountain cumin’; àâøãåô (PWDRG", MF )—àøâãåô (PWDGR", Pe ) for Romance podagra, ‘gout in the feet’. .. Creation of New Terms Some of the terms featured in the list compiled by Shem Tov cannot be retrieved from either biblical or rabbinic literature, nor from the standard lexica or medical and botanical literature. In such cases, it seems that Shem Tov resorted to semantic borrowing. An example of this is âåç (HWG) in Het . . , which means ‘(to make a) circle’ in the Bible (e.g. Job :) and rabbinic literature (bHag . b). The Arabic synonym øàåã (DW"R) is duw¯ar, meaning ‘circle’, and, as a medical term, ‘vertigo, giddiness in the head’. This meaning also features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms99 (XV, ) as () () (al-duw¯ar wal-sadar, ‘vertigo and dizziness’). Similar cases can be found, e.g. in Nun  and Shin , but these are quite rare. More frequently, we find what appear to be genuine loan-translations of compound terms. An example of such a botan˘ HS. PWR) in Lamed , literally meaning ical term is øåôöä ïåùì (LSWN ‘sparrow’s tongue’. Arabic øåôöòìà ïàñì (LS"N "L‘S. PWR) is lis¯an al-#us. f¯ur, with the same literal meaning, but which is used to designate the fruit

97 Such as Daude de Pradas’ treatise on falconry (cf. A.H. Schutz, The romance of Daude de Pradas, called Dels Auzels Cassadors, Columbus Ohio ), but also from the troubadour literature, in which many plant names appear. 98 Only a fragmentary copy of this translation from the beginning of the fifteenth century still exists, but it seems that the original (full?) translation was made around . Cf. MF . 99 See BMMa, BMMb.

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of the ash-tree, Fraxinus excelsior L.100 This is the earliest record of this Hebrew term, at least as far as we currently know. It subsequently features in the Hebrew translations of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) by Zerahyah ben Isaac ben She"altiel Hen . . and Nathan ha-Me"ati, who use ˘ the same Hebrew term øåôöä ïåùì (LSWN HS. PWR) for Arabic lis¯an al#us. f¯ur. Shem Tov did not just use the method of loan-translation in the field of botany and pharmaceutics101 but also in that of pathology, such as in the following case: ãöä úìòá (B#LT HS. D) in Bet  literally means something like ‘possessor of the side’, which is similar to the literal mean˘ ing of the Arabic term indicated by Shem Tov, áð§âìà úàã (D’T "LGNB, d¯at ¯ al-˘ganb) but which is also used to designate ‘costal pleurisy’. This medical meaning is confirmed by the Romance-Latin synonym plevesin non vera, which designates the same disease. The Hebrew term neither features in Ben Yehuda,102 nor in Even-Shoshan.103 Nathan ha-Me"ati uses this term in his Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VI, ), while his colleague Zerahyah ben Isaac ben She"altiel Hen . . uses the term ãöä éìåç (HWLY HS. D, ‘illness of the side’). . The creation of a new special terminology is especially striking with respect to different kinds of inflammations or tumors. Most of these appear in combination with the Hebrew term çîö (S. MH), . which already features in rabbinic literature with the special meaning of ‘morbid growth, swelling, ulcer’. We thus find úåòìöä ïéá çîö (S. MH . BYN HS. L#WT) in Sade  as an alternative term for the Arabic term d¯at al. ¯ g˘anb (‘costal pleurisy’) just mentioned, in contrast to äùôøèá çîö (S. MH . ˘ in Sade BTRP  for Arabic ˇsaws. a (the “real” pleurisy, as confirmed . SH) . by the Romance equivalent plevesin vera). Other examples are çåîä çîö (S. MH ) for Arabic sirs¯am (‘phrenitis’); ïéòä ïáåìá çîö . HMWH, . Sade . (S. MH ) for Arabic zurqa (‘glaucoma’); íãîãà çîö . BLWBN H#YN, Sade . (S. MH ) for Arabic fal˙gam¯un¯ı (‘inflamed tumor’); çîö . "DMDM, Sade . ) for Arabic mahba" (‘an ulcer ÷åîòå ìåãâ (S. MH . GDWL W#MWQ, Sade . ˘ çîö (SMH affecting the flesh, not the bones or tendons’); òáöàä ïøåôöá . . 100 In many cases, we find this type of correspondences in different languages, e.g.— for the term in question here—lingua avis in Latin, which may itself have been a loantranslation from Arabic. It cannot be definitively ascertained as to whether Arabic, Latin or another language was the direct model for this kind of correspondence (often crosslinguistically well established metaphors). Our considerations are thus to be viewed in light of this reservation. 101 See Sade  for another case of a botanical term. . 102 Millon ha-Lashon ha-Ivrit, abbr. BM. 103 Ha-Millon he-hadash, abbr. EM. .

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BS. PRWN H" S. B#, Sade ) for Arabic d¯ahis . (‘whitlow’); ïåùìä úçúî çîö . ˘ (S. MH MT HT HL SWN, Sade ) for Arabic dafda# (‘ranula’), and finally: . . . . øåòä ìëá íé÷ã íéçîö (S. MHYM DQYM BKL H#WR, Sade ) for Arabic . . but¯ur (‘pimples; small pustules’). ¯The method of creating new terms, in particular by literal translation, can sometimes also be observed with respect to the Romance terms, some of which cannot be found either in existing Occitan or Catalan documentation. An interesting example is ìéô ñðâéà éøéàô (P"YRY "YGNS PYL, Alef , MS P), which, despite being somewhat corrupt in all three manuscripts, can be identified without any doubt as the O. Occ. or O. Cat. expression peire enans fil(h) / paire enans fill literally meaning ‘father before son’. This phrase is an inverted translation of the Latin term filius ante patrem, which is a kind of extended version of the plant name antipater, the meaning of which is difficult to determine (see our commentary to entry Alef  on this matter). Another example is äàéãðéà æåð (NWZ "YNDY"H, nos india) for ‘coconut’ in Alef , which has been modeled after Arabic g˘awz hind¯ı or its Hebrew or Latin equivalent (éãåä æåâà, "GWZ HWDY, nux indica). In particular, it seems that Shem Tov attempts to apply the Latin or Arabic binary nomenclature in a systematic way when it is necessary to distinguish between a wild and a domestic variant, such as in the use of the adjectives *monta ‘mountainous’, salva(t)je ‘wild’ and fer ‘wild’ in àèðåî âééìåô (PWLYYG MWNT", . *pol(i)eg monta) in Yod , modelled after Arabic f¯udan˘g g˘abal¯ı (possibly meaning ‘catnip’), ˘ SLW"¯GY ˘ S, ˘ cardel(h)s salvajes), ‘wild chicory’ ùé§âàåìù ùìéãø÷ (QRDYLS in Ayin , literally ‘field endives’, according to the Arabic model hindab¯a" ˘ GY, ˘ carvi salva(t)ge) in Ayin  for ‘basbarr¯ı, é§âàáìù éåøàë (K"RWY SLB" tard cumin’, coined after Arabic kar¯awiy¯a g˘abal¯ı (Ayin ),104 and àâåèéì àøàô (LYTWG" P"R", laytuga fera, ‘wild lettuce’) for Arabic hass barr¯ı . ˘ (Het . ). Shem Tov uses the epithet *ortolan for the domestic variety, which is not documented anywhere else in the language as an adjective: ˘ ïàìåèøåà ïàøôù (SPR"N "WRTWL"N, *safran ortolan ‘garden safflower’) in . Het . . The occurrence of these Hebrew and Romance terms in the list raises the question of their originality. Are they the product of translation activity undertaken by earlier translators, translators working during the same period or medical authors whose works Shem Tov had access to or was he the first one to coin these new terms in order to fill the

104

As well as the Hebrew íéøä ñáøé÷ (QYRBS HRYM).



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gaps in the Hebrew (and partially Occitan) technical lexicon? Answering this question involves establishing which Hebrew translators were working before Shem Tov or at the same time to ascertain whether he might have been able to consult their translations of medical works, and pharmaceutical ones in particular, for their medical-pharmaceutical terminology. The only major translator who meets this criterion is Moses ben Samuel ibn Tibbon, who was already mentioned in section ., where we also expressed reservations about a direct connection to Shem Tov’s work. Two other major thirteenth century translators of medical works ben from Arabic into Hebrew, namely Nathan ha-Me"ati105 and Zerahyah . 106 mentioned above, were both active in Rome Isaac ben She"altiel Hen, . after Shem Tov, as Nathan worked between  and  and Zerahyah . between  and . Therefore, the occurrence of a similar botanical terminology in their translations of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (see above) can be ascribed to the influence of Shem Tov on their translation work, unless they drew on other, hitherto unknown sources. As we already mentioned, the question of whether Shem Tov consulted other synonym lists compiled by earlier authors cannot be answered definitively, as most of these lists are undated and unpublished, with research into such lists still in its infancy. Initial selective investigations into some of the lists in question point to a negative answer to this question, at least with regard to Hebrew. The same applies for Arabic compendia containing alphabetical lists of plants with synonyms in different languages, amongst them Hebrew, such as al-Idr¯ıs¯ı’s Kit¯ab al-j¯ami# li-sif¯at aˇst¯at annab¯at. Research on this compendium showed that the novel Hebrew terminology used by Shem Tov does not feature in this medical compendium. The final sources that could have been consulted by Shem Tov are original medical compositions in Hebrew with synonym terminology compiled at an earlier date than his glossary. The only surviving examples of such compositions are the Sefer Asaph, also called Sefer Refu"ot, 105 For Nathan ha-Me"ati (of Cento), see H. Vogelstein and P. Rieger, Geschichte der Juden in Rom,  vols, Berlin –, vol. , pp. –, M. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, p. ; G. Freudenthal, “Les sciences dans les communautés juives médiévales de Provence: Leur appropriation, leur rôle”, in Revue des études juives  (), pp. –, pp. – . 106 On Zerahyah see Vogelstein-Rieger, op. cit., vol. , pp. –, –; Stein. schneider, loc. cit.; A. Ravitzky, Mishnato shel R. Zerahyah b. Isaac b. She"altiel Hen . (Doct. . diss.), Jerusalem , pp. –; G. Bos, Aristotle’s De Anima. Translated into Hebrew by Zerahyah ben Isaac ben She"altiel Hen. A Critical Edition with an Introduction & Index, . . Leiden , pp. –; Freudenthal, op. cit., pp. –.

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a book known in Southern Italy in the tenth century which was reedited (or possibly even rewritten) by the Southern Italian doctor Shabbetai Donnolo107 and the Sefer ha-Yakar, also called Sefer Merkahot, . which was also written by Shabbetai Donnolo (–).108 However, after consulting these works whilst editing Shem Tov’s first list, it became clear to us that the terminology featured in them is very different from that used by Shem Tov. In summary, Shem Tov ben Isaac mainly employed two procedures to create a Hebrew medical terminology. He consulted the works of Sa#adya Ga"on, Jonah ibn Jan¯ah" . and the Geonim on the one hand in order to find Hebrew-Aramaic equivalents to the Arabic terms in question, whilst, on the other hand, he was compelled to employ new terminology created via loan-translation or semantic borrowing due to gaps in the existing Hebrew medical-botanical lexicon. As far as we know at the moment, several of these terms are attested for the first time in Shem Tov’s list, having been coined by him from Arabic and subsequently adopted by other translators such as Nathan ha-Me"ati and Zerahyah ben Isaac ben . 109 She"altiel Hen. . 107

Cf. Shatzmiller, Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, p. . For a recent discussion of the academic work contained in this book, see E. Lieber, “Asaf ’s Book of Medicines: A Hebrew Encyclopaedia of Greek and Jewish Medicine, possibly compiled in Byzantium according to an Indian model”, in J. Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, Cambridge Mass.,  (Dumbarton Oaks Papers, ), pp. –. For the materia medica in the Sefer Asaph see especially L. Venetianer, “Asaf Judaeus. Der aelteste medizinische Schriftsteller in hebraeischer Sprache,” abbr. AV. 108 Cf. Shatzmiller, op. cit.; H.J. Zimmels, “Science”, in C. Roth (ed.), The Dark Ages. Jews in Christian Europe –, New Brunswick  (The World History of the Jewish People. Second Series: Medieval Period. Volume Two), chapter XII: Aspects of Jewish Culture, pp. –. The Sefer ha-Mirkahot . was edited by S. Muntner, in R. Shabbetai Donnolo. Kitvei ha-Refu"ah, Jerusalem , pp. –. For a new edition see L. Ferre, ˇ “Donnolo’s Sefer ha-yaqar: New Edition with English Translation”, Sabbe tay Donnolo. ¯ Scienza e cultura ebraica nell’Italia del secolo X. A cura di Giancarlo Lacerenza, Naples  (Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor LXVI), pp. –. 109 Some of these terms are: øùá úåãåâà ("GWDWT BSR, ˘ ‘ganglions’, Alef ); ãöä úìòá ˘ (B#LT HS. D, ‘pleurisy’, Bet ); ïúùä úôèä (HTPT HSTN, “dribbling of urine” = ‘strangury’, . He ); íéòîä úãòîä (HM#DT HM#YM, Dysenteria spuria, He ); ïéòä áðæ (ZNB H#YN, ‘the exterior angle of the eye’, Zayin ); âåç (HWG, ‘vertigo’, Het . . ); øôàä éìç (HLY . H"PR, ‘ophthalmia’, Het . ); áöòä úúéôì (LPYTT H#S. B, ‘strained nerves’, Lamed ); ÷øæî (MZRQ, ‘syringe’, Mem ); íèåçä õ÷åò (#WQS. HHW ‘end, extremity of the nose’ = . TM, . ‘the wing of the nose’, Ayin ); ãåâøô (PRGWD, ‘curtain’ = ‘diaphragm’, Pe ); úåôôø ˘ ˘ (RPPWT, ‘twitching, palpitation’, Resh ); ïúùä úôøù (SRPT HSTN, ‘dysuria’, Shin ); ˘ úåôéù (SYPWT, ‘dentifrice’, Shin ).



introduction . The Vernacular Element .. Jewish-Romance Literature

It is commonly known that the use of Hebrew characters for nonHebrew purposes is not exceptional. There are many texts in Hebrew characters from a range of Romance languages such as Spanish, Catalan, Occitan, Italian and French, particularly texts from the Middle Ages.110 An important distinction has to be made between the Judeo-Spanish that became commonplace in the diaspora following the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and the medieval documentation of Romance languages in Hebrew characters in Spain and in other Romance speaking territories. Whereas Judeo-Spanish, which underwent a clear historical development, can be classified as a special group of Spanish varieties or even as a language of its own, the medieval manifestations of Romance in Hebrew characters largely correspond to the Romance languages and dialects as they were spoken by both Jews and Christians at that time. This is in accordance with the fact that the idea of special Jewish-Romance varieties originally posed by Blondheim111 cannot be maintained from a modern point of view, as has been shown, for example, by Banitt,112 and, for Spanish in particular, by Minervini.113 As far as O. Occ. is concerned, the same has been shown by Aslanov,114 who also notes

110

Cf. J. Kramer and S. Kowallik, Einführung in die hebräische Schrift, Hamburg, , p. XIV; M. Sala, “Die romanischen Judensprachen”, in LRL , pp. –, see p.  for a detailed discussion; H.V. Sephiha, “Problématique du judéo-espagnol”, in Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris  (), pp. –; W. Busse, “Zur Problematik des Judenspanischen”, in Neue Romania  (), pp. –. For Catalan, see, e.g., the Cants de noces (J. Riera i Sans, Cants de noces dels jueus catalans, Barcelona ). For Old Spanish, see L. Minervini, Testi giudeospagnoli medievali (Castiglia e Aragona),  vols, Naples . French texts in Hebrew characters are less common; cf. the overviews in J. Zwink, “Etude lexicographique du traité anonyme Fevres: une compilation médicale en ancien français, écrite en caractères hébraïques”, in Panace@ VII /  (), pp. – and G. Bos / G. Mensching / J. Zwink, “A late medieval Hebrew-French glossary of biblical animal names”, in Romance Philology  (), pp. –. Also cf. BF. 111 D.S. Blondheim, Les parlers judéo-romans et la Vetus Latina. Etude sur les rapports entre les traductions bibliques en langue romane des Juifs au Moyen Age et les anciennes versions, Paris . 112 M. Banitt, “Une langue fantôme: le judéo-français”, in Revue de Linguistique Romane  (), pp. –; also cf. Sala, op. cit., p. . 113 Op. cit. 114 ShK –.

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that we have to distinguish between the Shuadit or Judeo-Comtadine (spoken until nearly the end of the twentieth century in the modern French departement of Vaucluse), a real Judeo-Romance variety which developed later, and such medieval texts.115 Examples of important O. Occ. texts transmitted in the Hebrew alphabet include a fragment of the Esther Poem and a collection of prayers (“Rituel”),116 with both texts written entirely in Hebrew characters. Whereas the latter represents a rather literal word-by-word translation from Hebrew, the Esther Poem reflects the O. Occ. language of the time perfectly. Other poetic texts in which Hebrew and Occitan are combined also exist, as well as short passages, single words and numerous glosses in Hebrew texts.117 On the lexicographic side, important documents are ˘ sot ha-Kesef (ShK) by Joseph Caspi, a dictionary of Hebrew word the Sarˇ roots with their Occitan correspondences, and a similar, older work by 118 The reader is referred to Aslanov’s seminal edition of David Kimhi. . ˘ the Sarˇsot ha-Kesef for more extensive documentation and discussion of Hebrew-Occitan literature. O. Occ. medical texts and terms in Hebrew characters have not traditionally received any research attention, to some extent because the Romance language in such texts had not even been identified as Occitan.119 Several synonym lists as well as medical prose texts that contain 115 “[. . . E]n Provence, avant que les Juifs ne soient reclus dans leurs carrières, la langue parlée par les Juifs ne devait guère différer de celle qui était en usage chez les Gentils” ˘ ). (ShK 116 A. Neubauer and P. Meyer, “Le roman provençal d’Esther par Crescas de Caylar, médecin juif du XIV siècle”, in Romania  (), pp. –; S.M. Silberstein, The Provençal Esther poem written in Hebrew Characters c.  by Crescas de Caylar, Critical Edition, PhD Diss., Philadelphia ; M. Lazar, “La traduction hébraïco-provençale du Rituel (Manuscrit inédit du XVe siècle)”, in Mélanges de langue et littérature du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance offerts à Jean Frappier,  vols, Geneva , vol. , pp. – . 117 M. Lazar, “Épithalames bilingues hébraïco-romans dans deux manuscrits du XV siècle”, in I. Cluzel and F. Pirot (eds), Mélanges de philologie romane dédiés à la mémoire de Jean Butière,  vols, Liège , vol. , pp. –; M. Schwab, “Un acte de vente hébreu du XIVe siècle”, in Revue des Études Juives  (), pp. –; idem, “Livre de Comptes de Mardoché Joseph (manuscrit hébréo-provençal)”, in Notes et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale et d’autres bibliothèques  (), pp. –; A. Thomas, “Gloses provençales de source juive”, in Ann. du Midi  (), pp. –; G. Vajda, “Quelques mots à propos du manuscrit hébreu  de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris”, in Revue des Études Juives  (), pp. –. 118 D. Kimhi, Sefer ha-Shorashim, ed. J.H. Biesenthal and F. Lebrecht, Berlin , repr. . Jerusalem . 119 See Bos / Mensching, “Shem Tov Ben Isaac, Glossary of Botanical Terms, Nos. –” and HebMedSyn; outside the field of medicine, ShK –.



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O. Occ. glosses have been identified within the context of various projects by the authors of this edition.120 One example of the latter is the Hebrew fragment of the Latin-versed Macer Floridus (MF), from which we were able to isolate around  O. Occ. words. A great deal more material can be found in Moses ibn Tibbon’s translation of Ibn al-Jazz¯ar’s Z¯ad al-mus¯afir wa-q¯ut al-h¯ . adir (Provisions for the Traveller and the Nourishment for the Sedentary), book VII, chapters –, where the translator mostly uses Occitan rather than Hebrew for translating Arabic terms.121 In our text, as in other Hebrew texts with Romance elements, the Romance languages are usually referred to as æòì (La#az). This word122 was already used in the Mishnah to designate “barbarous”, i.e., nonHebrew languages, and for Greek in particular. In the Middle Ages, the term La#az also began to be used to refer to Romance languages. An early documentation of this extended meaning to refer to a Romance language can be found in Rashi, who used the term La#az to designate the French dialect of the Southern Champagne.123 .. The Old Occitan Language and How It Is Reflected in the Text In this and the following four subsections, we focus on the Romance material found in the synonym list edited in this volume. We shall see that the three manuscripts sometimes show different dialectal forms of Occitan and, to a varying degree, some elements from Catalan. Since the exact filiation of the three manuscripts (cf. section .) remains rather obscure, we are unable to ascertain definitively which elements stem originally from Shem Tov and which represent changes introduced by later copyists. In addition, we do not even know which Romance linguistic variety Shem Tov employed in his lists. Due to the relatively 120

See HebMedSyn. There are some other publications of medical texts in Hebrew that contain Catalan material. See GHAT, OLD and PJP, as well as L. Ferre / M. McVaugh (eds), The “Tabula Antidotarii” of Armengaud Blaise and its Hebrew Translation, Philadelphia  (= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. ,); L. Ferre, “La terminología médica en las versiones hebreas de textos latinos”, in Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos  (), pp. –; C. Caballero-Navas, The Book of Women’s Love and Jewish Medical Literature on Women. Sefer Ahavat Nashim, London . 122 Cf. the occurrence of the root æòì in the Bible (Ps :), where it has the meaning ‘to talk in an unintellegible language’. 123 Cf. Bos / Mensching / Zwink, op. cit. For a detailed discussion of the history, meaning and connotations of this term, cf. ShK – and M. Banitt, art. “La"az”, in E.J. : ff. In our edition, we translate La#az as other language (abbr. o.l.) 121

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small proportion of words clearly identifiable as Catalan (cf. section .), it seems probable that Shem Tov, who compiled the list in Southern France, used Occitan and not his native language Catalan. Since the Sefer ha-Shimmush was written during Shem Tov’s stay in Marseille, it may also be conjectured that he used the Provençal dialect. This would conform to a small number of Provençal characteristics that can be found in all manuscripts (cf. section .). On the other hand, the time he previously spent in Montpellier, which is in the Eastern Languedocian dialect zone, could also explain some occasional Languedocian features in his writings. Such considerations must, however, be treated as conjecture for the time being; we are only able to analyse the evidence provided by the three manuscripts in the following. Among the linguistic varieties that had arisen from Vulgar Latin by the end of the first millennium ad, those spoken in France have traditionally been divided into two major groups: the so-called oïl-varieties in the North and the oc-varieties in the South. This nomenclature, which has its origin in the Middle Ages, stems from the particles meaning ‘yes’ in the respective varieties. In a simplified manner, it can be said that the Northern varieties are representatives of the langue de oïl or French, whereas the Southern varieties correspond to a different language, the langue d’oc or Occitan. The latter has survived until today as a minority language in Southern France, but was a prestigious and highly influential literary language during the Middle Ages, especially via the poetry of the troubadours. The need to differentiate between Old Occitan (c. – ) and Middle Occitan (c. –)124 is not generally accepted; we shall follow the Dictionnaire de l’Occitan Médieval (DOM) by referring to the Occitan language during the Middle Ages as Old Occitan. This issue is not of relevance for Shem Tov himself, since his glossaries were compiled in the thirteenth century. However, the manuscripts that we are editing here stem from the fourteenth century (cf. .), and thus probably from the beginning of the so-called Middle Occitan period. Roughly speaking, the Occitan territory comprises the modern political regions of Aquitaine, Limousin, Midi-Pyrénées, Provence-AlpesCôte d’Azur, and parts of the regions of Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes and Languedoc Roussillon.125 It seems that the Occitan linguistic territory 124

Cf. POc  and P. Bec, La langue occitane, Paris  (Que sais-je? nº ), p. . Catalan is spoken in the historical Roussillon part. Outside the boundaries of modern France, Occitan is spoken in the North-Western corner of Catalonia in Spain and in some valleys in Piemont and Liguria, Italy. 125

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was roughly the same in the Middle Ages, maybe extending slightly further to the North to reach the River Loire.126 Occitan has always consisted of various dialects, whereas the literary language used in the poetry of the troubadours in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries appears fairly uniform.127 In other domains, such as the language used in legal documents, Romance philology scholars have been able to distinguish between different regionally determined writing traditions (scriptae).128 For our purposes, such issues are largely irrelevant for two reasons: firstly, the question of scriptae or koiné formation has never been addressed for medical texts,129 and, secondly, Hebrew-Romance writing traditions developed separately from scriptae based on the Latin alphabet and thus have to be studied within the Sephardic writing traditions. We shall return to the issue of which dialects are reflected in our manuscripts below. In the following, we briefly sketch some of the characteristics of O. Occ., which are illustrated using examples from our text. This section is intended to enable readers from outside the field of Romance philology to follow our argumentation. The main purpose of this section is thus to illustrate why the Romance vocabulary in our synonym list has to be considered as Occitan. Determining the status of Occitan as either a Gallo-Romance or an Ibero-Romance language is both difficult and highly controversial. It resembles Catalan more than French with respect to numerous features, particularly in the Middle Ages. Some features, on the other hand, may equally justify grouping Occitan together with French, such as the two case inflection common to both Old French and O. Occ., which differentiated between a nominative or “rectus” and an oblique case. These oblique forms began to be generalised over the course of

126

Cf. Bec, op. cit., p. ; G. Kremnitz, Das Okzitanische: Sprachgeschichte und Soziologie, Tübingen , p. ; POc . 127 The literary language has traditionally been considered as a koiné. Cf. M.-D. Gleßgen and M. Pfister, “Okzitanische Koine. La koinè occitane”, in LRL vol. ,, pp. – . 128 Cf. the articles nos. – in LRL ,: M.-D. Gleßgen and M. Pfister, “Okzitanische Scriptaformen I. Limousin, Périgord”, pp. –; A. Lodge, “Okzitanische Scriptaformen II. Auvergne”, pp. –; M.-D. Gleßgen and J. Wüest, “Okzitanische Scriptaformen III. Provence, Dauphinois”, pp. –; J. Wüest, “Okzitanische Scriptaformen IV. Languedoc”, pp. –; J. Allières, “Okzitanische Scriptaformen V. Gascogne, Béarn”, pp. –. 129 The language used in Occitan medical texts has been studied by M.S. Corradini Bozzi (CB); it appears that they are written in individual dialects (partially reflecting those of the copyists).

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

time, and we can suppose that this case system was already instable at the time when Shem Tov was working130 and had vanished altogether by the fourteenth century when the copies of our manuscripts were made. Since the old nominative singular forms are in many cases homophonous with the oblique plural forms, they cannot be identified in a text such as ours, where the words occur in isolation without any syntactic context.131 There are several clear sound shift phenomena that separate Occitan from French, or, more precisely, the oïl-varieties of Northern France,132 which can also be seen more or less clearly in Shem Tov’s synonym lists. We shall only mention a few here: ) The voiceless stops of Latin in intervocalic position, which had become voiced in Western Proto-Romance,133 vanished in French in the case of -T- and -C- (VITA > vie, AMICA > amie), whereas -P- became a fricative (RIPA > rive).134 The Western Proto-Romance voiced stops are preserved in Occitan (as in Ibero-Romance) (RIPA > riba, VITA > vida, AMICA > amiga). In our text, we find àãåø (RWD") for ‘garden rue’ (Pe ), which could represent Occitan ruda (< lat. RUTA), but not French rue with the loss of the intervocalic stop. Similarly, Western Proto-Romance /g/ from Latin /k/ is preserved in øéâåð (NWGYR), noguer, ‘walnut tree’ (Alef ) and àâåèéì (LYTWG"), laytuga, ‘lettuce’ . (Het , ), in contrast to French noyer and laitue (< Latin LACTUCA, . Vulgar Latin *nucarium). ) In French, stressed Latin E and O became diphthongised in open syllables, but remained intact in Occitan (note that diphthongs are represented in our text, cf. section .). Therefore, øåìô (PLWR, Sade  and Pe ) or ìéî (MYL, Kaf , MSS O and V) . should be read as Occitan flor and mel and not as Old French miel and flour. ) In French, as in almost all Romance languages, the Latin diphthong AU was monophthongised, usually to o, while in Occitan the diphthong remained au, as in Lat. AURUM > Occ. aur (in contrast to or in

130

POc –. For some words in our text, a rectus reading may be more or less probable, for ˇ cauls, ‘cabbage’ (Kaf ). However, in all cases, these kinds of forms example Q(")WLS, can be read as the plural form. In most cases, the plural hypothesis can be confirmed by the Arabic and Hebrew synonyms. 132 Cf. A.C. Di Girolamo / C. Lee, Avviamento alla filologia provenzale, Rome , p. . 133 All Romance varieties except for Central and Southern Italian and Romanian. 134 Only originally voiced intervocalic plosives disappeared in Occitan and Catalan (e.g., SUDOREM > suor). 131

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French).135 Thus, in Gimel , we find øåàã (D’WR, MS P) and øáàã (D’BR, MS O, V) with the meaning ‘of gold’, which most probably represents Occ. d’aur.136 Like French, Occitan belongs to the Western Romance language group,137 which can be easily distinguished from the Eastern group (Central and Southern Italian and Romanian) based on the voicing of stops that is described in () above, which is absent from the latter (i.e., the stops remain voiceless). This criterion as well as, to some extent at least, the one mentioned in () also apply to other members of the Western group. However, Occitan behaves differently from most other Western Romance languages. For example, all varieties of the Iberian Peninsula with the exception of Catalan, which will be discussed below, have retained the vowel that developed from the Latin ending -um, usually /o/. Thus, from Latin APIUM, FRISCUM, OLEUM, and PINUM we obtain Spanish apio, fresco, olio and pino, which contrast with Occitan api, fresc, oli and pin. The latter are represented exactly in our syn˘ Tet ), éìåà ("WLY, onym lists as éôà ("PY, Kaf ), ÷ùéøô (PRYSQ, Shin , , ) and ïéô (PYN, Alef ). This feature is shared by Catalan, as are most of the other characteristics mentioned above for Occitan. In fact, many of the Romance elements in our synonym lists can be interpreted either as Occitan or as Catalan, and in some cases, it is only these two languages that would even come into consideration. For example, the variant brufol for ‘buffalo’, clearly represented in Mem  as ìåôåøá (BRWPWL), cannot be found in any other Romance language, with Occitan and Catalan being the only two Romance languages that demonstrate a parasitic r in this word, which is derived from Late Latin bufalus. The question of whether the Romance material in Shem Tov’s synonym lists is Catalan rather than Occitan or whether it contains at least some elements of Catalan is an important one, because, although Shem Tov worked in the Occitan-speaking city of Marseille, he was born in 135 Catalan generally behaves like French in this respect, but note that the variant aur existed alongside or in the case at issue. 136 At least word-initially, åà ("W) could represent either au or o, but the alternative spelling áà ("B) unequivocously represents au, e.g., in èðéîåôøáà ("BRPWMYNT, . Samekh ) for O. Occ. aurpiment (MS V) alongside èð(é)îéôøåà ("WRPYM(Y)NT) . in the other manuscripts. See . for further discussion. 137 The Western Romance territory extends roughly to the North and the West of a line connecting the Italian cities of La Spezia and Rimini up to the Portuguese Atlantic coast.

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

Tortosa, meaning his native language was Catalan. The problem is that these two languages share many more properties than those just mentioned and were even more similar in the Middle Ages than they are today. It is often relatively easy to differentiate between the two languages in texts written in Latin characters, as they each employ different spelling conventions. Thus, the last syllable of the word for chestnut contains a palatal n ([ɲ]) in both languages but was typically spelled castanha in Occitan and castanya in Catalan.138 However, the Hebrew spelling follows the pronunciation instead, so that forms such as àéðèù÷ (QS˘TNY") . or àééðàèù÷ (QS˘T"NYY", Ayin ) are unable to provide any help when . it comes to distinguishing between the two languages. There are, however, some differences that do indicate that the language of our text is, for the most part at least, Occitan and not Catalan:139 ) The [dz] sound, which is derived from (Vulgar) Latin intervocalic [k], was lost in Catalan but preserved in Occitan,140 such as in O. Occ. cozen(t) versus O. Cat. coent for ‘cooking’. Taking into account the fact that the sound represented by the letter z in Occitan is often represented by Dalet (see section . below), the variant èðéãå÷ (QWDYNT) . in Bet  cannot be interpreted as Catalan but rather exclusively as Occitan. ) Similarly, Latin intervocalic -d- was lost in Catalan in most cases, but was often preserved in Occitan, hence coda versus coa ‘tail’.141 Our manuscripts uniformly show the Occitan form, àãå÷ (QWD") (Zayin ). ) Conversely, for the Latin LEGUMEN, the -g- was lost in Occitan (lium) but preserved in Catalan (llegum); the former is reflected in the plural forms ˘ in our text (Zayin ). ) As we have seen above, (e.g. ùðîåéì LYWMNS) diphthongs derived from stressed Latin E and O are absent from Occitan, with diphthongs developing in other cases however, primarily when

Note, however, that there were many different spelling variants for the sound [ɲ] in both languages. 139 Some distinguishing properties are only apparent because they are the result of later developments. Thus, e.g., the shift of word final /ts/ to the semivowel [w] is not reflected in texts from before the fifteenth century, although the sound shift is supposed to have happened earlier (cf. our commentary to entry Alef ). Thus, ñåð (NWS) or æåð (NWZ) in Alef  and  reflects O. Occ. notz or nos, ‘nut’ but also an early O. Cat. form, in contrast to the modern nou. 140 Cf. MollGram , POc . 141 Cf. MollGram –, POc . When it is not lost, it was usually transformed to [z]. For the word in question, coa is documented both for Occ. and Cat., whereas Occ. also had the forms coda and coza (RL :a; FEW –:b). Since, as stated above, intervocalic Dalet often represents [z] (also cf. .), the form àãå÷ could also represent coza, which would still be exclusively Occitan. 138

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these vowels were open and followed by a Yod.142 Thus, from Latin BISCOCTUM, where the nexus [kt] changed into [jt] in Proto-Western Romance, we get bescueit in Occitan. In Catalan, this vowel was reduced to i,143 so that the corresponding result is bescuit. Our text shows the ˘ Occitan variant, èééå÷ù(é)á (B(Y)SQWYY T, . Kaf ); note that the diphthong is represented by YY.144 ) Another example where O. Occ. demonstrates a diphthong where O. Cat. has a monophthong instead is provided by words whose suffixes stem from Latin -ARIUS, which appears as -ier in O. Occ. and -er in Cat.,145 such as fornier vs. forner ‘baker’, where the diphthong is clearly visible in all three manuscripts (øééðøåô, PWRNYYR, Pe ).146 ) One particular characteristic of Occitan is the so-called “n-mobile”, a “single N in Latin that became final through loss of the last syllable”.147 This n was lost in many Occitan dialects as it was in Catalan;148 in writing, it was sometimes included and sometimes omitted in O. Occ., at least in Latin script based writing traditions.149 In our synonym list, the n-mobile is always almost spelt out, such as in ïåâ(à)øã (DR(")GWN, dragon, ‘dragon’, Dalet ), which thus represents O. Occ. dragon ‘dragon’ and not O. Cat. drago. We shall return to the n-mobile in section .. Apart from such uniform results of sound shift phenomena, the two languages can sometimes be distinguished due to differences in their respective vocabularies. Thus, for example, the verb esterilhar ‘to stretch’ in Gimel ) does not seem to exist in any other (øàéìéøèùà, " S˘TRYLY"R . Romance language apart from Occitan and is thus absent from Catalan too. A similar case is àðåðà ("NWN") in Dalet , which represents

142

POc –. Cf. MollGram , for the general monophthongation rule in Catalan. 144 Also see the feminine participle form àèééå÷ (QWYYT") ‘cooked’ in Dalet , repre. senting Occitan cueita but not Catalan cuita. 145 Cf. MollGram , POc –. 146 In other cases, we find diverging forms in the different manuscripts. E.g., in Bet , the spelling of the somewhat corrupt form øééâééãà ("DYYGYYR) reflects the ending -ier of O. Occ., aiguier ‘drain for water’, whereas MS P has øéâéà ("YGYR). In the latter case, we are, of course, unable to tell whether the Catalan variant aiguer is meant or whether the diphthong was just not represented. 147 POc . This is different from the Latin NT, which produced a stable n, also cf. POc . 148 According to A. Griera i Gaja, Gramàtica històrica del català antic, Barcelona , p. , and MollGram , the -n appears sporadically in Catalan texts written no later than the thirteenth century. 149 Cf. POc loc. cit. 143

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O. Occ. an(n)on(n)a, ‘wheat, cereal’, a word which does not seem to have existed in O. Cat., as is the case with malviscle ‘marshmallow’ (éì÷ùéåìî, ˘ MLWYSQLY, Het . ). Sometimes, irregular sound shift phenomena or different Vulgar Latin traditions led to different results in both languages. Some examples are: – O. Occ aisens or eisens for ‘absinth’ vs. O. Cat. donzell, see ñðùéà ˘ ˘ S. ) in Alef . The Catalan variant ìéæðåã ("YSNS) / õðéù(é)éà ("Y(Y)SYN (DWNZYL) can be found in a MS from the Iberian Peninsula.150 – The form nerta for ‘myrtle’ is exclusively Occitan, whereas murta is both Occitan and Catalan. All three manuscripts contain nerta (àèøéð, NYRT" . / äèøéð, NYRTH . in Alef ). – O. Occ. limas(s)a vs. O. Cat. llimac (‘snail’, ‘slug’), see àñàîì (LM’S") / àöîéì (LYMS. ") in Het . . – O. Occ. sorba for ‘fruit of the service tree’. Catalan has forms with e instead of o, serba / serva. The variant with o can be seen particularly ˘ ˘ Ayin ). well in the plural form ù(à)áøåù (SWRB(") S, – O. Occ. romeze / ronse, éæîåø (RWMZY) in Qof , vs. O. Cat. romeguera, ‘blackberry’, which appears in Hebrew transcription as äøéâîåø (RWMGYRH) in a synonym list of Catalan origin (GHAT). – O. Occ. ili ‘iris’; O. Cat. has forms with l- or ll-, such as lliri. Our text contains the Occ. variant: éìéà ("YLY) (Shin ). ˘ in Gimel , ‘gypsum’. O. Cat. had forms – O. Occ. gip, óé§â (GYP) ending in -s, such as gibs, giss, among others. – à(é)éð(à)ì(é)ô (P(Y)L(")NY(Y)") in Alef  seems to be O. Occ. pelonha or a non-documented O. Occ. form *pelanha (cf. Mod. Occ. pelagno), whereas only pelaina is documented for Catalan. Examples of this type are clearly more frequent than counterexamples, i.e., typically Catalan forms, of which there seem to be very few. We will discuss this matter further in section . once the issue of dialectal variation within Occitan has been addressed. .. Dialectal Variation Occitan is divided into several dialects, the exact characteristics of which we are unable to discuss in any great detail here. Determining the dialect or dialects of the three manuscripts in an exact manner is equally not our

150

Cf. HebMedSyn .

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primary concern here. Such a task is not an easy one anyway, since not all the features necessary for determining the provenance of an O. Occ. text are reflected in the Hebrew graphic system. We shall, nevertheless, attempt to address at least some aspects of this issue. A major distinction is usually made between Northern and Southern varieties. One characteristic property of the former is that velar plosives before [a] became palatalised, see examples such as chastel, brancha, plaja compared to castel, branca, plaga in the South.151 Since our manuscripts contain no trace of this palatalisation, we can restrict our discussion to the Southern varieties, namely Languedocian, which covers the area between the rivers Garonne and Rhône, and Provençal, which comprises the ancient county of Provence, the county of Venaissin and the cities of Avignon, Marseille, and Nice.152 We can narrow down the territory further based on the occurrence of the n-mobile (cf. .), which regularly appears spelt out in our text, cf. ïåøá (BRWN, brun, ‘brown, dark’, Gimel , Tet talon, ‘heel’, Qof ), ïéô (PYN, pin, ‘pine. ), ïåìè (TLWN, . tree’, Alef ), ïåâ(à)øã (DR(")GWN, dragon, ‘dragon’, Dalet ), ïàô (P"N, ˘ "WRTWL(")N, *safran pan, ‘bread’, Lamed ), ï(à)ìåèøåà ïàøôù (SPR"N . 153 This feature, which is common ortolan, ‘garden safflower’, in Het ). . to all three manuscripts, indicates that they stem from a zone where the final n had not disappeared. Such a feature is typical of the zone east of the Rhône and around Nîmes,154 which leads us to exclude the Languedocian territory and restrict the language primarily to the Provençal dialect, excluding the Western part of the Rhodanien subdialect. It is ˘ sot worth noting that another list of Hebrew-Romance glosses, the Sarˇ ha-Kesef by Joseph Caspi (ShK, see .), which was identified as being essentially Rhodanien by its editor Cyril Aslanov, consequently omits the n-mobile.155 The Provençal dialect zone east of the Rhône to where the Romance variety used in our synonym list can be localised also corresponds to the main region in which the word nerta for ‘myrtle’ (cf. .) is found. According to Von Wartburg, this form actually originated in 151

According to Di Girolamo / Lee, op. cit., pp. –. Ibidem. 153 There is only one striking exception, namely àèðåî âééìåô (PWLYYG MWNT", . *pol(i)eg monta) in Yod . 154 Cf. R. Sampson, Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance. Oxford / New York , p. ; K. Kutscha, Das sogenannte n-mobile im Alt- und Neuprovenzalischen, Halle (Saale)  (= Romanistische Arbeiten ). 155 ShK, p. . The editor remarks that the situation is similar in the case of the Esther poem (cf. Neubauer and Meyer, op. cit.; Silberstein, op. cit.) 152

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Marseille and spread in a mostly Northern direction along the Rhône and towards the East.156 Although all this would seem to tie in with the fact that Shem Tov wrote the synonym lists in Marseille and was therefore likely to have used the local linguistic variety in doing so, the picture is not actually as uniform as it might seem at first glance. For example, the word àìøåâå÷ QWGWRL", cogorla, for ‘pumpkin’ used in Dalet  is an Eastern Languedocian157 word. The -it- resulting from Latin -CT- mentioned in . is also typically found in the Languedoc variety,158 whereas in Provençal it is palatalised to form [tʃ] (usually spelled ch). Our synonym list contains the -it- forms, aside from a few exceptions in one of the manuscripts.159 In addition to the features already discussed, which are common to all three manuscripts, we also find differences that are specific to each individual manuscript, which can most likely be put down to the different linguistic varieties used by the copyists. It thus appears that V and P contain some more typically Languedocian elements. Thus, èøéùàì ˘ T, (L" SYR . for ‘lizard’), which is used in manuscript V in Kaf , has to be interpreted as lazert, a variant type (including forms without -t) that can be classified as Western Provençal and Eastern Languedocian, encompassing the Montpellier variety, whereas manuscript P shows the variant èøéáãì (LDBYRT). . If our interpretation is correct, this variant represents an incorrect spelling of lauzert, which has been documented in an Old Languedocian text from the fifteenth century; judging from its modern distribution, it seems to be an essentially Western Languedocian and Gascon form.160 However, some other forms in this manuscript

156

Cf. W. v. Wartburg, Von Sprache und Mensch. Gesammelte Aufsätze. Bern , pp. –; FEW –:b; G. Mensching and G. Bos, “Une liste de synonymes médicobotaniques en caractères hébraïques avec des éléments occitans et catalans”, A. Rieger (ed.), Actes du neuvième Congrès International de l’AIEO, Aix-la-Chapelle, – août , Aachen, in press. 157 And Northern Occitan, Auvergnat in particular, but for the reasons already mentioned we do not consider this here. 158 Cf. M.R. Harris, The Occitan Translations of John XII and XIII–XVII from a Fourteenth-Century Franciscan Codex, Philadelphia , pp. –. 159 E.g., àèééå÷ (QWYYT", cueita, ‘cooked’) in Dalet , àâåè(é)éì (LY(Y)TWG", leituga, . . ˘ ‘lettuce’), in Het T, . , èééå÷ù(é)á (B(Y)SQWYY . bescueit, ‘biscuit’) in Kaf , (ù)àè(é)éàô ˘ faita(s)) in Mem . The situation is rather more complicated, since the -it(P"Y(Y)T"( . S), forms also existed in the koiné, although the koiné was not a point of reference for the Jewish authors and scribes. 160 Another possibility is that èøéáãì (LDBYRT) represents the modern Gascon variant . ladert.



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which might be interpreted as Gascon161 could also be Catalan: see for ˘ example the variants èáø÷ùà (" SQRB T), . escaravat ‘beetle’ (Het . ) and ˘ ˘ ùâùéøô (PRYSGS), pressex, ‘peeches’ in Pe . MS O is the only manuscript whose origin we know about (cf. ..): it was copied in Trets (Provence), which is located on the border of the modern departments of Var and Bouches du Rhône between Mount Sainte-Victoire and the Monts Auréliens. This localisation can, in fact, be confirmed by some specific dialectal features of the manuscript: the variant èøéáðéàì (L"YNBYRT; . for ‘lizard’, Kaf ) is clearly identifiable as laïmbert, documented in a text from Provence from the fifteenth century (FEW :a); in modern times, it can still be found in a territory South of the Loire River, while similar forms can be found all over the Provençal dialect area.162 We sometimes find typical palatalised results of Latin -CT- in the same manuscript, which would also indicate a Nun Provençal provenance for this manuscript: âééàøèðå÷ (QWNTR"YYG, . ), representing contrach rather than the Languedocian style èéé(à)øèðå÷ (QWNTR(")YY T, . . contrait) in the other two manuscripts; the same pala˘ Het talisation phenomenon can be observed in âéáàø÷ùà (" SQR"BYG, . ), probably to be read escaravaig (pronounced [eskaraβatʃ]), ‘beetle’. .. Catalan, French and Latin In spite of the clear Occitan character of the Romance material in Shem Tov’s synonym lists, some Catalan elements can still be found. In Ayin , ˘ which corresponds to O. Cat. salze, ‘willow’ (< Lat. we find éæìù (SLZY), SALICEM). O. Occ. shows the Galloromance shift from l to u after back vowels and thus has forms such as sauz(e). The same phenomenon can also be found in ãìà÷éð(à)ô (P(")NYQ"LD, Ayin , MSS P and O), representing Catalan panicalt for Eryngium campestre L.; note, however, that MS V contains the Occitan form panicaut spelt èáà÷éðàô (P"NYQ"BT). . ˘ for ‘warts’ in Yod , manuscript Another example is ùâåøåá (BWRWGS) P, which seems to be the plural of the Catalan variant borruga very fre˘ quent in the Pyrenees, whereas the other MSS have ù(à)âøá (BRG(")S),

161

ALF maps  and . Cf. MTerMed and M. Pfister, “Review of Maria Sofia Corradini / Blanca Periñán (edd.), Giornate di Studio di Lessicografia Romanza. Il linguaggio scientifico e tecnico (medico, botanico, farmaceutico e nautico) fra Medioevo e Rinascimento, Pisa, ”, in ZrP  (), pp. –. 162

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allowing an Occitan reading berrugas; two possible further Catalan variants in the same manuscript (escaravat and pressex) have already been discussed in section .. Latin word initial L changed to a palatal [ʎ] in Catalan, but remained [l] in Occitan (see also section . below). There are only two cases in which the Catalan forms are clearly shown, both of which are exclusive to MS O. One is éøàåèééì (LYYTW"RY), reflecting O. Cat. lletuari, ‘electuary’ . ˘ for ‘plates of in Nun , MS O, while the other is ùéãðéì (LYNDYS) metal’ in Pe , which also shows the Catalan plural ending -es, thus corresponding to O. Cat. llandes. A final clear example found in all three ˘ S, ˘ Alef manuscripts is Catalan anpréssecs, ‘peaches’, ùâùéøôðà ("NPRYSG ), which is clearly visible in MS P, with the other MSS showing corrupt or undocumented variants.163 Finding a suitable interpretation for these elements is not easy. The only cases for which all three manuscripts have Catalan forms are those mentioned for Ayin  and Alef , salze and anpréssecs. It might be that these represent Catalanisms introduced accidentally by Shem Tov from his mother tongue into the glossary that he had conceived as essentially Occitan. All other cases are restricted to manuscripts P and O. Are these Catalan relicts from Shem Tov’s original manuscript that the copyist of MS V substituted for the Occitan variants? Or were they introduced by the copyists of MSS P and O from a shared ancestor manuscript of both?164 Note that, since the evidence presented in section . suggests that manuscript P was copied in the Western Languedocian zone, the copyist might have come from a place adjacent to the Catalan speaking territories, or from Catalonia itself. In MS O however, which quite clearly belongs to the Provençal dialect area, the Catalan features can hardly be explained by the mother tongue of the copyist. These questions cannot ultimately be answered in any definitive manner. It also should be kept in mind that both languages were in close contact with one another and frequently show mutual influences, particularly in scientific texts.165 Unlike many O. Occ. medical texts, the manuscripts exhibit extremely few influences from French, or possibly none at all. Most of the elements which could possibly be interpreted as French are found in MS V. In

163 Some other cases of possible Catalan words or variants, such as those mentioned in Lamed  and Ayin , are less clear. 164 See section . for evidence against a common ancestor manuscript of both P and O (excluding V). 165 For the field of medicine, cf. CB.



introduction

Bet , øéáééà ("YYBYR) resembles Old or Middle French aiver, ‘big vase for serving water at table’ rather than the Occitan forms of the other two manuscripts. In Qof , ïàâéìá (BLYG"N), resembling Middle French bélingène, ‘egg-plant’, is an addition of MS V; the other MSS show no Romance synonyms in this entry. Finally, in Mem , both MSS V and P ˘ which resembles O. Fr. contain an unusual form ùåéø(é)ô (P(Y)RYWS), parevis for ‘paradise’; MS O has a variant that can be clearly read as O. Occ. or O. Cat. paradis. A considerable part of the non-Hebrew and non-Arabic synonyms are Latin instead of Romance, although these elements are rarely labeled as ïéèì (LTYN), being instead usually classified as æòì, La#az in the same . way as the Romance words (cf. .). This is probably due to the fact that the O. Occ. medico-botanical language itself had adopted a great number of Latin terms in their original form, such as camedreos (mostly designating different types of germander), or blacta bizancia (‘operculum of diverse shells’),166 which can be found in O. Occ. medico-botanical texts. These often appear in the genitive case, such as feniculi, xilobalsami, or papaveris,167 a fact that can be explained by the high frequency of the genitivus quantitatis in Latin recipe literature.168 We can assume that these and other words were already in established use in O. Occ. medical contexts at the time Shem Tov was writing; see section . for some more specific vocabulary and its possible sources. As the main characteristics of Latin medico-botanical terms in Hebrew texts have already been studied by Lola Ferre,169 we shall not go into any great detail on this issue. We therefore only mention some of the details relevant to understanding the text. Firstly, as we already pointed out on another occasion,170 the ending -um is often represented in abbreviated form as å- (-W). Some ˘ examples are: åîùìáåôø÷ (QRPWBLSMW, carpobalsamum, ‘fruit of the ˘ balsam tree’, Gimel ), åîùéøâøåâ (GWRGRYSMW, gargarismum, ‘gargling’,

˘ Bet ), éèðàæá éè÷àìáà ("BL"QTY See ùåéøãéîàë (K"MYDRYWS, ). . BZ"NTY, . Sade . From f(o)eniculum ‘fennel’, xylobalsamum ‘wood of the balsam tree’, and papaver ˘ ˘ BLSMY, Ayin ), ùéøéåàôàô ‘poppy’. Cf. éìå÷éðô (PNYQWLY, Zayin ), éîùìá åìéù (SYLW ˘ Pe , MS V). (P"P"WYRYS, 168 Note that, in compound terms with such genitive forms, there is not always agree˘ ment between the two forms. See, e.g. íåëéðåãñî éðéìù åøèéô (PYTRW SLYNY MSD. WNYKWM, petroselini macedonicum) in Kaf  and éðèðåî íåéìåô (PWLYWM MWNTNY, . polium montani) in Samekh . 169 See, among others, L. Ferre, “La terminología médica en las versiones hebreas de textos latinos”. 170 MF –. 166 167

introduction



Gimel ), åîåîðñ (SNMWMW, cinnamumum, ‘cinnamon’, Dalet  and Sade ). A second property worthy of mention is the fact that a hiatus is . sometimes marked by using the letter Alef between the two vowels, e.g. in íåàéøéè÷ìà ("LQTYRY"WM) for elacterium ‘juice from the squirting . cucumber’ in Samekh . .. Spelling In the following, we provide an outline of the spelling system used for Romance and Latin in the synonym lists of the Sefer ha-Shimmush. It is largely identical to the one reconstructed by Neubauer and Meyer171 for the Esther Poem and the one described in great detail by Aslanov ˘ sot ha-Kesef (ShK),172 to which the reader is referred for more for the Sarˇ information. The original text in the three manuscripts was unvocalised. All vocalisations which do occasionally appear and are represented in the critical apparatus are later additions. Romance and Latin vowels are frequently presented by means of matres lectionis, where Yod represents i and e, Waw stands for o and u, and Alef for a. In the final position, the vowel a can be represented either by Alef or by He or by combining both. The marking of vowels is far from uniform across the three manuscripts, which can be seen in examples such as lana carpenada ‘plucked wool’, represented in Sade  as äèàðéôø÷ àðàì (L’N" QRPYN" TH, . MS P), äãàðéôø÷ àðàì (L’N" . QRPYN"DH, MS O) and äàãàðéôøà÷ àðàì (L’N" Q"RPYN"D’H, MS V). As is the case here, MS V often shows the tendency to maximally spell out the vowels. As for Yod, which usually represents i or e, some of the spellings which deviate from this norm might be explained by the fact ¯ was most probably pronounced [y] in O. Occ. that the result of Latin U as it is today (note that this is not the case for Catalan).173 Thus, the word for ‘plum’ was probably pronounced ['pryna] in O. Occ., usually spelt pruna in Latin characters. MSS P and V show the spelling àðéøô ˘ pl.) in Alef . Like Latin, the (PRYN") in Alef , but ùðåøô (PRWNS, Hebrew alphabet also has no grapheme for the sound [y], which might

171

Op. cit., pp. –. ShK –. 173 Cf. POc : “The change of /u/ to [y] must have begun after the eigth century, when Occitan and Catalan started to become distinct, since this change did not occur in Catalan. Some scholars hold that it was completed by the tenth or eleventh century, while others claim that it was not completed until the thirteenth.” 172



introduction

therefore have led to the author or two of the copyists feeling that Yod would be a better representation of this sound.174 Another case is àéôéì (LYPY", MS P) vs. àééôåì (LWPYY", MSS O and V) for lupia, ‘epidermal cist’ (Alef ). Diphthongs and triphthongs are often represented, for example:175 – [aw] as åà ("W) or áà ("B) or á (B): àéèùåàìá (BL"WS˘TY", Nun , . MS V), balaustia ‘blossom of the wild MS P), àéèùáìá (BLBS˘TY", . pomegranate tree’; àéìé÷á÷ (QBQYLY", cauquilha, ‘shell’, Nun , MS O); èðéîåôøáà ("BRPWMYNT, . Samekh , aurpiment, MS V); – [je] as éé (YY): øééâåð (NWGYYR), nogier, ‘walnut tree’ (Alef , MSS O and V); øééðøåô (PWRNYYR), fornier, ‘baker’ (Pe ); ˘ – [wei] as ééå (WYY): èééå÷ù(é)á (B(Y)SQWYY T, . bescueit, ‘biscuit’, Kaf ). All of the Hebrew consonants are regularly used for transcribing Romance, except for the letters Het, Ayin, Kaf and Tav. The first two are . completely absent because the Romance languages in question as well as Latin do not contain the equivalent sounds. The sounds [k] and [t] appear as Qof and Tet . with a very high level of consistency, while a tendency to use Kaf in some Latin words can also be oberved. Pe is used for [p] and [f], cf. ïéô (PYN, pin, ‘pine-tree’, Alef ) versus ÷åô (PWQ, foc, ‘fire’, Alef , MS O). The letter Gimel represents both [g] and the palatal affricate [ʤ]; a diacritic (rafe) is often used in the latter ˘ Thus, O. Occ. gip, case,176 which we represent as §â and transcribe as G. ˘ pronounced [ʤip], is spelt óé§â, (GYP, Gimel ). The same representation is used for words for which this sound is written using j in Latin script, ˘ probably O. Occ. majorana in Shin . This see äðàøåâî (MGWR"NH), grapheme can also represent a voiceless fricative [tʃ]. As already observed ˘ ), this sound appears by Neubauer / Meyer (p. ) and Aslanov (ShK Nun as âéé- (-YYG) in word final position, as in âééàøèðå÷ (QWNTR"YYG, . ), contrach. Apart from its usage to denote a plosive, the letter Bet can also be used to represent the Latin or Occitan v, usually pronounced

174 Cf. ShK , for similar cases. As mentioned in POc , the same alternation between u and i can be found in O. Occ. words in Latin script, such as onchira and onchura ‘seasoning’ and cominal and comunal ‘common’. 175 See Neubauer / Meyer, op. cit., p. , and ShK ˘ ,  for other diphthongs and examples from other texts. 176 Cf. Neubauer / Meyer, op. cit., p. ; ShK –.

introduction



as a bilabial fricative [β] in Occitan, e.g. àðéáåá àâðì (LNG" BWBYN", lenga / linga bovina, ‘bugloss’, Lamed ). Alternatively, the fricative sound could also be spelled with Waw, cf. àåéå (WYW", viva), the feminine form of the adjective ‘living’, in Gimel , MS P, alongside the plural form ùàáéå ˘ in MS O. (WYB’S), In Occitan and Catalan, the phoneme /s/ is usually unvoiced in word initial and final positions as well as in contact with most consonants. /s/ usually appears as Shin in such environments, as can be seen in ˘ ˘ S, many of the examples already introduced, such as ù(à)áøåù (SWRB(") ˘ cauls, Kaf , MSS P, O); àééðàèùà÷ sorbas Ayin ); ùìå(à)÷ (Q(")WLS, ˘ (Q’ST"NYY", castanha / castanya, Ayin , MS V); øàéìéøèùà (" S˘TRYLY"R, . . esterilhar, Gimel , MS P). /s/ is sometimes written using Sade in word . final position in manuscripts O and V, but usually only following Mem, Nun, Lamed, or Tav: cf. õìà ("LS. , alhs / alls, ‘garlic’, plural, Bet , MS O); õìéã÷ (QDYLS. , cadel(l)s, ‘little dogs’, Gimel , MSS O and V);177 õîåìå÷ (QWLWMS. , coloms, ‘pidgeons’, MS O in Dalet ); õðåãå÷ (QWDWNS. , codons, ‘quinces’, Het . , MSS V and O); õèéìá (BLYT. S. , blets, ‘blites’, Yod , MSS O, V);178 õèéìåá (BWLYT. S. , bolets, ‘mushrooms’, Kaf , MS O; Pe , MSS O and V); õèéãåðî (MNWDYT. S. , menudets, ‘kind of pastry, pl.’, Lamed , MS O). MS P often has Samekh for the latter cases, i.e. after 179 final Tet, . bolets, Kaf ). . see ñèéìåá (BWLYTS, The Occitan and Catalan -s- is voiced when intervocalic and can, as such, occasionally be found as -z- and—in Hebrew spelling—as Zayin, O. Occ. estafizagra for ‘lice-bane’, Sade ). The cf. àø÷æéôèùà (" S˘TPYZQR", . . same letter can also represent the affricates [dz] or [ts], cf. éæìñ (SLZY for sal(t)ze ‘willow’ in Ayin ), ìéæøá (BRZYL for brazil or brezil(h), ‘brazil wood’, in Alef ) or æåð (NWZ for notz, ‘nut’, in Alef , MS P, and Alef , MS V). It therefore usually represents spellings with z in Latin script, independently of its position in the word.180 Intervocalic [z] and [dz] are frequently represented by Dalet, however:181 O. Occ. cozent (lit.:

177

See He  and Lamed  for further examples: budel(l)s, armol(h)s. MS P has BLYDZ without final devoicing instead of BLYT. S. . 179 For other examples, see the spellings of brotz (Lamed ) and menudets (Lamed ). Note that, in these cases, Latin based Romance script allowed the spelling -(t)z alongside -ts. 180 Also cf. éèðàæá éè÷àìáà ("BL"QTY BZ"NTY, Sade ) ‘a drug prepared from the . . . opercula of gastropods’, called in Latin blatta Bisancia, but found as blacta bizancia in O. Occ. texts. 181 This was already observed by Neubauer / Meyer, op. cit., p. . See ShK ˘  for a more extensive discussion. 178



introduction

‘cooking’) is spelt èðéãå÷ (QWDYNT, . Bet ); O. Occ. mesel / mezel ‘leprous’: ìéãéî (MYDYL, Gimel ); O. Occ. / O. Cat. brasas, pl., ‘living ˘ Gimel , MS O). The letter Samekh embers of coal’: ùàãàøá (BR"D’S, almost regulary represents the sound that originated from Latin C before e and i and was then simplified from [ts] to [s] during the thirteenth century; these words were therefore also spelt with s(s) as well as c or ç in Latin characters: äáéñ / àáéñ (SYBH / SYB") for ceba or seba (Bet ,); (à)ñéå (WYS(")) for veça or ves(s)a, ‘Vicia sativa’ (Kaf ); ù(à)ø(éé)øéñ ˘ for cire(i)ras ‘cherries’ (Dalet , MSS P and O).182 Samekh (SYR(YY)R(")S) also represents Latin C before e and i: åîåîðñ (SNMWMW) for cinnamumum (Dalet ); éñåøë (KRWSY) for croci ‘saffron’, nominative plural or genitive singular (Kaf , MS P), íåøôéñ (SYPRWM) for cyperum, ‘root of a type of rush’ (Samekh ). Note that MSS O and V sometimes ˘ Dalet , MS V) and éöåø÷ have Sade: see the variants ùàøééøö (S. RYYR’S, . (QRWS. Y, Kaf , MSS O and V) for the words cireiras and croci mentioned above; also cf. àöîéì (LYMS. ", MS V), alongside àñàîì (LM’S", MSS P, O) for limas(s)a, ‘slug’ (Het . ). Romance intervocalic -d- is sometimes written using Tet. . Some examples are äèé÷éì (LYQYTH) for liquida ‘liquid (fem. adj.)’ ( Het . . ); àèéîø÷ (QRMYT"), . caramida, ‘magnetic stone’ (Alef ); äèàðéôø÷ (QRPYN" TH), . carpenada, ‘picked into pieces’ (Sade ), MS P. . As the result of their historical development, both Occitan and Catalan show final devoicing of voiced obstruents after the loss of final vowels. The original Western Romance voiced obstruent still shows up in the feminine form, see, for example, O. Occ. word pairs such as lop / loba ‘wolf ’ or lonc / longa ‘long’. Our manuscripts often do reflect final devoicing (e.g. óåì (LWP) in Zayin  and ÷ðåì (LWNQ) in Pe , MSS V, O), but not across the board: see examples such as âðåì (LWNG) in Pe , MS P, and ãìà÷éð(à)ô (P(")NYQ"LD) for Cat. panicalt, Eryngium campestre (Samekh , MSS P and O). MS V shows the O. Occ. variant panicaut for the latter case and represents the final consonant as Tet . 182 Other Romance examples are àéñ(à)÷à ("Q(")SY’, acacia, Alef , ), and the variants belonging to Latin or Romance centonica in Bet . See also Het .  and Lamed : àãéö÷ (QS. YD", cassida, ‘defluxion of the eyes’), Ayin : O. Occ. *lentilhassa or O. Cat lentillassa, prob. ‘duck weed, water lentil’: äñàéìéèðéì (LYNTYLY"SH), MS P, similarly . with Samekh in O, whereas V has Shin. Note that the spelling with Samekh is also visible in final position for the result of Latin C before e and i: see ñìà÷ (Q(")LS, calz/calç, ‘chalk’) in Samekh  and also the representation of laz, latz or the O. Cat. llaç, ‘loop’, in Ayin , as well as the variant ñåð (NWS for notz, ‘nut’), in Alef , MS V.

introduction



(èáà÷éðàô—P"NYQ"BT). . Another example is the O. Occ. adjective rosat, ˘ ˘ T) written as ã(à)ùåø (RWS(")D) in P and O and èàùåø (RWS" . in V (Kaf , ). As far as Latin based manuscripts are concerned, the most typical spellings in modern times for palatal n and l, pronounced [ɲ] and [ʎ] respectively, are ny and ll in Catalan and nh and lh in Occitan, although many alternative spellings are documented in the Middle Ages,183 including the simple spelling with l and n respectively. Like Latin, the Hebrew alphabet also had no characters for these sounds, meaning we cannot be sure whether [ɲ] and [ʎ] are always treated as distinct from their non-palatal versions. In some cases, in fact, no special marking seems ˘ for O. Occ. pinhons ‘pineto have been used, such as ùðåðéô (PYNWNS) cone kernels’ (Gimel , MS O), ïåìéîøéå (WYRMYLWN), vermelhon ‘a ˘ bontype of (cosmetic) paint’ (Samekh , MS O); and ùèéðåá (BWNYT. S), hetas / bonyetas, ‘cake(s)’), Samekh , MS V. If, however, the Yod is not interpreted as a vowel in these cases, it could be regarded as a device for transcribing the palatal sounds. It thus seems the letter Yod is used most frequently as a means of distinguishing between palatal and non-palatal sounds for these letters. Thus, palatal n is represented as éð (NY) in ùàéðô ˘ pinhas / pinyas, ‘pine cones’ (Alef ) or àéðìéô (PYLNY"), O. Occ. (PNY’S), *pelanha ‘bark’, in Alef  (MS P). The last example shows ééð (NYY) in MSS O and V, àééð(à)ìéô (PYL(")NYY"), also cf. àééðàâåô (PWG"NYY", foganha / foganya, ‘kitchen, fireplace’, Bet , O).184 An example of palatal n in word final position is ééðèùà (" S˘TNYY) for O. Occ estanh or O. Cat. . estany, ‘pond, lake’ (Lamed ), where MS O shows an isolated examPalatal l is represented ple of the sequence éðé (YNY): éðéàèùà (" S˘T"YNY). . esterilhar, ‘to stretch’ (Gimel as éì (LY), e.g. in øàéìéøèùà (" S˘TRYLY"R), . ) or äéìé÷å÷ (QWQYLYH, Nun , MS P) / àéìé÷á÷ (QBQYLY", MS O), cauquilha, ‘shell’. Here, too, MSS O and V often use two Yods, ééì (LYY), such as in ïåééìéîøéå (WYRMYLYYWN) for vermelhon in MS V, see above, Samekh , MS V; also cf. àééìéèåá (BWTYLYY") for botelha ‘bottle’ (Sade . . , MS V), and àééìàô (P"LYY") for palha / palla, ‘straw’ (Tav , MSS O, V). Final [ʎ] is often spelled ìéé (YYL), as in ìééàèùéø÷ (QRYS˘T"YYL), . representing O. Occ. crestalh or O. Cat. crestall, ‘crystal, glass’ (Shin ,

183

See Shin  and Bet  and  for examples. When followed by e or i, the second Y in the spelling ééð (NYY) may also indicate ˘ Samekh , MS P) and àèééðåá (BWNYYT", the vowel, as in ùèééðåá (BWNYYT. S, . ibidem, MS V), representing O. Occ. bonheta(s), O. Cat. bonyeta(s). Note, that in this case, MS O ˘ has only one Yod, making the interpretation more difficult: ùàèéðåá (BWNYT’ . S). 184



introduction

MS O) or ìééåð(é)ô (P(Y)NWYYL), fenolh / fenoll, ‘fennel’), Shin , MS O, although it should be noted that the spelling one might expect ééì (LYY) can also be found: ééìåð(é)ô (P(Y)NWLYY, MSS P and V). A single Yod only appears rarely, as is the case for ìéà ("YL) alh / all, ‘garlic’ (Bet , MS P; as opposed to ìééà—"YYL in MSS O and V). The word for garlic shows a particularly broad range of different spellings, such as ééìà ("LYY) in Shin , MS P, éìéà ("YLY, ibidem, MS V), éìà ("LY, Bet , MS P), ìà ("L, ibidem, MS O).185 Finally, it is worth mentioning that we often find an epenthetic vowel (identical to the vowel of the stem) inserted between a sequence of a stop ˘ for prunas ‘plums’ (Alef , MS and a liquid, such as ùàðåøåô (PWRWN’S) O), ïåøåá (BWRWN) for brun ‘brown, dark’ (Gimel , MS V, Tet . , MS O), øåìåô (PWLWR) for flor (Pe , MSS V, O).

. The Edition and the Commentary .. Manuscripts The following subsections provide a brief description of the three manuscripts that form the basis of our edition. A complete codicological and palaeographic description of the manuscripts is, of course, beyond the scope of our edition. We therefore simply mention the main information contained in the relevant catalogues and additional descriptions before adding some important observations of our own,186 without aiming for completeness in the process. ... MS Paris, BN héb.  (P) The manuscript is briefly mentioned in the catalogue by Zotenberg,187 which indicates the fourteenth century as the date of the copy. This manuscript is composed of a large vellum (calfskin parchment) codex 185

Unless the variants with final (Y)Y represent the Latin genitive singular (alii). We would like to thank Julia Zwink for her help with describing the manuscripts. We have employed the palaeographical identification method for Hebrew manuscripts developed by Malachi Beit-Arié as a point of reference and orientation for our observations. M. Beit-Arié, The Makings of the Medieval Hebrew Book. Studies in Palaeography and Codicology, Jerusalem , pp. –. 187 H. Zotenberg, Catalogues des manuscrits hébreux et samaritains de la BN, Paris , p. . 186

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

containing books  to 188 of the Sefer ha-Shimmush. Each page has two columns normally consisting of  lines. The size of the letters varies, meaning that  to  letters are written per line, which corresponds to five to ten words. The text in question, i.e., the first synonym list which we are editing here, can be found under the title “Book ” on fols a– a (see the reproductions of some pages in the plates section at the end of this volume).189 The text begins with the author explaining his reasons forcompiling this kind of synonym list (cf. section .). This is followed by the synonym list itself, which consists of different sections for each letter of the Hebrew alphabet presented in alphabetical order. The list is written as a continuous text, i.e., the terms are not presented separately according to language in a table or columns, but they are written consecutively with one word following another. The start of a new entry (i.e., a sequence of Hebrew—Arabic—Romance / Latin synonyms) is marked by a single point above the line. There is an even margin on both the left and right hand side of the text.190 We can observe two different techniques that were used to obtain this margin, which are also sometimes combined: when there was not enough space at the end of a line to write the next word in its entirety, the copyist often filled the line by writing just the first few letters of the word, which was then written again ab initio at the start of the next line, with the first letters thus being repeated. This practice was common in all regions where Hebrew manuscripts were produced.191 However, only the first two letters of the next word were written in this way in MS P, in contrast to other manuscripts. When this procedure was not sufficient for maintaining the even margin, the scribe simply left an empty space before 188

The Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris also has book  and the beginning of book  (MS héb. ) in its keeping, as well as books  to , which were separated from another copy (on paper, MS héb. ). 189 The pagination appears on the recto of each folio in the upper left corner of the page. It is written in Arabic numerals and was apparently added by a later hand, possibly when the codex was bound, since the characteristics and the size of the pen used for writing differ from the main Hebrew text. 190 Cf. M. Beit-Arié, Hebrew Codicology, Paris , p. . Hebrew scribes would make use of different methods in order to achieve this aim and avoid leaving a ragged margin at the end of the written line. The expanding of one of the letters of the last word in a line was very common, but was only really feasible when writing in a square script (cf. Beit-Arié, loc. cit.), which is not the case here, where we have a semi-cursive (cf. below). Another possibility was the insertion of graphical fillers (mostly letters or parts of letters) at the end of the line (cf. Beit-Arié, loc. cit.); this practice was not used either by the scribe of the Paris MS. 191 Cf. Beit-Arié, Hebrew Codicology, p. .



introduction

the last word or the anticipating letter(s) described above, a method also popular among Hebrew copyists. The extant folios of the Sefer ha-Shimmush in MS P were clearly produced by one hand (except for the vocalisation; cf. below). The main body of the text is written in a Sephardic semi-cursive script, with the headings indicating the beginning of the next letter section written in red ink in a larger book hand in bold with serifs. Striking similarities to other Sephardic manuscripts dating from approximately the same time can be seen concerning the script style of the main body of text.192 The letters of the Paris MS, which are also decorated with serifs, are comparable to the ones used in a manuscript from Villalón (from ), which is reproduced in Yardeni’s book of Hebrew script.193 The script style used in this manuscript is a Sephardic semi-cursive script, the so-called ‘rabbinic’ style or ‘Rashi script’.194 It has a rounded appearance due to the curved strokes (especially in the case of Bet, Lamed, and Mem). Alef has a sort of roof instead of the former diagonal stroke195 and is only distinguishable from Het . by the small, thin extra stroke on the top of the letter; its left downstroke ends under the line. The left stroke of Gimel begins at the bottom of the long right downstroke and becomes a horizontal line. It has a long left downstroke that ends under the line. The top of the vertical stroke of Lamed starts very high up, often protruding over the bottom of the line above; the curved stroke resembles a concave, reclined bowl. The medial stroke of Shin becomes a nearly horizontal line, beginning slightly below the top of the left downstroke.

192

The letters used for the headings show some striking characteristic features: Gimel resembles Nun; only a small part of the vertical right downstroke protrudes over the lower cross to allow the two letters to be distinguished from one another. He and Het . are also quite similar: the left downstroke of He comes very close to the upper cross, so that only a tiny space separates the two lines, leading to a very close resemblance between the He and the Het. . Yod resembles a right angle inclined to its reverse. The top of medial Mem and Pe appear very convex; the left stroke of medial Mem leans sharply backwards. Final Mem resembles Samekh. The space between the upper cross of Qof and its left downstroke is very small, meaning that they almost touch each other. All these characteristics can also be found in two manuscripts from Toledo, dating from  and , which are both reproduced and described by Yardeni (A. Yardeni, Book of Hebrew Script: History, Palaeography, Script Style, Calligraphy, and Design, Jerusalem ), pp. –. These manuscripts are classified by Yardeni as written in a typical Sephardic book hand of the thirteenth century 193 Op. cit., p. . 194 Because “it served as the model for the letter-types in which Rashi’s commentary to the Bible and Talmud was printed in ” (ibidem, p. ). 195 Ibidem, p. .

introduction



The strong similarities between the semi-cursive Sephardic script style of the text in the Paris MS and the style of the manuscript from Villalón described by Yardeni196 suggest that the two manuscripts originate from the same region and epoch, namely the medieval Sephardic area. The relevant catalogue at the Bibliothèque Nationale dates the copy to the fourteenth century. This corresponds perfectly to the characteristic features of the square, semi-cursive script style of the letters, which Yardeni sees as typical for that epoch (thirteenth—fifteenth century).197 Some of the entries for Hebrew, Arabic and Romance / Latin words appear in partially vocalised form. It seems that the vocalisation was either added at a later date by the same scribe or—more probably—by another hand. This assertion is based on the fact that the vocalisations appear only sporadically and that the pen used for making the punctuation marks had a smaller diameter. It might well be that the punctuation marks were made by a reader or corrector, who wanted to make reading the manuscript easier by indicating the vowel quality of these entries.198 In summary, we can state that the Paris manuscript was written by one scribe in a medieval Sephardic script style and was thus produced in all probability in Spain or Southern France. Based on the catalogue, we can also confirm when MS P was actually created: the fourteenth century. The punctuation, occasional notes in the margin and the pagination were all added by other hands. ... MS Vatican Ebr.  (V) Richler describes the manuscript as a parchment codex containing  folios of . × . cm in dimension, which are written on both sides within a type area of . × . cm. The folios are bound in quaternions.199 The manuscript contains two different paginations, both of which were

196

Op. cit., pp. –. A specific feature of this manuscript is a ligature representing the nexus of Alef and Lamed, which shows the long vertical downstroke of Lamed and the two right crosses of Alef beginning at the bottom of the vertical line. The ligature appears only at the beginning of a synonym and mainly in Arabic words, where it is used as the definite article. We also find it in Hebrew words (e.g., entry Alef ), but never in Romance / Latin ones. 198 Some notes were made in the margin on fols b, a, a, a, b, and a, which were penned by different later hands. 199 B. Richler, Hebrew Manuscripts in the Vatican Library. Palaeographical and codicological descriptions by M. Beit-Arié, Vatican , p. . 197



introduction

added by other hands at a later date in the upper left hand corner. The paginations are written in (carbon) pencil, in contrast to the main text, which is written in ink, and differ from each other in their characteristic script style. They both indicate folios (not pages), with the upper pagination always one number higher than the second pagination system beneath it. Following Richler,200 we use the lower pagination as our point of reference. The synonym list appears on fols a–a. Following a richly decorated panel containing the title and an indication that the section for Alef begins here, the text then begins directly with the synonyms; the explanatory introduction is missing. The terms are arranged in a kind of table, i.e., every entry fills one horizontal line, with the Arabic, Hebrew and Romance / Latin synonyms arranged in the vertical columns. Each page nearly always contains  lines, except for the pages where a new letter section begins. On these pages, the scribe painted an ornamented panel with the relevant title, which is often additionally decorated with figures of birds, animals and hybrid creatures. The text margin is even on the right hand but not on the left hand side, which is due to the method of representing the synonyms in columns: the words in a particular language are organised in such a way that they always start at the same point, one below the other. The copyist of the Vatican MS therefore did not follow the ideal of a uniform left margin (cf. above), deciding instead in favour of a clearer text arrangement.201 When the synonyms of one entry are too long or when there are several variants, which is often the case for the Romance / Latin synonyms, the text either continues into the left margin at the end of the line in a vertical, upward way (if only a few words are concerned), or, in the case of a longer passage, is continued on the line below. The pages of the codex are ruled using barely visible pencil lines, which mark the lines as well as the text margin on the right and the left hand side. The horizontal ruled lines do not extend beyond the vertical margin lines, and the margin lines do not extend beyond the horizontal lines, resulting in a kind of ruled rectangle on each page. This type of medieval ruling schema has been categorised by Dukan202 as type C,

200

Loc. cit. In some cases, the scribe expands the final letter, if one entry perfectly fits one line (e.g., entry Gimel ). 202 M. Dukan, La réglure des manuscrits hébreux au Moyen-Age, Paris , p. . 201

introduction



sub-category c).203 Dukan observes that this kind of pattern is characteristic of manuscripts originating in the Sephardic region.204 The script style of the MS V is uniform and shows that the text was produced by a single scribe. The titles indicating the beginning of a new letter section are incorporated into the main text like in MS P (cf. above). These titles are written, just like the ones in the Paris manuscript, in a square book hand, which can be characterized, following Yardeni,205 as a typical medieval Sephardic script style.206 Concerning the main body of text, the script style can also be clearly characterised as a medieval Sephardic semi-cursive or “rabbinic” script (cf. ..). Similarities to the script in the Paris MS and the example manuscript presented in Yardeni207 are clearly visible and can be exemplified by looking at the following letters: Alef resembles Het, . like in MS P, i.e., the former diagonal stroke has become horizontal and is bent down at the right end; the small right stroke is perched like a thin flag on top of it. Gimel has the same form as in MS P, i.e., the former diagonal left base stroke has become horizontal and lies on the baseline. Medial Mem shows no base stroke; its right downstroke is curved only slightly to the left. Final Pe has a striking additional vertical stroke on the left side of the top. There is a certain amount of space left between the roof and the left downstroke of Taw; the left downstroke itself is very long and bent to the left at the end. Summarising the results of the analysis of the ruling schema and the characteristics of the script styles, we can state that the features of MS V correspond to the typical features of Sephardic manuscripts from the Middle Ages in the same way as those in MS P do (cf. ..). The dating established by Richler (fourteenth century)208 can also be confirmed by the observations we have made here. Notes in the margin can be found on fols a, a, a, a, a, b, and a. Since they show the same characteristics with respect to 203

Type C-c) has “rectrices courtes, verticals courtes”, cf. ibidem. Of some  manuscripts which demonstrate this ruling schema,  were written in the Sephardic region (cf. Dukan, op. cit., p. ). 205 Op. cit., p.  ff. 206 The following letters support this observation: the left leg of Gimel is long and nearly horizontal; it starts shortly above the bottom of the vertical downstroke. There is a striking resemblance to the one in MS P (cf. above). Lamed has a kind of “flag” at the top, whose “mast” (Yardeni, op. cit., p. ), i.e., the vertical stroke, curves to the left. The base-stroke of Sade is short and drifts in a downwards slant to the left. . 207 Op. cit., p. . 208 Cf. Richler, loc. cit. 204



introduction

the script style and the thickness of the writing pen as the main body of the text, it is probable that they were added by the same scribe, probably while revising the text. The Vatican manuscript lacks several entries featured in the Paris manuscript, but also contains some additional ones (cf. .). In a few cases, these relate to explanatory terms probably added by the copyist. ... MS Oxford, Hunt Donat  (O) The Oxford manuscript is mentioned in Neubauer’s Catalogue and in Beit-Arié’s and May’s Supplement.209 It is a watermarked paper manuscript copied in the year  in a Sephardic cursive script by Asher ben Abraham ha-Kohen in the city of Trets (Provence). The colophon is erroneous concerning the date of compilation, omitting the notation for , which means the Jewish date  should be read as [] =  (and not ). This mistake was noted and corrected in the Addenda and Corrigenda to Neubauer’s catalogue.210 As is generally known, watermarks are attested only since  (Bologna) and, in addition, the colophon says that the copy was completed on Thursday the th of Shevat; this date actually fell on a Thursday in  (cf. loc. cit.). The folios of the manuscript, which contains books seven to twentynine of the Sefer ha-Shimmush, have been numbered twice, by folio on the upper left-hand corner and by page in the middle of the upper margin. Book twenty-nine features on fol. v to fol. r of the manuscript, which corresponds to pages  to . Following Neubauer, we also refer to the pagination by folios. The type area is arranged in two columns each containing  or  lines. The synonym list entries start at the top of fol. r. The beginning of a new letter is indicated by a kind of a centered title, which, in contrast to the MSS P and V, is neither highlighted by means of another typeface nor by the use of ornaments. The script is probably the same as the one used for the main text and is only slightly bigger. On fols r, r, v, r, r, r, v, r, and v, the title is repeated by means of a heading line on the top of a column.

