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l\,vqntljo thonk everyone iNoh/ed In cleoiicg lhls book. lom sinceelygrcJefullo Donold Holden,I\,4ory Suffudy ond CondoceRoneyfor lheif wisdom ond gL]idonce.

Ed'led by MarySLrilodyand CandaceRan6y Oe{ign€dby BobFlle Graphicp|oduclionby E lenG€ons

LrpliI Publoations Cogright@1986by Wat6on-G Fn$ pubtished 1986in N€wYorkby Watson-Guplill PLrbllcations, Publications, a dMsioi ol Billboard nc. 1515aroadwayNewYork,N.Y1003€ t ir'ry

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Lrssolls tom Michelangslo. 1. F$tEdlawing-Tschnique. 2. Drawing, 3. [4ichelangelo FgEirsaE-E{hniqu6. Buonarlo, r475-156a-Thern€€, moti!€s. l. Title. 743'.4 ifc6t5.B8'/ €86 86-11107

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Disttrtsd h !E t niled Kingdomby PhaidonPress,Lld., Li@ab Eols€, SL EbbebSt., Oxiofd All riits r€s€.Ed. No pa.t of ihis publicationmay be rwodr€d 6us€d h any iom or by any means graphic, electD.*i n nE ls*:al. indlding photocopying,recod'ng, lalirE, 6 hturdir| $rage ard leidevalsystems-wilhout sm€.t pr.tri*irx: d t|e Fui*rer Manuftdll€d in U.S-A. 1 23,1 5 6 7 8910/919089 8A87 86

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CHAPTER FIVE

TheUpper limb uu IHEMUSCLES OF]HEUPPER A?IV €9 TRICEPSTIHE IHREE HEqDED MUSCLE90 THERELAIIONSH P OFlHEFORMS OFIHEARIVTOTHESCAPULC92 ..,. THEIVUSCLES OFIHERAISED ARM 94 ' TllEIVIUSCLES ANDBON€S Of Iltr FOREARM96

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IVASSING IHEFOREARN',oo THEI\IUSCLES OFIHEIIAND '02 SIMPT]F/INGlHEI{AND'04

CHAPTER SIX

TheLowefLifllb ,oo

THEFRONT OFTHE 1HIOH,10l THEMUSCTES THAT IVO!€THE iHIGH 408 THEIIAMSTRING l\ilUSCtES4,10 THERELATIONSH]P OFIHETHIGH TOi}IE PELVIS112 lHEBONES OFTHE KNEE4'4 THEFOR]\4S OFTHEKNEE1'6 THEBONES ANDMUSCLES OFIHELEE ,1'18 lHEMUSCLES OFTHEFIBULA'20 THEI\iIUSCLES OFTHECALF /22 THEFOOT: THEBOIWARCH 124 THEMUSCLES OF]HEFOOT 426 TIANITHE UPR]GHT ANIV1ALi28

CHAPTER SEVEN

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woy,l wsnledlo nne do,/ \dh e vlewingo drowng show Rothetin o moslp eosurable Vhod on etperience thot offected m-- st down wilh you,lookai lhesemognficent :eeplyLs cosuoywo kedlhroughiheroom, worksond beg n d scussng thoseospeclsof :aw o drowingI coudn't toke my ey€solf, eoch wgrkthol o recleo resi1l.observeoswe :nd ol lhe olher drowlngsseemedsho ow os mosiimporlonilo lirstrolefgure drowing Iire drawngsseecied ior th s trookshow and undslingushed by comporson.Thoi :rcwingwoso nude sfudyby M chelongelo ih,. figurein manywrols posesirom a ldi lihough h o d b e e n l o m i o r w l h terenlpo nlsofvew Thereiso greoloppodu '.ilcheongelotworkol my fe, iseemedlhol nly here10observehowo moslerdrcflsmon monyol the fofmsof lhe body .nly now perhopsbecouseof myeducolion foreshodens :nd troinng,waslrecept\€to hh nfe|preto ond chongeslheif shopesin ihe different _?nsof lhe figufe nfocl,ilwasosf hodn-.ver Anyonewho serously $ontslo underslond :eenlhembeforeondlholnothingcouldbe -ore exciiinglhcn lo be n ihe presenceof greolfrguredrowingmuslde\r'cie o conslder _ gh Renoissonce od ond flnoly hove eyes ob e omounloflirnelolhesludyofonolomy _rolcoud seeit hoveonlyconcenlroledon the moslimpor n ionl musclesond musce groupson l1_ie slr Sincelhol doy I ho!€ been lhoroLrghly ,c\,€d n the processond mogicof drowing face of the f gure Forgreolerclorlv I ho\€ _.1efgure My increosedknowledgehos ncludednextlo Michelongelob workso di _e\€rde$royedlhe sponlonellyond mogcl ogromof lhe skeleton showng ony ihe mus ' hosonlyenhoncedilgreoiy ln foct,I ho!€ cle or muscesunder discussionTheseore 'rund thol drowng wthouto frm foundolion nlended io he p you underslondond re_ lhe p ncpes of onoiomy s morediflicuI anemberexocilywhereo fom beginsand ron ihe ocil.rolsdrnng of lhoseprnciples When begonio wte lh s book,mYinTen- Thesewrl ngsoTeio be consideredon in_3nwqsio keep the spirl of fgu€ drowing troductonorcotolyslio o pfofoundslLlciy thoi .iocl.lho!€ nol oltempledio soyeveMhing yo! w spendlhe restof )o!r doysenJoyng.I roi con be saidoboul drowing,nor frove fei stronglyihol \tonled lo createo book - ed to lisiolLihemuscesoflhe h!mon body ihoi would knockdown some borefs ond iclher,in o mosipleoslroblewqy,I \tonleclto a low \,oungorihisio beg n to reqllyundef: i downwiih \,ou,lookol thesemognifcenl stondthe lormsoffhe flgure,lilscleorto me thosecspectsof thal f wonledihe reoderlo shoremy g€oT ,,crksond begindiscusslng ',llch6ongelo3\^ofklhoi ore ceoresllo ob- enihlsiosmfor onolomyanddrqwng prlnc:?tueos wel os mosl imporiantio lilsl_roie p es, wou d have lo expresssome comp ex '3iJ|edrowng, deos in o more simplfed wqy ond I loke when lbegon io wriieihisbook,my inien responsibiV lor thot. N4orelhon on!4hngese, lhis book is ihe rn wosio keep lhe spit of figuredrowng _ioct, ho\€ nol oliernptedto soye\€Mh ng express on of o lo\,€affor thol I hovehodwllh -ci con be sod oboui drowng, nor hove I the exhoordinorydrawlngsof lhe greolesl - ed to sla I the mlrscles of the humonbodl mosterof the figure,Mcheongeo. Michoe Bubon NewYorkC ly,1986