209 Op. cit. and M. Beit-Arié / R.A. May, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library: Supplement of Addenda and Corrigenda to Vol.  (A. Neubauer’s Catalogue), Oxford . 210 Cf. Beit-Arié / May, op. cit., p. .

introduction



The terms are presented in a similar way to MS V, i.e., in a sort of table. Here too, one line is filled by one entry, and the Arabic, Hebrew and Romance / Latin synonyms are organised one below the other respectively. As a result, the ideal of an even left text margin was not followed, just like in MS V. The copyist used different methods for very long entries, which were mostly due to several variants of a synonym existing. Firstly, he tried to scale down the size of the letters (e.g., fol. r, column b, line ). Secondly and most frequently, the alternative synonyms are interlined in a smaller character size directly under the main synonym, often introduced by åà, ‘or’ (e.g., entry Bet ). Thirdly, in the case of a very long entry or several alternative Romance or Latin synonyms, the Romance / Latin part of one entry is continued in an interline in a smaller character size. The text is written by a single hand in a medieval Sephardic cursive script. It bears many resemblances to the Sephardic cursives from the twelfth to fifteenth century presented and described by Yardeni (e.g., the manuscript from Qala#at Aiyub dating from ).211 The script shows extreme cursive forms with conjoint and merged letter strokes. The appearance of the characters, which are written with a thin calamus, is very “regular and rhythmical”,212 and might show the influence of Arabic calligraphy (cf. loc. cit.). Some striking characteristic lineaments of the letters, which can also be observed in the Qala#at Aiyub manuscript mentioned above, are presented in what follows. The three strokes of Alef have been merged into a continuously cambered single stroke, which somewhat resembles the shape of a right curly brace. It also consists of one single curled stroke, which is the result of the merger of the three strokes, which look like a sickle open to the left side. The right downstroke of Het . becomes shorter and inflected to the left; it is joined to the horizontal “roof ” by a single curved line. The basic stroke of Tet . has risen and merged with the right stroke to form a sort of horseshoe open at the top and is, so to speak, added to the left vertical stroke. Lamed consists of two strokes: a long vertical stroke which meets a slightly curved stroke sloping from top right to down left in the centre. The former “horn” of medial Mem is pressed down to the right, so to speak, but is still recognisable as a loop in contrast to the Qala#at Aiyub manuscript, where this part of the letter has been nearly reduced to a single stroke. Final Mem has become a circle. 211 212

Op. cit., pp. –. Op. cit., p. .



introduction

The “roof ”, the right downstroke, and the basic stroke of Samekh have been merged into one loop, joined to the left downstroke, which protrudes from the letter like a pillar; the whole letter is reminiscent of a Latin P. Medial Pe is a long curved downstroke with a short vertical left stroke. The right arm of Sade is not made to slope down to the left, but . rather joins the top of the left arm in the form of a concave line. The form of Shin resembles the ones in MSS P and V: the middle stroke joins the left vertical downstroke at the top; the right dowstroke forms an oblique base. The similarities between the script of MS O and the exemplary scripts in Yardeni unambiguously point to the MS being a clear example of a typical medieval Sephardic cursive. However, in contrast to the calligraphic character described by Yardeni213 for the Qala#at Aiyub manuscript, the script in MS O has rather the appearance of a vademecum, intended for everyday use. This impression is augmented by its lack of ornament, the headlines and the table-like representation, which also gives it a scientific character. Hence, the cursive script used in the text was not used for calligraphic purposes but rather for practical reasons due to the fact that it can be written quickly. .. Notes on the Manuscript Filiation and Choice of Base Manuscript In this section, we shall make some observations on the possible manuscript filiation. These observations cannot be regarded as definitive and will have to be reconsidered on the evidence of the second synonym lists (forthcoming), and, ultimately, on the critical edition of the Sefer haShimmush itself. To begin with, it can be observed that MS P represents the most complete version of the list: all the entries contained in MSS V and O can also be found in P, with the exception of two entries unique to MS O.214 In addition, both MS O and MS V lack around twenty to twenty-five entries each: First of all, there is a series of entries present in P but omitted both in O and V: Bet  (âîøäá—BHRMG, last entry of Bet), He  (ïå÷øãä— HDRQWN, penultimate entry of He), Het Het .  (äôéôç—HPYPH), . . 213

Op. cit., p. . ˘ S, ˘ ‘liquorice’) is added after Shin , and another one after Shin One entry (ùåù—SW ˘  (ïéôæù—SZPYN). 214

introduction



TRDYN), Lamed  (íééîé ïéðåòì—L#WNYN  (ïéãøú úåôéìç—HLYPWT . YMYYM), Sade  ( úçôö — S and Resh  (íéøä ïåîø—RMWN . . . PHT) ˘ Shin  HRYM, last entry of Resh), Shin  (øæùî ùù—S˘S˘ MSZR), ˘ (àøáù—SBR"). All of these are repetitions of entries already included in the respective alphabetic sections,215 usually in slightly modified form. We can sometimes reconstruct the reasons for these repetitions. For example, the Romance synonym was left out in entry Lamed , leading to the whole entry being repeated in complete form as Lamed . In Resh , the Arabic term is misspelt. It seems the copyist noticed this and therefore rewrote the entry correctly, thus forming Resh . It therefore seems that these entries are either additions to MS P or a corresponding thread of filiation. MS V lacks  entries that are present in P and O.216 Most of these seem to be accidental omissions of entries which we may suppose to have belonged to the original version compiled by Shem Tov, since they contain vocabulary that can be retrieved in the sources mentioned in section ., such as the Arukh or Maimonides.217 One exception is the entry Bet  (éîåúã éøá—BRY DTUMY, ‘cloves of garlic’), which represents the plural of Bet . Note that it is unusual that an entry is repeated for the plural forms within the text as a whole. Another case is Yod  (ééøäð øæòåé—YW#ZR NHRYY), in which the Hebrew lemma seems to designate water mint, although the Romance term is not equivalent to this meaning; note also that there is no Arabic equivalent included in this entry. The preceding entry, Yod  (øæòåé—YW#ZR ‘kind of mint’), partially repeats Yod . Similarly, Alef  (ééãåä æåâà—"GWZ HWDYY, last entry of Alef) is a repetition of Alef . It may well be that these entries do not originally stem from Shem Tov and thus may be additions originally made to an ancestor manuscript of P and O. An alternative hypothesis is that they could have belonged to a common ancestor of all three manuscripts and were omitted either accidentally or consciously by the copyist of MS V, as they show some incongruities compared with the rest of the text.218 215

Bet , He , Het , Resh , Shin , Shin . . , Het . , Lamed , Sade . Alef , , ; Bet , ; Gimel ; Het . ; Yod , ; Kaf , ; Ayin ; Qof , , ; Shin ; Tav . 217 Qof : the Arabic synonym is that of , which means that entries Qof ,  and the beginning of Qof  were omitted by error. These entries therefore cannot be additions of P and O and must have belonged to an ancestor manuscript of all three copies. 218 Note that in Yod  it is said that there are six varieties of mint. However, only two of them are mentioned. It is thus probable that the original entry was much longer, naming 216



introduction

MS O lacks  entries that are present in P and V.219 Here too, some seem to be accidental omissions of substantial entries, i.e., entries that are based on standard sources. In three cases, however, the last entry of an alphabetical section is missing, namely in Ayin  (ìãò—#DL), Resh  220 (íéòåò çåø—RWH In the latter case, . ‘W#YM), and Tet .  (éøè—TRY). . the entry is repeated from Tet , where, however, the Romance synonym . ˘ ÷ùéøô (PRYSQ, fresc) is missing both in V and in P. One explanation for this might be that the copyist of MS O had already added the Romance synonym to Tet .  and thus saw no need to copy Tet . . Another hypothesis would, of course, be that V and P had a common ancestor which corrected the incomplete entry Tet .  by adding the complete entry at the end of the manuscript. As for the other two, Ayin  and Resh , it should be noted that these are regular entries that can be retrieved in relevant sources, and the fact that both are at the end of an alphabetic section is rather difficult to explain as accidental. This is supported by the observation that the last four entries in the Shin section (, íéùøù— ˘ SYM; ˘ ˘ ˘ SR , àøáù—SBR’; , àëîåèöàä éìåôù—SPWLY H" S. TWMK"; , . ˘HR øåçøçù—S HWR) are missing in O. With the exception of Shin , . . probably an addition of P (see above), the most reasonable explanation is that these entries were present in a common ancestor of MSS V and P but not in the version from which MS O was copied.221 The idea that MSS V and P belong to a common tradition different from that of MS O is corroborated by some observations that concern the internal structure of the entries and the lexical material itself: ˘ MTPY, ‘non extinct’) is incomplete in MSS – Gimel : éôèî øé§â (GYR . P and V; the original entry is supposed to be éôèî øé§â úéøáë (KBRYT ˘ MTPY, GYR ‘non extinct sulphur’), as in O. . other mint varieties. The copyist of a later version may have copied only part of Yod  by mistake, becoming aware of his error when revising the manuscript and leading him to add the missing parts later, thus giving rise to entries  and . 219 Bet , Zayin , Het , Tet , Lamed , Ayin , Qof , , Resh , Shin , . . , Shin –. 220 As mentioned above, Resh , the last entry of Resh in our edition, was added in MS P. 221 This might not hold for three other cases: Qof  (äéöøç éøè÷—QTRY HRSYH, the . . . penultimate entry of Qof) is a repetition of Qof . In Bet  (äìá—BLH) there is no Romance synonym and the Arabic synonym is a homograph of the Hebrew one; it is possible that MS O consciously skipped this entry because it seemed self-evident to the copyist. Lamed  (éúåôì—LPWTY), the penultimate entry of Lamed, is a short entry without Romance that could not be retrieved in the sources, and, in addition, resembles the entry in Lamed  to some extent.

introduction



in Gimel  cor– The Arabic translation of Hebrew øçéâ (GYHR) . responds to ahmar ‘red’ in MS O and (probably by error) asmar . ‘brown’ in MSS P and V. – In Het . , MSS P and V add the (correct) variant úéîìç (HLMYT) . to the lemma éîìç (HLMY). . – In Alef , P and V have íéøöî õøàá (B"RS. MS. RYM, ‘in the land of Egypt’), but O has íéøöîä (HMS. RYM, ‘the Egyptians’). – In Alef , the Romance synonym in P and V is pentafilon, whereas it is agnus castus in O. – In Gimel , íäøáà ïìéà éðéòøâ (GR#YNY "YLN "BRHM) ‘the kernels of the fruits of the chaste tree or Abraham’s tree’, all manuscripts display the Romance-Latin synonym grana de agnus castus. It seems that this entry is an elaboration on Alef , where the plant name íäøáà ïìéà ("YLN "BRHM) is first introduced. Here, however, only MS O shows the Latin agnus castus, whereas P and V have forms corresponding to the Latin pentaphyllon. It can be supposed that agnus castus was the original synonym in Alef , which was changed in the tradition of P and V without adapting the entry Gimel  correspondingly. – P and V sometimes show deviant Romance forms. Thus, in entry Pe ˘ identified as O. Occ. or O. Cat. balays , MS O has ùééìá (BLYYS), ˘ which seems for ‘a kind of ruby’, but MSS P and V show ùìá (BLS), to be an error. Another example is Tet , where MS O shows the . ˘ S), ˘ plural of the O. Occ. plant name gieissa, spelled as ùàùééàâ (G"YYS" whereas P and V have strange, undocumented forms beginning with Lamed. In the same entry, O has the expected Arabic equiv˘ corresponding to al-˘gulubb¯an, whereas P alent, ïàáìâìà ("LGLB"N), and V skip some letters (ïàáìà—"LB"N). For similar cases, see Dalet  and Shin . Although in some of these cases MS O has the more correct and probably original forms, there are also many cases in which O is more corrupt than P and V;222 it also lacks a certain number of entries in addition. The same

222 E.g., wrong Arabic word or spelling form: in Alef , , , Het , , Mem ; . deviant or defective Hebrew form: Het . , Kaf . The lemma of Mem  is missing, so that Mem  and  were contracted to form one entry, Qof  and  show a similar contraction; Samekh  is mutilated (i.e. it only consists of the Hebrew lemma), Samekh  idem; Samekh , Ayin : the Arabic synonym is defective. Resh : the Hebrew Lemma is mising; Shin : the Arabic synonym is missing.



introduction

is also true of MS V, as we have seen. MS V has also some deficiencies223 and many additions, which were added at the end of some entries, usually after the Romance or Latin synonym.224 We therefore decided that our edition should be based on MS P.225 .. Norms Used in the Edition and Organisation of the Commentary The edition and the commentary are presented in integrated form, i.e. each entry is edited and subsequently commented upon. Each entry begins with an entry number added by us followed by its edition. We usually follow manuscript P and list all divergences contained in the other two manuscripts in the critical apparatus.226 We only changed words or phrases from P based on either conjecture or material from MSS O and V on a few occasions and in very clear cases of error or corruption, which are then mentioned in the critical apparatus. In some cases, manuscript P has vowelised forms, where the vowel signs were, however, added by a later hand. In this case, we copied the respective strings without vowels and reproduced the vowelised form in the critical apparatus. We use standard conventions for the critical apparatus; see the list of general abbreviations at the beginning of this volume for the abbreviations used. After editing each line, it is translated into English; both the lemmas as well as the synonyms are transliterated here by means of the transliteration system presented in section . that has been in use throughout this introduction. We then proceed to the commentary, which is dedicated to the explanation of the Hebrew and / or Aramaic, Arabic and Romance and / or

223

E.g.: The Romance synonym of Het .  (mosclars ‘fish hooks’) is erroneously added to the preceding entry. Yod : the Arabic synonym is missing. In Kaf , Mem  and Pe  the Hebrew Lemma is missing. The lemma of Shin  is missing and, since entry Shin  is missing, too, the entry was contracted with Shin . 224 Cf., e.g., Alef , , Bet , , , , Gimel , , Dalet . These additional explanations sometimes concern additional Biblical or Rabbinic Hebrew synonyms, references to the Bible, or additional references to relevant sources. It thus seems that MS V was copied by an expert, who usually tried to add well founded information. 225 Despite the fact that MS P also contains many deficiencies: e.g.: In Mem , the Arabic synonym is missing; in Samekh , the Romance synonym (sene) was erroneously added to the following entry; in Qof  the Romance synonym is missing. 226 In order to prevent the pages from becoming too complicated, occasional footnotes to the commentary that offer additional information or introduce literature not previously quoted follow the same numbering as the critical apparatus.

introduction



Latin words and phrases, which are mostly medico-botanical terms. These were retrieved in the relevant dictionaries and additional sources, such as rabbinic literature as well as medico-botanical texts of the languages involved; see section  of this introduction for the main sources used. As for Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic, our aim is not only to document the lexical material but also to see where a correspondence between a Hebrew / Aramaic and Arabic term is established elsewhere in the literature (cf. . above). For the Romance and Latin terms, apart from establishing their meaning, one of the main goals of the commentary is to identify the language (cf. ..–.) they belong to. We have also considered their identification with Hebrew and Arabic terms as far as such could be found.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Texts and Dictionaries AdOr AdV AdVCat AEY AH AK ALap ALF AQ ARS

AS ASQ AT ATG AV

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 BadGram BAL BB BF

BH BJ BK BKH BLS BM BMA BMB

BMH BMMa BMMb BMP

BMR BS

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 DPM DRAE DRD DS

DT

DuC DW EG

EGL

E.I.2 E.J. E.J.2 EM EP ETP FA FAB FAL FAntNic

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

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

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KG KSZ

KT KTP KZ

L LA LF LFa LLMA LM LO Low LP LR LRL LS LW

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EDITION OF SEFER HA-SHIMMUSH, BOOK 29, SYNONYM LIST 1

ALEF1 . 5äðàìáéã 4àîøôùéà åà 3àøáðà 짧áå øáðò 䧧á íéìäà åà 2úåìäà ˘ "HLWT or "HLYM, Arab. #NBR, o.l. "NBR" or "YSPRM" DYBL"NH Hebrew "HLWT or "HLYM means “aloe wood”, Aloexyllon Agallochum and Aquilaria Agallocha, both from India, and features in the Bible, e.g. Ps : (KB ; CD :; KA :; BM  f.; AEY :; FE  ff.; FO ; KT :; LF : ff.). Arabic #anbar can mean: ) “ambergris”,6 ) “saffron”,7 ) “wars”8 and ) al-ha˘ . gar al-#anbar¯ı: “Ambrastein” (ambergris stone) (RS, no.  and p.  f.). For the identification of "HLYM as #anbar, cf. Sa#adya on Prov : (SM ): ïåîð÷å íéìäà øåî éáëùî éúôð (I have sprinkled my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon): áéè ãåòå øáðòå êñîá éò§â§ö úø§ëá ã÷å; Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ): * +,- - (this [term] is explained as ‘sandalwood’), and the gloss in MS Rouen no. : ./ 0,) (according to others it is: #anbar);9 David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :).10 1

Entries – have been adapted from G. Bos and G. Mensching, “Shem Tov Ben Isaac, Glossary of Botanical Terms, Nos. –”, in Jewish Quarterly Review XCII (), pp. –. 2 úåìäà: àøãà O 3 àøáðà: àøáîà V 4 àîøôùéà: àîøéôùà O àîøôùà V 5 äðàìáéã: àðéìáã O, om. V 6 L  cites various origins for #anbar as ambergris as given in the earlier literature: “It issues from a source in the sea: a fish, marine beast, or a vegetable in the bottom of the sea”; cf. IBF . It is now generally considered to be a morbid secretion of the sperm whale intestine, which is fragrant when heated. 7 L ibid. 8 The yellow powder obtained from Memecylon tinctorium Willd. or Flemingia rhodocarpa Bak. (SP ). 9 For the glosses in MS Rouen, cf. the extensive discussion in A. Maman, Comparative Semitic Philology in the Middle Ages. From Sa#adiah to Ibn Bar¯un (th–th C.). Translated into English by David Lyons, Leiden , pp. –. 10 For David b. Abraham al-F¯ as¯ı (th century) and his Kit¯ab J¯ami# al-Alf¯az. see Maman, Comparative Semitic Philology in the Middle Ages, pp. –, abbr. MCS. As Maman demonstrated, al-F¯as¯ı consulted the biblical translations and commentaries of his predecessors, including B. Nahawendi, Daniel Qumisi, J. Qirqisani, Salmon b. Yeruhim, . and Sa#adya (ibid., pp. –).



shem tov, synonym list 

The Latin, O. Occ. or O. Cat. ambra/anbra (MLWB :; DuC :c; FEW :; RL :b; DCVB :a; DECLC :b; RPA , , ; AdV , ) means, just like the Arabic equivalent, ‘ambergris’. In O. Cat., the form was rather ambre (DCVB loc. cit.; DECLC loc. cit.), documented since the th c., which would also be a possible reading. The term esperma de balena is documented for Cat. (DCVB :b; DECLC :a). A corresponding O. Occ. term could not be found in the dictionaries, but may well have existed, see the O. Occ. esperma ‘sperm’ (RL :a–b), and balena ‘whale’ (RL :a). It designates the waxy substance obtained from the oil in the head of the sperm whale, known as spermaceti. Nevertheless, as is the case here, it was used in the sense of ‘ambergris’, like in the Alphita (see Sin :; CA ). Since ambergris is found floating on the ocean or cast ashore, it was thought to be the gum of a submarine tree (“gummi cuiusdam arboris sub mari nascentis”, Alphita, loc. cit.). Also cf. O. Sp. anbra/alanbar (de balena) (Sin b; DETEMA :b), and O. Fr. esperme de baleine (FEW :b). For the identification of Lat./O. Cat. ambra as Arabic #anbar, cf. AdV , . . 12äèâéðåî 짧áå øúòö 11䧧á áåæà "ZWB, Arab. S. #TR, o.l. MWNYGTH . Biblical Hebrew "ZWB means “hyssop”, not Hyssopus officinalis L., which does not grow in Palestine, but probably Origanum maru L., or Majorana syriaca L. (KB ; CD :; KA : f.; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FH ; FM ; FO  ff.; FZ  ff.; KT :; LF : ff.). Arabic s. a#tar means “origan”, Origanum (DT :; M ). The Arabic s. a#tar features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. XX, ) and is translated by N as: áåæà and by Z as: åðâéøåà/åðâøåà §÷ðä áåæàä/áåæà ("ZWB, i.e. "WRGNW/"WRYGNW). For the identification of "ZWB as .sa#tar see Sa#adya on Ex :: íúç÷ìå áåæà úãåâà (Take a bunch of hyssop): øúòö ïî ä÷àá å§ã§ëå (S ; cf. RO ); IJ : áæà úãâà: 123 (4 (a bunch of hyssop); and SF :. However, Sa#adya on Ps : has: áàæà (ST ); cf. Ibn Bar¯un (WB ): 56& (see as well, ibid. n. , pp. –). We could not identify the vernacular term MWNYGTH . in MS P, at least with respect to Catalan or Occitan. For other Romance languages, 11 䧧á: ò§§á V passim 12 äèâéðåî: àèéâðåî O íåðâéøåà åà àèéâðåî

V

alef



we found the Italian monegheta with the meaning Centaurea cyanus L. (PFlor ). This form is characterised as ancient by Penzig; cf. also the modern forms moneghette (Lombardian, Valtellina) and muneghetta (Ligurian, Genua) with the same meaning. Similar Italian dialect forms (Lombardian, Como) are moneghett (PFlor ) and moneghett salvadegh, meaning Convallaria majalis L. and Polygonatum anceps Moench. (PFlor ) respectively. MSS O and V suggest the Catalan reading mongeta (DCVB :–), which means various types of Phaseolus and also Anagyris foetida and would thus totally diverge from the meaning of the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms as is the case for the Italian forms mentioned above. Since MS V adds the synonym "WRYGNWM, i.e. the Latin origanum ‘oregano’ (Origanum heracleoticum Reichb. or Origanum vulgare L.), ‘marjoram’ (Origanum marjorana) (NPRA ), we might also suppose that the vernacular term is a corrupt form of Lat. or Romance majorana (see entry Shin ). This hypothesis is not very probable either though, because, firstly, all three manuscripts are fairly uniform with respect to this word, and, secondly, we find the same word with the same synonym in list  (entry Mem ). . 14÷àîù 짧á 13÷àîåñ 䧧á âåà ˘ "WG, Arab. SWM"Q, o.l. SM"Q The Mishnaic term "WG means “sumac”, Rhus coriaria L. (JD ; LW :; KA :, : f.; BM ; AEY :; DAS :, ; FM ; FZ  f.; KT :, :; LF : ff.). Arabic summ¯aq is derived from Aramaic summ¯aq¯a “red” (SDA ; LF :; LA  f.:) and also means “sumac”, Rhus coriaria L. and Var., or its berry, Anacardiaceae (L ; D :; DT :; M ; DAS :, ; LF : ff.; cf. as well Samekh no.  below). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ) and is transcribed by N and Z as: ÷àîñ or ÷îåñ. For the identification of both terms, cf. Alf¯az. al-Mishnah (SAM :),15 Arukh (KA :). In his commentary on mPeah ., Maimonides identifies âåà as: éîàùìà ÷àîåñìà (og = Syrian sumac) (MK :).

13 ÷àîåñ: é÷àîñ P ÷îåñ V 14 ÷àîù: ÷àîñ O ÷àîåñ V 15 While Allony attributed these lexical explanations to Sa"adya Ga"on, Abramson (“Millon ha-Mishnah le-Rav Sa"adya Ga"on,” Leshonenu  (), pp. – and subsequently Maman (MCS , n. ) argued that they are not Sa"adya’s at all. According to



shem tov, synonym list 

For the term indicated as vernacular, the Alphita (Sin , n. ) uses M. Lat. sumac as a synonym to anagodam (maybe Ferula assa foetida, see Sin b, or Rhus coriaria, see CA ). In O. Occ., sumac(h) or simac, Rhus coriaria, is documented since the th c. (DAO :; FEW :b; RL :b; PSW :b; CB , , ; RPA ); in O. Cat. (sumac(h)) since the th c. (DECLC :b; AdV , , ). For the identification of Lat. sumac/O. Cat. sumach as Arabic summ¯aq, cf. AdV , . . 18àèðî 짧áå 17òðòð 䧧á 16àúéîà "MYT", Arab. N#N#, o.l. MNT" . Hebrew "MYT" means “ammi”, Ammi visnaga, and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; KA :, :; AEY :; LA  ff.:; LF : ff.). Arabic na#na# means “peppermint” (DT :; M ; DAS : f.; cf. as well Dalet no. ). For the identification of both terms, cf. R. Hananel19 on bShab a: äúéîà: òðòð; cf. Rashi (ibid.): ,äéðéð :äúéîà éàî ùøôî äéî÷ì :äúéîàá ïëå ১èðéî (in a similar way concerning "MYTH; later on (see bShab a), the text explains what "MYTH is, namely ninya, minta). Since the proper Semitic form is àúénà or àúénç, it is easy to understand how this form was taken to be an assimilated form of àúðéîà and then assumed to be identical to àúðéî; i.e., mint (cf. LA  ff.:).20 MNT" . is Latin or Romance menta ‘mint’ (O. Occ. or O. Cat; see, among others, NPRA ; FEW :a–b; DECLC :a). For the identification of Lat./O. Cat. menta as Arabic na#na#, cf. AdV , .

Brody (The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture, New Haven , p. ), Allony’s identification was correct, as confirmed by “further manuscript discoveries in the Genizah, along with a comparison of citations in Se"adyah’s name and interpretations contained in his other works.” 16 àúéîà: äúéîà VO 17 òðòð: øúòö O (cf. entry ) 18 àèðî: àèðéî VO 19 For R. Hananel (–/) and his commentary on the Talmud see I.M. TaShma. Ha-Sifrut ha-Parshanit la-Talmud.  vols. nd rev. ed. Jerusalem –, vol. , pp. –. 20 See as well I. Loew, “Mélanges de Lexicographie Rabbinique,” Revue des Études Juives  (): –, no.  (pp. –).

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

. 21äèøéð 짧áå ñà 䧧á àñà "S", Arab. "S, o.l. NYRTH . Aramaic "S" means “myrtle”, Myrtus communis L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBB b (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; KT :, ; LF : ff.). Its Hebrew equivalent is ñãä (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; AEY :; FO ; FM ; IJS :; KT :, ; LF ibid.). Arabic a¯s, which is possibly a loan translation from the Aramaic (FF ), also means “myrtle” (DT :; M ). Sa#adya on Is : translates ñãä with a¯s: ñãäå äèù æøà øáãîá ïúà ïîù õòå (I will plant cedars in the wilderness, acacias and myrtles and oleasters): ïäãìà ãåòå ñàìàå èðñìàå æøàìà ïî äéøáìà éô úáðàå (S ); see as well IJ , SF :. The Arabic a¯s also features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N and Z as: ñãä. For the identification of ñãä as rayh¯ . an, see as well Ayin no. . NYRTH . is O. Occ. nerta for ‘myrtle’ (FEW –:b–b). This form with n- seems exclusively Occitan, the Cat. forms being murta or murtra (DCVB :a; DECLC :a). For the use of nerta and murta in other Hebrew-Romance synonym lists, see HebMedSyn . . 24äèéîùìá 짧áå 23øáðñéñ 䧧á 22ñåøéà ˘ TH "YRWS, Arab. SYSNBR, o.l. BLSMY . Hebrew "YRWS is the Mishnaic term for “iris”, Iris pallida L. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; FZ  ff.; LF : f.). Arabic sisanbar is a corruption of sawsan barr¯ı (“wild lily”; cf. DT :; LF :). For their identification, cf. Maimonides on mKil .: :ñåøéà ÷øåìà õéøòìà òðòðìà åäå øáðñéñìà (iris is sisanbar which is the kind of mint which has broad leaves) (MK :; cf. LF :). For Arabic sawsan, cf. Shin no.  below. It seems that SYSNBR has been misinterpreted as a Romance form of Lat. sisymbrium25 for a type of mint, probably Menta silvestris or

21 äèøéð: àèøéð VO 22 äèéîùìá 짧áå øáðñéñ 䧧á ñåøéà: 23 øáðñéñ: øàáðñéñ O

om. V

24 äèéîùìá: àèéîùìá O 25 For the Latin word (< Greek σισμβριον); see Sin , n. ;

, n. ; :; .



shem tov, synonym list 

Menta aquatica, cf. NPRA ; CA  (e.g. O. Occ. sisanbra, O. Cat. sisimbri, M. Fr. sisimbre, see CB ; DECLC :a; FEW :b). This confusion is due to the fact that the second term indicated as vernacular, ˘ TH, BLSMY i.e. Lat. balsamita,26 also designated a type of mint—it is . used as a synonym for xisimbrium (NPRA ; Sin :; CA ). This confusion is not an isolated case, since the Arukh (KA :) also explains "RWS as SYSYMBR##W (It. sisimbro). According to the Arukh, sisimbrio is a corruption of sawsan barr¯ı in correspondence with our hypothesis. . äàéãðéà æåð 29짧áå 28ìé§âøàð 䧧á 27ééãåä æåâà ˘ "GWZ HWDYY, Arab. N"RGYL, o.l. NWZ "YNDY"H Hebrew "GWZ HWDYY means “coconut”, Cocus nucifera L. (BM , s.v. åãåä æåâà; LF : f.). Arabic g˘awz hind¯ı or the more common n¯ar˘g¯ıl also means “coconut” (cf. M  and LF : f.). Arabic g˘awz hind¯ı features, e.g., in the Hebrew translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. al-Q¯an¯un by Zerahyah Hen, where it is . . translated as: åãåä æåâà.30 The vernacular term corresponds to O. Occ. *nos (or notz) india ‘Indian nut’; for nos/notz, see RL :a; CB ; cf. also entry Alef ; cf. the M. Lat. nux indica (Sin , n. ), O. Sp. nuez indica o nuez de India (Sin :; :; :; a). In the dictionaries we consulted, the adjective indi is only documented with the meaning ‘violet’ (as a derivation of the noun indi for ‘indigo’, see RL :b and DECLC :b), but it is attested in other compound expressions like mirabolans indis with the meaning ‘Indian’ (cf. entry He  in our edition). For the identification of this term and the Arabic synonym commented upon above, see the entry “Nuez indica e nuez de Yndia, nara(n)gil” in Sin :, probably taken from the index to the Latin translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. al-Q¯an¯un. The corresponding Cat. term is nou d’India ‘coconut’ (DECLC :a), documented since . 26 Sisymbrium (and its variant sinsybrium) is used as a synonym for balsamita in the Alphita (Sin :; CA ). In the Alphita, this term is also used for other types of mint (prob. Menta sylvestris and Menta rotundifolia). According to CA , “Balsamita hortulana = sisimbrium = Chrysanthemum Balsamita”. 27 ééãåä: éãðä V 28 ìé§âøàð: ìâøð O ìéâøð V 29 äàéãðéà æåð 짧áå: om. OP 30 MS Oxford, Opp. Add. fol.  (cat. Neubauer ), fol. a.

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

. âåô 32àøéô 짧áå ãðæ 31ø§âç 䧧á óòø ïáà ˘ ZND, o.l. PYR" PWG "BN R#P, Arab. H . GR Hebrew R#P, plur. R#PYM, means ) “flint” and ) “glazed tile”, and features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in yBer VII, b, where it is stated that the Lord made him (Adam) find two flints which he struck against each other to produce fire (JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ; KT :, ). Arabic ha˘ . gar az-zand (= *az-zin¯ad?) is, according to D :, s.v. ha˘ . gar az-zin¯ad (?): ‘pierre à briquet, silex’ (“flint”) (cf. al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :): “ha˘ . gar an-n¯ar: . . . wa-huwa ha˘ . gar az-zin¯ad”) (cf. MS O). The term zand actually means “A piece of stick, or wood, for producing fire” (L ). Maimonides on mMen . (MK :) explains the term íéôòø as: ãîàø÷ (cf. L  s.v. 7 : “A kind of stones, which have holes and upon which a fire is lighted and kept up until they are thoroughly burnt [ . . . ]; baked bricks”). The vernacular term according to MS P and MS O, i.e. PYR" PWG or PYYR" PWQ respectively, could be read as O. Occ. *peira fug for ‘flint stone’ (cf. O. Occ. peira ‘stone’, FEW :b and foc/fug ‘fire’, FEW :a). Cf. the modern dialect forms quoted in FEW :b and TrFel :c, e.g., peirafuec in a dialect of the Alpes in the Dauphiné, and in DFO :b, peiro-fioc. For O. Occ., the FEW documents the form peyrafuga “silex dont on peut tirer des étincelles avec un morceau d’acier” (i.e., silex which serves for producing sparks with a piece of steel, documented in the th c.), commenting that the word seems to have been misspelt (FEW :a, n. ). MS V only includes the first element, *peira. We can exclude a Cat. variant here, which would be pedra de foc (DECLC :b; DCVB :b).

31 ãðæ ø§âç: øàðìà øâç 32 âåô àøéô: ÷åô àøééô

O øáà øâç V O àøééô V ùà ïáà ùã÷ ïåùì add. V

 .

shem tov, synonym list  êåúá íéàöîð íéøâøâ íäå 34ùãåðéî 33ùàéðô 짧áå ùéø÷ íö÷ 䧧á ïéìáåøèöà

36íéøåçù 35ïéìáåøèöàä

˘ o.l. PNY" S˘ MYNWDS, ˘ these are the black " S. TRWBLYN, Arab. QS. M QRYS, . seeds inside the pine cones Hebrew " S. TRWBYL/"S TRWBYL, plur. " S. TRWBLYN/"S TRWBLYN, from . . . . Greek στρβιλος (KG :; LS ) means “pine cone” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mAZ . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; FM ; FT ; LF : ff.,  f.). Arabic qadm . quray˘s means “the seeds in the cones of Pinus picea” (DT :; FrA ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mAZ . (MK :): ùéø÷ í§ö÷ éîñé é§ãìà øéâöìà øáåðöìà :ïéìáåøèöà (pine cone, namely, the seed of the pine which is also called qadm . quray˘s) (cf. LF : f.). PNY" S˘ MYNWDS˘ is the plural of O. Occ. *pinha menuda/O. Cat. *pinya menuda. O. Occ. pinha / O. Cat. pinya is a pine cone (RL :a– b; DAO :; CB ; DECLC :b); menut (fem.: menuda) means ‘small’ (RL :a; DECLC :a), so *pinhas menudas should be interpreted here as ‘small pine fruits’, i.e. the seeds, as opposed to the big ones, namely the pine cones. For the usual names of the pine seeds, see Gimel . The variant used in MS V, PYYRS˘ (peiras, see entry Alef ), with the meaning ‘seeds’ could not be found in our Occ. and Cat. sources, but note that pierre in Mod. Fr. is also used to refer to a small hard object similar to the seeds of cherries and the like (cf. FEW :b) and M. Fr. pierrette as seed or stone which can be found in certain fruits (cf. FEW loc. cit.). Also cf. entry Alef . . èé÷ðìá 짧áå 38§âàãéôñà 䧧á 37àðãéôñà ˘ o.l. BLNQYT. "SPYDN", Arab. "SPYD" G, Aramaic "SPYDN", read "SPYDK", is “white lead” and features as àëøéôñà or àëãéôñéà in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit b,39 where it forms one of

33 ùàéðô: ùøééô V 34 ùãåðéî: ùàãåðî O ùãåðî V úå÷ã íéðáà ùã÷ ïåùì 35 ïéìáåøèöàä: ïéìáåøèöà V 36 íéøåçù:, om. O ïéøåçùä V 37 èé÷ðìá 짧áå §âàãéôñà 䧧á àðãéôñà: 38 §âàãéôñà: àâãéôñà O 39

add. V

om. V

See Meyer S. Feldblum, Dikdukei Soferim. Tractate Gittin. Annotated variant

alef



the ingredients for a compound remedy for anal worms (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; GS ; Low XXXVII; PB ). Arabic isfid¯ag˘ also means “white lead” (L ; D :; GS ,  f.). For the identification of "SPYDK" as isfid¯ag˘, cf. LO Teshuvot on bGit b, p. . R. Hananel explains the term as: = ÷åàæ =) ÷åæà àåäå éç óñë . on bGit b, p. ; éáøò ïåùìá ()86, cf. LO Liqqut. ei Perush R. Hananel . see as well Arukh (KA :). The th century physician, alchemist and Kabbalist Hayyim Vital calls this mineral: ïáìä úéøôâ (fol. a, no. )40 . 41 or éèé÷ðìá (BLNQYTY) . (fol. a, no. ). O. Occ. blan(c)quet (RPA , , ; CB , , , ) is ‘céruse’, i.e. white lead; O. Cat. idem (DECLC :a; AdV ). For the identification of Romance blanquet as the Arabic isfid¯ag˘, see AdV . . éãðéà 짧áå 43ìéð 䧧á 42ñéèñà "STYS, Arab. NYL, o.l."YNDY . Hebrew "STYS, from Greek σατις (LS ; KG :) means “woad”, Isatis . tinctoria L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; AEY :; DAS :; FH ; FM ; FZ  f.; KT :, ; LF : ff.). Arabic n¯ıl means Indigo tinctoria L.; cf. DT :: “The translators did not find an equivalent for ¯ıs¯at.¯ıs. And so it happened that the early Arab writers confused the σατις of Dioscurides, glastum of Plinius, Isatis tinctoria L., woad, Cruciferae, with the νδικν of Dioscurides, indicum of Plinius, Arabic n¯ıl, Indigo tinctoria L., Indigo, Indigoferae”, see as well DT :; M , ; DAS :, ,  f.; IJS :. For the identification of "STYS as n¯ıl, cf. Alf¯az. al-Mishnah (SAM . :); Arukh (KA :); Maimonides on mKil . translates ñèñà as: âìéðìà (an-n¯ıla˘ g) (MK :),44 a variant for ìéðìà (an-n¯ıl); NZ fol. a reads: å÷éãðéà æòìáå ìéð éáøòá ãåîìú ïåùì ñéèñà ("STYS, Talmudic, in . Arabic n¯ıl and in o.l. indigo). readings culled from MSS and Genizah fragments and Talmudic commentaries from  ce to  ce, New York . 40 Cf. Gerrit Bos, “Hayyim Vital’s ‘Practical Kabbalah and Alchemy’: a th century . Book of Secrets,” Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, vol.  (): –, p. . 41 Ibid. p. . 42 ñéèñà: äéèñà V 43 ìéð: ìééð VO 44 See as well his commentaries on mShebi . (MK :); and mShab . (MK :).



shem tov, synonym list 

The Romance form "YNDY is the usual O. Occ. or O. Cat. term indi for ‘indigo’ (RL :b–a; DECLC :b–b). . 47éøáðéâ 짧áå 46ìäáà 䧧á 45àúàøáéà "YBR"T"; Arab. "BHL, o.l. GYNBRY Aramaic "YBR"T" or BRT" means “juniper”, Juniperus drupacea Labill., Juniperus Excelsa L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBB b (éúøá :ùåøá) (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; FEB  ff.; FM ; FO  f.; LF : ff.); the Hebrew equivalent is ùåøá. See as well Bet no. . Arabic abhal means “savin”, Juniperus sabina L. (L ; D :; DT :; M ). For the identification of abhal as "YBR"T", cf. HTG : àá àåä àúàøáà ˘ and is in Arabic alìäáàìà úééèáå ùåøáä ïî ("BR"T" comes from HBRWS abhal); see as well ibid. . According to al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :), 09 is called ;  and  ampréssec), which is typical for the areas in which Arabic was originally spoken, while it is lacking in the rest of the Occitan and Catalan territories (see TermMedOc  f.). The usual Catalan word is préssec (st documentation: , see DECLC loc. cit.; see ibidem for more variants), whereas, for O. Occ., we find perseg(u)a, persegue, pres(s)ega, pres(s)egues, pressex, among others (DAO :; RMM ; RM ; RMA ; CB ). For the variants of the MSS O and V, provisional readings such as *anprésegues and *aspesseges respectively, may be suggested. . 94éøôùà 짧áå 93ùøçà 䧧á 92ïåùà ˘ ˘ o.l. " SPRY ˘ " SWN, Arab. " HR . S, ˘ ˘ means “hard” and is a variant of Hebrew or Aramaic " SWN from " SN ˘ " SYN (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :). The term features in a botanical context in bShab a, where éðéùàã ïéáåøç (“hard carobs”) are discussed. ˘ Arabic ahra˘ (L ). . s is the equivalent of Hebrew " SWN ˘ The vernacular term " SPRY is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. adjective aspre, derived from Lat. asper with the meaning ‘rough, hard’ (RL :b; ˘ ˘ . DECLC :a). Cf. also " SPRY as a gloss of Hebrew #az ‘strong’ in ShK . 95ìøå 䧧á ä÷ðà "NQH, Arab. WRL The meaning of the Biblical term "NQH, featured in Lev : in a list of unclean reptiles, is uncertain; cf. KB : “unclean animal”: Sept. μυγαλ 92 ïåùà: ïeùà P ïåñà 93 ùøçà: ùàøçà O

V

94 éøôùà: éV"t"ùà P 95 ìøå: áö (?)秧á add.

O ìáà V

alef



and Vulg. sorex “shrew”, Pesh. " a¯maqt¯a “lizard”; Bodenheimer, Animal and Man  f.: “gecko, Hemidactilus turcicus”.96 Cf. as well FA ; FAB  f.; LFa . Arabic waral is “varan”, Varanus niloticus (DT :; M ; StS ). For the identification of "NQH as waral, cf. Sa#adya on Lev : (S ) and IJ . Ibn Jan¯ah. adds: IJ KL M/ NO ) (it is something of the See as well SF :. nature of the lizard); cf. MS O: áö (“dabb-lizard”). . . ï÷åúîä 99ïúùôä 98íäå 97èàî÷ 䧧á ïúùô éöéðà ˘ "NYS. Y PSTN, Arab. QM" T; . i.e., the flax that has been treated ˘ Hebrew "NYS. Y PSTN are “bundles of flax”; cf. JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM . The term features in Rabbinic literature, such as in mBM ., where it is stated that if one finds bundles of flax they belong to the finder and do not have to be announced publicly in order that the owner may claim them. The Arabic term qim¯at. is the equivalent of the Hebrew term (L ) and features, amongst others, in documents from the Cairo Genizah; cf. DRD : “(lit.: bandage) a variety of flax”. . 101ùàéðô 짧áå 100øáåðö 䧧á íéðåìà "LWNYM, Arab. S. NWBR, o.l. PNY"S Hebrew "LWN, plur. "LWNYM, can refer to different kinds of big trees, amongst them: oak (= "allon), or terebinth (= "elon or "elah); cf. KB  f., ; AEY : f.; DAS :; FEB  ff.,  ff.; FM ,; FO  ff.,  ff.; FZ  f.; LF : f. In Rabbinic literature, we also find the term but. mim for "elonim to refer to terebinths (cf. Alef no. ; FO , n. ; FZ ). Arabic s. anawbar means “pine or pine cone” (DT :; M ). The term features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides On Asthma (IV, ; XII, ; cf. BMA  and ) and is translated by Samuel ˘ ˘ S). Benveniste as: ùðéô/ùééðôä éøô (PRY HPNYYS/PYN

96

F.S. Bodenheimer, Animal and Man in Bible Lands, Leiden .

97 èàî÷: èî÷ V 98 íäå: àåä O àåäå

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99 ï÷åúîä ïúùôä: õôéð ÷ééãã 짧ø ï÷åúî ïúùô 100 øáåðö: øáåðéö VO 101 ùàéðô: ùééàðéô

O ùééðìô V ùðåéðéô V1

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

shem tov, synonym list 

We are not certain how the Hebrew and Arabic terms came to be identified with one another. However, according to Kaleb Afendopolo (?)—a Karaite author who composed a list of  plant names as part of a supplement to Elijah Bashyazi’s Adderet Eliyahu, and one of whose sources was Maimonides—but. mim can be identical to bot. nim and this term can also indicate pine cones (" z. t. rwblyn), which are called s. anawbar by the physicians (cf. LF :, :, n. ; Alef no. ). Maimonides remarks (M ) that habba hadr¯ . . a" is the fruit of the terebinth (but. m) and that in the vernacular of ˘al-Andalus it is called “b¯ına rushtiqa” i.e., pino rustico, which, in reality, designates the wild pine, Pinus silvestris (cf. Rosner ad loc.). Cf. as well Shin no.  below. The vernacular term PNY" S˘ (MS P) must be the O. Occ. pinhas or O. Cat. pinyas (for the meaning and further references, cf. entry Alef ). The variant in V seems to be corrupt and is emended in a marginal gloss ˘ i.e. O. Occ. or O. Cat. pinhons/ pinyons ‘pine seeds’, cf. (V1) to PYNYWNS, entry Gimel . In the variant in O, the Alef and Yod seem to be inverted due to an error made by the copyist and may be interpreted as the Cat. plural form pinyes. . 103ïåìéôàèðô 짧á 102úñëð§âðô 䧧á íäøáà ïìéà ˘ "YLN "BRHM, Arab. PNGNKST, o.l. PNT"PYLWN . Hebrew "YLN "BRHM means “chaste tree”, Vitex agnus castus (LF : f.: íäøáà õò/òåðöä õòä). The Hebrew term "YLN "BRHM as featured in this entry is the only Hebrew reference we could find and was possibly coined by Shem Tov. ˘ Arabic PNGNKST from Persian al-fan˘ganku˘st (cf. pan˘g angu˘st VL :) is the Arabic equivalent; cf. DT :; M . In colloquial speech, the tree is called ˘sa˘garat Ibr¯ah¯ım, cf. Gimel no.  (DT :, esp. n. ). The vernacular term PNT"PYLWN/PYN TH . . PYLWN in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the Latin pentaphyllon (< Greek πεντφυλλον), meaning Potentilla reptans L. or Delphinium staphisagria L., see NPRA ; GH :. This word was also used in Romance medico-botanical terminology, see the O. Occ. or O. Cat. pentafilon, interpreted as Potentilla reptans in DAO :; also cf. CB , among others, and DCVB :a. As to the meaning ‘chaste tree’ indicated by the Hebrew lemma, it can be

102 úñëð§âðô: úñëâðô O úñëðâðô V 103 ïåìéôàèðô: ùåèù÷ ùåð÷à O ïåìéô äèðéô

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noted that MLWB : gives a quotation from Albertus Magnus (animal. :), in which the respective terms are identified: “agnus, quod alio nomine pentafylon sive quinque folia vocatur”. In fact, pentaphyl˘ i.e. agnus castus, meanlon was substituted in MS O by "QNWS˘ QS˘TW . S, ing Vitex agnus castus according to NPRA  and MLWB loc. cit.; also cf. CA . For the interpretation of the epithet castus, see ibid. and the following passage from Albertus Magnus (veget. :): “Vocatur agnus castus eo, quod folia et succus et flores eius efficacia sunt in inducenda castitate”. Also cf. entry Gimel . . 105ñðùéà 짧áå éøâä ïåùìá åîù ïëå 秧á 104ïéúðñôà ˘ "PSNTYN, similarly in Arabic, o.l. "YSNS "PSNTYN (from Greek ψν!ιον; cf. KG : and LS ) is the Aramaic Rabbinic term for “absinth”, Artemisia absinthium (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, : f.; KT :, ; LF :), and features, e.g. in bAZ a, where it is stated in the name of R. Joshua b. Levi that bitter wine, i.e. wine mixed with absinth (ïéúðñôà), is not prohibited when left uncovered. The Biblical Hebrew term is äðòì (cf. KB ; LF : ff.). For the Arabic equivalent afsant¯ın, cf. DT :; M . The Arabic term features, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) where it is transcribed by N as: ïéúðñôà, and translated by Z as: åöðéùéà. ˘ S. W). ("YSYN Biblical Hebrew äðòì is translated both by Sa#adya (Proverbs :; cf. SM ) and Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ  f.) as #alqam, a term also used for ‘squirting cucumber’ (Ecballium elaterium; cf. DT :) and bitter Cucurbitae in general (cf. M ). ˘ (or "YSYN ˘ S. /"YYSYN ˘ S. in the Oxford and The vernacular term "YSNS Vatican MSS) must be read as O. Occ. aisens (DAO :; PSW :a) or eisens (DAO loc. cit.; CB ) with the meaning ‘absinth’ (FEW :a). Note that the usual Catalan word is donzell (DECLC :a–b). See HebMedSyn (, , –).

104 éøâä ïåùìá åîù ïëå 秧á ïéúðñôà: åîù ïë 秧áå 䧧á ïéúðñôà 105 ñðùéà: õðéùéà O õðéùééà V

O ïéúðñôà ò§§á ïéúðùôà V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 106äãàöìô 짧áå àñë 䧧á úøãà "DRT, Arab. KS", o.l. PLS. "DH Hebrew "DRT means ) “splendor”, ) “robe” (KB ; CD :: “majesty, cloak”; DAS :, , ,  ff., ; KT :). In the latter sense, it features, amongst others, in Gen : where Esau is described as emerging red like a hairy mantle all over at his birth: øòù úøãàë åìë (as a hairy mantle all over). Arabic kis¯a" is the equivalent of Hebrew "DRT (WKAS : f.). For the identification of "DRT as kis¯a" cf. Sa#adya on the biblical passage mentioned (S ). See as well IJ . The vernacular term must be the O. Occ. or O. Cat. peliseta/pellisseta ‘petite pelisse’ (i.e., little coat with a pelt lining, FEW :a), ‘verbrämter Mantel’ (i.e., garnished coat, PSW :b; DCVB :a), a diminutive form stemming from Lat. PELLICEUS ‘made of pelt’ (FEW loc. cit.). For the confusion between -t- and -d- in our text, cf. the introduction and also the entries Alef  and Het . . Another possibility would be to interpret this word as the Cat. feminine form pellissada (masculine: pellissat) (DECLC :b; DCVB :b), which is used in the context of wool: “Llana pellissada: llana que fa pellissa (i.e., llana pellissada: felted wool)” (DCVB loc. cit.). . åðîî ïéùåòå áèéä åúåà ïéðçåèå 109åúåà 108íéùáéîù áùò àåä 107ïàðùà 䧧á âìùà àîäåæä åðîî 110àéöåäì íéãéä åá ïéöçåøå ÷áà

˘ ˘ " SLG, Arab. " SN"N, i.e. a plant which is dried, thoroughly pulverized and turned into a powder with which the hands are washed to remove the dirt from them ˘ " SLG is a Hebrew Rabbinic term used to refer to the ashes of plants containing alkali, which were very popular as a washing-powder (JD ; LW :, ; KA : f., :; BM  f.; KT :, ). Foremost amongst these plants was úéâìùàä úéçìîä, Russian thistle, Salsola kali (FM ; LF :).

106 äãàöìô: àãàöéìô O 107 ïàðùà: ïðùà V 108 íéùáéîù: ïéùáééîù 109 åúåà: om. V

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110 åðîî àéöåäì: íäî øéáòäì

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

Arabic u˘sn¯an is the Arabic equivalent (cf. DT :, n. : “der Walkersoda, dem Salzkraut, mit dem man sich die Hände wäscht”) (salt-wort (kali) used for washing the hands). ˘ with ïåáàñìà (as. -s. a¯b¯un) Maimonides renders the Hebrew term " SLG in his commentaries on mShab . and mNid .. In bShab a Samuel ˘ remarks on the term " SLG: “I asked all seafarers and they told me that it is called shunana; it is found in the cavity wherein the pearl lies and it is scraped out with an iron nail.”111 The Aramaic äðàðåù featured in this text has the same root as the Arabic u˘sn¯an and the Persian u˘sn¯an or i˘sn¯an (VL :: “herba quaedam qua vestes et supellectilem et manus quoque post coenam lavant, ar. P dicta”; SC : “The herb alkali, and the ashes which are made from it, with which they wash clothes and the hands after eating”). ˘ For the explanation of the term " SLG, cf. the Geonic Commentary on Tohorot (EG f): áùò  . . .  úééèá åîù áùò àåäå . . . §ô àéìåîé÷ ïàðùåà àîäåæä úà àéöåî àåäå íäéãé úà åá ïéöçåøå åúåà ïéðçåèå åúåà ïéùáéîå àåä. . 114ìéæøá 짧áå 113ñ÷àá 䧧á 112òøëùà ˘ " SKR#, Arab. B"QS, o.l. BRZYL ˘ Aramaic " SKR# means “box”, Buxus sempervirens (JD ; LW : f.; KA : f., :; BM ; AEY :; FEB  ff.; FM ; KT :). The term features as ïéòåøëùà in the Targum on Is : as a translation for Hebrew øåùàú. And in mYom . it is stated that the two lots for the Day of Atonement may be prepared from box-wood. Arabic baqs from Greek πξος (LS ) is the Arabic equivalent (DT :, n. ; ID :). See as well Bet . ˘ The identification of " SKR# as baqs features in the Arukh (KA :), Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) and in Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishnah mentioned (cf. MK :), where he remarks that òøëùà is ñ÷áìà ãåò ˘ (" SKR# is baqs wood); see as well EG  and LP . The vernacular form BRZYL (MSS P and O) is the O. Occ. brazil (DAO :; RMA ), brezil ‘bois de teinture’ (i.e., wood used for 111 See as well H. Kroner, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Medizin des XII. Jahrhunderts an der Hand zweier medizinischer Abhandlungen des Maimonides auf Grund von  unedierten Handschriften dargestellt und kritisch beleuchtet, Oberdorf. Bopfingen , pp. –, n. . 112 òøëùà: òUk"ùà P òåøëùà V 113 ñ÷àá: ñà÷á O 114 ìéæøá: ìéãðñ V



shem tov, synonym list 

dyeing, FEW :a)/brezilh meaning ‘brazil wood’ (RL :a), or the O. Cat. brasill, idem (documented since , cf. DECLC :a). The word probably refers to the same wood as the one mentioned in MLWB, brasilium or brasile (:), where as its meaning ‘wood of the tree Caesalpina Sappan L. (brazil wood)’ is given. Instead of brazil, MS V has another plant name, O. Occ./O. Cat. sandil, sandel (FEW :b; RMA ; CB  among others; DECLC :a; DCVB :a; AdV  among others) which means ‘sandalwood’ (plants of the genus Santalum) or ‘powder made of the sandalwood, which is used in medicine’. . 115êéøô 䧧á áéáà "BYB, Arab. PRYK "BYB is a Biblical Hebrew term for “the ears (of corn) already ripe, but still soft, to be eaten either crushed or roasted” (KB ; cf. as well CD :; DAS :,  ff.; FH ). Far¯ık is the Arabic equivalent (D :: “blé qui n’est pas encore mûr” (corn which is not yet ripe)). For the identification of "BYB as far¯ık, cf. Sa#adya’s translation of Ex : (S ): áéáà äøåòùä éë äúëð äøåòùäå ïúùôäå (Now the flax and barley were ruined, for the barley was in the ear): àáèò ã÷ øéòùìàå ïàúëìà ïà ah. (IJ ), quoting the Hebrew term as àëéøô ïàë øéòùìà ïàì. Ibn Jan¯ it features in Lev :: ùàá éåì÷ áéáà (new ears parched with fire), also translates it with far¯ık and remarks in the name of Rav Hai Gaon that it is the ripened ear. . íðëåãá íééåìå íøîàë àðëåã 짧æ íéîëç äúåà 117åàø÷å 116ïëåã 䧧á àáèöà " S. TB", Arab. DWKN; the Sages called it DWKN" as it is stated: “and the . Levites on their platform” " S. TB" . is a Rabbinic term meaning, according to JD : “a surrounding, attachment, whence ) balcony, colonnade, portico, and ) something to recline on; couch, seat”; cf. as well LW :; KA :, :; KT :.

115 êéøô: êéøá V 116 ïëåã: ïëåã P ïëåãå

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117 äúåà åàø÷å: åúåà íéàøå÷ O íðëåãá íéååìå íøîàë àðëåã 짧æ íéîëç äúåà åàø÷å : äðùî §åùìáå

àáèöàä ìò åà ïëåã

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alef



Arabic dukk¯an from Aramaic DWKN" (FF ) means, according to L : “A shop or kind of wide bench [ . . . ] generally built against a wall [ . . . ]”. Aramaic DWKN" means “platform” (SDA ; cf. JD ; LW : f.). The Rabbinic quotation hails from bMeg a, where it is stated that Priests at their Temple service, Levites on their platform, lay Israelites at their station—all desist from their service in order to come and hear the reading of the Megilla (Book of Esther). For the identification of S. TB" . as dukk¯an, cf. Arukh :: ìàòîùé ïåùì §éô ïëåã àáèöéàä íù. . 118äðàâà 䧧á ïâà "GN, Arab. "G"NH Hebrew "GN (agg¯an) is “a large and deep bowl” (KB ; CD :; SD , SDA , Aram. àðâà; KA :; BM  f.; BKH  and index; KT :). Arabic i˘gg˘a¯na means “urn, amphora, washing-tub”, cf. L ; HaF . For the identification of "GN as i˘gg˘a¯na, cf. Sa#adya (S ) on Ex :: úðâàá íùéå íãä éöç äùî ç÷éå (Moses took one part of the blood and put it in basins): ïé§âà§âà éô äìò§âå íãìà §õòá éñåî §ã§ëàô (S ). Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) gives the same explanation for the term featuring in Song ::

'K BQ DR :øäñä ïâà êøøù (your navel is like a round goblet); see as well IQR :; SF :; WB , , n. . . 120àééôåì 짧áå òìñ 䧧á øùá 119úåãåâà ˘ Arab. SL#, o.l. LWPYY" "GWDWT BSR; The term ø×á úåãåâà (lit. bundles of flesh) could not be retrieved in the secondary literature, but was possibly coined by Shem Tov for the Arabic sil#atun, plur. sil#un which is, according to L : “A ganglion or an excrescence of flesh”. The Modern Hebrew term for “ganglion” is á&öYç (EM :). The vernacular term LWPYY", according to the MSS V and O, must be the M. Latin lupia ‘epidermal cyst’ (DuC :a) or the O. Cat. llupia, ‘bump that is due to a painless tumor, mostly in the face or on the head’, documented since the th c. (DCVB :a; DECLC :b, which 118 äðàâà: äðâà V 119 úåãåâà: úãåâà O 120 àééôåì: àéôéì

P



shem tov, synonym list 

mentions it as a learned word first documented in the th c.). For the graphical representation in the Hebrew spelling of the word initial palatal l-, see the introduction. The word is not documented for O. Occ., but the FEW :a gives the Mod. Occ. variants lupia and lupi(e), so that we might hypothesise that a form such as *lupia also existed in O. Occ. and that this is the first documentation (for Occ. as well as for Cat.). Also cf. M. Fr. loupie and M./Mod. Fr. loupe in the same meaning (FEW loc. cit.). L(l)upia stems from *lopp- (probably Germanic for ‘lopping thing’), an etymon of a word family that was not documented in the Gallo-Romance area before the th c., and which appears first in French and later in Occitan (cf. FEW :a). The spelling -YY" instead of -Y" seems to be corrupt. The first -Y- in the variant of the MS P (LYPY") might either represent the sound [y] (see the introduction) or has to be regarded as an error. . áåáðà 䧧á äð÷ ìù áåáà ˘ QNH, Arab. "NBWB "BWB SL ˘ QNH is a Rabbinic term for “reed-pipe” (JD ; LW :; KA : f.; "BWB SL KT :). Thus, it is stated in mArakh . that the pipes used for the Temple service had to be made of reed rather than bronze because of their sweet sound. According to Maimonides in his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned "BWB is the tube of the reed-pipe: éä äð÷ ìù áåáàå øàîæîìà ñàø éô éúìà äøéâöìà äáö÷ìà (MK :). Arabic unb¯ub is the equivalent of "BWB, cf. L  f. For the identification, cf. Rav Hai Gaon, K. al-H¯ . aw¯ı (AK ): åä áåáà áåáðàìà. . 124äáö÷ äìå÷ 123ä÷øñ åà 122èåìâðà 짧áå 121úåøæðò 䧧á àøãà "DR", Arab. #NZRWT, o.l. "NGLWT. or SRQH QWLH QS. BH Aramaic "DR" is a plant of unknown identity (JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA ; KA :, :; FEB , n. ; LA :, :). It is identified in Rabbinic literature as ) øôåâ (bSanh b; printed editions read: "DR"): “The wood from which Noah’s ark was constructed, perhaps cypress” (CD :); ) ñåøú÷/ñåøã÷ (bRH a): the term is a transcription of 121 úåøæðò: èåøæðà O úåøçáò V 122 èåìâðà: èåìéâðà O èåéì§âðà P 123 äìå÷ ä÷øñ: àìå÷ à÷øéñ 124 äáö÷: om. OV

O

alef



κδρος (cedar) (cf. KG :); cf. SB : n. : “Whether àøãà, which Rab needs for the explanation, is cedrus with the elision of /k/, seems to be doubtful.” (cf. LW :); according to SDA , this hypothesis should be rejected since the phonetic change k > " is unknown in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic; and ) øäãú (yKet VII, d): “an unknown species of tree from the Lebanon, or conifer” (KB ). In bGit b "dr" juice or its leaves in beer are recommended for fever. In bBez. b "dr" is identified as "dr and it is stated: “A field in which there is an adar can neither be robbed nor forcibly purchased and its fruits are protected.” According to the well-known commentator R. Solomon ben Isaac (Rashi) a.l. it is a kind of vermicide. Arabic #anzar¯ut, from Persian #anzar¯ut or #an˘gar¯ut (cf. VL :), is “sarcocol”, a resinous gum derived from a Persian umbelliferous plant, Astragalus sarcocolla Dym. (DT :; M ). The vernacular term "NG(Y)LWT, . according to MSS O and V, corresponds to O. Occ./O. Cat. angelot (CB ; DECLC :b), derived from the Arabic word featuring here, with the meaning ‘substance used for producing make-up’ (PSW :b). Corradini quotes the passage: “sarcecoll(am), que es dit a(n)gelot” (i.e., sarcecoll(am) which is called a(n)gelot, CB ). The variant in P is corrupt with the Yod at the wrong place. The second vernacular term corresponds to Lat. or Romance sarcocol(l)a in the variant sarcacolla (MSS P and V) or sercacolla (MS O), documented, e.g., in O. Occ. as sarcaquolla (RPA ); also cf. O. Sp. sarcacola in Sin : and the O. Cat. variant used in MS V, sercacol·la (AdV ), a variant of sarcocol(l)a. For O. Occ. and O. Cat. sarcocolla, see RMA  and DECLC :b respectively. For Latin, see LLMA b and NPRA , where the meaning ‘agrimonia’ is given; GH : with the meaning ‘Persian gum’. The Lat./Romance term was borrowed from Gr. σαρκοκλλα. The last word given in MS P, QS. BH, could not be identified.

. à÷àìá òáöðä øîöä àåäù 126åøîàå 125ïàå§âøà 䧧á ïîâøà ˘ "RGMN, Arab. "RGW"N, they say that this is wool dyed with L"Q" "RGMN is “wool dyed with red purple” (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :; BM ; DAS :, ,  ff., ). It features 125 ïàå§âøà: ïàåâøà O ïàååâøà V 126 à÷àìá òáöðä øîöä àåäù åøîàå: à÷àìá òáöä øîö àåä åøîà

òåáöä V

O øîöä §åäù ১éå §âøú §åäå



shem tov, synonym list 

in the Bible, e.g. Ex :, and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bSanh a and mKel .. The Arabic equivalent is ur˘guw¯an and means “redness or a certain red dye” (L ). For the identification of "RGMN as ur˘guw¯an, cf. Sa#adya on Ex :: íéæòå ùùå éðù úòìåúå ïîâøàå úìëúå (blue, purple, and crimson yarns, fine linen, goat’s hair): æòøîå øùòå æîø÷ âáöå ïàå§âøàå ïå§âðàîñàå (S ); see as well IJ ; IQR :, s.v. ïåâøàáå; SF :. L"Q" is a transcription of Lat. or Romance lac(c)a; cf. DuC :a ‘species resinae’; LLMA b ‘gum, lacquer’; also cf. the following Alphita passage: “Lacca dicitur guma de qua urina humana fit carminium, orobo, orobonis idem” (Sin , n. ). According to the sources used by CA , lacca is lacca globulata, ‘little balls made of laquer from the red brazil wood or from Coccionelle (Cochineal)’. For O. Cat. lac(c)a, lacha and O. Occ. laca meaning Cartenia lacca, see DECLC :a; DCVB :a; FEW :a; DAO :a; RL :b; RPA . The DAO loc. cit. and the FEW loc. cit. add the explanation: “Matière résineuse recoltée sur certains arbres, d’un rouge brun, qui sert [ . . . ] à fabriquer une teinture” (i.e., red brown resinous substance extracted from certain trees, which serves for fabricating a dye). . 127ìàâãî 짧á äöôöô 䧧á àúñôñà "SPST", Arab. PS. PS. H, o.l. MDG"L Aramaic "SPST" is “horse fodder” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; AEY :), possibly from Persian aspast (cf. VL :; but cf. Akkadian aspasta: “an edible garden plant”); it is identified in Rabbinic literature (e.g. bSanh a; bJeb b; bAZ b) as “lucern”, Medicago sativa L.; cf. LF :: The Talmudic passages, however, specifically refer to “lucern” (see as well KA :, :; BM ). Fis. fis. a or fas. fas. a is the Arabic equivalent, which is used for “dry lucern” in particular (DT :; see as well ID :; M ). For the identification as úçù (“low growth, corn in its earliest stage used instead of grass”, cf. JD ) in MS V see Rashi on bAZ b: äìéúô ïéèç ìù ÷øé úçù ìù êåøà äìò àúñôñàã; see as well LA :. The vernacular form MDG"L/MDGL (MSS P and V) represents some variant of Lat. MEDICA, whose name stems from the fact that it was a

127 ìàâãî: ìééàâãî

O úçù §ðùî §ìáå ìâãî V

alef



species of clover imported from Media (via Greece, where it has been attested since  bc, cf. FEW –:a). As the Lat. word (NPRA ), the Romance forms appear with the meaning Medicago sativa. According to the FEW, non of the Romance languages inherited this word directly from Latin, but rather via a Vulgar Latin variant MELICA that is documented for Medieval Latin (> Sp. mielga, Cat. melca or melga, It. melica, among many others, see DCECH :b–a; DECLC :a–b). But in the Gallo-Romance area, we find learned variants of the original form MEDICA, introduced from the th century onwards, according to the FEW (e.g. the M. Fr. medique). Interestingly, a form very similar to the variants that appears in our text (medical) can be found in the northern French department of Orne (FEW loc. cit.; cf. ALF , point ). The FEW remarks that this form is to be explained by assuming that local botanists changed the original word through popular etymology, in the form of a contamination with MEDICALIS. A similar hypothesis may be made for our forms. The Latin accusative form MEDICALEM could have given rise to a popular form *metgal or a learned form *medegal in O. Occ., just as the Latin MEDICARI, ‘to heal’, was turned into O. Occ. metgar (FEW –:a) or medegar (RL :a). The variant used in MS O might represent a diphthongised form, which remains unexplained and could be an error. . ïè÷ 䧧á 128úåñéáì÷à "QLBYSWT, Arab. QTN . The Hebrew term "QLBYSWT, variants QLYBWST" and QLYBWST, means “coccyx” or “femur” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; Low LXXVII; PB ). According to Katzenelson,129 it is the Os innominatum. Krauss (KG :) derives the term from Greek κλλοψ (cf. LS ). Löw remarks in his notes to Krauss (a.l.) that this etymology is incorrect and refers to Brüll (Forschungen, Ben Chan. , p. ) for a derivation from κροβυστα, but states at the end of his note that the term remains without explanation (“( . . . ) das Wort bleibt unerklärt.”) (cf. LS ). Dalman130 explains the term as hailing from the Greek κωλπιον %στον (cf. LS , ). 128 úåñéáì÷à: úåñéìá÷à O 129 I.L. Katzenelson, Ha-Talmud

we-Hokhmat ha-Refu"ah, Berlin , p. . . Cf. G. Dalman, Aramäisch-neuhebräisches Handwörterbuch, Göttingen , reprint Hildesheim , p. . 130



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic qat. an means “loins” (DKT ; FAL :). The Arabic equivalent for “coccyx” is #us. #us. (DKT ). It is probable that Shem Tov’s incorrect entry can be traced back to a confusion regarding the two terms in his translation of Bk. ; cf. MS Paris, fol. a: úåéåë éúù åà äöòä ïî äìòîì úåñéáì÷àä ìò äìåãâ äéåëå; cf. SpLA ,: ST,Q) UQ V2*2 - MK M/ ,Q) (and one or two big cauterisations over the lumbar region above the coccyx). . 132ùðøà 짧áå 131§âñåò 䧧á ãèà ˘ o.l. "RNS˘ " TD, . Arab. #WSG, The Biblical Hebrew term " TD . (cf. KB ; CD :), also featuring in Rabbinic literature (e.g. bSot a; mShebi .) (cf. JD ; LW :), is identified as ) “European buckthorn”, Lycium europaeum, and ) Rhamnus lycioides or Rhamnus palaestinus (AEY:; DAS :; FEB  ff.; FM ; FO ; LF : ff.). Arabic #awsa˘g is used for different kinds of lycium which were often confused with one another, such as Lycium halimifolium Miller and Var., Lycium europaeum L. and Var., Lycium afrum L. and Var. (DT :; M ; DAS :, ; ID :–). For the identification of " TD . as #awsa˘g, cf. Sa#adya on Gen :: åàáéå ãèàä ïøâ­ãò (When they came to Goren ha-Atad): §âñåòìà øãðà éìà åà§âå (S ), and Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ). See as well SF :. The vernacular term "RNS˘ must be the plural of O. Occ. or O. Cat. arn with the meaning ‘Christ’s thorn’ (RPA ), ‘thorny bush, Paliurus australis’ (since , DECLC :a, plur. arns, :b). MS O suggests arnas as a possible reading, which could not be confirmed as a plant name in the sources we consulted. . ãàðìàå 134§âìúìà 䧧á 133ùéáâìà ˘ Arab. "LTLG˘ and "LN"D "LGBYS, "LGBYS˘ means “hail” and features as ùéáâìà éðáà in Ez :, ; : (KB ; JD ; CD :; BM ; DAS : f.) in the sense of “hailstones”. bBer b explains ùéáâìà as follows: ìò åãøéå ùéà áâ ìò åãîòù íéðáà 131 §âñåò: âöåò O âñåò 132 ùðøà: ùàðøà O

V

133 ùéáâìà: ùéãâìà O 134 §âìúìà: âìúìà VO

alef



ùéà áâ (“stones which come to a standstill because of a man and fall down because of a man”). Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) explains ùéáâìà éðáà as: 0,L W. (large hailstones), and similarly David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :): øàáëìà ãøáìà øà§âç. Arabic tal˘g means “snow” or “cold applied to water” (L ) and Arabic ¯ “aqua e terra emanans” (water emerging from the earth) na"ad means (FL :).

. íùåîä øáàä 138ìò 137÷áãúî øáã ìë 136àéäå ÷åöì 䧧á 135úéðìôñà "SPLNYT, Arab. LS. WQ and this is anything which adheres to the limb it is put onto Hebrew "SPLNYT, from Greek σπληνον (KG :; LS ), features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. bShab a, b) as “plaster, rag or compress” (JD  f.; LW :; KA :, :; KT :; Low XXXVII; PB ). Arabic las. u¯ q means “sticking, adhering, clinging, devoted, attached; sticking plaster” (WKAS : f.; D :; FAQ  f.). Maimonides explains "SPLNYT as marham (“salve”) in his commentary to mShab . and mKel .. Rashi explains the term as äéèø (“plaster, compress, bandage”) in his commentary to bShaba; see as well EG . . ïàîéãà 짧áå 139ñàîìà øâç 䧧á øéîù ïáà ˘ "BN SMYR, Arab. HGR "LM"S, o.l. "DYM"N . ˘ Hebrew "BN SMYR features in the Bible and in Rabbinic literature and is identified as “diamond” (KB  f.; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM  f.; LFa  ff.). Arabic ha˘ . gar al-m¯as also means “diamond” (L ; RS ; cf. as well Resh no.  below). ˘ For the identification of "BN SMYR as ha˘ . gar al-m¯as, cf. Sa#adya (frag140 ñàî 짧æ äéãòñ §øî åùøéô äæ øéîù ment from the Genizah, T-S. ):

135 úéðìôñà: úåéìôñà 136 àéäå: àåäå VO

P úéðìôöà V

137 ÷áãúî: ÷áãúéù V 138 íùåîä øáàä ìò: åéìò íùåîä øáàä ìò 139 ñàîìà: äîìà V

O åéìò íùåé [ù]ë øáàä ìò V

140 Published by S. Schechter, Saadyana. Geniza Fragments of Writings of R. Sa#adya Gaon and others, Cambridge , p. .



shem tov, synonym list 

˘ (SMYR is explained by R. Sa#adya as m¯as) (= WG ); Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ):

  øéîù ïøåôöá. Cf. as well SF :. The vernacular term "DYM"N is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. adiman(t) (DAO :; FEW :b; FEW :a; DECLC :b) with the O. Occ. variant aziman, for ‘diamond’ or ‘hard metal’. Since the Hebrew letter Dalet may represent the Romance sound /z/ or /dz/ (cf. the introduction as well as the entries Bet  and Gimel ), both readings are possible. . 142àðçìà ãå÷ðò 䧧á øôåëä 141ìåëùà ˘ " SKWL HKWPR, Arab. ‘NQWD "LHN’ . ˘ Hebrew " SKWL means “bunch or cluster” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ) and Hebrew KWPR features in the Bible and Rabbinic literature and refers to the “cyprus flower”, Lawsonia alba L., also called “henna plant” (KB ; JD ; LW : f.; BM ; AEY :; ˘ FEB  ff.; FM ; FO ; LA  f.:; LF : ff.). " SKWL HKWPR features in the Bible (Song :) and refers to the “berry on the henna bush” (KB ibid.). Arabic #unq¯ud means “cluster, bunch of grapes; raceme” (HaF ; L ) and al-hinn¯ . a" means “henna”, Lawsonia alba L. (DT :; M ; DAS :; ID :). ˘ For the identification of " SKWL HKWPR as ‘unq¯ud al-hinn¯ . a’, cf. Sa#adya on Song : (SH ): àðçìà ãå÷ðò and Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ –). See as well SF :. . ìéâøð 䧧á ééãåä 143æåâà "GWZ HWDYY, Arab. NRGYL For the Hebrew and Arabic term, cf. Alef no. . . 146ñìîàìà 145õîçìà 䧧á ïéôåùä 144ïéðåôà ˘ "PWNYN HSWPYN, Arab. "LHM . S. "L"MLS The Hebrew term "PWNYN features in Rabbinic literature and is identified as “chick-peas”, Cicer arietinum L. (DAS :; FM ; LF : ff.). 141 ìåëùà: ìëùà V 142 àðçìà: om. V 143 ìéâøð 䧧á ééãåä æåâà: 144 ïéðåôà: ïéðåôéà V

om. V

145 õîçìà: õîàçìà O õàîçìà 146 ñìîàìà: õìîàìà V

V

alef



˘ The term "PWNYN HSWPYN means “smooth chick-peas” (JD : “smooth beans (without incision)”; FH ) and features, for instance, in mKil .. The Arabic term himma s. or himmi s. also means “chick-peas”, . . Cicer arietinum L. (DT :; DAS :,  f., ,  s.v. hummu s. ; . ID :). al-himma s or alhimmi s al-amla s means “smooth chick-peas” . . . . . (L ). The identification can be found in Maimonides’ commentary to the Mishnah mentioned (MK :). . 148øéáëìà õîçìà 䧧á 147ïéðåìîâ ïéðåôà "PWNYN GMLWNYN, Arab. "LHM . S. "LKBYR The Hebrew term "PWNYN GMLWNYN features in the Mishnah, for instance, in mShebi . and mKil ., and means “large-sized chick-peas” (FH , ; LF :). Arabic al-himma s. or al-himmi s. al-kab¯ır also means “large-sized chick. . peas”. The identification goes back to Maimonides’ commentary to mShebi . (MK :). . úåøéôä ïî øçàúîä 149àåä ìéôà "PYL, i.e. the fruits which ripen late "PYL means “late fruits” (KB ; JD ; LW :; BM ; DAS :; FH ) and features in the Bible, for instance, Ex :, and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bMQ a. The explanation of the term is similar to that given by Maimonides (MK :) on mShebi .: úéòéáù ïî é÷á é§ãìà ø§ëåîìà àåä :ìéôàå äé§öàîìà ("PYL, i.e. the fruits that remained from the past Shemittah year).

147 ïéðåìîâ: ïéðÇìîâ P ïéðìîâ V 148 øéáëìà: íéìåãâ íéðåòøæ 짧ø

add. V

149 úåøéôä ïî øçàúîä àåä: úåøéôäî øçàúîä àåä

úåøéôäî V

O

ìùáì øçàúîä àåäå äðä úåìéôà §åùìî



shem tov, synonym list 

. ø÷á 152ïéò àåäå 151õà§âéà 䧧áå 짧á 150ùðåøô íéñâà ˘ Arab. "YG" ˘ S. which is #YN BQR "GSYM, o.l. PRWNS, Hebrew "GS, plur. "GSYM, features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. yKil I, a) and is identified as “pear”, Pirus communis L. (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM  f.; AEY :; FE  ff.; FM ; KT :; LF : ff.). According to Fleischer (see LW :), the Hebrew term "GS means “plum” in Semitic dialects other than Syriac. In Rabbinic literature, "GSYM is also written as #WGSYM, which leads Löw to assume that the term is of a nonHebrew origin (LF :). Arabic i˘gg˘a¯s. is “plum”, Prunus domestica L. In Syria i˘gg˘a¯s. means “pear”. (DT :; M , ; ID :, :). For the identification of "GSYM as i˘gg˘a¯s. cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and Maimonides’ commentary to mKil . (MK :). In his Glossary of Drug Names, Maimonides remarks that the inhabitants of Spain call i˘gg˘a¯s. by the name #uy¯un al-baqar “eyes of cattle” (M ; cf. al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :):

K ,/ +,' 72) (common people call it “#uy¯un al-baqar”)). The vernacular term PRWNS˘ is the plural of Romance pruna or similar for ‘plums’ (for the references, see entry Alef ). The synonym that appears in the Oxford MS represents a variant with an epenthetic Waw (*purunas); for this phenomenon, cf. the introduction.

150 ùðåøô: ùàðåøåô O 151 õà§âéà: õàâà VO 152 ø÷á ïéò: ø÷á ïéòìà

O ø÷á ïàòìà V

BET . 3éìôåø§â 짧áå 2ìôðø÷ 䧧á 1íùá ˘ Arab. QRNPL, o.l. GRWPLY ˘ BSM, Hebrew í×á features in the Bible in the sense of ) “balsam tree” (Balsamodendrium opobalsamum), ) “balsam oil”, and ) “perfume” (KB ; CD :; BM ). In Rabbinic literature, í×á or í×åá features in the sense of “spice, perfume” (JD ; LW :,  f.; SD ; KA :, :; LF :). Arabic qaranful is “clove”, Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. or Caryophyllus aromaticus L. The Arabic term is borrowed from Greek καρυφυλλον (LS ; DT :; ID :; LF : ff.). Sa#adya on Is : (S ) translates í×á (BSM) as: I,I “fragrant substance, perfume” (L ); see as well Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ). In his commentary on mUqz ., Maimonides explains the Hebrew íéîùá éùàøå as all kinds of fragrant plants, such as: qirfa (Cortex cinnamoni cassiae), qaranful, and others (cf. MK :). The th century liturgical commentator Abudarham identifies í×åá as qaranful in his commentary on a poem by Ibn Gabirol: ìôðø÷ áøòá àø÷ðä íùåá (BWSM, which is called QRNPL in Arabic) (cf. LF :). In correspondance with the Arabic term, the vernacular term ˘ GRWPLY (MS P)/GYRWPLY (MSS V and O) is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. girofle (FEW :b; CB , among others; RMA ; RPA , among others; RMM ; DECLC :b) for ‘clove’ (< Fr. girofle < VLat. GARIOFULU < Gr. καρυφυλλον, documented since  in Cat., with the variants girofre and girofe DECLC loc. cit.). For the identification of O. Cat. giroffle as Arabic qaranful, cf. AdV ; GHAT :.

1 íùá: íùá P 2 ìôðø÷: ìôðåø÷

V VO

3 éìôåø§â: éìôåøéâ



shem tov, synonym list 

. 5ùðàìâ 짧áå 4èåìá 䧧á íéðèá BTNYM, Arab. BLWT, . . o.l. GL"NS˘ The Hebrew term BTNH, plur. BTNYM, features in the Bible (Gen . . :) and in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mShebi .) and means “pistachio”, Pistacia vera L. (KB ; CD :; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; AEY :; FE  ff.; FM ; FO  f.; FZ  f.; LA  ff.:; LF : ff.). Arabic ball¯ut. designates the “oak and its fruit, the acorn”, Quercus ilex L. (DT :; M ; DAS :,  n. , ; :, , ; ID :). It is derived from the Aramaic ball¯ut. a¯ “oak or acorn” (FF ; LF :; SD ). Sa#adya (S ) on Gen : translates the Hebrew BTNH with Arabic . but. m “fruit of the terebinth tree” (L ; DT :; DAS : f.). In his commentary on mShebi . (MK :), Maimonides identifies the as ÷úñôìà ïìéà (pistachio) and reads the Hebrew term äðèåá (BWTNH) . Hebrew äìà as " a¯ll¯a “oak”, and not as "¯el¯a “terebinth”, and translates as the term accordingly as: èåìáìà. As to the identification of BTNYM . ball¯ut. , it is possible that this transposition of the trees is connected to the transposition of their fruit as featured in our text. According to Kaleb Afendopolo (?-), but. mim can be identical with bot. nim and this term can also indicate pine cones (" z. t. rwblyn) which are called s. anawbar by the physicians (cf. LF :; :, n. ; Glossary, no. ; cf. as well Alef no.  above). The vernacular term is Lat. glans ‘acorn’ (LLMA a; ThLL –:) or, more probably, the plural of O. Occ. glan(t) (DAO :; FEW :a; RL :a; PSW :b; CB ) or O. Cat. glan (which is documented since the end of the th c.; DECLC :a), also with the meaning ‘acorn’. . äðéøî 7äáéñ åà 6äìé÷ùà ò§§ìáå øàôìà ìöá åà ìöðò åà ìé÷ùà 䧧á äãù ìöá ˘ ˘ ˘ BS. L SDH, Arab. " SQYL or #NS. L or BS. L "LP"R, o.l. " SKYLH or SYBH MRYNH The term äã× ìöá, “lit. field onion” could not be retrieved in secondary literature; it was possibly coined by Shem Tov for Arabic "i˘sq¯ıl. 4 èåìá: èåìàá 5 ùðàìâ: õðàìâ

V VO

6 äìé÷ùà: àìèé÷ùà VO 7 äðéøî äáéñ: àðéøî àáéñ

O äðéøàî àáéñ V

bet



Arabic "i˘sq¯ıl or #uns. ul or bas. al al-fa"r is “squill”, Scilla maritima L. or Urginea maritima Bach. (L ; DT :; DAS :, , ; ID :; :). "I˘sq¯ıl is the Arabic transcription of the Greek σκλλα “squill” (LS ), and the Arabic name bas. al al-fa"r signifies “onion of rat”, as the bulb of the squill was used as a rat poison (M ; DT :). Arabic #uns. ul features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XVII, ; XXI, , ) as 0*2 0 (“squill vinegar”) and is translated by N as: õîåç ˘ TL"), S. " SQY and by Z as: àø÷ðä ìöáä õîåç /ìé÷ùéàä õîåç àìèé÷ùà (HWM . . ìé÷ùà. ˘ The vernacular term " SQYLH (MS P) is the O. Occ. (e)squil(l)(a), for ‘scille officinale’ (Urginea maritima (L.) Baker/Scillla maritima L., see DAO :; DAO Suppl. :; RL :a; RPA ). The O. Cat. equivalent is esquila (DCVB :a, DECLC :), for which the DCVB indicates the meaning ‘ceba’, i.e. onion, which does not appear to be exact, as the quotation cited there (see below with respect to ceba marina) shows. MSS V and O suggest a reading *esquitla; this seems to reflect Catalan spelling conventions (cf. BadGram ), where -tl(l)- could represent the palatal sound [ʎ] otherwise spelt ll in Catalan and lh in Occitan, like in the homonymous word esquitlla (i.e., ‘bone fragment’). O. Cat. esquilla is identified as Arabic "i˘sq¯ıl in AdV . For an ˘ TLL", identification between Arab. #uns. ul and the O. Cat. term " SQY which . reflects the same form as in MSS V and O, cf. GHAT :. The second vernacular term given in our text is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. seba (ceba) marina with the meaning ‘sea onion, squill’ (RL loc. cit.; DAO loc. cit.), which is identified as or at least related to the first term in the following passages: (O. Occ.) “sqill so es ‘seba marina’ ” (i.e., squill that is seba marina) (RPA ); “Et a confortar l’auzidor es l’esquila bona e fina qu’om nomma ceba marina” (i.e., and for curing the ears, the squill, which is called ceba marina, is good and fine, Brev. d’amor, fol. , quoted in RL loc. cit.); (O. Cat.) “Prenetz l’esquila blanca, ço és ceba marina” (i.e. take the white squill which is ceba marina, Medic. Part. , quoted in DCVB loc.cit). According to NPRA (), the scilla alba (with white membranes) is a subspecies of the Scilla maritima. For the identification of O. Cat. seba/ceba marina as Arabic #uns. ul, cf. AdV . Arabic "i˘sq¯ıl is identified as O. Cat. SYB" MRYN" in GHAT :.



shem tov, synonym list 

. 11èðéãå÷ 10äáéñ 짧áå 9óéøç ìöá 䧧á 8éøôåë ìöá BS. L KWPRY, Arab. BS. L HRYP, o.l. SYBH QWDYNT. . The Hebrew term BS. L KWPRY features in Rabbinic literature, for example, in mTer ., mNed . or bNed b, a, where it is identified as “wild onion”, “village onion”, as opposed to äðéãîä éðáî íéìöá “onions of the city dwellers” (cf. JD ; LW : f.), and in yShebi II, a, where it features as the translation of the Mishnaic íéñéøñä íéìöáä “onions which don’t produce seeds” (cf. mShebi .; KA :, :). Löw (LF :) does not identify the Hebrew term BS. L KWPRY as “wild or village onion” but rather as Cypriot onions (cf. as well SD ) and refers to Pliny, who described the Cypriot onions as very strong and pungent. Arabic bas. al hirr¯ . ıf means “a strong onion, burning and biting to the tongue” (L ). Maimonides on mTer . (MK :) qualifies city onions as large and village onions as small. The vernacular term SYBH/SYB" QWDYNT. seems to be a literal translation of the Arabic expression given in our text and is not documented in this combination in our sources: the first element ceba/seba (see above, entry Bet ) means ‘onion’ (FEW –:a; RL :a; CB ), the second one is the O. Occ. present participle cozen(t) (for the formation of participles in O. Occ., cf. POc ) of the verb cozer (a variant of the more usual coire, < Lat. COCERE) meaning—besides ‘to cook’— ‘être désagréable’ (to be disagreeable) (FEW –:a) and ‘causer une douleur picante’ (to cause a stinging pain), see RL (:a), where a quotation with a present participle is given: “El desiriers cozens e doloiros” (i.e., the sharp and painful desire, B. de Ventadour: Bels Monruels). The latter sense seems to be present in our case. For the Hebrew letter Dalet representing the Romance sound /z/, cf. the introduction. Since the Cat. variant is only documented with the typical loss of intervocalic voiced -s- (< -c-) (MollGram )—coent for ‘excessivament picant’ (excessively hot/ spicy, see DECLC :b)—we can exclude this language here.