ONE CHAPTER

UNDERLYING THE OFFORM STRUCTURE

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10lhe nsidemodelng of lhe fgue wilhoul firsieslab shingthe ollside shopeoJlhe fig uTen o geneTotwgy E!€ryfigurehoson implcil oclion,or gesture.]helneA connechihe portsof lhe body lrcm heodio ioe and suggesis lhe geslureof nrepose.Gestu€istheh.4hmor musicofthe p figure.whichcreoleso peosingrelotionsh benreen one form cnd onolher Mchef ongelo ncorporoledo slrongsenseof ges Hhboldcurvingond turein o lof hisdrowngs. lire posefrcm bespirolinginespre\r'enled comingstiffond wno'rurol,

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ealg ond belllchelongelo drew consfonil\4 ItI cousepoper was expensi\ein the sixleenthceniuryh spogeswelen\oroblyflled wlh o\,e opping sketchesond studies. lhe his skelches on ihispoge cleory demonsirole eorly esioblishmenl of powe !1, e\ocot\€ dlowings.Thebod, untoliernginesusedlo ndicotelhe oulsideshopeof ihe odulttg!€ and ch d {A)ore beoulifuydrown Oncethe oliside conlourof o llgufev/osdelermined,

Mcheongelo begon to indcote more deio ed forms He representedskeeiol ond musculormossesby quick,light nes Forex omple,ihelnesol Bindicoiethe col orbones, or c avcles;ihe shod nes in lhe oreo of C suggesilhegreolpecioro muscles on lop of lhe r b coge.A seresof shorllnes,which\dere suggesi then applied lo lhe arge mosses, formsthoi ore lo be in shodowtnole lhe cur\,edlineson the bock ofihe thlghoi D.

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of Form TheShopes The n o fgureson ihe rqhlotlhs drowing, ! whch ore renderedn lqhi ondshode(4 wereperhopsfrctskelchedln line,muchlike the n o frgu€s on the eft (Bl Itishelplulfilsiloindcolelheoulsideshape of lhe figLrre in o looseond genero monner, wilhoulbeing concemed oboul mnor de toils.l€epng in mindhowlheheod,ribcoge, ond pe vicmosses orelo be p oced inspoce, musl o so delerrn ne the poslonsof ihe ),ou ormsond egs,Onceyouho€ opproprole y drownlhe oulsde shopelo del lle lhe direc iion ond size of ihe forms,lhen colefully ond poienlly refne ollthe genero linesio ochievethe flno ouisde conlour ine Asyou obser\ethe oulsideshopesof thesefgures, noiicelhe\,orouschongesin difeciionof lhe lnes l.liimotely,lhe linesof lhe f glle connol be vogue;ihey must cleory fepresentthe onolomy lt s mportanl, ho\^€!€i notlo drow d fecllonsond linesndicolngdetalsL.htilthe propofiions ol the lorgerformsoreexocty lhe lhe woyyouwsnilhemObviouslythesiudyof shopesof ihe formsof ihe bodyisfundomenio io drowingihoseformsoccuraieyAsihe trueshopes of lhe boneond rnuscleslructure ore underslood,lin€sbecome \€ry eosyto

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ln the d'owing ol efl, tou con see how IMchelongelo bu i feshyforrnson lop of lhe skeletolshucture.lhe ribcoge (AJondlhe pevis(B)ore hugebonystructuresonwhichto Londmork boselhe enlireposeondgesture, greonyfromone indviduollo \r'ory oflhe iLesh onolherOnsomemodelsthen pp esorelowl on olherslheyore high Bonesg \,eo reloble on whlchto setof fixedpoints,or ondmorks, buiLdo drowing. lvloke onofomcol drowlngsolong with )o!rdraw nggfromthe model.Ofcourselour rnode does nol ook like on onotomcal drowng,bui by mokn9occomponyng skel' etolondmuscuordrcwngs,youore liflinglhe curtoinof skin n orderlo seelhe uhderlyng strlcturethof detgrmneslhe shopeson lhe

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Agoodwoylo eorniheformsofihebody s lo proclicedrowingthe majof mossesffom onoiomy chorh Drow ihe frcni, side,ond bock views Closeihe book dnd see how much'ou can dfowlrcm memoryll lsa soo good ideo lo proclice drowing frcm the greotmo$ers,lf N,lchelongelocon gi\€ )ou on ideowherethe linesshoud be pul down, whal betrerhelp coLJldyou ho1€?Another wqyio eorn isio dtaw ftom o reolskelefon, Skelchihe skeeion o\€r yourfguredrowings io seeif lou hove ploced ihe bonescorrecily, lhe skin-for Monybonesore directlyLJndor instonce, ihe skul,the knee,ond lhe bonesof ihe feol and hoads