8 éøôåë: éøôë V 9 óéøç: à÷éøç V 10 äáéñ: àáéñ VO 11 èðéãå÷: ìëàðä ìöá àåäå

add. V

bet



. 13éøèéðìù 짧áå 12ïåøèð åà ÷øåá 䧧á úéøåá ˘ BWRYT, Arab. BWRQ or NTRWN, o.l. SLNY TRY . . The Hebrew term BWRYT features in the Bible (Jer :; Mal :) and in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mNid .; mShab .; bNid a; bShab a) and means “alkaline salt extracted from soap-plants; lye, potash”, Mesembrianthemum cristallinum (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; DAS :; :; FO  ff.; FZ  f.; LF : ff.; Low XXXIX; KT :). Arabic bawraq or b¯uraq means “borax” and is derived from the Persian bawrah or burah (VL :). According to al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :), it is called “n¯ıt. r¯un” in Greek. Maimonides states that bawraq is a type of natron, Arabic nat. r¯un (M ); see as well Goltz (GS  ff.), who remarks that the nitrum of Dioscurides and Galen was identified as bawraq. For bawraq, cf. as well A. Dietrich, in EI2 XII Suppl.  f. Maimonides comments on the afore-mentioned Mishnaic references that úéøåá (BWRYT) refers to Arabic g˙a¯s¯ul “soap”, and Ibn Jan¯ah. comments on Jer :: åá íéñáëîù áùò àåäå ,ïàðùåà éáøòá :úéøá (i.e. in Arabic u˘sn¯an “kali or glasswort”, a plant used for washing; cf. DT :; M ). Rashi on bKer a explains úéøåá (BWRYT) as 裏åáàñ “soap”. ˘ ˘ The vernacular term SLNY TRY/ S"LNY TRY is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. . . word salnitre (DAO ; CB ; DECLC :a; DCVB :a) or the Latin sal nitri (for sal, ‘salt’, see DuC :a; for nitrum, ‘natural soda’, DuC :c; GH : gives sal nitrum with the meaning ‘sodium carbonate’); for its use in O. Occ. texts, see RMA (). The meaning is ‘natural soda’ (FEW :b), ‘potassium nitrate’ (DCVB loc. cit.). In O. Cat., the word is documented since . Lat. sal nitrum (nitri)/O. Cat. salnitre is identified as Arabic bawraq in AdV , , and the GHAT : identifies the Romance (O. Cat.) term as Arab. nat. r¯un. . äãù ìù íéðàú 15íäå 14æéî§â 䧧á äî÷ù úåðá ˘ ˘ BNWT SQMH, Arab. GMYZ, that is ‘figs of the field’ ˘ The Hebrew term BNWT SQMH features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mDem . or bBer b) and is identified as the fruit of Ficus Syco12 ïåøèð: ïåøèéð O ïåøúð V 13 éøèéðìù: éøèéðìàù O 14 æéî§â: õéîâ O ïéîâ V 15 äãù ìù íéðàú íäå: íä äãù ìù àì äðâ ìù íéðàú íäå

V



shem tov, synonym list 

morus L. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; FE ; FM ; FZ ; LF : ff.). Arabic g˘ummayz is “sycamore”, Ficus Sycomorus L. (DT :; DAS :, , , ). ˘ For the identification of BNWT SQMH as g˘ummayz, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :); Maimonides on mDem .: éøá ïéú à§öéà åäå ,æéî§âìà = äî÷ù úåðá ˘ (BNWT SQMH = g˘ummayz, it is also called “wild figs”) (MK :). . 18íé÷úñôä ïìéà 17àéä 16äðèåá BWTNH, that is "YLN HPSTQYM . Hebrew BWTNH, plur. BTNYM, means “pistachio”, Pistacia vera L. Mai. . monides on mShebi . (MK :) identifies the Hebrew term äðèåá as ÷úñôìà ïìéà (pistachio); cf. the explanations and references in Bet no. . . ìåùá éöç úìùåáî 21짧ø 20úùøáîéð 䧧á 19àèéîàøè äöéá ˘ i.e. half cooked BYS. H TR"MY T", . . Arab. NYMBRST, The Hebrew term features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bNed b, as àèéîøåè äöéá and is explained there as referring to an egg boiled down so many times that it is small enough to be swallowed and pass through the body unchanged. If such an egg is consumed by a patient, it attracts the sickening matter and can be used by a physician for diagnosis. (cf. JD ; LW :; PB ). In yNed VI, c it features as äöéá àèéîåøè and is explained as ïåèéôåø, i.e. &οφητν, “an egg that can be supped up” (LS ). In mNed ., it features as àèéîøè äöéá and is explained by Maimonides (MK :) as an egg cooked in hot water which has not been allowed to coagulate, and is called “úùøáîð” by physicians. According to Krauss (KG :; see as well LW :) àèéîåøè is derived from τρομητ “trembling, moderately boiled” (LS ), while Kohut (KA :) derives àèéîøè from τεραμτης “softness” (LS ; cf. Low XL: “soft-boiled egg”).

16 äðèåá: àðèåá 17 àéä: àåä O

O

18 íé÷úñôä: ïé÷úñôä V 19 àèéîàøè: àèéîøú O äèéîøè

V

20 úùøáîéð: úùøáîéð íåèðñ O úöøîð äöéá V 21 ìåùá éöç úìùåáî 짧ø: äìåùá éöç úìùåáî 짧ø äöéá íéîëç ïåùìáå

V

bet



˘ or NYMRST ˘ is derived from the Persian Y  C,B Arabic NYMBRST and means “ovum semicoctum”, half-cooked egg (VL :; D :; EG ; IJ ; KZ ).22 ˘ cf. MaimoniFor the identification of BYS. H TR"MY T" . . as NYMBRST, des’ commentary on mNed . stated above (MK :). . 23àéðåèðñ 짧áå çéù 䧧á âîøäá ˘ H, BHRMG, Arab. SY . o.l. SNTWNY" . BHRMG is “Bactrian willow” (Salix Caprea L.?). The term is probably a transcription of Arabic bahr¯ami˘g (for the different interpretations of this plant name, cf. MS  ff.:); Persian bahr¯amih (VL :). Arabic ˘s¯ıh. is a general name for all Artemisia species, possibly referring to Artemisia maritima (wormwood) in particular, cf. DT :. One Latin word for wormwood, already used by Pliny, is santonicum, that also appears as santonica herba in Latin and as centonica in M. Lat. (NPRA ; DuC :a; FEW :a–b). From this word, some learned and inherited forms still exist in Romance, although they are essentially restricted to the Gallo-Romance territory (cf. FEW loc. cit.). Consequently, we could not find any O. Cat. documentation (see DECLC :b for a modern variant taken directly from Latin, maybe in the th c.). But in O. Occ., we find forms like centonica and sentonica for Artemisia absinthium (besides the more usual aisens, ausens, ensens) and the like (DAO :–; see also entry Alef ). The form found in our text matches the Old Gascon variant sentonia, which is quoted in the DAO (:) with the meaning Santolina Chamaecyparissus. It is unclear from where the authors of the DAO took this meaning, but it seems likely that it was taken from the FEW :a. However, the FEW remarks that both wormwood and Santolina belong to the family of Anthemideae, so that the name santonica was also applied to the latter already in the late Middle Ages. For the M. Latin centonica, the meaning Artemisia abrotanum is confirmed by the Alphita tradition (see Sin b; CA ). 22

Cf. H.G. Kircher, Ibn al-Quff, Die “Einfachen Heilmittel” aus dem “Handbuch der Chirurgie” des Ibn al-Quff (Diss.), Bonn , no. : “Das beste Ei (d.i. das bekömmlichste) ist dasjenige, das man weichgekocht (n¯ımbirisht) verzehrt, und zwar bringt man Wasser zum Sieden, gibt das Ei hinein, zählt bis dreihundert und nimmt es heraus— dann ist es n¯ımbirisht” (i.e. the best [that is, most digestible] egg is one that is soft boiled [n¯ımbirisht], which is done by bringing water to a boil, putting in the egg, counting to three hundred, and taking it out again—then it is n¯ımbirisht). 23 àéðåèðñ: äàéðåèðñ V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 26ìéàã 25àðøã 짧áå íåú ïñ 䧧á àîåúã 24àøá BR" DTWM", Arab. SN TWM, o.l. DRN" D"YL Aramaic BR" DTWM", featuring in bShab b and bTaan a, means “clove of garlic”, as Rashi on bTaan a explains: :íåùä ïá :àîåúã àøá íåù ìù òìö (for “garlic”, Allium sativum L. see SDA ; DAS :; LF : ff.). Arabic sinn t¯um is “clove of garlic” (L ). In Geonic sources we find ¯ habb at-t¯um (SDA ). the explanation . ¯ O. Cat. *derna d’all (‘clove of garlic’) was not O. Occ. *darna d’alh¯ or found in this combination in our sources. For the O. Occ. alh (var. all, aill, ayll, aylh among others)/O. Cat. all (var. ayl, all), meaning Allium sativum L., see DAO :; FEW :a; RL :a; DECLC :a; DCVB :. Occ. darno ‘tranche d’orange, de noix etc’ (i.e., slice of orange, of nut and others, see DAO :), ‘tranche de poisson’ (i.e., slice of fish, see FEW :a) is only documented for modern dialects. Similarly, for Cat., derna ‘tros, bocí en què es parteixen fruits i altres coses’ (i.e., piece, morsel, in which fruits and other things are divided) is not documented before  and is not very common (cf. DECLC :a; DCVB :a). According to FEW loc. cit., the word was borrowed from Breton, arguing that the basic meaning was ‘slice of fish’, and that the word was not found in Gallo-Romance sources before the th c. (Northern France) and even later in Southern France (th c.). Thus, we are dealing here with a first documentation, so that the etymology of the FEW has probably to be rejected. It seems to be more plausible to us, that, as Coromines proposes, the word derives from a Gaulish etymon *DARNOM (plur. DARNA). Thus, given the ancient documentation in our text, it might turn out in future research that the word was borrowed in the Occ./Cat. area and spread from there to the north, contrary to the FEW argumentation. The ‘clove of garlic’ was normally called in O. Occ. dolsa (d’aill), cabossa (d’alh), testa (d’ailh) (RL :a; DAO :), in O. Cat. dent d’all (DCVB :b). O. Cat. all is identified as Arabic t¯um in AdV . ¯

24 àîåúã àøá: àîåúã àøéá 25 àðøã: àðøàã O äðøã V 26 ìéàã: ìééàã

O

VO íåù ìù òìö 짧ø add. V

bet



. ùéìàã 28ùðøã 짧áå íåú ïàðñà 䧧á éîåúã 27éøá BRY DTUMY, Arab. "SN"N TWM, o.l. DRNS˘ D"LYS˘ Aram. BRY DTUMY is a plural of the previous item, just like Arabic asn¯an t¯um. We could not retrieve the plural form in current literature. ¯ Likewise, the vernacular term is the same as in entry Bet  and features here with both nouns in their plural form. . ïàáéö 䧧á 29íéðéë éöéá BYS. Y KYNYM, Arab. S. YB"N Hebrew BYS. Y KYNYM means “nits” or a species of vermin called “licenits” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :) and features in bShab b and bAZ b. Arabic s. i"b¯an or vulgarly pronounced s.¯ıb¯an is the equivalent of the Hebrew term (L ). For the identification of BYS. Y KYNYM as s. i"b¯an, cf. LO Perushim on bShab b, p. : ïàáéö ìàòîùé ïåùìá. . 31èøôåì 짧áå 30ãäô 䧧á ñìãøá BRDLS, Arab. PHD, o.l. LWPRT. Hebrew BRDLS, from Greek πρδαλις “leopard” (LS ; KG :; LR ) means “cheetah”, Acinonyx jubatus (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; EM ; BAL ; FAB  f.), and features in Rabbinic literature, where it is identified as three different animals: polecat (cf. Rashi on bPes b), hyena (cf. bBQ b) and panther (cf. bBQ b; bBM a) (cf. LZ –). Arabic fahd is “lynx” (L ; JAD : ff.) and also means “cheetah” in Modern Arabic (W ; cf. as well BK ; KSZ :, :,  f.:,  f.:; StS ). Maimonides on mBQ . identifies BRDLS as òá§öìà, Arabic dab#, . hyena (MK :; L ). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. laupart or the O. Cat. leupart (documented since Llull) for ‘leopard’ (FEW :a; DECLC :b). 27 ùéìàã ùðøã 짧áå íåú ïàðñà 䧧á éîåúã éøá: 28 ùéìàã ùðøã: õìàã ùàðøàã O 29 íéðéë: íéðë V 30 ãäô: ãàäô V 31 èøôåì: äéç §åäå èøôååì

V

om. V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 34øéâéà 짧áå 33áàæî åà 32äòåìá 䧧á áéá BYB, Arab. BLW#H or MZ"B, o.l. "YGYR The Hebrew term BYB features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mErub .; mAZ .; bErub a; bBQ a, a; bAZ b) and means “conduit, pipe, gutter or canal” (CD :; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :, :; BKH , , ; KT :, ). Arabic ball¯u#a means a “sink-hole or perforation, into which water descends” (L ) and Arabic m¯ız¯ab means a “water-spout, a pipe or other channel that spouts forth water” (L ). For the identification of BYB as ball¯u#a, cf. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ  f.): /LQ ZA [  áéá) (áéá is a hollow place like ball¯u#a), and Maimonides on mErubv . (MK :): àîìà àäéô áöðé äòåìàá :áéá (a canal which the water runs through). The vernacular term represents the O. Occ. aiguier ‘drain for dirty water’ (FEW –:a)/Cat. aiguer ‘trough with water that the potter needs to moisten his hands’, ‘kind of tin tankard that serves to scoop water’ (DCVB :a), derived from the Lat. AQUARIUS. Note that the Occ. ending -ier35 (with the diphthong [je]) is well represented in MS O by -YYR, whereas the beginning of the variant in MS O seems to be corrupt or to reflect some non-documented dialectal variants (which would be analogous to similar forms with initial id-/ed- documented for Francoprovençal: e˜diÃr, idye. rà ‘big vase for serving water at table’, FEW loc. cit.). The variant in MS P, with a single Yod in the ending, might suggest a Cat. reading, since the diphthong [je] tends to be represented by -YY- in our MSS. The synonym of the Vatican MS possibly corresponds to the O./M. Fr. aiver, eauvier with the meaning ‘big vase for serving water at table’ (FEW loc. cit.). Lastly, it might be worth while mentioning that the meaning of the Arabic word ball¯u#ah (see above) is closely matched by one of the meanings of the O. Occ. feminine word aiguiera, namely ‘sink’ ((FEW –:a) DCVB loc. cit., meaning II.)—a word that is attested also in Cat. (aiguera) in the same meaning.

32 äòåìá: àâååìî V 33 áàæî: éáéàæî V 34 øéâéà: øééâééãà O øéáééà V áéá íéîëç ïåùìá 35 The ending -ier was the regular result

GHP  ff.).

add. V of the Latin suffix -ARIUS in Occ. (see

bet



. úãáòð 37éúìáä äù÷ä 36õøàä àéä ò÷ø÷ úìåúá BTWLT QRQ#, i.e. hard soil never worked on The term BTWLT QRQ" designates “virgin soil” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bNid b (JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ), where it is explained as: äãáòð àìù 槧ë (as long as it is not tilled). Next to úìåúá ò÷ø÷ we find: äîãà úìåúá, for instance in Tos. Shebi ..38 . äîå÷ 40éøö÷ íéúá 짧ø éðéçâ 39éúá BTY GHYNY, that is, low houses . Aramaic BTY GHYNY means “houses with low ceilings” (JD , s.v. ïçâ; . LW :; SDA : “low rooms”; KA :, :) and features in bShab a in the context that it is not forbidden to cover a lamp on Shabbat so that the sparks do not set the beams of the house on fire, especially in BTY GHYNY, that is, houses with low ceilings. . . àøééå ïåð 42ïéùáìô 짧áå 41áð§âìà úàã 䧧á ãöä úìòá ˘ ˘ B#LT HS. D, Arab. D"T "LGNB, o.l. PLBSYN NWN WYYR" B#LT HS. D was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a Hebrew loan translation of the Arabic d¯at al-˘ganb, and does not feature in the standard Hebrew dictionaries. ¯ Arabic d¯at al-˘ganb means “pleurisy”, Pleuritis costalis (L ; IR , ¯ “Rippenfellentzündung”; cf. as well Sade no.  below). The ; SN : . term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ), where it is translated by N as: ãöä úìòá and by Z as: ãöä éìåç. ˘ The vernacular term PLBSYN NWN WYYR" in the Vatican MS ˘ (PLWYSYN NWN WYR" in the Oxford MS) must be interpreted as *plevesin non vera. With the addition non vera, the author seems to suggest that the illness treated here is not the ‘real’ pleuresy in contrast to the one that figures in Sade  and Shin . This combination is not . 36 äù÷ä õøàä: äù÷ õøà O 37 úãáòð éúìáä: §ìåòî äãåáò äðéàù V 38 See Tosefta Zera#im, ed. S. Lieberman,

(Tosefta Ki-fsut. ah), p. .

39 äîå÷ éøö÷ íéúá 짧ø éðéçâ éúá: 40 éøö÷: éìôù O

New York , p. , and his commentary

om. V

41 áð§âìà: áðâìà VO 42 àøééå ïåð ïéùáìô: àøéå ïåð ïéùéåìô

O àøéååé ïéùøáìô P



shem tov, synonym list 

documented in our sources, but see e.g. the analogous expression pleuresía no verdadera in the O. Sp. version of Bernard de Gordon’s Lilium medicinae (LM II:): “La [pleuresía] no verdadera se produce en los músculos o en la carne de las costillas en el exterior o en las costillas falsas que están debajo del diafragma [ . . . ] o bien es de ventosidad” (i.e., the false [pleurisy] arises in the muscles or in the external flesh of the ribs or in the false ribs which are beneath the diaphragm [ . . . ], in other words, it is a result of flatulences). The first element is the O. Occ. plevesin (FEW :a, variants: plevezin, plevesim). The FEW remarks, that the ending -in in O. Occ. is a result of the change of the Greek ending -'τις (πλευρ'τις) in -inum in Late Lat. (FEW :b). The variant of the Paris MS belongs to the Lat., O. Occ. or O. Cat. form pleuresis ‘pleurisy’ (DuC :b; LLMA b; CB ; DCVB :a; DECLC :a, documented in O. Cat. since the end of the th c.). The following two elements in the MSS O and V must be read as Latin non ˘ vera with the meaning ‘not real’. The variant of the Paris MS (PLBRSYN YWWYR") might transcribe *pleuresin vera; for this term, cf. the entries Sade  and Shin . We might assume, for *pleuresin, an adaptation of . pleuresis according to the O. Occ. model discussed above (plevesin). Less ˘ probably, it might be that the Nun in PLBRSYN belonged to the following word in the MS which P is based upon; in this case, the following Yod might be corrupt for Waw and Waw for Nun, so that we get the reading *pleurisie non vera, where pleurisie would, however, be O. Fr., (FEW loc. cit.). . àùò 䧧á ñåîìåá ˘ BWLMWS, Arab. ‘S" Aramaic BWLMWS, from Greek βολιμος = βουλιμα (LS ; KG :; LR ), means “ravenous hunger, bulimy, esp. faintness from fasting” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; Low XXXIX). It features, e.g. in mYom . and bYom a. Arabic g˙a˘s’ = g˙a˘sy means “syncope, fainting” (cf. L  f.; SN ). Arabic g˙a˘sy features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. III, ; IV, ; VI, ; VII, , , –, ; cf. BMMa ,  and BMMb , , ,  ff., ), where it translated as: óìòúä/óåìò/úåôìòúä both by N and Z. In his commentary on mYom ., Maimonides explains ñåîìåá as a sort of epilepsy (òøö) (MK :).

bet



. àîéèùåô 짧á 43äìéáã 䧧á äòåá BW#H, Arab. DBYLH, o.l. PWS˘TYM" . Aramaic BW#H means “swelling or abcess” (JD  s.v. àòåá; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ) or “bulla or blister on the lung or outside the body” (Low XXXIX) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bSanh b, bHul . b. Arabic dubayla means an “abcess” (L ; SN ). It features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, a) and is transcribed by both N and Z as: äìéáã. The vernacular term PWS˘TYM" is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. postema . with the meaning ‘abcess’ (CB , , , among others; RM ; DECLC :a, documented in Catalan since the end of the th c.). . ø§âç ïî 44íàøá 䧧á àììâã àîøåá ˘ BWRM" DGLL", Arab. BR"M MN H . GR Aramaic BWRM" DGLL" means “stone pot” (SDA ; KA :, , :) and features in the plural BWRMY DGLLY in bPes b. Arabic burma, plur. bir¯am, is “a cooking-pot of stone”, or “a cookingpot in a general sense, of copper, iron, etc.” (L ; cf. DRD : “earthenware pot”); and bir¯am min ha˘ . gar means “cooking pots of stone”. Cf. as well Pe no.  below. The identification of the two terms can be found in medieval Halakhic literature. For instance, Zedekiah ben Abraham Anav (th century) states in the Sefer Shibbolei ha-Leket: “his words (i.e. ha-Rif = Isaac Alfasi) prove that éììâã éîøåá are stone vessels which are the same as our ïéñôìà, and in Arabic ñôìà is called åîøåá (sic)”.45 . äìá 䧧á 46äìá BLH, Arab. BLH Hebrew BLH means “to be used up, to be worn out” and features in the Bible, e.g. Deut : (KB ; CD :; BM ).

43 äìéáã: àìéáã åà àìéáåã V 44 ø§âç ïî íàøá: øâç ïî íàøá O øâç ïî íøá V 45 Zedekiah ben Abraham, Anav, Sefer Shibbolei

Wilna , p. . 46 äìá: àìá V

ha-Leket ha-Shalem, ed. by S. Buber,



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic BLH is Arabic bal¯a, read: baliya, which has the same meaning as the Hebrew (cf. L  f.). For the identification of the two terms, cf. Sa#adya on the biblical verse mentioned: êìòðå íëéìòî íëéúîìù åìá àì øáãîá äðù íéòáøà íëúà êìåàå êìâø ìòî äúìá àì (I led you through the wilderness forty years; the clothes on your back did not wear out, nor did the sandals on your feet): íëìà§âøà éìò íëìàòðå íëéìò ìáú íì íëáàé§ú øáìà éô §äðñ ïéòáøà íëúøéñå

(S ); IJ , n.  (gloss MS R). See as well IQR :; SF :; WB . . 48äàîç 䧧á 47äöéá BYS. H, Arab. HM"H . Hebrew BYS. H means “waterlogged ground”, “marsh” (KB ; CD :; BM ) and features in the Bible, e.g. Job :. Arabic ham"a has a similar meaning (L : “black mud”). . For the identification, cf. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ): äöá) \'] ^UHT- õåáá 7) +L_7. Sa#adya on Job : (SJ ) translates äöá as: ìçå (mud, mire), and David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) as: æð (water oozing from the ground). . 50äéðàâåô 짧áå 49äëáèî 䧧á ã÷åîä úéá BYT HMWQD, Arab. MTBKH, o.l. PWG"NYH . The Hebrew term MWQD means “a fireplace” and BYT HMWQD generally “a room where fire is maintained and specifically the room in the temple in which a fire is continuously maintained, from where fire was taken daily for the altar, and where the priests warmed themselves” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (JD ; LW :; KA : f.; DAS :,, ). Arabic mat. baha means “a place of cooking or a place in which cooking is performed” (L˘ ; cf. as well DAS :, , , , ). The vernacular term PWG"NYH (according to the MS P) represents the O. Occ. foganha/fuganha ‘kitchen’ (PSW :a–b) or the O. Cat. foganya ‘fireplace’ (DCVB :a; DECLC :a). The latter is, according 47 äàîç 䧧á äöéá: 48 äàîç: äàîñ V

om. O

49 äëáèî: àëáèî O ä÷èáåî 50 äéðàâåô: àééðàâåô O äàéðâéô

V V

bet



to DECLC loc. cit., a typical variant of the dialects of the Balears and the Empordà. Other documented forms of this word are O. Occ. fogaynha (FEW :a; RL :a) and the more common O. Cat. variant fogaina (DECLC loc. cit.; DCVB loc. cit.). These forms do not seem to be represented by the Hebrew spelling showing only one Alef that hardly can stand for the diphthong -ai-. For the Romance term also cf. TermMedOc  f. . íéúáá 51íéìãâ 짧ø äéìäà 䧧á úåúééá BYYTWT, Arab. "HLYH, that means being raised in houses The Hebrew term BYYTWT means “domestic animals, i.e. those that pass the night in the town” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :; KT :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBez. . or bBez. a. Arabic ahliy means “a domestic beast that keeps to the dwelling of its owner” (L  f.). . íàîçìà 53§âøá 䧧á 52íéøáéá BYBRYM, Arab. BRG˘ "LHM"M . Hebrew BYBR, plur. BYBRYM, from Greek βιβριον = Latin vivarium (KG : f.), means an “enclosure in which live game, fish and also wild beasts are kept” (JD ; LW :; SDA  f.; KA : f.; DAS :; KT : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBez. .. Arabic bur˘g al-ham¯ . am means a “pigeon-turret” or a “lodging place of pigeons” (L ; DAS : ff.). In his commentary on mShab ., Maimonides explains the Hebrew term BYBR as “a place where birds and animals are kept” (MK :). . 55ùééåá 짧áå 54ñ÷á 䧧á ùåøá ˘ Arab. BQS, o.l. BWYYS˘ BRWS, Hebrew BRWS˘ refers to “Juniper”, Juniperus drupacea Labill., Juniperus Excelsa L., and features in the Bible (e.g. Is :) and in Rabbinic literature 51 íéìãâ: äìãâ V 52 íéøáéá: íéøáá

V O âøá V V ùééåá: ùééÇá P [õ]à ïî §åäå add. V

53 §âøá: âàøá 54 ñ÷á: ñ÷åá 55



shem tov, synonym list 

(e.g. bRH a) (KB; AEY :; DAS :, ; FEB  ff.; FM ; FO  ff.; FZ  f.; LF : ff.). Arabic baqs means the “box-tree”, Buxus sempervirens L. (see Alef ). Hebrew BRWS˘ is normally translated into Arabic as: §úåøá or é§úåøá (cf. RO ; SE ; IJ : ùåøá, gloss MS Rouen (n. ): ;). +B 0,) which is the Aramaic àúåøá (FA –); but cf. SF :: ïéáøù :íéùåøá ˘ (BRWSYM is “cedar”; cf. DT :). The Hebrew equivalent to Arabic baqs is øåùàú, and the Aramaic one is òøëùà; cf. Alef ; see as well Alef . The vernacular term BWYYS˘ (according to MS O) is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. boys for Buxus sempervirens (DECLC :b; RL :b; CB ). In O. Cat. it is documented for the first time in the th c. (DECLC loc. cit.). . 56äðàöá÷ 짧áå áåúìà ÷åè 䧧á øàåöä úéá BYT HS. W"R, Arab. TWQ "LTWB, o.l. QBS. "NH . BYT HS. W"R means “neck opening or jugulum” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (LW :; KA :, :; BM ; KT :, ). Arabic t. awq at-tawb means “neck opening of a garment” (DAS :, ¯¯ ). A Geonic Responsum (GGS , l. , and ) explains the term as: ïàáåøë (= Persian juruban for “collar”). The vernacular term in the Paris MS corresponds to the O. Occ./O. Cat. capsana (Cat. variant: capçana), ‘collar’ (FEW –:b; DECLC :a– b; DCVB :b). The forms in MSS P and O represent the variant causana, mentioned in PSW :a alongside capsana, where the meaning ‘halter; a ring that holds the hunting bird’ is given. For other meanings, cf. DCVB loc. cit. . 58ïà÷ì§ë 䧧á 57ééåìá BLWYY, Arab. HLQ"N ˘ The Hebrew term BLWYY or BLWY features in the Bible (e.g. Jer :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. mKel .; bSukk b) in the plural only 56 äðàöá÷: àðàùá÷ 57 ééåìá: éåìá V 58 ïà÷ì§ë: ïà÷ìë

O äðàöô÷ V ãâáä úôù 짧ø add. V

VO

bet



and means “rags of old clothes” (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; BM ; cf. Bet no. ). Arabic hulq¯an/halaq¯at, sing. halaq/halaqa, means “old and worn out ˘ ˘ garments ˘or pieces˘ of cloth” (L ). For the identification, cf. IQR :: íéçìî éåìá (Jer :): úàéìàá ïà÷ì§ëìà. Sa#adya on Is :: äô÷ð äøåâç úçúå äéäé ÷î íùá úçú äéäå (And then—instead of perfume, there shall be rot; and instead of an apron, a rope): úà÷ì§ëìà úàøàæàìà ìãáå ïúðìà áéèìà ìãá íäì øéöéô, has Arabic halaq¯at for Hebrew NQPH (S ; cf. RO ). ˘ . 60ïåèùéô 짧áå 59øäô 䧧á àðëåá BWKN", Arab. PHR, o.l. PYS˘TWN . Aramaic BWKN" or BWK"N", from Akk. buk¯anu (cf. “spiral trumpet, horn”, LS ; KG :; SB :, from Greek βυκνη), features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. bShab b or bBQ b) and means “pestle, rib” (JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA ; KA : f.; KT :; LF :). Arabic fihr means a “stone such as fills the hand or a stone of the size of that with which one crushes walnuts and the like, or simply a stone” (L ; cf. HaF : “stone-pestle”). A Geonic Responsum (ATG ) explains the term àðàëåá as Arabic: ïåàä ìà ãé (pestle of a mortar). PYS˘TWN, the vernacular term according to the Paris and Oxford MSS . is documented in M. Fr. as piston, ‘pestle’ (FEW :a–b), but most probably corresponds to a non-documented O. Cat./O. Occ. *pisto(n), which is attested for Cat. only since  (pistó, see DECLC :a; DCVB :b) and for Occ. in Mistral (pistou(n), see TrFel :b). DECLC loc. cit. indicates that the Cat. word was borrowed via Fr. piston from the It. pistone (the etymon is Lat. PISTARE ‘to pound’; cf. FEW loc. cit.). The usual word to designate the ‘pestle’ in O. Occ. was pestel (FEW :b; PSW :b), stemming from lat. PISTILLUM, which has the same meaning (cf. FEW loc. cit.). The variant of the Vatican MS seems to be corrupt without the -t-.

59 øäô: ãñôå O 60 ïåèùéô: ïåùéô V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 63ùåéøãéîàë 짧áå 62ñåéøãàîëìà àåäå §õøàìà 61èåìá 䧧á õøà ìù íéðèá ˘ "RS. , Arab. BLWT. "L"RD, BTNYM SL . . this is "LKM"DRYWS, o.l. ˘ K"MYDRYWS ˘ "RS. ) could not be retrieved in The Hebrew term õøà ìù íéðèá (BTNYM SL . Hebrew literature (for íéðèá; cf. Bet no.  above) and was possibly coined by Shem Tov for Arabic ball¯ut. al-ard. . Arabic ball¯ut. al-ard. literally means “oak of the earth” from Greek χαμαδρυς (LS ) via Syr. ball¯ ut. ar#¯a (cf. BLS ) and designates, just like the Arabic transcription of χαμαδρυς, that is kam¯adary¯us or the older form h¯am¯adary¯us, three different plants: . Teucrium chamaedrys ˘ flavum L. and . Stachys officinalis L. and Var. (DT :; L.; . Teucrium M ). The term featuring as vernacular, K"MYDRYWS˘ according to MS P, must be the Lat. camedreos/camidrios/camidreos/camidreus meaning Teucrium chamaedrys L., Teucrium lucidum L., Veronica Chamaedrys L. and Stachys officinalis L., which is documented, among others, in the Alphita (see Sin a–b, also for the derivation of camedreos from the Greek word mentioned above; MLWB :; NPRA ; ThLL :; CA ). This term appears in O. Occ. medical texts in the variant camedereos (RPA ; RMA ) and in a Hebrew text written in Southern ˘ France as Q"MDRY"WS/QMDRY"W S˘ (PJP ). For O. Cat., it is docu˘ The mented in GHAT : where it is transcribed as QMDYRY"WS. common word used in Lat. was chamaedry(o)s, chamaedryis, transcribed from the Greek (MLWB loc. cit.; NPRA loc. cit.; ThLL :, where a quotation of Scribonius Largus, , is given: “χαμαδρυς quae herba similis quercus folia habet”), but the Hebrew spelling of all three variants rather suggests one of the forms mentioned above. With respect to the final part of the word, the variants used in MSS V and O present an Alef that indicates the hiatus. . äéðåèðñ 짧á 64âîøäá BHRMG, o.l. SNTWNYH . Cf. Bet no. . 61 §õøàìà èåìá: õøà ìù èåìá VO 62 ñåéøãàîëìà: ñåàéøãîëìà O, om. 63 ùåéøãéîàë: ùåàéøãî÷ O ùåàéøãîë 64 äéðåèðñ 짧á âîøäá: om. OV

V V

GIMEL . 2øàéìéøèùà 짧áå éèîú 䧧á íé÷äåâ 1짧ø ÷åäéâ GYHWQ, i.e belching, Arab. TMTY, . o.l. " S˘TRYLY"R . The Hebrew term GYHWQ means “belching” (LW :; KA :, :; BM ) and features in bBer a. Rashi gives a second explanation: äìòîì åôåâ èùôå íé÷äù øîåìë íé÷äåâ (íé÷äåâ that is to say that he raises and stretches his body upwards) (cf. BM  n. ). Arabic tamat. t. a¯ (M") means “he stretched himself ” (L ). In Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXIV, ), the Arabic M" )& I`_ (he yawned or stretched himself) is translated by N as: ÷äâ åà ÷äô and by Z as: ÷äô åà ÷äâ. For the identification of GYHWQ as tamat. t. a¯, cf. Tanhum Ben Joseph . Ha-Yerushalmi (BTJ ), s.v. ÷äéô: “gähnen (áåà§úú) ist gekürzt aus åéô íé÷ä, ebenso wie ÷äéâ, rülpsen, eig. sich recken (àèîú), aus íé÷ä åúéåâ.” Cf. as well ShM  f. A Geonic explanation of ÷åäéâ is: êåçéâ (laughing, jesting) (LO Liqqut. ei Ge"onim on bBer b, p. ). The vernacular term " S˘TRYLY"R (MSS P and O) is the O. Occ. esteril. har, ‘to stretch (out), to loll’ (FEW :a; PSW :b). According to FEW loc. cit., the word seems to be absent from Cat., as well as from the other Romance languages. . 5éðàè÷ìà ïî 4äøéâ åà 3øàñéô 䧧á ïéñéøâ GRYSYN, Arab. PYS"R or another kind of cereal Hebrew GRYS, plur. GRYSYN, is a Rabbinic term which lit. means “split, broken” and which is used in particular in the sense of “pounded, broken bean”, or “grain of pearl barley”, or “geris”, i.e. a certain measure (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; FA ; KT :). Plur. GRYSYN is used in particular in the sense of a “dish of pounded grains” (JD ), or “groats

1 íé÷äåâ 짧ø: om. OV 2 øàéìéøèùà: øééìéøèùà 3 øàñéô: àñéô O øñéô 4 äøéâ: àøéâ VO 5 éðàè÷ìà: éðè÷ìà

V

V

V úîñ÷ 짧ø add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

or porridge made from marsh beans”, Vicia Faba L. (LF : ff., but cf. DAS :). Arabic fays¯ar means, according to D :, s.v.(*,: “fèves cuites avec du beurre et du lait” (beans cooked with butter and milk). Dalman (DAS :) states that marsh beans (Vicia faba L.) that have been pounded (ma˘gr¯u˘s), cleaned from their pods and cooked with groats of wheat, are called b¯ıs. a¯r. Maimonides on mPeah . explains the Hebrew term ïéñéøâ as: íñà äøù÷ ïî §õôðå ïçè à§ãà ìåôìà (the term for beans once they have been pounded and cleaned from their peels) (MK :). . 7ïàúùáù 짧áå 6ïàúñáñ 䧧á ïðôåâ ˘ ST"N ˘ GWPNN, Arab. SBST"N, o.l. SB The Hebrew term GWPNN features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mDem .) and means ) “fennel”, Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (FM ) and ) “sebesten”, i.e. the fruit of the sebesten tree, Cordia Myxa L. (AEY :; DAS :; FZ  f.; LF : f.; :). Arabic sibist¯an or sabist¯an is the Arabic form of the Persian sag-pist¯an (VL :) and means “sebesten”, i.e. the fruit of the sebesten tree, Cordia Myxa L. (M ; ID :). For the identification of the two terms, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :); see as well Maimonides on mDem .: ìé÷å úáùìà äáùé ìå÷áìà ïî òåð :ïðôåâ ïàúñáñìà (a plant similar to aneth and, according to others, to sebesten) (MK :). ˘ ST"N ˘ The vernacular form SB (MS P) represents M. Lat./Romance sebesten/sebestin. For M. Lat. it is documented in the Alphita (see Sin :; CA ) and in the Latin version of the index of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s Kit¯ab al-Q¯an¯un (see Sin , n. ); also cf. AdOr  and Sin b. For Romance it is documented, e.g., in Cat. (sebesten, Cordia Myxa L., although very late, , see DECLC :a) and in O./M. Fr. (sebestin), M./Mod. Fr. sebesten (FEW :b), as well as in similar Spanish (DCECH :a–b) and Old Francoprovençal forms (sebasten, see AdOr ). We could not find any documentation for O. Occ., but see the Mod. Occ. form sebest(e) without final -n, attested in DFO :a.

6 ïàúñáñ: ïàúñáù 7 ïàúùáù: ïàúñáù

O ïúäáù V O ïúèáù V

gimel



. 8åîùìáåôø÷ 짧áå ïàñìá áç 䧧á óè÷ éöò éøâøâ ˘ GRGRY #S. Y QTP, . Arab. HB . BLS"N, o.l. QRPWBLSMW Hebrew GRGRY #S. Y QTP . means the berries, i.e. fruits of the balsam tree, Commiphora opobalsamum, and features, for instance, in mShebi . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; AEY :; FM ; LF :: “storax”, cf. as well Qof no.  and Ayin no.  below). Arabic habb balas¯an means the fruit of the balm tree (balm of Gilead), . Commiphora opobalsamum (L ; DT :; ID :; LA :; LF :; D :: “les droguistes entendent sous ce terme le fruit du bachâm; mais probablement il s’agit de la liqueur qui decoule du bachâm” [With this term the druggists mean the fruit of the bachâm but it is probably the moisture which flows from the bachâm]) (cf. L ); cf. MS ff.:; see as well Ayin no. , Qof no.  and Shin no.  below. For the identification of QTP . as balas¯an, cf. Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishnah cited above (MK :): êù àìá ïàñìáìà äøâù :óè÷äå (QTP . is without doubt the balsam tree). Cf. as well LF :. ˘ The vernacular form QRPWBLSMW (MSS V and O) may represent the Latin carpobalsamum, which designates the fruit of the balsam tree, Commiphora opobalsamum Engl. (NPRA ; MLWB :b). For the use of Waw for rendering the Latin ending -um, see the introduction. The form might also correspond to the O. Sp. carpobalsamo (DETEMA :a; DCECH :b), but we consider it more probable ˘ that it represents the Latin word. The variant in MS P (Q"PRWBLSMW) shows a (probably accidental) metathesis (capro- instead of carpo-). Carpobalsami is documented for O. Occ. in RPA . . 14ùåèùà÷ 13ùåðàã 12äðàøâ 짧áå 11úñëð§âðôìà 10áç 䧧á íäøáà ïìéà 9éðéòøâ ˘ GR#YNY "YLN "BRHM, Arab. HB o.l. GR"NH D"NWS˘ . "LPNGNKST, ˘ ˘ Q" STW . S The Hebrew term GR#YNY "YLN "BRHM means “the kernels of the fruit of the chaste tree or Abraham’s tree”, Vitex agnus castus L. (cf. Alef no.  above). 8 åîùìáåôø÷: åîùìáåøôà÷ P 9 ùåèùà÷ ùåðàã äðàøâ 짧áå úñëð§âðôìà áç 䧧á íäøáà ïìéà éðéòøâ 10 áç: om. O 11 úñëð§âðôìà: úñëðâðôìà 12 äðàøâ: àðàøâ O 13 ùåðàã: ùåð÷àã O 14 ùåèùà÷: ùåèù÷ O

O

: om. V



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic habb al-fan˘ganku˘st has the same meaning (cf. Alef no.  . above). The vernacular term is a mixed Lat./Romance form (GR"NH D"NWS˘ ˘ ˘ according to MS P) and should be read grana d’anus castus, Q" STW . S, with anus standing for agnus (see Sin : and : for this spelling). The reduction of -gn- to -n- is frequent in Medieval Latin; the velar sound appears, however, in MS O as a Qof. For agnus castus, see entry Alef . The first element represents the plural of Lat. granum ‘kernel’ (DuC :b, no. ) or O. Occ./O. Cat. grana ‘grain, seed’ (RL :b; DECLC :b). . éãðéàéã 17äðàøâ 짧áå 16ìéðìà áç 䧧á 15ñéèñà éøâøâ GRGRY "STYS, Arab. HB . . "LNYL, o.l. GR"NH DY"YNDY For Hebrew GRGRY and Arabic habb, cf. Gimel no.  above, and for . Hebrew "STYS . and Arabic n¯ıl, cf. Alef no.  above. The vernacular term must be identified as O. Occ. *grana de indi/d’indi for ‘kernels of indigo’. O. Occ. indi or endi means ‘indigo’ according to RL :b; O. Cat. indi has the same meaning (documented since , cf. DECLC :b) also cf. entry Alef ; for grana, see entry Gimel . The expression as a whole is not documented in our sources. . 19úôâ åì ùéù øáã ìëî úôâ 18íä ïéðéòìâ GL#YNYN, these are the GPT of everything which has GPT The Hebrew term GL#YNYN means “kernels or stones” (BM ), while GPT means “Trester, der Rückstand von zerrissenen Schalen und zermalmten Kernen” (residue of torn husks and crushed kernels) (cf. LW :,  f.: “úôâ, gemeinarabisch aH”; KA :, :; KT :, :; Bust¯an¯ı, Muh¯ . ıt. al-muh¯ . ıt. : ^b/ 2 T?4 cB aH, “˘gift are the olive kernels after they have been squeezed”). The text seems to be corrupt, and should possibly be read as: ïéðéòìâ åì ùéù øáã ìëî ïéðéòìâ íä úôâ (GPT are the [crushed] kernels of everything which has kernels); cf. the Geonic

15 ñéèñà: ùéèñà O ñéèäà 16 ìéðìà: ìééðìà O

V

17 éãðéàéã äðàøâ: éãðéàã àðàøâ 18 íä: àåä O 19 úôâ: úìñô 짧ø

add. V

O éãðàã àðøâ V

gimel



Commentary on Tohorot (EG ): íéúéæ ìù ïéðéòìâ ïäù úôâä. See as well Gimel no. . Maimonides on mShab . (MK :) explains úôâ as: ïåúéæìà §äøàöò àäðäã §âø§ëúñà éúìà (the residue of the olives once the oil has been extracted). . èåø 짧áå 20àù§â 䧧á ùòâ ˘ Arab. G˘ S", ˘ o.l. RWT. G#S, The Hebrew term G#S˘ features in the Bible, for example in Ps : or Job :, in the sense of “to rise and fall loudly, quake, shake”, and in Rabbinic literature with the additional meaning “to belch, cough, sneeze” (KB ; CD :; JD  f.; BM ). Arabic g˘a˘sa"a means “to belch or to eructate” (L ; KZ ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ On Asthma (V, ) and is translated by Samuel Benveniste as: ÷äâ and by Joshua Shatibi as: ÷äô (cf. BMA ). The vernacular form RWT. must be read as O. Occ or O. Cat. rot ‘belch, sigh’ (RL :a; PSW :a; DECLC :a). . 22äðçñ 䧧á 21ääâ GHH, Arab. SHNH . The Hebrew term GHH means “face or look” (BM ; CD :; KB : “healing”) and features, e.g. in Prov :. Arabic sahna . means “aspect, appearance or external state or condition” (L ; cf. as well IR : “countenance”). For the identification see Sa#adya (SM ) on Prov :: áèéé çîù áì íøâ ùáéú äàëð çåøå ääâ (a joyful heart makes for good health, despondency dries up the bones): óô§âú äáéàëìà çåøìàå ,äðçñìà ãå§âé çøôìà áì÷ìà í§èòìà; see as well IJ  who prefers the explanation of “countenance” to that of “healing” (cf. ääâé; Hos :); and IQR :.

20 àù§â: àùâ VO 21 ääâ: àäâ V 22 äðçñ: àðçñ

VO



shem tov, synonym list 

. 25óé§â 짧áå 24ñá§â 䧧á 23ññáéâ ˘ ˘ GYBSS, Arab. GBS, o.l. GYP Hebrew ññáéâ = ñéñôâ, from Greek γψος “gypsum” (LS ; KG :; LR ), means “plastering material, gypsum” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :, s.v. ñôâ; KT :, : s.v. ñåñôéâ). Arabic g˘ibs means “gypsum” (L ; GS , ; cf. as well Het . no. ). The Arukh (KA :) identifies Hebrew ñôâ as Arabic: ñáâìà, and Maimonides on mKel . Hebrew ñéñáâ as Arabic: ñá§âìà (MK :). The Geonic Commentary on Tohorot (EG ) explains the Hebrew term as: âàãéôñéà (cf. as well KA :; for Arabic isfid¯ag˘, cf. Alef no.  above). ˘ The vernacular term GYP (MS P) is O. Occ. gip for ‘gypsum’ (PSW :a); a Catalan reading is not possible here, since all documented forms end with a sibilant (O. Cat. guix, var.: algeps, ges, gis. s. , gibs, DECLC :b). . 29áéå éøôìåù 짧áå 28éôèî 27øé§â 26䧧á éç úéøôâ ˘ MTPY, ˘ GPRYT HY, o.l. SWLPRY WYB . Arab. GYR . Hebrew GPRYT means “sulphur” and features in the Bible (e.g. Gen :; Deut :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. bKet b; bSot b) (KB ; JD ; BM ). GPRYT HY . refers to “sulphur that has not been in the fire” or “natural sulphur” and is not attested in secondary literature, but seems to be coined after the Latin sulphur vivum (see below). That is how the Hebrew term features in the Sefer Keritut by Hillel Ben Samuel of Verona, i.e. the Hebrew translation of Bruno of Longobardo’s Cyrurgia magna which Hillel completed in the year .30 Arabic g˙ayr mut. fa" should be emended into kibr¯ıt g˙ayr mut. fa" (cf. MS O) which is not attested in secondary literature either but is an equivalent to Greek !ε'ον (πυρον, i.e. the kind of sulphur which was qualified as 23 ññáéâ: ññáé§â P ñéñáâ 24 ñá§â: ïñáâ O ñáâ V 25 óé§â: óéâ VO 26 䧧á: úéøáë add.

V

O

27 øé§â: øéâ VO 28 éôèî: äáåëî ïáà 짧ø 29 áéå: áéá O øéå P

add. V

30 See Gerrit Bos: Medical Terminology in the Hebrew Tradition: Hillel Ben Samuel of Verona, Sefer ha-Keritut (forthcoming: Journal of Semitic Studies).

gimel



the best by Dioscurides (DW :; cf. DB :: “Schwefel . . . der noch nicht im Feuer gewesen ist” [Sulfur . . . that has not yet been in the fire]; LS : “native sulphur”) and which was called by Pliny: “sulphur vivum” (Natural History XXXV, ), cf. GS ). For Arabic kibr¯ıt see E.I.2 : ff., s.v. al-kibr¯ıt (M. Ullmann). Maimonides’ On Poisons (BMP ) calls this kind of sulphur: ( 7 B? d eE a?.[ (sulphur untouched by fire). Moses Ibn Tibbon translates the term as: áø÷ àì øùà éøôìåùä ùàì. ˘ The vernacular expression SWLPRY WYB must be read as O. Occ. or O. Cat. solfre viu or similar (for O. Occ. cf. DAO :, where the meaning ‘natural sulphur’ is given). The O. Occ. solfre with the variants sulpre, solpre (RL :a) and sofre (PSW :b), O. Cat. sofre, variants solfre, súfre (first documentation in ; cf. DECLC :b–a) is ‘sulphur’. For O. Occ. viu, vieu ‘living’, cf. RL :a; PSW :b; for O. Cat. viu with the same meaning, cf. DCVB :a; DECLC :b. Our term, solfre viu, thus means ‘living sulphur’, as opposed to solfre mort, literally ‘dead sulphur’ (PSW :a–b). The second word in the variant in P is an error and represents either the adjective ver ‘true’, cf. entry Samekh  for the same type of error, or ver(t) ‘green’. In both cases, this would represent a mistake made by the copyist. Levy translates the term that appears here as ‘natürlicher Schwefel’ (i.e. natural sulphur), leaving the meaning of solfre mort with a question mark (PSW :a–b). Other forms that appear in the PSW are sulpre/solpre vieu, solpre viau, sofre biu, all from the th c. The term is also documented in RMM  as solpre viu; Brunel reads its meaning as ‘soufre de Sicile’ (i.e., sulphur from Sicily) (RMM ). For O. Cat., sofre viu is mentioned in DCVB :b. The Romance term seems to be modelled upon the Latin sulphur vivum, cf. the above quotation from Pliny and the following passage in the Alphita: “Vzifur, nomen est minii. Vzifur fit secundum Avicennam de silphure viuo et argento viuo per combustionem, et inde potest elici sulphur vivum, et multum assimilatur sinopide, quia durius est” (Sin , n. ). . åùàø øòù èøîðù 31éî àåä ïãøéâ GYRDN is someone whose head hair has been pulled out GRDN or GRDN" means ) “weaver”, ) “scabby, afflicted with an itch” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA : f., :). The term features in

31 éî: çø÷ä

V



shem tov, synonym list 

the plur. in bKet b and is explained by Rashi as follows: èøîðù íãà §éô (i.e., someone whose head hair has been pulled out). An even closer parallel to Shem Tov’s explanation features in the Arukh (KA :): åùàø øòù èøîðù íãà ïãøéâ §éô. See Gimel  below.

åùàø úåøòù

. 33ïåøá 짧áå 32øîçà 䧧á øçéâ GYHR, o.l. BRWN . Arab. " HMR, . The Hebrew term GYHR means “red-spotted in the face” . or GYHWR . (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ) and features, for example, in mBekh .. Arabic ahmar means “red” (L ). . For the identification of GYHR cf. Maimonides on the . as ahmar, . Mishnah mentioned: øîçà:øçéâ (MK :). The vernacular term BRWN (MSS P and O) is the O. Occ. brun for ‘brun, sombre, bis, triste’ (brown, dark, drab, sad, RL :a; FEW :b). As to the colour, cf. the definition of O. Fr. brun given in the FEW: “qui est d’une couleur sombre, entre le roux et le noir” (i.e. of a dark colour, between a fox-coloured red and black). The synonym used in MS V (BWRWN) includes an epenthetic Waw (see the introduction). This word cannot be Cat., where the -n was lost in the th c. (GriGram ; DECLC :a: bru, first documentation at the end of the th c.). . 34åîùéøâøåâ 짧áå øéâàøâ 䧧á íéøåâøâ ˘ GRGWRYM, Arab. GR"GYR, o.l. GWRGRYSMW Hebrew øåâøâ, plur. íéøåâøâ, a noun derived from the verb øâøâì meaning “to gargle” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ), features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Nathan ha-Me"ati’s Hebrew translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. al-Q¯an¯un (cf. BM ). Arabic g˙ara˙gah, plur. g˙ar¯a˙g¯ır, has the same meaning as the Hebrew term (L ; D :). Arabic g˙ar¯ag˙¯ır features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, , ; cf. BMMa , ), where it is translated by N as: íéøåòøò, while Z uses: åîæéøâøâ.

32 øîçà: øîñà VP 33 ïåøá: ïåøåá V 34 åîùéøâøåâ: ùéîàùéøâøâ

O éîùéøâøâ V

gimel



Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned explains øâøâ as follows: øâøâ [GRGR] derives from úøâøâ [GRGRT] and that is the larynx) (MK :). ˘ The vernacular form GWRGRYSMW (MS P) is the Lat. gargarismum (ThLL –:; for the spelling with Waw as the second letter, see below), which existed alongside gargarismus (‘liquoris ore hausti repetita ad guttur revocatio’, DuC :b). For the non-representation of the final -m in Lat. words, see the introduction. Also cf. the following quotation: “Aplofeumatismus dicitur omne illud quod per os aut per nasum. [ . . . ] trahit fleuma a capite, siue fit per gargarismum, siue per masticationem, siue per fricationem [ . . . ]” (Alphita, see Sin :–; CA ). Reading ˘ GWRGRYSMW as O. Sp. gargarismo for ‘gargling’ (DETEMA :a) ˘ does not seem probable to us. The variant used in MS V (GRGRYSMY) may either represent the genitive of the Lat. word or the O. Occ./O. Cat. gargarisme (CB , ; DECLC :a), with the variant guargarisme (O. Cat., DECLC loc. cit.). The variant of the Oxford MS seems to be used in a plural form of the Romance term gargarismes—the Alef must be an error. The Cat. variant quoted may have influenced the spelling of the variant in MS P and might thus be responsable for the spelling with GW-. äø§âðçìà éäå úøâøâ ïî §ãå§ëàî (øâøâ

. øåàã 36ùãðì 짧áå áäã ïî çéàôö 䧧á 35úåìãåâ GWDLWT, Arab. S. P"YH . MN DHB, o.l. LNDS˘ D"WR The Hebrew term úåìãåâ (GWDLWT) could not be identified in the context of the Arabic and Romance synonyms which both refer to “plates of gold”. Note, however, that in Tet . no.  we find the Hebrew term ñè áäæ ìù with the same meaning. Arabic s. af¯a"ih. is the plural of s. af¯ıha, . meaning “wide, or broad stone; plank, or board” (L ; cf. Tet no. ); Arabic s. af¯a"ih. min dahab means . ¯ “plates of gold” (cf. Tet no. ). . The term indicated as vernacular should be read as landas d’aur ‘plates of gold’. The first element is the Late Lat., O. Occ. landa or O. Cat. l(l)anda, based on a syncopated form of Lat. LAMINA (FEW –:a; PSW :b; DuC :c; DCVB :a; DECLC :a). The meaning is ‘metallic blade’ (DCVB loc. cit.). As for landas d’aur, this term was interpreted as exclusively Occitan in TermMedOc  because of the 35 úåìãåâ: úÇìAåâ P 36 øåàã ùãðì: øáàã ùàãðàì

O øåàA ùcðì P øáàã äãðì V áäæ õéö 짧ø add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

preservation of the Latin diphthong AU- in aur ‘gold’ (Catalan: or). Note, however, that the Occitan form aur (DAO :; RL a; FEW – :b) existed as a loan word in Old Catalan, see DECLC :a; DCVB :a. In fact, our term is documented as a diminutive in a Catalan text from , as “landetes d’aur” (DECLC :a). The usual Cat. form was llauna, an older term for (small) plates of any metal (DECLC loc. cit.), but Corominas considers the variant llanda as a perfect synonym for llauna, which is mostly used in Valencia and the Balearic islands. For O. Occ., landa is scarcely documented and appears only in PSW :b– a, where it was not yet fully understood. Levy speculates on the meaning ‘iron ring’, and, in metaphorical use, ‘violence’. But Levy already noted the following entry in DuC :c: landa “pro lamina vel banda”. Since the Arabic term in our text means ‘plates of gold’, our term definitely represents the Occitan or Catalan translation of the Latin term lamina aurea, see Alphita: “bracteos interpretatur lamina, unde bractea crisea, i. lamina aurea” (Sin , n. ; CA ). The variant of the Vatican MS shows the singular form. . 37ïøåè 짧áå áìåì 䧧á ìâìâ GLGL, Arab. LWLB, o.l. TWRN . The Hebrew term GLGL has the primary meaning of “wheel” (KB ; JD ; LW :–; SD ), but also features in Rabbinic literature meaning “screw or winch” (cf. KT :). Arabic lawlab means, besides other things, “screw, spiral, whorl” (WKAS :; L  f.; D : f.; FrA ). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya’s translation of Is :: àì éë ÷ãåé íçì åð÷ãé àì åéùøôå åúìâò ìâìâ íîäå åðùåãé ùåãà çöðì (It is cereal that is crushed. For even if he threshes it thoroughly, and the wheel of his sledge and his horses overwhelm it, he does not crush it): ñéì àðàô ä÷ãé äðà éìòå øáìàå ä÷ãú àìô äáëøîå äì§âòìà áìåì íéäé ìá äñåãé äéàâìà éìà (DS ; RO ; DAS :). The vernacular term TWRN should be read as O. Occ. or O. Cat. torn. . According to FEW :b–a, in Gallo-Romance, this noun designates various tools which are characterised by turning around their own axis. As examples, the FEW lists, among others, the main shaft of the water

37 ïøåè: ïøåè åì ùéù ìâìâä øåá §îåìë

add. V

gimel



well, in which the water is lifted with the help of a rope, the spinning wheel, a bobbin, and the turner’s lathe. From there, still following FEW, the designation was transferred to encompass tools and other items that turn around their own axis. For Cat., see DECLC :a: torn ‘instrument of the turner’ (< Lat. TORNUS < Gr. τρνος), first documented both as an instrument and as a turning movement (th c.). For another occurence of torn, see entry Mem . . 41ñèðåô 짧áå 40àòîàìà 39âåçñ 䧧á 38øåöéòäå íéòîä úåãéøâ GRYDWT HM#YM WH#YS. WR, Arab. SHWG "L"M# ", o.l. PWNTS . . Hebrew øåöéòäå íéòîä úåãéøâ (GRYDWT HM#YM WH#YS. WR) means “intestinal abrasion and constipation”; íéòîä úåãéøâ is not attested in secondary literature, only úåãéøâ features in EM  as a modern term; for øåöéò cf. BM . Arabic sah˘ . g al-am#¯a" (cf. MS O) means “dysentery, attended by abrasion or excoriation of the colon” (L ; SN ). Arabic  features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ), where it is ˘ T) translated as: èéùôä (HPSY . by N and as: èðåô ãéìåä (HWLYD PWNT) . by Z. In Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR II, ), we find the expression    (and in some cases it causes abrasion), which is translated as: (PWNS. ) õðåô äùòú íéîòô àéä íàå by Moses ibn Tibbon, and, in Maimonides’ On Asthma (XIII,; cf. BMA ),     (and he suffered from severe dysentery) is translated as: õðåô åì åéäù ãò (PWNS. ) íéîåöò by Samuel Benveniste. The vernacular term, which also features in N, Z and Moses ibn Tibbon, is the Cat. pons ‘dysentery’ (DECLC :a; DCVB :a), stemming from Lat. PONDUS (FEW :b). The word is attested in Cat. since  (cf. DECLC loc. cit.); we might thus have a first documentation here. It seems to be absent from Occ., but note that it is documented for It.: mal dei pondi/mal del pondo with the same meaning (FEW :a; REW ).

38 øåöéòäå: emendation 39 âåçñ: âçñ VO 40 àòîàìà: àòîìà V 41 ñèðåô: õèðåô O õðåô

V

editor íåöéòäå MSS



shem tov, synonym list 

. 43ìéãî 짧áå 42íàã§â 䧧á úåîãâ ˘ GDMWT, Arab. GD"M, o.l. MDYL The Hebrew term GDMWT means “leprosy” and is attested in medieval medical literature translated from Arabic (BM ). As all the examples adduced by Ben Yehuda were given subsequent to Shem Tov, it is possible that the term was coined by him. Arabic g˘ud¯am means “elephantiasis”, a type of leprosy (L ; SN ). ¯ The term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (II, ; III, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N as: úåîãâ or úééîãâ úòøö and by Z as: úòøö, the common biblical term for “leprosy”. The vernacular term MDYL is identical with O. Occ. mesel/mezel or O. Cat. mesell for ‘leprous’ (CB , ; cf. ibid. for the noun mezeleria for ‘leprosy’), derived from Lat. MISELLUS for ‘unfortunate, miserable’ (DECLC :b–b). The O. Cat. form is documented for the first time in  (DECLC loc. cit.). For the transcription of the O. Occ. voiced s by Hebrew Dalet, cf. the introduction. The variant of the Vatican MS with the loss of the initial Mem seems to be corrupt. . àìåèùéô 짧áå 45øåöàð 䧧á 44éðúâøâ GRGTNY, Arab. N" S. WR, o.l. PYS˘TWL" . The Hebrew term GRGTNY or GRGWTNY, from Greek γργα!ος (“wicker-basket, creel”; LS ; KG :; LR ) originally meant “a wicker or net work in the wine or oil press” and has a secondary meaning to designate “the scarry and lifeless surface of a healed up wound, eschar” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; PB , ; cf. Low XLV: “keloidosis”). Arabic n¯as¯ur or n¯as. u¯ r means “fistula” (D :; SN ). The Arabic term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XV, ,) where it is transcribed as: øåöàð by N, and translated as: àìåèùéô (PYS˘TWL") by Z. . The vernacular term PYS˘TWL" must be read as Lat. (ThLL –:; . DuC :a), O. Occ./O. Cat. fistula (FEW :b; RPA ; DECLC :b), or O. Occ. fistola/festola/festula (RL :b; CB ; RMA , 42 íàã§â: íàãâ VO 43 ìéãî: ìéB"î PO ìéã 44 éðúâøâ: éðúåâøâ V 45 øåöàð: øöàð V

V òøåöî 짧ø add. V

gimel



, , ) with the meaning ‘fistular, suppurating wound’ (FEW loc. cit.). . 47áèøìà øîúìà 46äàåð 䧧á [áèåø ìù]äðéòøâ ˘ RWTB], GR#YNH [SL Arab. NW"H "LTMR "LRTB . . ˘ RWTB Hebrew GR#YNH or GL#YNH SL .  means “the stones of fresh dates” (for GR#YNH see Gimel no.  above) and has a parallel in the Arabic naw¯at at-tamr ar-rat. b (D : f.). The identification goes back to Maimonides’ commentary on mUqz . (MK :); see as well FE . . 49ïéîùîåùä åà 48íéúæä úìåñô àåä úôâ GPT is the peat from olive peels or poppy seed For the quotation cf. the Arukh (KA :): ïéîùîåù ìùå íéúæ ìù úìåñô úôâ (following bShab b). See as well Gimel no. . . 50ùééåâ 짧áå øäá 䧧á çåðâ GNWH, . Arab. BHR, o.l. GWYYS˘ GNWH . is the verbal infinitive of the Hebrew verb GNH, . which features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bRH b/a and bBQ a, and means ) “to sigh heavily under an attack of angina pectoris” and ) “to cough and spit blood” (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ). Arabic buhr designates “the state of being out of breath” (L ). The vernacular term GWYYS˘ could not be identified. It is possible that it is the plural of Romance derivations of Lat. GAUDIUM, as we found O. Occ. and O. Cat. words that more or less match the form given in the MSS, e.g., O. Occ. joia, gaug (FEW :b,b) and O. Cat. goig (DECLC :b) with the meaning ‘pleasure’. However, this does not seem not very probable to us, since its meaning differs completely from the one indicated by the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, unless we dare to interpret it as meaning ‘crow’.

46 äàåð: äàî V 47 áèøìà: äøîú éðéòøâ 짧ø 48 íéúæä: íéúéæä O

add. V

49 ïéîùîåùä: úìåñô åì ùéù øáã ìë åà add. 50 ùééåâ: úáùá áìç ÷ðåé çðåâ åîë add. V

V



shem tov, synonym list 

. àåéå 53àùøá 짧áå 52éç 51øî§â 䧧á úåùçåì íéìçâ ˘ ˘ ˘ WYW" GHLYM LWH Arab. GMR HY, . . SWT, . o.l. BRS" ˘ Hebrew GHLYM LWH features in Rabbinic literature (bPes a; . . SWT bBer b) and means “burning, living or flickering coals” as opposed to úåîîåò íéìçâ, which are “coals whose flames have died down and are no longer flickering” (JD ; LW :; BM ; KT :). Arabic g˘amr hayy means a “live or burning coal” (L ). . For the identification of Hebrew GHLYM as Arabic g˘amr, cf. Sa#adya . on Lev :: çáæîä ìòî ùà–éìçâ äúçîä–àìî ç÷ìå (and he shall take a panful of glowing coals scooped from the altar): øî§âîìà àìî §ã§ëàé í§ú çá§ãîìà ÷åô ïéî øàð øî§â (S ); see as well IJ , gloss MS Rouen (n. ): (  h,'; SF :. ˘ WYW" (MS V) should be read as O. Occ./ The vernacular term BRS" O. Cat. brasa viva for ‘living embers of coal’ (RL :b; PSW :a; DCVB :b, where the plural vives brases is mentioned). The first element is Romance brasa (for O. Occ. see RL :a; for O. Cat. see DECLC :a, where it is stated that brasa is a word of unknown origin common to Western Romance languages). The variant of the Oxford MS includes the Dalet that represents the sound /z/ (see the introduction). The second element is the feminine of the adjective in the entry Gimel . . 56ùìéã÷ 짧áå 55áàìëìà àøâà 䧧á 54íéáìëä éøåâ GWRY HKLBYM, Arab. "GR" "LKL"B, o.l. QDYLS˘ Hebrew GWRY HKLBYM means “whelps of dogs” (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; BM ). Arabic a˘gr¯a" al-kil¯ab has the same meaning (L ). For the identification of GWRYM as a˘gr¯a", cf. Sa#adya on Lamentations :: ïäéøåâ å÷éðéä ãù åöìç ïéðú íâ (Even jackals offer the breast and suckle their young): íäàøâà ïò§öøé ïò ïî íäàéã§ú ïòì§ëé é§ãìà ãéáàøòìàë à§öéàå (SH ); see as well IJ .

51 øî§â: øîâ VO 52 éç: om. O éìçâ íåâøú àåäå add. V 53 àåéå àùøá: ùàáéå ùàãàøá O àåéå àùU"á 54 íéáìëä: íéáìë O 55 áàìëìà: áìë VO 56 ùìéã÷: õìéã÷

VO ù!ìécK P

P

gimel



In conformity with the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, the vernacular word is the plural of O. Occ. cadel ‘little dog’ (FEW ,:b, < Lat. CATELLUS, ‘puppy’) or the O. Cat. equivalent cadell (DECLC :b), documented since the th c. . 58ñ÷ùø 짧áå òø÷à 䧧á 57ïãøâ ˘ GRDN, Arab. "QR#, o.l. RSQS GRDN or GRDN" means ) “weaver”, ) “scabby, afflicted with an itch”; ) “someone whose head hair has been pulled out” (cf. Gimel  above). Arabic aqra# means “scabby or someone afflicted with scabs” (D :), or “bald” (HaF ). The vernacular word is the O. Occ. rascas ‘scabby’ (RL :b), ‘scabby head’ (PSW :a), O. Cat. rascàs ‘scabby’ (DECLC :a, an older variant is raschatz, th c.). See the quotation in PSW loc. cit.: “Le sucx de fumeterra val a rascas guerir de son mal” (i.e., the juice of fumus terrae is good for healing someone with a scabby head from his illness) (Brev. d’am. ). The morphological basis of this word is O. Occ./O. Cat. rasca ‘scab’ (RL :b), ‘scabies’ (DCVB :b; DECLC :b), which ˘ is represented in the Vatican MS (RSQH); see the quotation from Tres. Pobr.  given in DCVB loc. cit.; “Val lo ros del vi pólvora feyt e posat sobre la rasca munda-la ab oli” (i.e., if one makes a powder of the tartar of wine it is good, and if one puts it on the scab with oil it cleanses it). The variant in the Oxford MS seems to be corrupt. . 60ùìåéðô 짧áå 59øáåðöìà áç 䧧á íéðåìà éøâøâ GRGRY "LWNYM, Arab. HB . "LS. NWBR, o.l. PNYWLS˘ For Hebrew GRGRY and Arabic habb, cf. Gimel no.  and  above, for . Hebrew "LWNYM and Arabic s. anawbar, cf. Alef no.  above. ˘ is The vernacular term of the Paris and Vatican MSS, P(Y)NYWLS, the plural of O. Occ. pinhol for ‘kernel of the pine cone’ (PSW :b), O. Cat. pinyol (idem, DECLC :a). The term featuring in the Oxford

57 ïãøâ: ïãøéâ VO 58 ñ÷ùø: õà÷ùéø O ä÷ùø V 59 øáåðöìà: øáåðéöìà O [øá]åðöìàV 60 ùìåéðô: ùðåðéô

O ùðåéðéô V



shem tov, synonym list 

˘ must be read pinhons/ pinyons, with the same meaning as MS, PYNWNS, pinhols, documented for O. Occ. in RPA  (more usual though without n-mobile, pinhos, cf. RPA , CB , among others); for O. Cat. see ˘ DECLC :a; DCVB :b, pinyó, plural pinyons. See also ShK , where PYNYWNS˘ is a gloss of Hebrew bot. nim for ‘pignons’. ˘ For the identification of the Romance (O. Cat.) PYNGWN S˘ as Arab. HB . "LS. NWBR, see GHAT :. The identification of the same Arabic term as the corresponding Latin term can be found in the index of the Latin translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. al-Q¯an¯un, see Sin : and notes  and . . à÷øåà 짧áå äå÷øú 䧧á äøâ GRH, Arab. TRQWH, o.l. "WRQ" The Hebrew term GRH is the general name for the part of the body which extends from the neck to the chest (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; EM ) and features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. in mYom .; mTam .; bYom b). Arabic tarquwa designates the collar-bone (L ; DKT , , : “clavicule”: FAL :). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VI, ,; VII,; XII, ; XV, ; cf. BMMb  and ), and is transcribed by N as: äå÷øú and translated by Z with the TYWL"). In his commentary to the vernacular àìåéè÷/àìåè÷ (QTWL"/Q . . Mishnaic passages mentioned, the Hebrew term is left untranslated by Maimonides. The vernacular term has to be read as orca, which is documented in O. Occ. only with the meaning ‘jug’ (< lat. ORCA ‘barrel’, cf. FEW :a). But, as the FEW states, on the basis of some modern variants of this word, the meaning was extended to ‘shoulders’, because of the vaulted form of a jug; cf. the northern Mod. Occ. variants of Coubon (Haute-Loire) uortsa ‘shoulder’, Velay (Haute-Loire). ourcho, Limagne (Puy-de-Dôme) ourchu ‘camel-backed’ (FEW :b–a). It seems that the Sefer haShimmush represents the first known documentation of this meaning for O. Occ.

gimel



. 62äãøåà 䧧á 61íéçð íéãéâ GYDYM NHYM, Arab. "WRDH . Hebrew GYDYM NHYM, lit. “veins that are restful”, could not be re. trieved in secondary literature. Most probably, it reflects Shem Tov’s endeavor to create a novel Hebrew medical terminology, in this case for the Arabic #ur¯uq g˙ayr d¯ . afiqa (vessels that do not pulsate), i.e. veins, a term that was common in medieval medical literature, together with awrida. The term ãéâ on its own, however, in the sense of “vessel, vein” can also be found subsequently, such as in the translations of Zerahyah . Hen for the Arabic #irq (vein) (cf. Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms, . e.g. III,  (BMMa )) and wi#¯a (receptacle, vessel) (cf. Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms, e.g. VI,  (BMMb )). In addition to ãéâ, we find ÷øåò (cf. Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms, e.g. III, , where #irq is translated as: ÷øåò by N) and ãéøå (cf. Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms, e.g. VIII,  (BMMb ), where awr¯ıda is translated as: íéãéøåå/íéãéøå by N and Z). Arabic war¯ıd, plur. awrida, means “vein”, especially vena cava and vena jugularis (DKT ; FAL :; cf. as well L ). . 64ñìîà øéáë 䧧á ïéôåù 63ïéðåìîâ ˘ GMLWNYN SWPYN, Arab. KBYR "MLS For both terms, cf. Alef no.  and . . 66ïéåì÷ 짧áå 65òìö 䧧á úçáâ GBHT, . Arab. S. L#, o.l. QLWYN Hebrew úçáâ (GBHT) means “baldness (of the forehead)” as opposed to . úçø÷ “baldness [of the pate]” (cf. KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :) and features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. mNeg .). Arabic s. ala# has the same meaning as GBHT . (L ).

61 íéçð: íéúìãá V 62 äãøåà: àãøåà O úãøåà V 63 ïéôåù ïéðåìîâ: íéôåù íéðìîâ V 64 ñìîà: ñàìîàìà O 65 òìö: òìöìà O 66 ïéåì÷: ïéåìà÷

O øåäè àåä çáâ åîë (= Lev :) add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

For the identification of GBHT . as s. ala#, cf. Sa#adya (S ) on Lev :: íãîãà ïáì òâð úçáâá åà úçø÷á äéäé éëå (But if a white affection streaked with red appears on the bald part in the front or at the back of the head): øîçî õéáà àìá §§äçì§âìà åà §§äòìöìà éô ïàë ïàå; cf. as well IJ ; SF :. The vernacular term QLWYN might be a non-documented O. Occ. word like *calvin derived from O. Occ. calv (FEW –:a; RL :a), O. Cat. calb (DECLC :a; DCVB :b) ‘bald’. Suffixed variants of calv/calb without visible changes in meaning or word class are quite usual in the languages in question, see O. Occ. calvut ‘baldheaded’ (FEW loc. cit., RL :b, PSW :a), O. Cat. calbut (DECLC :b; DCVB loc. cit.), O. Occ. calvet (RL loc. cit.). But the suffix -in was used for making adjectives from nouns (e.g., aur ‘gold’, aurin ‘golden’), which meant “generally indicating resemblance” (cf. WfP ), so we might suppose a derivation from a noun such as calba (‘baldhead’, Cat., DCVB : b). . íæé÷äì íòä åâäð 69øùà òåøæä éãéâ 68äùåìùî ïåúçúä 67ãéâä àåä ÷éìñàáä ãéâ GYD HB"SLYQ is the inner vein of three veins of the arm, which people used to bleed from The Hebrew term B"SLYQ, meaning “basilic vein” (from Arabic i,L3; cf. DKT , ; FAL :; KZ ) is not attested in secondary sources, but features in Masie (MD ) as: ñéñáä ãéøå/òåøæä ãéøå/êìîä ãéøå. B"SLYQ features in medieval Hebrew medical literature, for instance, in the Hebrew translations of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XII, , , , ) by N as: ÷éìñàá/ä÷éìñàá, and by Z as: àø÷ðä ãéâ /÷éìñàá ÷éìéñàá àø÷ðä ãéâä/à÷éìéñàá. Shem Tov’s explanation bears some similarity to that featuring in Moses ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ On Hemorrhoids: òåøæä ïî ïåúçúä ãéâä àéä ÷éìñàáä (cf. BMH II, ).

67 ãéâä: ãéâ V 68 äùåìùî: ùìùî

O, om. V

69 íæé÷äì íòä åâäð øùà: ãáëä ãéâ àåäå

V

gimel



. 72ìâøä ÷øôá 71áå÷øòä ìò äàøðä ãéâä àåä 70ïôàöä ãéâ GYD HS. "PN is the vein visible on [the hollow of] the knee in the knee joint GYD HS. "PN (from Arabic: -*  2; cf. KZ ; cf. as well DKT  index) means the “saphenous vein”. The term features in medieval Hebrew medical literature, for instance in the Hebrew translations of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XII, ), by N as: ïôàñ àø÷ðä ÷øåòä, and by Z as: ïàôöä ãéâ. The term features in Masie (MD ) as: ïåôöä ãéøåä ìù.

70 ïôàöä: ïàôñä O ïéôàöä V 71 áå÷øòä: á÷òä V1 72 ìâøä: àéìéåå÷ä úçú

add. V

DALET . 3åîåîðñ 짧áå 2éðéöøàã 䧧á 1ïéöøã DRS. YN, Arab. D"RS. YNY, o.l. SNMWMW Aramaic DRS. YN means “cinnamon” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a. Arabic d¯ar s.¯ın¯ı means “Chinese cinnamon”, Cinnamomum ceylanicum Nees. (DT :; M ). The Arabic term is derived from Middle Iranian *d¯ar-ˇcen, *d¯ar i c¯en¯ı(k) (SDA ). The Geonim identify the Hebrew term as Arabic d¯ar s.¯ın¯ı (cf. LO Teshuvot on Shab a, p. ; BT :; FEB  f.; KA :; LF :; cf. as well Sade no. ). . The vernacular term SNMWMW (MS P) is Latin cinnamumu(m), ‘cinnamon’ (for the missing -m and the Waw representing the Lat. ending -um, see the introduction) or Cat. cinamomo with the same meaning (DECLC :a), with the late first documentation () to be kept in mind here, although the modern dialectal form sirimómo (Taüll, Boi) in the Pyrenees would indicate that the forms ending on -o are old. For O. Occ. and O. Cat., we were able to find cinamomi (see entry Sade ), . which appears in the Vatican and Oxford MSS (an interpretation as the Lat. genitive singular is also possible). The second word in the Vatican MS, QNYLH, has to be read as O. Occ. or O. Cat. canela (RL :a; CB , among others; RMA ; DECLC :a; AdV ), canella (RL loc. cit.; CB , among others; RMA ; RPA , among others; DECLC loc. cit.), O. Occ. canelha (CB , ; RMM  f., , ), or O. Cat. canyela (DECLC loc. cit.) with the meaning ‘cinnamon’. Lat. cinamomum/O. Cat. canela is identified as Arabic d¯ar s.¯ın¯ı in AdV , .

1 ïéöøã: ïéöøàã O 2 éðéöøàã: éðéöøã V 3 åîåîðñ: éîåîðéñ

VO äìéð÷ add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 5ïåâøãéã 4éâðù 짧áå ïéåëàìà íã 䧧á ïéðúä íã ˘ DM HTNYN, Arab. DM "L"KWYN, o.l. SNGY DYDRGWN Hebrew DM HTNYN meaning “dragon’s blood”, is not mentioned in secondary literature. The term features in medieval Hebrew medical literature as a loan translation of Arabic dam at-tinn¯ın (see below), for instance, in the anonymous Sefer Ahavat Nashim (ed. Caballero-Navas, , , ) which was, according to the editor, written at an unknown date but certainly not earlier than the second half of the th century,6 and in the anonymous Sefer Zikhron ha-Holiyim ha-Howim bi-Khlei ha. Herayon (ed. Barkai, History, p. ), which was, according to the editor, possibly written in the second half of the th century or at the beginning of the th (Barkai, ibid., p.  f.).7 Arabic dam al-ahawayn, lit. “the blood of the two brothers”, is a ˘ red resin derived from diverse Liliacea; in the Orient, the Dracaena Draco Willd. and, in the West, the dragon tree (Dracaena Draco L.). It is also known by the name dam at-tinn¯ın or dam at-tu#b¯an “dragon’s ¯ hawayn ¯ blood” (DT :; M ; LF : ff.). Arabic dam al-a features, ˘ for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), and was translated both by N and Z as: ïéðú íã. ˘ ˘ The vernacular forms SNGY/ S(")NQ D(Y)DR(")GWN must be identified as the O. Occ. term sanc de drag(u)on (FEW :a; DAO :; CB ; RMM , ); variants are sanch de drago (CB ) and sang de draguo(n) (RMA ; RPA , ), with the meaning ‘résine d’un rouge foncé, qui est fourni par différents végétaux exotiques, en particulier par le rotang (calamus draco), et qu’on emploie en médecine comme astringent’ (i.e., ‘dark red resin, produced by different exotic plants, in particular by the Calamus Draco and used in medicine as astringent’, DAO loc. cit.). Also see the identical O. Cat. sanch/sang de drago, documented in the th c. (DCVB :a). For the identification of O. Cat. sanch de dragó as Arabic dam al-ahawayn, cf. AdV , ˘ .

4 éâðù: ÷ðàù O ÷ðù V 5 ïåâøãéã: ïåâàøãã O ïåâøãã

V C. Caballero-Navas, The Book of Women’s Love and Jewish Medical Literature on Women. Sefer Ahavat Nashim, London . 7 R. Barkai, A History of Jewish Gynaecological Texts in the Middle Ages, Leiden . 6

dalet



. 10äìåâàøãî 짧áå 9çàôì åà 8çåøáé 䧧á íéàãåã DWD"YM, Arab. YBRWH . or LP" H, . o.l. MDR"GWLH Hebrew DWD"YM features in the Bible (e.g. Gen :–; Song :) and is identified as “mandrake”, Atropa mandragora or Mandragora officinarum L. (KB ; CD :; AEY :; DAS :, ; FO  f.; LF : ff.). Arabic yabr¯uh. is derived from Aramaic àçåøáé (cf. FA  f.; SD ) and refers either to the “mandrake” plant; Mandragora officinarum L. and Var. or to its anthropomorphic root, while Arabic luff¯ah. means either the plant or its fruits (DT :; M ; DAS : ff.). For the identification of Hebrew DWD"YM as Arabic luff¯ah, . cf. Sa#adya on Song : (SH): íéðùé íâ íéùãç íéãâî ìë åðéçúô ìòå çéø åðúð íéàãåãä êì éúðôö éãåã (the mandrakes yield their fragrance, at our doors are all choice fruits; both freshly picked and long-stored have I kept, my beloved, for you): ä§úéãçìà äëàåôìà òéîâ àðáàåáà éìòå äçéàøìàá çàô ã÷ çàôììàå êì§ã êì úø§ë§ã ã÷ éãåãå àé ä÷éúòìàå; cf. IJ ; SF :. The identification of luff¯ah. as yabr¯uh. features in Ibn Jan¯ah’s . K. at-Talkh¯ıs. as quoted by alIdr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :; cf. AS ). The vernacular term MDR"GWLH (MS P) or MDRYGWL" (MS V) must be read as the O. Occ. mandragolha (PSW :b; FEW :b) or the O. Cat. mandragola, Mandragora officinarum L. (DECLC :b), having lost the -n- like in a French form documented in the th c., madregole (FEW :b). The synonym of the Oxford MS (MNDRYGYL") includes the -n-; the second Yod in this variant seems to be corrupt for a Waw. Von Wartburg dates the O. Occ. form in the th c. (FEW :b); the O. Cat. form is documented for the first time in the th c. in a Ramon Llull text (DECLC :b). For the identification of Arab yabr¯uh as O. Cat. MNDRGWLH, cf. GHAT ;. The O. Occ. and O. Cat.˘forms with the ending -ora (CB , , ; DAO ,; PSW :b; RL :b; RPA ) seem to be later (in the th c., see DECLC :b and FEW :b). The form ending on -ora is identified as Arabic luff¯ah. (see above), cf. AdV , .

8 çåøáé: íåâøú §åäå 9 çàôì: çôàì V

add. V

10 äìåâàøãî: àìéâéøãðî

O àìåâéøãî V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 12àìøåâå÷ 짧áå 11òø÷ 䧧á íéòåìã DLW#YM, Arab. QR#, o.l. QWGWRL" Hebrew DL#T, plur. DLW#YM, means “pumpkin”, Cucurbita pepo L. (KA :–, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS : f.; LA :; cf. FH ; FM  and LF : ff.: Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.) and features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. mKil ., mUqz .). Arabic qar#, from Aramaic àø÷ (FF  f.; LA :), also means “pumpkin”, Cucurbita pepo L., Cucurbita maxima Duch. and Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (DT :; M ; DAS : f.; LA :). For the identification, cf. the Geonic Commentary on mUqz .: õ÷åò ïðáø §ìá àø÷ úééèá äòø÷ §éôå úòìãì ùé õò ìù áðæ ïîë §ô úòìã (stalk of a pumpkin: A pumpkin has a kind of wooden stalk; the meaning of the Arabic qara# in Aramaic is àø÷) (EG ). The Hebrew term DL#T is also common as a translation of the Arabic qar# in medieval medical literature such as, for instance, in the Hebrew translations of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms VII,  (cf. BMMb ) and IX,  (cf. BMMb ), by N and Z. The vernacular form QWGWRL" (MS V) represents the O. Occ. cogorla (‘pumpkin’, FEW –:b), whereas the synonym used in the Paris MS, QWGWRLS˘ (or QWGWRL" S˘ in the Oxford MS), is its plural, cogorlas. The word is probably derived from Lat. *CUCURBULA (from CUCURBITA, with the suffix -ULA instead of -ITA). According to the FEW, forms derived from this etymon can be found in various parts of France, corresponding to the linguistic variants of Lorraine, Franco-Provençal, Auvernian, and Languedocian. DAO : documents cogorla in RM and RPA with the supposed meaning being ‘pumpkin’ (RM ; RPA ; cf. also RMA ); see also Corradini Bozzi: cogorlla, idem (CB ) and, in addition, cogorla salvatge, ‘bryony’, in RPA (DAO :; RPA ). These examples and the additional evidence in our text have led us to revise Coromines’ opinion that cogorla is an uncertain and badly documented word (DECLC :b–a). With respect to Modern Occitan, the surviving forms [ku'gurla], [ku'gurlo] and the like seem to be restricted to parts of the modern departments of Hérault, Gard, Lozère, Ardèche, H.-Loire, and Puy-De-D. (see ALF, map ).13 Also see DFO 11 òø÷: òàø÷ O 12 àìøåâå÷: ùàìøåâå÷

O ùìøåâå÷ P In the departments of Loire, Rhône, Ain and Isère we find reduced forms like ['kurlo], ['kurla]. 13

dalet



(:a, courgourlo, classified as Languedocian). The form does not exist in Catalan; it is missing in the DCVB. See also Coromines (DECLC loc. cit.), who only quotes Occitan forms, including kugúrla (Aniane), the toponym La Corgolière (in the Cevennes, at Valarauga, Gard), which figures as Cogorlieuyras in  and ; see ZA LXI. . 16é÷éðñàøù 15ïåìî 짧áå 14òàìã 䧧á úéøöîå úéðåé úòìã ˘ DL#T YWNYT WMS. RYT, Arab. DL"#, o.l. MLWN SR"SNYQY Hebrew DL#T YWNYT WMS. RYT means “the Greek and Egyptian pumpkin”. Both varieties feature in the Mishnah (mKil ., ., .) and, e.g. in yKil I, a, where, according to Rabbi Nehemiah, the Egyptian pumpkin is identical to the Aramaic variety (FM ; LF :). Arabic dull¯a# is “watermelon”, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. (M ). The identification of Hebrew DL#T YWNYT WMS. RYT as Arabic dull¯a# [mis. r¯ı] goes back to Maimonides’ commentary on mKil . and .: úòìã éøöîìà òàìãìà :úéøöîä (MK :). ˘ The vernacular term MLWN SR"SNYQY (MS P) must be read as *melon sarracenici, an expression which is not documented in our sources. The first element is O. Occ. melon (DAO :; RPA ) for ‘melon’. The second element seems to belong to the Lat. adjective SARACENICUS, ‘saracenic’; it does not match any known O. Occ. or O. Cat. form (for O. Occ. sarrazin, sarrazinal, sarrazines and sarrazinesc, see PSW :b; for O. Cat. sarraï, -ina and sarraci, -ina, see DCVB :a). . 18ùøééñéìô 짧áå ïéàøô 䧧á 17ïåé÷éèìîã DMLTYQYWN, Arab. PR"YN, o.l. PLYSYYRS˘ . The term DMLTYQYWN is a corruption of Hebrew ïé÷éèîìã . (DLMTYQYN), plur. of é÷éèîìã (DLMTYQY), from Greek δαλματικ . . or δαλματικν (LS ; KG :; LR ; cf. KA : f.). It features in mKil . and is explained in the Jerusalem Talmud (ad locum) as: ïéìáå÷ (= ïéáìå÷ from Greek κολβιον “tunic”; KG :; LN ; SMCB ). Krauss (KT :) explains ïå÷éèîìã as “a kind of tunic, which appeared

14 òàìã: òìåã 15 ïåìî: P1

O òìã V

16 é÷éðñàøù: é÷éðñøù

O é÷éðéñøñ V éáøò 짧ø add. V V V

17 ïåé÷éèìîã: ïå÷éèìîã O ïå÷éèîåìã 18 ùøééñéìô: ùàøééñéìô O ùàøéöìô



shem tov, synonym list 

at a later time instead of the stole”. Jastrow (JD ) explains the term as a “long undergarment of Dalmatian wool” and Levy speaks of “wollene Priestergewänder” (woollen cassocks) (LW :; cf. BLS : “vestis diaconi”); Sperber (SMCB, and esp. ) concludes that it is a garment called after the country it hails from, i.e. Δαλματα; see as well KA :, : f.; SB : f. See as well Het . no. . Arabic PR"YN is probably a plur. formed from fira", plur. of farwun, which designates “a certain thing that is worn, a furred garment, a skin or wool, a kind of garment, well known, lined with the skins of various species of animals, worn for preservation from the cold” (L ). Maimonides comments on the Mishnah mentioned: íéñãøáäå íéñøáä ÷åãáéù ãò ïäá ùáìé àì ïåðéôä úåìòðîå ïåé÷éèîìãäå (Bera cloaks and Brundisian cloaks and Dalmatian undergarments and felt shoes—one may not wear them until they have been examined) that although the exact meaning of all these terms has not been established, it is clear that we are dealing with items of wool used to cover the legs and thighs (àîñàìà ä§ãä ïéì§âøìà àäá ñáìé óåö ïî àäìë àäðà íåäôî éðòîìà ïëì ,àä÷÷çð àì àäìë ïé÷àñìàå) (MK :). The vernacular term must be a derivation of O. Occ. pelis(s)a, ‘furry coat’ (FEW :b; RL :a), like pelisiera or *peliseira. O. Occ. pelisiera is documented to mean ‘female dealer in skins’ in WfP ,  and FEW :a. Note that, according to WfP , “a special meaning that these words [i.e., O. Occ. words in -iera] take is that of an article of clothing”, so that we could suppose here, in accordance with the meanings of the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, a (non-documented) meaning such as a ‘kind of furry garment’. Also cf. the O. Occ. derivations pel(l)is(s)a(i)ria, ‘furrier’s trade’ (RL loc. cit.; PSW :b) and peliseta, ‘little coat with pelt lining’ (see entry Alef ). Also cf. entry Het . . . 20àèðî 짧áå òðòð 䧧á 19äðãðã DNDNH, Arab. N#N#, o.l. MNT" . Hebrew DNDNH means “mint”, Ceterach officinarum Willd., and features in Rabbinic literature, for instance in mShebi . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; AEY :; DAS :; FM ).

19 äðãðã: äðAðA P 20 àèðî: àèðéî VO àèðî

P

dalet



Na#na# is the generic Arabic name for different species of mint, e.g. Mentha piperita Smith., Mentha sativa L., Mentha aquatica L. (DT :; M ; DAS :, ,  n. , ; cf. as well Alef no. ). The identification of DNDNH as na#na# goes back to Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). The vernacular term MYNT" . is the Lat. or Romance menta for ‘mint’ (DAO :; RM ,  among others; RL :a; PSW :b; CB , among others; DECLC :a–b; DETEMA :a–b). Cf. Alef no. . For the identification of O. Cat. menta as Arabic na#na#, cf. AdV ,  and GHAT :. . 22ùøøéñ 짧áå êåìîìà áç íäå 21àéñàø÷ 䧧á úåéðáãáã DBDBNYWT, Arab. QR"SY" e.g. HB . "LMLWK, o.l. SYRRS˘ The Hebrew term DBDBNYWT features in Rabbinic literature, for instance in mAZ . or bAZ b, and means “lumps of dripping grapes” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; cf. LF :: “overripe grapes moistened by their own juice”; cf. as well FE ). In the Middle Ages the term is also used to designate the cherry fruit, Prunus cerasus; cf. the Arukh (KA :): êåìîìà áç àåäå 駧ñàøéö §ô (see as well FE  ff.; LF :). Arabic qar¯asiy¯a, from Greek κερσια (LS ), designates the cherry fruit, Prunus avium L. and Var. or Prunus mahaleb L. and Var. The name habb al-mul¯uk (“berries of kings”) was used in Spain and the Maghrib . for both the cherry and the fruit of the sebesten tree (Cordia myxa L.) (DT :; M , ; DAS :). Arabic qar¯asiy¯a features e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ) and is translated by N as: úåéðãâãâ, and transcribed by Z as: àéñàø÷. Maimonides on mAZ . (MK :) explains úåéðáãáã as: éúìà ãäùìà ìñòìà äéô (honey combs). For the identification of DBDBNYWT as habb . al-mul¯uk, cf. the mentioned quotation from the Arukh. The vernacular word SYRRS˘ (MS P)/SRYYR" S˘ (MS O)/S. RYYR" S˘ (MS V) must be read as the plural of O. Occ. cireira (DAO :; RL :b; PSW :b) or, for the variant of P, the Cat. cirera (DECLC :b) used in the meaning ‘cherry’. GHAT (:, :) identifies Arabic qar¯asiy¯a and habb al-mul¯uk . as O. Cat. SRYR"S. 21 àéñàø÷: àéñø÷ V 22 ùøøéñ: ùàøééøñ O ùàøééøö

V



shem tov, synonym list 

. àèééå÷ àðåðà 짧áå 24äñéøä 䧧á 23àñéã DYS", Arab. HRYSH, o.l. "NWN" QWYYT" . Aramaic DYS" or DYYS" means a “dish of pounded grain, grits” or: “coarsely pounded wheat or barley eaten alone or mixed with honey” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :) and features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in bBez. b, b or bShab b. Arabic har¯ısa means “grain or wheat, bruised, brayed or pounded” or designates in particular “a kind of thick pottage, prepared of cooked wheat and cooked flesh-meats much pounded together” (L ; RAP , ,  f., , ) and features in different medical tractates of Maimonides such as On Hemorrhoids, cf. BMH II,  (cf. as well KZ ); On the Regimen of Health (cf. BMR I, ) and Maimonides’ On Asthma (III, ; cf. BMA ). The identification of DYS" as har¯ısa goes back to R. Hananel on bBer . b: àìá àãéøâ úåôéøä àñééã :úåðåæî éðéî àøåáã éâéìô àì ò§§ë àãéøâ àñééãá àñéøä ìàòîùé §ùìáå ùáã áåøéò (about simple unpounded grain everybody agrees that [one says]: “Who creates various kinds of food”: àñééã is simple pounded grain, without honey and in Arabic har¯ısa) (LO Perush R. Hananel on bBer b, p. ); see as well the Arukh (KA :). . The vernacular term "NWN" QWYYT" . must be identified as O. Occ. *an(n)on(n)a cueita, literally meaning ‘cooked cereal, wheat’. The whole expression is not documented in our sources; for an(n)on(n)a, cf. DAO :, :; FEW :a; RL :b. The second element is *cueita, the feminine form of the participle *cueit, which is documented, e.g., in biscueit (RL :b). Von Wartburg remarks that an(n)on(n)a is especially attested for the South of France (FEW :b). The word does not seem to exist in Cat. . 27íåèðåøñåðùéà 짧áå óåöìà 26àôåæ 䧧á øîöä 25ïùã ˘ HS. MR, Arab. ZWP" "LS. WP, o.l. "YSNWSRWN ˘ DSN TWM . ˘ HS. MR “grease of wool” is possibly a loan translation of Hebrew DSN Arabic dasam as. -s. u¯ f “grease of wool”, which designates, according to 23 àñéã: àñééã VO 24 äñéøä: àñéøä VO 25 øîöä ïùã: ùáã V 26 óåöìà àôåæ: áèø àôåæ

O

27 íåèðåøñåðùéà: íåèðéøñåðùéà

O íåðèåøñåéùðéà V

dalet



Maimonides’ Glossary of Drug Names (M ), Arabic z¯uf¯a rat. b “grease of wool”. Arabic z¯uf¯a designates ) “hyssop”, Hyssopus officinalis L. and Var., Greek *σσωπον (LS ) and ) “grease of wool”, Greek οσυπος (LS ). The confusion about this term hails from the fact that the Arabs, and before them the Syrians, transcribed the two Greek words in the same manner. In Arabic, the different meanings are generally distinguished, by the adjective reading z¯uf¯a rat. b (“moist z¯uf¯a”) for οσυπος and z¯uf¯a y¯abis (“dry z¯uf¯a”) for *σσωπον (DT :–, :; LA :). In our text, the Arabic term z¯uf¯a designates the grease of wool or lanoline as is indicated by as. -s. u¯ f, which possibly has to be read as: as. -s. u¯ f ad-dahin (the fatty wool); cf. Maimonides, Medical Aphorisms XXIII, : II  -)4 j% Z*   Z*  (Lanoline is the fatty wool, not the filthy wool). Cf. as well Sade no.  below. . The term indicated as vernacular seems to be a corruption of a medieval Latin term that appears in the Alphita, as ysopum cerotum or ysopus cerotis (Sin , n. ), which is the dirt of the sheep wool extracted by decoction (see Sin b and CA ). All variants of our text seem to reflect a reading *cerontum in the second part of the term. Also cf. entry Sade . . . 28ùáé§âðé§â 짧áå úàúì 䧧á éðãøã ˘ GYB ˘ S˘ DRDNY, Arab. LT"T, o.l. GYN DRDNY is probably Persian dar¯ıdan¯ı meaning “fragments” derived from the Persian verb dar¯ıdan (VL :). Arabic lit¯at, plur. of lita, means “gums” (WKAS : ff.). ¯ ˘ GYB ˘ S˘ (or GYNGYB" S˘ The vernacular term ¯used in the Paris MS GYN in the MSS O and V) must be interpreted as the plural of O. Occ. gengiva ‘gums’ (FEW :b; RL :b), whereas, for O. Cat., only the variants gen(n)iva, genyiva without -g- are documented (DECLC :b; DCVB :a). . àîøåô 짧á 29áìà÷ 䧧á ñåôã DPWS, Arab. Q"LB, o.l. PWRM" Hebrew DPWS, next to TPWS in Mishnaic Hebrew, from Greek τπος . (LS ; KG :; LR ) means “frame, mould” (JD ; LW :; 28 ùáé§âðé§â: ùàáéâðéâ VO ?êéøë äðî íéëá íéîëç ïåùìá 29 áìà÷: áàì÷ O áì÷ V

add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

KA :; BM ; BKH Index; KT :, :, ; see as well Mem ) and features, e.g. in mMen .. The term also features in medieval medical literature as a translation of Arabic q¯alab, e.g. in the Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XV, ) by N, whereas Z has ÷éú. Arabic q¯alab means “a model according to which the like thereof is made, or proportioned; a mould into which metals are poured” (L ; see as well Mem no. ). For the identification of DPWS as q¯alab, cf. Sa#adya, SAM :; see as well Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: áìà÷ìà åä :ñåôèå (MK :). The vernacular term PWRM" must be read as Latin or Romance forma, which means, in general, ‘form, shape’ (FEW :b). In O. Occ. it could also have the special meaning ‘cheese, loaf ’ (FEW :a; PSW :b) and later (Mistral) ‘forme, modèle, moule de fromage’ (i.e., form, model, ˘ cheese mould, PSW :a). Also see ShK, , PWRMH, gloss of the Hebrew s. elem for ‘form, image’. . 32ùîåìå÷éã 31àèîô 짧áå íàîçìà 30÷øã 䧧á íéðåéáã DBYWNYM, Arab. DRQ "LHM"M, o.l. PMT" . . DYQWLWMS˘ Hebrew DBYWNYM means “excrement” (JD ) or “pigeon droppings” (KB ; KA : f., : f.; BM ) and features in  Kings : (K"ri) and bMeg b. Arabic darq al-ham¯ . am means “dung of pigeons” (L ). For the¯identification of DBYWNYM as darq al-ham¯ . am, cf. IJ . ¯S˘ (MS P) must be interpreted The vernacular term PMT" DYQWLWM . as O. Occ. femta de coloms for ‘pigeon droppings’. The first element is femta (CB ), a feminine variant of fem, femp, (RL :a; PSW :b) with the meaning ‘fiente, excrément’ (i.e., droppings, excrement; RL loc. cit.), and the second element is the plural of colom for ‘pigeon’ (FEW – :b). This term is documented in our sources, although not exactly in the form that we have here (see the masculine variant fems de columps (RMA ), and the feminine fenda dels colons (CB )).

30 íàîçìà ÷øã: íàîçìà ÷àøã 31 àèîô: àèîéô VO 32 ùîåìå÷éã: õîåìå÷ã

O äîçìà ÷øøã V

O ùîåìå÷ã V íéðåé úàåö 짧ø add. V

dalet



. àùéø§â 34à÷ã 䧧á 33úåñéøâ äëéã ˘ S" ˘ DYKH GRYSWT, Arab. DQ" GRY Hebrew DYKH GRYSWT means “to pound pearl barley or grits” (JD , ; LW :; KA :, :, :; cf. Gimel no. ). DYKH features in the Bible, e.g. Ps : in the sense of “to crush” (KB ) and, in Rabbinic literature, it is only attested as the verbal substantive: äëéã meaning “pounding”, derived from êåã (cf. JD ; LW :; KA :). The Arabic probably has to be read as: daqqa g˘ar¯ı˘san, i.e., “to pound grits” (L , ); cf. as well D :: “piler grossièrement”. Cf. as well DAS : and MT . . 37ìé÷øá 짧áå 36§âéøäö 䧧á 35úåã ˘ o.l. BRQYL DWT, Arab. S. HRYG, Hebrew DWT or HDWT means “a subterranean masoned store-room, . cistern, cellar” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; KT :: “Korngrube” (corn-pit)) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBB . or mKel .. Arabic s. ihr¯ıg˘ means “watering-trough or tank or cistern” (L ). For the identification of HDWT as s. ihr¯ıg˘, cf. the Geonic Commentary . on Tohorot (EG ), and Maimonides on mKel . (MK :). The vernacular term BRQYL may be interpreted as the O. Occ. broc, ‘pot, small jug’ (RL :b) with the diminutive suffix -el; cf. the parallel form brocat (‘big jug’, PSW :b) with the augmentative suffix -at. For these suffixes, see GHP ; WfP –, –. Another form is O. Occ. broquer, ‘pot, small jug’ (RL loc. cit.). . 38ãåäãä 䧧á úôéëåã DWKYPT, Arab. HDHWD Hebrew DWKYPT designates the bird “hoopoe”, Upupa epops (KB ; CD :; SD ; KA :; BM  f.; LZ  ff.), and features in the 33 úåñéøâ: úéùéøâ V 34 àùéø§â à÷ã: àùéøâ à÷àã 35 úåã: úåéã O 36 §âéøäö: âøäö VO 37 ìé÷øá: äðéôñ ïåùì 38 ãåäãä: ãäãåä O

O äùéøâ à÷ã V ?äñâ äùéúë 짧ø add. V

add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

Bible (Lev :; Deut :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. bHul . a; bGit b). Arabic hudhud has the same meaning (L  f.; BK ; KSZ :; StS ; see as well Venzlaff, Al-Hudhud).39 For the identification of DWKYPT as hudhud, cf. Sa#adya (S ) on Deut :: óìèòäå úôéëåãäå äðéîì äôðàäå äãéñçäå (the stork, any variety of heron, the hoopoe, and the bat): ãäãäìàå àäôàðöàá àâááìàå ø÷öìàå ùàô§ëìàå; see as well IJ . . 41ìàâéô 짧áå éãøåã 䧧á 40àéãøã DRDY", Arab. DWRDY, o.l. PYG"L Aramaic DWRD", plur. DRDY", means “sediment, lees, dregs” (JD ; SDA ) or “yeast” (LW :; KA :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bAZ a or bTaan a. Arabic durd¯ı has the same meaning (L ). For the identification of DRDY" as durd¯ı, cf. LO Perushim on bTaan b, p. : ïéøå÷ éáøò ïåùìáå ïä ãçà ïìåë íéøîù ,[àéøãù] àéãù àéãøåã §éô ˘ ˘ ˘ éãø(å)ã (DWRDY", SDY" [SDRY"], SMRYM they all mean the same and in Arabic it is called D(W)RDY) (cf. as well SDA ). PYG"L (MS P)/PGL"RH (MS O)/PYGL"RH (MS V) are O. Occ. words related to the Latin FAEX (RL :b; FEW :–) or the derivation FAECULA ‘tartar, yeast’. See the O. Occ. fec/fetz, ‘lie, sédiment, matière fécale’ (i.e., sediment (of wine), faecal material), e.g. “fetz de vi”, ‘sediment of wine’, and O. Cat. feu ‘solatge’ (DECLC :). FAECULA could have produced an O. Occ (semi-learned) form *fegula/*fegola. In this case the term used in the Paris MS would be corrupt and should be read as PYGL",42 although it is strange for these MSS that /o/ or /u/ is not expressed. The variants used in the MSS O and V could not be interpreted.

39 H. Venzlaff, Al-Hudhud. Eine Untersuchung zur kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung des Wiedehopf im Islam, Frankfurt a. Main . 40 àéãøã: àééãøåã O àéãøåã V 41 ìàâéô: äøàìâô O äøàìâéô V äùáø 짧á íéøîù §åäå add. V 42 Note, however, that this word (originally belonging to medical language according to the FEW) has usually not produced any hereditary forms. Another possibility would be to hypothesize an O. Occ. *fegal from the adjective FAECALEM.

dalet



. 44øéìèééã 짧áå 43øîåúä àåäå ìëð 䧧á ì÷ã DQL, Arab. NKL i.e. the palm tree, o.l. DYYTLYR . Hebrew DQL means “palm tree”, Phoenix dactylifera L. and Var. (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; DAS :; FM ; LF : f.), and features, e.g. in mPeah .. Arabic nahl or nahla also means “palm tree” (D :; DT :; ˘ ). ˘ DAS :, , For the identification of DQL as nahl, cf. Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishnah cited above (MK :).˘ The vernacular form DYYTLY(Y)R must be an O. Occ. *daitil(i)er . for ‘palm tree’, which is not documented in our sources. We only find the O. Occ. name of the fruit, datil (DAO :; FEW :b; RL :a; PSW :b; RM ; CB , ). In O. Cat., we find the name of the fruit, dàtil, and the name of the tree derived from it by the suffix -er, datiler, featured in Ramon Llull (th century, see DECLC :a). The Romance words for the fruit are learned words from Lat. DACTYLUS (FEW :b); by contrast, the form in our text shows the regular development of Lat. -CT- to a diphthong with offglide Yod: DACTYLU(M) > O. Occ.*daitil. . 45éñéôø 짧áå ìåáã 䧧á ìåãìã DLDWL, Arab. DBWL, o.l. RPYSY In Rabbinic Hebrew, DLDWL originally means “the hanging-down of a piece which is partly detached from the body, especially, the part hanging down” (LW :; KA : f.), and then “a wart with a thin neck” (JD ) or “a tumor of the skin, wart” (Low XLVI) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg . or bHul . a. It is derived from the verb ìãìã which means “to reduce, weaken” or: “to loosen, detach” (JD  f.), but cf. SDA ; s.v. ìãìã (): “to become degenerated, diminished”. Arabic dub¯ul indicates the disease called “wasting” or “marasmus” (L  f.). ¯In Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, , ,; X, , ; XIX, ; XXII, ; cf. BMMa , , ), it is rendered a.o. as: ÷åîö or ˘ S. Y) by Z. ïåôãùå ÷åîö by N and as: äëúä or éöéôùéø (RYSPY 43 øîåúä: íéøîúä ïìéà V 44 øéìèééã: øééìèééã O øéì!èééA 45 éñéôø: éñéôùø O éöéôùéø V

P



shem tov, synonym list 

For the identification of DLDWL as dub¯ul, cf. the Geonic Commentary on Tohorot (EG ): ìåìàú) ïéìåúìúäå §ã¯ §à §ô ïéìåãìãäå .úééèá ìåìàú úìáé äèîì åìãìãðå øùá ìú ïéîë äùòðù ùåøéôå (úééèä. Epstein has emended the text in such a way that ìåìàú is an explanation of úìáé, which conforms with Ibn Jan¯ah; . IJ  (see as well Krauss, KA :), and is contrary to Kohut, KA :, n. . The vernacular term could not be identified. It might be related to the O. Occ. despezar (RL :b; PSW :b) ‘to tear to pieces, to dismember’ (see the meaning of the Hebrew word; also cf. the O. Fr. despeceiz ‘destroyed part, piece’, FEW :b) or to the Latin RECIDERE or a Romance derivation thereof (e.g., O. Occ. rescis ‘torn into pieces’, res(s)is / ressitz ‘weak, miserable’ (FEW :a)). . 46àãç 䧧á äàã D"H, Arab. HD" . Hebrew D"H, which features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. bHul . b), designates the bird “kite”, Milvus milvus (KB ; CD :; JD ; BAL ; BH :; FAB –), which is, according to Jewish law, prohibited as food. Arabic hid"a has the same meaning (L  f.; BK , ; JAD : ff.; . KSZ :, :; StS ). For the identification of D"H as hid"a, cf. Sa#adya (S ) on Lev :: . äðéîì äéàä úàå äàãä úàå (the kite, and different species of falcons): àãçìàå ah. (IJ ). àäôàðöàì àãöìàå; see as well Ibn Jan¯

46 àãç: àãåä

O úãç V

HE . 3àáìî 짧áå 2æéáë 䧧á 1éðøä HRNY, Arab. KBYZ, o.l. MLB" Aramaic HRN" or "RN", plur. HRNY or "RWNY/ "R"NY, refers to a plant of uncertain identity. According to the Geonic tradition, it is identical with the plant called àååìî\àáìî (malva) “mallow” (JD ; SDA : “malva (leaves)”; KA :, :; LA  ff.:; LF :) and features, e.g. in bShab b. Arabic hubbayz, a variant of hubb¯az¯a, is “malva or mallow”, Malva ˘ silvestris L.˘ and Var. (L ; DT :; M ; DAS :, : f.: Malva rotundifolia, Malva parviflora). The vernacular term MLB" (MS P) is the Lat. or the Romance (most probably O. Occ. or O. Cat.) malva (NPRA ; Sin :; DAO :; RL :a; FEW :a; CB  among others; RMA , ; RPA ; RM , , ; DECLC :a) with the meaning ‘mallow’. Variants like *malvia suggested by the Oxford and Vatican MSS could not be found in our sources, but we suppose the influence of malvi, documented for O. Occ. for the meaning Althaea officinalis (DAO :), which looks similar to the mallow (cf. its etymology MALVA + HIBISCUS > *malva"biscu > late Lat. malaviscum > Romance malvi(s), see FEW :a; DECLC loc. cit.). Also cf. Mod. Cat. malví (DECLC :b; DCVB :b). For the identification of Arabic hubb¯az¯a as O. Cat. malva, cf. GHAT ˘ : and AdV , , for the identification as malví ibid. . éøèéìô 짧áå àçø÷ 5ø÷àò 䧧á 4àôæøä HRZP", Arab. #"QR QRH", . o.l. PLYTRY . Aramaic HRZP", also HRZYP", HRZYPW, featured in Rabbinic literature, namely in bPes a, means “a bitter herb” (JD ; SDA ); according to 1 éðøä: éáøä øëãä 2 æéáë: éæàáë O

V

3 àáìî: àéåìàî O àéåìî 4 àôæøä: äñåàøä V

V

5 àçø÷ ø÷àò: àçø÷ øà÷ò

O àçø÷ ø÷ò V



shem tov, synonym list 

LW : it is a “poisonous herb, fatal for cattle” (cf. Rashi on bPes a). Kohut (KA :) identifies the term as: “Saint John’s wort”, Hypericum perforatum L. Arabic ‘¯aqirqarh¯ . a is Anacyclus Pyrethrum L., “pyrethrum” (DT :; M ; LF : f.). The Arabic name is derived from Aram. #qq¯ar qarh¯ .a “naked root” (LA :). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), where it is translated by both N and Z with the the common Hebrew term in medieval vernacular éøèéìô (PLYTRY), . medical literature. The Arukh (KA :) renders HRZP" as vernacular ১øèìéô (PYLTR"). . The vernacular form PLYTRY must be the O. Occ. or O. Cat. pelitre . (FEW :a; PSW :a; DAO :; CB ; RM ; RMM ; DECLC :b; DCVB :a) with the meaning ‘Bertram, Mutterkraut’ (pellitory, feverfew; PSW :a), Anacyclus pyrethrum (DAO :). For the identification of Arab. #¯aqirqarh¯ . a as O. Cat. pelitre, cf. AdV , ; also cf. GHAT :, where we find the corrupt Arab. form #Q"R QRHH. . . 6éðåîãøåì 짧áå àìôã 䧧á éðôåãøä HRDWPNY, Arab. DPL", o.l. LWRDMWNY Hebrew HRDWPNY or HRDPNY, next to Aramaic HRDWP", from Greek &οδοδφνη (LS ; KG :; LR ) means “oleander”, Nerium Oleander L. (LW :; SDA ; KA :; :; DAS :; FEB  ff.; FM ; FZ  f.; LA  f.:; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bPes a or mHul . .. Arabic difl¯a has the same meaning (DT :; M ; DAS :). For the identification, cf. àúàøáâ àúëìä by Samuel ha-Nagid:7 óåãøéäå §äìôãìà åúåà ïéøå÷ [ . . . ]éðôåãøä äðùî ïåùìá (HRDWPN in Mishnaic language HRDWPNY [ . . . ] it is called ad-difla).8 Maimonides comments on the Mishnah mentioned that it is a herb which kills an animal when it eats from it, but that it is not harmful for human beings, just like chicken dropping (MK :). 6 éðåîãøåì: éðåîDøåì V 7 On Samuel ha-Nagid (–), cf. I. Ta-Shma, Ha-Sifrut ha-Parshanit la-Talmud,

vol. , second rev. ed. Jerusalem , pp. –. 8 J. Mann, “A portion of the work àúàøáâ àúëìä by Samuel Ibn Nagdela of Granada”, in: idem, Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature, vol. , Cincinnati , – , p. .

he



The vernacular term is corrupt, and actually contains two words. The first three letters correspond to O. Occ. laur, O. Cat. llaur ‘laurel’ (DAO :; CB , among others; DECLC :b–b). It should be recalled that some of the plant names for Nerium Oleander contain an element meaning ‘laurel’ in several languages, e.g. Lat. laurorosa (NPRA ), laurier-rose (FEW :b) in French and lauzier/laurier/ laurié-roso in Occ. (DAO :), in Italian lauro roseo or lauro indiano, among others (PFlor ). The string beginning with Dalet is a variant that belongs to the Greek δφνη, which often appears with a parasitic m in Medieval Latin (e.g. in the Alphita, cf. Sin , notes –, and ). Also see the Hebrew version of the Alphita (HebMedSyn –), where daphnococci ‘laurel berries’ is spelled DMNY QWQTY. . . äãéèàô 10ä§âàãéìåô 짧áå 9ïàã§âðà 䧧á äéúéä ˘ ˘ P" TYDH HYTYH, Arab. "NGD"N, o.l. PWLYD" GH . Hebrew HYTYH or more correctly HTYH, TYH or TY"H designates ) either the plant “crowfoot”, Ranunculus, or its root (JD ; BM ; LF : ff.), or ) the root of Ferula asa foetida L. (FM ; LF : ff.; cf. as well KA :, :). Arabic an˘gud¯an or an˘gud¯an, from Persian an˘gud¯an (VL :,), refers to Ferula asa foetida¯ (DT :) and, according to Maimonides’ Glossary of Drug Names, the “leaves of asafetida” (M  = IJS :; cf. MS V and ID :). See as well Ayin . For the identification of äéú as an˘gud¯an, cf. Maimonides on mUqz . ¯ (MK :); see as well EG . ˘ PYTYD" The vernacular PWYYL" D" S" (according to MS O) is the . O. Occ. fuelha d’asafetida (‘leaf of asafetida’). We could not find any form corresponding to asafetida that could possibly be transcribed into Hebrew with Gimel as is the case in MS P (so that this spelling is most probably an error). For asafetida, cf. Het . no. . The first element is O. Occ. fuelha (var. fuella, fueilla, foilla, fuoilla) ‘leaf ’ (DAO :– ; FEW :b) in MS O, whereas P and V reflect the form folh or fuelh, O. Occ. for ‘leaf ’ (see for example RL :a; DAO :; FEW ibid.). These two variants might also represent the masculine Catalan full (DECLC :b; DCVB :b).

9 ïàã§âðà: ïàãâðà

VO úéúìçìà àøâù ÷øå åà add. V O éìåô V

10 äãéèàô ä§âàãéìåô: àãéèéô àùàã àìééåô



shem tov, synonym list 

. 11ñåðåéé 짧áå ñåðáà 䧧á íéðáä HBNYM, Arab. "BNWS, o.l.YYWNWS Hebrew HBNYM, featured in the Bible (Ez :), means “ebony”, Diospyros mespiliformis (KB ; CD :; FEB  ff.; FO  f.; LF : f.). Arabic aban¯us has the same meaning (DT :). The identification goes back to Rav Hai Gaon as transmitted by Ibn Jan¯ah, . K. al-us. u¯ l: íéðáäå ïåàâ ééàä áø     (HBNYM is al-aban¯ us according to the translation by Rav Hai Gaon) (IJ ). See as well MCS :. The vernacular YYWNWS must be the Lat. ebenus (Sin :; FEW :a) that was also used in O. Cat. texts (ebenus, ebenuç, DECLC :b; DCVB :b) for ‘ebony’. In O. Occ., we find the following forms: avenuz (or similar variants), via Arabic transmission (FEW :a; PSW :b; DAO :) and ebana, ebene, ebeni, forms directly derived from Lat. (RL :b; DAO :). The spelling with YY- in MS P and with G- in MSS O and V as well as the Yod in the last syllable in these MSS remain unexplained. A similar variant appears as O. Cat. GYBYNWS in GHAT :, where it is identified as Arab. aban¯us. . éðéøèñ éðàìåá 13àøéî 짧áå øôöà 12§âìéìä 䧧á íééîåëøë íé÷ìéìä HLYLQYM KRKWMYYM, Arab. HLYLG˘ " S. PR, o.l. MYR" BWL"NY STRYNY . Hebrew HLYLQ/HLYLG KRKWMY, plur. HLYLQYM/HLYLGYM KRKWMYYM, means “yellow myrobalan”. Hebrew HLYLQ possibly derives from Syriac hal¯ılq¯a (cf. BLS ; LA :). As é÷ìéìä the term is attested for the first time in the Geonic compendium Halakhot Gedolot (ed. Hildesheimer,14 p. ; cf. as well LP ). Additionally we find the term as íé÷ìéìç in the Book of Medicines attributed to Asaph (cf. LA :). Arabic hal¯ıla˘g as. far is Terminalia citrina Roxb., “Hara nut” (D :; M ; ID :; SP ). Hal¯ıla˘g is the Arabic form of the Persian name hal¯ıla (VL :). It indicates several kinds of myrobolans, mostly the fruits of Terminalia Chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), black chebulic

11 ñåðåéé: ñéðáâ VO 12 øôöà §âìéìä: øàôöà âéìéìä O øôöà âìéìä V 13 éðéøèñ éðàìåá àøéî: ùðéøèéñ ùðàìåáøéî O ùðéøèéñ ùðàìåá àøéî V 14 J. Hildesheimer (ed.), Halachoth Gedoloth nach dem Text der Handschrift

 vols. Berlin –.

Vaticana,

he



myrobalans (cf. below no. ). The yellow kind is sometimes separated under the name of Terminalia citrina Roxb.. According to MeyerhofSobhy (MS : f.), most modern botanists think it to be a stage in the growth of the chebulic myrobolans. Arabic hal¯ıla˘g as. far features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N as: éîåëøë ˘ KRKWMY) and by Z as: éðéøèéö éðìáåøéî (MYRùðìåáøéî (MYRBWLNS WBLNY S. YTRYNY). . The vernacular form used in the Paris MS, MYR" BWL"NY STRYNY, . must be identified as the Lat. plural mirabolani citrini, literally ‘yellow myrobalans’ (Sin b; AdV :; in Hebrew transcription MYRBWLNY SYTRYNY, see PJP ). For the first element mirabolanus or . myrobalanus (< Gr. μυροβλανος) cf. DuC :c; ThLL :. The variants that appear in the Oxford and Vatican MSS represent mirabolans citrins/ setrins, which is attested in O. Cat. (DCVB :a), but might also be O. Occ. (for mirabolans, see CB ; cf. the attested form mirabolha setrin in RMM ). For the identification of Lat. mirabolani citrini/ O. Cat. mirabolans citrins/sitrins as Arabic hal¯ıla˘g as. far, see AdV , . . ùìåáàë éðàìåá 17àøéî 짧áå éìåáàë 16§âìéìä 䧧á íééìåáë 15íé÷ìéìä HLYLQYM KBWLYYM, Arab. HLYLG˘ K"BWLY, o.l. MYR" BWL"NY K"BWLS˘ Hebrew HLYLQ/HLYLG KBWLY, plur. HLYLQYM/ HLYLGYM KBWLYYM means “Chebulic myrobalan” and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in the Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ). For Hebrew íé÷ìéìä, cf. He no.  above. Arabic hal¯ıla˘g k¯abul¯ı is Terminalia Chebula Retz. (D :; M ; ID :; SP , cf. He no. ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N as: ùéìåáé÷ ùðìåáøéî ˘ and by Z as: éìåáàë éðìáåøéî (MYRWBLNY (MYRBWLNS˘ QYBWLYS) K"BWLY). ˘ is The vernacular term used in the Paris MS, MYR" BWL"NY K"BWLS, a mixed form: the Lat. plural mirabolani with the epithet in Romance (see the O. Cat. plural quebol(l)s), whereas the synonym used in the Vatican MS is completely Romance: MYRBWLNS˘ Q"BWLS˘ (mirabolans quebolls, literally ‘Chebulic myrobalans’, DCVB :a). Cf. the Romance term in ˘ in PJP . In AdV ,  Hebrew spelling, MYR"BWL"NS˘ KYBWLS, 15 íééìåáë íé÷ìéìä: íééìåáé÷ íé÷ìéìä V, 16 éìåáàë §âìéìä: éìåáë âìéìä V, om. O

om. O

17 ùìåáàë éðàìåá àøéî: ùìåáé÷ ùðìåáøéî

V, om. O



shem tov, synonym list 

the O. Cat. form mirabolans kébols is identified as Arab. hal¯ıla˘g k¯abul¯ı. The corresponding Lat. term is mirabolani kebuli (Sin b). Also cf. entry He . . ùéãðéà éðàìåá 20àøéî 짧á éãðä 19§âìéìä 䧧á íééãåä 18íé÷ìéìä HLYLQYM HWDYYM, Arab. HLYLG˘ HNDY, o.l. MYR" BWL"NY "YNDYS˘ The Hebrew term HLYLQYM HWDYYM means “Indian Myrobalans”. Arabic hal¯ıla˘g hind¯ı is Terminalia horrida Stend. (D :; ID :; SP ). According to Meyerhof-Sobhy (MS :), one kind of myrobalans is called “Indian” when their fruits reach the size of a grape. The Arabic term features in Maimonides, Medical Aphorisms (.) and is ˘ whereas Z translated by N as: ùéãðéà ùðìåáøéî (MYRBWLNS˘ "YNDYS), ˘ has: ùéãðéà éðìáåøéî (MYRWBLNY "YNDYS). The vernacular MYR"BWL"NY "YNDYS˘ (MS P) is a mixed form, composed of the Lat. plural mirabolani and the O. Occ./O. Cat. plural indis (‘Indian’). It corresponds to the Lat. mirabolani indi, literally ‘Indian myrobalans’ (Sin b). The synonym in V is O. Occ. or O. Cat. *mirabolans indis (cf. the documented mirabolans indi/ indichs in CB ; DCVB :a). The form features in an O. Cat. text: “Mirabolans indis—[M]irabolans indis són semblants [a] kébols” (i.e., Indian myrobalans—Indian myrobalans are similar to Chebulic myrobalans, AdV ; for its identification as Arab. hal¯ıla˘g hind¯ı, cf. ibid. , ). For the O. Cat. term ˘ and the in Hebrew spelling, also cf. GHAT :, MYRBW## "YNDYQS, ˘ Romance expression in PJP , MYR"BWL"NS˘ "YNDYQS. . 21ñàîáàø 짧á äìæð 䧧á äìæä HZLH, Arab. NZLH, o.l. R"BM"S Hebrew HZLH, from the root NZL “to flow”, traditionally means “dripping, pouring out or shedding” (EM ; cf. as well BM ), but in medieval medical literature it assumes the meaning “catarrh” through semantic borrowing from the Arabic nazla; cf. MD .

18 íééãåä íé÷ìéìä: íééãðä íé÷ìéìä V, 19 éãðä §âìéìä: éãðä âìéìä V, om. O

om. O

20 ùéãðéà éðàìåá àøéî: ùéãðéà ùðìåáøéî 21 ñàîáàø: ñîáåø P ñîáø V

V, om. O

he



Arabic nazla means “catarrh” (D :; cf. as well IR –, , , ; KZ ; SN : nazal¯at “catarrhus”). The Arabic term features, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, ; VI, ; VIII, ; IX, ; XIII, ; XVI, ; XIX, ; cf. BMMa  and BMMb , , ), and is translated by N as: äìéæð, ìæð, íéìæð and by Z as: äìéæð\ìæð or àîåéø (RYWM"). The vernacular term used in the Oxford MS, R"BM"S, and also the Vatican variant RBMS correspond to the O. Occ. raumás/ reumas/ reumatz ‘cold’ (the illness) (FEW :a; PSW :b; CB , among others). The spelling used in the Paris MS with -WB- suggests the diphthong -ouinstead of -au-. The phenomenon au > ou as mentioned by Corradini Bozzi (CB ) can occasionally be found in one of the MSS examined there, both in tonic and pretonic position; also cf. the Mod. Occ. variant rooumás (FEW :b). In Cat., we only find the modern variant reumàs documented for the Roussillon area (DECLC :b; DCVB :b). . 24ïåìå÷ 짧áå 23§âðìå÷ 䧧á 22ïå÷øãä ˘ o.l. QWLWN HDRQWN, Arab. QWLNG, Hebrew HDRQWN or HDRWQN, from Greek +δερικν (LS ; KG :: +δρωπικν; LN ; LR ), means “dropsy” (JD ; LW :, ; KA :, : f.; Low XLVII) and features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in bShab a. Arabic qawlan˘g or q¯ulin˘g, from Greek κωλικ,ς (LS ) means “colic” (L ; SN ). The regular Arabic parallel to the Hebrew term ïå÷øãä is NKT% (cf. LO Teshuvot on bShab a, p. ; D :; HTG , ; KZ ). A Hebrew parallel to Arabic QWLNG˘ is QWLNG˘ (Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms VIII,  (BMMb ); translation N) or QWLWN (ibid., translation Z). For the identification, cf. ShM : §âðìå÷ìà ìé÷å à÷ñúñàìà äðà ìé÷ .ïå÷øãä éãéì àéáîù éðôî (because it brings on HDRQWN (cf. bBer a). Some say it is dropsy, others say it is colic). The vernacular term QWLWN is Lat. or Romance colon with the meaning ‘colon’ (ThLL :; MLWB : and, e.g., O. Occ. FEW – :a; O. Cat. DECLC :a; DCVB :a). The Romance term is a loan word of Medieval medical Lat. which in Fr., for example, went through a semantic shift to arrive at the meaning ‘colic’ (FEW –:). 22 ïå÷øãä: ï÷åøãä V 23 §âðìå÷: ÷ðàìå÷ O âðìå÷ 24 ïåìå÷: à÷éìå÷ åà

V add. O



shem tov, synonym list 

The meaning of the Arabic and Hebrew terms suggests a similar semantic shift in O. Occ./O. Cat. A further confirmation of this shift is the second synonym given in the Oxford MS, the M. Lat. c(h)olica, ‘(bilious) colic’ (MLWB :; MLLM b). Colica also existed as a learned word in Romance languages, e.g., in O. Cat. documented since  (DECLC :a; DCVB :b), but also in O. Occ. (see CB ). RL mentions it only as an adjective (colic, -a, ‘concerning colic’, e.g. in a quotation of Eluc. de las propr., fol. : “colica passio”, see RL :a). . àòîàìà 25÷ìæ 䧧á íéòîä úãòîä HM#DT HM#YM, Arab. ZLQ "L"M#" Hebrew HM#DT HM#YM, which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a Hebrew loan translation of the Arabic zalaq al-am#¯a" “Dysenteria spuria” (KZ ; SN ; cf. BM ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ; XXIII, , , , ), and is translated by N as: úãéòî/íéòîä úãòîä íéòîä, and by Z as: íéòîä úãòîä åà úå÷ìç/íéòîä úãòîä. Moses ibn Tibbon translates the Arabic as: íéòîä úøâä in Maimonides’ On the Regimen on Health; cf. BMR IV, . . ìåáìà øéè÷ú 䧧á ïúùä úôèä ˘ HTPT HSTN, Arab. TQTYR "LBWL . . ˘ Hebrew HTPT HSTN, which is not attested in secondary literature, is . possibly a loan translation coined by Shem Tov after the Arab. taqt.¯ır al-bawl “dribbling of urine” (L ; cf. IR : “strangury”; SN : “Harnverhaltung” (retention of urine)). . 28ùìéãåá 짧áå 27äøàåã 䧧á äúðë 26øãä HDR KNTH, Arab. DW"RH, o.l. BWDYLS˘ Hebrew HDR KNTH or Aramaic HDR" DKNT" (cf. MS V) means “Mesenteron, the old term for embryonic mid gut” (JD ; SDA ; 25 ÷ìæ: ÷ìåæ O ÷ìç V 26 äúðë øãä: àúðë øãä

O àúðëã àøãä V V

27 äøàåã: àøàåã O àöîã 28 ùìéãåá: õìéãåá V

he



KA :; :; Low XLVII) and features in Rabbinic literature in bHul . b and a. Arabic duww¯ara or daww¯ara is “a round part or portion, what winds, or what has, or assumes, a coiled, or circular form, of the guts, or intestines, of a sheep or goat” (L ; cf. FL :: “Pars ventris in ove quae intestina comprehendit” (That part of the stomach of a sheep which encompasses the intestines)). For the identification, cf. ShM : äãòà÷ìà éà óèòìà äãòà÷ åìà÷ íäðàë äéåúìî äôèòðî àäðàì äðëä øãä §õòá éìò àä§öòá äøàãúñà éðòî ïéî äøàåã úéîñ äéáøòìà éô êì§ãëå äôèòðîìà

(äðëä øãä because it is turned and twisted; [its construction is similar to:] “the basis of the twist” which is the same as “the twisted basis”, and, similarly, it is called duww¯ara /daww¯ara in Arabic with the meaning “turning around each other”). The vernacular term is the plural of the O. Occ. or O. Cat. budel(l) derived from Lat. BOTELLUS with the meaning ‘intestine’ (FEW :a; DECLC :b; RL :b). In O. Cat., we find the first documentation in the Doctrina pueril by Ramon Llull (about ): “Per menjar e beure complex hom los budels [ . . . ]” (i.e., by eating and drinking man fills his intestines, DECLC :b). In the O. Occ. texts edited by Corradini Bozzi, we find two different types of budels: budel cular for ‘rectum’ (CB  as a synonym of longahon) and budel gran or maior for ‘colon’ (CB ; CB ). . 32àäáì÷ú åà 31äãòîìà 30òåäú 䧧á àëîåèöàä 29êåôä HPWK H" S. TWMK", Arab. THW# "LM#DH "W TQLBH" . Hebrew HPWK H" S. TWMK" literally means “upsetting the stomach”. We . could not find any attestations for this term. Arabic tahawwu# al-ma#ida aw taqallubh¯a means “to have an upset stomach and to vomit” (L ; SN ). The Arabic tahawwu# features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, ) and is translated by N as: øà÷ìåáà àø÷ðä ùôð úåëôäúä and by Z as: éøåà æòìáå òåäú §òá §÷ðä äòåðúä.

29 àëîåèöàä êåôä: §åèñàä êåôä 30 òåäú: òåñú O òåøú V 31 äãòîìà: àãòîìà VO 32 àäáì÷ú: àäáìå÷ú V

O §îåèöàä êåôä V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 35à÷ùî 짧áå 34ñåáàë 䧧á 33úñä ˘ HST, Arab. K"BWS, o.l. MSQ" Hebrew HST is probably a corruption of èñä (HST), . which is a nonattested alternative form for the more common Hebrew èåéñ (SYWT) . or which means “fright, panic, nightmare” (JD ; Aramaic àèåéñ (SYWT"), . LW :; SDA : “fright”, “type of demon”; KA :, :; BM ). The term features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in bYom b in: äéîìçá àèåéñ àæç (he saw something frightening in his dream; i.e. had a nightmare). Note, however, how the physician Nathan b. Jo"el Falaquera (late th century) uses the term àúñä instead of èåéñ in the Sefer Zori . ha-Guf,36 MS Oxford, Bodleian, Hunt. Don.  (Uri ), cat. Neubauer , fol. b: æòìá àî÷éøô àúñä ãåîìúä ïåùìá ñåáàë §÷ðäå (cf. BM , n. ). One wonders whether it was confused with the term äúñä, which features in bYom b a few lines earlier than the term àèåéñ. Arabic k¯ab¯us means “incubus or nightmare, what comes upon a man in the night, preventing his moving while it lasts; forerunner of epilepsy” (L ; WKAS :; SN ). For the identification, cf. the quotation from the Sefer Zori ha-Guf. . The vernacular word corresponds to the Lat. or O. Occ. masca ‘witch’ (FEW –:a). The meaning ‘nightmare’, suggested by the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, can be found both in Lat. (masca, DuC :b; ThLL :), and in Mod. Occ. dialects: máy˘so ‘nightmare’ (Pietraporzio, Piemont), èstre caucà pèr il masco ‘to have a nightmare’ (FEW –:b), mascos ‘nightmare’ (DFO :a), so it must have existed in O. Occ. too, as our text confirms. Also cf. Southern Piedmontese má˘ske with the same meaning (FEW loc. cit.). . ïàéãä 䧧á 37äéæä HZYH, Arab. HDY"N Hebrew HZYH means “absurdity, folly, error” (EP ; KTP :: “Phantasiegebilde, Torheit; Irrtum”; BM ). 33 úñä: úñä P 34 ñåáàë: õåáà÷

O

35 à÷ùî: à÷ùàî O ä÷ùî V 36 For Nathan Falaquera and

his medical compendium, cf. G. Bos and R. Fontaine, “Medico-philosophical controversies in Nathan b. Jo"el Falaquera Sefer Zori ha-Guf ”, . Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. XC, July–October :–. 37 äéæä: ñééåä V

he



Arabic haday¯an means “delirium, raving” (SN ; Dols, Majn¯un ¯ The term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical ;38 FrA ). Aphorisms (XXIII,a), and is translated both by N and Z as: äéæä. For the identification of HZYH as haday¯an cf. Samuel ibn Tibbon ¯ .39 (ca. –), Perush ha-Millim ha-Zarot, . êéîãá 41úññåáúîî øæâé àåäå 40áà§öë 䧧á úåññåáúä HTBWSSWT, Arab. KD"B, and it is derived from “wallowing in your . blood” (Ez :) Hebrew HTBWSSWT is derived from BWS “to trample, to tread down” and means “to be trodden down, to be trampled” (KB ; CD :). It features in Ez :,  as íãá ññåáúä. Arabic hid¯ . ab from IJ means “to be coloured, to be dyed” (L ). ˘ The Hebrew and Arabic terms are identified in SID :: úññåáúî äá§ö§ëî :êéîãá. . 43ò§öåîìà 42ìéèðú 䧧á íå÷îä úçôèä HTP "LMWD# . HT . HMQWM, Arab. TNTYL . . Hebrew HTP . HH . is a verbal noun meaning “moistening” (BM ; EM ), and has, in a medical context, the special meaning of “applying a fomentation”. HTP . HT . HMQWM thus means “applying a fomentation to a place [of the body]”. Arabic tant.¯ıl means “to moisten” (D :), and in a medical context “to apply a fomentation”. TNTYL "L MWD# . . means “to apply a fomentation to a place [of the body]”. TNTYL features in Maimonides’ Medical . Aphorisms (XIII, ) in a medical sense and is translated by N as: ä÷éöé and by Z as: úåìéèð.

38 M.W. Dols, Majn¯ un: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society. Edited by D.E. Immisch, Oxford . 39 Samuel ibn Tibbon, Perush ha-Millim ha-Zarot in: Sefer Moreh Nevukhim le-Mosheh Ben Maimon. Ed. Y. Ibn Shmuel. New revised edition, Jerusalem . 40 áà§öë: áàöë VO 41 úññåáúîî: úññåáúî ïéî O 42 ìéèðú: ìéèòú O 43 ò§öåîìà: òöåîìà O òàöåîìà V çéôèäì úðî ìò çôåèî øæâðå (= bYom a) add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 44çå§öð 䧧á äàæä HZ"H, Arab. NDW . H . Hebrew HZ"H hails from the root NZH, which features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :) in the Qal in the sense of “to spatter” and in the Hif#il both in the Bible (e.g. Num :) and in Rabbinic literature in the sense of “to sprinkle” (KB ; JD  f.; LW :, Aram. éæð; BM  f.). HZ"H, a verbal noun derived from HZH meaning “sprinkling”, features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mZeb . (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ). The Arabic root nada . ha . means “to sprinkle” and nad¯ . uh. is “a kind of perfume” or “any medicine injected into the mouth” (L  f.; HaF ). Sa#adya (S ) translates the biblical HZH as it features in Num :: åéãâá ñáëé äãðä éî äæîå (Further, he who sprinkled the water of lustration shall wash his clothes) as: äáàéú ìñâé ç§öðìà àî ç§öàðå; see as well IJ , gloss MS Rouen (n. ). The term HZ"H is left untranslated by Maimonides in his commentary on the Mishnah passage mentioned. . 46§âðìå÷ 䧧á 45ïå÷øãä HDRQWN, Arab. QWLNG˘ For both terms, cf. He no.  above. . 47ãáìú 䧧á úåãáìúä HTLBDWT, Arab. TLBD Hebrew HTLBDWT is a verbal noun derived from HTLBD, which means “to be connected, stuck” (EM ) and is only attested for medieval literature. It features, for instance, as ãáìúî in Samuel ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed, III.,48 where it is a translation of the Arabic à÷æàì.49 ãáìúî also features in medieval philosophical literature in the sense of “porous” cf. KTP :. úåãáìúä is not attested in the dictionaries. 44 çå§öð: çåöð O çáæð V 45 §âðìå÷ 䧧á ïå÷øãä: om. 46 §âðìå÷: âðìå÷ VO 47 ãáìú: ãéáìú O 48 Ed. Ibn Shmuel, p.

OV

. Moshe ben Maimon, Dal¯alat al-h¯ . a"ir¯ın. Arabic text established by S. Munk and edited with variant readings by I. Joel, Jerusalem –, p. , l. . 49

he



Arabic talabbud is the inf. of talabbada, meaning “to shrink back; to crouch down; to be formed into a ball; to become compacted; to form lumps; to stick, be stuck together; to be matted” (WKAS :).

WAW . 2äãéñò 䧧á 1ä÷éúå WTYQH, Arab. #SYDH The Aramaic term WTYQ" (cf. MS O), featuring in Rabbinic literature in bPes b, is the name of “a certain pastry, tart” (JD ; LW :, ; SDA ; KA :, :) which can be cooked in oil and salt or in water and salt (cf. bPes b; AH :b; KT :). In Geonic literature ä÷éúå is identified as äúéúù; cf. LO :. Arabic #as.¯ıda is “a sort of thick gruel, consisting of wheat-flour moistened and stirred about with clarified butter, and cooked” (L ; DRD ; RAP , n. , , ). The term features in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health, (cf. BMR I, ) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: äãàðøô àø÷ðä äöéøë úìùåáî çî÷; cf. as well Maimonides’ On Asthma (III, ; BMA ) and KZ , , . . 5àìå÷ùð§â 짧áå 4øéîçìà ãøå 䧧á 3íéøåîçä éãøå ˘ SQWL" ˘ WRDY HHMWRYM, Arab. WRD "LHMYR, o.l. GN . . Hebrew WRDY HHMWRYM literally meaning “roses of donkeys”, which . is not attested in secondary literature, is possibly a loan translation coined by Shem Tov after Arabic ward al-ham¯ . ır. Arabic ward al-ham¯ ı r “rose of donkeys” is the common name for . peony in the Maghreb, Paeonia corallina Retz. or Paeonia foemina Garsault (DT :; M ; LF :; MS  ff.:). See as well Shin no.  below. ˘ SQWL" ˘ The vernacular term GN is difficult to interpret. It resembles the M. Lat. genestula (cf. the Alphita entry in Sin : and CA , where it is interpreted as ‘broom’) or the Cat. ginestola, Genista tinctoria (DCVB :b). This term is not documented for O. Occ., and, even for

1 ä÷éúå: à÷éúå VO 2 äãéñò: àãñò O àãéöò

V

3 íéøåîçä: íéøåîç O 4 øéîçìà: øîçìà VO 5 àìå÷ùð§â: àìå÷ùðâ

O àì÷ùðâ V



shem tov, synonym list 

Cat., Coromines doubts that the form listed in DCVB ever existed, since there are no other documentations of it (DECLC :b). . 7ùìàðåâøåà 짧áå 6§âàãåà 䧧á øàåöä éãéøå ˘ o.l. "WRGWN"LS˘ WRYDY HS. W"R, Arab. "WD" G, The Hebrew term WRYDY HS. W"R designates “the large blood vessels, jugular veins” leading from the head to the heart (JD  f.; KA :; Low XLVII; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mHul . .. Arabic awd¯ag˘, plural of wada˘g, designates “each of the external jugular veins; a certain vein in the neck; two veins extending from the head to the lungs” (L ). Awd¯ag˘ features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XV, ) and is translated by N as: íéìåãâ íé÷øåò and by Z as: íéãéøåå. For the identification of WRYDYM (WRYDYN) as "awd¯ag˘, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: ïé§âãåìà :ïéãéøååä (MK :). The vernacular term in MS V, WYN" S. "WRGNLYS. , must be interpreted as a plural form belonging to the O. Occ. or O. Cat. vena organal (O. Occ. also vena orguenal, cf. PSW :a, where the meaning ‘jugular vein’ is given; FEW :b: vena organal, vena orguenal ‘artère du cou’ (i.e., carotid (artery)), since the th century); for O. Cat. see DCVB :b organal, where vena organal is interpreted as ‘principal vein of the neck’ with the addition jugular (with a question mark). The form with -W- in MSS P and O could reflect the Latin spelling with a purely orthographic -u-, such as in orguenal.

6 §âàãåà: âàãåà VO 7 ùìàðåâøåà: õéìðâøåà õàðéå

V

ZAYIN . íåøãðàéøå÷éã 1äðàøâ 짧áå øåáæëìà øæá 䧧á ãâ òøæ ZR# GD, Arab. BZR "LKZBWR, o.l. GR"NH DYQWRY"NDRWM The Hebrew term ZR# GD means “seed of coriander”, Coriandrum sativum L. (KB ; JD ; CD :; KA :, :; DAS :, :; FO  f.; LA  ff.:; LF : ff.) and features in the Bible, e.g. Ex :, and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bYom a. Arabic bizr al-kuzbur, or the more common form bizr al-kuzbura, has the same meaning (L ; DT :; M ; DAS :). The identification goes back to Sa#adya (S ) on Ex :: åàø÷éå ùáãá úçéôöë åîòèå ïáì ãâ òøæë àåäå ïî åîù úà ìàøùé úéá (The house of Israel named it manna; it was like coriander seed, white, and it tasted like wafers in honey): äîòèå §õéáà äøáæëìà øæáë åäå ïî äîñà ìéàøñà éîñå ìñòá óéàè÷ë. The vernacular term GR"NH DYQWRY"NDRWM in MS P must be read as grana de coriandrum, a combination of O. Occ. grana (‘seed’, cf. Gimel no.  and ) and Lat. coriandrum with the meaning Coriandrum sativum L. (GH :; NPRA ). The variant in MS V represents the O. Occ. coliandre (FEW –:a; CB , among others; RPA , ; RM ), whereas the one in MS O is O. Occ./O. Cat. coriandre (RL :b; PSW :a; CB ; RPA ; DCVB :b). ˘ , KWLY"NDRY, gloss of the Hebrew gad. O. Cat. corianSee also ShK dre (AdV ) is identified as Arab. kuzbura (AdV ). Also cf. GHAT :, where we find Romance KLY"NDRY as a synonym for the Arab. KZBWR. . àðéð÷ àùåø ò§§ìá ñéúìà 2§äéçì 䧧á ùéúä ï÷æ ˘ Arab. LHYH ˘ QNYN" ZQN HTYS, "LTYS, o.l. RWS" . Hebrew ZQN HTYS˘ is possibly a loan translation of Arabic lihyat at. tays (cf. below) (BM ; LF :). The Hebrew term features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in the Hebrew translations 1 íåøãðàéøå÷éã äðàøâ: éøãðàéøå÷ã àðàøâ 2 §äéçì: äéçì O éçì V

O éøãðàéìå÷ã àðøâ V



shem tov, synonym list 

of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), by N, and in Judah ben Solomon Natan’s Kelal Qaz. ar mi ha-Sammim ha-Nifradim (JNK :). See Samekh . Arabic lihyat at-tays is the literal translation of Greek τραγοπ-γων . “beard of a he-goat” (LS , ) and is identified as ) “goatsbeard”, Tragopogon porrifolius L. or Tragopogon pratensis L., ) “hypocist”, Cytinus hypocistis L., ) “rock-rose”, Cistus villosus L. and other varieties, ) “field horse-tail, toadpipe”, Equisetum arvense L., and ) “greater plantain”, Plantago maior L. (WKAS : f.; DT :, :; M , ; LA  f.:). See Samekh . The term indicated as vernacular is the Latin rosa canina, meaning ‘dog rose; Rosa canina L.’, also called rosa silvestris (NPRA ). The term was also common in Romance; for an example in O. Occ. medical texts, see RMA (, , where the meaning ‘fleur de l’égantier’, i.e., blossom of the dog rose, is given). The synonymy of ‘goatsbeard’ in the sense of ‘hypocist’ (see the entry barba hyrcina in the index of the Latin translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. al-Q¯an¯un, cf. Sin :) and the wild rose rosa canina is erroneous but can be traced back to the Alphita (s.v. rosa), where the fact that the hypocist grows at its foot is held as a typical feature of the plant (“ad pedem cuius nascitur [hypoquistidos]”, Sin , n. ). . àøèðà 짧áå ãøåìà øæá 䧧á íéãøå òøæ ZR# WRDYM, Arab. BZR "LWRD, o.l. "NTR" . Hebrew WRD, plur. WRDYM, means “rose” and features in Rabbinic literature (JD ; FM ; FO ; FZ  ff.; LF : ff.). ZR# WRDYM, means “seed of roses”. Arabic bizr al-ward has the same meaning (L ). For the identification of WRD as ward, cf. Maimonides on mShebi .: ãøåìà:ãøåä (MK :). The vernacular term "NTR" . is the Late Latin ant(h)era (< Greek ν!ηρς, ‘flowering’, MLWB :, meaning ‘medicamentum quoddam compositum’ and ‘bacilla, quae in interiore floris rosei parte inveniuntur’, also cf. ThLL :; GH :: ‘ein Arzneimittel aus Blüten’, i.e., a medicine made of blossoms) and which features in the Alphita with the meaning ‘seed of roses’ (CA ; Sin :–). A well known passage is the following one from Guy de Chauliac’s Chirurgia magna (th c.): “Anthera est illud citrinum quod est in medio rose” (Chauliac, ed. McVaugh :), which was translated into Spanish and Catalan as “Antera es aquella cosa cetrina que es en medio de la rosa” (see

zayin



DETEMA :a and Sin b) /“Antera es aquella cosa groga qui es en mitj de la rosa” (i.e., antera is this yellow thing in the middle of the rose, Cauliach Coll; see in DCVB :b). The term anthera is documented in Cat. in the year  (DCVB loc. cit.; cf. the quotation from Chauliac above). . 6ìá÷ã àãå÷ åà 5àðéìá÷ 4èðã åà 3äãéìåùðå÷ 짧áå ìéëìà áðã 䧧á ñåñä áðæ ˘ ZNB HSWS, Arab. DNB "LKYL, o.l. QWNSWLYDH or DNT. QBLYN" or QWD" DQBL Hebrew ZNB HSWS literally means “horse-tail”; the Syriac version áðåã àéñåñ (LA :) is the literal translation of Greek /ππουρις “horse-tail”, Equisetum silvaticum or Equisetum maximum (LS ; BM ). The Hebrew term features, for instance, in the Book of Medicines attributed to Asaf (AV :; LF :). In addition to ZNB HSWS, we find ìéëìà áðæ in OLD : and :. Arabic danab al-hayl or its more common plural form adn¯ab al-hayl ˘ ¯ a variety ˘ is also the¯literal translation of Greek /ππουρις and designates of Equisetum (DT :; M ; LF:). Our text mentions three vernacular plant names: The first, ˘ QWNSWLYDH, is the Lat. or O. Occ. consolida with the meaning Symphytum officinale, which is documented in O. Occ. in the th century (FEW –:b; PSW :a; RMA ; RMM ; RPA , , , among others). But it seems that the forms co(n)solda (cf. MSS O and V) and co(n)souda (with syncope) are more frequent in O. Occ. (CB , ,,, among others; RM  among others; RPA  among others). The second term is an O. Occ. or O. Cat. *dent cavalina (in Cat. also: cavallina), which is well represented in our text and follows the model of the Lat. dens caballinus (see Alphita: Sin , n. ; CA ). In O. Sp., we can find the vernacular translations diente de cauallo (Sin : and :) or diente caualluno (Sin :), which, in the contexts shown in the Sinonima, must designate the plant Hyoscyamus albus L. (see Sin b). The ending of the adjective is due to the fact that, in O. Occ., dent ‘tooth’ could be feminine (besides the etymological 3 äãéìåùðå÷: àãìåùå÷ 4 èðã: èðéã O

O §ãìåùðå÷ V

5 àðéìá÷: äðéìá÷ V 6 ìá÷ã: ìàá÷ã O ìáà÷ã V à÷ðååøô åà

add. V



shem tov, synonym list 

masculine; see RL :a–b), and, in Catalan, the feminine form appears to be the standard case by the Middle Ages already (see DECLC :b). The adjective caval(l)in, caval(l)ina is well attested for both languages (RL :a; DCVB :a; :b; DECLC :b). The third term, QWD" DQBL, must be read as O. Occ. *coda de caval(h) with the literal meaning ‘horse-tail’. This combination is not documented in our sources, but in an O. Occ. text we find cauda equina menor with the meaning ‘horsetail’ (CB ) and, in Cat., the plant name coa/cua de cavall exists (DECLC :a; DCVB :b, no. IV,, ‘name of different species of plants of the genus equisetum of the equisetaceae and especially Equisetum arvense L.’). The Romance term is a translation of the Lat. cauda caballina or cauda (coda) caballi or cauda caballina, Equisaetum pratense Ehr., E. silvaticum L., E. palustre L. (NPRA ; FEW –:a). The forms that we find here are unequivocally Occitan: coda or coza for ‘tail’ (RL :a; FEW –:b), derived from the Lat. etymon CAUDA (FEW –:a) or, monophthongised in Vulgar Latin, coda, while, in O. Cat., we can only find the form coa, the result of Western Romance lenition with the loss of voiced intervocalic plosives (DECLC :a). The additional term in MS V is the O. Occ. or Cat. proenca with the meaning ‘Planta apocinàcia de l’espècie Vinca media’ (i.e., apocynaceous plant of the species Vinca media, DCVB :b; RMA ; RPA ). . 8ñîáåø 짧áå 7íàëæ 䧧á íåëéæ ZYKWM, Arab. ZK"M, o.l. RWBMS Hebrew ZYKWM is a Hebraised form of the Arabic zuk¯am not attested elsewhere which means “a coryza, or catarrhus ad nares; a rheum” (L ; cf. as well IR –, , , ; KZ  s.v. 'Q6; SN : CQ6 “coryza”). The Arabic term features, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XIX,) and is transcribed by N as: íàëæ and äîëæ, and translated by Z as: àøè÷ (QTR"). . For the vernacular, cf. the entry He .

7 íàëæ: íàëåæ O 8 ñîáåø: ñàîáàø O ñàîáø

V

zayin



. 10ó§âø 䧧á 9äòåæ ˘ ZW#H, Arab. RGP Hebrew ZW#H, which features in the Bible (e.g Is :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. mBer .), means “trembling, fear, tempest” (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ). The Arabic verbal infinitive ra˘gf means “commotion, agitation, convulsion, tumult or disturbance” (L ). Sa#adya on Is : translates the term as: òæòæú (DS ; cf. as well SF :), and the anonymous compendium of Tanhum’s al-Murshid al. Kafi as: äìæìæ (AQ, fol. a); cf. SAM :: ìæàìæìà :úåòåæä. . 11øéæàøæ 䧧á íéøéæøæ ZRZYRYM, Arab. ZR"ZYR Hebrew ZRZYR, plur. ZRZYRYM, designates the bird “starling”, Sturnus vulgaris (JD ; LW :; KA : f.; :; BM ; LZ  f.), and features in Rabbinic literature, for instance in bHul . a. The Arabic equivalent of “starling” is zurz¯ur, plur. zar¯az¯ır (L  f.; BK  f.; JAD : f.; StS  f.). For Hebrew ZRZYRYM and Arabic zurz¯ur, cf. Nöldeke, Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, pp. –.12 . ïãàìà 15éìéäîî 14øéâöìà 13÷àîàìà àåä ïéòä áðæ ZNB H#YN, i.e. "L"M"Q "LS. GYR MMHYLY "L"DN Hebrew ZNB H#YN, which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of the Arabic S2 IBk, meaning “the exterior angle of the eye” (DKT ). Arabic øéâöìà ÷àîàìà is Ul* \, i.e. the outer angle of the eye (FAL :; DKT , : “Le petit angle. Angle externe de l’œil”). The Arabic term features as: S2 \7 in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms

9 äòåæ: äòååæ

O

10 ó§âø: óâø VO 11 øéæàøæ: éøæàøæ 12 13 14 15

O øéðàøæ V Cf. Th. Nöldeke, Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, Strassburg . ÷àîàìà: ÷îàìà O ÷àîìà V øéâöìà: øéâñìà V éìéäîî: éìäîî O



shem tov, synonym list 

(XV, ; XXIII, ), and is translated by N as: §÷ðä ïéòä úåö÷ /ïéòáù ÷àî ÷àî, and by Z as: ÷àî éáøòá àø÷ðä ïéòä äö÷/íéðéòä úååö÷. The meaning of the last part of the entry ïãàìà éìéäîî is not clear. . 17éìå÷éðô 짧áå §õéøò §âðàéæàø 16øæá 䧧á éñãøô øîåù òøæ ˘ ZR# SWMR PRDSY, Arab. BZR R"ZY"NG˘ #RYD, . o.l. PNYQWLY ˘ Hebrew or Aramaic SWMR means “fennel”, Foeniculum vulgare, and its varieties (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; LA  ff.:; LF : ff.; cf. as well Shin no.  below), and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in yKil I, a. ˘ Hebrew ZR# SWMR PRDSY literally means “seeds of paradise fennel” and is perhaps a loan translation coined by Shem Tov of Arabic basb¯as al-˘ganna “paradise fennel” (cf. below). Arabic r¯aziy¯ana˘g, from Persian r¯aziy¯anah, which designates the fennel or sweet anet and its species (VL :), means “fennel”, Foeniculum vulgare L. and Var., and its varieties. The Arabic term r¯aziy¯ana˘g is common in Egypt and the East, whereas, in the Maghreb, the Arabic name basb¯as is used for fennel (DT :; M ; ID :; see as well Shin no.  below). Basb¯as al-˘ganna “paradise fennel” is one of the different varieties of fennel. Arabic r¯aziy¯ana˘g #ar¯ıd. literally means “broad fennel”. The vernacular term PNYQWLY must be read as the genitive singular of M. Lat. feniculum (Classical Lat. faeniculum, see ThLL –:; NPRA ; FEW :a), which also appears in one O. Occ. text: feniculi (RPA ). For the identification of Arabic r¯aziy¯ana˘g (despite the incorrect spelling R"ZYNG) as Lat. PNYQWLY, cf. GHAT :; also cf. AdV . . 20àéùôàè 짧áå 19àéñôàú 䧧á äãù 18ïâéô òøæ ˘ ˘ ZR# PYGN SDH, Arab. T"PSY", o.l. T"P . SY" Hebrew PYGN or its more common form PYGM (cf. MS O), from Greek πγανον (LS ; KG :; LR ), designates the herb “rue”, Ruta

graveolens L. and chalepensis L. (JD ; LW :; KA :; :;

16 §õéøò §âðàéæàø øæá: õøò âðéæàø øàæá 17 éìå÷éðô: éìå÷éðàô O éìå÷éðô V 18 ïâéô: íâéô O 19 àéñôàú: àééñôàú O àéùôú V 20 àéùôàè: àéùôàú O àéùôú V

O õéøò âéðéãàøìà øæá V

zayin



BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FZ  f.; LA  ff.:; LF : ff.), and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mUqz .. äã× ïâéô is Syriac p¯ıgan¯a de b¯ar¯a, i.e. “wild rue”, Peganum harmala L. or Haplophyllum buxbaumii (Poir.) Don. (FEB  n. ; LA :; LF : f.). Hebrew äã× ïâéô òøæ means “the seeds of wild rue”. See as well entry Pe . Arabic t¯afsiy¯a is a transcription of the Greek name !αψα (LS ) and designates¯ the plant Thapsia garganica L., “false fennel, bastard turpeth” (D :; DT :; M , ; ID :; LF : f.). According to al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :), ar-R¯az¯ı held t¯afsiy¯a to be the gum of wild rue ¯ (e. 5E m'3  ,- hM (lancette à pointe courte). . ñàô 䧧á 53ìéùë ˘ KSYL, Arab. P"S ˘ Hebrew KSYL means “a carpenter’s tool for chipping, axe” (KB ; CD :; JD  f.; LW :; KA :; BM  f.; KT :,,  f. n. ) and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ps :: ãçé äéçåúô úòå ïåîåìäé úåôìéëå ìéùëá (with hatchet and pike they hacked away at its carved work). In Rabbinic literature, the term features, for instance, in mBQ .. Arabic fa’s means “a kind of hoe, adz, axe” and “the small protuberance above the back of the neck” (L ; cf. as well Mem no.  below). In medieval medical literature on surgery, the term fa’s designates a “phlebotome” (SpLA ,  f.). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’

53 ìéùë: ìé!ùk

P

kaf



Medical Aphorisms (III, ; XII, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N as: íåãø÷ and by Z as: äøéôç. Sa#adya translates the biblical verse mentioned as: àäùå÷ð òéî§âô ïàìàå àäðå§âäáé ñåôìàå ìåòîìàá íä (ST ); ñåôìà (plur. of al-fa’s) is thus a translation for Hebrew úåôìéë, and ìåòîìà for Hebrew ìéùë (see as well IJ ). Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned explains ìéùë as: íåãà÷ìà (MK :). See as well MCS :. . 55íøä 䧧á 54úåçìë KLHWT, Arab. HRM . Hebrew KLHWT, a variant for KLH . . not attested in secondary literature, means “ripe age, old age” and features in the Bible (Job :) (KB ; CD :; BM ). Arabic haram means “old age, infirmity, senility” (D :; IR : “decrepitude”) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, ; VII, ; XVII, , ; cf. BMMa  and BMMb ) and is translated by N as: äð÷æä úåùú /çëä úåùú /äùìåç and by Z as: /äð÷æ çìë. For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Job :: úåìòë øá÷ éìà çìëá àåáú åúòá ùéãâ (you will come to the grave in ripe old age, as shocks of grain are taken away in their season): éô ñéãëìà ìå§ëãë íøäá øá÷ìà éìà ì§ëãúå äú÷å (SJ ; BS ), IJ , gloss MS Rouen (n. ); SF :. . 57äáò ÷åø àåä 56åçë KHW that is thick spittle . Hebrew KHW . means “phlegm, pus” (JD ; KA :, :; BM ) and features in the Bible (Job :–) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in bErub a; bBQ b). The text is quoted in a slightly different way in the Arukh as part of a quotation from R. Hananel’s commentary on bBQ b . åòéðå åçéëà àìà, as: òåðòéðá êø ÷åø åòéðå çëá àéöåéù äáò ÷åø åçéë àìà (cf. KA :; EG ).

54 íãä 䧧á úåçìë: om. V 55 íøä: äáéùä úâìôä àåä add. 56 åçë: Ççë P 57 äáò: äãò V

O



shem tov, synonym list 

. èåìéìî åà ìàéø àðåøå÷ 58짧áå êìîìà ìéìëà 䧧á êìîä ìéìë KLYL HMLK, Arab. "KLYL "LMLK, o.l. QWRWN" RY"L or MLYLWT. Hebrew KLYL HMLK designates the plant “melilot”, Melilotus officinalis L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b (JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram., àëìî àìéìë/ìéìë; KA :, :; AEY :; LF : f.). Arabic ikl¯ıl al-malik designates the same plant (WKAS :; DT :; M ; A. Dietrich in E.I.2 Suppl. ). The term is derived from Aramaic kl¯ıl malk¯a (SDA ; LW :; LA :). The first vernacular term seems to be a non-documented O. Occ. plant name *corona rial or real not documented in our sources (note that the same adjective appears in entry Yod , polieg rial). For the Occ. adjective reial [–], rial [] and real [], see FEW :b. An O. Occ. term such as *corona rial is very probable. In fact, in an O. Cat. aljamiado-text using Hebrew spelling, we find the form QWRWNH RY"L as a synonym for Lat. MYLYLW[T]WM (i.e., melilotum) and Arab. "KLYL . "LMLYK (GHAT :). The term seems to be a loan translation from Arab. (perhaps via the Late Lat. corona regia (Sin , n. ), corona regis (Sin :) and corona rregie: “Corona rregie, i. melilotum” (Sin :)). We find various solutions for translating these terms in the different Romance languages: In Modern Fr., the form couronne royale is documented for ‘kind of melilot’ (FEW –:b). Also cf. the Cat. plant names corona de rei (DCVB :b), which can designate Melilotus officinalis, and corona de reina (DECLC :b). In O. Sp., we find the form corona de rrey, also identified as the Latin melilothum: “Emesilie (i. melilet[um]) i. corona de rrey” (Sin :–) and “Mililotu[m], i. paratela agrestis, i. corona rregis (i. corona de rrey)” (Sin :– ). The second vernacular term seems to be the O. Occ. or O. Cat. mel(l)ilot (FEW –:b [documented in ]; DAO :; RL :b; ¯ DCVB :a), derived from the Lat. etymon MELILOTHUS for ‘melilot’ (FEW loc. cit.). For the identification of Arab. ikl¯ıl al-malik as O. Cat. mel·lilot, cf. AdV , .