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minuslhe xiphod process, I n drowing,the fgure s bu I oul ol mosses bone,or sternum, 5 s wh ch s ocoiedot lhe boliomof lhe siern!m I lhol hoveo relofonshp io eoch oiher:Th acLectpropodons n o ploportono sYslem Thelenglhoflhe slernumnlocleqLrolslhe _-reori st con usewhoteverporl of lhe bocly longlhof selerc oiher seclionsof lhe onoi^? kesos o lnl of meosureThenhe need omy Forexompe, l eqlols the engthof The the lengihol lhe shoulderblode,or :- y anol\/?ehow lhh chosenunil Ie oles10 clovcLe, :: erpodsofthebodyTheonc enl EgYplons scop! o,lhe d sloncebelweenlhe scopuoe, _:c o propodionolsystem thoi\dasbosedon the lenglhof lhe hand m nuslhe tp of lhe -,. englh ol lhe midde fnger opp colions th rd f nger ond lhe w dth oi ihe heod n oddton, ihe siernollenglhmutpled :: rhhsyslemoso occur n cerToinexompes the one ond o ho f limesequa slhe lenglhofihe :'Greek orl Accordng 10 lhs syslern, :^qih ofihe midde fngermulip ed by n ne' heod (fromthe top of the sku io the boliom _:.n equos the heght of ihe figure The ollhechin)ondthe englhollhe foreormThe ihe engih ol :^glh of ihe hond muiplied by ien or the slernollengihdoubed eqLrols :^glh oi ihe looi muLlp ed by sx a so op- lhe r b cooe,iheoppfoxmoleu/dih oiihe fli) : .x moieslhe heghiof on o\€roge hlmon coge oi iiswdesl poinl ond ihe engThofihe upper orm, or humerus Ihree iimes ihe ri l'redeveopedlhe drowingshownhere, lenglhoilhe siernurn ol tte eqlo sihe Lengrih '. a.eongelowosevdeniylhnkng of lhe lhighos\de oslhe lenglhofihe egwihlhe :_!i1 of lhe kneeond how il le oieslo lhe fool, lhal s, the heighloi ihe fooi (ihe dis :-: formsoflhebodyAflercorrecly render lonce fromihe onke io lhe groLlndl n ine,M cheongelo Ho\,e),ouevercompleledo drowng oiihe :-e porlsoitheknee :::eeded to odd lght ond shode-noie figureonlyio fnd lhoi lhe head isioo srno, - :' -e ght in lhisdrowingcomesfromthe ihe orm s ioo long,oI the body sloo wide? Thecurefortheseproblemsslo workosmuch =' .-i iowqrdthe fronlol lhe liglrre -: nlerestng lo observelholihe engihoi osyoucon wth proporions,TheoncienlorT -:..39,ihoi s,lhedisloncefromlhetopoisis of Greece lo\,ed lo work wlh meosure -: ::-rmon lendon,(4, of lhe quodrlceps mentsond numbersond thosehormonoLrs -,:: . io ihe knee ng polnl,or tuberce oi numbersloundihe rwoyinlothereoi onships -: -: . forms lhe lgure of lhe of equa s the enerlh of lhe br,aosilBl,

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be- usuollymode n the owerlmbs Qy underrtondngthe reoionshrps glween fofmsin a siondnq f qLrfeyouw Accordingio lhs systemof meosuremenf, hovea beller deo of whot io expeclwhen ihe heod lselfconsiitules the irst meosure h the dlslou encounlerfglres in seotedor €clinng meni(A).Thesecondmeosuremenl lance beireen lhe chin ond ihe nppes (B) Arlisisof ihe Renossoncewere fond of Thethird meosuremenis lhe d sloncefrom Lrsingihe englh of Jhe heod os o uni of lhe n pp es io the e\€ ol the no\,e (C)rihe meosureThe engih of Jheheod mulip ed iourlh fromthe no\€l lo ihe crolch,or symsevenond one hof lmes equo/slhe loto physspubls(D)jtheRfihffornihe crolchloihe he ghiof on a\erogeliguretlheheod lengih leve of lhe mddle ol ihe ihigh (E)rlhe sixth mullipliedby eghl equohlhe heighloJololl fromlhe midde ol lhe lhighlo ihe le\,eof the personrond the heod lenglh mulllp/ied knee (D;lhe se\,enfhfrom lhe knee lo lhe roughlyby sevenequo slhe he ghl ol o shod m dde ol ihe ower eg (G)jond the eighfh ndviduol.Renossonceorlsh usualy used fromlhe mlddleof the owerleg io the bol eghi heodsas o meosuremenl simpy be- tom of the foot (H) I yo! oppy lhe englh of lhe heod to lhe couse il s eosier10 subdivdeeighl lhon se\,enond o holf.Ofcoursenolo lrnodeho€ w dihsoisorneoi ihe mossesolihe figufe,),ou ihe some height D screpdncyn heighl in con seelhol lhe lengthol one heod equa s mosTinsionces, occursn the o\^€rlimbsrlhe lhe d sloncebe veenthe nipplesos we os lengihoilhe heodond lnrnkdoesnot\ilryso lhe d slonceocrossthe \ro si, One ond one hol heod engihsequo lhe much.Thelefore, odjuslmentsn heghlwefe

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y'6youdrow conlinuolyscon\,oursubleci iLsiancebeireen the ormpihos wellosthe lemoeb The lntroduclionol bod proporlionsresulls ,ldlh of lhe mo eh pevc massrlhe whenyou Looktoo longat ony givenpan or seLvicrnossss ghllywidet delollof lhe body n odditionto lhe propor dsthe lengih of tu/o heodsequoh ihe here, '3nce ocross lh,a moe3 shouders;the lionolsysiems thothovebeend scussed relo_ wlh oiher come up why nolexplore ond norrov€t The ore sighty shouders =moeb olyourown?Themorereollonships .nglh ofiv/oheodsso soequolto ihe lengih uonships thoiyouconlindosyoudrowlhe moreoccu_ :i ilre lhigh. role yourlgure wiL be. Proporiionosy$ems n drow ngiromlhelop li so mhiokeiobeg be lseful and comiodoble Mchei_ your shoLrld sh drow_ lo fn ond oliempl ihe heod :: -g of ihe bo1lomoi the fgLrreojl n one ex ongeos meoslrremenls oi ihe llgure ore lhose ol soy E Greco lrcm poris of The ceorly differenl sketch n ihe :arion Lnsfeod, 'j!re n o generolv/oy,lndicoing proporiions Thefemoe fgu|e oi DeLoh ond the orger tholyouhovebeenstudyng :_c ceslure,Thnkof ),ourfiguredrowng oso lg!re ofSornson -.p on whichyo! simpyv,/oniio pon ond here ore dfown occordingio proporlionol thal ore roughyihe same I s ihe :;coler ihe plocemenlof the porlsof lhe syslems of meosurelhal ore d i ol po nts,or lond lengths lhe Lrnits of ..:dy lhe esloblishmenl -ark, ond the plocemenlof inesconneci €leni noiice lhol the heod ol Sornsonis _3 lfese poinlsore mportonl n poitng i\r ce os lorgeoslhol oi Delioh : aperproporijonsbetv€enlormsofthebody

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Fonns Designing The eftecllveplocemeniot one obleci in I fe otonto onolheroblecfs\ery mporlonl in a work of orl. Thelhingsthot )ou leorn oboul drowingo sngle figurewillo so be of help in composlngo piciule mode !p of groupngsof frgures. Juslosthe€ iso geslule, or h)4hm,throughoulihelormslhol mokeup o singleflgure,theremuslbe a rhy,thm lhot conneclsmuliple imoges, In ihis drowing of Hercuesengoged in d sporole octions, lhe gesfuresof lhe ind! vlduolfguresbiendhormoniousylo creoieo unifed composillonThoifhormonyofgestue cousesthe eyelo fow freelyfromone fgure lo onoiherTryio visuolize curved,ffowinglines thofconnecithethreef gufesin lhlsdrcwing. A good composilionollen hos numerous fildhm hesrunnlngln monydifferentdireclionr,Thus,ihe podsof o drawingore never ireoiedas bh ond piecesbul workiogether lo forrno lorgerlnljy

Rhy'hmlinesindi.ote lhe flaw ot .rD.Jenlenlwithin o drcwing ond rclote indiviluol figut$ ta the compositr, os o whole.

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Form Complex Simplifying Thk is o foscinolinoskelchnloving mony I fgufesondmuchdynomc oction,lis!cuobe becouseii showshow lvlchelongelo lhoughl oboui ond drew compicotedcuslers oi inlerocJngfgures Theseliguresore drownos simpe iornrs,bll the drowingis in no v\rcy vague,Theseporoionof one muscle mossirom onolheron lhesesmoi bodiesis c eorlydeined by Inei ond shorl holched nesore paced on thosetiguresor porlsol fgures1o €presentshoding Nole lhat lhe ighi source n N/ichelongelo's drowingsol mosio wqyscomes from lhe efl Wrelherlou are workingon o drowingof one fgure or o hlfdred fgures,il is wiselo keepo lihe foms smple lf youcon v sucize you one hundredfguresos one lorge rnoss, w I ha\e discoveredo fundomenlolkuth oboui whot greatdrowingenlois lhe subord nolionofdeioi io ihe elfeclverendering

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l Mossing lheHeqd Th s h o delo I of lhe drowinglhol oppeors concept I on poge 131.lheoldestmossing |.Bedby orl slsfor lhe head h lhol of ihe boll ond the owl. Tryto seelhrough deloils of lhe heodosif lheydid nol exslond nolelhoi the or cranium,sosphefe(Al.ondthe t rolncose, mossofthe iJce, whenthe feoluresore dis'egoded, oppeors lic be on o\r'ol(B).ll is exiemey imporloniic wderstondthe slzeof li|e bo oflhe heod in le olonshiptolhe size

of theowl of lhe nrce.Thebolloftheheod,or cronium,willRlinloa perbcJsqloretthe ovol ofthe loce isone ond o holft mesoslongos lhe boll of the heod. Peopleofien moke lhe ihe croniumloo smollforthe foce Theorlisl mustalsoconsiderhow these1vr'o large mossesore io be ploced, lhe relo lionshipof ihe ballof the heod lo the owlof lhe foc€ will of cou6e wry depending on ihe posiiionof lhe heod.

the relallonshpat the poll of lhe hed b t'heawl at thb fo.P wj chonge os the mode/3pcrtion chonges

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The iosr or dfowng,ucl"rcomplcoied I fo{m5os lhe heod in o llted posilions greaiy essenedf youlrst th nk ofthot head oso slmpeiorm o bock,cy ndetorovo ond ihen placeihiss mpe form n o posilion lhoicor€spondsioihedes redposion oiihe heod Disreoord ng ihe ieolures, Thedrowng of ihs heod con be Lrnclerslood os a cyiinder kemossilling ntolhepoperoilh,-lopos the bolTorn of the cylnderproleclsforwarclf o cy nder were poced n lhis posion in spoce you woud see some of lhe c rcuor underpone allhe boltomor bosebul none oi the c rculorlop plone.Nolce lhal lh-- nes represenifglhe hol (Aldefne ond ernphosze ihe cy ndrcol shope of ihe for-oheocl, ond ihol the rlesusedfor the borderof lhe oweriaw (BJsuggesilheunderpone ol the cy rdetvsuo z ng lhe foceoso cy nderwih inesencrc ng t also heps nsurethot you ploce eyes,nose,and mouthon the heod

la irs,te lf)e ptapet tlll af the hedd lr .dtowirg. t is helptulta lhi.k af the fa.e as o cftnCtical

SIUDYOF IHE NEADOF DA\II..I 1524-21 tot totet) ed chdtk, bldck choik, ohd peh 13', \ 31/,',63 42 t 21 se cn) L