58 èåìéìî åà ìàéø àðåøå÷ 짧áå:

om. V

kaf



. 59ïåøéâåô ò§§ìáå ïåðàë 䧧á àðåðàë K"NWN", Arab. K"NWN, o.l. PWGYRWN Aramaic K"NWN" (= KNWN") means “a (fire) stand, a portable brazier” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; BKH ; KT :,  n. ,  n. ). Arabic k¯an¯un means “brazier, stove” and is derived from Aram. àðåðë (WKAS :; FF ). For the identification, cf. KA :, and EG . The vernacular term represents the O. Occ. fogairon or fugairon for ‘Herd, Kamin’ or ‘kleines Feuer’ (i.e., stove, fireplace or small fire; PSW :b–a). Mistral has the Modern Occ. forms fougueiroun and fugueiroun for ‘little stove’ (see TrFel :b). The spelling PYG"YYRWN (with Yod in first syllable) in the Vatican MS could indicate the pronunciation [y], as in fugairoun ([fygaj'run]), or is a misspelling (for Hebrew Waw). For the problem relating to the pronunciation of the O. Occ. grapheme , see the introduction. In O. Cat., we only find the form foguaró with the meaning “foguera, foc que fa molta flama” (i.e., open fire, fire with a lot of flames; DCVB :b–a) and the Occitanism fogayró (DECLC :a). . 61øéáåà 짧áå 60òø§ö 䧧á ìçë KHL, o.l. "WBYR . Arab. DR#, . Hebrew KHL . means “udder, bag” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mHul . (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ; KT :, .  n. b). Arabic dar# . means “udder” (L ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: òø§öìà åä ìçë (MK :). The vernacular term that appears in the Paris MS represents the Lat. ¯ UBER for ‘udder’. The variant given in the Vatican MS could represent the same word, but the spelling with -YY- normally indicates a diphthong (see the introduction). As far as Romance is concerned, FEW :a

59 ïåøéâåô: ïåøéàâô O ïÇYéâåô 60 òø§ö: òøö VO 61 øéáåà: éøáéà

P ïåøééàâéô V

O øéáeà P øééáåà V



shem tov, synonym list 

mentions that the Latin word has survived only in a very limited area. It is documented, for example, in Franco-Provençal as üvrà or ivre (see ALF, map ). The variant in the Oxford MS might represent a nondocumented O. Occ word similar to the variants mentioned or could just be an error.

LAMED . 2íåéùàøô 짧áå ïåéñàøô 䧧á 1ïñôì ˘ LPSN, Arab. PR"SYWN, o.l. PR" SYWM Hebrew LPSN, from Greek λαψνη “charlock, Brassica arvensis” (LS ; KG : f.; LR ), designates the plant Sinapis arvensis L., “field mustard, charlock” (JD ; LW :; KA :; AEY :: Sinapis incana L.; DAS :; FM ; KT :,  n. ; LF : f.), and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil ., where the term is explained by Maimonides as §õøàìà éìò åìòé úôììà íòèî äîòèî úàáð ïàñôììàá àáèàìà äôøòé òàø§ã áéø÷ (a plant that tastes like turnip and that grows above the earth about a cubit and is known to the physicians as ïàñôììà) (MK :); see as well Allony (SAM :). Arabic far¯asiy¯un, from Greek πρσιον (LS ), designates the plant Marrubium vulgare L., “horehound” (DT :; M ). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is transcribed by N and Z as: ïåéñàøô. The vernacular term is the Late Lat. prasium with the meaning Marrubium vulgare L. (NPRA ; Sin b). The second vernacular term in the Oxford MS seems to be the O. Occ. marrubi (see entry Lamed ). Cf. GHAT : for its identification as Arab. far¯asiy¯un (spelt as PRSYWN). . ïáìä 6åøîä 5àåäå 4åéáøî 짧áå øåçàîøî 䧧á ïáì 3ïñôì LPSN LBN, Arab. MRM" HWR, o.l. MRBYW, that is HMRW HLBN . Hebrew LPSN LBN is not attested in secondary literature and literally means “white charlock”. For LPSN see previous entry. Arabic marm¯ah¯ur designates the plant Teucrium marum L., “cat thyme” (DT :; ˘M  and ID :: Origanum maru L.).

1 ïñôì: ïñôàì O ïàñôì V 2 íåéùàøô: éáåøî åà íéùàøô 3 ïñôì: ïàñôì 4 éáåøî :åéáøî

O (cf. entry ) V O åé"á\î P íåéáåøî V

5 àåäå: om. V 6 åøîä: Çøîä P,

om. V



shem tov, synonym list 

Hebrew HMRW HLBN is perhaps a Hebrew loan translation of the Aramaic àøååç àåøî, white marjoram, Origanum maru L. (JD ; SDA ; AEY :, :; LA :), which features as an explanation for ïåéáåæà in bShab b. The vernacular term in the Oxford MS seems to be the O. Occ. mar(r)ubi (CB , ) or marobi (CB ). In an O. Cat. aljamiado-text ˘ that used Hebrew spelling, we find the entry ‘MRWBY, that is PRSYWM’ , ˘ with the Arabic synonym MRW (GHAT :; for PRSYWM, see above entry Lamed ). The variant used in the Vatican MS may be read as *marrubium laban, a term composed of Lat. or O. Occ. marrubium (for the O. Occ. form see DAO : and RL :b) and Hebr. laban for ‘white’. This term seems to be a translation of Lat. marrubium album for Marrubium vulgare L. (in contrast to marrubium nigrum for Ballota nigra L., see Sin a). For a similar combination, see also the O. Cat. form MRWBY LBN as a synonym of Arab. MWMKWR (GHAT :). The variant used in the Paris MS should be interpreted as the Lat. or O. Occ. marrubiu(m) with the loss of the final -m (for an explanation of this phenomenon, see the introduction). . ùéåà 8àâðì 짧áå øåôöòìà ïàñì 䧧á 7øåôöä ïåùì ˘ LSWN HS. PWR, Arab. LS"N "L#S. PWR, o.l. LNG" "WYS˘ ˘ Hebrew LSWN HS. PWR, “sparrow’s tongue”, which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic lis¯an al-#as. a¯f¯ır and designates the fruit of the ash-tree, Fraxinus excelsior L. Subsequently, we find the term as: íéøåôöä ïåùì in Judah ben Solomon Natan’s Kelal Qaz. ar mi ha-Sammim ha-Nifradim (JNK :). In addition to øåôöä ïåùì or íéøåôöä ïåùì, we find óåò ïåùì in medieval Hebrew medical literature to indicate the fruit of the ash tree, for instance, in the Sefer Ahavat nashim, –.9 Arabic lis¯an al-#us. fur (sing.) or lis¯an al-#as. a¯f¯ır designates the fruit of the ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior L. (M ; LA :) and features, for

7 øåôöä:øåôö O 8 ùéåà àâðì: ùéåà àâðéì O ùéåà àâðì P ùéáà àâðéì V 9 Ed. C. Caballero-Navas. The Book of Women’s Love and Jewish Medieval Literature on

Women. Sefer Ahavat Nashim, London . See as well L. Ferre and E. García Sánchez, “Alimentos y Medicamentos en las tres versiones medievales de El Regimen de Salud de Maimonides,” Ciencias de la Naturaleza en al-Andalus II. Textos y Estudios, Madrid , pp. –.

lamed



instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ). It is translated by N and Z as: íéøåôöä ïåùì (see as well LF :). The vernacular term is a literal translation of the Arab. term. It seems to be a Romance-Latin blend linga/lenga avis (for the O. Occ. noun lenga/linga, see entry Lamed ). The Lat. loan translation lingua avis describes the plant Fraxinus excelsior L. (see Sin a). The term lingua avis is documented in AdV ,  and identified as Arab. lis¯a n al-#as. a¯f¯ır (ibid. ). . 11ñèåøá 짧áå íøëìà 10óàøèà 䧧á íéðôâ éáìåì LWLBY GPNYM, Arab. " TR"P "LKRM, o.l. BRWTS . . Hebrew LWLBY GPNYM means “sprouts of grape-vine” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer a and bBQ a (JD  f.; LW : f.; KA :; :; LF : ff.). In bBer a, it is stated that its consumption causes abdominal troubles (úåéðåúçú). Arabic at. r¯af al-karm means “sprouts (literally: outermost parts) of vine” (L ; D :) and features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: ïôâä éôðò and by Z as: íøëä úååö÷. In this aphorism, Maimonides recommends vine sprouts as part of a treatment against shingles, while quoting from Galen’s Ad Glauconem de medendi methodo. The vernacular term in the Paris MS seems to be the O. Occ. brotz (CB , ; RMA ; RPA ), the plural of brot (DAO :–; RL :b; FEW :a; CB , ), for ‘junges Gezweige’ (i.e., young branches) (PSW :b, Levy mentions the form brost with metathesis), with the special meaning ‘jeune pousse de vigne’ (i.e., young vine sprout) (DAO :). The variants used in the Oxford and Vatican MSS seem to be corrupt. . 13ñèéãåðî 짧áå 12äéøèà 䧧á äáéáì LBYBH, Arab. " TRYH, o.l. MNWDYTS . . Hebrew LBYBH means “heart-shaped pastry” (KB ; CD :; BM ; DAS : f.) and features in the Bible, namely in  Sam :, , , as well as in medieval and modern literature. 10 óàøèà: óøèà O 11 ñèåøá: õèåøåá O ñèåøô 12 äéøèà: àéøèà V 13 ñèéãåðî: õèéãåðî

O

V



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic it. riya means “a certain food, like threads, made of flour, noodles” (L ; DAS : f.; RAP , n. : “Itriya was a small soup noodle of Greek origin which resembled the Italian orzo”) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (BMR I, ), where it is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: õèãåðî (cf. MNWDTS). . In the Hebrew translations of Maimonides’ On Asthma by Joshua Shatibi, Samuel Benveniste, and an anonymous translator (III,; cf. BMA ) we find: äàéøè, äàéøúìà íéàø÷ðä íéèåçä and úåáéáì respectively. The vernacular term seems to be the plural of the O. Occ. word menudet for ‘tout menu, tout petit’ (i.e., fairly fine, fairly small) (RL :b), which could have the special meaning ‘eine Art Teig’ (i.e., a kind of dough) according to the emendation of “menuest” by Levy in the entry menudet 4 (PSW :a). Von Wartburg gives the unemended O. Occ. form menuest (from ) with the meaning ‘sort de pâte’ (i.e., kind of pastry) and mentions the Modern Fr. word menudet (from ) for ‘massepain’ (i.e., marzipan) (both FEW –:b). . 14ùìåîøà 짧áå óè÷ 䧧á ïéðåòì L#WNYN, Arab. QTP, . o.l. "RMWLS˘ Hebrew L#WNYN or L#YNYM, sing. L#YN, designates ) “garden sorrel”, Rumex acetosa (AEY :; DAS :; FM ; FZ : Artemisia; LF : ff.) and ) “garden orache”, Artiplex hortensis L. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; LA :), and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil .. Arabic qat. af means “garden orache”, Artiplex hortensis L. (DT :; M ; DAS :, , , :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: óè÷ìà :ïéðåòìå (MK :). The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. armol(h) (CB , ; RMM , , th century) for ‘arroche’ (i.e., orache) (DAO :). DAO considers the appearance of armolhs in RMM as its first documentation (see DAO Suppl. :). In GHAT :, we find the Romance ˘ which is identified as Arab. qat. af. term "RMWLLS,

14 ùìåîøà: õìåîøà

O

lamed



. øîàøèåàã 16àáìî 짧áå 15äé§ëåìî 䧧á íééîé ïéðåòì L#WNYN YMYYM, Arab. MLWHYH, o.l. MLB" D"WTR"MR . ˘ Hebrew L#WNYN YMYYM is not attested in secondary sources and could not be identified. Note, however, that in Aram., ïéðòø means “mallow” (cf. LA :). Arabic mul¯uhiy¯a, from Greek μολχη (LS ), means ) “mallow”, Malva silvestris˘L. and Var. and ) “corchorus or Jewish mallow”, Corchorus olitorus L. or Corchorus trilocularis L. (DT :; M ). The term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ) and is transcribed by both N and Z as: àéëåìî. The vernacular expression seems to be an O. Occ. *malva d’o(u)tramar (literally: ‘mallow from overseas’). For malva, see entry He  of this edition. The first element of the second word is outra or otra, which has the variant oltra (cf. Lamed ), the second element is mar for ‘sea’, for the compound expression outra mar ‘oversea’, see RL :b: “Van outra mar” (i.e., they go oversea). The whole phrase *malva d’o(u)tramar cannot be found in the sources we consulted. For O. Cat., the form oltramar/ultramar has been documented, which designates ‘Near East, Orient’ (see DECLC :a) according to the context (already in the most ancient Catalan documents): “Déus no volia que ells possehisen la Santa Terra d’ultramar” (i.e., God did not want them to possess the Holy Land of the Near East) (Ramon Llull, La Blanquerna). See also the meaning ‘Orient’ in the O. Fr. outre-mer (FEW :b). Von Wartburg lists the Fr. plant name rose d’outre-mer (ca. ) with the vague definition “esp. de rose” (i.e., kind of rose) (FEW :b). Summarising, we can conclude that *malva d’o(u)tramar is a variety of mallow that grows in the Orient and was imported from there to Western Europe. . 19§âà§âãìà ìáæ 䧧á 18úåìâåðøúä 17úàåö àéä úùìùì ˘ ST, ˘ that is, the excrements of chicken, Arab. ZBL "LDG" ˘ G˘ LSL ˘ ST ˘ means “secretion, chicken’s dirt, spittle” (JD ; LW Hebrew LSL :; KA :, :; BM ; KT : n. ) and features in 15 äé§ëåìî: àééëåìî O äéëåìî V 16 øîàøèåàã àáìî: øàîàøèàã àåìî 17 úàåö: úìñ V 18 úåìâåðøúä: íéìåâðøúä 19 §âà§âãìà: ââãìà

O O âàâãìà V

O, om. P



shem tov, synonym list 

Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab ., and bShab b, where it is stated: úåèøîñá äç÷ðî úùìùì åéìò äúéä (If [on Shabbat] dirt is upon it [i.e. a cushion] one wipes it off with a rag). The Arukh explains the term úùìùì featuring in this text as: ïéìåâðøú úàåö (chicken’s droppings) (KA :; cf. Arabic entry), which is possibly the source for Shem Tov’s explanation: úåìâåðøúä úàåö àéä. Arabic zibl ad-da˘ga¯g˘ also means “chicken’s droppings” (L , ). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned, Maimonides explains ˘ ST ˘ as: äø§ã÷å ä§úøî (dirt and filth) (MK :). It is possible that the LSL Arabic term zibl ad-da˘ga¯g˘ is part of an unknown Geonic commentary on bShab b and hence was adopted in the Arukh in the Hebrew version of it. . øàîøèìåã äáìî 짧áå äéëåìî 䧧á íééîé 20ïéðåòì L#WNYN YMYYM, Arab. MLWKYH, o.l. MLBH DWLTRM"R . For Hebrew L#WNYN YMYYM and Arabic mul¯uhiy¯a, cf. no.  above. The vernacular expression seems to be the O. ˘Occ. or O. Cat. *malva d’oltramar, a variant of the term explained in entry Lamed . . ãë 䧧á úñì LST, Arab. KD Hebrew LST means “cheek, jaw” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bNid b (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ; Low LVIII). Arabic hadd means “cheek” (L ; DKT , , ; FAL :). ˘ . ìúòà 䧧á 21ä÷ì LQH, Arab. "#TL For Hebrew LQH and Arabic i#talla, cf. Yod no. . . 22é§âàèðìô 짧áå ìîçìà ïàñì 䧧á äìè ïåùì ˘ ˘ LSWN TLH, Arab. LS"N "LHML, o.l. PLNT" . . . GY ˘ Hebrew LSWN TLH, literally “lamb’s tongue”, designates the plant “plan. tain, waybread”, Plantago major L. (AEY :), and is possibly a loan 20 øàîøèìåã äáìî 짧áå äéëåìî 䧧á íééîé ïéðåòì: 21 ä÷ì: à÷àì O 22 é§âàèðìô: éâèðàìô

O éâèðìô V

om. OV

lamed



translation of the Arabic lis¯an al-hamal (see below). In addition to ïåùì . we find äù ïåùì (cf. BM ; JNK :) and ùáëä ïåùì (cf. below). Arabic lis¯an al-hamal, a loan translation of Greek ρνγλωσσον (LS . ), also designates “plantain” Plantago major L. (WKAS : f.; DT :; M ). The term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N as: äùä ïåùì and by Z as: ïåùì äàéøåàèðéö àéäå ùáëä. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. plant name plantage (CB , among others; RMM , ; RM , , among others [see index ]; DAO :; RL :a; PSW :a; AdV , , , )/plantagi (RMA , , among others [see index ]; DAO :)/plantagge (RMM , , , )/plantatge (AdV , , ) for ‘Spitzwegerich’ (i.e., ribwort) (PSW :a). For the identification of Arab. lis¯an al-hamal as O. Cat planta(t)ge cf. . ˘ for O. Cat. and AdV , ; GHAT :, with the spelling PLNT. GY LYS"N "LHM"L for the Arab. term. . äìè,

. àâæå 䧧á äàèì LT"H, Arab. WZG" . Hebrew LT"H means “a species of lizard, gecko”, Platodactylus muralis . (KB ; CD :; JD  s.v. äàèìä; LW :; KA :; BM ; BAL  f.; BH see index; FAB  f.; LFa  ff.; LZ  f.) and features in the Bible (Lev :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in mOhol .), where it is translated by Sa#adya, Ibn Jan¯ah. and Maimonides as Arabic íàñìà õøáà (cf. IJ ; MK :; RJ ; S ). Arabic WZG", read WZGH, i.e.waza˙ga, means “a lizard of the species called gecko, of a leprous hue” (L ; BK ; StS ). For the identification, cf. Se#adyah ibn Dan¯an (SID :): äàèìäå äâæåìà éäå ,õøáà íàñ :èîçäå. . í÷ìò 䧧á äðòì L#NH, Arab. "LQM Hebrew L#NH means “wormwood”, Artemisia absinthium L., and features in the Bible, e.g. in Deut :, and Rabbinic literature (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA : s.v. àúðòì; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FO  f.; LF : ff.).



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic #alqam designates either “wild, or squirting cucumber”, Ecballium elaterium, or “colocynth”, Citrullus colocynthis (L ; DT :, ; M ; DAS : f.). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Deut :: ùøù íëá ùé ïô [ . . . ] äðòìå ùàø äøô (perchance there is among you a stock sprouting poison weed and wormwood): í÷ìò åà íñ øîúî ìöà íëéô ã§âåé àìéë [ . . . ] (S ), IJ  and SF :. . àðéáåá 23àâðì 짧áå øåúìà ïàñì 䧧á øåùä ïåùì ˘ ˘ LSWN HSWR, Arab. LS"N "LTWR, o.l. LNG" BWBYN" ˘ ˘ Hebrew LSWN HSWR, possibly a loan translation of Arabic lis¯an at-tawr ¯ (cf. below), designates the plant “bugloss”, Anchusa officinalis (BM¯ ; AEY :; LA  f.:; LF : f.). Arabic lis¯an at-tawr, literally “ox-tongue”, designates numerous types ¯ ¯particulary “borrage”, Borago officinalis L. or “Italian of Borraginaceae, alkanet”, Anchusa italica Retz. The term is a loan translation of Greek βογλωσσον (LS ; WKAS : f.; DT :; M ; DAS :, , ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) where it is translated by N and Z as: øåùä ïåùì. The vernacular term corresponds to the O. Occ. linga bovina (DAO :; CB ; RMA ) or lenga bovina (PSW :a; CB ) for ‘bugloss’ (DAO :), i.e. Anchusa officialis L. For the identification, see the entry for O. Sp. lengua de buey in Sin b and the following passage of RMA : “A las aurelhas sordas es una herba que sembla ‘linga bovina’ que es buglossa et a flor blanca et semenssa blanca et retunda et las rasis son petitas et las fulhas paucas” (i.e., for deaf ears, there is an herb which resembles linga bovina which is bugloss and has white blossom and white and round seed and the roots are small and it has few leaves). In AdV , we find (for O. Cat.) lingua bovina, which is identified as Arab. lis¯an at-taur (AdV , ). See also ¯ the Hebrew transcription of the same¯ Romance term in GHAT : LYNGH BWBYNH (as a synonym for the Arab. lis¯an at-tawr transcribed ¯¯ as LYS"N "LT"R).

23 àâðì: àâðéì

VO

lamed



. 24äé÷ãù 䧧á åéîâåì ˘ LWGMYW, Arab. SDQYH LWGMYW, literally meaning “his cheeks”, features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. in mYom .) as åéîâåì àìî and means “a mouthful, quantity of liquid filling one cheek” (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ; Low LVIII; PB ). The term is a loan word from Aramaic LWGM" meaning “cheek” (cf. SDA ). Arabic ˘sidqayhi means “the two sides of his mouth”; or “his cheeks”; cf. ˘sidq or ˘sadq “the quivering flesh of the mouth, inside the two cheeks” or “side of the mouth” (L ; D :: “joue” (cheek)). Quoting from the Vocabulista by Pedro de Alcalá, Dozy (ibid.) also gives the meaning “mouthful” for ˘sadq. ¯ is explained by Maimonides on mYom . (ed. Kaf¯ıh Hebrew åéîâåì àìî . .) as: øä§èå ä÷ãù éúð äéô ïî äãçàå ää§âì äãø åì àøàã÷î áøùé ïà åä (that is, that he drinks [such] a quantity that if he puts it in one side of his mouth, that side protrudes and becomes visible) (MK :). For the identification, cf. AQ, fol. b: äé÷ãù åéîâåì. Cf. as well ShM  f. . 25êçé 䧧á óåùì ˘ LSWP, Arab. YHK . ˘ ˘ Hebrew LSWP, inf. of SWP, means “to smooth, rub, polish, sharpen; to smear over, plaster” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPes . (JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA ; KA :, :; KT see index). Arabic yahukku means “he scratches, scrapes, rubs, grates, chafes, . frets” (L ). ˘ ˘ For the identification of the Hebrew root SWP or respectively SPH, as äôù the Arabic root hkk, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: : . êçú (MK :). . 26ùðàìéåà 짧áå ÷ãðá 䧧á íéæåì LWZYM, Arab. BNDQ, o.l. "WYL"NS˘ Hebrew or Syriac LWZ designates either “almond tree”, Amygdalus communis L., “almond”, or “hazelnut”, Corylus avellana L., and features in 24 äé÷ãù: éé÷ãù O àé÷ãù 25 êçé: jçé P ëçé V 26 ùðàìéåà: ùàðàìéåà

V

V, om. O



shem tov, synonym list 

the Bible, e.g. Gen :, where it is translated by Sa#adya (S ) and Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) as Arabic øåç ((]), and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBekh a (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :, :; BM ; FE  ff.; FO  ff.; LF : ff.; : ff.). Arabic bunduq means “hazelnut”, Corylus avellana L. and is derived from Greek Ποντικν (LS ; DT :; M ; DAS :). The term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, , ; XXIII, ) and is translated by N as ùðìååà íä ÷ãðáä /æåì /÷ãðá (HBNDQ, ˘ and by Z as: íéæåì. i.e. "WWLNS) For the identification, cf. David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :). The vernacular term is the plural of the O. Occ. avelana (FEW :a; DAO :; RL :b; CB ; RMA ), avilana (RL :b), avellana (DAO :; RL :b; CB ) or avelhana (DAO :; CB ) for ‘hazelnut’ (DAO :). As the variants show, there were two main forms in O. Occ., one with and one without the palatalisation of Lat. -LL-. The Hebrew transcriptions in our MSS do not allow us to deduce if the liquid sound is palatalised or not. This original name for ‘hazelnut’ (< Lat. ABELLANA) only survived in the south of the Romance world (see FEW :a; for O. Cat. avellana, see DECLC :a; for O. Sp. auellana, see—for example—Sin :; Cat. and Sp. both show palatalisation of the Lat. -LL-; for O. Cat., a non-palatalised plural form avelanes is documented in AdV , ). For the identification of O. Cat. avelanes as Arab. bunduq, cf. AdV , . See also the Hebrew transcription "BYL"NS˘ in GHAT :, a Romance synonym given for Arab. BNDQ. . ïàôéã 28äãàìåî 짧áå 27æáëìà áàáì 䧧á íçìä áì LB HLHM, Arab. LB"B "LKBZ, o.l. MWL"DH DYP"N . Hebrew LB HLHM, literally “heart of the bread”, i.e. the inside, the core . of the bread, is possibly a loan translation of Arabic lubb [al-hubz] (cf. ˘ WKAS : f.) or lub¯ab [al-hubz] (cf. WKAS : f., and below), and ˘ features as íçìä úåáéáì in Moses ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew translation of the Arabic term lub¯ab in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (BMR II, ). Arabic lub¯ab al-hubz means “the inside, the core of the bread” (see ˘ above).

27 æáëìà: ñáëìà V 28 ïàôéã äãàìåî: ïàôã àãéìåî

VO

lamed



The vernacular term corresponds to O. Cat. mol(l)eda (‘crumb’, DCVB :b) with the addition de pa (‘of bread’). The spelling with -n (pan) shows that it is probably an analogous O. Occ. term which has not been documented so far. In this case, the first element might have to be read with the accent on the last syllable (*mol(h)edá), because, most probably, the word MWL"DH/MWLYD" is related to the Modern Occ. mouledás, documented in FEW –:a with the meaning ‘gros morceau de mie de pain’ (i.e., a big piece of breadcrump). For the O. Occ. pan with the meaning ‘bread’ see the examples given by Raynouard (RL :b) and Levy (PSW :b–b). . øôàä éìç 31àåäå àãéö÷ 짧áå ïéòìà àã÷ 䧧á 30ïéòä úàåö àéä ïéòä 29óåìôì LPLWP H#YN, that is, filth of the eye, Arab. QD" "L#YN, o.l. QS. YD", that is, ophthalmia Hebrew LPLWP H#YN means “pus or purulent matter in the eye” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMiqw . (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ; Low LVIII, PB ). For Hebrew HLY H"PR, cf. entry . Het . . Arabic qad¯a al-#ayn means “any matter in the eye” (L ; FL :). ¯ For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: ú§öøî à§ãà ïéòìà ì§ëàã éô ïåëé é§ãìà à§ã÷ìà :ïéòáù óåìôì (the dirt which is inside the eye when it is ill) (MK :). The Geonic commentary on Tohorot (EG ) translates the term óåìôì as: êñå (dirt). For the vernacular term see entry Het . . . 32÷åòì 䧧á äëéçì LHYKH, Arab. L#WQ . Hebrew LHYKH, the verbal noun of êçì, means “licking” (JD ; . LW : f.), and, via semantic borrowing from the Arabic term la#¯uq, assumes the meaning of “a medicine to be licked with the tongue, linctus” in medieval medical literature. It features in Moses ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew translation of Ibn Rushd’s commentary on Ibn S¯ın¯a’s Ur˘gu¯ za f¯ı t. -t. ibb

29 óåìôì: êåìëì V 30 ïéòä: íéðéòä O 31 øôàä éìç àåäå: 32 ÷åòì: êåçì V

om. V



shem tov, synonym list 

(BM ; Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen, p. ; see introduction to our edition).33 Arabic la#¯uq means the same (WKAS : ff.; FAQ  f.) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides On Asthma (XII, , ; cf. BMA , ) and is translated by Samuel Benveniste as: äëéçì. . 35ó§öø 䧧á úåøáãîá íçì øã÷ éðá 34åéìò ïéôåàù ïáà ìù çåì ˘ "BN, on which the Arabs bake bread in the deserts, Arab. RDP LWH SL . ˘ Hebrew ïáà ìù çåì means “plate made of stone”; for LWH, cf. JD ; ˘ LW : f.; KT :, : f., , . Arabic radf . means “heated stones with which milk is made hot, fleshmeat is roasted and bread is baked” (L ; DAS :, ,  f., , , ). . 36ùôð 짧áå úôì 䧧á úôì LPT, Arab. LPT, o.l. NPS˘ Hebrew LPT means “turnip”, Brassica rapa L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; AEY :; DAS :; FH , ; FM ; FZ  ff.; LF : ff.). Arabic lift has the same meaning (WKAS :; DT :; M ; DAS :, , ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :). The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. or O. Cat. nap (DAO :s; PSW :a; FEW :b; DECLC :b) for Brassica napus (DAO :), ‘Kohlrübe’ (PSW :a) or ‘Steckrübe’ (FEW :b) (i.e., swede), documented for the first time in the th century (DAO Suppl. :). In O. Cat., nap is documented for the first time in the th century (DECLC loc. cit.). The additional term in MS O seems to correspond to the plural of O. Occ. and O. Cat. rave for Raphanus sativus (DAO :; DCVB :a).37 33 M. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, Berlin , repr. Graz , p. . 34 åéìò: om. O 35 ó§öø: óöø VO 36 ùôð: ùôàð O ù"tð P ùéàáàø åà add. O 37 If we read a Nun instead of the Yod in the last syllable of this additional term the form might represent the O. Cat. plural form ràuens or ràvens (DCVB loc. cit.).

lamed



. 39íà§ë 䧧á äìôú 38äçì LHH . TPLH, Arab. H"M ˘ Hebrew LHH . means “moisture, secretion” and features in Rabbinic literature (JD ; LW :; KA :, :). In medieval medical literature, the term assumes the meaning of “humour”, i.e., one of the four bodily humours or moistures, or especially “white humour”; i.e., “phlegm” (BM  f.; KTP :). The term LHH . TPLH, literally meaning “tasteless, unsalted humour”, is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov to render the Arabic [hil . t. ] h¯am. ˘ Arabic h¯am means “crude” (L ) and features in medieval medical literature, ˘for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) as 7{ U}> (“crude humours”) and is translated by N and Z as: úåàðä úåçéìä. .

çôúéù ãò ìâøä úà ìòðîä ú÷éçã 짧ø óëìà 41èâ§ö 䧧á 40ìòðîä úöéçì

äøåáç åá äùòéå

LHY . S. T HMN#L, Arab. DG . T. "LKP, that is, the pressing of the footwear against the foot until it swells and forms a blister

Hebrew LHY . S. T HMN#L means “pressing of the footwear” (JD , ; BM , ). Arabic da˙ . gt. al-kaff means “pressing of the foot” (L ; WKAS : ff.). Arabic da˙ . gt. features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, ; IV, ; cf. BMMa , ) and is translated by N as: äöéçì and by Z as: ä÷éçã/äöéçì. . äùå÷ùéå 44äî÷éìô 짧áå 43§âæì íâìá 䧧á ä÷åìç 42äçì ˘ o.l. PLYQMH WYSQW ˘ ˘ LHH Arab. BLGM LZG, SH . HLWQH, . For Hebrew LHH (read HLQH), . see entry . The term LHH . HLWQH . . literally meaning “smooth humour or phlegm”, is possibly the result of 38 äçì: äçéì 39 íà§ë: íàë 40 41 42 43 44

V O íàã V ìòðîä: ìòðî O èâ§ö: èâö VO äçì: äçéì VO §âæì: âàæì O âæéì V äùå÷ùéå äî÷éìô: àùå÷ùéå àîéìéô O äàùå÷ùéå àî÷éìô V



shem tov, synonym list 

reading the Arabic §âæì íâìá or ÷æì íâìá (viscous phlegm) as ÷ìæ íâìá (smooth phlegm). Arabic bal˙gam lazi˘g means “viscous phlegm” (L ; KZ ) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g., in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VIII, ; XIV, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: äçéì ä÷áã äðáì or ä÷áã äðáì and by Z as: ä÷áã äðáì äçìä or äæå÷ñéåå äðáì äçéì (LYHH . LBNH WWYSQWZH). The vernacular term corresponds to O. Occ. or O. Cat. *flecma viscosa for ‘viscous phlegm’, documented in an O. Cat. variant fleuma viscosa (DCVB :a). For the O. Occ. and O. Cat. flecma/flegma, see RL :b and DCVB :b; for the adjective viscós, -osa see DCVB :a and RL :. . 46àéôéñ 짧áå 45àéáù 䧧á íéä ïåùì ˘ ˘ LSWN HYM, Arab. SBY", o.l. SYPY" ˘ Hebrew LSWN HYM, literally meaning “sea tongue”, is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic lis¯an al-bahr . “ossa sepia” (cf. below). Arabic s¯ıbiy¯a, from Greek σηπα (LS ), designates the “cuttlefish”, Sepia officinalis L., or the “cuttlebone of a cuttlefish”, also called lis¯an albahr . (WKAS :; D :; DT :; M ; LFa ). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. sepia or sipia for ‘sepia’ (RL :a; FEW :a; PSW :b, RM , DCVB). . 47ùèåàâ 짧áå ïàãë 䧧á úåúñì LSTWT, Arab. KD"N, o.l. G"WT. S˘ For Hebrew LSTWT, plur. of LST, and Arabic hidd¯an, plur. of hadd, cf. ˘ ˘ Lamed no. . The vernacular term seems to be the O. Occ. plural gautas (CB , ; RL :b–a) of gauta for ‘Backe, Wange’, i.e. cheek (with the variant galta, see PSW :b). In O. Cat., the form gauta existed too (documented for the first time in ), with the form galta being documented since the end of the th century, which then becomes the common form in modern times (DECLC :b–a). 45 àéáù: àéáéù VO àé!a!ù P 46 àéôéñ: àéôéù O äàéôéù V 47 ùèåàâ: ùàèáàâ O

lamed



. 50àðéèðéáøè 짧áå 49äìàä óøù àåäå èàáðàìà 48êìò 䧧á íèåì LWTM, Arab. #LK "L"NB" T, . . that is the resin of the terebinth tree, o.l. TRBYN TYN" . . Hebrew LWTM . or LWT. features in the Bible (e.g. in Gen :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in mShebi .) and is wrongly identified as “chestnut” by medieval commentators and translators (Arabic ˘sa¯hball¯ut. , cf. Sa#adya and Ibn Jan¯ah. on Gen :; IJ ; RJ ; S ; and Maimonides on mShebi ., who adds øáåðöìà “Pinus pinea”; p. ). Midrash Rabba (:) explains the biblical LWT. as éëåèñî “mastic”, Pistacia Lenticus L. (cf. LA :; LF :). According to Maimonides, there is a black type of mastic (Arabic mas. t. ik¯a) which is called al-mas. t. ik¯a annabat.¯ı (cf. M ). The correct identification of Hebrew LWTM . or LWT. is “mastic gum, ladanum resin”, Cistus ladaniferus (cf. FEB  ff. and KB  f.; CD :; JD ; KA :, :; DAS :; FM ; FO  f.; LF : ff.). For Hebrew äìàä óø× “resin of the terebinth tree”, see Shin  below. Arabic #ilk al-anb¯at. designates, according to several Arabic authors (e.g. Ibn al-Jazz¯ar), the resin of the pistachio plant, Pistacia vera L. Others (e.g. ar-R¯az¯ı) declare that it is the resin of the terebinth tree, Pistacia terebinthus L. (cf. D :; M ; ID :; LF :). The vernacular term which also appears in entry Shin  of this edition is the (Med.) Lat. (resina) ter(e)binthina, literally ‘(resin) belonging to the terebinth tree’ (GH :a; DCC :a; derived from Lat. terebinthus for Pistachia terebinthus L., see NPRA ), O. Occ. ter(r)ebentina, terbentina or trebentina or the Cat. terebentina for ‘résine qui coule d’arbres appartenant à la famille des térébinthacées et à celle des conifères; surtout résine des pins’ (i.e., resin that drops from trees belonging to the family of the terebinthaceous plants and to that of the conifers, especially resin of the pine trees, DAO :; for further documentation, see RL :b; FEW –:b; CB , ; RMA , ; RPA , , among others; DECLC :b; DCVB :a). In O. Occ., these forms coexisted with variants showing a labial nasal segment: termentina and trementina or the like (DAO loc. cit., FEW loc. cit.; CB , ). In O. Cat., such forms (trementina (), termentina () and tormentina ())

48 èàáðàìà êìò: èàáðàìà jìò 49 äìàä: äìà O 50 àðéèðéáøè: àðéèáøè

O

P èàáðìà êìò V



shem tov, synonym list 

seem to be older and more frequent than the variant with a labial plosive -b-, which perhaps is a later readjustment to the Latin etymon (see DECLC loc. cit.). In fact, GHAT : shows a form with -m(TRYMYN TYNH), labeled as vernacular, prob. Cat., whereas the form . . with -b- (TRYBN TYNH) is indicated as Latin. . . . àâéãðéà 52äðàìéáà 짧áå 51ìôåô 䧧á íééãåä íéæåì LWZYM HWDYYM, Arab. PWPL, o.l. "BYL"NH "YNDYG" For Hebrew LWZYM, cf. Lamed no. . LWZYM HWDYYM is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic al-bunduq al-hind¯ı (cf. below). Arabic fawfal, from Persian p¯upal (VL :), means “areca nut”, fruit of the Indian palm-tree, Areca catechu L., which is, according to azZahr¯aw¯ı (following DT : n. , al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :) and Maimonides (M )), also called al-bunduq al-hind¯ı. Arabic fawfal features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is transcribed by N and Z as: ìôåô. The vernacular term may be read as O. Occ. avelana *indiga or *endega, as an Occitanised form of Late Lat. abellana indica, where the adjective shows the result of Western Romance lenition. For O. Occ. avelana, see Lamed . See also the O. Cat. synonym "BYL"NH "YNDY"NH, used as a synonym for Arab. GWZ HNDY (GHAT :). . úååòä àåäå áöòìà àåúìà 䧧á áöòä 53úúéôì LPYTT H#S. B, Arab. "LTW" "L#S. B, that is, straining LPYTT H#S. B is not attested in secondary literature. It was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic iltiw¯a" al-#as. ab (cf. below). Arabic iltiw¯a" al-#as. ab means “strained nerves”; (WKAS :; ll. – : “Greek: στρμματα” (cf. LS )).

51 ìôåô: ìéôåô V 52 àâéãðéà äðàìéáà: àééãðéà àðàìéåà 53 úúéôì: úúôì V

O àâéãðéà àðàìéáà V

lamed



. 55àåúìà 䧧á 54äúéôì LPYTH, Arab. "LTW" Hebrew LPYTH hails from the root LPT, which features in the Bible (e.g. Ju :) and Rabbinic literature meaning “to touch and hold; to twine around, clasp, cling to; to wrap up, insert, combine” (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :, :). The term LPYTH features in EM  as a modern term meaning “a strong grasp”. It is possible that it has the unattested meaning of “twisting” or “straining” in our text. Arabic iltiw¯a" means “turn, twist, bend, curve, entwinement” (WKAS :). For the identification of the Hebrew root LPT as the Arabic root c, cf. Ibn Jan¯ah. and Se#adyah ibn Dan¯an on Rt :: cT e& úôìéå ùéàä ãøçéå (the man gave a start and pulled back) (IJ ; SID :). . 57éåúìî 䧧á 56éúåôì LPWTY, Arab. MLTWY Hebrew LPWT(Y) is a part. pass. of LPT and possibly means “twisted, strained”. Arabic multawin means “turned, twisted, wound, bent, crooked, entwined, entangled” (WKAS : f.). . 59ééðèùà 짧áå 58äøéçá 䧧á íé ïåùì ˘ LSWN YM, Arab. BHYRH, o.l. " S˘TNYY . . ˘ Hebrew LSWN YM means “gulf ” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bErub a (KB ; CD :; LW :; BM  f.). Arabic buhayra means “lake, small sea” (L ). . For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: íé ïåùì úà äåäé íéøçäå íéøöî (the LORD will dry up the tongue of the Egyptian sea): äììà óìúéå øöî äøéçá ïàñì (DS ).

54 äúéôì: àúéôì VO 55 àåúìà: àååúìà O 56 éåúìî 䧧á éúåôì: 57 éåúìî: ééúìî V

om. O

58 äøéçá: àøéçá VO 59 ééðèùà: éðéàèùà O ééðèùà

P



shem tov, synonym list 

The vernacular term is the O. Occ. estanh that means either ‘étang, lac’ (i.e., pond, lake) (RL :a, from the Lat. STAGNUM) or ‘étain’ (i.e., tin) (RL :a, from the Lat. STANNUM; cf. also RPA ). Referring to O. Occ. estanh for ‘pond, lake’, von Wartburg points out: “Im occit. lebt es nur in einem schmalen streifen längs der grenze gegen das iberorom.” (i.e., In Occ., it exists only in a narrow strip along the border with the Ibero-Romance languages) (FEW :b–a). The corresponding term in O. Cat. is estany (DCVB :b). Variants with a velar ending (like, for example, estanc) seem to be more frequent in O. Occ. However, the variants documented in our MSS clearly show the palatal ending. Following Levy, estanh for ‘pond, lake’ can have the meaning ‘Hemmung, Stillung’ (i.e., restriction, staunching) (PSW :a–b): “Et aias drap en clara d’ou per far estanc” (i.e., And you shall have a cloth impregnated with the white of egg for staunching) (Chirurgie ). A synonym for the term with this special meaning is the derivate estancament for ‘arresto (di un flusso)’ (i.e., the restriction of a flow) (CB ): “A estancament de sanc” (i.e., for stanching of blood) (CB ).

MEM . íéðùá âéìôîä 1ï÷æä àåäå íøä 䧧á çìëåî MWKLH, . Arab. HRM, that is, the old man who is extremely old Hebrew MWKLH . means “ripeness, vigour” and “senile, aged” and features in the Bible as the noun KLH, . e.g. in Job : (KB ; CD :; BM ). Arabic harim means “decrepit, senile, aged, old” (W ; L ). In Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms, the term features as s  j,F (“very old man”; cf. X, ) and is translated by N as: ùúå ï÷æ and by Z as: ï÷æ çåìë. For the identification of Hebrew KLH . as Arabic haram, cf. Sa#adya on Job :: åúòá ùéãâ úåìòë øá÷ éìà çìëá àåáú (you will come to the grave in ripe old age, as shocks of grain are taken away in their season): ì§ëãúå äú÷å éô ñéãëìà ìå§ëãë íøäá øá÷ìà éìà (BS ; SJ ; cf. as well IJ ; SID : and SF :). . 3ä§ëì§ëì 䧧á 2äç÷øî MRQHH, . Arab. LHLHH ˘ ˘ Hebrew MRQHH . means “pot of ointment, spice” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Job : (KB ; CD :; BM ). Arabic lahlaha designates “a kind of perfume” (WKAS :; FAQ ˘ ˘  f.). Sa#adya (SJ ) translates the term äç÷øî in the biblical verse mentioned as: øéæàáàìà é§ã (“having spices”), Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) as: yM~7 (“cooking-pot”), and David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) as: §êéáèìà (“cooked food”).

1 ï÷æä: om. O 2 äç÷øî: äçJøî P 3 ä§ëì§ëì: äëìëìà

O äëìëì V



shem tov, synonym list 

. àâéãðéà 5ìàù 짧áå 4éãðä çìî 䧧á àáù çìî ˘ Arab. MLH ˘ "YNDYG" MLH . SB", . HNDY, o.l. S"L ˘ “Sabean salt” is not attested in secondary literature (for Hebrew MLH . SB", MLH . cf. KT : f.,  ff. n.  ff.; LFa  ff.). Arabic milh. hind¯ı means “salt from India” (D :; cf. as well GS  n. ; LFa  f.). The Arabic term is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: éãðéà çìî in Maimonides’ On Poisons (II, ; cf. BMP ). The vernacular term in the Vatican MS may be read literally as *sal indica, for ‘Indian salt’ (a variant of Late Lat. sal indicum, FEW :b n. ; DuC :a), which belongs to the southern Gallo-Romance area, including Piemont and Lombardia, and to Catalonia and Spain (see FEW loc. cit.). The Lat. noun SAL, originally masculine or neuter, becomes feminine in the locations previously mentioned and masculine in the northern Gallo-Romance area, as well as in Italian, Sardinian, Retoromance and Portuguese. The variant used in the Paris MS seems to be sal *indiga or *endega, an Occitanisation of the Late Lat. form with lenition of the intervocalic velar. This form is not documented in our sources.6 The variant used in the Oxford MS shows the loss of the intervocalic velar: sal *india, sal *indeia, sal *indiea, or similar. A similar form can be found in the compound term *nos india (cf. entry Alef  of our edition) and *avelana india (see entry Lamed , MS ). .

ïçèúù éãë ä÷ìç àéäùë ãò ìæøáá íéçéøä ø÷ðî 8§éô 7íéçéøä úà ïéùáëî

íéðéùá åîë íéèçä

˘ MKBSYN "T HRYHYM means sharpening the millstones with iron until . they are smooth to crush the wheat as with teeth ˘ Hebrew MKBSYN "T HRYHYM means “carving steps for the grain, . putting the millstones in working order” (JD ; LW : f.; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bMQ a, where it is explained 4 éãðä: ééãåä O éãåä P 5 àâéãðéà ìàù: äééãðéà ìàù O à÷éãðéà ìù 6 For the adjective, also see the entry

˘ see GHAT :. plural "YNDYQS, 7 íéçéøä: íéçøä O

V Lamed ; for O. Cat. we find the masculine

8 íéðéùá åîë íéèçä ïçèúù éãë ä÷ìç àéäùë ãò ìæøáá íéçéøä ø÷ðî §éô: íéçøä úà ø÷ðî §éô äá ïçèúù éãë ä÷ìç àéäùë ãò ìæøáá O åîë íéèçä ïçèúù éãë ä÷åìç àéäùë ãç ìæøáá ø÷ðî §éô íéðùá V

mem



as sharpening the millstones, or, according to another opinion, to cut the hole out for the hopper (cf. as well DAS :). . 10øà÷ðî 䧧á 9úá÷î MQBT, Arab. MNQ"R Hebrew MQBT means “hammer, mallet, pickaxe” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; KT :, :). Arabic minq¯ar means “beak, pickaxe, pick” (L ); cf. Mem  below. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) translates MQBWT in  Kings : as: 56 7 (“blacksmith’s hammers)”; the same term is used by Sa#adya (RT ; S ) on Is :. In his commentary on mKel . (MK :), Maimonides translates the term úá÷î ãé as:äãéãçìà áàöð (“iron handle”), and, in his commentary on mKel . (MK :), he translates Hebrew øå÷î (“beak, a tool for whetting mill-stones”) as Arab. àçøìà äá ø÷ðú é§ãìà øà÷ðîìà (cf. Mem  below). . 12é§âøèéì 짧áå 11êúøî 䧧á àëúøî ˘ MRTK", Arab. MRTK, o.l. LYTR . GY Aramaic MRTK", from Middle Iranian murtak, an older form of murdah (VL :), means “silver dross” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit b (JD ; LW :, ; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ; KT :; Low LXII; PB , ). Arabic martak has the same meaning (L ; GS  f., , , , ; RS ). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N as: øéâøèéì (LYTRGYR) and by Z as: àåä êúøî . øéâøèéì (MRTK, i.e. LYTRGYR). . For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bGit b, p. : àîñé ,àëúøî êúøî; see as well BTJ . The vernacular term is O. Occ. or O. Cat. litargi (RPA ; FEW :a; PSW :b; DCVB :a–b) or litarge (CB ; DCVB :a) for ‘lead oxide’, derived from the Gr. λι!ργυρος (FEW :a). The Occ. and 9 úá÷î: úáMî

P

10 øà÷ðî: ø÷àðî O 11 êúøî: júøî P 12 é§âøèéì: éâøèéì

VO



shem tov, synonym list 

Cat. forms litargi or litarge are documented relatively late (for O. Cat. in , cf. DCVB loc. cit.; for Occ. litargi , cf. FEW loc. cit.), meaning that our text represents a new first documentation. By contrast, in both languages the form litargiri is documented already in the th century (see FEW loc. cit. and DECLC :b). . ÷ùåî 짧áå êñî 䧧á øåî ˘ MWR, Arab. MSK, o.l. MWSQ Hebrew MWR, from Greek μρρα, means “myrrh”, gum resin of Commiphora abessinica, and features in the Bible (e.g. in Ps :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMiqw . (KB  f.; CD :; JD ; LW : f.; KA : f.; BM ; FO  ff.; LF : ff.; Low LIX; PB ). Arabic misk designates Moschus moschiferus L., a gland secretion of the male musk deer (DT : n. ). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is transcribed by N as: êñî and is translated by Z as: øåî. For the identification of MWR as misk, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :), Sa#adya on Ex : (S ), IJ  and SID :. However, this identification was rejected by others, such as, for instance, the famous Spanish scholar Moses ben Nahman (Nah. . manides) (–), who remarks in his commentary on the Bible verse mentioned: “The commentators—including Harav Rabbi Moshe [ben Maimon]—have agreed that mor is that perfume which is called musk [an animal perfume]. But Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra objected to this interpretation, since [musk] is not a spice . . . , even though it has a pleasant odour . . . Yet despite all this [that we have written to justify the opinion of Rabbeinu Saadia Gaon and Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, that mor mentioned here is musk], it appears to me from the words of our Rabbis that mor is not musk . . . Thus all languages—Hebrew, Aramaic, and also Arabic—are alike in the usage of this term (i.e. mor). In Latin as well it is called myrrha. The consensus of the languages on this term would thus indicate that [the mor of the Torah] is indeed that substance [called myrrh or its equivalent in the above-mentioned languages—and not the musk mentioned by Saadia Gaon], and that it is counted among the spices.”13 See next entry.

13 Perushei ha-Torah le-R. Moshe Ben Nahman. Ed. by Hayyim Dov Chavel.  vols., . . Jerusalem –, vol. , pp. –; English translation: Ramban (Nachmanides).

mem



The vernacular form must be the O. Occ. musc or the O. Cat. mosc for ‘musc’ (RPA , , , ; RL :b; PSW :a; FEW :b; DCVB :a). In O. Cat., the forms mesc or almesc (documented for the first time at the end of the th century) exist, derived from the Arabic misk (DECLC :a), whereas forms like mosc seem to be very rare Latinisms or Italianisms (for this line of reasoning, see DECLC :b, for the first documentation of mosc in the th century see DCVB loc. cit.). . àøéî 짧áå øåî 䧧á 14øî MR, Arab. MWR, o.l. MYR" Hebrew MR, i.e. MWR (cf. V) is “myrrh”, see previous entry. Arabic murr means “myrrh”, the gum resin of Commiphora abysinnica Engler and Var. (cf. previous entry) (DT :) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N and Z as: àøéî (MYR"). Shem Tov’s reproduction of two different identifications of MWR, namely as misk and murr respectively, reflects two contrasting opinions held at the time in medieval scholarship concerning the true nature of MWR, as stated in the previous entry. The vernacular term is the Lat. myrrha (NPRA ) or the O. Occ. and O. Cat. mi(r)ra (CB , ; RPA , RMA , ; RM ; CB ; RL :a; DAO :; FEW :a; DECLC :a; DCVB :a) for ‘myrrh’. The same transcript appears in the Hebrew Macer Floridus (see MF  and ). For the identification of Arab. murr as O. Cat. mirra, cf. AdV , . See also GHAT :, where we find the Romance (O. Cat.) synonym MYRRH for Arab. MR. . 16ùñå÷åô 15짧áå àú÷ 䧧á ïåôôìî MLPPWN, Arab. QT", o.l. PWQWSS˘ Hebrew MLPPWN, from Greek μηλοππων (LS ; KG : f.), means “muskmelon”, Cucumis melo L., and features in Rabbinic liter-

Commentary on the Torah. Translated and Annotated by Charles B. Chavel. Exodus. New York , pp. –. 14 øî: øî P øåî V 15 짧áå: om. O 16 ùñå÷åô: ñå÷åô O



shem tov, synonym list 

ature, e.g. in mKil . or mTer . (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; AEY :; DAS :; FH , ; FM ; FZ  ff.; LF : ff.; SB  f.). Arabic qitt¯a" means “cucumber”, Cucumis sativus L., and was often ¯¯ pumpkin and melon. In Egypt, the term qitt¯a" designates confused with ¯¯ DT :; different varieties of melon, such as Cucumis melo L. (L ; ; M ; DAS :, , , , , ; cf. as well Qof no.  below). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mTer ., where he gives two explanations for Hebrew MLPPWN: à§ú÷ìà and øàé§ëìà (MK :). Sa#adya (SAM :) mentions øàé§ëìà as the Arabic counterpart. According to Dietrich (DT : n. ), hiy¯ar is the same species of cucumber as qitt¯a", namely Cucumis sativus˘ L., except that it is smaller. ¯¯ term could not be retrieved. The vernacular . íåìà 짧áå áù 䧧á àéáâî ˘ o.l. "LWM MGBY", Arab. SB, Aramaic and Hebrew MGBY" means “alum” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA : f., :; KT :,  n. ; LA :). Arabic ˘sabb has the same meaning (M ; GS  f.). For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bShab a, p. ; EG  and BT :. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. alum for ‘alum’ (FEW :b–a; DCVB :a; DECLC :a; RL :a; DAO :; CB ; RMA , ; RMM ). .

÷øî äéìò ïéðúåðå äøò÷á 19äîåðö úô ïéðúåðù àéäå 18äãåøúî 䧧á 17úëáøî

úòá äøã÷á 22äîåðö úô ïéðúåðù 21åà åúåà ïéìëåàå 20äñåëî åúåà ïéäùîå ìéùáúä äúåà ïéìëåàå ùàä ìòî äúåà ïé÷ìñîå äúåà ïéøòðîå äìåùá øîâ

MRBKT, Arab. MTRWDH, i.e. to put dry bread in a bowl and to put broth on it and to leave it covered for a while and to eat it; or to put dry bread 17 úëáøî: úëáY%î P úëáøåî V 18 äãåøúî: àãøåúî V 짧á add. 19 äîåðö: àîåðéö O 20 äñåëî: èòî add.

V

OV

21 ïéìëåàå ùàä ìòî äúåà ïé÷ìñîå äúåà ïéøòðîå äìåùá øîâ úòá äøã÷á äîåðö úô ïéðúåðù åà

äúåà: om. V 22 äîåðö: àîåðéö O

mem



in a pot when [the broth] is cooked and to stir it and to take it from the fire and to eat it Hebrew MRBKT, part. pass. fem. Hof#al of RBK, means “mixed (of dough)” (KB ; KA :, :) and features in the Bible, e.g. Lev :. Arabic matr¯uda means “bread, crumbled or broken into small pieces, ¯ with the fingers, then moistened with broth, and then piled up in the middle of a bowl” (L ). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev :: äùòú ïîùá úáçî ìò äåäéì ççéð çéø áéø÷ú íéúô úçðî éðéôú äðàéáú úëáøî (shall be prepared with oil on a griddle. You shall bring it well soaked, and offer it as a meal offering of baked slices, of pleasing odour to the LORD): ïäãìàá ÷áàè éìò äìì é§öøî ìáå÷î àäáø÷ú àãø§ú §ä§ëôø àäá úàú §äéúåúñ ìîòú (cf. n. : :§ôáå §äãåø§úî) (S ); see as well SID :, and IJ : úëáøîìå ( Chron :): ? _ }3 () 5 2 s}Q D ) W _ c Q 'L). . 24áéùì 짧áå ïåáàöìà 23àî 䧧á ïùãä éî ˘ Arab. M" "LS. "BWN, o.l. LSYB ˘ MY HDSN, ˘ means ) “fatness” and ) “fatty ashes of burnt wood mixed Hebrew DSN with fat on the altar” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Lev :. Hebrew ˘ is not attested in secondary literature and is possibly a loan MY HDSN translation of Arabic m¯a" ar-ram¯ad, cf. D :, s.v. m¯a" awwal or also r¯as as. -s. a¯b¯un: “l’eau tiède qui a passé pour la première fois à travers une couche de cendres de bois” (lukewarm water which has passed through a bed of wood ashes for the first time); Dozy then quotes the following explanation of this term from Ibn al-Ha˘ . s˘sa’s commentary on ar-R¯az¯ı’s K. al-Mans. u¯ r¯ı: W7  N7 7 ) MK ) * ( '  (This is [the substance] that is called r¯as as. -s. a¯b¯un and it is the first dripping of the ash-water (m¯a" ar-ram¯ad)). Dozy explains that this detergent has thus become alcaline and is capable of dissolving fatty substances. Once it is heated it can be used to wash linen. See as well Wiedemann, Aufsätze :.25 The vernacular term is the O. Occ. word for ‘Laugenwasser’ (i.e., lye water) (FEW :b) which is documented in the forms lissiu (RPA ; 23 ïåáàöìà àî: ïåáàöìà éî O ïåøàöìàî 24 áéùì: áéùééì O áé!ù"ì P áéùéì V 25

.

V

E. Wiedemann, Aufsätze zur Arabischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte.  vols., Hildesheim



shem tov, synonym list 

RMM ; RL :a), lesiu (PSW :a; CB ), leissiu (RL :a), leisiu (CB ; FEW :b), lissieu (CB ), licieu (CB ), lixieu (CB ), lisieu (CB ), among others. The Paris MS may represent a form with an /e/, while the other MSS may represent either an /e/ or /i/ or a diphthong in the first syllable. . ïéçàéøìàá 26ùåøôî 䧧áå íéðçéøá øèåòî M#WTR Arab. MPRWS˘ B"LRY" HYN . BRYHNYM, . . Hebrew M#WTR means “flavoured with aroma/spices” (JD . BRYHNYM . , ; BM  ff., ). Arabic mafr¯u˘s bi-r-ray¯ah¯ . ın means “covered with aromatic plants” (L ,  f.). Arabic ray¯ah¯ . ın features in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (BMR IV, ) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: íéîùá (cf. KZ ). It also features in Maimonides’ On Asthma (VIII, ; cf. BMA ) and is translated by Samuel Benveniste as: çéøä éáùò and by an anonymous translator as: íéçøåî. . ãéìàá äéìò 27ïåùøé 䧧á ïéôìæî ˘ MZLPYN, Arab. YRSWN #LYH B"LYD Hebrew MZLPYN means “dripping, sprinkling” (JD ; LW :; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab ., in the context of circumcision, with the meaning of “sprinkling by hand and not by means of a vessel”. Arabic yaru˘s˘su¯ n #al¯ayhi bi-l-yad means “they sprinkle it by hand” (L ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :). . 29àîåìôéã íåìà 짧áå éðàîéáù 䧧á 28àìéâ àéáâî ˘ MGBY" GYL", Arab. SBYM"NY, o.l. "LWM DYPLWM" Aramaic and Hebrew MGBY" GYL" means “liquid alum” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; 26 ïéçàéøìàá ùåøôî: ïéðçéøìàá ùåøôàî 27 ïåùøé: ùøé V 28 àìéâ: àìéâ P 29 àîåìôéã: àîåìéôã O àîåìôã

V

O

mem



KA : f., :; KT :,  n. ; LA :; cf. as well no.  above). Arabic ˘sabb yam¯an¯ı (= yaman¯ı) means “alum from Yemen”, which had the best reputation among the Arabs (L ; M ; GS  f.). The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. compound expression alum de pluma/ploma for #alun naturel impur qu’on trouve en petits filaments blanchâtres’ (i.e., natural impure alun which we find in small, whitish filaments, FEW :a; for further documentation see PSW :a–b; DCVB :b–a; DAO :). In GHAT, we find the transcription "LWM DPLWM" for the O. Cat. alum de ˘ YM"NY (GHAT :). ploma, identified as Arab. SB The variant in the Oxford MS seems to be corrupt. . 30éãéøèð÷ 짧áå çéøàøã 䧧á úåøéàî M"YRWT, Arab. DR"RYH, . o.l. QNTRYDY . Hebrew M"YRAH, plur. M"YRWT, means “curse” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Deut :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :; BM ). The term also features in an agricultural context in a prayer by a farmer: “May blessings come unto the provisions and may curses stay away from them.” (KT :). Arabic dar¯ar¯ıh. means “cantharides, or Spanish flies” (L ; cf. as well BK ; IR¯; StS ). According to ad-Dam¯ır¯ı, one of its species breeds in wheat (JAD : f.). Perhaps the Hebrew term M"YRWT was used for this insect in reference to its potentially devastating effect on the wheat harvest. The vernacular term means ‘Spanish fly’. There is no documentation of a corresponding word in O. Occ. In O. Cat., the word cantàrida exists, documented for the first time in the middle of the th century (see DECLC :b). The variant used in the Oxford and Vatican MSS could be read as the plural of the Cat. word or an analogous hypothetical O. Occ. variant. It could also be read as cantharides (see Sin :), the nominative and accusative plural of Latin cantharis, cantharidis (FEW – :b). For the identification of the Arabic DR"RYH . as the Romance (O. Cat.) ˘ QNTRYD" S, see GHAT :. .

30 éãéøèð÷: éBéøèð÷

P ùàãéøèð÷ VO



shem tov, synonym list 

The form that features in the Paris MS is unclear; it might be read as Medieval Fr. cantharide (documented since the th century; see FEW – :b–a). . øåãðâùìàã 33àèéñðì 짧áå 32ãöàôìà 31ò§öáî 䧧á òøâä øîñî ˘ MSMR HGR#, Arab. MBD# . "LP" S. D, o.l. LNSYT" . D"LSGNDWR Hebrew MSMR HGR# means “blood letter’s lancet” (for MSMR, cf. JD ; LW :; KA :; Low LXI; PB ; for GR#, cf. JD ; LW :; KA : f.; Low XLV; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .: àîè òøâä øîñî (“A blood letter’s lancet is susceptible to uncleanness”). Arabic mibda# . f¯as. id has the same meaning (L ; ; SpLA, p. . s.v. “al-mibda# an-nashl”). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :). The vernacular term must be read as O. Occ. *lanceta/lanseta del sagnador. The first element lanceta or lanseta (both documented in RL :b) is an “instrument de chirurgie qui sert à percer, etc.” (i.e., a chirurgical instrument that serves to pierce, etc., FEW :a). The second element sagnador means ‘bloodletter’ (PSW :b), first documented in  in a text from Limoges (see FEW :a). In O. Cat., the instrument is mentioned in the context of the practice of bloodletting in a text from the end of th th century: “sagnar lo malalt [ . . . ] la llanceta [ . . . ]” (i.e., to bleed the patient [ . . . ] the llanceta, see DECLC :b; the word shows here the typical palatalisation of initial L-, one of the characteristics which distinguishes Catalan from Occitan, see the introduction). . äèéîàø÷ 35ùéôàì 짧áå 34ñèéðâî 䧧á ìæøáä êùåî ˘ HBRZL, Arab. MGNYTS, MWSK . o.l. L"PYS˘ QR"MYTH . ˘ HBRZL or "BN MWSK ˘ HBRZL, literally “stone attracting Hebrew MWSK iron”, refers to the “magnetic stone” and reflects its property to attract

31 ò§öáî: òöáî VO 32 ãöàôìà: ãñôìà O 33 øåãðâùìàã àèéñðì: 34 ñèéðâî: ñàèéðâî V

?[ . . . ] àèéñðàì O øåãàð÷àùìàã àèéùðì V

35 äèéîàø÷ ùéôàì: àèéîàø÷ ùéôàì

O àèéîàø÷ ùéôì V

mem



iron. The magnetic stone is called úáàåù ïáà in Rabbinic literature and medieval literature (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; LFa  ff.), while in the Middle Ages we find a variant of this entry in Abraham Ibn Ezra’s longer commentary on Ex :: ìæøáä úáàåùä ïáà (ed. J.Z. Fleischer, Vienna , repr. Tel Aviv , p. ), cf. LFa . Arabic ma˙gn¯ıt. is or ha˘ . gar al-ma˙gn¯ıt. is, from Greek μαγντις (LS ), means “magnetic stone” as well (L  f.; GS ; RS  f.; cf. as well Alef no. ). The Arabic term ha˘ . gar al-ma˙gn¯ıt. is features in Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed : and is translated as: úáàåùä ïáàä by Samuel ibn Tibbon.36 The vernacular term seems to be composed of Latin lapis for ‘stone’ and Late Lat. or Romance *caramita/caramida for ‘magnetic stone’. For lapis, see its occurrence in the expression lapis magnetis for ‘magnetic stone’ in the entry Alef . For *caramita/caramida, ‘magnetic stone’, see the entry Alef . . 38äáéùì 짧áå àéùðà 䧧á 37ïåôñä éî ˘ o.l. LSYBH ˘ MY HSPWN, Arab. "NSY", Hebrew SPWN or S. PWN, from Greek σπων (KG :; LS ), means “soap” (JD  s.v. ïåôö, LW :; KA :, and KT :,  n. ) and MY HSPWN literally means “soap water”. ˘ is possibly corrupt and should be read as " SN"N, ˘ Arabic "NSY" u˘sn¯an, designating “glasswort”, which is used for washing one’s hands or clothes (M ; DT :; LF : ff.; SDA : Aram. àðàðåù: “alkali”, from Neo Persian u˘sn¯an). According to Löw (LF :), it is actually a ghost word, originally àâàìåù > àðàðåù. àâàìåù is Hebrew âìùà (JD : “a kind of alkali, or mineral used as a soap”) which is identified by Maimonides in his commentary on mShab . (MK :) as ïåáàöìà. Cf. Samekh . The vernacular term seems to represent a feminine form *lessiva or the like, which is not documented in O. Occ., or a Late Lat. form such as (aqua/cinis) lixiva (for the form aqua lixiva, see the interpretation of

36 Moses ben Maimon, Dal¯ alat al-h¯ . a"ir¯ın. Arabic text established by S. Munk and edited with variant readings by I. Joel, Jerusalem –, p. , l. ; Sefer Moreh Nevukhim, Hebrew Translation by Samuel ibn Tibbon and the Commentaries by Efodi, Shem Tov, Crescas and Abrabanel, Vilna, , fol. b. 37 ïåôñä: ïåôñ O 38 äáéùì: àáéùì VO



shem tov, synonym list 

the feminine in Sp. and Fr. by Coromines in DECLC :b–a; for the Late Lat. etymological basis *cinis lixiva, see FEW :a–b). According to von Wartburg (FEW loc. cit.), the Lat. adjective LIXIVUM became masculine only in Gallo-Romance and in Catalan (see FEW loc. cit.). In the rest of the Romance languages, we only find feminine derivations: the FEW (loc. cit.) explains that Latin had the adjective lixivus ‘ausgelaugt’ (i.e., leached), derived from LIX ‘Lauge’ (i.e., leach), besides lixius, and, as a more recent form, lixivius. The variation in gender is explained by assuming that the nominalisation of the adjective is based on *cinis lixivum/lixiva, with the noun cinis varying in gender. The FEW further remarks that the feminine nouns were lixivia and *lixiva and that masculine and feminine forms coexist in Gallo-Romance and Catalan, with the masculine forms being almost exclusively restricted to ‘Laugenwasser’ (i.e., lye water, see entry Mem ). The semantic difference between the masculine and the feminine form might be reflected by the different Hebrew and Arabic meanings given here and in Mem . . 40äöéáìà àã 䧧á äöéáä 39äåãî MDWH HBYS. H, Arab. D" "LBYS. H Hebrew MDWH HBYS. H means “contagious sickness of the testicles” (for MDWH see BM ) and is possibly a loan translation of Arabic d¯a" al¯ baida . (cf. below). Arabic d¯a" al-bayda . means “disease of the testicles” (for d¯a" see L ). ¯ ¯ . íøå 䧧á àñøåî MWRS", Arab. WRM Aramaic MWRS" means “abscess, boil” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit b (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ; Low LIX; PB ). Arabic waram means “swelling, tumour” (D :; IR ; MH  f.; SN ) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XVI, ; XIX, , ; XX, ) and is translated by N and Z as: àñøåî.

39 äåãî: øåãî V 40 äöéáìà: àöéáìà

O

mem



. 41§âàøá 짧áå çé÷ 䧧á àìâåî MWGL", Arab. QYH, . o.l. BR" G˘ Aramaic MWGL" means “pus” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul . a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ; EG ; Low LIX; PB , ). Arabic qayh. means “thick purulent matter unmixed with blood” (L ; D :: “suppuration”), features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. II, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N and Z as: àìâåî. The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. brach (CB , ), its variant in the Oxford MS the O. Occ. or O. Cat. brac (RL :b; RM ; FEW :a–b; CB , , among others; DCVB :b; DECLC :b) for ‘pus’ (RL :b). The final -G˘ in the Paris and Vatican MSS may represent the voiceless alveolar affricate in the O. Occ. brach; the Oxford MS features the velar variant brac. . 42ìöàôî 䧧á íéìöôî MPS. LYM, Arab. MP" S. L Hebrew MPS. LYM means “articulations” and features in medieval literature, namely in the Sefer ha-Sha#ashu#im (Book of Delight) composed by Joseph ben Meir ibn Zabara (th century)43 (cf. BM ), and is possibly a loan translation of Arabic maf¯as. il (cf. below). Arabic maf¯as. il means “any place of meeting or juncture of two bones of the body and limbs or members, articulations” (L ; FAL :; cf. as well DKT , , , : ) Articulation, noeud; ) Phalange de doigt (internodium)) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (BMR IV, ; cf. as well KZ ) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: íéøáàä éøù÷, and in Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ,), where it is translated by N and Z as: íé÷øô.

41 §âàøá: ÷àøá O ééâàøá 42 ìöàôî: ìöôî O

V

43 Ed. H. Davidson, New York , p. , l. ; Davidson suggests emending the term as: íéãöôî.



shem tov, synonym list 

. ùåéøéô 44ùàîåô 짧áå æåî 䧧á éæåî MWZY, Arab. MWZ, o.l. PWM" S˘ PYRYWS˘ Aramaic MWZY, from Middle Persian m¯oz (MC ), plur. of MWZ", means “bananas”, Musa paradisiaca sapiens, and features for the first time in the Geonic period (SDA ; KA : (Supp. Kohut); AEY :; LA :; LF : ff.). Arabic mawz means “fruit of the banana tree, or Musa paradisiaca” (L ; DAS :). The Arabic term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ) and is transcribed by N as: æåî and by Z as: æåî/éæåî àø÷ðä éøôä. For the Arab. mawz also cf. the Alphita passage “Musa, fructus est in quo dicunt primum parentem pecasse” (Sin ). Accordingly, the banana is called ‘Adam’s apple’, as in the O. Fr. poume de paradis (FEW :b). Analogously, the variant in MS O should be read as a nondocumented O. Occ. or O. Cat. compound expression *poma de paradis (for O. Occ. and. O. Cat. poma, ‘apple’, see FEW :b; DCVB :b; for O. Occ. and O. Cat. paradis, ‘paradise’, see FEW :a; DECLC ). In O. Fr., besides the form paradis, we find another derivation from the same etymon, namely parevis or parvis (FEW loc. cit., besides pareïs or paraïs), so that the vernacular expression found in the Vatican MS could be read as pome/pume/poume [de] parevis.45 However, the first element in the ˘ might also be interpreted as the plural of Occ. or Cat. Paris MS (PWM" S) poma. As for the second element, in O. Occ., we only find one variant, namely parazis (FEW loc. cit.), whereas in O. Cat. the variant paraís is frequent (DECLC loc. cit.). Neither of these forms fit our MS due to the presence of the letter Waw. Coromines suspects, however, that the variant with -v- existed in O. Occ., at least in Gasc., because of the existence of toponyms.46 If the term is O. Occ. rather than Middle Fr., the Sefer haShimmush would provide the first documentation of an O. Occ. variant with -v- of the word paradis (outside toponymy). As for the meaning 44 ùåéøéô ùàîåô: õéãàøôã àîåô O ùåéøô ùîåô V 45 For another case in our text in which the preposition

de is missing, see Alef . “En Bearn, un mas, avui dit Paradis, a Navarrencs, apareix com a Paravis el ; i un altre encara dit Parabis, en el cantó de Sauveterre (ja Paravis, a. )” (i.e. In Bearn, a grange located in Navarrencs—called Paradis today—appears under the name of Paravis in ; and there is yet another one called Parabis in the canton of Sauveterre—already mentioned as Paravis in , DECLC :). Corominas also mentions the O. Cat. paravys, which appears in one document but seems to be due to French influence (the document at issue is a translation from French). 46

mem



‘banana’ present in O. Fr., DAO  mentions the O. Occ. poumiero de paradis or poumeta de paradis only with the meaning ‘aubépine’ (i.e., hawthorn). . 47éñéèøåà 짧áå ÷éøç 䧧á çåìî MLWH, o.l. "WRTYSY . Arab. HRYQ, . . Hebrew MLWH . is a salty plant featured in the Bible, e.g. in Job :, and Rabbinic literature (bQid a), which is generally identified as “orache”, Atriolex Halimus L., or “saltwort, mallow”, Mesembrianthum forskalii (KB ; CD : f.; JD ; LW :; SDA  s.v. Aram. àçìéî; KA : f., : f.; AEY :; LF : f.). According to the Arukh (KA :), the term MLWH . designates the “nettle” (Hebr. ìåøç) (cf. as well LF :). Arabic hurrayq means “nettle”, Urtica pilulifera L. and Var. (DT :; . M ). In correspondence with the Arabic term, the vernacular synonym seems to be the genitive singular or nominative plural of Lat. urtica for ‘nettle’ (FEW :b; NPRA ), urtic(a)e (see the Late Lat. genitive urtice, for example, in Sin , n. ; See also the Lat. word "WRTY . S. Y, given as a synonym for Romance (Catalan) "WRTYGH, i.e. ortiga, in . GHAT :). . 49ùéø§â çìî 䧧á àúéðììâ 48äçìî ˘ S˘ MLHH . GLLNYT", Arab. MLH . GRY Aramaic MLHH . GLLNYT" means “salt in lumps, rock-salt” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul . a and bQid a (JD , ; LW :; SDA ; KT :,  n. ; LFa , ). Arabic milh. g˘ar¯ı˘s means “bruised, brayed, or pounded salt” (for g˘ar¯ı˘s, cf. L ).

47 éñéèøåà: éöéèøåà V 48 àúéðììâ äçìî: àúéðììâ àçìî 49 ùéø§â: ùéøâ VO

O àúéììâ àçìî V



shem tov, synonym list 

. ãåøî 䧧á 50ìçëî MKHL, . Arab. MRWD Hebrew MKHL . means “staff, stick used for painting the eye” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW :; SDA : Aram. àìçëî: “paint-stick used for applying kohl to the eye”; BM ; EG ; KT :; Low LX; PB  f.). Arabic mirwad means “a certain well-known instrument, with which the black powder called kuhl . is applied to the eyes” (L ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). . øàåöä óåñ àéäå 52äá÷ø 䧧á 51ú÷øôî MPRQT, Arab. RQBH, that is, the end of the neck Hebrew MPRQT means “neck, nape” and features in the Bible, namely in  Sam :, where it is translated by Ibn Jan¯ah. as (K- “vertebra” (IJ ; SID :), and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul . a (KB ; JD ; LW :; BM ; Low LXI; PB , ). Arabic raqaba means “neck, or the base of the hinder part thereof, or the hinder part of the base of the neck” (L ; DKT , ; FAL :). The term features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (I, , ; III, ; VI, ; cf. BMMa , ,  and BMMb ) and is translated by N and Z as: øàåö. For the identification of MPRQT as raqaba, cf. SF :. . 53øé§âðè 䧧á úùçøî ˘ Arab. TN ˘ MRH . ST, . GYR ˘ means “baking pan with lid” (KB ; CD :; JD ; Hebrew MRH . ST LW :; BM ; BKH ) and features in the Bible (e.g. in Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMen .. Arabic t. in˘g¯ır means “a certain vessel of copper or brass” (L ). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev :: úìñ êðáø÷ úùçøî úçðî íàå äùòú ïîùá (If your offering is a meal offering in a pan, it shall be made of 50 ìçëî: ìç"ëî P 51 ú÷øôî: ÷øôî O 52 äá÷ø: àá÷ø V 53 øé§âðè: øéâðè VO

mem



choice flour in oil): àãéîñ ìîòúìô øé§âðèìà §äòðö ïî §äéãä êðàáø÷ ïàë ïàå (S ; see as well IJ , SID :, and SF :).

ïäãá

. 54ïé§âàè 䧧á úáçî ˘ MHBT, Arab. T" . . GYN Hebrew MHBT means “plate” or “pan” and features in the Bible (e.g. in . Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMen . (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ; BKH  f., ). Arabic t. a¯g˘in means “frying-pan” (L ; DRD ) and is derived from Greek τγανον (LS ). For the identification, cf. Ibn Jan¯ah. on  Sam : (IJ ): úà ç÷úå M ) úáçî íåâøú  :úøùîä; Maimonides on mKel . (MK :) explains Hebrew úôì (a tightly covered pot, stew-pot (JD )) as ïé§âàè. Ibn Jan¯ah. on Lev : explains MHBT as Arabic ÷áàè, just like Sa#adya on . Lev : (S ), David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :), and Maimonides on mMen . (MK :). . íùäî 䧧á ññåøî ˘ MRWSS, Arab. MHSM Hebrew MRWSS, part. Pu#al from RSS, means “cracked, crushed” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b (JD ; LW :; BM  f.). Arabic muha˘s˘sam has the same meaning (L ; W ). For the identification, cf. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ): íéñéñø ìåãâä úéáä äëäå 7) Con7 c ññåøî åà äáò äéä íà äðùî C 7 =  ^2'- (The great house shall be smashed to bits (Amos :); it means “to break, crush”, just as it is said in the Mishnah (mShab .): if it be thick or cracked, i.e. muha˘s˘sam). Cf. Se#adyah ibn Dan¯an (SID :). . ùøëìà 55§äðàîø 䧧á ññî MSS, Arab. RM"NH "LKRS˘ Hebrew MSS means “manyplies, omasum, the rennet bag” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mHul . . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; Low LXI; PB ). 54 ïé§âàè: ïéâàè VO 55 §äðàîø: àðàîø VO



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic rumm¯anat al-kari˘s means “third stomach, manyplies of the stomach” (WKAS :; L ). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned, Maimonides explains the term MSYS (= MSS) as: äðàîøìà ìëù éìò å§öòìà åä (the organ that has the shape of a pomegranate) (MK :). . 57äéðéö äàøî 䧧á úéðéö 56äàøî MR"H S. YNYT, Arab. MR"H S. YNYH Hebrew MR"H S. YNYT means “Chinese mirror” (for MR"H cf. KB ; JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ; for S. YNYT cf. BM ). Arabic mir" a¯h s.¯ın¯ıya has the same meaning (for mir" a¯h cf. L  and E.I.2 : f., s.v. mir" a¯t (Ch. Pellat) and for s.¯ın¯ıya L ). . ìùð 䧧á âìæî ˘ MZLG, Arab. NSL Hebrew MZLG means “(meat) fork (for taking meat out of the cauldron)” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ex : (plur. úåâìæî). In Rabbinic literature, the term features, for instance, in mKel . (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :; KT :). In medieval medical literature, Hebrew MZLG also designates the instrument for taking the child out of the womb (forceps?) (BM ). Arabic na˘sil means “lancet” in medieval Arabic medical literature (SpLA  f.,  f.). Sa#adya on Ex : translates âìæî as Arabic ìùàðîìà (S ) and Ibn Jan¯ah. as 0o (IJ ). . 58§â§âæî 䧧á øáàá òåùå çåùî ˘ H ˘ B"BR, Arab. MZG˘ G˘ MSW . WSW# ˘ H, Hebrew MSW . part. Pass. of MS˘H, . which features in the Bible (e.g. Ex :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. mHor ., means “smeared, anointed” (KB  f.; CD : ff.; JD  f.; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; ˘ BM  f.). SW" means “plastered, polished, smoothed” and features in Rabbinic literature (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : ff., :; 56 äàøî: úéàøî P 57 äéðéö: úéðéö O 58 §â§âæî: àáå÷ìà çø÷

(cf. entry ) O ââæî V

mem



BM ). "BR means “lead” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA : f., :; ˘ H ˘ BM ). The expression MSW B"BR means “plastered, glazed . WSW# with lead” (cf. KZ  ff.). Arabic muza˘gg˘a˘g means “glazed” (D :). . àáå÷ìà 60çø÷ 䧧á 59úçôñî MSPHT, . Arab. QRH . "LQWB" Hebrew MSPHT . means “a non-contagious disease, scaling, sore; skinrash” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bNeg b (KB ; JD  s.v. úçôñ; BM ; Low LXI; PB  ff.). Arabic qarh. al-quwab¯a" means “pustules, or small swellings of ringworm, or tetter” (L , ). For the identification, cf. IJ : K   àéä úçôñî. . 61øöòé 䧧á êòîî MM#K, Arab. Y#S. R Hebrew MM#K, part. Pi#el masc. sing. from the root M#K, means “crushing, pressing” (JD ; LW : f.; KA : f., :; BM  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bKet b. Arabic ya#s. iru or yu#as. s. iru (cf. O and V) has the same meaning (L ). The term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XV,,; XXIII,,; XXV,,) and is translated by N as: /èçñ øöò/äùò/äñéò and by Z as: øöò/àöé/÷çã. . ñåøîé 䧧á ñøîî MMRS, Arab. YMRWS Hebrew MMRS, part. Pi#el masc. sing. from the root MRS, means “crushing, stirring, rubbing” (JD ; LW : f.; SD ; KA :; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi .. Arabic yamrusu means “he steeps, macerates, or rubs and presses” (L ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :). 59 úçôñî: om. O 60 àáå÷ìà çø÷: àáå÷ìà òø÷ 61 øöòé: øöòåé VO

V, for O, cf. previous entry 



shem tov, synonym list 

. õá÷úî 䧧á ãìúñî MSTLD, Arab. MTQBS. Hebrew MSTLD, part. Hitpa#el masc. sing. from the root SLD, has the meaning of “bounded, shrunken” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM  f.). The Hitpa#el is not attested in the current dictionaries. Arabic mutaqabbad. means “contracted, shrunk” (L ). . ñàô 䧧á 62ãöòî M#S. D, Arab. P"S Hebrew M#S. D means “adze, hatchet; tool, billhook” and features in the Bible (e.g. Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBQ . (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; EG ; KT :, , ; Low LXI; PB ). Arabic fa’s means “a kind of hoe, adze, axe” (L ; cf. as well Kaf no.  above). In medieval medical literature on surgery, the term designates a “phlebotome” (SpLA , ). For the identification, cf. IJ ; SID :; Maimonides on mKel . (MK :). Sa#adya (SAM :) identifies it as: ìåòî. . 65ùîøåô 짧á 64áìàå÷ 䧧á 63íéñôèî MTPSYM, Arab. QW"LB, o.l. PWRMS˘ . Hebrew MTPSYM, which is not attested in secondary literature, is possi. bly derived from ñåôè “frame, mould” (JD ; LW : s.v. ñåôã), which features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mDem ., where it is translated by Maimonides as Arabic áìà÷ (MK :). Arabic qaw¯alib, plur. of q¯alab, means “a model according to which the like thereof is made, or proportioned; a mould into which metals are poured” (L ; cf. as well Dalet no. ). The singular form features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XV, ) and is translated by N as: ñåôã and by Z as: ÷éú. The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ./O. Cat. forma, see entry Dalet . 62 ãöòî: ãö#òî P 63 íéñôèî: íé!ñô"è!î

P íéñàôèî V

64 áìàå÷: áìà÷ O 65 ùîøåô: ùåîøåô O,

om. V

mem



. 67ä÷àøæ 䧧á 66÷øæî MZRQ, Arab. ZR"QH Hebrew MZRQ means “syringe” and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Nathan ha-Me"ati’s Hebrew translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. alQ¯an¯un (following BM ). The term was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of the Arabic zurr¯aqa. Arabic zurr¯aqa means “pipe, syringe” (D :). The word originally meant “shooter” or “projector” and, in medical literature, designates “a syphon or syringe”, “a plain syringe [ . . . ] consisting of a straight continuous cylindrical barrel with a long narrow nozzle; and, within, a piston and handle all in one piece” (SpLA ). . íéîäå úåçìäå òøæä ïî åëåúá ùéù äî ìë 69íä 68çéèáàä éòî M#Y H"BTY . H, . that is, everything inside it, the seed, the moisture, the water Hebrew M#Y H"BTY . H . means “the core of the melon” (JD ; LW :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mEduy ., and is explained by Maimonides as çéèáàä êåúáù áèåøäå òøæä (“the seeds and the juice inside the melon”) (MK :). . ïøåèáà 71ùèéô 짧áå 70äèåøëî 䧧á úåããåçî MHWDDWT, Arab. MKRWTH, . . o.l. PYT. S˘ "BTWRN . Hebrew MHWDDWT, part. Pu#al fem. plur. from the root HDD, means . . “sharpened” (JD ; LW : f.; SD ; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bQid a as MHWDDYM. . Arabic mahr¯ut. a means “shaped, rounded, polished” (L  f.; D ˘ :). The vernacular term represents an O. Occ expression *faitas a(u) torn, literally for ‘(things) made on the lathe or similar instruments’, which appears in the plural form in the MSS Paris and Oxford (with au as a contraction of the preposition a and the masculine definite 66 ÷øæî: ÷Væî P 67 ä÷àøæ: à÷àøæ

VO O

68 çéèáàä: çéèáà 69 íä: àåä O

70 äèåøëî: àèåøëî VO 71 ïøåèáà ùèéô: ïøåèà ùàèééàô

O ïøåèáà "ùèéô P ïøåèìà àèééô V



shem tov, synonym list 

article). For the perfect participle, see RL :a. For O. Occ. torn ‘lathe’, see PSW :b–b (with many other meanings), and for the Cat. equivalent DECLC :b: “En grec era purament el subst. τ15ρνος, nom de l’aparell [ . . . ] El diccionari Aguiló ja va aplegar-ne molts testimonis medievals: un exemple, del segle XIV, d’un torn de fuster o boter [ . . . ]” (i.e., In Greek, the substantive τ15ρνος was a name of the instrument [ . . . ] The Aguiló dictionary provides many medieval examples, one example from the th century is the torn of a carpenter or a cooper [ . . . ]). For further documentation, see entry Gimel . The variant given in the Vatican MS is the singular *faita al torn. . 72àì§ëì§ëúî 䧧á ìçìçúî MTHL . HL, . Arab. MTHLHL" ˘ ˘ Hebrew MTHL . HL, . part. Hitpa#el masc. sing. from the root HL . HL, . means “permeated, affected, injured, weakened” or “trembling” (JD ; LW : f.; KA : f.; BM  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMiqw .. In medieval medical literature, it has the meaning of “porous”. Arabic mutahalhil means “uncompact, incoherent” (L ) and means ˘ ˘ literature. “porous” in medical The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, ; cf. BMMa ) as LyLyT s> (“porous bodies”) and is translated by N as: íéëøäå íéôøä íéîùâä and by Z as: úåôøðäå úåëøä úåôåâä. And, in VII,  (cf. BMMb ), we find 0€yL‚ƒ (“porousness”) which is translated by N as: ìåçìç and by Z as: úåâôñà. . 74äàé§âéà 짧áå 73úéâåî 䧧á òéùåî ˘ Arab. MWGYT, o.l. "YGY"H ˘ MWSY#, ˘ means “deliverer, saviour; protector, aider” and features Hebrew MWSY# in the Bible (e.g. in Deut :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bSanh a (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; BM ). Arabic mu˙g¯ıt has the same meaning (L ). ¯ For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Deut :: ä÷òö äàöî äãùá éë äì òéùåî ïéàå äùøàîä øòðä (he came upon her in the open; though the 72 àì§ëì§ëúî: àìëìëúî VO 73 úéâåî: om. V 74 äàé§âéà: äàéâéà

VO

mem



engaged girl cried for help, there was no one to save her): éô àäã§âå §ãàå §úéâî äì ïëé íìô ú§ëøö ã÷ ïåëú ïà ïëîéô àøçöìà (S ); see as well IJ ,

gloss Rouen (n. ). The vernacular term seems to be a non-documented O. Occ. form like *aij(i)a for ‘help’ (see the entry ajuda in RL :b–a; here we only find the variant ahia). Besides these two variants, we also find the O. Occ. form aida (influenced by French, see FEW :a). In O. Cat. and O. Sp., the equivalent term ajuda/ayuda can take the meaning ‘enema’ (DCECH :a) or—in a metonymical manner—‘instrument for applying enemas’ (see DCVB :a). This special medical meaning is not documented in the Gallo-Romance languages. . 75äîå÷øî 䧧á úøééåöî MS. WYYRT, Arab. MRQWMH Hebrew MS. WYYRT, part. Pu#al fem. sing. from the root S. YR, means “formed, shaped, painted, engraved” and features in the plural form in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD  f.; LW :; BM ). Arabic marq¯uma means “written, sealed, stamped, imprinted” (L ). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :), Maimonides translates the Hebrew úåøééåöîä úåçôèîä (portrayed scroll wrappers)76 as: äøåöîìà ìãàðîìà. . ïèáìà ÷øî 䧧á ïèáä äñëî MKSH HBTN, . Arab. MRQ "LBTN . Hebrew MKSH HBTN . means “cover of the belly, peritoneum” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in yHor I, a (JD ). Arabic maraqq (read: mar¯aqq) al-bat. n means “the thin, or delicate, and soft, or tender, parts of the belly; or the lower part thereof with what surrounds it, that is thin or delicate, or the lower part of the belly in the region of the H3 (peritoneum)” (L ) and “abdominal wall, the skin and superficial fascia of the abdominal wall, the hypogastric region of the abdominal wall” (DKT , ; FAL :; cf. as well 75 äîå÷øî: àîå÷øî O úî÷åøî V 76 Cf. H. Danby, The Mishnah. Translated from the Hebrew with introduction and brief

explanatory notes. London , Repr. , p. .



shem tov, synonym list 

HA  ff.). The common Arabic term for “peritoneum” is s. if¯aq, which features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (I,; VII,; IX,; XV,; XXIII,,,; XXIV,; XXV,; cf. BMMa  and BMMb , ) and is translated a.o. as: äñëîä íåø÷ä/øåò/÷àôñ/íåø÷ by N and as: ÷àôéö/íåø÷ by Z. . äéøá 䧧á 77úåéøáãî MDBRYWT, Arab. BRYH Hebrew MDBRYWT is a adj. fem. plur. from MDBR, i.e. “pasture, steppe, wilderness, desert”, which features in the Bible and Rabbinic literature (KB  f.; CD : ff.; JD ; LW : f.; SD ). The term MDBRYWT features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBez. ., in the special sense of “pasture animals” (JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ) which, unlike domestic animals (úåúééá), don’t spend the night in the town but stay in the pasture grounds for the whole year except for the winter (for úåúééá, cf. Bet no. ; cf. as well DAS :,  and KT :). Arabic barr¯ı or barriyya means “belonging to, or relating to, the desert or waste; growing, or living, or produced, in the desert or waste” or simply “wild” (L ; cf. as well DAS :). Hebrew MDBR is rendered as Arabic barr¯ıya by Sa#adya and Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) on Ex :. . ááçî 䧧á øâøåâî MGWRGR, Arab. MHBB . Hebrew MGWRGR was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of the Arabic muhabbab in the sense of “administered in the form of . a pill”. The term MGWRGR is derived from øâøâì, which features in Rabbinic literature in the sense of “to grow berries, to ripen into full berries” (JD ; LW :; BM ), and which is a denominative verb from øâøâ (gargar) meaning “berry”, and “pill” in medieval medical literature (BM ) after the Arabic habba. . Arabic muhabbab means “administered in the form of a pill” in me. dieval medical literature, and is derived from habba meaning “pill” (D . :).

77 úåéøáãî: úÇéX"áEî P

mem



In Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XIII, ), the term habbaba (“to . administer in the form of pills”) is rendered by N as: íéøâøâ and by Z as: íéðéòøâ äùò. . 78ùàëðî 䧧á øå÷î MQWR, Arab. MNK" S˘ Hebrew MQWR means “beak, a tool for whetting millstones, an instrument for boring” (JD ; LW : s.v. Aram. àøå÷î; SD ; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :; KT :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .. It is possible that the term was used by Shem Tov as a loan translation of the Arabic mink¯a˘s in the sense of “forceps”. Arabic mink¯a˘s or more often minq¯a˘s designates “an instrument with which variegated, or decorated or embellished work is done” or “a kind of tweezers, an instrument with which one extracts, or draws or pulls out or forth, thorns” (L ). Arabic minq¯a˘s also designates an instrument for whetting millstones (DAS :). In medieval surgical literature, the term designates “a forceps” (SpLA ). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :), Maimonides renders MQWR as: øà÷ðî (“beak, pick-axe, pick”, L ); cf. Mem  above. . 81ìééàðéå 짧áå 80äçåøî 䧧á 79äôðî MNPH, Arab. MRWHH, . o.l. WYN"YYL Hebrew MNPH means “fan, flabellum” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ). Arabic mirwaha . has the same meaning (L ). For the identification, cf. EG , KA :, and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :). The vernacular term seems to be a non-documented variant *venalh or *venaylh of the O. Occ. ventalh (RL :a) for ‘fan’ (orthographic variants: ventailh, FEW :a/ventaylh, RL loc. cit.). For the use of this term in O. Occ. medical terminology (among others), see the quotation 78 ùàëðî: ùàëàðî 79 äôðî: äôð"î P

O

80 äçåøî: àçåøî V 81 ìééàðéå: ìééàðàå O ìéé"àðéå

P ééìàðéå V



shem tov, synonym list 

given in RL (loc. cit.): “Pulmo es un ventalh del cor. Eventar [ . . . ] com un ventaylh per mitigar sa gran calor” (Eluc. de las propr. fols  and , i.e., The lung is the fan of the heart. To make wind [ . . . ] with a fan in order to get alleviation from great heat). The form seems to be derived from the O. Occ. noun ven (a variant of vent) for ‘wind’ (RL :b). In O. Cat., we also find only the form ventall with -t- (DECLC :a; DCVB :a). . âøôúå 83àîìàá 82äéðàìà àìîú 䧧á éåøòå éåìî MLWY W#RWY, Arab. TML" "L"NYH B"LM" WTPRG Hebrew MLWY W#RWY means “filling and emptying”. Hebrew MLWY features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in mPar ., and Hebrew #RWY features, for instance, in yMaas I, b (JD , ; LW :, ; BM , ). Arabic tamalla" al-¯aniya bi-l-m¯a" wa-tafr¯ı˙g means “filling the vessel with water and emptying [it]” (L , ). . ÷éøèìà ãàæ äéô ìîòé óéèì ãåæî 86åäå 85ãåæî 䧧á 84äøæî MZRH, Arab. MZWD, that is, a small provision bag, in which one puts provisions for the journey Hebrew MZRH should be read as MZWDH and means “travelling bag containing provisions” (JD ; LW :,  f.; KA : f., : s.v.øæî; BM ; cf. as well KA : f. s.v.øæî). The Hebrew term features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .. Arabic mizwad means “a bag, or other receptacle, for travelling provisions” (L ). For the identification, cf. EG ; the Arukh (KA :).

82 äéðàìà: àééðìà 83 àîìàá: âîìàá

VO V

84 äøæî: äTæ"î åà äUæî 85 ãåæî: øåæî O

P äUæî åà äøæî O

86 ÷éøèìà ãàæ äéô ìîòé óéèì ãåæî åäå: ÷éøèìà ãàåæ äéô ìîòé óéèì ãåæî àåä O óéèì óéæî àåäå äéá ìîò V

mem



. 88êìãúé 䧧á 87ñôñôî MPSPS, Arab. YTDLK Hebrew MPSPS, part. Pi#el masc. sing. of the root PSPS, featured in Rabbinic literature means “separating, parting, tearing”, as in mShab . (JD ; LW :; BM  f.). In the context of bodily care, it can also mean “to part the hair of the head” as in mNaz .: ñôñôîå óôåç øéæð (a Nazarite may wash his hair and part it [with his fingers]). Arabic yatadallaku means “he rubbes or presses his body in washing himself ” (L ). It features as dalaka in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (IV, ) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: åôåâ óôç. In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned, Maimonides explains the term ñôñôî as: ïéãéìàá êçìà “rubbing with one’s hands” (MK :). . 90ùøåáîè 짧áå 89øåáðè 䧧á ìåçî MHWL, Arab. TNBWR, o.l. TMBWR S˘ . . . Hebrew MHWL means ) “dance, dancing”, ) “chorus of singers and . dancers” and ) “a certain musical instrument” (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f.; BM  f.) and features in the Bible (e.g. in Ps :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bTaan a. Arabic t. unb¯ur, plur. t. an¯ab¯ır, denotes “the pandore and various types of long-necked musical instruments”. It can generally be distinguished from the lute by its smaller sound-chest and longer neck (E.I.2 : ff. (J.C. Chabrier); Palmer, History (see index);91 L ). For the identification of Hebrew äìçî as Arabic t. unb¯ur, cf. Sa#adya on Ex :: äéøçà íéùðä ìë ïàöúå äãéá óúä úà ïøäà úåçà äàéáðä íéøî ç÷úå úÀ&çîáå íéôúá (then Miriam the prophetess, Aaron’s sister, took a timbrel in her hand, and all the women went out after her in dance with timbrels): àäàøå àñðìà òéî§â §âø§ëå àäãé éô óãìà ïåøä ú§ëà §äéáðìà íéøî ú§ã§ëà í§ú

ah. (IJ ) on Ex øéáàðèå óåôãá (S ; cf. as well SID :). Ibn Jan¯ : explains úåìåçî as: I (“drums”).

87 ñôñôî: ñtñô"î P 88 êìãúé: jìãúé P êìëú 89 øåáðè: om. O 90 ùøåáîè: øåáðè 91

V

V, om. O H.G. Palmer, A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century. London .



shem tov, synonym list 

The vernacular term is the O. Occ. plural tambors (Paris MS; see PSW :a–a) or its graphical variant tanbors (Vatican MS; see RL :a–b) for ‘drums’. The FEW only shows the O. Occ. form tabor (FEW :a– b). In O. Cat., the word tanbor/tambor is documented for the first time in the th century, with Coromines considering it a loan word from the Arabic term featured above (DECLC :a–b). . 92ïåè÷ 䧧á ïôâ øîö àåä êåî MWK, that is S. MR GPN, Arab. QTWN . Hebrew MWK means “a soft, spongy substance, hackled wool, rag, lint; cotton wadding; pad; sponge; tow” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :, , , ; Low LIX; PB  f., ; cf. as well Samekh no.  and Sade no.  below). Hebrew S. MR GPN means “cotton, cotton . tree”, Gossypium herbaceum L. or Gossypium arboreum L. (JD ; LW :, ; KA :, :; AEY :; FM ; LF : f.). Arabic qut. n designates the “cotton bush”, Gossypium arboreum L. and Gossypium herbaceum L., and the product obtain from it, “cotton” (DT : n. ; M ; DAS : ff., , , ; cf. as well Samekh no. ; Pe no.  and Sade no.  below). Arabic qut. na features, for instance, in . Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ) and is translated by N as: êåî and by Z as: ïôâ øîö. For the identification of Hebrew MWK as S. MR GPN, cf. the Arukh (KA :): âàáðá 槧òìáå êåî §øô, for the identification of MWK as qut. n, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above: ïè÷ åà óåö §ä÷ì :êåîå àîäåçð åà (MWK: a piece of wool or cotton or something similar to them) (MK :). For the identification of S. MR GPN and Arabic qut. n, cf. Maimonides on mKil . (MK :). . 93ãåñôî 䧧á ì÷ì÷úî MTQLQL, Arab. MPSWD Hebrew MTQLQL, part. Hitpa#el masc. sing. of the root QLQL, means “disarranged, spoiled, ruined” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mDem . (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ).

92 ïåè÷: ïåèå÷ VO 93 ãåñôî: ãñôî O ãéñôî

V

mem



Arabic mafs¯ud means “bad, corrupt, unsound, wrong, spoiled, injured, impaired, deteriorated, infacted, ruined etc.” (L ). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned above Maimonides translates ì÷ì÷úîå as: ãñàôìà (MK :; cf. as well SID :). . 94ïééôåî 䧧á ïéòéôùî ˘ MSPY#YN, Arab. MWPYYN ˘ ˘ means ) Hebrew MSPY#YN, part. Hif#il masc. plur. of the root SP#, “making slanting”, ) “pouring abundantly, selling in large quantities” and ) “giving overmeasure” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mDem . (JD  f.; LW :, ; KA :, :; BM  ff.). Arabic muwaffin means “giving and paying straight away and completely” (prorsus totumque dedit aut solvit (FL :)). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK:) Maimonides explains ïéòéôùîå as: ìàéçàìà éô ïå§öéôé ïé§ãìà íä (those who give more than the [required] measure). . 95àîé§â ìàù 짧áå éðàøãðà çìî 䧧á éáöçî çìî ˘ GYM" ˘ MLH . MH . S. BY, Arab. MLH . "NDR"NY, o.l. S"L Hebrew MLH . MH . S. BY literally means “mineral-salt”. The term is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov to render the Arabic milh. andar¯an¯ı. Arabic milh. andar¯an¯ı designates “rock salt” (GS  n. ; LFa ). Cf. Mem no. . Correspondingly, the vernacular term is the O. Occ., O. Cat. or Late Latin salgema (CB ; RMM ; RL :a)/sal gema (PSW :b; DAO :; RPA , ; DCVB :a; CA )/salgemma (RMM , ; RL :a) designating ‘rock salt’ (PSW :b). . 97ìåôåøá 짧áå ñåîàâ 䧧á 96àéøî MRY", Arab. G"MWS, o.l. BRWPWL Hebrew MRY" means “fatted steer” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Is : (KB ; CD :; KA :, .; BM  f.; FAB  f.; KT :). 94 ïééôåî: ïéé!ôåî P 95 àîé§â: àîéâ VO 96 àéøî: àéøàî O 97 ìåôåøá: ìåôøåá

O



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic g˘a¯m¯us means “buffalo” (L ; BK ; JAD : f.; StS  f.). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: øîàé íëéçáæ áø éì äîì [ . . . ]íéàéøî áìçå íéìéà úåìò éúòáù äåäé (“What need have I of all your sacrifices?” says the LORD. “I am sated with burnt offerings of rams, and suet of fatlings, [ . . . ]”): äììà ìå÷é íëçéàá§ã §äø§úë àùà àì ïàô [ . . . ]ñéîàå§âìà íåçùå ùàáëìà ãòàåö úø§úëúñà ã÷ (DS ; cf. as well SID : and IJ ). The vernacular term featured in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. brufol for ‘buffalo’ (FEW :b; PSW :b). In O. Cat., we find the same form, brúfol, which is documented for the first time in  (DECLC :b). The etymon of this term is the Late Lat. BUFALUS (< Classical Lat. BUBALUS < Gr. βοβαλος, see DECLC :b), with the epenthetic -r- only documented in Occ. and Cat. The variant of the Oxford MS seems to be a non-documented or accidental form *búrfol with metathesis of the epenthetic -r-. . êéøîú 䧧á 98äçéøî MRYHH, . Arab. TMRYK Hebrew MRYHH, verbal noun of the root MRH . . “to smear” (BM ), means “smearing, rubbing” and features in medieval literature (KA :, :; BM ). Arabic tamr¯ıh has the same meaning (L ). The term features in ˘ Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XVIII, ) and is translated by N as: ÷åøéî and by Z as: äçéøî. . 100ùééøåá 짧áå 99øàëðú 䧧á áäæä ÷éáãî MDBYQ HZHB, Arab. TNK"R, o.l. BWRYYS˘ Hebrew MDBYQ HZHB literally means “sticking of gold” and is not attested in secondary literature. It was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic lis. a¯q or liz¯aq ad-dahab, which designates ¯ ¯ malachite, basic “chrysocolla”, from Greek χρ7σοκλλα “gold-solder, copper carbonate” (LS ; WKAS :; GS  ff.), which is also called tink¯ar in Arabic (cf. below and M ).

98 äçéøî: àçéøî 99 øàëðú: om. P 100 ùééøåá: ùééUåá

V P ùééàøåá VO

mem



Arabic TNK"R means borax or tetraborate of impure potassium. It was used to solder gold and as an antiseptic remedy for diseases of the mouth (cf. GS  f. and RS :, :). The Hebrew term features in Nathan’s Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, ) as a translation of Arabic lis. a¯q ad-dahab, while Z has: áäæä úå÷áã. ¯ The ¯ vernacular form is the O. Occ. term borais for ‘borax’ (RPA ; also see the article DAO :–). In O. Cat., the form borraix exists and is documented for the first time in  (DECLC :b). See also (for the Late Lat. borrax) the Arab. synonym atincar given in the Alphita (Sin :) or, without the definite article, tincar given in the Lat. translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. al-Q¯an¯un (Sin :). . äøäèîìà 101§õåç 䧧á úøäèî MTHRT, Arab. HW . . D . "LMTHRH . Hebrew MTHRT means “water pipe of a bath, gutter” and features in . Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMiqw . (JD ; LW :, : “ein Reinigungsgefäss” (a vessel for cleaning); KA :, :; BM ; KT :, ). Arabic haw . d. al-mat. hara means “cistern or tank of the bath” (L ; 2  f.; cf. haw . d. in E.I. : ff. (A.B.M. Husain)). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: ïéð§úà ïé§öåç àäðà íäãðò àäìëù ïàëå ,äøäèîìà :úøäèî (and its form with them was such that it had two tanks) (MK :).

101 §õåç: õåç

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NUN . 1÷àéðåîìà 짧áå ÷ùà åà ÷ùå 䧧á øåãùð ˘ ˘ or " SQ, ˘ o.l. "LMWNY"Q NSDWR, Arab. WSQ ˘ Hebrew NSDWR, Persian nau˘sa¯dur (VL :), means “gum ammoniac” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit a (JD , s.v. øåãùéð, LW :; SDA : Aramaic øåãùðà “Sal ammoniac”; KA :, :). Arabic wu˘s˘saq or u˘s˘saq also designates “gum ammoniac”, a product obtained from Dorema Ammoniacum Don. The North African and Moroccan gum ammoniac is derived from the plant Ferula communis L. var. gummifera Battandier or Ferula tingitana L. The Arabic term, which is written in ten different ways, is derived from Persian u˘sa (VL :) (D :; DT :; M ; LF :–). In Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, , ), the term features as iF& and is translated by N as: ÷àéðåîøà ("RMWNY"Q) and by Z as: ÷àéðåîà ("MWNY"Q). The vernacular term in the Vatican and Oxford Mss is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. armoniac(h) for ‘gomme ammoniaque, sorte de gomme-résine employée en médicine pour faire emplâtres’ (i.e. gum ammoniac, a kind of gum resin used in medicine for making plasters) (DAO :; for other references: cf. RMA ; RPA ; AdV , among others). This word is ¯ based on the Lat. etymon AMMONIACUS from Gr. μμονιακς (DAO loc. cit., DCVB :b, DECLC :a). The epenthetic -r- might be explained through the influence of words referring to medical substances imported from Armenia and which were thus designated by the adjective armenic (DECLC :a; see, for example, entry Tet . : bol armenic). In O. Occ., the term is documented for the first time around , in O. Cat. in the year  (DAO loc. cit., DECLC loc. cit.). For the identification of Arab. u˘s˘saq /wu˘s˘saq as O. Cat. armoniac(h) and its transcription in Hebrew characters as "RMWNY"Q cf. AdV , ; GHAT :. The variant given in the Paris MS, *almoniac, is not documented in our sources. The -l- could be explained as a hypercorrection based upon loan words from Arab. with the definite article (see, for example, the

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forms in the entry Kaf : alaquana, alquana, etc.) or a shift between the liquid sounds -r- and -l-, which is very frequent in Romance languages (see, for example, the shift in the opposite direction: Late Lat. calamita > O. Occ./O. Cat. caramida, in the entry Alef ). . 3÷éúùî 짧áå 2éëèöî 䧧á óèð ˘ NTP, o.l. MSTYQ . Arab. MS. TKY, . Hebrew NTP . means “drops of stacte; incense (from the aromatic plant Commiphora opobalsami)” (KB  f.; CD :; JD  s.v. àôåèð; LW : s.v. àôåèð; KA :; BM ; DAS :, ; KT :; LF : f.) and features in the Bible in Ex :. Arabic mas. t. ik¯a, from Greek μαστχη “mastic” (LS ), means “mastic gum” (D :; M ; DAS :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex :: ç÷ äùî ìà äåäé øîàéå äéäé ãáá ãá äëæ äðåáìå íéîñ äðáìçå úìçùå óèð íéîñ êì (And the LORD said to Moses: Take the herbs stacte, onycha, and galbanum—these herbs together with pure frankincense; let there be an equal part of each): ìà÷å æ§â éë§ã ïàáìå âåîöìà àðáìå ï§ãàìå éëèöî àäðî àâàîöà êì §ã§ë éñåîì äììà ïåëé æ§âá (S ),

IJ  and SF :. The vernacular term in the Vatican and Paris MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat mastec (CB , , and others; RMA ; RM ; RMM ; RPA , , ; RL :a; FEW :b; DECLC :a), mastech (CB , , and others; DECLC loc. cit.), or—exclusively Occ.—mastic (RMA , , ; RL :a; FEW :b) for ‘resina del llentiscle, pasta que la imita usada per tapar forats etc.’ (i.e. resin of the mastic shrub, paste which imitates it, used to cover holes) (DECLC :a). Its variant in the Oxford MS with an ending indicated by the Hebrew spelling -GY may represent either mastech (with the pronunciation [tʃ]), mastegue (where -gu- represents a velar pronunciation; see CB , , ; RMA ; RPA , ; FEW :b; PSW :a) or mastege (where the -g- represents either a velar or a palatal pronunciation; see RM ; FEW :b). All these forms are based upon the Gr. μαστχη; the forms with an ending -ge or -gue are explained via the Arabic mas. t. ik¯a (see FEW :a and our explanation of the Arabic term above), the other forms via the Gr. μαστκον (DECLC :a–b).

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For the identification of Arab. mas. t. ik¯a as O. Cat. mastech, cf. AdV , ; see also the Romance term MS˘TYQ, which is given as the synonym . for the Arabic term (spelt M" S. TKY) in GHAT :. . . ùåàéîà 짧áå 5äëðàð 䧧á 4àéðéð NYNY", Arab. N"NKH, o.l. "MY"WS˘ Aramaic and Hebrew NYNY" means “Bishop’s Weed, Ammi copticum” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit b (JD ; LW :; SDA  f.; KA :, :; AEY :; DAS :; KT :,  n. ; LF : ff.). Arabic äëðàð should be read as äàåëðàð, i.e. n¯anahw¯ah, and means “Bishop’s Weed”, Ammi visnaga [L.] Lam. (DT :; M˘ ). The Arabic term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ) and is translated by N and Z as: ùåàéîà/ñåàéîà. ("MY"WS/ ˘ "MY"WS). For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bGit b, p. : àåä ,àéðéð äàåëðàð. The vernacular term is the Late Lat., O. Occ., O. Cat. or O. Sp. ameos (FEW :b; DCVB :b; DCECH :a; RMA ; Sin :, :, and others) for ‘sorte d’ombellifère’ (kind of umbellifer) (FEW loc. cit.). In O. Occ., this form is documented for the first time in  (see FEW loc. cit.). According to FEW :a, the term was borrowed from the language of pharmacists in the genitive case ((μ(μ)εος, Latin ameos); cf. the following quotation given in the FEW: “Ameos, vulgus pharmacopularum vocat, quod recte dicitur Ammi” (Est. ). In Sin , it is stated that Ammi visnaga Lam. is a particular meaning of M. Lat. ameos that might have been restricted to Spain, but note that the synonymy of ameos and the Arabic n¯anahw¯ah already ˘ see Sin , appears in the Alphita, which is of French origin (nenuche; n. ). For the identification of Arab. n¯anahw¯ah as Lat./O. Cat. ameos, also cf. AdV , ; see also GHAT :, ˘where we find the O. Cat. synonym "MY"WS˘ for the corrupted spelling of the Arab. term NNWKH.

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. 8àéèùåàìá §òìáå 7øðìâ 䧧á ïåîø ìù 6õð ˘ RMWN, Arab. GLNR, o.l. BL"WS˘TY" NS. SL . ˘ RMWN means “pomegranate blossom” and features in Hebrew NS. SL Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (JD , ; LW :, :; SDA : Aramaic àðîåøã àöð; KA :; BM ; LF : ff.). Arabic g˘ullan¯ar, from Persian gul-i an¯ar “pomegranate rose or blossom” (VL :; : ff.), has the same meaning (DT :; M ). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is trans˘ and by Z: éàéèùåàìá (BL"WS˘TY"Y). lated by N as: ùàéèùåìá (BLWS˘TY" . S) . For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mShebi . (MK :). The vernacular term in the Paris MS is the M. Lat. balaustia (as used, e.g., in the Alphita, instead of the original BALAUSTIUM indicated in ThLL :, ff.; DuC :c; see Sin ,; Sin b–a; CA ), which also existed as a loan word in O. Occ. and O. Cat. for ‘fleur du grenadier sauvage’ (blossom of the wild pomegranate tree) (DAO : [i.e. RMA ]; CB ; DCVB :a). This word could also refer to the fruit or the plant itself, e.g. in O. Occ. (DAO :; RL :b). The variant in the Vatican MS is the plural of the Romance word; the variant in the Oxford MS must be corrupt. For the identification of Arab. g˘ullan¯ar as Late Lat. balaustia and its O. Cat. loan word cf. AdV , ; see as well GHAT :, where we find the Arab. term and its O. Cat. synonym in the plural form BLBS˘TY" . S˘ (the second Bet represents the diphthong -au-). . áìçî 䧧á áìçä õð NS. HHLB, Arab. MHLB . . The Hebrew term NS. HHLB is variously explained as ) “spurge”, ) . “ornithogalum”, ) “Asphodelus microcarpus”, ) “Orchis anatolicus” and ) “parsley” (JD  s.v. áìç; LW :; KA :, :; BM  esp. n. ; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; FZ  f.; LA :; LF : ff., :; cf. as well Het . no. ) and features, for instance, in mShebi .. Arabic mahlab designates “plum tree of mahaleb (black cherry tree)”, . Prunus mahaleb seu cerasus L. and Var. (DT : n. ; M ; DAS :). 6 ïåîø ìù õð: ïåîø õð 7 øðìâ: øàðìâ VO

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In his commentary on mShebi . (MK :) and . (MK :), Maimonides identifies NS. HHLB as ñðåã÷îìà “parsley” (cf. DT : . n. ; M ); according to Kohut (KA :), ñðåã÷î should be corrected to äðåãåäî = +BW7 (a spurge variety, cf. FL :, s.v. „T?: W7 (sic)). According to Kafih. (MK : n. ), Maimonides wrote áìçîìà in the first version of his commentary, possibly because of a similarity in terms, but then corrected it to ñðåã÷îìà. Löw (LF :) assumes that Maimonides read áìçî wrongly instead of reading áìçñ (sahlab), which . designates Orchis hircina L. (LF :; ID :; cf. as well D :). See as well AQ, fol. b: àáèàìà ãðò àãâ øåäùî úàáð åäå ñðåã÷î áìçä õð (NS. HHLB is ñðåã÷î and this is a plant that is very well-known with . the physicians) and ShM : §õòá ìà÷å ñðåã÷îìà åä ,äãù éùéøëå áìçä õð àìà ä÷ôìà øéàñ éô àãáà áìçä õð øë§ãé íì ïàì çéçö åä ñéìå áìçî ïéçøàùìà

(NS. HHLB . ˘ and KRYSY SDH is ñðåã÷î and one commentator (i.e. Maimonides) says it is áìçî, but this is not correct, because in the whole Halakhic literature it is only mentioned together with edible herbs and plants, while áìçî is neither a herb, nor is it edible). ìëåé àìå ì÷á åä ñéì áìçîìàå ìëåú éúìà úàúàáðìàå ìå÷áìà òî

. ãð 䧧á ãøð NRD, Arab. ND Hebrew NRD, from Greek νρδος (LS ), means “nard”, Nardostachys Jatamansi D.C., which was used for perfumes. The term features in the Bible (e.g. in Song :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bKer a (KB  f.; CD :; JD ; LW :, ; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; FO  f.; KT :,  n.  ff.; LF : ff.). Arabic nadd means “a certain kind of perfume with which one fumigates; a certain wood with which one fumigates; a compound of aloeswood aromatised with musk and ambergris” (L ; M ; Wiedemann, Aufsätze :: “Parfum aus Ambra, Aloe und Moschus”).9 Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) identifies NRD as ãøå (“rose”; M );10 but cf. gloss MS Rouen (n. ): () 0,), likewise al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) and Sa#adya (Song 9 E. Wiedemann, Aufsätze zur Arabischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte.  vols., Hildesheim-New York . 10 Cf. Joseph Ben Judah Ben Jacob Ibn Aknin (–), Hitgallut ha-Sodot weHofa#at ha-Me"orot. Perush Shir ha-Shirim. Ed. A.S. Halkin, Jerusalem , p. , l. : íéãøðå: ãøåìà äðà ìé÷.

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:; SH ) translate it as: ñøå (M ). Ibn Quraysh (IQR :) identifies it with: áéèìà ìáðñ (“fragrant nard”; M ). . 11ùàéáåøë 짧áå áåøë 䧧á úàëð NK"T, Arab. KRWB, o.l. KRWBY" S˘ Hebrew NK"T means “ladanum resin”, Astragalus tragacantha or Astragalus gummifer, and features in the Bible, e.g. in Gen : (KB ; CD :; KA : f.; BM ; AEY :; FO  f.; LF : ff.). Arabic harr¯ub or harn¯ub is a loan word from Hebrew áåøç or from ˘ ˘ SDA ; FF ). The Arabic term refers to the (JD ; Aramaic àáåøç carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua L. and Var, and its fruit the carob (DT :; M ; DAS : f., , , ; :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Gen : (S ); IJ , and SID :. See as well MCS :. The vernacular term is the plural of the O. Occ. car(r)obia for ‘Johannisbrot’ (carob) (FEW :a; DAO :), a loan word from the Arabic harr¯ub. It existed alongside the forms courroubia (first doc.: ), ˘ carobla, carruba, carova, garrova, among others (DAO loc. cit.). In O. Cat., the forms with an initial /g/ (like garrofa) seem to be much more frequent than forms with an initial /k/ (see DECLC :b–a). . øéôðà÷ 15짧áå 14øáãîä ìåúç 13àéäå øåðñ 䧧á 12äééîð NMYYH, Arab. SNWR, i.e. the wild cat, o.l. Q"NPYR Hebrew NMYYH means “marten” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul . b (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; BH index, s.v.; FAB  f.: “mongoose”, Herpestes ichneumon; LZ  f.; cf. as well for Herpestes ichneumon BAL  and for marten, Matres foina, BAL ). Arabic sinnawr means “cat” (L ; BK ; JAD : ff.; StS  f.). For the identification of NMYYH as sinnawr cf. the explanation of the term NMYYH in the Arukh (KA :): ìåúç ïåâë äðè÷ äéç (a small animal like a cat).

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nun



The vernacular term seems to be an O. Occ. or O. Cat. compound expression *can fer, literally ‘wild dog’, ‘non-domesticated dog’ (for can, quan, qan, chan ‘dog’, see DAO :–; FEW –:a; RL :a; DCVB :a; for fer ‘wild’, see FEW :a; RL :a; DCVB :b). Neither in O. Occ. nor in O. Cat., any documentation of this term could be found, but, in O. Cat., the synonymous expression ca salvatge, which also literally means ‘wild dog’, can be retrieved in a text from Majorca (; see DECLC :b). This term does not necessarily refer to a nondomesticated dog: for O. Occ., there exists an Old Languedocian can salvage ‘chien de forte taille servant à la chasse’ (dog of big size that serves for hunting) (DAO :). The adjective fer is, however, not unusual for designating wild animals: until today in the Pyrenees, people frequently use porc fer ‘wild boar’ or gat fer ‘wild cat’ (see DECLC :b). . øãöìà 16§§äðåùë 䧧á äæçä úøçð ˘ NHRT HHZH, Arab. KSWNH "LS. DR . . Hebrew NHRT (read NeHiRuT) means “roughness” and is attested in . . Hebrew medieval medical literature (cf. BM ), while NHRT HHZH . . means “roughness of the chest”. Arabic ha˘su¯ nat as. -s. adr also means “roughness of the chest” (for ha˘su¯ ˘ f.). ˘ na see L  The term ha˘su¯ na features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VI, , ˘ ; VII, ; XXV, ; cf. BMMb , ) and is translated by N as: úåøéçð and by Z as: úåñâ. . 19äéìé÷å÷ 짧áå 18äôãö 䧧á 17÷éúøð NRTYQ, Arab. S. DPH, o.l. QWQYLYH Hebrew NRTYQ, from Greek ναρ!κιον (LS ; KG :–; LR ), means “case, casket” and esp. a physician’s medicine chest and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in yBer V, b (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ; KT :, ,  n. ; :; Low LXV; PB  f.). The term is also used to designate “a snail’s shell” (cf. LW :, :, s.v. ïåæìç; KA :). The Hebrew term features in book thirty of 16 øãöìà §§äðåùë: øãñìà àðåùë 17 ÷éúøð: ÷úøð V 18 äôãö: àôãö VO 19 äéìé÷å÷: àéìé÷á÷ O àìé÷å÷

O øãöìà äååùë V

V



shem tov, synonym list 

the Sefer ha-Shimmush (MS Paris BN héb. , fol. a, col. ) for Arabic s. adafa in the non-attested sense of a “pan” used for boiling butter into which cotton wool should be dipped and then applied to an aching tooth. Arabic s. adafa means “pearl oyster, sea shell” (L ). The meaning of the Arabic term is confirmed by the vernacular word, which is is the O. Occ. and O. Cat. cauquilha/cauquila ‘shell’ (only documented in FEW –:b; AdV :). Note that the Oxford MS uses Bet instead of Waw, which is the usual spelling for the diphthong -au- (see the introduction), in contrast to a possible reading -u- or -osuch as in Fr. coquille. For the identification between the Arabic and the O. Cat., see GHAT :. . 21óàãöà 䧧á 20íé÷úøð NRTQYM, Arab. " S. D"P For Hebrew NRTQYM, plur. of NRTYQ, cf. no.  above. For Arabic as. d¯af, plur. of s. adafa, cf. no.  above. . 22áâæ 䧧á úåøéôä úöåð NWS. T HPYRWT, Arab. ZGB Hebrew NWS. H means “feathers, down” (JD ; LW :; KA : f., .; BM ), while NWS. T HPYRWT, which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov to designate “the down, that is the soft, short hairs on some fruits”. Arabic za˙gab means “down, or the yellow small hairs upon the feathers of the young bird, or small and soft hair and feathers” (L ; FL :). But as the elative az˙gabu, the root z˙gb also occurs in the sense of down, upon certain fruits, cf. L : IP6& N_ (A species of cucumber having upon it what resembles the IP6 [or down] of fur [ . . . ]). Cf. Sade . .

20 íé÷úøð: í÷éúøð V 21 óàãöà: óãöà O 22 áâæ: áàâæ

O

nun . 27íéìàá 26íéîçðä 25äéòùéá àåäå 24ïéðëñúî 䧧á 23íéîçð NHMYM, Arab. MTSKNYN, and this [features] in Isaiah [as]: . íéìàá (You who inflame yourselves among the terebinths)



íéîçð

Hebrew NHMYM, part. Nif#al plur. masc. of HMM, means “inflaming . . themselves” and features in the Bible, e.g, in Is : (KB ; CD :; BM ). Arabic mutasahhanin means “warming themselves” (D :). ˘˘ For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: õò ìë úçú íéìàá íéîçðä [ . . . ]ïðòø (you who inflame yourselves among the terebinths): ïéð§ëñúîìà [ . . . ]§äøî§úîìà ø§âùìà ìãá ùåáëìàá (DS ), and IJ . . éæàá 䧧á õð NS. , Arab. B"ZY Hebrew NS. means “falcon, hawk”, and features in the Bible (e.g. in Lev :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mHul . . (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; SDA : Aramaic àöð “falcon”; KA :; BM ; BAL , ; BH index, s.v.; FAB  f.; LZ ). Arabic b¯az¯ı means “several varieties of the hawk or falcon” (L ; JAD : ff.; StS ). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev : (S ), SID : and IJ : c6  õðä úàå. See as well SF :. . 28ù§âåøéà 짧áå ÷ìò 䧧á íéîä éîéð NYMY HMYM, Arab. #LQ, o.l. "YRWG˘ S˘ Hebrew NYMY HMYM means “leeches” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bAZ b (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; LZ  f.). Arabic #alaq has the same meaning (L ; D :; JAD :; StS ; cf. as well Ayin no.  below). For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bGit b, p. : ,àéîã éðéá àî ìà ÷ìò. For àéîã éðéá = NYMY HMYM, see JD ; SDA . 23 íéîçð: íé!îçð P 24 ïéðëñúî: ïéðëúñî 25 äéòùéá: äéòùé éô 26 íéîçðä: íéîçð O

O VP

27 íéìàá: íé!ìàá P 28 ù§âåøéà: ùâåøéà VO



shem tov, synonym list 

The vernacular term seems to be the plural of the O. Occ. word eruge for ‘grub’ (RL :a), and especially for ‘leech’ (PSW :a). See the quotation “Qui pren eruges et aranhas c’om apela fadas estranhas” (Auz. Cass. ) (i. e., Who takes leeches and spiders that are called fadas estranhas (a kind of spiders, lit. ‘strange fairies’)). The form in the MS clearly shows a palatal sound indicated by the Rafe over the Gimel, so we cannot read it here as the O. Occ. variant or the O. Cat. equivalent erugas ‘larva of certains insects’ (DECLC :a; DCVB :a) pronounced with a velar [g]. . 29äìéãá 䧧á êìîð NMLK, Arab. BDYLH Hebrew NMLK, Nif#al of the root MLK, means ) “to take council, to ask advice or permission”, ) “to reconsider, change one’s mind” and ) “to debate with someone, think over” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Neh :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (KB  f.; CD :; JD  f.; LW : f.; KA : f.; BM  f.). The term NMLK in the sense of “the object of one’s reconsideration”, i.e., “substitute”, is not attested in Hebrew secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a translation of the Arabic bad¯ıl. Arabic bad¯ıl means “a substitute; a thing given, or received, or put, or done, instead of, in place of, in lieu of, or in exchange for, another thing; a compensation” (L ). . 32äâàðéèùô 짧áå 31äéøàðôñà 䧧á 30ñåôð NPWS, Arab. "SPN"RYH, o.l. PS˘TYN"GH . Hebrew NPWS or NPWS. designates ) “radish”, Raphanus sativus L., and ) “rape”, Brassica napus L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; LA  f.:; LF : f.). Arabic isfann¯ariya means “carrot”, Daucus carota L. (DT : n. ; M ).

29 äìéãá: àìéãá 30 ñåôð: éñéôð V

VO

31 äéøàðôñà: àéøàðôñà O àéøðôñà 32 äâàðéèùô: àâàðéèùô VO

V

nun



Sa#adya (SAM :) explains ñåôð as: øæ§âìà (“carrot”), while, according to EG , it is identical to äîéä (= Aramaic àîéç; cf. SDA  s.v. àîç: “long radish”). Maimonides on mKil . explains the term as: 7o 0A- (“Syrian radish”). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. word pastenaga for ‘carrot’ (DAO :; DAO Suppl. :; RL :a; DCVB :b; FEW :a; or, in another spelling, pastenagua, see RMA ; CB ). . òå÷ð 䧧á ò÷ð NQ#, Arab. NQW# The Hebrew NQ# is, according to KB , a by-form of ò÷é, and only occurs as òKð “cleft, cavity, ravine” in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ); Shem Tov probably uses the non-documented verb NQ# in the sense of “to macerate” via semantic borrowing from the Arabic naqa#. Arabic naqa# means “to macerate, soak, steep” (L ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by both N and Z as: äøùä. . ïåæìç 䧧áå àø÷îä ïåùìá ìåìáùä àåäå åéìò øùà éåñëä 34àåä ïåæìçä 33÷éúøð NRTYQ HHLZWN, i.e. the covering/shell above it and in the language of . ˘ the Bible it is SBLWL and in Arab. HLZWN . Hebrew NRTYQ HHLZWN means “snail shell” (for HLZWN, cf. BM . . ˘ ; for Hebrew NRTYQ, cf. Nun no.  and  above). Hebrew SBLWL means “snail” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ps : (KB ). For Hebrew and Arabic HLZWN, cf. Het . . no.  above. . 36äðéìá÷ àìâðåà 짧áå øãñ 䧧á 35õåöòð N#S. WS. , Arab. SDR, o.l. "WNGL" QBLYNH Hebrew N#S. WS. designates “camel thorn”, Alhagi camelorum Fisch., and features in the Bible, e.g. in Is : (KB ; CD :; BM  f.; AEY : s.v. àâà; DAS :; FO ; LF : ff.). 33 ïåæìçä ÷éúøð: ïåæìç ÷úøð O ïåæìçä ÷úøð V 34 àø÷îä ïåùìá ìåìáùä àåäå åéìò øùà éåñëä àåä: ìåìáùä àåäå åéìò øùà éåñëä ÷éúøð àåä

àø÷î ïåùìá ìåìáùä àåäå äéìò øùà éåñëä àåä V 35 õåöòð: õeöòð P 36 äðéìá÷: àðéìá÷ O àðéìàáà÷ V

O



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic sidr means “Christ’s thorn”, Rhamnus spina Christi L. (DT :; M ; DAS :, , , , : Zizyphus spina Christi). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: úåúáä éìçðá íìë åçðå åàáå íéììäðä ìåëáå íéöåöòðä ìåëáå íéòìñä é÷é÷ðáå (and they shall all come and alight in the rugged wadis, and in the clefts of the rocks, and in all the thornbrakes, and in all the watering places): §äéãåàìà éô ïåìæðéå íäìë ïåúàéô úåáðéìà ïéá àî éôå øãñìà ïéá àî éôå øå§ëöìà óåäë éôå §äøéàáìà (DS ; RT ; IJ , and SID :). According to David b. Abraham alF¯as¯ı (SF :), it is a herb called ìöðòìà (“squill”), also called ÷øåáìà (“borax”). See as well MCS :. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. ongla cavalhina or ungla cavalina for Tussilago farfara L. (documented for the first time around  (DAO :; DAO Suppl. :; FEW :a; CB ; CB )), a loan translation from the M. Latin ungula caballina (see Sin , n. ; Sin a for further references). In Cat., we could only find the terms ungla d’ase or ungla de cavall to describe this plant (see DCVB :b and DECLC :b). . íéì÷à 䧧á óåð NWP, Arab. "QLYM Hebrew NWP means, amongst others, “height” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ps : (KB ; CD :; BM ). In medieval Hebrew literature the term also features, in addition to the Arabic loanword íéì÷à, in the sense of “climate” (BM  f.; KTP :). Arabic iql¯ım means “province, district, climate” (D :; HaF ). For the identification, cf. IJ , SID :, and SF :. . ÷àøèñ 짧áå 38ïåéøãðôåìå÷ñ åà 37ïàáø÷ò 䧧á ìãð NDL, Arab. #QRB"N or SQWLWPNDRYWN, o.l. STR"Q . Hebrew NDL means “polyp, centipede” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bErub b (JD ; KA : f.; BM  f.; BAL  f.; BH :; :, ; FAB  f.; LZ  f.; cf. as well SB :). The term, which comes from Syriac dandal¯a also occurs in a botanical sense,

37 ïàáø÷ò: ïàáø÷à V 38 ïåéøãðôåìå÷ñ: ïåéøãðåôåìå÷ñ

VO

nun



referring to the plant Ceterach officinarum Willd. or Scolopendrium vulg. (KA :; LA  f.:; Nöldeke, Beiträge  f.).39 Arabic #uqrub¯an means “scorpion, or a certain venomous reptile” (L ; BK , JAD : ff. and StS  s.v. #aqrab) and also designates the plant Asplenium Ceterach L. (= Ceterach officinarum Willd. and Var.) (D :; DT :; DAS :), which is also called sq¯ul¯ufandriy¯un, from Greek σκολπενδριον (= (σπληνος, so called because of a perceived similarity to the scolopendra (Arab. sq¯ul¯ufandriy¯un)) (LS ; D :), or the plant Asplenium scolopendrium L. and Scolopendrium vulgare SW., “hart’s tongue” (M ; ID : and : cf. as well Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, )). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. word satarac for ‘Minzkraut’, Ceterach officinarum Willd. and Var. (DAO :; PSW :a; FEW :a; DECLC :b), taken from the Arabic ˘sit. ara˘g (FEW :a) or the Persian ˘sat. rak (DECLC loc. cit.). According to DECLC (loc. cit.), in O. Cat, the plant name is documented in the middle of the th c. and appears as the variant seterac (ceterach, ceterac, cidrac are modern forms). . 40ì§ëðî 䧧á äôð NPH, Arab. MNHL ˘ Hebrew NPH means “fan; winnow; sieve” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMen . (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; SDA  s.v. àéôð; BM ; BKH  ff., ; KT :,  n. ). Arabic munhal or munhul means “sieve; flour bag” (D :; W ; ˘ ff.). ˘ DAS : f.,  For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :).

39

Th. Nöldeke, Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, Strassburg . VO

40 ì§ëðî: ìëðî



shem tov, synonym list 

. 42èééøèðå÷ 짧áå 41äðàîæ 䧧á úåëð NKWT, Arab. ZM"NH, o.l. QWNTRYY T. . Hebrew NKWT, from äëð (cf. KB  f.; CD : ff.; JD ; LW : f.; SD  f.; BM ), means “invalidity” and is only attested for modern literature (EM ). Arabic zam¯ana means “disease, or an evil affection; a disease of long continuance: such as cripples, or deprives of the power to move or to stand or to walk” (L ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VIII, ; cf. BMMb ) as DL +TB74 (“with that chronic illness”) where it is translated by N as: åðîæá ïéðò åúåàá. The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. adjective contreyt/contrait for ‘paralític, esguerrat’ (i.e. paralyzed, mutilated) (DCVB :a; DECLC :a), ‘geschwächt, gelähmt’ (i.e. weakened, paralyzed) (PSW :b). The form used in the Oxford MS must be read as the O. Occ. variant contrach (FEW –:b; DECLC :a; PSW :b), where -YYG represents the sound [tʃ] in analogy to possible O. Occ. and O. Cat. spellings of this sound. . éìåçä íò òáèä úîçìî 44àéäå ïàøçá 䧧á 43ïåé÷ð NQYWN, Arab. BHR"N, i.e. the fight of nature against the disease . Hebrew NQYWN features in the Bible (e.g. Ps :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in bBer a) and means, besides other things, “cleanness” (KB  f.; CD :; JD ; LW :). In medieval medical literature, the term means “crisis (of an illness)” and features, for instance, in Moses ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew translation of Ibn Rushd’s commentary on Ibn S¯ın¯a’s Ur˘gu¯ za f¯ı t. -t. ibb (BM ; Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen, p. ; see this introduction). Arabic buhr¯ . an means “crisis of a disease” (L ). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (II, ; III, – et passim; cf. BMMa  and ) where it is translated by N a.o. as: /íéìåáâ/ìåáâ/ïàøçá and by Z as: åàéðéîéøéè/éðéîøéè/ùéùéø÷/æéùéø÷ æòìá ïàøçá/ïàøçåá/ïàøçá ˘ ˘ S/ ˘ TYRMYNY/ (BHR"N/ BWHR"N/ BHR"N, o.l. QRYSYZ/ QRYSY . . . . TYRYMYNY"W). . 41 äðàîæ: àðàîæ VO 42 èééøèðå÷: âééàøèðå÷ 43 ïåé÷ð: úåé÷ð V 44 àéäå: àåä O

O èééàøèðå÷ V

nun



. 46éøàåè÷éì 짧áå ìëòîä 짧ø éñøô íù àåäå 45ùøàå§â 䧧á ñååì÷ð ˘ ˘ it is a Persian name, meaning “digesting”, o.l. NQLWWS, Arab. GW"R S, LYQTW"RY . Hebrew NQLWWS or NQLBS, named after Nikolaos (Νικλαος) of Damascus, designates “a variety of the date, nicolaos dates” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mAZ . (JD  s.v ñååì÷éð; LW :; SD ; KA :; FE ; FM ; FO ; KG : f.; LF : ff.). Concerning the meaning of the term cf. bAZ b: “As to Nikolaus, when . R. Dimi came he said in the name of R. Hama b. Joseph that it is kuria t. i . (cf. JD , s.v. àèåéøå÷: “cariota, caryota, a species of dates”, from Greek καρυ5τις (LS : “date”)). Said Abaye to R. Dimi: We learn nik. olaus, and we do not know what it is, so you tell us it is ‘kuriat. i’ which we do not know either, where then have you benefited us?—Said he: I have benefited you this much: were you to go to Palestine and say ‘nik. olaus’ no one would know what it is; but if you say ‘kuriat. i’ they will know and will show it to you”. Arabic g˘aw¯ari˘s, from Persian g˘uw¯ara˘s or kuw¯ari˘s (VL :, :), means “a thing that causes food to digest” (L ; cf. FAQ , quoting Galen: “˘ga¯wari˘s(n) ist ein persisches Wort mit der Bedeutung verdauend [ . . . ]”) and designates a medicine called “stomachic” (FAQ  ff.). The Arabic term features as '[ Y( (the cumin stomachic) in Maimonides’ On Asthma (XIII, ; cf. BMA ) and is transcribed both by Joshua Shatibi and Samuel Benveniste as: ïåîëä ùøàåâ. In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned, Maimonides explains the term ñáéì÷ð as: à§öéà òéôø ùéàùçìà ïî òåð (also an important kind of herb) (MK :). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (:), s.v. èåéø÷: åáøòì ১ô ïñéøàåâ ১éå à÷ééøú úåùòìå íéîùáá (Another explanation: “Mix it with spices, and prepare a theriac from it. According to some, it is a ïñéøàåâ (stomachic)”). Cf. ShM : éìàâ æéæò ùéàùçìà ïî òåð §ùîìà çøù ñáéì÷ð íéîùáá áøåòî øáã ìà÷ êåøòìà éô àîàå .íäîñàåî éô äá ïåãáòúé åðàë äîé÷ìà ïùøàå§â ïéùøôî ùéå (ñáéì÷ð is, according to the Mishnah, a kind of rare and expensive herb, which they used for their cultus during their festivals. And in the Arukh, it is said that it is something mixed with spices and that some explain it as ïùøàå§â).

45 ùøàå§â: ñøàåâ VO 46 éøàåè÷éì: éøàåèééì

O



shem tov, synonym list 

For the vernacular term, the variant used in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. lectuari/lectoari for ‘électuaire’ (i.e. electuary) (RL :b; CB , , , ; RPA ; RMM ), ‘preparat farmacèutic que forma una massa pastosa, compost de pólvores o pulpa aglutinades amb mel o aixarop’ (i.e., pharmaceutical preparation that forms a mushy mass, composed of powders or pulps agglutinated with honey or sirup) (DCVB :a and :b). This is an adaptation from the Late Lat. ELECTUARIUM (DuC :a) mentioned for the first time by Isidore of Seville (FEW :a–b). The form used in the Oxford MS could be identified as the O. Cat. variant lletuari (DCVB :a), where LY- seems to represent the initial palatal l- that is typical for Catalan (spelt ll in Latin-based writing). . óìë 䧧á ÷úð NTQ, Arab. KLP Hebrew NTQ means “Trychophytosis, a fungus in the hair or beard” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Lev :) or Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg . (KB ; CD :; JD ; LW :; KA :; Low LXV; PB , ). Arabic kalaf means “reddish-brown, reddish-black, colour; freckles, pimples of face, skin” (WKAS :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev :: äðäå òâðä úà ïäëä äàøå ùàøä úòøö àåä ÷úð ïäëä åúà àîèå ÷ã áäö øòù åáå øåòä ïî ÷îò åäàøî

(the priest shall examine the affection. If it appears to go deeper than the skin and there is thin yellow hair in it, the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is a scall, a scaly eruption in the hair or beard):

àåä ï÷æä åà

áäöà ÷é÷ã øòù äéôå ãì§âìà ïî à÷éîò äø§èðî ïàë ïàô íàîàìà äø§èðéìô §äéçììà åà ñàøìà õøá àåäå óìë äðàô íàîàìà äñ§âðéìô

(S ; cf. as well

IJ ). . óàä ïî úãøåéä äçìä 47àéäå ÷åî 짧áå èàëî 䧧á òéð NY#, Arab. MK" T, . o.l. MWQ, i.e. the phlegm which flows from the nose Hebrew NY# means “nasal mucus” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNid . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ) and medieval medical literature (cf. below and BM ).

47 àéäå: àåä

O

nun



Arabic muh¯at. means “mucus; snivel; what flows from the nose” (L ˘ features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Apho). The term risms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: óàäî àöåéä òéðä and by Z as: óàä ïî íéøâéðä úåøúåîä. In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :), Maimonides explains éòåð (= òéð) as: áàòì (“saliva, spittle”; cf. WKAS : f.). In his commentary on Maimonides’ Mishneh Torah, Tanhum Yerushalmi . remarks that, according to some, NY# is èà§ëî, while, according to others, it is áàòì (ShM ; cf. as well KA :). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. word moc for ‘Rotz’, ‘Nasenschleim’ (i.e. snot, nasal mucus) (FEW –:b; PSW :b), ‘humor espès segregat per les glàndules mucoses’ (i.e., thick liquid secreted by the mucous glands) (DCVB :b; DECLC :b). . ùøà éøáå÷ 짧áå ñåëøçìà äãéãç 49àåäå 48§âúëñåø 䧧á óåøù úùçð ˘ SRWP, ˘ ˘ i.e. a piece of copper, o.l. QWBRY "RS˘ NH Arab. RWSKTG, . ST Hebrew óåø× úùçð is not attested in current dictionaries and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic nuh¯ (cf. . as muharraq . below) in the sense of “burned copper”. Arabic #Ty%)( (r¯usahta˘g) means “burned copper” and is, according to Ibn Bayt.a¯r (IBF :, ˘no. ), a synonym for Arabic nuh¯ . as muharraq . (D :; GS  n. ), which also features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N and Z as: óåøù úùçð. Arabic had¯ . ıdat al-hark¯ . us (= al-harq¯ . us) means “a piece of copper” (for Arabic χαλκς (LS ), cf. D :). harq¯ u s, from Greek . The vernacular term seems to be the O. Occ. compound term coure/ covre ars, which literally means ‘burned copper’ (for O. Occ. coure/covre, see DAO :; PSW :b; FEW –,b; for the O. Occ. past participle ars, see the feminine form, arsa, documented in RL :b). . ùøá 䧧á úåãå÷ð NQWDWT, Arab. BRS˘ Hebrew NQWDWT means “speckled” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Gen : (KB ; CD :; BM ): íéã÷òä íéùéúä úà àåää íåéá øñéå úåàìèäå úåã÷ðä íéæòä ìë úàå íéàìèäå (But that same day he removed 48 §âúëñåø: âúëñåø 49 àåäå: åäå P

VO



shem tov, synonym list 

the streaked and spotted he-goats and all the speckled and spotted shegoats). Arabic bara˘s means “small specks, differing from the rest of the colour; a whiteness that appears upon the nails; white specks in the skin” (L ). The Arabic term is also used, in addition to baras. , for “leprosy” (L ibid.), for which the common Hebrew term is úòøö. The term bara˘s is used by Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) as the Arabic equivalent to Hebrew íé÷åøù, which features in Zech : (see Samekh no. ), and is explained by him as: v,) … FKB (red and white specks); Tanhum . Yerushalmi on Zech : remarks that, according to some, íé÷åøù is bara˘s, while according to others, it is balaq (cf. L : “Blackness and whiteness [together, generally in horses])”.50 The same term balaq is used by Sa#adya (S ) as an explanation of íéàìè (spotted) in Gen :. See as well MCS :. . éèàëî 䧧á 51ééòéð NY#YY, Arab. MK" TY . Hebrew NY#YY, from NY# (cf. above Nun no. ), means “slimy” and features in medieval medical literature (cf. BM ). Arabic muh¯at.¯ı means “slimy, mucous” (cf. above Nun no. ) and ˘ features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; XX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: òéð úåîãá and by Z as: ïéòë/óàä éøúåîì äîåã íéøéçðä éøúåî.

50 Tanhum ha-Yerushalmi’s Commentary on the Minor Prophets. A critical edition with . an introduction translated into Hebrew and annotated by Hadassa Shy, Jerusalem , pp. –. 51 ééòéð: ééòð O

SAMEKH . 1ïéîñàé 䧧á ÷ìîñ SMLK, Arab. Y"SMYN Hebrew SMLK means “jasmine”, “jasminum sambac”, Jasminum Sambac L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (JD ; LW :; KA : s.v. ïôñë, :, :; AEY :; FEB ; LF : f.; :). Arabic y¯asam¯ın also designates “jasmine, jasminum officinale” (D :; DT : n. ; M ; DAS :, ; LF : f.). For the identification, cf. LO Perushim on bBer b, p. . . 2èðîéôøåà 짧á êéðøæ 䧧á àîñ SM", Arab. ZRNYK, o.l. "WRPYMNT. Aramaic SM" means “drug, pigment, essence” (JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA ; KA :, :; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mHul . .. The Aramaic term is explained by Rashi on bMeg b as: æòìá 姧èéðîåôøåà ùãå÷ ïåùìá êéðøæ (cf. as well KA :). Arabic zirn¯ıh or zarn¯ıh, from Persian zarn¯ıh or zarn¯ıq or zarniy or ˘ ˘ “arsenic, a well-known ˘ zarnah (VL :), means kind of stone (or mineral), of which there are several species; one species is white (white arsenic); another is red (red arsenic, also called sandarac); and another is yellow (i.e. orpiment, or yellow arsenic)” (L ; GS  ff.; RS :). The Arabic term features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ On Asthma (XII, ) and is transcribed by Joshua Shatibi as: êéðøæ and translated by Samuel Benveniste as: èðéîåôøåà ("WRPWMYNT) . (cf. BMA ). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :) which gives the Arabic synonym êéðøæìà and 姧èðéîéôøåà ("WRPYMYNTW) as a Romance syn. onym. The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. aurpi(g)men(t) or orpiment for ‘natural arsenic sulfide’ 1 ïéîñàé: ïéîñé O ïéîéñåé V 2 èðîéôøåà: èðéîéôøåà O èðéîåôøáà

V



shem tov, synonym list 

(DAO :; RL :b; RM , ; RPA , ; CB , , ; DECLC :a; DCVB :a). The spelling with Bet instead of Waw in the first syllable in the Vatican MS clearly indicates the diphthong /au/ and does not allow the reading orpiment, which is more frequent in Cat. (see DCVB :a; DECLC :a). For the identification of Romance (O. Cat.) "WRPYMYNT. as Arab. ZRNYK, see GHAT :; see also AdV , , where Arab. zirn¯ıh ˘ or zarn¯ıh is identified as O. Cat. orpiment. ˘ . 4ùéèàðâî ùéôàì åà 3äøéôðñ 짧á àøâî 䧧á àø÷ñ SQR", Arab. MGR", o.l. SNPYRH or L"PYS˘ MGN" TY . S˘ Hebrew SQR" means “red paint” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab : (JD ; LW : f.; SDA  s.v. àúø÷ñ; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :). Arabic ma˙gra means “red earth, with which one dyes; rubric” (L ; M ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mShab . (MK :): äøâîìà ,àø÷ñ. The first vernacular term could not be clearly identified, but it is certainly related to the Lat. CINNABARIS for ‘cinnabar, vermillion’ (FEW –:b–a), or rather the M. Lat. cinabrium, for which a variant cinaprium is documented in Sin , n. . If we assume that the position of the Yod is an error, we might obtain a reading *cinapria. Alternatively, as the Pe is more usual than the Bet in Latin and Romance (see below), this might indicate that SNPYRH corresponds to one of the numerous M. Latin adaptations of the Arabic zun˘gufr, for which we may quote zinfur and vzifur (see Sin  s.v. aziniafor; CA ). As for O. Occ., we only find the forms cynobre, cinobri and cinabrion (FEW loc. cit.; DAO :–), for Cat. only the form cinabri is attested and this very late (DCVB :b; DECLC :b). The synonymy with the Hebrew and Arabic words stems from the color of the substance; see entry Samekh  of this edition. The second vernacular term is the Lat. expression lapis magnetis for ‘magnetic stone’ (for the commentary see entry Mem , see also the entry Alef , caramita). This synonym was probably added because

3 äøéôðñ: àøéôðñ VO 4 ùéèàðâî: ùéèàðâàî V

samekh



of the reddish colour of a certain kind of magnetite (cf. ALap ; LXIX :d; Sin ). . 6ïåéìéîøéå 짧áå 5ïå÷øæ 䧧á ÷øñ SRQ, Arab. ZRQWN, o.l. WYRMYLYWN Hebrew SRQ, means “paint, yellow paint; bright red; cosmetic paint” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bSanh a, bKet a (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :; KG :; KT :,  n. ; Low LXVIII; PB ). In addition to ÷øñ, we also find ÷ø× (cf. JD ) and the adjective ÷]× (e.g. in Zech :) in the sense of “sorrel, foxy-red, light red” (KB ). Arabic zarq¯un, originally sar¯ıq¯un (cf. Persian VL :: sar¯ıq¯un), is derived from Greek συρικν “lead oxide” (LS ) and means “Minium (red lead)” (D : “couleur de feu, ou bien de Q(6, couleur d’or” (colour of fire, respectively of Q(6, colour of gold); M ; GS  f.). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :), and SID :: ïåììà äéðåâøæ íéðáìå íé÷åøù. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. vermelhon or vermilhon for ‘red makeup’ (PSW :a; RPA ; for the Marsilian vermilhoun, varmilhoun for ‘sulfide’, documented for the first time in , see DAO :). The O. Cat. verme(y)l(l)ó means ‘sulfur vermell de mercuri, usat en pintura’ (i.e., red sulfide of mercury, used in painting), documented for the first time in  (DCVB :b; for further documentation see DECLC :a) and is glossed by the Latin minium in Onofre Pou7 (see DECLC loc. cit.). In GHAT :, we find the Romance (O. Cat.) WYRMYLW (vermelló for ‘red paint’, see also entry Samekh  of this edition) as a synonym for the Arab. entry ZNGP"R. Cf. also the O. Sp. bermejon, which regularly appears in the Sin as a synonym of the Latin version of the Arabic term (Sin a: ‘Cinabrio reducido a polvo, que toma color rojo vivo’, i.e. cinnabar reduced to powder, which takes a bright red colour).

5 ïå÷øæ: øåôâðæ åà add. O 6 ïåéìéîøéå: ïåìéîøéå O ïåééìéîøéå 7

V Onofre Pou, Thesaurus puerilis, València , p. .



shem tov, synonym list 

. 10ïåáù 짧áå 9ïåáàö 䧧á 8ïåôñ ˘ SPWN, Arab. S. "BWN, o.l. SBWN Hebrew SPWN or S. PWN, from Greek σπων (LS ; KG :; LR : “Neubildung”), which in turn comes from Latin sapo (GH :), means “soap” (JD , ; LW :; KA :; DAS :; KT :; Low LXXV; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bNid a or bBQ b. Arabic s. a¯b¯un, also from Greek σπων (LS ), has the same meaning (L ; M ; DAS : f.; E.I.2 :, s.v. s. a¯b¯un (A. Dietrich)). Cf. Mem no. . For the identification, cf. KA :: (ïåáàö) ïåàáö ìàòîùé §ìáå. The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. sabon (< Lat. SAPO < Germanic *saipôn-, cf. FEW :b) for ‘soap’ (PSW :a; FEW :b; RMA ; RPA ; DCVB :b; DECLC :b). In O. Cat., the form sabon existed alongside the more frequent form sabó and is documented for the first time in  (see DCVB loc. cit.). The variant in the Oxford MS with the spelling Yod instead of Waw seems to be corrupt. ˘ For the identification of Romance (O. Cat.) SBWN as Arab. S. "BWN, see GHAT :. . úðâøã 14äéøåëùà 13àéîéì÷à 12àéäå ä§öôìà 11§úáë 䧧á óñëä âéñ ˘ SYG HKSP, Arab. KBT "LPDH, DRGNT . i.e. "QLYMY", [o.l.] " SKWRYH ¯ Hebrew SYG means “dross, base metal; refuse; galina, silver dross” and features in the Bible in the plural form, e.g. in Is :, and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBekh . SYG HKSP means “silver dross” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Prov : (óñëî íéâéñ) (KB ; JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ; KT :). Arabic habat al-fid. da . means “dross of silver when it is molten” (for ˘ ¯ habat see L ; D :) and is also called iql¯ımiy¯a al-fid. da . (cf. GS  ˘following ¯ al-Kind¯ı). Arabic iql¯ımiy¯a or ql¯ımiy¯a, from Greek καδμεα 8 ïåôñ: ïéôñ V 9 ïåáàö: ïåáàñ

O

10 ïåáù: ïéáàù O ïåáàù V 11 ä§öôìà §úáë: àöôìà úáë 12 àéäå: åà O éäå P 13 àéîéì÷à: àééîéì÷à

O äöôìà úáë V

O

14 úðâøã äéøåëùà: èðéâøàã àééøåëùà

O èðéâøã äéøåëùà V

samekh



(LS ), generally designates “cadmia” (D :; M ; GS  ff., , ). Arabic iql¯ımiy¯a features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is transcribed by N as: àéîì÷à and by Z as: äàéîéì÷à. Sa#adya (SM ) translates óñëî íéâéñ (Prov :) as: §ä§öôìà ïî óéæìà (“spurious silver”), while David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) translates the same term as: §ä§öôìà ùâ (“adulterated silver”); cf. as well SID :: íéâéñ óñë: (Prov :) §äöìà§ë øéâ §äìåô§úî §ä§öô (“impure silver dross”). The vernacular term has to be read as O. Occ or O. Cat. *escoria d’argent, literally ‘silver slag’, where escoria is an adaptation of the Lat. scoria ‘metal slag’ (see FEW :a; GH : scoria (< Gr. σκωρα)). Since we have no further documentation of this word either in O. Cat. or in O. Occ., we cannot tell if it is a spontaneous formation created by our author or if it was already established in one or both of these languages— note that in Cat., the word is documented for the first time in  (see DECLC :a). However, it was not unusual for Romance languages in the Middle Ages to use escoria as a loan word, see. e.g., its widespread use in O. Sp. texts (see DCECH :a–b; Sin :, : as escoria de oro, :; DETEMA :c). For the O. Occ. or O. Cat. argent ‘silver’, see DAO :; FEW :a; RL :a; PSW :a; DCVB :a; DECLC :a. . é§âåøô åà àøô éã 16äéøåëùà 짧áå ãéãçìà úáë 䧧á 15ìæøáä âéñ ˘ ˘ SYG HBRZL, Arab. KBT "LHDYD, o.l. " SKWRYH DY PR" or PRWGY . Hebrew SYG HBRZL means “iron dross” (for Hebrew SYG, cf. references above no. ). Arabic habat al-had¯ . ıd means “dross or rust of iron” (GS , ). ˘ vernacular ¯ The first term given in this entry here is *escoria de ferre for ‘slag of iron’ (for escoria, see entry Samekh ; for ferre, see entry Het . ). The second vernacular term seems to be a non-documented O. Occ. form *ferruge, a variant of ferruga for ‘filings or cuttings of iron’ (RL :b).

15 ìæøáä: ìæøá O 16 é§âåøô åà àøô éã äéøåëùà: éâåøô åà éøéôã àééøåëùà

O éâåøô åà éøéôã äéøåëùà V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 21ùèééðåá 짧áå 20äéáàìæ åà 19§âðôñà 18àåä óéàè÷ 䧧á 17ïéðâôñ SPGNYN, Arab. QT"YP, and this is a pancake with honey or a doughnut . with honey and almonds, o.l. BWNYYT. S˘ Hebrew SPGNYN means “cakes made of spongy dough, a sort of cracker” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :, ; KT :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .. Arabic qat. a¯"if means “pancakes with honey and butter” (D :; DAS :,; RAP ,  n. , –) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ On Asthma (III, ) and is translated as: úéçéôö by the anonymous translator (cf. BMA). Maimonides on mKel . identifies SPGNYN as "isfin˘g: “sort of fritters eaten with honey” (D :) and zal¯abiyya “fritters or puff pastry with honey or almond” (cf. Het . no.  above). For the identification of Hebrew SPGNYN as Arabic zal¯abiyya, cf. EG  and LO Perushim on bPes a, p. . Cf. as well ShM : åîñéå [ . . . ]äéáàìæìà ïéðâôåñ [ . . . ]ïéðâôåñ à§öéà óéàè÷ìà (ïéðâôåñ is äéáàìæ and óéàè÷ are also called ïéðâôåñ). The vernacular term in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. bonheta for ‘cake, pastry’ (PSW :b; for further documentation see DECLC :b). In Northern Catalan (Conflent, Vallespir), the diatopic variants bunyeta and bonyeta exist alongside the standard bunyol for ‘massa de forma rodonenca, feta de pasta de farina ben batuda i mesclada amb alguna altra substància (patata, bacallà, etc.), i fregida amb oli o saïm’ (i.e. pastry of roundish shape, made of flour dough, which has been well stirred and mixed with some other substances (potatoes, stockfish, etc.) and fried with oil or lard) (DCVB :a and b). The variants in the Paris and Oxford MSS have to be interpreted as its plural. In the variants used in the Vatican and Paris MSS, the palatal sound -nh- is clearly indicated by the spelling -NYY-.

17 ïéðâôñ: ïéðâô!ñ P 18 àåä: åäå P àéäå

V

19 §âðôñà: âéôñà O âðôñà 20 äéáàìæ: äééáìæ V 21 ùèééðåá: ùàèéðåá

V

O àèééðåá V

samekh



. 23äâåèøè 짧áå 22äôçìñ 䧧á úéðúìåñ SWLTNYT, Arab. SLHPH, o.l. TR . . TWGH . Hebrew SWLTNYT means “a small fish; anchovy, sardine; herring; sandsmell” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :, : s.v. ÷ìç; LFa ; LZ  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bHul . a, bAZ a. Arabic sulahf¯ . a or sulhaf¯ . a or sulahf¯ . ah or silahf¯ . ah means “the tortoise and also the turtle or sea-tortoise” (L ; D :; BK ; JAD : ff.; KSZ :, :; StS , ; E.I.2 :, s.v. sulahf¯ . a (F. Viré)). According to the Arukh (KA :), úéðúìñ is Arabic ñðå÷à (?), and Romance àâåèøè (TR . TWG"). . The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. tartuga for ‘tortoise’ (RL :b; PSW b–a; CB , , , among others; RM ; DECLC :a; DCVB :b). In O. Cat., the word is documented for the first time in the th c. (see DECLC loc. cit.). In GHAT : we find the same Romance term transcribed in the same way as in MSS O and V, namely TR . TWG". . . ùîðî 䧧á 24ñôé÷ñ SQYPS, Arab. MNMS˘ ˘ The Hebrew term SQYPS or SQYPS designates “an occipital deformity— flatness” or “one whose occiput has the shape of a lintel” (JD ; LW :; KA : s.v. è÷ù, : s.v. ñôé÷ù, :; Low LXVII; PB ; SB : f.). The term features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBekh .. Arabic munamma˘s means “freckled” (D :). We cannot explain the identification of the two terms. . ùîð 䧧á 25ó÷ñ SQP, Arab. NMS˘ ˘ ˘ Hebrew SeQeP or SeQeP (cf. MS P), from the root SQP or SQP “to go around”, means “lintel, threshold” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in Targ. O. Ex. XII, . 22 äôçìñ: àôçìñ O 23 äâåèøè: àâåèøè VO 24 ñôé÷ñ: emendation 25 ó÷ñ: óLñ P

editors íôéL"ñ P íôé÷ñ OV



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic nama˘s means: ) “white and black specks or spots in the skin differing from it in colour”, ) “lines, or streaks, of variegations or decorations in variegated or figured cloth”, ) “whiteness in the roots or lower parts of the nails which goes away and returns” (L ), ) “freckles, red fleck, redness” (D :) and ) “reddish suffusion with blood” (rötliche Blutunterlaufung) (SN ). The term nama˘s features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VII, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: ùîð and by Z as: ÷äá. We cannot explain the identification of the two terms. . 29ñåãéèùå÷åáéà 짧áå ñéúìà 28§§äéçì 27äøàöò 䧧á 26ùéúä ï÷æ úèéçñ ˘ Arab. ‘S. "RH LHYH SHY "LTYS, o.l. "YBWQWS˘TYDWS . TT . ZQN HTYS, . . Hebrew SHY . TH . literally means “pressing, wringing” and, in this context, “juice that has been extracted, or expressed” (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a. Hebrew ˘ is possibly a loan translation of Arabic lihyat ZQN HTYS, at-tays (cf. . below and Zayin no. ). Arabic #us. a¯ra means “expressed juice” (L ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXV, ) and is translated at-tays is ) “goatsbeard”, by N as: äèéçñ and by Z as: õéî. Arabic lihyat . Tragopogon porrifolius L. or Tragopogon pratensis L., ) “hypocist”, Cytinus hypocistis L., ) “rock-rose”, Cistus villosus L. and other varieties, ) “field horse-tail, toadpipe”, Equisetum arvense L., and ) “greater plantain”, Plantago maior L. (cf. Zayin no. ). The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is the Late Lat. hypoquistidus (see NPRA ), which also existed in O. Occ. as a learned word ypoquistidos; its meaning is Cytinus hypocistis L. (see NPRA loc. cit.; Sin b; RMA : “ypoquistidos es lo fungus de l’erba, aquella que dis que e manieira de salvia et apella ‘rosa canina’ ” (i.e. hypoquistidos is the fungus of the herb, the one that is said to be similar to sage and is called ‘rosa canina’), RMA , ; RPA ) or the juice of this plant (RAlph : “Ipoquistidos est succus fungi qui crescit ad pedem rosae caninae”, cf. also Sin :; CA ). The variant given in the Paris MS is a non-documented form of the same O. Occ. word that shows Western 26 ùéúä: ùéú O 27 äøàöò: äøöò

O

28 §§äéçì: äéçì VO 29 ñåãéèùå÷åáéà: ùåãéèùé÷åôéà VO

samekh



Romance lenition of the plosive in the second syllable. The spelling with Waw in the third syllable seems to be a corruption on the part of the copyist. ˘ The same word features in GHAT : as "YPWQYS˘TYDW S. . . éãøá 䧧á óåñ SWP, Arab. BRDY Hebrew SWP means “reed, bulrush” (KB ; JD ; LW :; BM ; AEY :; LF :,  f.) and features in the Bible (Ex :,; Is :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bSot a. Arabic bard¯ı means “papyrus”, Cyperus papyrus L. and Var. (L ; D :; DT :; M ; LF :). For the identification, cf. IJ  and SID :. Sa#adya on the verses mentioned translates SWP as: ñéã (“rush”). . 30éøôùà 짧áå ùøçà 䧧á éññ ˘ o.l. " SPRY ˘ SSY, Arab. " HR . S, The term éññ is unclear; theoretically, it could be a plural of àññ or “sharp-toothed bristle; awn or beard of grain” (JD ; SDA , KA :; BM ; FH ; KT :) but that does not correspond to the synonyms mentioned, cf. as well Alef no. : éøôùà 짧áå ùøçà 䧧á ïåùà. Arabic ahra˘ . s means “rough, harsh or coarse” (L ; cf. Alef no. ). For the Romance term see entry Alef no. .

àñàñ

. óìàä úåàá øëæð 34øáëå âåàä 33àåäå 32÷àîñ 䧧á 31÷àîåñ SWM"Q, Arab. SM"Q, and this is sumac and it was already mentioned in the letter Alef Aramaic SWM"Q means “red, dark” (SD ; SDA ; BM ) and features in the latter sense in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Asaf ’s Book of Medicines (AV :, : æåø íéàø÷ðä íé÷îåñ) and is possibly a loan translation of Arabic summ¯aq (cf. below). See as well entry Alef .

30 éøôùà: éøéôùà V 31 ÷àîåñ: à÷àîåñ P 32 ÷àîñ: âàîåñ 33 àåäå: àåä O 34 øáëå: øáë

O

O



shem tov, synonym list 

For Arabic summ¯aq, “sumac”, Rhus coriaria L. and Var., or its berry, Anacardiaceae, cf. Alef no.  above. The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ) and is transcribed by N and Z as: ÷àîñ or ÷îåñ. . 35§âéäú 䧧á êåñëñ SKSWK, Arab. THYG˘ Hebrew SKSWK means “conflict; confusion” (BM ; EM ) and features in Rashi’s commentary on the Bible (Is :) and the Talmud (bBQ ). The verb SKSK means “to provoke” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Is : (KB  s.v. êåñ). Arabic tahayyu˘g means “excitement, agitation, emotional disturbance, irritation, inflammation” (L ). For the identification of the Hebrew root SKSK as Arabic G, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: íéøöîá íéøöî éúëñëñ (I will incite Egyptian against Egyptian): §õòá éìò ïééøöîìà §õòá âéäàå (DS ; RT ), and IJ . Ibn Jan¯ah. (ibid.) translates the term êåñëñ as: +A\) q A,. . 37ïæà ìãá àåäå ïãàìà 36óåø§öâ 䧧á ñåçñ SHWS, Arab. GDRWP "L"DN, i.e. the earlobe . . Hebrew SHWS or HS means “the cartilages forming the ear, helix” . . HWS . (JD  f.; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; HA ; Low LII) and features in Rabbinic literature, for instance, in mBekh . (a). Arabic g˙udr¯ . uf al-"udn has the same meaning (L  f.; HA ; FAL :). Arabic g˙¯udr¯ . uf features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (I, , ; cf. BMMa  and ) and is translated by N as: ñåçù and by Z as: êåðú. For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above: §§óåø§öâì১ íù :ñåçñå (MK :) or on mPes .: :ïéñåçñäå §§óéøà§öâì১ (MK :).