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The I fsllhinqsyoumighlnoice n lhisdfowI ing of o heod ofe the beoulfulond com p exdetoih,blllhedelaiharenotwholmoke ihs drowing greol Whol h mportant lo nollce s lhclthe smollerforms o€ drawnso thotihey appeorlo reslgrocefullyon lop of lhe ofger mossof lhe heod ls€lf.Heods drownby Micheangeoovr'cysgile the u sionof beng o solidmossn spoce. Whendecid ng on lhe plocomentol lhe feotures,t s hepful lo dividelhe loce inio Thrds Youmightwantlo rln ghl horizonio lnesoroundlhe ow - ikemossof ihe foce al the evel of lhe balures.Theforeheodfrom the holrinelo ihe brcw (4 woud represenl one lh rdi lhe nosewoud represeni the sec ond lhirdtond lhe spocefrcmthe bofromof lhe nose (B)lo the bollom of the ch n (CJ woLrldloke up ihe losflhird.lhislosisecton con be furthersubdividednio ihirdsin order lo ploce lhe moLrihond chin colecly The seporotonof ihe lps willbe otihe botiomol the firstlhirdtlhetop of the chn wil be neor lhe boltomofthe secondihirdrond the bol, tomoflhechinw be ai ihe bollomol the osi thirdYouhoveto soy"neof"of "oboul,whsn speokng of meosufemenhbecouselhere youcon justnotlcehow ofe no obsolutgrulest c oselyiheleoluresofihe mode corespond io the c osscal proportonsoui ned obove n iems of depih, ihe reoilonshipof ihe boiufesmustoho be c eory esloblishedThe nose s fodhefforv,qrdlhan lhe mouihiihe upper lip is mo€ forvr'ord lhon ihe owerllpr ond ihe chln s fortherbockthanihe mouih. Iry drowing consiructonlines-hor zonioi, \ericol, ond diogono-from one feolureio onoiherThephllirum(D),or areo obo\€ ihe cenler of lhe lpper p exiendsdownwqrd frornlhe cenlerof the boseol the nose,lhe philirurnformso rnosi nlereslngplonet I s conco!€ irom lop io boitomond oso conco\€ iromsideloside.Thsistheonlypone of iisknd on lhe enl re lgure, you ore io reolronshlps the moresensili\,e belween vorous ieoiures,ihe belier your drowngswi be. Nol€that on mognory\€r Uco ne exlendingupwordlromthe bock of ihewingoJihenosewouldconneclthispoint of org n withlhe innercornerol the ele. Noticeloo thot the chn sirop (E)in this drowlngservesaso contourineihothelpsio exploinihecuri€d ospecloflheunderplofe ot the owerlow(Fl Ihe ch n stroposo separoles the ower jow flom onother cufted pone,lhe cylindorof the neck {Gl.Youcon seelholihechn ntesecisthe neckot o ower elellhon doesthe backoJtheskull. Thebase oflheneck s owerinfronlthon in bock,which gives i o fo^/crd ihrust

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lheFeotures withLightondShode Defining - : .:=re' c eorwheiherlh s slhe l]owiire symboof o so d s weokened. I--::: I :' : - an oro womon, lvlcheionoe o Olco!rsewiihihe heod rilh s posltion,the sde ond podonsoiihe fronipionesof ol of ,,.-:. -19 crlsfsnlo sketchlinescrevs thesmolerforms olthe heodoreo sovisibe, .. ^nsCrowing Thereo revery€w slroighl osorelhebockord sde ponesofthe neck. .:3.efe Michecnge o wasconcernedwih Thed rect ght n thisdrowng comesifom .leci nga soldheodono faipieceolpopet ihe efi ondihe iellecled ghlcomeslrornthe ,n cars besloccomplishedby usingcurvecl r ght.Thesideplonesof ihe heod ore in ght, nes Ihe linesof lhe hol (Aond B)he p c or fo whereoslhe frontpanes of lhe foce o€ in iire foundness ol the heod Thelinesof lhe shodowLghl and shadedel ne ihe meelng siernocledomasloidmuscle(C)help lo de poces of fronlond srdepones,ll rsmost m po onllholsr-rch fne the neckos o cylinder clefnilionbe estobshedby ThislhreequorlerposI on clromolicaIy n- lneor by ghl ond shcderolherwhelhe forms creoseslhe uson of ihe heod os o lhree- of the heod ond lace w I oppeorfol Themergingol thefronlondsidepionesof dimensionol foranThnk of a cube drown n juslsucho poslon Nowd.ow of lh nk of o lhe nose (Dl.s ernphcszedby lhe obrLrpl cube poced n o compelesde vewt nole chonge frornlghi lo shade Therdge oi o form,ihe iunclureof l^/o panes,shouldbe nlio y eslob shedby drowng o line. l/ore roundedformsore ndicoled by o moregroduallronslon ofva ue fromiighiio clork.BecoLrse ol th sgrodLraprogression. ihe loreheocloncl neck oppeor mor,-ro!nclecl ihon do lh-6nose,rnollh,onclch n on which ihe clrongeifom lightio clorks obrupt.The nose.mouTh.ond chin are bocklike n opTlreeor sbeoli fu lydrowno nd posilofed. tsfroniborder s ocaledallheholwrypo nl of ihe sde of ihe heod f th s worco siroqhl profe viewihe lop oriheeorwoudoppeor e!€ w th lhe browondihe bofom ollhe eor woLrldappear e\,1rwilh lhe bofonr of the nose.8!i snce ihe hed.l s I 1e.l.lownword, ihe ear correspon.l ng y iilisupword n conkasl lo ihe nose ond o\irl oi the loce Th-. more the hecrd s t led, ihe more ihe reo-

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Afierp npointingihe conecllocoiionofThe eor youshoud generolly--stabsh ls olrlsicle shope NoleM checngeob corefuoiJeniion lolhelubekecort ogesoflheeor lhefm,or heix (E)rlhe Yshopeclnnercorl oge oi ihe onlhe x (Fl, which cLr^/es dowri\,lord o ongsde ihe he ix;ihehro smalprojeclions oi lhe irogus(G) ond ontilrosus(H) /rogus comesfromlhe Greekwordmeonng goofs beorcl"ril s herelhol hoirsn lhe eor occur Thecorliogessurround cnd deine lhe hear ing cono, or concho 0. Theeor/obe!) s hondsomeydecorotedwlh lhe eorrnO.The cortiogesformng the eols ond noseconlinue10grow througholtour lelme, whch meons od foks somelimeshove er1roor d nor y bg eorsond nosesi

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of Voluefo line TheRelolionship con opply qhiondshodelo o cV n lf VoLr I Oer yolr con dfow ihe necl of o mode Oflenlhe heod coslso shodowon lhe neck Mcheongeo knew lhol such dork spois coud spoillhesuble effeciof ghl. iis nier esing io nolelhol oilmes, he om iredor jLrsi borey suggesledsuch cost shodows(A Thereo refewexlremely dorkionesin ihe eye

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sockeioreo{Bl,ondthecaslshodowiromihe nose [C] is oso qule subJe ,\ o .ue, Micheongeo ,,!caexircmelycorefu cboul cosl shodowsand oiher dorktonesused10 defne forns n ghi oreasof hh drawngs. Youcon undersiondhow lhe drcclon of ihisheoclwasesiob shed by vsualzng hvo mpo(onTconsirucionnes;mooneo horzontc ne runningthroughlhe eyesond o !€rfco ne runnnOlhrough ihecenierofihe foce Thenose s beouifLrlydrowncnd pertucllyp oced coftislenlwth the directon of lhe rnossof the head ll m ghl be he pfu lo lh nkofonimognoryorrowpiercing ihe bock ol ihe mossoi lhe head,ot lhe eve of the bottomof lhe nose,ond com ng oullhe froni of lhe head ol the some eve Thisonow woud ndiccle the direction n which lhe nosesnouroDeolown TheInesoflhh d.aw ng oreveryexpress ve onclore reoled 1oo llhe olher eemenlsof clrowng.Lnesusecltodeineformsoflenioke ihevo uesopp ed ioihe orgermosses ln ihe oreasihai lhey possover Forexample,ihe ne oi lhe lroi iso aonTour ihai isdrowno\er ord explonslhe shopeol ThefoleheoclThis ine s very ghl os i lrovehlhroughihe high ighl oreo [D]ol the mossoi lhe heod ond becon'es.larl<er as il r'rovesnlo lhe shadow oreo(ElTherno$ ofihe foce sstrocl,od mrch os o large egg woLrdbe The/ighi s fo nO fronrabove efi ond lo\dordihe ironl.Sucho ighlng schemeifsuresthot threeJourlhs ol lhe heod s in ighi wh e one fourth s n Theinesusedonlhe efl sideofsuchfofrfs os ihe eyebrows, ihe l.ls oi the eye,ihe w ng oiThenose. ondihe lpsoreolliglriernione thanthe nesusedon the rightsde. Theeyebrows olso rcpresenledby nes lhoi eclro ond expoin ihe fofm obo\€ ihe eye Thesepofotonfiefr'r'een the froniond sideof the foreheodoccursct F Thecurved LnesLJsed for lhe eyeldsdelinelhe rounded iorm of lhe eyebol, and lhese iinescurve sighiy up\dord,ndicolng thoi lhe heocl s t led s ghllydownwcrclThe ine usedlo sep orole the lps oso curles.slightyupward Slroghl nesonywhereon the f gurelend io

IEADOFFEMALP FIGURE 3ld ' 55/l(2121 \ 1129cn)

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theNoseondMouth Shoping T h e r g h l n g s c h e m ee m p o y e d h e f et r o sa I R)vofrle or Micheongeoe o enge lqhl soufce from lhe efl lowsrd ihe ironl ond obove ihe figure, L nes os wel os lghi ond shade n [,4cheongelo3 drawngs ore olwcys bosed on lhe orlislsp'oiound underslondng oi forrn.Thevo ues con be ihoughloi os lhin oyerc of skin plocecl on lhe so d scu pluro forms of the figufe P,s n ihe drowngs seen eor er,eyeld linesore cqrefulyclrownherelo convey a sense of lhe mass of lhe eyeba l. AdisTsrarey nd cole fhe eye oshesbecouse lhey hove so lllle fo|m McheongeoS unclerslondingoi ihe poris ol The nose ore c eorly demorislraieclhere Theoreo bel\reenlhe bfows,obove the nose, s colecl lhe giobeilo (Al 1is o down\aord s o p n g p c n e , w h c h c u r \ e su f d e r o n c l o w o y from lhe lighfsourceemonolng from obove SLrbllegroylone oppl-ad lolhe g obello sug gesTsih scLrrvingowoy lrom the lighi D reciy beow th.,rgobela s The Jrone c€oied by ihe bi.lqei of lh,- nose.which s composeii of l v / os m . r / l n o s ob o n e s( B J . l h ipso n e . w h c h s iooclo.l by ghl, wideris os l sopes.lowir\,!ad .rfd lerrrrfoles on o evc ihoT corre spoftls wiThThe nner corncrsol ih.- cyes.The ower hn iollhc cy r.lcrjiko rierl] oflhc fos{l lrecomes rnorc noffow os it eiTencis(lown rfTolhe bulb oi ihcrorc (Cl The owerer.rol thc nosc s formed by ihree smo . rolnded,

yelblocklke masseslhebub, niheceniet ond Thewngs on eilhersde,wh ch ore por lio y embedded n the cenlro and slighiy orgerbu b Nolce howMichelangeobmaslerfu monpulolionof \4true cousescerioin oreosol Thenose io odvancewhie oiher oreosTecedeThereolonshipben/eenihe formsoflhe head n lermsoi deplh s oiwoys we consdered b'y Micheangeo For n slonce,onelee sihoi n h sdrawngslhenose sc eaflyiorwardoiihe eyesofdiholihe eyes ole ceoriyfor\,lordof ihe eors ft4icheongeobdrowi]rgsof mouihsfever ookfol. n thisdrowng lheTes o ceofsense oi Tfremouihcurvngaroundlhe loolh cy n der of the underyingsku The upper p pone, receves which s o clownwarclsopng essghithqndoestheoweriip,wh chslopes upwordTheowerlp lnlhisdrawng hosbeen shacledosone woud shodeo horzontacy incleflhe upper p ismade up ofihfeeiorms one in the m .l.lle oriclonc on eoch sido whie Theow--r p s made up of hro forms. Once Thesirlclureof Thehe,:,:ls esTob ishecl,you sho! d TokecoreTo dec cleon ihe exocTocoTionol lhe leoTLil:s. A qoo.l eye n ihe wrongploce sworseilran o bod drawfg ollh(--cyen lhrir ehip oce \lnr.rlirco !l ftJof hornrna onrl v-^dico r,-s o(f,ossyolr nxxlcl! lftje vr lhot yo! can .lejemii'r the le ai onshp of lh--f-.aiues