35 §âéäú: âéäú VO 36 óåø§öâ :óåøöâ VO 37 ïæà: ïæàä

O

samekh



. 38éáàå÷ 䧧á úçôñ SPHT, . Arab. QW"BY Hebrew SPHT . means “scabs, flaking skin” (KB ), “rising on the skin, sore” (JD ), “psoriasis, pityriasis capitis” (BM ; Low LXVII; PB , ) and features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShebi b, bYeb b. Arabic qaw¯ab¯ı is the plural form of quwaba or quwab¯a" and means “ringworm or tetter, a cutaneous eruption in which scabs peel off from the skin, and the hair comes off ” (L ; D :; SN : “ichthyosis”). For the identification, cf. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ), who identifies Hebrew úçôñî, a synonym for Hebrew SPHT . (KB ; BM ), with Arabic quwab¯a": K   àéä úçôñî. . 39ùèåøâ 짧áå ùàî 䧧á øéôñ ˘ o.l. GRWT. S˘ SPYR, Arab. M" S, Hebrew SPYR designates “Moor’s pea; French vetch”, Vicia Narbonensis L. (JD ; LW :; KA :; AEY :; DAS : f., ; FM ; FZ  f.; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil .. Arabic m¯a˘s, possibly from Persian m¯a˘s (VL :), means “Indian pea”, Phaseolus max L. or Phaseolus mungo L. (D :; L ; DAS :; ID :). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :); see as well LF :, no. ; Sa#adya (SAM :) explains øéôñ as: ïàáìâìà ïî ñð§â (a kind of vetch). The Romance term could not be identified. . 41íåðàèðåî íåéìåô 짧áå 40äãò§â 䧧á äàéñ ˘ SY"H, Arab. G#DH, o.l. PWLYWM MWNT"NWM . Hebrew SY"H means “savory”, Satureia Thymbra L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMaas ., bShab a (JD ; LW :; KA :, 38 éáàå÷: ééáàå÷ V 39 ùèåøâ: ùàèåøâ VO 40 äãò§â: äãòâ VO 41 íåðàèðåî: éðèðåî O



shem tov, synonym list 

:; BM ; AEY :; DAS :, :; FM ; LA :; LF :). Arabic g˘a#da means “germander” or “mountain pennyroyal”, Teucrium Polium L. (D :, DT :; M ; DAS :). The term SY"H is explained in the Arukh (KA :) as åàéìåô (It. poleggio, puleggio, from Lat. pulegium) or 姧øáîñéñ (It. sisimbro-sisimbrio, from Lat. sisymbrium). In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned, Maimonides translates the term SY"H as: §âð§ãåô (“mint”) (MK :). The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the Late Lat. polium montanum, a compound term which is used in contrast to polium marinum, Teucrium Creticum L. (see Sin a; NPRA ; the genitive singular poli montani features in RPA ). The variant given in the Oxford MS has to be read as polium montani (for the lack of agreement between the noun and the adjective in Lat. compound terms, see also the introduction). For the meaning of this term see entry Yod . The same term (transcribed as PWLY"WM MWNT"NY) . features in GHAT : and is identified as Arab. g˘a#da. . 44àåéå 43ñìà÷ 짧áå éôèî øéâá 42øé§â 䧧á éç ãéñ ˘ BGYR MTPY, SYD HY, o.l. Q"LS WYW" . Arab. GYR . Hebrew SYD means “lime, plaster” and features in the Bible (e.g. Num :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (KB ; JD ; LW :; SDA : àãéñ; KA : s.v. ãñ, :; BM ; DAS :, ; KT : f., ; Low LXVI). Hebrew SYD HY, . which is attested in EM () as modern, was possibly coined as a loan translation of Latin calx viva. That is how the Hebrew term features in the Sefer Keritut by Hillel ben Samuel of Verona.45 Arabic g˘¯ır bi-˙gayr mut. fa" means “quicklime” (M ; GS : g˘¯ır = calx viva in Latin; cf. as well Gimel no. ). For the identification of Hebrew SYD as Arabic g˘¯ır, cf. Maimonides on mShab . (MK :). The vernacular term in the Vatican and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. calz viva/cals viva, literally ‘living lime’, for ‘calcium oxide

42 øé§â: àøåð O øéâ V 43 ñìà÷: ñì÷ P ùìà÷

V

44 àåéå: àãéå P àáéå V 45 See G. Bos: Medical

Terminology in the Hebrew Tradition: Hillel Ben Samuel of Verona, Sefer ha-Keritut (forthcoming: Journal of Semitic Studies).

samekh



which has not been in contact with water’ (for calz/calç, see RL :b; DCVB :a; DECLC :b; for the compound O. Occ. term caus viva, see RMA ). The variant used in the Paris MS with the spelling WYD" is corrupt. . 46çà÷ô 䧧á øãîñ SMDR, Arab. PQ" H . Hebrew SMDR means “flower buds of the vine” or “(berry) in the building stage” (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; BM  f.; DAS :; KT :; LF : f.) and features in the Bible (Song :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mOrl .. Arabic fuqq¯ah. means “a flower or blossom of any plant” (L ). For the identification, cf. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) on the Bible verse mentioned: s [ K- , and Maimonides on mOrl . (MK :). In his translation of the same verse, Sa#adya (SH ) uses the Arabic equivalent øãðîñ for Hebrew øãîñ. See as well MCS :. . 47øéøäîæ 䧧á øéøâñ SGRYR, Arab. ZMHRYR Hebrew SGRYR means “cloudburst; severe rain storm” (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :; KT :) and features in the Bible (Prov :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in yMeg I, d. Arabic zamhar¯ır means “intense cold” (L ; D :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Prov :: øéøâñ íåéá ãøåè óìã äåúùð íéðåãî úùàå (An endless dripping on a rainy day and a contentious wife are alike): àéåàñú äá§ëàöîìà äàøîìàå øéøäîæ íåé éô òáàúúîìà óëåìà (SM  f.), and IJ . . äéåúù 䧧á úåéðåúñ ˘ STWNYWT, Arab. STWYH Hebrew STWNYWT means ) “winter fruits, late fruits” (JD ; BM ), ) “hibernae sc. uvae, grapes, which become ripe in winter, and which are used to produce vinegar” (LW :; KA :, :;

46 çà÷ô: çà÷á V 47 øéøäîæ: øéøäî O



shem tov, synonym list 

DAS :; KT :) and ) “late figs” (LF :, :, ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi . or mTer .. Arabic ˘sitaw¯ı means “signifying of, or relating to the winter season” (L ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mShebi .: :úåéðåúñå äéåúùìà ääëàôìà (MK :). . ìòðîä úøåöá øùá úëéúç 49§ô 48ìãðñ SNDL, that is, a piece of meat in the form of a shoe Hebrew SNDL means, among other things, “a deformed (flat, fishshaped) foetus” (JD ; BM ; LW :; KT : n. ; Low LXVII; PB ; SDA  s.v. Aram. àìãðñ: “aborted foetus in the shape of a flat fish”) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNid . and bNid b. . 50õð 䧧á àéâåñ SWGY", Arab. NS. Aramaic SWGY" means “walk, course, practice” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bSanh a. Arabic nas. s. means “a thing or statement plainly or explicitly declared or made manifest by God and his Apostle; an expression or a phrase or a sentence in the Koran, indicating a particular meaning; a statute, or an ordinance indicated by the manifest or plain meaning of words of the Koran and of the Sunna; an evidence or a proof ” (L ; D :). . 53à§âåìâðéà 짧áå 52äøáæ 䧧á 51ïãñ ˘ SDN, Arab. ZBRH, o.l. "YNGLWG" Hebrew SDN means ) “a block of wood”, ) “trunk”, ) “anvil” and ) “axis” (JD ; LW :; SDA  s.v. àðãñ (Aram.); KA : ff., :; BM ; DAS :; KT :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil., mShab .. 48 ìãðñ: ìáðñ V 49 §ô: åùåøéô O 50 õð: om. O 51 ïãñ: ïAñ P ïëñ V 52 äøáæ: àøáæ V, om. 53 à§âåìâðéà: éâåìéâðéà

O V, om. O

samekh



Arabic zubra means ) “a (big) piece of iron”, ) “an anvil of a blacksmith”, or ) “the upper part of the back, next the neck; or the part between the two shoulder-blades; or the part where the neck is joined to the back-bone” (L ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mShab . (MK :). The vernacular term of the Vatican MS corresponds to O. Occ. engluge ‘anvil’ (PSW :b). The variant of MS P shows a form ending with -a, similar to the Cat. encluya / encluja (DCVB :a). . áøñî ïàîî 55§âøú 54§âå§âì 䧧á ïáøñ ˘ G, ˘ [which means in] translation: one who refuses, SRBN, Arab. LGW declines Hebrew SRBN means ) “one who waits to be coaxed, declining”, ) “persistent” and ) “rebellious, stubborn” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mBer .. Arabic la˘gu¯ g˘ means “stubborn, intractable, persistent; obstinate, pigheaded, importunate, annoying, of humans” (WKAS :; L ; D :). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned: àøé§úë àòðîú òðîúé àì éà ,§âå§âì ,ïáøñ (MK :). . 58áàøâìà 57óéñ 䧧á áøåòä 56óéñ SYP H#WRB, Arab. SYP "LGR"B Hebrew SYP H#WRB, literally meaning “the sword of the raven” (JD , ) and not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic sayf al-˙gur¯ab (cf. below). Arabic sayf al-˙gur¯ab (“the sword of the raven”) designates the plant Gladiolus communis L. (L ; D :; DT :; M ; DAS :; LF :).

54 §âå§âì: âåâì VO 55 §âøú: íéâøú O âøú

V

56 óéñ: óåñ V 57 óéñ: om. O 58 áàøâìà: áøâìà

VO



shem tov, synonym list 

. 59øáðî 䧧á ìñôñ SPSL, Arab. MNBR Hebrew SPSL means “frame, bench, stool” (JD ; SD ; SDA  (Aram. àìñôñ); KA :; BM ; BKH , , , ; DAS : f.; KT : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel ., bQid a. Arabic minbar means “a chair, or the pulpit of the preacher in a mosque” (L ; D : f.). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). . ïéàôøîù úòá ïôâ øîöá íñä 62íéðúåðù 짧ø äðè÷ìà 61àåã 䧧á ïôâ 60øîöä íñ åá

SM HS. MR GPN, Arab. DW" "LQTNH, i.e. one puts the remedy in the . cotton when healing with it Hebrew SM HS. MR GPN means “a remedy [applied in] cotton” (for SM cf. JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM  f.; see as well Samekh no. : Aram. SM"; for S. MR GPN, cf. Mem no.  and Sade no. ). . Arabic daw¯a" al-qut. na has the same meaning (for daw¯a" see L ; D :; for qut. na, cf. Mem no. , Pe no.  and Sade no. ). . For the identification of Hebrew SM as Arabic daw¯a", cf. IJ  on the Biblical verse íéîñ êì ç÷ (Ex :): [ . . . ] ?)W C1?  53) UK/) (it is more correct to translate [íéîñ] as: ?)W or UK/). For the identification of Hebrew S. MR GPN as Arabic qut. n, cf. Maimonides on mKil . (MK :). . 65íåéãåôéìåô 짧áå 64âéàáñá 䧧á éìâø 63àéâñ SGY" RGLY, Arab. BSB"YG, o.l. PWLYPWDYWM Aram. SGY" RGLY, literally meaning “having many legs” and not attested in secondary literature, is possibly a loan translation of the Arabic kat¯ır ¯ 59 øáðî: øãðî 60 øîöä: øîö 61 62 63 64 65

V O äðè÷ìà àåã: àðè÷ìà äåã O äðè÷ ìàåã V íéðúåðù: ïéðúåðù O àéâñ: éâñ VO âéàáñá: âåàáñá V íåéãåôéìåô: éãåôéìåô V

samekh



al-ar˘gul and designates the plant “polypody”, Polypodium vulgare L. (DT :; LF :; LA  f.:). Arabic basb¯ayi˘g, from Persian bas-p¯ayak “having many legs” (VL :), designates the same plant (DT :; M ; LA  f.:), which is also called kat¯ır al-ar˘gul (“having many feet”), a loan translation of ¯ (cf. WKAS :). Greek πολυπδιον In Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), the Arabic / Persian term features as #`H and is translated by N as: éãåôéìåô (PWLYPWDY) and Z as: åàéãåôéìåô (PWLYPWDY"W). The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the Lat. polypodium for Polypodium vulgare L. (NPRA ; also see Sin :), taken from the Gr. πολυπδιον (DECLC :). The variant in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat pol(l)ipodi with the same meaning (RL :a; DAO :; CB ; RM ; DCVB :b), documented for the first time in the th c. (DAO Suppl. :), or perhaps the genitive singular polipodi(i) of the Lat. polipodium. For the identification of Arab. basb¯ayi˘g as Lat. polipodium/O. Cat. polipodi cf. AdV , ; see also the GHAT :, where we find the Romance term PWLYPWDY as the synonym for the Arab. term ˘ mentioned, in a corrupt spelling as BSBG. . åá ïéùîúùîù ïéî 66åðîî ùé éë õøàä éîò åá ïéùîúùîù 짧ø õøàä éîò ìù ïåôñ íéøùäå 67íéëìîä

˘ #MY H"RS. , i.e. such [a kind] that common people use, because SPWN SL there is [another] kind of it which kings and princes use ˘ #MY H"RS. literally means “soap of common people”. Hebrew SPWN SL For SPWN, cf. Samekh no. . . íåéî íìåòì äù÷úð àìå ãéìåé àìå ÷ñôð åúîà øøåòîä åîåçù éî àåä äîç ñéøñ ùîùä úçú åøîàë äîç ñéøñ åøîàå àøáðù

SRYS HMH is someone in whom the heat that awakens his penis ceased, . and it makes him infertile and it (his penis) never becomes erected since the day it was created. And one says “eunuch from the time of seeing the sun” as one says “under the sun”

66 ïéî åðîî: åðîî ïéî 67 íéëìîä: om. V

O éî åðîî V



shem tov, synonym list 

Hebrew SRYS HMH means “eunuch from the time of seeing the sun, . i.e. born without visible testicles” (JD ; BM ; KT :; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mYeb ., bYeb a, a. Another explanation of the term SRYS HMH is “eunuch through fever” (KA :; . BM ). . íãà éðá åäåñøñù éî àåä íãà ñéøñ SRYS "DM is the one who was castrated by people Hebrew SRYS "DM means “someone emasculated by man” (JD ; BM ; KT :; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mYeb .. . 69àùò 䧧á 68íéøåðñ ˘ SNWRYM, Arab. ‘S’ Hebrew SNWRYM, plural of SNWR, means “dazzling, deception” (KB  f.; KA :; BM ; PB  n. ; Low LXVII) and features in the Bible, e.g. in Gen :. Arabic #a˘san means “weakness of sight or sightlessness by night with ability to see by day or badness of sight by night and by day” (L ; D :; SN ). For the identification, cf. SE : àùò :íéøåðñ, and Sa#adya on Gen :: çúôä àöîì åàìéå ìåãâ ãòå ïåè÷î íéøåðñá åëä úéáä çúô øùà íéùðàä úàå (And the people who were at the entrance of the house, young and old, they were struck with blinding light, so that they were helpless to find the entrance): §êéù éìà áàù ïî àùòìàá íäåáø§ö úéáìà áàáá é§ãìà íå÷ìàå áàáìà ãå§âå ïò åö§âòô (S ); see as well SF :. . 71àâðåôùà 짧áå 70ä§âðôñà 䧧á âåôñ ˘ o.l. " SPWNG" ˘ SPWG, Arab. "SPNGH, Hebrew SPWG, from Greek σπγγος (LS ; KG : f.; LR ), means ) “a porous luxuriant growth, mushroom” and ) “sponge” (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f.; BM ; KT :; LFa ; Low 68 íéøåðñ: íéøéåðñ V 69 àùò: áùò P åùò V 70 ä§âðôñà: àâðôùà 71 àâðåôùà: àâðôùà

O àâðôñà V O àâðåôùéà V

samekh



LXVII; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMiqw .. Arabic isfun˘g or isfin˘ga has the same meaning (D :; StS ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :); the Arukh (KA :) states that SPWG is called something similar in Greek, Latin and Arabic. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. esponja or (e)sponga for ‘sponge’ (RL :b; FEW :a; CB ; DCVB :a–b; DECLC :a), derived from the Lat. SPONGIA or *SPONGA respectively. According to FEW :b, a part of the Romance territory has forms derived from *SPONGA besides those stemming form SPONGIA, which has survived in the whole Gallo-Romance territory as well as in Northern Italy. Still, according to FEW loc. cit., this form is most probably a modification of SPONGIA under the influence of the Greek σπγγος, in which the word preserved its gender (fem.), but lost the suffix -ia in favour of the usual ending -a. For the identification of Arab. isfun˘g as O. Cat. esponga, cf. AdV , , . ˘ ˘ as a synonym In GHAT : we find the Romance (O. Cat.) " SPWN GH ˘ of Arab. "SPN" G. . 74ïàá§ö÷ 䧧á ïéùá áåúë 73àåäå 72íéâéøñ SRYGYM, and it is written with Sin, Arab. QDB"N . Rabbinic Hebrew SRYG, plur. SRYGYM, means “grate, lattice” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mOhol .. Its biblical counterpart âéø×, plur. íéâéø×, means “tendrils of the grapevine” (KB ) and features, for instance, in Gen :. Arabic qudb¯ . an or qidb¯ . an (cf. MS O), plural of qad¯ . ıb, means “branches, twigs, shoots, stalks” (L ). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Gen :: íéâøù äùìù ïôâáå (on the vine were three branches): ïàá§ö÷ ä§úàì§ú ïô§âìà éôå (S ); IJ , and SID :.

72 íéâéøñ: ïéâéøñ V 73 ïéùá áåúë àåäå: om. 74 ïàá§ö÷: ïàáöé÷

V O ïàáö÷ V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 76àðàù 짧á 75àðñ 䧧áå íéðéñ 秧áå äðñ ˘ SNH, M.l. SYNYM, Arab. SN", o.l. S"N" Hebrew SNH means “prick, thorn”, “briar” and also designates the plant “thorn bush,” Rubus sanctus Schreb.-Rubus discolor W. and N., and features in the Bible (e.g. in Ex :–) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g mKil ., bShab a (KB ; JD ; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS : f., :; FE  ff.; FO ; KT :; LF :, :). Hebrew SYNYM features in the Mishnah (Kel .) and is explained by the Geonim as “wood of SNH” (EG ; cf. as well KA :; BM ). Arabic san¯a designates the plant “senna” and its numerous species, such as Cassia angustifolia VAHL or Cassia obovata COLL (D :; L ; DT :; M ; DAS :; ID :, :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex :: úáìá åéìà §ä êàìî àøéå äðñä êåúî ùà (an angel of the LORD appeared to him in a blazing fire out of a bush): àðñìà ïî øàð íéø§öá äììà êàìî äì éì§âúô (S ); see as well WB . Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) identifies SNH as: i,L/ (“bramble”), and David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) as: §âñåò (“lycium”). See as well MCS :. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. sene (a loan word stemming from the Arabic word mentioned above) for Cassia officinalis, a ‘bush of the Levant, the leaves of which are purgative’ (DAO :; for further documentation see PSW :b; FEW :b; CB , ; DCVB :a; DECLC :b). For the identification of Arab. san¯a as O. Cat. sene, cf. AdV , . . 77÷ìôî 䧧á éðèéñ SYTNY, Arab. MPLQ . The term SYTNY could not be explained satisfactorily. According to . KA : and LW :, the term features in Tos. Yom Tov : as a corruption of éðñéè (= πτισνη; pearl-barley) (see as well KG : f.), and, according to Lieberman, it is a metathesis of éðñéè.78

75 àðñ: äðñ O 76 àðàù: om. P

(cf. entry )

77 ÷ìôî: àðàù 짧áå (cf. entry ) add. P 78 S. Lieberman, Tosefta Mo#ed, New York

, p. , l. .

samekh



Arabic mufallaq is “a peach, and an apricot, and the like, that splits, or cleaves, from its stone, and becomes dry” (L ) or “a sort of peach” (D :; LF :). . óéì 䧧á áéñ SYB, Arab. LYP Hebrew SYB means “fibrous substance, bast of the palm tree” (JD ; SD ; KA : f., :; BM  f.; FE ; FEB ; KT :; LA :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mUqz ., bYom a. Arabic l¯ıf is “fibre, bast” (D :; WKAS :; LA  f.:). For the identification, cf. Hananel on bYom a: óéìãà àåäù áéñ (sic), . and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). . 80àééôéì 䧧á 79ééáéñ SYBYY, Arab. LYPYY" Hebrew SYBYY, from SYB (cf. Samekh no. ), means “fibrous” and is attested in EM  as modern. It was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a translation of the Arabic l¯ıf¯ıyun. Arabic l¯ıf¯ıyun has the same meaning (WKAS : f.) and Arabic l¯ıf¯ıya designates a plant of uncertain identity, possibly a species of colocynth (WKAS :). . 82ùéøáî÷ 짧áå 81ïéðèàøñ 䧧á íéðèøñ SRTNYM, Arab. SR" TNYN, o.l. QMBRYS˘ . . Hebrew SRTN, plur. SRTNYM means “crab, Cancer” (JD  f.; LW . . :, ; SD ; KA :, :; BM ; LZ ). The term features in Rabbinic and medieval medical literature (for numerous references, cf. BM  f.). Arabic SR" TNYN must probably be read sar¯at.¯ın and is the plural form . of sarat. a¯n “crab, Cancer” (L ; D :; BK ; JAD : ff.; StS ). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXII, : tBI‡ ? n) and is translated by N as: íééøäðä íéðèøñä and by Z as: íéðèøñä íéøåàéä. 79 ééáéñ: ïéáéñ V 80 àééôéì: äàéôéì

V

81 ïéðèàøñ: ïéàèøñ V 82 ùéøáî÷: ùéøáîà÷ V



shem tov, synonym list 

The vernacular term seems to be a non-documented variant *cambres of the O. Occ. chambres for ‘crayfish’ (FEW –:a–b), a derivation of the Late Lat. cambarus. According to FEW (loc. cit.), in Gallo-Romance, derivations of this Late Lat. form are only documented in Provence, the Rhône Valley, and the surroundings of Lyon; in the rest of GalloRomance, we only find derivations of the Lat. cammarus. It has to be noted that the documented form chambres presents the palatalisation of initial /ka-/, usual in the northern group of Occ. dialects, whereas the form documented in our texts preserves the velar pronunciation and thus belongs to the southern Occ. region (i.e., among others, “Languedocian around Toulouse and Provençal, east of the Rhône along the coast” (POc )). In Ibero-Romance, we only find derivations of Late Lat. camberus, but with the sonorisation of the initial velar: gambre, gamba, gámbaro (for all this, see FEW loc. cit.). The FEW also remarks that the meaning ‘(marine) crab’ was preserved at the coast, whereas further to the north, that is, in the inland, the meaning changed to ‘crayfish’. This meaning then extended to the south, i.e. the Occ. forms were imported from the north, leading to the elimination of the more ancient derivates from Lat. CANCER. . 84íåøôéñ 짧áå àãòñ 䧧á 83éìâéñ SYGLY, Arab. S#D", o.l. SYPRWM Aramaic SYGL", plur. SYGLY, means ) “violet” and ) “Cyperus, root of the Cyperus rotundus” (JD ; SDA ; KA :, :; FEB ; LF :; LA :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bSanh b, bShab b. Arabic su#d¯a or su#d means “long galingale”, Cyperus longus L. and Var. (L  f.; D :; DT :; M ; LF :). For the identification of SYGLY as su#d, cf. LO Liqut. t. ei Geonim on bBer b, p. : ãò%ñ éìâéñ. For the identification as su#d¯a, cf. AT . The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the Lat. cyperum for ‘root of a type of rush’ (NPRA ; ThLL :). The form cyperum was also used in O. Occ. with the meaning ‘sedge’ (DAO :; RPA ). The variant in the Oxford MS could be read as the genitive singular of this word, as well as O. Cat. ciperi, which existed alongside the form çiper (DCVB :a: “Aygua de cocció de ciperi”, i.e. water that results 83 éìâéñ: éìâñ VP 84 íåøôéñ: éøôéñ O

samekh



from boiling of ciperi, Caudiliach Coll., ll. , d. a, ), as O. Cat ciperii (AdV ) or as O. Fr. cyperi for Cyperus longus (FEW –:b). For the identification of Arab. su#d or su#d¯a and O. Cat. ciperii, cf. AdV , ; see also GHAT :, where we find Arab. S#DY/ S#D" identified as Romance SYPRYR. . íøëìà çà÷ô 䧧á íøëä ìù 85øãîñ ˘ HKRM, Arab. PQ" H SMDR SL . "LKRM ˘ HKRM means “the blossom of the vine” (for KRM Hebrew SMDR SL cf. KB ; JD ; KA : f., :; BM  f.; DAS :; FE ; KT :; LF :; for SMDR, cf. Samekh no. ). In the Bible both terms feature as: øãîñ åðéîøë (Song :). Arabic fuqq¯ah. al-karm has the same meaning (for karm see D :; DT :; M –; for fuqq¯ah, . cf. Samekh no. ). For the identification of SMDR as fuqq¯ah, . cf. Samekh no. . For the identification of KRM as karm, cf. Sa#adya on Is : (DS ). . äðùë 86ä÷øã 䧧á äù÷ èåèøîñ ˘ Arab. DRQH KSNH ˘ SMRTW . T. QSH, ˘ means “a hard rag” (for SMRTW Hebrew SMRTW . T. QSH . T. cf. JD ; LW :; SDA  (s.v. Aram. àèåèøî); KA : f.; BM ; Low LXVII; PB ). Hebrew SMRTW . T. features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab ., bShebi a. The Arabic term is corrupt and should be read as hirqa ha˘sina, which ˘ hirqa ˘ cf. L ). means “a rough rag or ragged, patched, garment” (for ˘ For the identification of SMRTW . T. as hirqa cf. the Geonic commentary ˘ ) úééèá à÷øáá [ . . . ] úåèøîñá. on Tohorot EG : (corr. Epstein) à÷øëá Note that the Geonic text reads: à÷øá just like OV.

85 íøëä ìù øãîñ: íøëä øãîñ 86 äðùë ä÷øã: àðùë à÷øá VO

O íøë ìù øãîñ V

AYIN . ïàçéøìà áç 䧧á åéøâøâ 2íäå ñãä 1éáðéò #YNBY HDS, these are its seeds, Arab. HB . "L RYH"N . Hebrew #YNBY HDS are “berries of the myrtle, Myrtus communis L.” (for #YNB cf. KB ; JD ; LW : f.; KA :, : f.; BM ; for HDS cf. KB ; JD ; KA :; BM ; AEY :; FE ; FEB ; FM ; FO  ff.; KT :; LA :; LF :; for the Aramaic term for myrtle, cf. Alef no. ). The phrase features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. yMaas III, d. Arabic habb ar-rayh¯ . . an means “seeds or berries of the myrtle” (L ; D :; M ; DT :; ID :). Rayh¯ . an originally meant any odoriferous plant, and subsequently came to designate the myrtle in the Maghreb and basil in the East (DT :). For the identification of Hebrew HDS as Arabic rayh¯ . an, cf. David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı on Esther : (SF :): äñãä úà ïîà éäéå (He was foster father to Hadassah): §§äðàçéø éáøòìàá éîñé àîë, and al-Idr¯ıs¯ı (IJS :); cf. Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), where ˆ  ) Do'AB ‰HB K (basil(?) which is the same as “ar-rayh¯ . an al-qaranful¯ı”) is translated by Z as: åìôåøâì åçéøá äîåãä ñãää àåäå êùîâðô. For the identification of Hebrew HDS as Arabic a¯s, cf. Alef no. . . 4äñàéìéèðéì 짧áå áìçè 䧧á íéîä 3ùãò #DS˘ HMYM, Arab. T. HLB, o.l. LYNTYLY"SH . . ˘ Hebrew #DS˘ HMYM designates “duck weed”, Lemna L. (BM : #DSY ˘ HMYM). The term also features as HMYM (cf. V); AEY :: #DST íéîä éùãò in the Sefer Zedat ha-derakhim, i.e. Moses ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew . translation of Ibn al-Jazz¯ar’s Z¯ad al-mus¯afir, which Moses ibn Tibbon completed in the year .5 Subsequently we find the term in the Sefer 1 éáðéò: éáðò 2 íäå: íä O

VO

3 ùãò: éùãò V 4 äñàéìéèðéì: àñàìéèðéì

O àùàìéèðéì V Cf. Ibn al-Jazz¯ar on Skin Diseases and Other Afflictions of the Outer Part of the Body. A New Parallel Arabic-English translation of Bk.  chs. – with a Critical Edition of 5



shem tov, synonym list 

Magen Avot written by Simeon ben Zema h. Duran (–): éùãò . ˘ HMYM is called at. (#DSY t. uhlub and it is conferva, Chaetomorpha linum) (Jacob :; following . BM ) (cf. mShab .; AEY :; LF :, :). Arabic t. uhlub designates the plant Lemna minor L. and Var., “water . lentil” (L ; D :; DT :; M ; ID :; LA  ff.:), and is also called ‘adas al-m¯a’ (cf. DT :). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; XXI, ; XXV, ; cf. BMMb ) where it is translated as: íéîä éùãò /áìçè by N and as: ä÷åøéä /áìçè íéîä éðô ìòù by Z. The vernacular variants have to be interpreted as augmentative forms of the O. Occ. lentil(h)a/lentilla and/or O. Cat. l(l)entilla for ‘lentil’ (DAO :s.; RL :b; CB , among others; RMA ; RM ; DCVB :a; DECLC :b). Such forms are documented for the modern stages of the languages in question: Occ. lentillasso (in an Occ. variety in the Piedmontese Alps, FEW :b), which should have been *lentilhassa in O. Occ.; Cat. llentillassa (besides llentillarra and llentillatxa, see DCVB :b). It remains unclear in the dictionaries if the meaning is indeed ‘water lentil’, as has to be supposed on the basis of the Arabic and Hebrew synonyms. For O. Occ., only the name lentilla (Lemna minor L., DAO :) appears to have been the form known for this plant up until now. The Romance names for the water lentil usually more or less follow the model of the Med. Lat. lenticula aque (e.g. Fr. lentille d’eau), probably taken from the Arabic term mentioned above (see Sin b), cf. also Mod. Occ. lentilho d’aigua (DAO, loc. cit.), Mod. Cat. llentilla d’aigua (DCVB :a). Note that the Latin term as well as O. Sp. lantejuela del agua (Sin b; DETEMA :c) are diminutive forms, so that, for the word in question here, it seems strange at first glance that an augmentative form should have been used to designate this plant; but it has to be considered that “[t]he suffix [i.e. -AS and -ASA < Lat. -ACEUS, -ACEA] gave an idea of quantity to the simple word, or greatness in size [ . . . ]” (WfP ). íéîä éðô ìòù ä÷åøé àåäå áìçèìà ïéøå÷ù íéîä

Moses Ibn Tibbon’s Medieval Hebrew Translation by G. Bos and a study of the Romance terminology by Guido Mensching and Julia Zwink (forthcoming).

ayin



. 7ùàéðèù÷ 짧áå 6ìèñ÷ 䧧á íéðåîøò #RMWNYM, Arab. QSTL, S˘ . o.l. QS˘TNY" . Hebrew #RMWN, plur. #RMWNYM, means “plane tree”, Platanus orientalis L. (KB ; JD ; LW : f.; KA :; BM ; AEY :, :; DAS :; FE  n. ; FEB  ff.; FO ; LA :; LF :; M ), and features in the Bible (Gen :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBB a. In the Rabbinic tradition, #RMWN was also called DWLB (cf. FEB  ff.). In the Middle Ages, Rashi mistakenly identified #RMWN/ DWLB as: äéðèñ÷ä “chestnut” (following FEB ).8 Arabic qast. al or qast. a¯niya means “chestnut” (D :; DT :; M ; ID :). For the identification of #RMWN as qast. al, cf. SID : on Gen :: áìãìà ìé÷å .ìàèñ÷ìà .ïåîøòå æåìå, and Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ), where 0M is translated by N as: ïåîøò/íéðåîøò and by Z as: íéðåîøò/éâðèù÷ (QS˘TNGY). For the identification of #RMWN . as dulb, cf. IJ , SF : and Sa#adya on Gen : (S ). The meaning ‘chestnut’ is confirmed by the vernacular term, which is the plural of O. Occ. casta(i)nha or O. Cat. castanya for ‘chestnut’ (DAO :; RL :a; FEW –:a; CB , , , ; DCVB :b; DECLC :b). . 9äìéøåî 짧áå áìòúìà áðò 䧧á ìòåùä áðò ˘ #NB HSW#L, Arab. #NB "LT#LB, o.l. MWRYLH ˘ Hebrew #NB HSW#L means “common/black nightshade”, Solanum nigrum L. (SDA , Aram.: àìòú/àìàú éáðéò; BM ; AEY :; LA  f.:; LF : f.) and features in the Aramaic form ‘YNBY T"L’ in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit a. Arabic #inab at-ta#lab designates the same plant (L ; D :; ¯ :; LA :; LF : f.), and features in DT :; M ;¯ID Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), where it is translated by N as: ìòåùä éáðò and by Z as: ìòåùä éáðéò.

6 ìèñ÷: ïàèñ÷ O ìúñ÷ V 7 ùàéðèù÷: ùàééðàèù÷ O ùàééðàèùà÷

V Löw (LF :), however, remarks that the faulty identification already occurred in the early Rabbinic tradition. 9 äìéøåî: àìéøååî O àìéøáî V 8



shem tov, synonym list 

For the identification of the Aramaic ‘YNBY T#L’ as the Arabic #inab at-ta#lab, cf. LO Teshuvot on bGit a, p. : ìàá éîñé ùéùç ,àìòú éáðéò ¯¯ áìòú ìà áðò ÷àøò. The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. maurel(h)a or maurella for Solanum nigrum L. (DAO :; RL :b; PSW :a; FEW –:a; CB , , , , ; RPA ; RMM , ). The form in the Paris MS with only one Waw in the first syllable could also be read as the O. Cat. more(l)la, a form which also existed as a variant in O. Occ. and shows the result of monophthongation (DECLC :b; DCVB :a; AdV ; FEW loc. cit.; PSW loc. cit.; RL :b; DAO loc. cit.; CB , among others). For the identification of Arab. #inab at-ta#lab as O. Cat. morela cf. ¯ a Romance synonym for AdV , ; see also GHAT, where we ¯find the same Arab. term spelt as in MS V (GHAT :). . ùçåìà 10øàîç 䧧á ãåøò #RWD, Arab. HM"R "LWH . . S˘ Hebrew #RWD means “wild ass”, Equus heminous onager (KB ; JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram. àãåøò; KA :; BM ; BAL ; BH index, s.v.; DAS :; FAB ; KT :; LZ ) and features in the Bible (Job :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil .. Arabic him¯ . ar al-wah˘ . s designates the same animal (L ; DAS :; JAD : ff.; KSZ :). For the identification, cf. IJ ; SID : and Maimonides on mKil . (MK :). See as well MCS :. . äøåúá áåúëä øãøãä 12àåäå 11åãø÷ 짧áå óùøë 䧧á úåéáëò ˘ o.l. QRDW, this is the DRDR, which features in #KBYWT, Arab. KRSP, the Torah Hebrew #KBYT, plur. #KBYWT, means “a species of edible thistles, cardoon”, Cynara Cardunculus L. or Cynara Syriaca Boiss. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; AEY : s.v. úéáåëò; FEB ; KT : n. ; LA  ff.:; LF : ff.) or Gundelia Tournefortii (DAS :;

10 ùçåìà øàîç: ñçåìà øîç 11 åãø÷: ïåãø÷ O

O ùçøìà øîç V

12 äøåúá áåúëä øãøãä àåäå: øãøãä àåä

O, om. V

ayin



FM ; LF :; cf. Qof no. ). The term features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mUqz .. Hebrew DRDR means “thistle, artichoke” (KB ; JD ), features in the Bible in Gen : and is explained in Genesis Rabbah as #KBYWT (cf. Gen.R. :; ed. Mirkin, p. ); and IJ : pF {) úéùàøá ) 5[2 ? ? úåéáëò åìéà øãøãå äéòùåä §øã. Arabic har˘ . saf, har˘saf, hur˘suf, or hur˘su¯ f means “artichoke”, Cynara ˘ ˘ Cynara cardunculus ˘ Scolymus L., or “cardoon”, L. (D :; DT :; M ; DAS :; ID :; LA :; LF : ff.). Arabic pF ] features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) as well and is translated by N as: ïåãø÷ (QRDWN) and by Z as: éãø÷ (QRDY). For the identification of #KBYWT as har˘ . saf, cf. the Geonic commentary on Tohorot: (EG ): (óùøç =) óùøä [§ô úåéáëòäå], and Maimonides on mUqz . (MK :): óùø§ëìà äðåîñé ñåìãðàìàå (the Andalusians call ˘ it "LKRSP). The vernacular terms correspond to the meaning ‘thistle’. The form in the Paris and Vatican MSS is either the Lat. cardo (NPRA ) or the O. Occ. or O. Cat. cardó for ‘thistle’ (DAO :; RL :b; DCVB :b–a; DECLC :a), from the Lat. CARDONE(M) (derived from cardu(u)s, see Ayin ). In Cat., the form cardó only exists in the extreme north of what is Spanish Catalonia today and in the Roussillon (see DECLC loc. cit.). The variant in the Oxford MS is the O. Occ. cardo(u)n with the same meaning (DAO loc. cit.; RPA , ). It might well be that the O. Occ. and O. Cat. word also had the meaning ‘artichoke’ suggested by the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, cf. O. Occ. cardon petit, indicated as a variety of artichoke in DAO :, or M. and Mod. Fr. cardon ‘artichoke’ (a loan-word from Occ., FEW –:a). Also cf. the next entry. . 14ùìéãø÷ §òìáå 13àáãðä 䧧á ïéùìåò ˘ #WLSYN, Arab. HNDB", o.l. QRDYLS˘ ˘ Hebrew #WLSYN means “endive”, Cichorium intibus L. (JD ; LW :; KA :, : f.; BM ; AEY :; DAS :; FM ; FZ  f.; KT :; LA  f.:; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi .. Arabic hindab¯a" or hindib¯a" means “chicory, endive”, and designates several species of Chicoraceae, such as Cichorium intibus L. and Var. and 13 àáãðä: éáãðä O 14 ùìéãø÷: ùàìéãø÷ VO



shem tov, synonym list 

Cichorium endivia L. and Var. (D :; DT :; M ; DAS :, , ; ID :; LA :; LF :). The term hindib¯a" is the Arabic form of the Syriac ant. u¯ biy¯a (BLS ), derived from the Greek name ντυβος (LS ). The Arabic term also features in Maimonides’ On Asthma (XII,) and is transcribed by Joshua Shatibi as: àáãðä and translated by Samuel Benveniste as: ïéùìåò (cf. BMA ). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). The vernacular term in the Paris MS might be read as the plural of a non-documented O. Occ. *cardel(h) or O. Cat. *cardell, diminutive forms of the word card (from the Lat. cardus ‘thistle’) documented only in O. Cat. (DECLC :b). The form cardell exists in Mod. Cat., at least as a dialectal variant (see below). The variants in the Oxford und Vatican MSS seem to be the plural of a feminine form *cardel(h)a/*cardella, a derivation of an O. Occ./O. Cat. *carda (< Lat. *carda; see FEW –:). Von Wartburg points out that many of the plant names derived from the Lat. cardus or *carda had edible kinds of leaves, so that they used to be collected in the south from early times onwards (cf. FEW loc. cit.). Thus, the M. and Mod. French carde could designate, for example, the edible part of the cardoon/the artichoke or the edible part of the (Swiss) chard (cf. FEW –:). In Majorquin, the form cardell designates the shoot or the twig that grows from the stem of the “cardatxa” (DCVB :b), i.e. Dipsacus silvestris (cf. DECLC :b). It cannot be ascertained whether the words that we have been discussing were used to designate endive plants, as indicated by the Hebrew and Arabic terms; usually other terms were used for this type of plant, e.g. sicoreia (DAO :), endivia (DECLC :b). . ùé§âàåìù 16ùìéãø÷ 짧áå éøá 15àáãðä 䧧á äãù éùìåò ˘ SDH, ˘ ˘ ˘ S˘ #WLSY Arab. HNDB" BRY, o.l. QRDYLS˘ SLW" GY Hebrew äã× éùìåò means “field endive, wild chicory” (JD ; LW :; KA :, : f.), Cichorium divaricatum Schusb. (AEY :; LA  f.:) or Cichorium pumilum (FM ) or Cichorium intybus L. (LF : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, eg. in mKil .. Arabic hindab¯a" barr¯ı is “wild chicory” (M ; DT :; ID :).

15 àáãðä: éáãðä VO 16 ùé§âàåìù ùìéãø÷: ùéâàåìù ùàìéãø÷

O ùàééâàáìàù ùàìéãø÷ V

ayin



For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :). In his commentary on mKil ., Maimonides explains the Hebrew term as follows: ,äãù éùìåò éöçôìà äáãðäìà (MK :). The vernacular term in the Paris MS is a compound expression, *cardel(h)s salvajes, parallel to the Hebrew and Arabic terms. The variants in the Oxford and Vatican MSS seem to be the plural of the feminine form *cardel(h)a salvaja. Both appear to designate the wild variant of the plant mentioned in the entry Ayin , where we give an explanation about *cardel(h)/*cardel(h)a. For the adjective salvaje, salvaja ‘wild’, see the entries Alef  and Qof . . àôàù 짧áå 18§âúëáéî 䧧á 17íéáðòä ñéñò ˘ o.l. S"P" ˘ #SYS H#NBYM, Arab. MYBKTG, Hebrew #SYS H#NBYM means “must, young grape wine” (for #SYS cf. KB : “grape juice”; JD ; KA :; BM  f.; DAS :). Hebrew #SYS features in the Bible (e.g. Is : or Am :) and in Rabbinic literature (e.g. Targ. Es ,), while #NBYM features in the Bible (Amos :) and Rabbinic literature (e.g. in bPes a) as well. However, we could not find another example of the combination #SYS #NBYM. In the Bible, we find both terms separately in Am :: íàð íéàá íéîé äðä úåòáâä ìëå ñéñò íéøää åôéèäå òøæä êùîá íéáðò êøãå øö÷á ùøåç ùâðå äåäé

(A time is coming—declares the LORD—when the plowman shall meet the reaper, and the treader of grapes him who holds the [bag of] seed; when the mountain shall drip wine and all the hills shall wave [with grain]). Arabic maybahta˘g or maybuhta˘g means “concentrated must or grape ˘ juice” and is an Arabicised form˘ of the Persian may puhtah (VL :) meaning “cooked must” (D :; M ; FAQ  f.;˘ cf. as well Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms XXIII, ). The term #SYS is translated by Sa#adya in Is : as rubb “rob, thickened juice”, and by SID : as: §ãéáðìà åà äøàöòìà. The vernacular term is the Lat. sapa, which was used as a learned loan word in O. Occ. and other Romance languages, meaning “eingekochter most (der zum trinken oder zum verstärken des weines gebraucht wird)” (i.e., must which has been boiled down (used for drinking or making wine stronger), FEW :a–a). For Lat., see: “e[t] ssapa fit de musco äðââåîúú

17 íéáðòä: íéáðò V 18 §âúëáéî: âúëáéî VO



shem tov, synonym list 

cocto et cum cotaniis integris et cum ficubus passis et datilis et ramis iuniperi de eneldo et de feniculo et de apio et debet qoquere usque ad tertiam partem” (Sin :–). For O. Occ., see: “sapa fagha de vendimias cuegh a la terssa part” (i.e., sapa, boil down the grapes to one third; RPA ). Cf. also a similar passage taken from the Alphita in Sin :–. In O. Occ. (th–th century) and in O. Cat. (first documentation in ), the more frequent form is saba which, as a heriditary word, has undergone Western Romance lenition (FEW :; DECLC :). For the identification of maybahta˘g/maybuhta˘g as the Lat. (or Ro˘ mance loan word) S"P", cf. the first˘term in the˘ Latin column of GHAT :. . 20äèéø÷ 짧á àð÷ ìù 19äìâò ˘ QN’, o.l. QRYTH ‘GLH SL . ˘ QN’ is unclear. It literally means “wagon made of reed” Hebrew ‘GLH SL (KB , ; JD , ; BM , ); alternatively, one might read the term QN" as QN"H or QYN"H from Arabic  or S “to forge ˘ QN’ would thus mean: “a wagon iron” (cf. KA : s.v. ï÷). ‘GLH SL made from iron”. The vernacular term perfectly corresponds to the Hebrew #GLH, representing the O. Occ. or O. Cat. carreta for ‘cart, wagon’ (RL :b; FEW – :a; DCVB :b). . 23ãìà÷éðàô åà 22ùé§âðéøéà 짧áå 21äðòöø÷ 䧧á ïéìá÷øò ˘ S˘ or P"NYQ"LD #RQBLYN, Arab. QRS. #NH, o.l. "YRYNGY Hebrew #RQBLYN, a variant for #RQBNYN or #QRBNYN, probably refers to a scorpion-tailed plant, i.e. one of the heliotropes, Heliotropium L. (KA :, :; LW :, ; DAS :; AEY : (áø÷òä õ÷åò); FM ; FZ  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mErub .. The term #RQBLYN is interpreted in bErub b as (àì÷ãã) àúééæåøç àúååöà “prickly creepers on palm trees, palm ivy” (JD ; KA : f.) and by 19 àð÷ ìù äìâò: äð÷ ìù äìâò O äð÷ ìù àìâò 20 äèéø÷: äèéVK P àèéø÷ VO 21 äðòöø÷: àðéòöø÷ìà O àðéòöø÷ 22 ùé§âðéøéà: ùéâðéøéà VO 23 ãìà÷éðàô: ãìà÷éðô

V

O èáà÷éðàô V

V

ayin



R. Hai Gaon as “a very thick plant with heads like needles, ATWN in . Arabic” (LO Perushim on bErub b, p. ; LA :; LF :). Arabic qirs. a#na, from Syriac and Aramaic qers. a#ann¯a respectively (cf. BLS  and LA : f.), means “eryngium”, Eryngium campestre L. and Var. (DT :; M ; DAS :, ; ID :; KZ ; LA  f.:; LF : f.). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ) and is transcribed by N as: äðéòöø÷ and by Z as: äðòöø÷. In his commentary on mShebi ., Maimonides translates #QRBNYN as: ïàáø÷òìà (MK :; cf. LA :; for Arabic #uqrub¯an, cf. Nun no.  above). The first vernacular synonym mentioned in this entry seems to correspond to something like *yringis, *eringes related to the Lat. eryngium (cf. NPRA ), which appears in M. Lat. as iringus (see Sin b: yringus); the genitive singular iringi is used as a lemma in the Alphita (Sin , n. ), cf. also the spelling yringi in Sin :. The same “fossilised” genitive form, yringi, is used in an O. Occ. text (see RPA ). Alternatively, it could be the plural of the O. Fr. iringe (see FEW :b). The second vernacular synonym given in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. panic(h)aut or O. Cat. panicau(t) for Eryngium campestre (RMM ; CB ,  [here we also find the identification of panicaut as the Lat. yringo]; DAO :; DECLC :a). The second vernacular synonym given in the Paris and Oxford MSS seems to correspond to the O. Cat. variant panical(t) (DECLC :b; DCVB :a; for the problem of the graphical representation of word final devoiced obstruents in O. Cat. see the introduction of this edition). For the identification of Arab. qirs. a#na as O. Cat. PNYQ"LT, . which is panicalt, cf. GHAT :. . åãø÷ 짧áå øâðë åà óùøë 䧧á øòøò ˘ or KNGR, o.l. QRDW #R#R, Arab. KRSP Hebrew #R#R means “juniper”, Juniperus oxycedrus and Juniperus phoenicea (KB ; BM ; AEY :; FEB  ff.; FO  f.; FZ ; LF : f., ) and features in the Bible (e.g. in Jer :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in Tosefta Ketub :. Arabic har˘saf means “artichoke”, Cynara Scolymus L., or “cardoon”, ˘ Cynara cardunculus L. (cf. Ayin no.  and Qof no. ). Persian kangar means “artichoke” (VL :; D :) and also features in Arabic as kankar, “artichoke”, Cynara scolymus L. (WKAS :; M ; DT :).



shem tov, synonym list 

For the identification of Hebrew #R#R as Arabic and Persian kangar respectively, cf. RJ . The identification of Hebrew #R#R as Arabic har˘saf ˘ is probably based on the translation of øòøò with àúéáåëò in the Targum on Jer :, which was, in turn, identified as har˘saf (cf. Ayin no. ) ˘ åäå áåëòìà úåéáëòä (cf. RJ  and LF :). Cf. AT ,  f.: éîñé àúéáåëòë äáøòá øòøòë §âøú øòøò éîñé åäå øâðë (úåéáëòä is áåëòìà, and it is called kangar and it is [also] called ‘r#r [which is translated in the] Targum [of the verse] äáøòá øòøòë (Jer :) as: àúéáåëò). See as well IJ . For the vernacular term cardo see the entry Ayin no. . . 24ùáøåù 짧áå øåøòæ 䧧á ïéãøæåò ˘ #WZRDYN, Arab. Z#RWR, o.l. SWRB S˘ Hebrew #WZRDYN or #WZRRYN is the plural form of #WZRD or #WZRR meaning “medlar; hawthorn; crab apple; sorb apple; azarole”, Crataegus azarolus L., or Mespilus Azarolus All. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; DAS :, ; FM ; FZ  ff.; LA  f.:; LF :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil .. Arabic zu#r¯ur means “medlar; azarole” (L ; D :; DT :; M ; DAS :, ; ID :; LA :; LF :). The term features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is transcribed by N as: øåøòæ and translated by ˘ and in Maimonides’ On Asthma (III, ), where it Z as: éáøåù (SWRBY), is translated by Samuel Benveniste and Joshua Shatibi as: íéãøæåò/ïéãøæåò and transcribed as: íéøåøòæ by the anonymous translator (cf. BMA ). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM  f.:), see as well Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. plural form sorbas (RMA ; PSW :a; DAO :), which is Sorbus domestica L. It does not seem to be O. Cat., because in O. Cat. we could only find forms such as cerbes, sserbes or the like (see DECLC :b ff.); see also the Romance ˘ (O. Cat.) term SYRWY S˘ which features as the synonym for Arab. zu#r¯ur (in Magdalena Nom de Déu’s edition Z#RWD) in GHAT :.

24 ùáøåù: ùàáøåù

VO

ayin



. 26éîùìá åìéù 짧áå ïàñìá ãåò 䧧á 25óè÷ éöò ˘ ˘ #S. Y QTP, BLSMY . Arab. #WD BLS"N, o.l. SYLW Hebrew #S. Y QTP . means “balsam tree”, Commiphora opobalsamum (cf. Gimel no.  above, Qof no.  below). Arabic #¯ud balas¯an designates the same plant (cf. Gimel no.  above, Qof no.  and Shin no.  below). For the identification of QTP . as balas¯an, cf. Gimel no.  above. The vernacular term corresponds to the Lat. xylobalsamum ‘wood of the balsam tree’ (NPRA , transcription of ξυλοβλσαμον, wood of Commiphora opobalsamum Endl.) in the genitive case in MS P. Cf. the Lat. form in SinB : xilobalsamum “lignum balsami et huiusmodi”. The variant given in MS P is documented as xilobalsami in an O. Occ. text from the th century (RPA ); see also the transcription into Hebrew ˘ ˘ as SYLW B"LSMY (PJP ). In O. Cat. we find the form xilobàlsam, documented for the first time in  (DCVB :b; DECLC :b), which is not reflected in our text. The variant in MS V most probably corresponds to xilobalsamum, where the -M is not spelt out. . 29àøè÷ìà 짧á 28ïàøè÷ 䧧á 27ïøèò #TRN, Arab. QTR"N, o.l. "LQTR" . . . Hebrew #TRN is “a sort of resin, tar” (JD ; LW :; SDA : Aram. . àðøèéò; KA :, :; DAS :; FEB ; KT :; LF :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab ., bShab b. Arabic qat. r¯an or qit. r¯an means “tar or liquid pitch”, that has been obtained by distilling the wood of different Coniferaceae (L ; D :; DT :; M ; DAS :) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ), where it is transcribed by N as: ïàøèé÷ and by Z as: ïøèéò. For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). The vernacular term is the O. Cat. alquitrà for “substància resinosa de color nerenc o vermell” (i.e., resinous substance of blackish or red colour) 25 óè÷: óèM P 26 éîùìá: åîàùìá 27 ïøèò: ïøèéò O 28 ïàøè÷: ïàøèé÷

V

O

29 àøè÷ìà: àøèé÷ìà

O



shem tov, synonym list 

(DCVB :a), documented for the first time in  (DECLC :b). In O. Occ., we only find the spelling with final n, a form which also existed in O. Cat.: alquitran for ‘tar’ (RMM ; RL :a–b; DAO :; DCVB :b; FEW :a–b). In addition to this, we also find (in both languages) forms without the agglutinated Arabic article, such as quitra(n) (FEW loc. cit.; DAO loc. cit.; DECLC loc. cit.). For the identification of Arab. qat. r¯an or qit. r¯an as O. Cat. alquitrà cf. GHAT :, where we find the O. Cat. term in the Latin column transcribed as "LQYTR". . . 31éæìù 짧áå 30óàöôö åà áøâ 䧧á äáøò ˘ #RBH, Arab. GRB or S. PS. "P, o.l. SLZY Hebrew #RBH features in the Bible (e.g. Lev :, Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. mSuk ., bSuk a, and designates “willow” (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA : Aram. àúáøò; KA :; BM ; AEY :; DAS : n. , ; FEB  ff.; FM ; FZ  ff.; KT :; LF : ff.; M ). Arabic g˙arab means ) in general “willow”, and particularly the species Salix babylonica L. (L ; D :; DT :; M ; DAS :,  n. , ; :) or ) “poplar”, Populus Euphratica Oliv. (FEB ; LA :; LF :). Arabic s. afs. a¯f designates the plant Salix safsaf Forsk. (D :; DT :; M ; DAS :; :, , ; FEB ; LA :; LF : f.). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: ìò íéáøòë øéöç ïéáá åçîöå íéî éìáé (and they shall sprout like grass, like willows by watercourses): àîìà ìéàã§â éìò áøâìàë ùéùçìà ïéá ïî ïåúáðéå (DS ), and Ibn Jan¯ ah. on Lev : Z*H* ) 5 l ìçð éáøò (IJ ). Cf. as well MCS : and WB . The vernacular term in the Vatican MS seems to represent the O. Cat. sal(t)ze for ‘salix’, documented for the first time in  (DECLC :a). The variant given in the Oxford MS may represent the same O. Cat. word (for the representation of the voiced /z/ by the Hebrew letter Dalet, also see the entries Alef  and Gimel  and the introduction to this edition). In O. Occ., we only find the forms sautz, sauze or sause with a shift of the syllable final liquid to a velar off glide after back vowels, a phenomenon which is common in Gallo-Romance (FEW :b; DAO :–; 30 óàöôö: óöôö O 31 éæìù: éãìù O éåìù

P

ayin



RL :a–b; CB , , , , ; RMM ). The spelling with Waw in the Paris MS seems to be corrupt. Cf. GHAT : for the identification of Arab. s. afs. a¯f (without Alef ˘ in the Hebrew transcription) as the O. Cat. sal(t)ze transcribed as S"LZY. . äãàðéô 34äèàø 짧áå 33ùàôåë åà 32äùàøô 䧧á óìèò ˘ or KWP" S, ˘ o.l. R" TH #TLP, Arab. PR" SH . . PYN"DH Hebrew #TLP . means “bat”, Chiroptera (KB ; JD ; LW :,  f.; KA :; BM ; BAL  ff.; BH index, s.v.; FAB ; Low LXVIII: “mole”; LZ  ff.) and features in the Bible (Lev :; Is :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. bSanh b. Arabic far¯a˘sa means “moth” (L ; D :; JAD : ff.; StS ) and Arabic huff¯a˘s means “bat” (L ; BK  f.; JAD : ff.; StS  f.). ˘ features as: YH{ Š7W (brain of a bat) in Maimonides’ The latter term Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ), where it is translated by N as: óìèòä çåî. For the identification as huff¯a˘s, cf. Sa#adya on Lev : äãéñçä úàå ˘ óìèòä úàå úôéëåãä úàå äðéîì äôðàä (the stork; herons of every variety; the hoopoe, and the bat): ùàô§ëìàå ããäìàå àäôàðöàì àâáâáìàå ø÷öìàå (S ), and IJ ; see as well SF :: óàù§ëìà (= ùàô§ëìà). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. rat(t)a pen(n)ada for ‘bat’ (RMA ; CB , , ; RMA ; DCVB :a; RL :b; DECLC :a; FEW :a). . 36ñì 짧áå 35äèåùðà 䧧á äáéðò ˘ TH, #NYBH, Arab. "NSW . o.l. LS Hebrew #NYBH means “fastening with a loop, necktie” (JD ; LW :; SD  (Aram.); KA :,  s.v. äåðò; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bShab a in a Halakhic discussion about different kinds of knots and whether they fall under the category of “labour” with regard to the Sabbath. Arabic un˘su¯ t. a designates “a knot tied with a bow, or with a double bow, so as to form a kind of slip-knot” (L ; D :). For the identification,

32 äùàøô: àùàøô V 33 ùàôåë: ùôàðë O ùåôåø

V

34 äãàðéô äèàø: äãàðô àèàø 35 äèåùðà: àèåùðà VO 36 ñì: ñàì

VO

O àãàðéô àèàø V



shem tov, synonym list 

cf. ShM  ff.: äàîñîìà éäå [ . . . ]äèåðù éðòà éø§ëà óöðå äã÷ò øáúéùîå äáéðò (øáúéùîå a knot and the other half is called äèåðù [for äèåðù as a possible variant reading of un˘su¯ t. a, cf. D :, s.v. IF] and it is called äáéðò). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. lac, laz, latz or the O. Cat. llaç for ‘loop, bow, slipknot’ (RMA ; FEW :a; RL :b; DECLC :b). For the palatalization of word initial liquids, see the introduction. . äéøö÷ 䧧á õéöò #S. YS. , Arab. QS. RYH Hebrew #S. YS. means “a common earthen vessel, especially a flower pot” (JD ; LW :, ; SD ; SDA  f. s.v. àöéöà: “a type of pot”; KA :, :; BM ; BKH  f.; DAS :; FH  f., , , ; KT :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKet ., bGit a. Arabic qas. riyya is “an earthen vase for plants, a flower pot, a chamber pot” (D :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :): ïî—áå[÷ð õéöòî] äáå÷§úî (äéøö÷ =) äéãö÷ (cf. SAM :), LO Perushim on bGit b, p. . According to the Arukh (KA :), the Arabic equivalent is õéöà (= V,3&). Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) remarks that it is a dirty earthen vessel (äø§ã÷ øà§ëô §äéðà éä). . 37àìéúø 䧧á áåùëò ˘ #KSWB, Arab. RTYL" ˘ The meaning of Hebrew #KSWB is uncertain. It can mean “a species of spider, tarantula” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; FAB ; LFa  f.; LZ ) or “horned viper or adder”, Cerastes cornutus (KB ; BAL ; LFa  f.) and features in the Bible (Ps :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. Tos. Par. IX, . Arabic rutayl¯a designates the spider species phalangium or tarantula (L ; D :; DT :; JAD : f. s.v. rutayl¯a; StS ). ¯ (ST ): åîë íðåùì åððù For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ps : äìñ åîéúôù úçú áåùëò úîç ùçð (They sharpen their tongues like serpents;

37 àìéúø: äìéúø

V

ayin



spiders’ poison is on their lips): äìé§úøìà §äéðçå äééçìàë íäðñìà àåðñà ã÷å àãîøñ íäéúôù úçú, and IJ ; see as well Jephet ben #Eli on the same Psalm.38 . 39úåáëðò 䧧á ùéáëò ˘ Arab. #NKBWT #KBYS, Hebrew #KBYS˘ means “spider” (KB ; JD ; KA :; BM  f.; BH index s.v.; FAB ; LZ ) and features in the Bible (Is :, Job :). Arabic #ankab¯ut means “spider” (L ; BH , ; JAD : ff.; KSZ  f.:; StS  f.) or “a spider-web” (D :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Job :: ùéáëò úéáå åìñë èå÷é øùà åçèáî (Whose confidence is a thread of gossamer, whose trust is a spider’s web): ä÷àúéî úåáëðòìà úéáå ,äðàìëú ñîùìà ìáç é§ãìà (SJ ); IJ . See as well MCS :. . áå÷øò 䧧á 40áå÷øò #RQWB, Arab. #RQWB Hebrew #RQWB, also spelt #RKB, means “hough, ham, the inner part of the knee” or “the inner angle of the joint which unites the thigh and the leg of an animal” (JD ; LW :; SDA : Aram. àîå÷øò; KA : f., :; BM  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mBekh ., bBekh a. Arabic #urq¯ub is “the tendo Achillis, the heel tendon” or “the hock tendon” (L ; DKT ; FAL :; HA ). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :) on mTam .: åá÷åð àìà åá äìåúå åáåëøò êåúî ([He did not use to break the leg], but he made a hole in it at the joint, and suspended it from there): áå÷øò ìâø ìù êáåñì §éô (The calf of the leg is called #urq¯ub in Arabic).

38 Kit¯ ab al-zab¯ur. Libri Psalmorum David Regis et Prophetae. Versio à R. Yapheth ben Heli Bassorensi Karaitâ, auctore decimi seculi, arabicè concinnita. Ed. by J.J.L. Bargès, Paris , p. . 39 úåáëðò: ùåáëðò V 40 áå÷øò: áe÷øò P



shem tov, synonym list 

. 41ì§öò 䧧á íé÷øåò #WRQYM, Arab. ‘DL . Hebrew #WRQYM features in the Bible, namely in Job : as: é÷øòå in the sense of “(my pains) gnaw away” (cf. KB  f.), but was subsequently interpreted as referring to “nerves” (KB ibid.), or to “vessels” (cf. Dunash ben Labrat, Teshuvot, s.v. é÷øòå: òîùîë íéãéâä íä úéáøòä ïåùìá).42 In medieval literature, the term #WRQ features in the sense of “vein; artery” (BM  f., Low LXVIII; PB ) after Arabic  /, but also in the sense of “muscle” (KTP :) after Arabic 0J/ (cf. Efros, Philosophical Terms, p. ). Arabic #adal . means “muscles” (L ; DKT , , ; FAL :). For the identification of #WRQ as #adal, . cf. Samuel ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Dal¯alat al-h¯ . a"ir¯ın (Guide of the Perplexed) :.43 For the identification of Hebrew íé÷øåò as Arabic ÷åøò, see MCS :. ïåáëùé àì

. 44éëøë 䧧á øåâò #GWR, Arab. KRKY Hebrew #GWR means “crane”, Grus grus (KB ; BM  f.; BH s.v. index; FAB ; LZ ) and features in the Bible, e.g. in Is :. Arabic kurk¯ı designates the same bird (WKAS :; BK ; KSZ :;  f.:; StS  f.). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: äâäà óöôöà ïë øåâò ñåñë äðåéë (I piped like a swift or a swallow, I moaned like a dove): §§äéðåðñìàëå íàîçìàë øãäàå õåöåà êà§ãë éëøëìà åà (DS ; RT ). In his explanation of Jer :: øåâòå ñéñå øåúå (And the turtle dove, swift and crane) Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ  f.) wrongly translates øåâò as: ZM{ @) ,B%, following the Targum: àúéðåðñå àéëøåëå àðéðáùå (which swaps around the swift and the crane). 41 ì§öò: ìöò VO 42 Teshuvot de Dunash

Ben Labrat. Critical edition with Spanish translation by A. Sáenz-Badillos, Granada , pp. –; see as well Efros, Philosophical Terms, p. : “÷øåò muscle is, according to Dunash, classical Hebrew and Rashi on Job . accepts this view (note Louis Ginzberg)”. 43 Dal¯ alat al-h¯ . a"ir¯ın. Arabic text established by S. Munk and edited with variant readings by I. Joel, Jerusalem –, p. , l. ; Hebrew translation by Samuel Ibn Tibbon (Moreh Nevukhim), ed. Ibn Shmuel, Jerusalem , p. . 44 éëøë: àæøâ (cf. no. ) V

ayin



. 46äæøâ 䧧á 45äåðò #NWH, Arab. GRZH Hebrew #NWH or #NBH means “stalk of grapes; crop” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPeah . (JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA : Aram. àúáðéò; KA :; BM ; FH , n. , ; KT :). Arabic g˘urza means “sheaf; bundle” (L ; D :). Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned explains the term #NWH as: §äáà§âà (“answer”) and the variant #NBH as: §äáç (“grain”) (MK :). . 47àìáì 짧áå äàäì 䧧á ïåøâä úìøò #RLT HGRWN, Arab. LH"H, o.l. LBL" Hebrew #RLT HGRWN means “uvula” (KA :, s.v. éáåñà; BM ) and features in medieval literature, for instance, in R. Hananel’s explana. tion of the term à÷åðé éáåñà (cf. JD ; SDA ; LO Perushim on bShab a, p. ). This term features in a Halakhic discussion in bShab a concerning the question whether one may cause a newborn baby to vomit by putting its finger into its mouth on the Sabbath, or whether this is to be considered as equal to the administration of an emetic, which is forbidden on the Sabbath. Arabic lah¯at has the same meaning (D :; WKAS : ff.; DKT , ; FAL :) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by Z as: àìåáåà ("WBWL") and transcribed by N as: äàäì. The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ. leula ‘uvula’, documented for the first time in th century Provence (FEW :a–b). The variant given in the Vatican MS might be read as something like O. Occ. *liuoleta, *libuleta, *liboleta or similar, since, in Mod. Occ., we find the form liboureto and, in Provençal, niouletto with the same meaning (see FEW loc. cit.; note that the shift from a liquid to a vibrant and vice versa is a very frequent type of variation in Romance). Cf. the Hebrew fragment of Macer Floridus, where we find the form LW" T", . interpreted as the O. Occ. lueta, as another variant meaning ‘uvula’ (MF –, ). 45 äæøâ 䧧á äåðò: om. 46 äæøâ: cf. no.  V 47 àìáì: àìáéì

V

O àèéìåàáéì V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 49à§âåøéà 짧áå 48ä÷ìò 䧧á à÷øò ˘ ‘RQ’, Arab. #LQH, o.l. "YRWG" Aramaic ‘RQ’ means “leech”, Hirudo medicinalis, and features, in addition to various synonym forms such as #LWQH, #LQH, ‘LQ’, ‘LQT’, in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bBekh b, bAZ b (KB ; JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :; :; BM ; BH s.v. index; LZ ). Arabic #alaqa has the same meaning (L ; D :; JAD :; StS ; cf. as well Nun no. ). For the identification, cf. EG  n.  and KA :. The vernacular term is the singular of the word in entry Nun . . øáâà 䧧á éøôò #PRY, Arab. "GBR Hebrew #PRY means “dusty, dirty, earth-like” (BM ; EM ; KTP :) and features in medieval literature, for instance, in Bahya . ibn Paquda’s On the Duties of the Heart, Hebrew translation: Judah ibn Tibbon, Sefer Hovot ha-Levavot, as úåéøôò úåôåâ for Arabic: äééáàøú íàñ§âà.50 . Arabic a˙gbar means “dust-coloured” (L ; cf. as well Tet . no. ). . àäéô òøæé éãìà 52ïéúàñáìà 51§õàåçà 䧧á úåâåøò #RWGWT, Arab. " HW" . D. "LBS"TYN "LDY YZR# PYH" Hebrew #RWGH, plur. #RWGWT, means “planting area; garden bed” (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM  f.; DAS :, , ; FH , ; KT :, ). The term features in the Bible (e.g. in Ez :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil .. Arabic ahw¯ . ad. al-bas¯at¯ın allad¯ı yuzra#u f¯ıh¯a means “garden beds in ¯ (for ahw¯ad see L ). which someone grows [vegetables]” . . For the identification of Hebrew #RWGWT as Arabic ahw¯ . ad, . cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above: òøæú äòáøî §õàåçà úàð§âìà éô ìîòú úåâåøò éîñúú éúìà éäå ,ø§ö§ëìà àäéô ([if] you make square garden beds to grow vegetables in them, they are called #RWGWT) (MK :). 48 ä÷ìò: à÷ìò VO 49 à§âåøéà: éâåøà O àâåøéà 50 51 52

V Ed. A. Zifroni, Jerusalem , p. . §õàåçà: õàåçà V, om. O ïéúàñáìà: ïéúñáìà VO

ayin



. àãéèéô àùàã 54éìåô 짧áå ïàãâðà 䧧á 53úéúìçä ïìéà éìò ˘ PYTYD" #LY "YLN HHLTYT, Arab. "NGD"N, o.l. PWLY D" S" . . Hebrew #LY "YLN HHLTYT designates the leaves of the plant Ferula . asafoetida L., “asafedita fennel” (for HLTYT see. Het . . no.  above) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in Tos. AZ . as: ìù èøå÷ ïéç÷åì ïéà íå÷î ìëî ç÷ð äìòäå äçîåîä ïî àìà úéúìç (one may only take drops of asafoetida from a specialist [as they are poisonous] but its leaves may be taken from anywhere).55 Arabic an˘gud¯an or an˘gud¯an is Ferula asafoetida and, according to ¯ Names, the “leaves of asafetida” (cf. He Maimonides’ Glossary of Drug  above). For the identification of HLTYT as an˘gud¯an, cf. Maimonides on . mTevul . (MK :): úéúìçìà ïî òåð ìöà àåäå ïàã§âðàìà ñåìéàäå; see as well EG . The vernacular term in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. folh/full d’as(s)afetida, literally ‘leaf of asafetida’. The variant PYYWL" given in the Oxford MS clearly shows a diphthong in the first syllable and must be read as O. Occ. fuelha/fue(i)lla/foilla (RL :b; DAO :–). For further comments on folh/fulh and as(s)afetida (including the variant in MS P), see He  and Het . . ˘ PTYD" For the identification of Arab. an˘gud¯an or an˘gud¯an as " S" . ¯ (found in the Latin column), cf. GHAT :. . 56äå÷ì 䧧á äôä úååò #WWT HPH, Arab. LQWH Hebrew #WWT HPH means “facial paresis” and features in medieval literature, namely in Shabbetai Donnolo’s Sefer Hakhmoni (following . BM ). Arabic laqwa means “paralysis of the facial nerve, facial paresis, paralysis of one side of the face, crooked mouth” (WKAS : ff.; SN ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, ) and is translated by Z as: äôä úååò and transcribed by N as: äå÷ì (cf. as

53 úéúìçä: úéúìúçä O 54 àãéèéô àùàã éìåô: àãéèéô àùàã àìåééô O äãéèàô äâàã éìåô 55 Ed. M.S. Zuckermandel, repr. Jerusalem , p. . 56 äå÷ì: äàå÷àì

V

P



shem tov, synonym list 

well for further references KZ ). In Book  of the Sefer ha-Shimmush (MS Paris BN héb. , fol. a), Shem Tov uses the unattested úééèð äôä as a translation of the Arabic laqwa. See as well: Bos, G., Isaac Todros on facial paresis (forthcoming: Koroth). . ïàãéò éìò åà èéàç éìò äòôúøîìà äéìàãìà åäå ùéøòìà åä 57ñéøò #RYS, i.e. "L#RYS˘ and that is a vine climbing against a wall or a [wooden frame] Hebrew #RYS means “arbour, espalier” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mPeah . and mKil . (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ; KT :). Arabic #ar¯ı˘s means “trellis of a grape vine; structure made for a grape vine of sticks or pieces of wood in the form of a roof, upon which are put the branches or shoots of the vine; structure made for grape vine to rise upon it” (L ). The explanation of the term ñéøò is a literal quotation from Maimonides on mKil . (MK :): äòôúøîìà äéìàãìà åäå ùéøòìà åä ñéøòå ïàãéò éìò åà èéàç éìò. . ïé§âòìà 58§äðô§â 䧧á äáéøò ˘ ˘ #RYBH, Arab. GPNH "L#GYN Hebrew #RYBH means “trough, tub, kneading trough” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShebi . (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM  f.; BKH ,  ff., ,  f., , , , , , ; KT :, , , , ,  n. ,  n. , :, , , ). Arabic g˘afnat al-#a˘g¯ın means “kneading bowl” (L  f., ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :): ïé§âòìà §äîô§â :äáéøòå; cf. EG : ïéîë õò éìë §ô ïãáåòä úáéøòå äðôâ úééèá éñøåáä úãåáòì àéäå äðéôñ (The tanners’ trough, that is, a wooden vessel that looks like a boat and that is used by the tanner, in Arab. g˘afnah) (cf. mKel .).

57 ïàãéò éìò åà èéàç éìò äòôúøîìà äéìàãìà åäå ùéøòìà åä ñéøò: àåäå ùéøòìà àåä ñéøò ïàãéò éìò åà úéàç éìò àòôúøîìà àééìàãìà O éìò åà ùéàç éìò äìàãìà àåäå ñéøòìà àåä ñéøò ïàãéà V 58 ïé§âòìà §§äðô§â: ïéâòìà äðôâ VO

ayin



. 59øáåðöìà áùë 䧧á ïîù éöò ˘ ˘ "LS. NWBR #S. Y SMN, Arab. KSB ˘ ˘ Hebrew #S. SMN, plur. #S. Y SMN, designates “pine wood”, Pinus halepensis, and features in the Bible (e.g. in Is :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mRH . (KB , ; JD , ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; DAS : f., , ; FEB  ff.; FM ; FO  f.; FZ : Elaeagnus Angustifolius L.; LF : f.). Arabic ha˘sab as. -s. anawbar has the same meaning (DT :; M ; LF : ff.).˘ For the identification, cf. KA :: ïéî ñðâ ìàòîùé ïåùì §éô ïîù õò ˘ øáåðöìà (#S. SMN is a kind of as. -s. anawbar) and SID :. Sa#adya (DS ; RT ) translates the term in the biblical verse mentioned as: ãåò ˘ ïäãìà. The plur. #S. Y SMN features in mRH . but is not commented upon by Maimonides. . íøëìà ìåöàì 61øôç 䧧á íéðôâì 60úåéâåò #WGYWT LGPNYM, Arab. HPR L" S. WL "LKRM . Hebrew #WGYH, plur. #WGYWT, means “a cavity dug around a tree” and #WGYWT LGPNYM means “cavities dug for grape-vines” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mMQ . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; FH  f.). Arabic hufar li-us. u¯ l al-karm means “cavities for the roots of grape vine” . (for Arabic hufar cf. L  and for Arabic karm cf. WKAS : f. and . DT :). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK : f.) who explains #WGYWT LGPNYM as: ø§âùìà ìåöà ìåç øôçé àîìà àäéô òîú§âé §õàåçà (he digs holes around the roots of a tree to gather water in them).

59 øáåðöìà: øáåðéöìà 60 úåéâåò: úÇéâeò P 61 øôç: øôò

O

V



shem tov, synonym list 

. äéðàôùã 62àøéè 짧áå ìôè 䧧á ãøôñ øôò ˘ #PR SPRD, Arab. TPL, o.l. TYR" DSP"NYH . . Hebrew #PR SPRD literally means “earth from Spain” and possibly refers to a kind of fuller’s earth used for dyeing clothes. The term does not feature in secondary literature, but may have been coined by Shem Tov as the equivalent for the Arabic t. afl. In Rabbinic literature the term ìåç was possibly used for “fuller’s earth” (KT :,  n. ). Arabic t. afl means “fuller’s earth, which is used for scouring cloth, and is sometimes used in the bath, instead of soap; a certain yellow earth, well known in Egypt, with which cloths are dyed” (L ; cf. as well M : t. afl t. ulait. ul¯ı “Saponaria earth of Toledo”). The vernacular term is most probably to be read as O. Occ. *terra d’Espanha or O. Cat. *terra d’Espanya, literally for ‘earth from Spain’, in correspondence with the Hebrew term (this compound expression is not documented in our sources). In Med. Latin, we find the term terra hyspanica for ‘terra sigillata’ (cf. Sin , n. ), translated into Spanish as greda de Spanna [read: Espanna] (Sin :). O. Sp. greda designates a “tierra bituminosa y muy blanca” (i.e., bituminous and very white soil) (DETEMA :c). . 63ùàéñôùà 짧áå øé÷à÷ò 䧧á ïéø÷éò ˘ #YQRYN, Arab. #Q"QYR, o.l. " SPSY" S˘ Hebrew #YQR, plur.#YQRYN, means “root; essence; essential portion; major part; main object” and features in the Bible (Job :), Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (KB ; JD  f.; LW : f.; SD ; SDA ; KA : f.; BM  ff.), and medieval philosophical literature (KTP : f.). The term features with the meaning “the root of a plant which is used medically”, for instance, as: ïéø÷éò ñåë (a “rootdrink” as a contraceptive) in Tos. Yeb . (cf. KA :; BM ). Arabic #aqq¯ar, plur. #aq¯aq¯ır, means “a simple, a drug; any of the elements of medicines; what is used medically of plants and of their roots” (L ). For the identification, cf. Qiz. z. ur al-Kafi (AQ, fol. a): åä ïéø÷éòä ñåë [ . . . ] øîëìàá áøùúå ÷ãúå éåñ àé§ãâà øé÷à÷ò òîâú ïà (a “root drink”, i.e.

62 äéðàôùã àøéè: àééðàôùàã àøéè O äéðàô"ùD àøéè P àééðàôùéã àøøéè 63 ùàéñôùà: ùàééöéôùà O ùàé"ñô"ù"à P ùàéùéôùéà V

V

ayin



collect either roots or foods, pound them and drink them in wine [ . . . ]). Cf. as well ShM  f., s.v. ÷øé. The vernacular term is the plural of the O. Occ. especia for ‘spice’, according to RPA, which quotes the DDS: “épices ou espèces; [ . . . ] médicaments préscrits par le médecin et dont le pharmacien fait la dispensation” (i.e., spices or species; medicines prescribed by the physician and prepared and dispensed by the pharmacist; RPA , ; for the O. Cat. form espècia see DECLC :b). Von Wartburg points out that in Late Lat. species was often used with the meaning ‘drugs, spices’ (FEW :b). . 64óðàìà óøè 䧧á íèåçä õ÷åò #WQS. HHW Arab. TRP "L"NP . TM, . . Hebrew #WQS. HHW . TM . literally means “end, point of the nose” (JD , ; BM –, –) and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic t. arf al-anf (cf. below). Arabic t. arf al-anf, literally “end, extremity of the nose” (L , ), designates “the wing of the nose” (FAL :). . 67àéùáà÷ 짧áå 66§âøèéù 䧧á 65ìãò ˘ TR ˘ o.l. Q"BSY" ˘ #DL, Arab. SY . G, Hebrew #DL or "DL means “peppergrass, cress”, Lepidium latifolium L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mUqz . (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; AEY :; DAS : f.; FM ; LF : f.). Arabic ˘s¯ıt. ara˘g designates the same plant (DT :; M ). For the identification, cf. EG : âøèéñ (à)åä àìãò, and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :). The vernacular term is most probably to be read as capsia; the variant in MS V seems to be corrupt. See the index to the Latin translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s Kit¯ab al-Q¯an¯un, quoted in Sin b: “Seitaragiem herba similis nasturcio, i. capsia;” “Setaragi, i. capsia”. Cf. also Sin :. Without any doubt, seitaragiem and setaragi represent the Arabic term discussed above, whereas DuC interprets capsia as “Indicum piper” 64 óðàìà: óàðàìà O óøàìà V 65 ìãò: ìAò P :àéùáà÷ 짧áå §âøèéù 䧧á ìãò 66 §âøèéù: âøèéù V 67 àéùáà÷: äàãéùáà÷ V

om. O



shem tov, synonym list 

(:a). According to the Alphita, capsia is an unknown plant or root which features in the Viaticum Konstantini, see CA  who also states that capsia is Sambucus ebulus L. It is not clear whether capsia has, at least in some texts, been confused with t(h)apsia, see CA loc. cit. and Sin , n. . ˘ Also cf. the Hebrew spelling Q"BSY"H of the term documented in the Latin column and identified as Arab. ˘s¯ıt. ara˘g in GHAT :.

PE . 1ù÷åúùô 짧áå ÷úñô 䧧á íé÷úñô ˘ PSTQYM, Arab. PSTQ, o.l. PSTWQ S˘ Hebrew PSTQ, plur. PSTQYM, from Middle Iranian pistak (cf. SDA ), means “pistachio, pistachio nut”, Pistacia vera L. (JD  f.; LW :; SD ; SDA  f.: Aram. à÷úñéô; KA :, :; AEY :; FE ; FO ; LF : ff.; LA  ff.:; cf. as well Bet no.  above) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bGit a. Arabic fustuq or fustaq designates the same plant (L ; D :; DT :; M ; ID :; LA :) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides On Asthma (III, ; cf. BMA ) and is transcribed by Samuel Benveniste as: ÷úñô. For the identification of the Aramaic form à÷úñéô, cf. LO Perushim on bGit a, p. : ä÷úñåô éáøò ïåùìá àåäå à÷úñéô. The vernacular term is the plural of O. Occ. or O. Cat. festuc(h) for ‘pistachio’ (DAO :; PSW :a; RPA ; FEW :a; DECLC :b; AdV ). In O. Occ., the term is documented for the first time in  (DAO loc. cit.). For the identification of Arab. fustuq/fustaq as O. Cat. festuchs, cf. AdV , ; cf. also GHAT where we find, for Romance (O. Cat.), the ˘ singular PSTWQ identified as the same Arabic term (GHAT :). . àãåø 짧áå 2áàãñ 䧧á éñãøô íâéô PYGM PRDSY, Arab. SD"B, o.l. RWD" Hebrew PYGM, from Greek πγανον (KG :; LS ), designates the herb “rue”, Ruta graveolens L. and Chalepensis L. (JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram. àðâéô; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :; FM ; LA  ff.:; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil .. PYGM PRDSY means “garden rue” and is probably a loan translation of Arabic sad¯ab bust¯an¯ı that features, for instance, in Maimonides’ ¯ 1 ù÷åúùô: ù÷åèùô O 2 áàãñ: áãñ V



shem tov, synonym list 

Glossary of Drug Names no. , where it is identified as the Romance r¯ut. a (cf. the Arabic text in Me ; cf. as well DT :). Arabic sad¯ab designates the same plant as Hebrew PYGM (cf. L  f.; D :; DT¯ :; M ; ID :) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, , ) and is translated by N as: àãåø/äãåø (RWDH/RWD") and by Z as: äèåø/íâéô (PYGM/RWTH). . For the identification of PYGM as sad¯ab, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), ¯ mentioned above (MK :). EG , and Maimonides on the Mishnah The vernacular term ruda is O. Occ. or O. Cat., meaning “rue” as well. The word is documented for the first time in the th century (CB ; RMA ; RM , , , , , , ; RMM , , , , ; FEW :a; DAO :; RL :b; DECLC :b). For the identification of Arab. sad¯ab as O. Cat. ruda, cf. AdV ,  and GHAT :; in the latter, the¯ transcription of the Romance term (O. Cat.) into Hebrew characters corresponds to that of our MSS. . 4àéùôàè 짧áå 3àéñôà§ú 䧧á äãù íâéô ˘ ˘ PYGM SDH, Arab. T"PSY", o.l. T"P . SY" ¯ Hebrew äã× íâéô means “wild rue” (Peganum Harmala L. or Haplophyllum Buxbaumii (Poir.) Don.) (cf. Zayin no.  above). Arabic t¯afsiy¯a designates the plant Thapsia garganica L., “false fennel, ¯ bastard turpeth” (cf. Zayin no.  above). For the identification, cf. Zayin no.  above. For the vernacular term, see Zayin no.  as well. . 6ùâùéøô 짧áå êåë 䧧á 5÷ñøô ˘ S˘ PRSQ, Arab. KWK, o.l. PRYSG Hebrew PRSQ, from Greek Περσικν (KG :; LS ), means “peach, peach tree”, Prunus persica Sieb. et Zucc. (JD  f.; LW :; SD ; SDA  (Aram.: à÷ñøôà); KA :, :; FE ; FM ; LA : f.; LF : ff.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil ., bBM b.

3 àéñôà§ú: àéùôàú O äàéñàôàú V 4 àéùôàè: àéùôè VO 5 ÷ñøô: êñøô O 6 ùâùéøô: ùéâéùéøô

O ùâ"ùéV"t P ùéâéùøéô V

pe



Arabic hawh has the same meaning (L ; D : f.; DT :; M ; ID :).˘ ˘ For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and Maimonides’ commentary on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). The vernacular term in the Paris MS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. plural form pressex or préssecs for ‘peaches’ (CB ; DCVB :a). The variant in the Vatican MS represents the O. Occ. or O. Cat. persegues (PSW :b; DAO :; DECLC :a), and the variant in the Oxford MS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. pressegues or precegues (DAO :; RMA ; RM ; PSW :b–b; FEW :; DECLC :a; also cf. the O. Occ. singular presega in RMM ). For other O. Occ. and O. Cat. variants derived from the Lat. PERSICUM, see entry Alef . For the identification of the Romance term with the Arabic word mentioned above, cf. LF :, LA :. . íçììà 8äøåôæ 䧧á øùáä 7ìåâô ˘ Arab. ZPWRH "LLHM PGWL HBSR, . Hebrew PGWL means “abomination, esp. of an improper sacrifice” (cf. KB ; JD ; LW : f.; KA : f.; BM ). ø×áä ìåâô means “unclean meat”. In the Bible (Ez :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bHul . b, we find the combination ìåâô ø×á “unclean meat”. Arabic ZPWRH (= ZPRH) is derived from zafira or dafira meaning “having or emitting a pungent or strong odour or smell,¯ whether sweet or stinking” (L ; D :). The term ZPWRH "LLHM means “the . stinking of meat”. For the identification of the plural form PGWLYM as zafar, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: íäéìë íéìåâô (÷øîå =) ÷øôå øéæçä øùá íéìëàä (Who eat the flesh of swine, with broth of unclean things in their bowls): íçì äáù ïåìëàéå ah. (IJ ) explains øôæìà ÷àøîà ì§úî íäúéðàå øéæð§ëìà (DS ). Ibn Jan¯ the term PGWL as  (“badness, sordidness”), and David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) states that it is z or ^) [7 (“loathsome, repulsive”), according to others.