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TheMuscles ofExpression

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SIUDY FOEruE HEAD OFTI]EDON MADONM '15034, red.hdlk /'h \ 6* [24 \ 1715cn)

T he dominorng rormortheheod sthesku cronrum,hoso iendinoussheeilhol exlends I Theob, i1lto drowlhe heod vlettEbosed o\€r lhe lop of ihe cron Lrmlo lhe foreheod, on on underslonding ofthe shopeoJlheskull. wherefibersogoinoccur.Allhe fo€heod the Thoreole o fewveryihin mltsces ol ihe foce musce term noles in the skn obo\,e lhe eye Thoii ll oulihebonysiruclure ol ihe skutt. These brows.Theoccipiiojronlals hosihe funclion cre the musctesoi expressionAddltionolltj oi lfiing up lhe eyebrows, creoiinghorizonloi lhere ore lwo musceson lhe heod, wh ch wrinkeson lhe foreheodos seen n lhe exmo\e the ower jow or mandbe, ond ore presson of surprse or ollenton usedfof chewng food Theele s sufioundedby se\€ro musces, Themusclesof expression ore slrucluroly Theseincludehro selsofcirclilor muscleslhe \€ry diJlelenlfromlhe musclesof lhe body nnerondoulerringsof lhe orbiculorh ocu i (B the mlsclesiholmo\€ lhe bodyofginofeot and Cl Theinnefrngs,or po pebralpori (Bl, one bone ond insertnto onolherbone.The are respons be for openingand closingihe muscesol exp€sson o soorginoleon bone, eye ds. The ouler ring,or obiiol porl (C), on ihe skuI,bulihey inserlinlotheskinofihe oboveTheeyes,whenconlraciedw llpulllhe irce Whef lhesemusclesconirocl ihey pLt/l skin beireen lhe eyebrows s ghlly down the skin,producingwriousfcrcioexpressions.word,cousrngshortverilcolwrnkes lo op Theocc p to-frontolis muscle(A co\ersthe peorbei/,eenlhe brows.Ths muscleexpresOock,lopond fronlof the cronium,Thlsm!s- seslhe letlocll\,eor mediloli\e slo1e, cle, orginoiing n Jberson lhe bock of the Anolhermusclein lhe ele oreo islhe cor-

1

i -Jgotorof lhe eyebrowor corugolor super : i (D),o \,erysmaI muscleor ginotingon lhe '3reheod,underlhe occipiiolironiolismusae. Thecorrugolornserh nlo lhe skinoiihe -ndpo ni of lhe eyebrcws,pu ling lhem n of .,rordond up\,!ardcreolng expressions

ihe nseriinio ihe musce fbels surrounding lob lnmoulholthe lower p Thedepressor ferioispu lsthe ov,€rlp down in lhe aclions oTcryrng. Youmusiunderstond thal lhesemlsclesof expTession ore ol inlerconnecledwllh one anolher n ihe r porlcu or oreos;lhusin ihe Oneofihe musclesofthe nosesthe p^/ro- subllemo!€rnenisof the eye oreo or the _ridolisnosi(E).li orsesfromlhe nosa bones moulh regon, severolsmollfociol muscles Or the rnd exlends upvr'crdlo nsed nlo lhe skin moy be in\€l\,ed n one expression. ng moreirronone emoThismusce pu s lhe loce moybe express ceiweenlhe eyebrows, :kn obo\€ lhe nose downwqrd,creoing lon n o drowingol lhe heodsuchoslh sone, shorthorzoniolwr nkes ol ihe bridgeof lhe lvichelongeodoes nol d.ow lhe ndviduol iirem,lruThe cer_ on ol o nger focio musces;he mosses rosechoroclesl c of lhe express hlhe ioiny knowsol ob,orriihem ond tronsoles one oflhech efmuscesof ihe rnoLrlh .ygomotcusrnojor (D I oig noles ol lhe lhem inloo drowingolthe heodlhoishowso olzygomoT|c greoidea of expression. cwerborderoflhe cheekbone, cone,ond exlendsdown io nserlneorlhe osIn of lhe mouthwhen conlTocled, aorners ine exp€ssonof oughtei thismuscleplls iiie cornersoflhe mouihupwqrdond tolhe Thezygomolcusminor(G),onothermouth 'nusce, of sesfrornthe fronloflhezygomolic aone,coser io lhe nose Theelewtol oflhe Jpper p, or e\'oiorlobi superios (H)rses or iom ihe lowerboldel of ihe ele sockeT, arbiio covlly lhese iwo muscesexi'enddown 'o inseriiniolhe orbcuorLsorlsin lhe oreoof 'le upper p Theyhovethe funclonof ftng 1e upper ip neor ihe midpoinlwh e lhe :ornercofthelipdropdown,os n expresslons al g ef. Theorbcuors orls0, a circuormLlsce ihe moulh,hoslhe funciion .vhichsurrounds lhemoulhisouleribersbendwlh rf closing :nd con act ogoinslthe wriousolh-armus_ : esthot ore otiochedio t Anolhermusce ol lhe moulh,co led ihe : evoioroflhe upper p and lhe wingoi ihe -3se,or e\olor lob superoriso oeque nos fromlhe lpper -1,so th n rnuscleorlginoting moxilo, extending or the upper :.d of low i swnwordlo inserlnlolhe wing,oro o, oi lhe _3seond lhe upper ip Theseformsore lfied - ihe ocl on of sobEng. Iheconinus,or ewior ongu oris(l!, orises -3m the moxllo and inserlsinlo ihe skn I30\e lhe con ne looth Thismusce litisihe - 3per lp,exposinglhol loothto giveo sneer or ofthe angleof lhe mouTh, ihe depressor ihe mon ::cressorongu oris(L),orisesfrom : ae, or owerlow qnd exiendsupwordto _:garnlolhe cornersolthe moulhTheiunc_ _ar ofthismusce islo pul the cornersoTThe -auih downuordn expressions ol ogony ofihe ower p, or depressor -e depressor :: nferors{lvl),ohoorignoieson irremon: : e. Fromihere ihe muscleexiendsup lo

oflheJow TheMuscles the h{o musces of mostcolon edend I do\anhi.rdtromthe mmovobl--slillioihe molcbe owerlow On lhe bock port of lhe cheek s lhe mossefermuscle(Al,whch exlends down$ord and bcclolofd from the zygomoicorchoflhe sku lolheongeoiihe owerjo\,vBybeing owqreof lhe posiiionof ih s mlsce, you can underslondis funciion, which ls lhal of fo sing lhe lowerjow This powerfulmusc e con be fellby c enchinglhe owerlow h th ckifont bordercreoleso sho lowdepression on the foce,d recly ln froniof