7 ìåâô: ìåâéô V 8 íçììà äøåôæ: íçììà àøåôæ

O íåçììà øåôæ V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 9ùåçå 䧧á íéàøô PR"YM, Arab. WHW . S˘ Hebrew PR", plur. PR"YM, means ) “wild ass”, Equus hemionus hemihippus, or ) “savage, cruel” (KB  f.; JD ; BM  f.; BAL ; BH s.v. index; DAS :; FAB ) and features in the Bible (Gen :; Is :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. Gen.R. on Gen :. Arabic wah˘ . s, plur. wuh¯ . u˘s, is a collective notion for “wild animals” (L ; BK ). For him¯ a r al-wah˘ . . s, cf. Ayin no. . For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ps :: åøáùé éãù åúéç ìë å÷ùé àäùèò ùåçåìà àäá øñëú àøçöìà ïàåéç òéî§â é÷ñú :íàîö íéàøô (giving drink to all the wild beasts; the wild asses slake their thirst) (ST ). See as well IJ ; SF :. . äáàöò 䧧á 10íì÷øô PRQLM, Arab. ‘S. "BH Hebrew PRQLM features in the plural form ïéîéì÷øô or ïéðéì÷øô in Rabbinic literature in the sense of ) “leggings, greaves” (JD , s.v. ïéîéð÷øô/ïéîéì÷øô; KT :, n.  s.v. ïéîéð÷øô; cf. Greek περικνμις: “covering for the leg, gaiter”) (LS ), and ) “gloves” (KA :, s.v. ïì÷øô; LW :, s.v. ïéì÷øô: cf. Greek περικλυμμα “covering, garment” (LS ); KG :). The term features in the sense of “gloves” as íéðåì÷øô in EG , for instance, where it is explained as: øåòî óë ïéîë (“a kind of leather glove, [used namely by hunters]”) or as ãåöì íäù úåúùøå íéìëä (“objects and nets used for hunting”), and in mKel ., where it is explained by Maimonides as æàô÷ìà (“gloves”). It features in mKel . in the sense of “leggings”, where it is explained by Maimonides as úàæàô÷ìà (“gloves”). However, the Arukh (KA : s.v. ïîì÷øô) explains the term as: øáã åúçãô åá ìúçîù (“something wound around the head; head band”), and following the Arukh the Tosafist Samson of Sens (th century) explains it in the same way. This meaning of the term is quoted in JD  and is adopted by Levy (LW :) as: “Binden, bes. Stirnbinden” (bandages, especially bandages for the brow). Shem Tov probably uses the term in the medical sense of “bandage”, conforming with the Arabic #is. a¯ba.

9 ùåçå: ùåçð

V

10 íì÷øô: emendation

editors íìOA"ô P íì÷ãô VO

pe



Arabic #is. a¯ba means “bandage, a thing with which a head is bound or wound round” (L ; D :). The term features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XV, ), where it is translated by N as: óéòö and transcribed by Z as: äáöò. . áéàöò 䧧á 11ïéîéì÷øô PRQLYMYN, Arab. ‘S. "YB For Hebrew PRQLYMYN, plur. of PRQLYM, cf. Pe no.  above. For Arabic #is. a¯ba, plur. #as. a¯"ib, cf. Pe no.  above. . 14àøâãåô 짧áå 13ñø÷ð 䧧á 12àøâãô PDGR", Arab. NQRS, o.l. PWDGR" Hebrew PDGR", from Greek ποδγρα (LS ; KG :), means “gout in the feet, sore foot” (JD ; LW :; KA :; Low LXXI; PB  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bSot a. Arabic niqris means “arthritis, or gout, or, specially, podagra” (L ; D :; SN ) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. in IX, ; c. BMMb ), where it is transcribed by N as: ñø÷ð and translated by Z as: àøâãåô (PWDGR"). The vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the corresponding O. Occ. or O. Cat. word podagra (RL :b; FEW :b; RMA ; DECLC :b). See the following quotation from Eluc.  (cf. RL loc. cit.): “Podagra, es gota de pes” (i.e., Podagra is gout of the feet). The variant given in the Vatican MS shows a metathesis of the velar and the liquid sound: *podarca or *podraca. In O. Occ., we find similar forms with a metathesis like podraga or prodaga (see CB –, ,  for the first and CB  for the second form). Metathetic forms of this word were very common in Medieval Romance, cf., e.g., Old Spanish (DETEMA :b), but also in Latin (see Sin , n.  for an example). The spelling with Qof remains unexplained, however, and is probably a mistake; but cf. O. Fr. poacre, documented since  (FEW :b).

11 ïéîéì÷øô: emendation 12 àøâãô: äøâãô V 13 ñø÷ð: om. V 14 àøâãåô: à÷øãåô

V

editors ïéîéì÷ãô O ïé!îéì÷E"ô P ïéìî÷øô V



shem tov, synonym list 

. ïàîøìà 16òî÷ 䧧á ïåîø ìù 15äîèô ˘ RMWN, Arab. QM# "LRM"N PTMH SL . Hebrew PTMH, from Greek πυ!μν (LS ), means, among other . things, “a protuberance on the blossom-end of fruits, the upper portion of a fruit” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; FE ), ˘ RMWN means “nipple on a pomegranate” (Danby, The and PTMH SL . Mishnah ;17 Neusner, The Mishnah )18 and features in mUqz .. Arabic qim# means “the stalk of a fruit” (D :) and qim# ar-rumm¯an means “the stalk of a pomegranate”. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned translates PTMH as: ãäð . (protuberance). . íàøã 21øåìô åà 20èéãøéå 짧áå øàâðæ 䧧á 19úùçðä çøô ˘ Arab. ZNG"R, o.l. WYRDYT. or PLWR DR"M PRH . HNH . ST, ˘ literally meaning “flower of copper”, is not attested Hebrew PRH . HNH . ST, in secondary literature and was possibly coined as a loan translation of Arabic zahr an-nuh¯ . as (cf. below). Note, however, that the term also features as a translation of the Latin “flos eris” in the Sefer Keritut by Hillel Ben Samuel of Verona.22 Subsequently, we find the term in Judah ben Solomon Natan’s Kelal Qaz. ar mi ha-Sammim ha-Nifradim (JNK :). Arabic zin˘ga¯r, from Persian zang¯ar (VL :), means “verdigris” with its synonym being zahr an-nuh¯ . as, literally “flower of copper” (D :, M ; GS  f.; RS :). Arabic zin˘ga¯r features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. in XXI, ), where it is transcribed by N as: øàâðæ and translated by Z as: ñãéãøéåå (WWYRDYDS). The meanings of the Hebrew and Arabic terms are confirmed by the Romance synonyms: the first vernacular synonym given in our list is the O. Occ. or the O. Cat. word verdet for ‘verdigris’ or ‘cupric

15 äîèô: àîèéô O äîéèô 16 òî÷: òàî÷ O

V

17 H. Danby, The Mishnah. Translated from the Hebrew with Introduction and Brief Explanatory Notes by Herbert Danby, Oxford . 18 J. Neusner, The Mishnah. A New Translation, New Haven and London . 19 úùçðä: úùçð O 20 èéãøéå: èéãøå O 21 íàøã øåìô: íàøéàã øåìåô O íàøéàéã øåìåô V 22 See G. Bos: Medical Terminology in the Hebrew Tradition: Hillel Ben Samuel of Verona, Sefer ha-Keritut (forthcoming: Journal of Semitic Studies).

pe



carbonate or acetate and other similar matters which arise from humidity’ (DAO :; RL :a; PSW :a; FEW :b; CB , ; RMM ; RPA , ; RMA ; DECLC :b). For the identification of Arab. zin˘ga¯r as O. Cat. verdet, cf. AdV ,  and GHAT :, where the Hebrew transcription of the Romance (O. Cat.) term corresponds to that used in MSS P and V. The second vernacular synonym is a non-documented O. Occ. or O. Cat. compound expression *flor d’aram or *flor d’eram, possibly a (loan) translation of the Arabic term mentioned previously or of the Latin one (cf. the Alphita, ed. Renzi, p. : “flos aeris usti”, also see CA ), with the literal meaning ‘flower of copper’ (see also the O. Sp. flor de cobre in Sin :, among others). For the O. Occ. and O. Cat. words aram and eram (< Late Lat. AERAMEN) for ‘copper, bronze’, see DAO :, RL :a, FEW :b, RPA  and DECLC :b. The variant PWLWR in the Vatican and Oxford MSS shows an epenthetic -W- between the consonant cluster PL (for this phenomenon, see the introduction). . 23àãéèðå÷åìå÷ 짧áå ìèðç 䧧á úåòå÷ô PQW#WT, Arab. HN . TL, . o.l. QWLWQWNTYD" . Hebrew PQW#WT designates the fruit “bitter apple”, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. and features in the Bible, e.g. in  Kings :, and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mShab . (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :, :; FM ; FO  f.; LA  f.:; LF : ff.; PB ; cf. as well Het . no. ). Arabic han z al designates the same plant (L  f.; DT :; M ; . . ID :; cf. as well Het . no. ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ), where it is transcribed TYD") and by Z as: àãéèðé÷åìå÷ by N as: àãéèð÷åì÷ /ìèðç (HN . TL/QLWQN . . (QWLWQYNTYD"). . For the identification, cf. LO Perushim on bShab b, p. ; IJ  f.; RJ  and Maimonides on mShab . (MK : n. ). For the vernacular term, see entry Het . . For its identification as Arab. han z al, cf. AdV , , GHAT :; in the latter we find the Hebrew . . transcription QWLYQYNTYDH for the Romance term. .

23 àãéèðå÷åìå÷: äàãéèðå÷åìå÷ V



shem tov, synonym list 

. 25éøáàôàô 짧áå 24ùàëùë 䧧á ïéâøô ˘ S, ˘ o.l. P"P"BRY PRGYN, Arab. KSK" The meaning of Hebrew PRGYN is uncertain. Originally PRGYN must have designated the plant “millet”, Panicum miliaceum, just like its Syriac counterpart (LW :; BM ; FM ; LA :). But in the Rabbinic tradition and in Modern Hebrew, PRGYN (or its singular form PRG) does not mean “millet” but rather “poppy”, Papaver somniferum L. (LW :; KA :, :; BM ; EM ; AEY :; LF :). PRGYN features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShebi .. Arabic ha˘sh¯a˘s designates different kinds of the plant “poppy” (DT ˘ ˘ID :). The Arabic term features in Maimonides’ Med:; M ; ical Aphorisms (XXI, ; XXII, ) and is translated by N as: øáôàô (P"PBR) and øáàôô (PP"BR) and by Z as: øéáôàô (P"PBYR) and øéåàôàô (P"P"WYR); and in Maimonides’ On Asthma (XII, ), where it is transcribed by Joshua Shatibi and Samuel Benveniste as: ùëùë and by the anonymous translator as: ùàëùë (cf. BMA ). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :): §ìáå [ . . . ] ïéâøôä ˘ S˘ and in åøååàôô æòìáå ùàëùë éáøò (HPRGYN [ . . . ] and in Arabic KSK" o.l. PP"WWRW), and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). The vernacular term in the Oxford MS is the Latin, O. Occ. or O. Cat. word papaver for ‘poppy’, Papaver somniferum L. (NPRA ; RM ; CB , , , among others; AdV ); the variant in the Vatican MS is the Latin genitive singular form papaveris which is also used in O. Occ. texts (CB , ; NPRA loc. cit.). The variant in the Paris MS may represent a Latin inflected form like papavere(m) or a semilearned Romance form papavre or *papaure (for the O. Fr. papavre, documented in the compound expression papavre sauvage, see FEW :b). For the identification of Arab. ha˘sh¯a˘s as O. Cat. papaver or the same ˘ ˘ term transcribed into Hebrew characters as PP"WYR cf. AdV , , GHAT :.

24 ùàëùë: ùàãùë V 25 éøáàôàô: øéåàôô O ùéøéåàôàô

V

pe



. 27é÷éèéìåô 짧áå 26âìàô 䧧á âìô PLG, Arab. P"LG, o.l. PWLYTYQY . Aram. PLG or PLG" means ) “part, half ” and ) in the combination àâìô çåø “the demon Palga, a disease (paralysis?)” (JD ; LW :; SDA , Aram. àâìô: “apoplexy, a demon”; BM ) and features in Rabbinic literature. In medieval medical literature, the term assumes the meaning of “pain in one side of the head, hemiplegia or paralysis” (BM ; PB ) and features for instance, in Nathan ben Joel Falaquera’s S. ori ha-Guf (Balm for the Body), MS Oxford, Hunt Don. , Uri , Neubauer , fol. b, where it is explained as: ùåçäî øáàä ìåèá äòåðúäå (loss of sensation and movement in a part of the body).28 Arabic f¯ali˘g means “palsy or paralysis, whether partial or general: hemiplegia or paraplegia” (L  f.; D :; KZ  f.; SN ) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (III, ; XXII, ; cf. BMMa ), where it is translated and/or transcribed by N as: §âìô /âìô /âàìô and by Z as: âìô, and in Maimonides’ On Asthma (XIII, ) where it is translated by Samuel Benveniste as: âìô (cf. BMA ). The vernacular term in the Oxford and Vatican MSS is unclear and might correspond to a non-documented form related to the Latin adjective paralyticus. In O. Occ., we find the adjectives paralitics, paralitix, paralix and palazinos (FEW :b; RL :b; PSW :a) and in O. Cat. paralític (DECLC :a–a); the latter is documented with the meaning ‘paralysis’ (DECLC loc. cit.; DCVB :b). The variants in the Oxford and Vatican MSS could correspond to a hypothetical O. Occ. or O. Cat. form like *paletic, *palatic, with syncope and loss of the -r-. The syncope is frequent in O. Sp., where we find forms like parletico, parlitico, perlaticos and perleticos where the -r- is preserved, however; see DETEMA :b. The variant in the Paris MS seems to be a corrupt variant of the Latin nominative plural or genitive singular paralytici.

26 âìàô: âàìô VO 27 é÷éèéìåô: ÷éèàìô

O ÷éèéìô V On Nathan ben Joel Falaquera and his medical encyclopaedia cf. G. Bos-R. Fontaine, “Medico-philosophical controversies in Nathan b. Jo"el Falaquera Sefer Zori ha. Guf ”, Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. XC, July–October :–. 28



shem tov, synonym list 

. íàòè 30ïàåìà 䧧á 29úøôøô PRPRT, Arab. "LW"N T#"M . Hebrew PRPRT means “a minor dish; dish served with bread, appetizer, dessert” (JD ; LW :; KA :; BM  f.; KT :,  n. ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mBer ., bShab a. Arabic alw¯an t. a#¯am means “all kinds of food”, for alw¯an, plur. of lawn, cf. WKAS : f. For the identification cf. SAM :: ïåì—úøôøô. A Geonic commentary on bSuk a (LO Nispakhim on bSuk a, p. ) explains the plural form PRPR"WT as: äëéáèàå ïàåìà “kinds [of food] and cooked (flesh)meat”. Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) explains úøôøô as: íàãàìà íñà (“the term for a relish”). . 31ìéàìâ 䧧á ìéâéúô PTYGYL, Arab. GL"YL Hebrew PTYGYL means “gorgeous dress” and features in the Bible in Is : (KB ; BM ). Arabic g˙il¯ala, plur. g˙al¯a"il, means “a garment that is worn next to the body, beneath the other garments, and likewise beneath the coat of mail; a piece of cloth with which a woman makes her posteriors [to appear] large, binding it upon her hinder part, beneath her waist-wrapper” (L ; DAS :; Stillman, Arab Dress ).32 For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Is :: äéäé ÷î íùá úçú äéäå éôé úçú éë ÷ù úøâçî ìéâéúô úçúå äçø÷ äù÷î äùòî úçúå äô÷ð äøåâç úçúå

(and then—instead of perfume, there shall be rot; and instead of an apron, a rope; instead of a diadem of beaten-work, a shorn head; instead of a rich robe, a girding of sackcloth; a burn instead of beauty): øéöéô óúðìà èùîìà ìîò ìãáå úà÷ì§ëìà úàøàæàìà ìãáå ïúðìà áéèìà ìãá íäì ïäì ìî§âà ìéãáúìà ïà çåñîìà øàæúà ìéàìâìà ìãáå

(DS ). See as well IJ

.

29 úøôøô: úWôYô P 30 íàòè ïàåìà: íòèìà ïàòåìà 31 ìéàìâ: éìéàìâ V

O íàòè éàåìà V

32 Y.K. Stillman, Arab Dress. A Short History. From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times. Edited by N.A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston-Cologne .

pe



. 33øåèìåå 짧áå áà÷ò 䧧á ñøô PRS, Arab. #Q"B, o.l. WWLTWR . Hebrew PRS means “vulture, or bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus” (KB ; BM ; EM ; BAL ; BH s.v. index; LZ ), and features in the Bible (Lev :), Rabbinic literature, namely in bHul . a, and in medieval literature (cf. BM ). Arabic #uq¯ab means “eagle” (L ; D :; BK , ; JAD : ff.; StS  f.). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Lev :: ïî åö÷ùú äìà úàå äéðæòä úàå ñøôä úàå øùðä úà íä õ÷ù åìëàé àì óåòä (the following you shall abominate among the birds—they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, the vulture and the black vulture): ïî åñ§âøú à§ãäå à÷ðòìàå áà÷òìàå øñðìà ñàð§âà àäðàì åìëåé àìå øéàèìà (S ). See as well IJ . The vernacular term is the Latin vultur or the O. Occ. or O. Cat. voltor for ‘vulture’ (RL :a; DCVB :a; DECLC :b; FEW :a– b); the vocalisation in MS P rather suggests the Romance reading. . ùééáåøéã 34ùôåøè 짧áå ïàãåñìà ìôìô 䧧á íééùåëä ìôìô ˘ PLPL HKWSYYM, Arab. PLPL "LSWD"N, o.l. TRWP S˘ DYRWBYYS˘ . ˘ Hebrew PLPL HKWSYYM literally meaning “Cushite, negro or Ethiopian pepper” is not attested in secondary literature. It was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic fulful as-s¯ud¯an (cf. below). For Hebrew PLPL, Piper nigrum, cf. JD ; LW : f.; SDA , Aram. àúìôìéô; KA : f., :; BM ; EM ; AEY :; FM ; LA  ff.:; LF : ff. Arabic fulful as-s¯ud¯an is “Sudanese pepper”, designating both the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica A. Rich., Guinea pepper, and the tubercles of the edible galingale, Cyperus esculentus L. (L ; D :; DT :; M ; ID :, :; cf. as well KZ ). The vernacular term is documented in the O. Cat. variant xufles de Rouax in the meaning Cyperus rotundus L. (= cyperus syriacus = cyperus orientalis, cf. ARS , with reference to Laguna’s  translation of Dioscorides I: in note ). This meaning is fairly close to one of the meanings of the Arabic synonym (see above), and it can be noted that 33 øåèìåå: øÇè"ìÇå P 34 ùééáåøéã ùôåøè: ùééáåøã ùàôåøè O ùééáåøéD ùôåøè

P ùééàáåøã ùàôåøåè V



shem tov, synonym list 

Cat. xufla without the epithet has the meaning ‘tubercle of Cyperus esculentus L.’ according to DECLC (:a). In our MSS, the first element appears as (O. Occ.) trufas, i.e. ‘fungi, mushrooms, truffles’ (PSW :b– a; RL :b; DAO :). Rouax is the city of Edessa (Chaldea), also known as Roays at the time of the Crusades (DECLC :b). The toponym does not refer to the origin of this plant but rather seems to be based on a play on words, which is extensively discussed by Coromines (DECLC loc. cit.). The term in question as well as the pun xufles/trufas de Roays (‘ridiculous story, joke’, also cf. PSW loc. cit.) and the relation between the two would need some further investigation against the backdrop of our text and the Regimen sanitatis by Arnau de Vilanova (ARS , n. ), particularly because the DECLC (loc. cit.) does not include the use of the expression as a plant name documented here in its argumentation. The variant given in the Vatican MS shows an epenthetic Waw; see the introduction for similar cases. In any case, it is noteworthy that earth almonds (that is the tubercles of Cyperus esculentus, see above with respect to the Arabic term) are subterranean like truffles. . 36äøéøã 䧧á 35âðâãô PDGNG, Arab. DRYRH The Hebrew term PDGNG could not be retrieved. Arabic dar¯ıra means “perfume-powder; a kind of perfume; the par¯ qasab at-t¯ıb or calamus aromaticus (false sweet-flag, Cymticles of the . . . bopogon martinii), also called qas. ab ad-dar¯ıra” (L ; DT :; FAQ ¯ ¯  f.). The last term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N as: íùåáä äð÷ and by Z as: å÷éèîåøà åîì÷. . 38äéìàâ 䧧á 37ïåèééìô PLYYTWN, Arab. G"LYH . Hebrew PLYYTWN or PWLYYTWN, from Latin foliatum (GH :; . . KG : f.), means “an ointment or oil prepared from leaves of spikenard” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; LF :; SMC  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mShab ., bShab a, b. 35 âðâãô: âðâðãô V 36 äøéøã: àøéøã VO 37 ïåèééìô: ïàèééìåô 38 äéìàâ: àéìàâ O

V

pe



Arabic g˙a¯liya is “a perfume composed of musk and ambergris and camphor and oil of ben” (L ; FAQ ; KZ ) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides On Asthma (XII, ; BMA ), where it is transcribed by all translators as: äéìàâ or äééìâ. For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bShab a, b, p. , the Arukh (KA :), and BT : ïåùìá ïîùå øáðòå êùåî ïéçáåùî íéîùá :ïåèéìéô àéìâ éáøò (PYLYTWN: fine spices, musk, ambergris, in Arabic: g˙a¯liya). . Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) explains PLYYTWN . as: êñîìà (musk). . 39ñèéìåá 짧áå øèô 䧧á úåéøèô PTRYWT, Arab. PTR, . . o.l. BWLYTS . Hebrew PTRYWT means “truffles, fungi” and features in Rabbinic liter. ature, e.g. in mUqz . (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, : f.; BM ; AEY :; FM ; LF : ff.). Arabic fut. r has the same meaning (DT :; M ) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XX, ; XXI, ), where it is translated by N and Z as: úåéøèô. For the identification, cf. EG : øèåô íîùå úåéøèôå ïéäîë, HTG :, and Maimonides on the Mishnah cited above (MK :). Consequently, the vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. bolets ‘mushrooms’. For the references, see entry Kaf . For the identification of Arab. fut. r as the Romance (O. Cat.) term transcribed into Hebrew ˘ cf. GHAT :. characters as BWLYT. S, . äáåøë 䧧á äèåøô PRWTH, . Arab. KRWBH Hebrew PRWTH . means ) “small change, small money” (cf. KT :: “The smallest of copper coins is the peruta, that only accounts for / of an ass (cf. bQid a)”), and ) “drop, dropping bottle” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mQid . (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :, :; BM  f.; KT :,  n. ). Arabic harr¯uba also means “very small money or coin” (D :); cf. Goitein, A˘ Mediterranean Society :: “The kharr¯uba or carob seed

39 ñèéìåá: õèéìåá

VO ñèéìÇá P



shem tov, synonym list 

represented / of the dirhem. Normally, kharr¯uba is used in the sense of a very small amount of money”.40 The term harr¯uba features in Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed (:)41 and ˘is translated by Samuel ibn Tibbon as: äøåòù ì÷ùî,42 cf. FrA . Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :) explains the term PRWTH . as: ä§öô äáç óöð (“half a grain (granule) of silver”), while, in his commentary on mEduy . (MK :), he remarks that his father told him that the grains which are used for weights are always barley grains. According to Sa#adya (HTG :), a äèåøô is: ᧧ö÷ ïî ä§öô æâ áøòìà øàðéã ìà÷§úî ïî àæâ (“a piece of silver that is / of an Arabic dinar”). . øàëùëìà 43æáë 䧧á äàøãä úô ˘ PT HDR"H, Arab. KBZ "LKSK"R Hebrew PT HDR"H means “bread made of seconds” (i.e. coarse meal) (for äàøãä, see JD ; LW : s.v. äàãøä (lat. hordeacea) “Brot von Gerstenmehl” (bread of barley meal); KA : s.v. äàãøä; : s.v. ãø, :; LA :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bPes a. Arabic hubz al-hu˘sk¯ar means “bran bread”; cf. MT : “Brot das aus ˘ ˘ und grobem Mehl gebacken ist, also ‘Kleienbrot’ ” hu˘sk¯ar, ungesiebtem ˘(bread made of unsieved, coarse meal, bran bread); for hu˘sk¯ar see as well ˘ D :; DAS : ff.,  f.,  f.; KZ  f. Hubz al-hu˘sk¯ar features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Apho˘ (XX, ˘) where it is translated as: ïéáåñ íçì by N and as: íçì risms øàëùëä by Z. A Hebrew synonym for PT HDR"H, namely PT KYBR “panis cibarius”, which features in mMakhsh ., is explained by Maimonides (MK :) as Arabic hu˘sk¯ar. ˘

40 S.D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society,  vols, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London –  (vol. : Cumulative indices in collaboration with Paula Sanders). 41 Moses ben Maimon, Dal¯ alat al-h¯ . a"ir¯ın. Arabic text established by S. Munk and edited with variant readings by I. Joel, Jerusalem –, p. , l. . 42 Sefer Moreh Nevukhim, ed. Y. Ibn Shmuel, Jerusalem , p. . 43 æáë: æàáë O

pe



. åëøö ìë ìùáúð àì 44øùà ìôìôä àåä ïáì ìôìô PLPL LBN is pepper which has not ripened sufficiently Hebrew PLPL LBN means “white pepper”, obtained from the fully ripe berries of Piper nigrum from which the outer layer of dark skin is removed (EM ; FM ; LF :) and features in medieval medical literature. For Hebrew PLPL, cf. no.  above. The Arabic counterpart fulful abyad. (D :; LA :) features in medieval medical literature as well, e.g. in Maimonides’ On Asthma (IX, ; cf. BMA ), where it is translated by all translators as: ïáì ìôìô. . âðåì 45éøáéô 짧áå ìôìô øàã 䧧á êåøà ìôìô PLPL "RWK, Arab. D"R PLPL, o.l. PYBRY LWNG Hebrew PLPL #RWK means “long pepper, the unripe spadices of various types of pepper”, Piper longum L., Piper chaba Hunt. (LW :; SDA ; KA : f., :; BM ; EM ; FM ; LA :; LF :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bPes b and in medieval medical literature (cf. BJ ). Arabic d¯arfulful, from Persian dâr filfil (VL :), means “long pepper”, Piper longum L. (L ; DT :; M ; ID :) and features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XIII, ; XXI, , ), where it is translated by N as: êåøà ìôìô and by Z as: êåøàä ìôìôä. The vernacular term, which perfectly reflects the Hebrew and Arabic synonyms, is the O. Occ. pebre lonc or the O. Cat. pebre llong or pebre/pebra lonch, formed in an analogous way to the Latin piper longum (RMM ; PSW :a; DCVB :b; AdV , , , ; NPRA ). For the problem of graphically representing the Cat. word initial palatal l- in Hebrew spelling and the phenomenon of word final devoiced obstruents, see the introduction. For the identification of Arab. d¯arfulful as O. Cat. pebre/pebra lonch, ˘ (obviously the cf. AdV , ; also cf. GHAT, where PYPRYS˘ LWNGY genitive singular of piper longum) features in the Latin column as the synonym for the Arabic term (GHAT :). This identification can already be found in the index to the Latin translation of Ibn S¯ın¯a’s K. al-Q¯an¯un (see Sin :).

44 àì øùà: àìù O 45 âðåì éøáéô: ÷ðåì éøáô

O ÷ðåì éøôéô V



shem tov, synonym list 

. éøá 48ñåîøú 䧧á äãù ìù 47ïéñåîøú àåä 46ñåìñìô PLSLWS, these are field-lupines, Arab. TRMWS BRY Hebrew PLSLWS, perhaps from Greek φσηλος or φασολος “a kind of bean, calavance, Vigna sinensis” (LS ; KG :, , s.v. àéìéñô; LW :; KR ; but cf. LF :: “could be a Semitic formation, like ìåöìöá that directly precedes it, but it is not likely”), means “lupine”, Lupinum luteus L. (JD ; KA :; :; AEY :; FM ; LA :; LF : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil .. Arabic turmus (from Greek !ρμος (LS )) barr¯ı designates “wild lupine”, possibly Lupinus angustifolius L. (L ; D :; DT :; M ; DAS : f.; ID :). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :): ñîøúìà—ñÇì"ñå%ì"tä éøáìà, and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). . 49àãâøéî 짧áå ãøîæ 䧧á äãèô PTDH, Arab. ZMRD, o.l. MYRGD" . Hebrew PTDH means “topaz” (KB ; JD ; BM  f.; EM ) . and features in the Bible, e.g. in Ex :. Arabic zumurrud or zumurrud, from Persian zumrud (VL :), means “emerald” (L ; D :;¯ E.I.2, : ff., s.v. zumurrud (Ghada al-Hijjawi al-Qaddumi)). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex :: ïáà úàåìî åá úàìîå ãçàä øåèä ú÷øáå äãèô íãà øåè ïáà íéøåè äòáøà (Set in it mounted stones, in four rows of stones. The first row shall be a row of carnelian, chrysolite, and emerald): øäå§âìà ïî øåèñ §äòáøà øäå§â íà§èð àäéô í§èðàå øôöàå ãøîæå øîçà úå÷àé ìåàìà øèñìà (S ); and IJ . According to David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :), PTDH is identical to the úå÷àé . (“corundum”). The vernacular word confirms the meaning of the Arabic word, i.e. ‘emerald’. The form used in MS O corresponds to the O. Occ./O. Cat. maracde or the variants miracde and meracde, documented for O. Occ and O. Cat. respectively (DAO :; RL :a; PSW :a; DECLC :a). The form in MS V reflects variants spelt with -g-, such as 46 ñåìñìô: ñeì!ñ%ì"t P ñåìñåìô V 47 äãù ìù ïéñåîøú: äãù ìù ñåîøåú 48 éøá ñåîøú: ééøá ñåîøá V 49 àãâøéî: éã÷øî O éãâøî V

O äãù ñåîøåú V

pe



O. Occ. maragde (RL :a; FEW :b). The dictionaries quoted also show forms ending in -a, e.g. maracda for O. Occ. and maragda for O. Cat., to which we might add *meragda or *miragda as suggested by MS P. For the identification of Arab. zumurrud/zumurrud and the Romance ¯ (O. Cat.) term transcribed into Hebrew characters as MR"QDY, cf. GHAT :. . 51ùãðì 짧áå 50çéàôö 䧧á íéçô PHYM, Arab. S. P"YH, . . o.l. LNDS˘ Hebrew PH, means ) “snare, trap; trapping net” (KB ; . plur. PHYM, . JD ; SD ; SDA , Aram. àçô, àçàô; KA :; BM ; EM ; DAS :; KT :), or ) “plate of metal” (KB ; BM ; EM ; DAS :) and features with this second meaning in the Bible (Num :). Arabic s. af¯a"ih. is the plural form of s. af¯ıha . and means “a wide or broad stone, plank, board, plate” (L ; for s. af¯ıha, . no. , for s. af¯a"ih. . cf. Tet min dahab “plates of gold”, cf. Gimel no. ). ¯ the identification of PHYM in the sense of “plates of metal” as For . s. af¯a"ih, . cf. Sa#adya on Num :: åùòå íúùôðá äìàä íéàèçä úåúçî úà ìàøùé éðáì úåàì åéäéå åùã÷éå §ä éðôì íáéø÷ä éë çáæîì éåôö íéçô éò÷ø íúà

([Remove] the fire pans of those who have sinned at the cost of their lives, and let them be made into hammered sheets as plating for the altar—for once they have been used for offering to the LORD, they have become sacred—and let them serve as a warning to the people of Israel): à÷à÷ø çéàôö àäåòðöéô íäñåôð éìò ïééè§ëîìà êéàìåà øîà§âî àîàô §äîàìò øéöúå úñã÷ú ã÷ äììà éãé ïéá àäåîã÷ àîì íäðàô çá§ãîìì ààùâ ìéàøñà éðáì

(S ); and SF :. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) explains éçô (Ex :) as: IE D`% (“ingots of gold”). See as well ShT , no. . The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the plural of Late Lat., O. Occ. landa ‘plate of metal’, see entry Gimel . The variant given in the Oxford MS is the O. Cat. plural llandes (cf. DCVB :a; DECLC :a). Note that the LY-spelling reflects the initial palatal lthat is typical for Catalan. áäæä

50 çéàôö: éøéàúö V 51 ùãðì: ùéãðéì O



shem tov, synonym list 

. 52äéøö÷ 䧧á äìééô PYYLH, Arab. QS. RYH Hebrew PYYLH should be read as PYYL" or PYYLY, from Greek φιλη (LS ; KG : f.), meaning “a broad, flat bowl; drinking vessel”, and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mNeg . (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f., :; BKH  ff.; KT :,  n. ). Arabic qas. r¯ıya means “pot, flower pot; barrel” (D :; W ). The Geonic commentary on Tohorot (EG ) explains éìééô as: íé÷øæî úåñåëå (bowls and cups); Maimonides on mSot . (MK :) as: äéðà øà§ëô (earthern vessel); see as well BTJ . . 53ä§âà§âô 䧧á úåâô ˘ GH ˘ PGWT, Arab. PG" Hebrew PGWT, meaning “the state of not being ripe or cooked” and which is related to PG (“unripened fruit”; KB ), PGH (JD  “hard, undeveloped berry, fig, date etc.”; LW :), is not attested in this sense in the current dictionaries, as the only entry for this term in BM  merely includes the English equivalent of “congelation”. The term was possibly coined as a loan translation of the Arabic fa˘ga¯g˘a and features in medieval medical literature. Arabic fa˘ga¯g˘a means the “state of being unripe or not sufficiently cooked” (L ; D :) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (X, ) where it is translated by both N and Z as: úåâô. For the identification of Hebrew PG as Arabic fi˘gg˘ cf. SH : äéâô (Song :): ààäâô ১ðò àä§ö§â (its unripe fruit); IJ : (#H =) !wK ST , and IQR (:): :ìéùáä àìù øáã ìëå øñåáä éøô ìò íéøîåàå àäâô—äéâô ä§âà§âô äéô à§ãä :íéøîåàå .§âô (äéâô = its unripe fruit. An unripe fruit and everything that is unripe is called §âô. It is also said: “this is in a state of being unripe”); see as well WB . In his commentary on mShebi ., Maimonides (MK :) explains the term íéâô as: ääëàôìà ïî §âôìà (unripe fruit).

52 äéøö÷: äéøàö÷ O 53 ä§âà§âô: äâàéô O àâàâô

V

pe



. 54õèîøà 짧áå äãàáò 䧧á úåùéøô ˘ PRYSWT, Arab. #B"DH, o.l. "RMT. S. ˘ Hebrew PRYSWT means ) “separation, parting” and ) “abstinence, restriction, self-restraint, piety” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bYoma b (JD ; LW :; BM  f.). Arabic #ib¯ada means “religious service; worship, adoration, devotion, obedience” (L ). In his commentary on mAb ., Maimonides (MK :) explains the term úåùéøô as: úåàîèìà ïî §èôçúìà (to beware of impure things). Judah ibn Tibbon uses the term úåùéøô for the Arabic ãäæ (“abstinence”) 55 in his translation of Bahya . ibn Paquda’s Book of the Duties of the Heart. The vernacular term in the Vatican MS is the O. Occ. (h)ermitan for ‘hermit’ (RL :b; PSW :b; FEW :b). The variant in the Paris MS is the O. Occ. plural ermitas (RL loc. cit.), a misspelling of the singular, (h)ermitan (based on the copyist’s confusion of final Nun and final Sade), . or represents the plural of O. Occ. or O. Cat. ermetat (PSW :a, DCVB :a) ‘uncultivated land’. . êìîä 57øöçì øòùä ïéá àåäå ïåé ïåùì àåä 56øåãöåøôäå æéìäã 䧧á øåãöåøô øåãöåøô 59åîù äåøò úåúôùá äåøò íå÷îá äùà ìùå êìîä éðôì 58ñðëéù íãå÷

PRWS. DWR, Arab. DHLYZ, the PRWS. DWR is a Greek word, and it is [the area] between the gate and the king’s court before one enters before the king; and [a spot] in the pubic region of a woman, [namely] in the labia is [also] called PRWS. DWR Hebrew PRWS. DWR or PRWZDWR, possibly hailing from Greek προστς (LN ; LR ; BLS ; Segal, Grammar60); other etymologies: προ!ρον “before the door” (LS ; KG :; KA :; KT :,  n. ); πρσοδος “going or coming to, approach” (LS ; LW :), means ) “veranda, vestibule” (JD ; LW :; KA : f., : f.; DAS : f.; KT :), and features in this meaning in Rabbinic literature, 54 õèîøà: õè!îYà P ïàèéîøà V, om. O 55 Sefer Hovot ha-Levavot, ed. A. Zifroni,

Jerusalem , p. ; Arabic text, ed. . J. Kafih, . Jerusalem , p. . 56 øåãöåøôäå: øåãöøôä O øåãæåøôäå V 57 êìîä øöçì: êìîä úéá øöçì V 58 ñðëéù: íãà ñðëéù O 59 øåãöåøô åîù: øåãæøô åîù O åîù øåãæøô V 60 M.H. Segal, A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew, Oxford , repr. , p. .



shem tov, synonym list 

e.g. in mAb ., and ) “the forepart of the female genitals, the lower end of the vagina or uterus” and features in this meaning in Rabbinic literature as well, e.g. in mNid ., bHul . a (JD ; LW :; KA : f., : f.; LN ; KT : n. ; Low LXXII; PB  f.). Arabic dihl¯ız, from Persian dihl¯ız (VL :), means “an entrancepassage of a house; an entrance-hall, a vestibule” (L  f.; D :). For the identification, cf. EG , and Maimonides on mAb . (MK :). The explanation of the Hebrew term (øåãöåøô . . . àåäå) above stems from the Geonic Commentary on Seder Tohorot (EG ; cf. KA :). . øééðøåô 짧áå ïàøô 䧧á 61øèìô PLTR, . Arab. PR"N, o.l. PWRNYYR Hebrew PLTR, . from Greek πωλητρ “seller” (LS ; KG :; LR ), means “shop-keeper, esp. seller of bakers’ wares” (JD ; LW :; SD ; KA : f.; KT :, :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mAZ .. Arabic farr¯an means “a baker of bread” (L ; DAS :; DRD ; MT ,  ff.). Sa#adya (SAM :) explains øè"ìt as: æá§ë]ìà òéáé é§ãìà ïøôìà áçàö ÷åñìà éô óàô÷ìà [éô (“the owner of the oven who sells the bread in baskets in the market”); in ETP , øèìôä is explained as: øàãðá (“merchant”). In his commentary on mDem ., Maimonides (MK : f.) explains the term øèìô as: ñàðìà ïî òéáéå íåúçðìà ïî éøúùé é§ãìà (someone who buys bread from a baker and sells it to people). The O. Occ. fornier has a meaning similar to the Arabic, namely ‘Backofenbesorger, -heizer, Bäcker’ (i.e., the one who manages/heats the oven, baker) (RL :b; PSW :b; FEW :a). The form given here shows a double Yod, which indicates the diphthong -ie-. In O. Cat., we only find forms without diphthong like forner (DECLC :b). . íàøá 䧧á øåøô PRWR, Arab. BR"M Hebrew PRWR means “cooking pot” (KB ; JD ; SD ; BM ; BKH , ; DAS :; KT : n. ) and features in the Bible (Num

61 øèìô: øéèìô

V

pe



:), and in Rabbinic literature in the expression ‘S. PRWR “a wooden pot ladle”, e.g. in mBez. .. Arabic burma, plur. bir¯am, is “a cooking pot of stone”, or “a cooking pot in a general sense, of copper, iron, etc.” (cf. Bet no.  above). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Num :: åðçèå åè÷ìå íòä åèù ïîùä ãùì íòèë åîòè äéäå úåâò åúà åùòå øåøôá åìùáå äëãîá åëã åà íéçøá

(The people would go about and gather it, grind it between mill stones or pound it in a mortar, boil it in a pot, and make it into cakes. It tasted like rich cream): ÷ãîìà éô ïå÷ãé åà àçøìà éô äðî ïåðçèéå äðåè÷ìéô íå÷ìà óåèé íñãá §äåàìçë äîòè ïåëéå àìéìî äðî ïåòðöéå íàøáìà éô äðî ïå§ëáèéå (S ). Cf. IJ  and SF :. . àððã 64§òìá ÷á éøâä 63ïåùìá 62ïéùôùô ˘ SYN, ˘ PSP Arab. BQ, o.l. DNN" ˘ S, ˘ plur. PSP ˘ SYN, ˘ Hebrew PSP can mean, amongst other things, “bug, bed bug” (JD , LW :; KA :, :; BM  f.; LZ  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mTer .. Arabic baqq means ) “mosquitoes” and ) “bugs” (L ; D :). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (:), and Maimonides on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). The term indicated as vernacular, which is missing in both MSS O and V, remains unexplained. . 66éøèùì÷ 짧áå 65äð÷ç 䧧á ïå÷ìãô PDLQWN, Arab. HQNH, o.l. QLS˘TRY . . The Hebrew term ïå÷ìãô could not be identified. Shem Tov uses the same term in Sefer ha-Shimmush, Book  (MS Paris , fol. b): úåëéàá íéîä äå÷î ñéëì ïå÷ìãôä úéùò = Arab.: B_ Ku p,Q (On the manner of irrigating the bladder) (SpLa –). Arabic huqna means “the administration of a clyster; enema” (L ; . FAQ  f.) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in

62 ïéùôùô: íéùôùô V 63 ÷á éøâä ïåùìá: äàéñ 䧧á 64 àððã §òìá : om. OV

O äàéô 䧧á P, om. V

65 äð÷ç: àð÷åç O 66 éøèùì÷: éøéèùø÷ O éøèùéì÷ V

(cf. entry ) ÷á éøâä ïåùìá add. P



shem tov, synonym list 

Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, , ; cf. BMMb ) where it is transcribed by N as: ï÷åç and is translated by Z as: éøéèùéø÷ (QRYS˘TYRY). . The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. clisteri for ‘clyster’ (RL :b; RMA ; DECLC :a). The variant given in the Oxford MS (also cf. Z above) represents the more frequent O. Occ. or O. Cat. forms with /r/ cristeri, crestiri, cresteri and cristiri (RL, RMA and DECLC loc. cit.; FEW :b; CB , ; RPA ). . 68ä÷øë 䧧á 67à÷ðåøô PRWNQ", Arab. KRQH Aramaic PRWNQ" means “rag” (LW : f.; SDA  f.; KA :, :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bAZ a. Arabic hirqa means “a piece torn off, a rag, a ragged, patched garment” (L ; D˘:; DAS : f.,  f.: “headscarf ”). The term features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ On the Regimen of Health (BMR III,) as: LnLn7   (“a bag of fine linen”) and is translated by Moses ibn Tibbon as: äôø ïúùô ãâá. R. Hananel explains the term à÷ðåøô in bAZ a as: èåèøîñ (“rag”). . In the sense of “messenger”, the term PRWNQ" features in BT : as: úåîä êàìîã à÷ðåøô and is explained as: úåîä êàìî ìù åçåìù. . 71äùôøèä àéäå 70áà§âç 䧧á 69ãåâøô ˘ and this is the diaphragm PRGWD, Arab. H . G"B, Hebrew PRGWD means ) “a curtain” or “the curtain of heaven” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKel .; ) “a certain garment, tunic”, from Greek παραγαδιον “garment with purple border” (LS ), and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mSheq ., and ) “a sort of breeches”, featured in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a (JD ; KA :, :; LW : f.; SD ; KG :; LR ). The Hebrew term is not attested in the sense of “diaphragm” in secondary literature and was possibly introduced by Shem Tov as a loan translation of the Arabic hi˘ . ga¯b. 67 à÷ðåøô: à÷ðååøô 68 ä÷øë: à÷ðøá V

O

69 ãåâøô: øåâøøô V 70 áà§âç: áàâç O áâç V 71 äùôøèä: àùôøèä VO

pe



Arabic hi˘ . ga¯b means ) “a partition, a bar”, ) “a veil or curtain” and ) “diaphragm” (L ; D :; DKT , ; FAL :). The term features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. VI, ; cf. BMMb ), and is translated by N inter alia as: äùôøè, and by Z as: êñî. For the identification of Hebrew PRGWD as Arabic hi˘ . ga¯b with the meaning “curtain”, cf. the Geonic Commentary on mKel . (EG ). . ïè÷ 䧧á úåéì÷å÷ô PQWQLYWT, Arab. QTN . The Hebrew term PQWQLYWT is corrupt and should be read as PWQLYWT or better PWQLYN or PQWLYN, the plural of PWQL". The term possibly hails from Greek ποκριον, diminutive of πκος “wool in its raw state” (LS ) (but cf. LW :: from Greek φκελος “bundle” (LS ), and FH , n. : Latin poculum), meaning “pod or capsule of a plant, boll of flax” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; EM ; SDA , s.v. àìå÷ô; KG :; LR ), and features in the plural form in bNid a with the meaning “cotton tufts” (JD ), and is explained by Rashi ad loc. as: ïåèå÷ “cotton” (cf. as well LF :). Arabic qut. n designates the “cotton bush”, Gossypium arboreum L. and Gossypium herbaceum L., and the product obtained from it, “cotton” (cf. Mem no.  and Samekh no. ). . èåìâðù 짧áå 72÷àåô 䧧á úå÷åô ˘ PWQWT, Arab. PW"Q, o.l. SNGLW T. Hebrew PWQH, plur. PWQWT, means “hiccough” and features in Rabbinic literature (e.g. in Tos. Shab .) and in medieval medical literature, e.g. in the Book of Medicines attributed to Asaph, (cf. BM  f.). Arabic fuw¯aq has the same meaning (L ; D :) and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. VI, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: úå÷åô and by Z as: åöìåâðåù æòìá ÷åäéô (PYHWQ ˘ in o.l. SWNGWL S. W). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. sanglot for ‘hiccough’ (RL :a; PSW :b–a; DECLC :a; CB , , ; RM ; RMM ).

72 ÷àåô: ÷àô

O



shem tov, synonym list 

. 73øàøòù÷ 䧧á úåöìô ˘ PLS. WT, Arab. QS#R"R Hebrew PLS. WT means “shuddering, horror” and features in the Bible, e.g. in Is : (KB ; BM  f.) and medieval medical literature (cf. below). ˘ Arabic QS#R"R seems to be corrupt and should be read either as qu˘s#ar¯ıra, meaning “tremor, quaking, quivering; shivering” and esp. “trembling or shivering of the back preceeding fever” (D :; L ) or as iq˘si#r¯ar, meaning “tremor, quaking, quivering, shivering” (L ). Arabic qu˘s#ar¯ıra features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. VI, ; cf. BMMb  f.) and is translated by N as: øåîñ and by Z as: æòìá úåöìô ˘ ˘ S). ùøåìô/ùøåìô (PLS. WT in o.l. PLWRS/PLWR For the identification, cf. SID : (on Is :): äøéøòù÷å äãòø (“shudder and trembling”); Sa#adya translates the term PLS. WT in the same verse (DS ; RT ) as: ùòøìà (“shaking, shivering”), Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) as: Z‹) , (“fear and anxiety”), and David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) as: òîæ (“shudder of fear”). . úåàìä áåøî åéô çúåô íãàä äéäéùë àåäå 74øàéìãá 짧áå áåàúú 䧧á ÷åäéô úçã÷ä øòöî äòéâéäå äùìåçä 76áåøî 75§îåìë

PYHWQ, Arab. TT"WB, o.l. BDLY"R, this is if someone opens his mouth because of great fatigue, i.e. because of great weakness and tiredness from suffering from fever Hebrew PYHWQ means “yawning” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer b (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM  f.; Low LXX). Arabic tat¯a"ub means “a state of relaxation and sluggishness; a yawning or opening ¯the mouth and stretching oneself on being affected by sluggishness or drowsiness or anxiety; or a yawning or opening the mouth and emitting wind from the stomach by reason of some affection thereof ” (L ), and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: øàìééàãá àø÷ðä ÷åäéôä

73 øàøòù÷: àéøòù÷ V 74 øàéìãá: øééàìãá O øééìàãá 75 §îåìë: åà O, om. V 76 áåøî

: om. V

V

pe



(HPYHWQ called BD"YYL"R) and by Z as: ÷åäéâ (GYHWQ) (cf. as well Gimel no. ). For the identification, cf. Maimonides on mNid .: ááà§úú :ú÷äôî (MK :). The vernacular term in the Paris and Vatican MSS is the O. Occ. badaillar, badalhar or the O. Cat. badallar for ‘yawning’ (RL :a; FEW :a; DECLC :a; DCVB :b). The variant in the Oxford MS might be badalhair(e) or respectively badallier for ‘someone who is yawning or sighing’ (RL :b). It is more probable, however, that the Alef is misplaced in this variant. . àôçöìà 78éô úúôî æáë 䧧á äøò÷á 77äîåðö úô PT S. NWMH BQ#RH, Arab. KBZ MPTT PY "LS. HP" . Hebrew PT S. NWMH BQ#RH means “shrunk pieces of bread (soaked) in a bowl” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bBer a (for S. NWMH see JD , s.v. íðö; LW :; KA :, :; BM ). Arabic hubz mufattat f¯ı-s. -s. ahfa . means “crumbled bread in a bowl” ˘ (L , ). . íå÷ìçìà 81ñàø éä éãìà äøéáëìà 80äæøëìà 䧧á úøâøâ ìù 79ä÷éô ˘ GRGRT, Arab. "LKRZH "LKBYRH which is R"S "LHLQWM PYQH SL . ˘ GRGRT means “thyroid cartilage, Adam’s apple, larHebrew PYQH SL ynx” (JD ; LW : f.; KA :, :; BM ; Low LXXI; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mNeg .. Arabic haraza means “vertebra” (L ; FAL :; HA ) and al-haraza ˘al-kab¯ıra literally means “the large vertebra”. ˘Arabic hulq¯um means ) “larynx and trachea”, ) “pharynx”, ) “ante. rior and lower part of the neck” (L ; DKT , , ; FAL :) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VII, ; cf. BMMb  f.), where it is translated by N as: úøâøâ and by Z as: ïåøâ.

77 äîåðö: àîåðéö O 78 àôçöìà éô: äôçöìàô P àáçöìàô V 79 úøâøâ ìù ä÷éô: úøâåøâ ìù ä÷éô O úøâøâ ìù à÷éô 80 äøéáëìà äæøëìà: àøéáëìà àæøëìà V 81 íå÷ìçìà ñàø: íå÷çìà õöø

O

V



shem tov, synonym list 

Arabic ra’s al-hulq¯ . um literally means “head of trachea”. Arabic haraz¯at al-hulq¯ . um means “the cartilaginous bars of the tra˘ chea” (L ; FAL :; HA ). In his commentary on mNeg . (MK :), Maimonides cites the Mishnaic úøâøâ ìù ä÷éô as: øàåö ìù ä÷éô and explains this as: äø÷ô ìåà ÷ðòìà øà÷ô ïî (the first vertebra of the vertebrae of the neck); in his commentary on mNeg . (MK :), Maimonides explains ìù ä÷éô úøâøâ as: äø§âðçìà ñàø (“head of the larynx”). . ïî óàä ìà úåëùîðä úåúñìä 85§îåìë íéðôä 84úøåö 짧ø 83äéìç 䧧á 82óåöøô ïéããö 86éðùä

PRS. WP, Arab. HLYH, that is, the shape of the face, i.e. the cheeks which . stretch to the nose from both sides Hebrew PRS. WP, from Greek πρσωπον (LS ; KG :; LR ), means “face, visage, front; features” (JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA , Aram. àôåöøô; KA : f.; Low LXXIII; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mYeb .. Arabic hilya means “description of the face, countenance” (L ). . In his commentary on the Mishnah mentioned (MK :), Maimonides explains PRS. WP as: äøåö (form, shape). . ééãúìà 88éúîìç 䧧á íéãùä 87éúîåèô ˘ PTWMTY HSDYM, Arab. HLMTY "LTDYY . . ˘ ˘ Hebrew PTWMTY HSDYM is the dual form of PTWMT HSDYM and . . means “the nipples of female breasts”. Hebrew PTWMT, from Greek . πυ!μν “base, foundation; in anatomy fundus of the univales, lower parts of the testes” (KA :; LS ), means ) “button at the top of the fruit”, and ) “nipple” (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; PB ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in the meaning “nipple” in mNid ., and in the meaning “button at the top of the fruit” in bBer 82 óåöøô: óeöYt P 83 äéìç: äééìç O 84 úøåö: äøåö P 85 §îåìë: §ìë VO 86 éðùä: ïî éðùî O 87 éúîåèô: éîèô O úîåèô V 88 ééãúìà éúîìç: emendation

V

editors ééãúìà äéúîéìç O, ééãäìà éúîìç P ééãúìà éúéîéìç

pe



˘ ˘ “human and animal breast” or b. Hebrew SDYM is the dual form of SD “female breast” (KB  f.; JD ; BM ) and features in the Bible (Job :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bBer a. Arabic HLMTY "LTDYY, i.e. halamatay at-tadyayn, the dual obli. . ¯ ¯ of the breasts” (FAL que form of halamat¯ a a ttadyayn means “nipples . ¯ ¯ :). Arabic halama means ) “a tick”, and ) “the head or nipple, . when small, of a woman’s breast” (L ,  f.; FAL :). Arabic tady¯an is the dual form of tady “the breast or mamma” (L ; D :) ¯and features in medieval medical ¯ literature. e.g. in Maimonides Medical Aphorisms (I, ; cf. BMMa ), where it is translated as: íéãù by both N and Z. For the identification of PYTWM", a synonym for PTWMT, with . . halama, cf. LO Liqqu t ei Geonim on bBer b, p. . The Geonic Com. . mentary on Tohorot (EG ) explains úîåèô as: ããä ùàø (the head of the breast); cf. Maimonides on the mentioned Mishnah (MK :): ùàø éãúìà (the head of the breast). For the identification of íéãù as tady¯an cf. Sa#adya on Job :: òåãî ¯ ÷ðéà éë íéãù äîå íéëøá éðåîã÷ (Why were there knees to receive me, or breasts for me to suck?): éðúò§öøà §ãàå ïàúáëøìà éðú÷ìú §ãà òôðìà àîå ïàéã§úìà (SJ  f.; BS ). . 89ùìá 짧áå úå÷àé 䧧á äãèô PTDH, Arab. Y"QWT, o.l. BLS˘ . Hebrew PTDH means “topaz” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Ex :) . (KB ; BM  f.). Arabic y¯aq¯ut means “ruby” (D :; RS : f.,  f.; E.I.2 : f., s.v. y¯ak. u¯ t (Ghada al-Hijjawi al-Qaddumi)). For the identification, cf. Sa#adya on Ex : (S ): ú÷øáå äãèô íãà ãçàä øåèä (The first row shall be a row of carnelian, chrysolite and emerald): øôöàå ãøîæå øîçà úå÷àé ìåàìà øèñìà, and SF :. Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) translates äãèô íãà as: W 76. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. balays for ‘a kind of ruby’ (DAO :; RL :b; DECLC :a; FEW :b). The form in the Vatican and Paris MSS seem to be corrupt or a non-documented variant.

89 ùìá: ùééìá

O ùì"á P



shem tov, synonym list 

. 90÷úô 䧧á à÷úéô PYTQ", Arab. PTQ Syriac PYTQ" means “rupture; hernia” (BLS ). Arabic fatq means ) “a rent, a slit”; ) “a rupture, a hernia”, or ) “a rent, or a gap in the clouds” (L ; D :), and features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; cf. BMMb ) in the sense of “hernia,” where it is translated by N as: äòé÷á and by Z as: àøåèáø÷ ïéèì äòé÷á (BQY#H in Latin QRBTWR") (cf. Shin ). . . ÷åúô 䧧á úå÷úéô PYTQWT, Arab. PTWQ Hebrew PTQH, plur. PYTQWT, meaning “hernia” and derived from the root PTQ “to split; to release; to throw” (LW :; KA :; BM ) is not attested in secondary literature. Arabic fataq, plur. fut¯uq; see previous entry.

90 ÷úô: ÷àúô

O

SADE . . 2÷ðø÷ 짧áå 1ïàèøñ 䧧á éðèøñ çîö S. MH Arab. SRT"N, o.l. QRNQ . SRTNY, . . Hebrew S. MH . means ) “growth, sprout, plant”, and ) “morbid growth, swelling, ulcer, eruption” (JD ; LW :; KA : f., : f.; BM  f., Low LXXIV s.v. íéçîö). In the latter sense the term features in medieval medical literature (cf. BM ). S. MH means “a . SRTNY . cancerous growth (tumour)” (for SRTNY, cf. BM ). . Arabic sarat. a¯n means ) “crab”, ) “a certain sign of the Zodiac, Cancer” and ) “the disease called cancer” (L  f.; DT :; M ) and features in the meaning of “cancer”, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. II, ; cf. BMMa ) and is translated by N and Z as: ïèøñ/ïàèøñ. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. cranc(h) for ‘crab’, ‘sign of the Zodiac’ and the disease called ‘cancer’ (RL .a; DAO :; FEW – :a; CB , , among others; RM , , ; RMA , among others;  [cranc d’aigua, literally ‘water crab’],  [crancs fluvials for ‘crayfish’]; RPA ; DECLC :b). . 5àø÷æéôèùà 짧áå 4§âæáåéî åà 3ìá§âìà áéáæ 䧧á øää é÷åîö ˘ or MYWBZG, ˘ o.l. " S˘TPYZQR" S. MWQY HHR, Arab. ZBYB "LGBL . Hebrew S. MWQYM means “raisins” (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :; BM  f.; DAS :; FE ; KT :; LF :) and features in the Bible ( Sam :) and in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mMaas .. Hebrew S. MWQY HHR, literally meaning “mountain raisins”, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as a loan translation of Arabic zab¯ıb alg˘abal and features subsequently in medieval medical literature, e.g. in

1 ïàèøñ: ïàññ 2 ÷ðø÷: ÷ðàø÷

V O

3 ìá§âìà: ìáéâìà O ìáâìà 4 §âæáåéî: âæáåéî VO

V

5 àø÷æéôèùà: àøâàùéôàèùà O äàøâàæéôàèùéà V



shem tov, synonym list 

Judah ben Solomon Natan’s Kelal Qaz. ar mi ha-Sammim ha-Nifradim (JNK :) (cf. LF :). Arabic zab¯ıb al-˘gabal means “staphisagria, lousewort”, Delphinium staphisagria L. (D :; DT :; M ; ID :). The Arabicised may¯ubaza˘g, from Persian maw¯ızak “small dry grape” (VL :), has the same meaning (D :; DT :; M ; ID :). For the identification of zab¯ıb al-˘gabal as may¯ubaza˘g cf. IJS :. The vernacular term is the O. Occ. estafizagra for Delphinium staphisagria L. (DAO :; PSW :a; FEW :b). Von Wartburg points out that the original meaning of this term was ‘wild grape’, but Pliny used the term (Lat. staphis agria) for ‘lousewort’, and from there it entered into Gallo-Romance with this meaning (FEW loc. cit.). In O. Cat., forms with the etymological diphthong /ia/ in the final syllable, (e)stafisàgria or the like, are more common (DCVB :b); we only find one documentation of a form without the diphthong, stefizagra (AdV ). For the identification of Arab. zab¯ıb al-˘gabal as O. Cat. stefizagra, cf. AdV , . . óéàè÷ 䧧á úçéôö S. PYHT, . Arab. QT"YP . Hebrew S. PYHT . means “flat cake, pastry” or “a tenacious batter dripped on a hot griddle, a sort of waffle” and features in the Bible (e.g. in Ex :) and Rabbinic literature as S. PHT, . e.g. in mMakhsh . (KB ; JD ; LW :; KA :; BM ). Arabic qat. a¯"if means “pancakes with honey and butter” (D :; DAS :,; RAP ,  n. ,  f.) and features in medieval medical literature, for instance, in Maimonides’ On Asthma (III, ) and is translated as: úéçéôö by the anonymous translator (cf. BMA ). For Arabic qat. a¯"if, cf. as well Samekh no. . For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (S ) on Ex :: ìàøùé úéá åàø÷éå ùáãá úçéôöë åîòèå ïáì ãâ òøæë àåäå ïî åîù úà (The house of Israel named it manna; it was like coriander seed, white, and it tasted like wafers in honey): ìñòá óéàè÷ë äîòèå §õéáà äøáæëìà øæáë åäå ïî äîñà ìéàøñà éîñå. See as well IJ , and SID :.

sade .



. 8ùìéâðéà 짧áå 7çàáìö 䧧á 6àçáìö S. LBH", . Arab. S. LB" H, . o.l. "YNGYLS˘ Aramaic S. LBH" . (= S. LWBH") . means “eel” and features in Rabbinic literature in bAZ a (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, : f.; LFa ). Arabic çàáìö (read silb¯ah; . according to Fraenkel (FF ) it is derived from the Aramaic term) also means “eel” (D :). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :): âã §éô àçáìö åäéð éàî (ìàòîùé =) ìòîùé §ìá åúåà ïéøå÷ êëå àîè (What is àçáìö? An unclean fish and its name in Arabic is the same). In correspondence with the meaning of the Arabic and Hebrew terms, the vernacular term in the Paris and Oxford MSS is the plural of O. Occ. enguila for ‘eel’ (RL :b), which existed alongside the more frequent O. Occ. or O. Cat. anguila (RL loc. cit.; FEW :a; CB ; DECLC :a–b; DCBV :b); in O. Occ, we also find anguilla or anguilha (CB , , , , ). The feminine plural ending -YS˘ in the Oxford and Vatican MSS might suggest an -es reading, which is the usual Catalan ending, whereas the usual Occitan plural ending would be -as (cf. Fernández González, p. ). However, it is more plausible that the -LY- spelling reflects the variants with a palatal l (ll, lh) mentioned above. . éèðàæá 10éè÷àìáà 짧áå áèìà 9øàôèà 䧧á ïøåôö S. PWRN, Arab. " TP"R "LTB, . . o.l. "BL"QTY . BZ"NTY . Hebrew S. PWRN means, besides other things, “onycha, unguis odorati” (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; LF :) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bKer ab, and in medieval medical literature (cf. below and references in BM ). Instead of S. PWRN, the biblical term S˘HLT which features in Ex : indicates the same ingredient, . according to medieval commentators (see below, and KB ). Arabic áèìà øàôèà (read áéèìà øàôèà) (az. f¯ar at. -t.¯ıb) designates “fragrant nail”, unguis odorati, a drug prepared from the opercula of

6 àçáìö: àçáìéö O 7 çàáìö: æàáìö O 8 ùìéâðéà: ùéìâðéà O ùéìéâééà 9 áèìà øàôèà: øôèà O

V

10 éèðàæá éè÷àìáà: éöðàùéá éè÷ìá

O éèðàæá éè÷ìáà V



shem tov, synonym list 

gastropods, such as Murex inflatus, Strombus lentiginosus among others (D :; DT :, ; M ). The term features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXI, ) and is translated by N as: íùåáä ïøåôö and by Z as: úåàåôøä éðøåôö. Sa#adya (S  n. ) and David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) translate SHLT in Ex : as: øàôèà, and Ibn Jan¯ah. (IJ ) translates it as: (HŒ . I,M. Cf. AS , ASQ . For the identification of Hebrew S. PWRN as Arabic az. f¯ar at. -t.¯ıb, cf. ShM : úìçù åäå áéèìà øàô§èà åä ïøåôöäå éøöä (S. RY and S. PWRN is az. f¯ar at. -t.¯ıb and this is S˘HLT). . The term indicated as vernacular belongs to the Medieval Latin blatta Bisancia, which is well documented for designating the murex or some part of the murex, for example, in the Alphita; cf. Sin b–a. These molluscs were imported from Byzantium, and, when burnt, the smoke was used to soothe discomfort of the uterus or the nerves (cf. ibidem). The first element as it appears in our text reflects the variant blacta, which is documented, e.g., in Alphita manuscripts (see Sin , n.  and ). The initial Alef is unexplained. The final -Y indicates a genitive singular reading: *(a)blacte Bisancie. The term is documented in an O. Occ. medico-botanical text as blacta bizancia ‘opercule de divers coquillages’ (operculum of diverse shells; RPA ). The Romance synonym for Arab. az. f¯ar at. -t.¯ıb, which features in GHAT, ˘ BL"QS" BYS"NS", is wrongly interpreted by Magdalena Nom de Déu as blanca vicensa (GHAT :). . 12ïåèå÷ 짧áå 11ïåè÷ 䧧á ïôâ øîö S. MR GPN, Arab. QTWN, o.l. QWTWN . . Hebrew S. MR GPN means “cotton, cotton tree”, Gossypium herbaceum L. or Gossypium arboreum L., and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mKil . (cf. Mem no.  and Samekh no.  above). Arabic qut. n designates the “cotton bush”, Gossypium arboreum L. and Gossypium herbaceum L., and the product obtained from it, “cotton” (cf. Mem no. , Samekh no.  and Pe no.  above). Arabic qut. na features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXII, ) and is translated by N as: êåî and by Z as: ïôâ øîö. For the identification of Hebrew S. MR GPN as Arabic qut. n, cf. Maimonides on mKil . (MK :). 11 ïåè÷: ïè÷ O 12 ïåèå÷: om. PV

sade .



The vernacular term is the O. Occ. coton for ‘cotton’ (DAO :; RL :a; FEW :b; CB , ). For this word’s use in other medieval Hebrew-Romance synonym lists, see HebMedSyn  f. The O. Cat. forms which are documented in the dictionaries do not have a final -n (see the introduction). . 14äúëàô 䧧á 13àìöåö S. WS. L", Arab. P"KTH Aramaic S. WS. L" means “dove” or “turtle dove” and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab b (JD ; SDA ; KA :, :; LZ  f.). Arabic f¯ahita means “a certain well-known bird of those having neck˘ of pigeon marked with a neck ring; a species of collared rings; a species turtle dove of a dull white colour, marked with a black neck ring” (L ; JAD : ff.; KSZ :: “ring-dove”; NB  f.; StS ). For the identification, cf. LO Teshuvot on bShab b, p. . See as well ATG  (= BT :). . 16íåèðåøñåðùéà 짧áå åáù ïùãä àåäå áèø 15àôåæ 䧧á øîö éôéö S. YPY S. MR, Arab. ZWP" RTB, and this is the grease in it, o.l. . ˘ "YSNWSRWN TWM . Hebrew S. YPY S. MR means “pieces of wool, hatchelled wool” (JD ; LW :; KA : f., :; BM ; KT : n. ) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in bShab a, and in medieval Responsa literature, cf. BT :. Arabic z¯uf¯a rat. b means “the grease of wool, lanoline” (DT :; M ; LA  f.:; cf. as well Dalet no. ) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (XXIII, ) where it is translated by N as: áåèøä àôåæä and by Z as: çìä åôñéàä. For the term indicated as vernacular, see Dalet .

13 àìöåö: ùìéöéö V 14 äúëàô: àúëàô VO 15 àôåæ: àôæ O 16 íåèðåøñåðùéà: íåèðøñåãùà

O íåèðåøñåãùéà V



shem tov, synonym list 

. åîåîðñã 18øåìô 짧áå áðøæ 䧧á 17ïéöøãä õéö S. YS. HDRS. YN, Arab. ZRNB, o.l. PLWR DSNMWMW Hebrew or Aramaic S. YS. HDRS. YN literally means “blossom of cinnamon” (for DRS. YN cf. as well Dalet no. ). The term is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as the Hebrew equivalent to the Arabic zarnab. Arabic zarnab has not yet been identified satisfactorily. Lane (L ) explains it as “a certain perfume; or a certain sweet-smelling tree; or a species of sweet-smelling plant; leaves of a sweet-smelling plant which has the name of W  0(, locusts’ foot; saffron”. Issa (ID :) identifies it as “the common yew”, Taxus Baccata L. The association with “the Indian bixin”, Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb., is discussed by Ibn al-Bayt.a¯r (IBF : f., ) and Löw (LF : ff.). According to Dozy (D :) and Maimonides (M ; Medical Aphorisms XXI, ), it is identical with the Persian falan˘ga, a red seed used in the composition of perfumes (VL :). For further references, cf. M . The vernacular term in the Vatican and Oxford MSS is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. compound expression flor de cinamomi for ‘blossom of cinnamon’, in accordance with the Hebrew term. The term cinamoni is documented very late; von Wartburg dates the first documentation in O. Occ. to  (FEW –:a); however, it can be found (with an initial s-) in earlier O. Occ. texts compiled in the middle of the th century (RMA ; RPA , , , ); for the O. Cat. word, Coromines indicates the end of the th century (DECLC :a). The Paris variant seems to have the Latin cinamomum instead of the Romance form ending in -i (cf. entry Dalet ). For the loss of final -m in this form as well as for the epenthetic Waw in the Oxford variant of flor, see the introduction. . ø÷áìà 19§úåø 䧧á ø÷á éòéôö S. PY#Y BQR, Arab. RWT "LBQR ¯ Hebrew S. PY#Y BQR means “animals droppings, dung” and features in the Bible in Ez : (KB ; BM  f.). Arabic rawt al-baqar has the same meaning (L ). ¯ 17 ïéöøãä: ïéöøã O 18 åîåîðñã øåìô: éîåîðéñã øåìåô 19 §úåø: úåø VO

O éîåîðéñã øåìô V

sade .



For the identification, cf. IJ  and SID :. David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) translates the term as: ø÷áìà ìáæ. . 20ì§âô 䧧á ïåðö ˘ S. NWN, Arab. PGL Hebrew S. NWN means “radish”, Raphanus sativus L. (JD ; LW :; KA :, :; BM ; AEY :, :; FH , ,  f., ; FM ; LA  f.:; LF : f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. mKil .. Arabic fu˘gl, or fi˘gl, or fu˘gul designates the same plant (L ; D :; DT :; ID :). For the identification, cf. the Arukh (KA :): ìåâô åîù ìàòîùé ïåùìáå ˘ and Maimonides àùøåîøà 槧òìáå (in Arabic PGWL and in o.l. "RMWRS"), on the Mishnah mentioned above (MK :). . úåçìà éøî åà äèðçìà éøî 䧧á ñéøåî åà øéö S. YR or MWRYS, Arab. MRY "LHN . TH . or MRY "LHWT . Hebrew S. YR means “juice, brine (of meat, fish or fruits)” (JD ; LW :; SD : “fish brine”; KA :; BM  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mYom .. Hebrew MWRYS, from Latin muries (KG :), means “brine, pickle” (JD ; LW :; SD ; SDA , Aram. àñééøåî: “muries, a chopped fish food preserved in brine”; KA :) and also features in Rabbinic literature in mYom .. Arabic murr¯ı is normally translated as “garum”, i.e. a fish sauce common in the classical Mediterranean world during Greco-Roman times. But there were actually two varieties of murr¯ı in the Arabic/Islamic tradition, one made from fish, and the other from cereals. The cereal-based preparation was called murr¯ı al-hin . t. a, while the fish-based condiment, “fish-brine, garum” was called murr¯ı al-h¯ . ut (D :; DT :; KZ ). These two varieties of murr¯ı were often confused. Arabic murr¯ı features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g. XXII, ) and is translated by N as: ñééøåî and by Z as: çúåë. Maimonides on mYom . (MK :) explains Hebrew S. YR as: çìîìà éô ñáë à§ãà úåçìà ïî ìéñú éúìà äìàöîìà (the juice which is exuded from fish when it is preserved in salt), and Hebrew MWRYS as: éøîìà. 20 ì§âô: ìâéô

O ìâô V



shem tov, synonym list 

. äéðøá 䧧á úéçåìö S. LWHYT, Arab. BRNYH . Hebrew S. LWHYT means “flask, bottle with a wide belly and a narrow . neck, vase” and features in the Bible ( Kings :) and Rabbinic literature, e.g. in mParah . (KB ; JD ; LW :; SD ; KA :; BM  f.; BKH –; Low LXXIV; PB , ). Arabic barniyya means “a kind of vessel of baked clay; flask, bottle, generally of glass” (L ; cf. as well KZ  and Sade no.  below). . For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (SAM :), and IJ . See as well MCS :. . 22äéìèåá 짧áå 21æåë 䧧á úçôö S. PHT, . Arab. KWZ, o.l. BWTLYH . Hebrew S. PHT . means “pitcher” and features in the Bible, e.g. in  Kings : (KB ; BM ; BKH , ; DAS :, :, ). Arabic k¯uz, from Persian k¯uza (VL :), means “pitcher, small jug” (WKAS : f.). For the identification, cf. IJ . David b. Abraham al-F¯as¯ı (SF :) explains S. PHT . as Arabic äéðøá (see previous entry) or áàø÷ (“receptacle”). The vernacular term is the O. Occ. or O. Cat. word botelha/botella for ‘bottle’ (RL :b; DECLC :b; FEW :a). . ùàøä 25úéöçî áàë 24àéäå 23ä÷é÷ù 䧧á àúçìéö ˘ S. YLHT", Arab. SQYQH, and it is a pain in one side of the head . Aramaic S. YLHT" means “pain in one side of the head, hemicrania, . migraine” (JD ; LW :; SDA ; KA :, :; PB  f.) and features in Rabbinic literature, e.g. bGit b. Arabic ˘saq¯ıqa has the same meaning (L ; SN ) and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (e.g.

21 æåë: çåá O 22 äéìèåá: àéìéèåá

O àééìéèåá V

23 ä÷é÷ù: à÷é÷ù VO 24 àéäå: àåä O àåäå V 25 úéöçî: éöç

O éöçî V

sade .



VI, ; cf. BMMb ) where it is translated by N and by Z as: àåäå ä÷é÷ùä äàéðøâî àø÷ðä éìåç (MGRNY"H).

For the identification, cf. LO Perushim on bShab a, p. ; BT :. . 26áâæ 䧧á ÷ã øòù åîë áåäéö ˘ DQ, Arab. ZGB S. YHWB KMW S#R ˘ DQ means “fine yellow hairs,” and is a Hebrew S. YHWB KMW S#R quotation from Maimonides’ Mishneh Torah (Maas .): íúëàìî øîâ äæéà åîë ïäéìòù áåäöä øéñéå åãéá óùôùéùî -ïéçéèáàäå ïéòåìãäå ïéàåù÷ä ?úåøô ìù ÷ã øòù (What constitutes the completion of the preparation of produce? For chate melons, pumpkins, and watermelons, when one rubs them with his hand to remove the fine hairlike fuzz that makes them shine (trans. Klein, p. ));27 cf. BM . Arabic za˙gab means “down, the yellow small hairs upon the feathers of the young bird” (L ). Cf. Nun  above. In his commentary on mHul . . (MK :), Maimonides explains the term S. YHWB as: ùéøìà ïåìú àãúáà (the beginning of the colouring of the feathers). . àìéèåá 짧áå æåë 䧧á 28úçôö S. PHT, . Arab. KWZ, o.l. BWTYL" . For Hebrew S. PHT no.  above. . and Arabic k¯uz, cf. Sade . For the vernacular term, see ibidem. . äéðøá 䧧á úðöðö S. NS. NT, Arab. BRNYH Hebrew S. NS. NT means “basket” or “container, jug” and features in the Bible in Ex : (KB  f.; BM ; BKH  ff.). Arabic barniyya means “a kind of vessel of baked clay; flask, bottle, generally of glass” (cf. Sade no.  above). . For the identification, cf. Sa#adya (S ) on Ex :: ìà äùî øîàéå íëéúøãì úøîùîì äåäé éðôì åúà çðäå ïî øîòä àìî äîù ïúå úçà úðöðö ç÷ ïøäà

26 áâæ: áàâæ O 27 The Code of

Maimonides. Book seven: The Book of Agriculture. Translated from the Hebrew by Isaac Klein, New Haven and London . 28 àìéèåá 짧áå æåë 䧧á úçôö: om. OV



shem tov, synonym list 

(and Moses said to Aaron, “Take a jar, put one omer of manna in it, and place it before the LORD, to be kept throughout the ages”): ïåøäì éñåî ìà÷å à§èåôçî äììà éãé ïéá äò§öå äðî ïàáæøî ìî àäéô ìò§âàå §äãçàå §äéðøá §ã§ë íëìàé§âàì. See

as well IJ .

. ìåáìà áøã 䧧á õôç 29éìáî ïúùä úàö ˘ S. "T HSTN MBLY HP . S. , Arab. DRB "LBWL ˘ Hebrew S. "T HSTN MBLY HP . S. means “unwanted flow of urine”. Arabic darab means “an incurable disease; diarrhoea; a disease that attacks the¯stomach, in consequence of which it does not digest the food” (L ). The term features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VII, ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by both N and Z as: ìåùìù. The Arabic text is possibly corrupt and should be emended into: ìåáìà øã, darr al-bawl “the copious flowing of the urine” (L  f.). . 30áð§âìà úàã 䧧á úåòìöä ïéá çîö ˘ S. MH . BYN HS. L#WT, Arab. D"T "LGNB Hebrew S. MH . BYN HS. L#WT literally means “growth between the sides/ ribs” (for S. MH, no. ). It is possible that this term, which is not . cf. Sade . attested in secondary literature, was coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic d¯at al-˘ganb. ¯ ganb means “pleurisy”, Pleuritis costalis, and is translated Arabic d¯at al-˘ in Bet no.¯ as: ãöä úìòá. See also next entry. . 34àøéå 33ïéùøéáìô 짧áå 32äöåù 䧧á 31äùôøèá çîö ˘ Arab. SW ˘ S. H, o.l PLBYRSYN ˘ S. MH WYR" . BTRP . SH, ˘ literally means “growth in the diaphragm, memAramaic S. MH . BTRP . S" ˘ “diaphragm, membrane”, cf. JD ; SDA ; brane”. For Aramaic TRP . S", Low LIV; PB , . It is possible that this term, which is not attested in secondary literature, was coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic ˘saws. a. 29 éìáî: éìá O 30 áð§âìà: áðâìà

VO

31 äùôøèá: àùôøèá VO 32 äöåù: àöåù VO 33 ïéùøéáìô: ïéùéåìô 34 àøéå: àTéå P

O ïéãáìô V

sade .



Arabic ˘saws. a means “pleurisy”, Pleuritis (D :; SN : “Brustfellentzündung”; SpLA ; Ullmann, Rufus von Ephesos ),35 and features, for instance, in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (IX, ; XII, , ; cf. BMMb ) and is translated by N as: äöåù and by Z as: éìåç /äöåùìàä äöåùìàä. See as well Shin no. . The vernacular term corresponds to an O. Occ. compound term *plevesin/pleu(re)sin vera, which seems to designate the ‘real’ pleurisy in contrast to the illness treated in Bet  and Shin . For further information, see Bet ; for the letter Dalet in the Vatican MS, see the introduction. . 36íàñøù 䧧á çåîä çîö ˘ S. MH . HMWH, . Arab. SRS"M Hebrew S. MH . HMWH, . which literally means “a growth in the brain” and which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic ˘sirs¯am or sirs¯am. Arabic ˘sirs¯am or sirs¯am, from Persian sars¯am “inflammation of the head” (VL :), means “phrenitis” (D :; SN ; Dols, Majn¯un  f.)37 and features in medieval medical literature, e.g. in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (VI, ; cf. BMMb ), where it is translated by N as: ïéùðøô àåä íàñøñ /íàñøñ and by Z as: íàñøñ úàø÷ðä äñøåîä. . 38ä÷ãå 䧧á ïéòä ïáåìá çîö S. MH . BLWBN H#YN, Arab. WDQH Hebrew S. MH . BLWBN H#YN, which literally means “a growth in the white of the eyes” (for LWBN H#YN, cf. BM ) and which is not attested in 35 M. Ullmann, Rufus von Ephesos. Krankenjournale. Hrsg., übersetzt und erläutert. Wiesbaden . Ullmann remarks: “˘saus. a designates a disease that has not been defined accurately. According to Ibn W¯afid in Dozy suppl. I a, it is a growth in the thoracic diaphragm. The pain caused by this disease can radiate as far as the collarbones. According to Ibn S¯ın¯a (Q¯an¯un I ,), ˘saus. a is a growth in the membranes, diaphragms, and muscles of the thorax. He names them in conjunction with birs¯am and d¯at al-˘ganb. Ibn Manz¯ . ur (Lis. ,b  ff.) speaks of a wind that is trapped between the ¯ribs and is experienced as a shooting pain. On the whole, “pleurisy” can be considered as the right translation”. M.W. Dols, Medieval Islamic Medicine, Berkeley , p. , distinguishes between ˘saus. a and d¯at al-˘ganb as: “pleurisy” and “true pleurisy”. ¯ 36 íàñøù: íñøù V 37 M.W. Dols, Majn¯ un: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society. Edited by Diana E. Immisch, Oxford . 38 ä÷ãå: à÷øå O



shem tov, synonym list 

secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic zurqa. Arabic WDQH is corrupt and should be read as zurqa, meaning “green cataract” (SN ; cf. as well MH : “blueness”, glaucoma, γλακωσις). . éðåîâìô 䧧á íãîãà 39çîö S. MH . "DMDM, Arab. PLGMWNY Hebrew S. MH . "DMDM, which literally means “reddish growth” (for "DMDM, cf. BM ) and which is not attested in secondary literature, was possibly coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic fal˙gam¯un¯ı. Arabic fal˙gam¯un¯ı, from Greek φληγμον (UW  ff.), means “inflamed tumour” (SN : fel˙gam¯un¯ı) and features in Maimonides’ Medical Aphorisms (X, ), and is transcribed by N as: éðåîâìô. . àåáçî 짧ø àáëî 䧧á ÷åîòå ìåãâ çîö S. MH . GDWL W#MWQ, Arab. MKB", i.e. MHBW" . Hebrew S. MH . GDWL W#MWQ, literally meaning “a big and deep growth”, is not attested in secondary literature and was possibly coined by Shem Tov as an equivalent to the Arabic mahba". ˘ afficitur os aut tendo” Arabic mahba" means “ulcus in carne, quo non ˘ (an ulcer affecting the flesh, not the bones or tendons) (FL :) or “fistulous ulcer which spreads under the skin” (Greek: κολπς; cf. LS ); cf. az-Zahr¯aw¯ı, Kit¯ab at-tas. r¯ıf, Book , Part , chapter  (SpLA ): 7 h T] s( 7 aI) ,'$L NJ/> v2 s() ;] k eE L) N/) +B\Q P(- h @K)  7 +,- Q 7 h, G ) F ) AHB C< 7) U( Ž ) I*/ Ž ) Cg/ Ž