Thelemporos musce(Blislocoledonihe sideotihe cronum in the temporo fossc ls lbers possdownwordunderlhe zygomolic orchond inserinio the coronod processon lhe owerjow Ths musce workswih ihe mosselermusce lo rose lhe oweriow when o personchews,lhe oiernoing coniroclon ond reoxalionoi the iemporalsmusce s opporenionlhe sideoflheheod in iheoreo ol lhe lemples Ancenl onolomslsnarned lh s musce ond lh s oreo of lhe skuI lem poro s,reolng iollme,becouseliisherelhol hoirslLrrnwhle so qulckiy .. .ir

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42

3r A NEADtOR TllE LASTIUDGEMENI 1534 block ond Ed cholk l Sl/t' t

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TNEMASSETER MUSCLE

IHEIEMPORALIS \4USCLE

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to ihe corono d process

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TNEMASSETER MUSCLE

IHEIEMPORALIS \4USCLE

O r gn :

to ihe corono d process

TheFomsoflheNeck

THESCALENE IVUSCLES

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The orfl$nrsiseesbrm in lermsof sirnple goingonliosmollerforms I mossbeic€ ond deloil.lhe neck is essenliollv o cvllnderllke moss,lvichelongelone\,'erlirlledto emphoqlollly of ihe neckwhichis sizethecyllndrlcol widetot the bosethonot lhe top lhe neck ossumes o cvinddcolshooebecouselhe flsi lvroribs,whichlbtmlhe boseof lhe neckore chculor,]he hlgherle\,elof lhe neckIn lhe bocklhon ln the fronlof the body€6ull$in o fcMurdthrustmoredfomotlclnwomenlhon In men.the sldesof the neckCyllnder or€ fomed bVthreescolonusmuscles-onleior gdend m6dlus, ond pod€fior.Ihe6e muscle6 upv,ordfromthe ffnt two ribsic the upp€r neck\erlebroe,]he 6cdlenus muscles couso the n6ckto b6nd, Onthefronioftheneckihereole importont piojector.rtv,ord icrmsthot ftomthe cyllnder 'lhese mo$, o€ th6 cortlloges o@!ndlhe wlndplp€, or trocheo, whichfom the\oice boxorloryrx,Theshopeof thelorynxlslhot of on upslde-down lrlongl€. Theopo(of lh€hlongle ls locdtedat the pli of the ihroot(Al, ondthe upperbordercofi€sponds to o le\€l lustbelor tho low€rlow Theportof thevolce boxthdl lvlchelongelov ts mostlnlei€siedIn portoylnghele lslhE upp€redge @),whlch prcJecis liofom the ldomt opple, Ano\er fom thdt i!4lch6long€lo wosw€ll owsr€of ls th6 hlold bone,o smollhoBe' shoe+hooed boneoboletheAdomtoDole thol helprholothe wlndplpeIn ploc6,thls smollh)he b hot vlslblgon th€ rurlbce,brJt occurswherelhe underplone of lhe lower JowlepoiEis6ftom the fiont plon6 of th€ neck ]ho lhrootmufclosleatowr tho corillqger of the\olca bo(,lh€9ethlnrduscies ole mossgd, ond fhry lprm the generol cyllndor 9hopeof fd9fronlof lhe neck

lorynx(\,olcebo0r Adqln!

SIUOY FORIHE.HEAD OFAN E\IAXOEUSI '1517-18, Bd 6&R 'ht\, x Hl 123.26, 19.6*'n)

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IheStetnocleidomosfoid Muscle

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The two nernoceidomostod mlsces resi I on, ond ore porlio v embedded n the cyindermossof lhe neck,Theyore ropelike muscesthot exlendfromthe top ofthe ster num up to the heod beh nd the eor They nserinio lhe moslod process(A)of lhe sku Eachmuscleis oi ls widesiobout ho tMoy downtheneck.Alls lowerend tbronchesoff inlohro iendonsrone lendonisotiochedto ihe top ol lhe siefnum(B),ond lhe other s altochedlo lhe clovcle (Cl.Thesehdolendonscreoieo smollhongLrlor (D); deprcssion lhe heod of lhe c ov cle s ot lhe baseof this depesson Theiendonlhol oltocheslo lhe lop of lhe sternumh verypronouncedand cordlike,whie lhe one lhol ollocheslo ihe clovcle isrolherf ol ofd brood Theiendons thol ollochto ihe sternumformlhe pil oflhe ihroat IEJf lhe slernoceidomosiod muscle on one sldeoflhe neckconhocis,ihe heod wll roiole in ihe opposiledireclionor t i downwordloward the shouder Theselwo musclesusuolly\^/ofkogo nsleoch oihot bui whenlhey do wo.klogelhe, ihey cousethe heod lo be lhrownup whie smuloneously pullnglhe neckdown, l\4ichelongeo hos drown ihe steF nocledomosioidmusclesn o subiewsybe" cause,oshasbeennofed,iheyore delollson ond porliolyembeddedn ihe orgermossof ihe neck Theymusinoi oppeor ioo promnent.ln ihs drawingo smoI podlonof ihe orge tropezusmuscles vlsble (FJ, EetMieen the slefnoclodomqsloidmusce and ihelropeziusiso rolherlargefiongu or depression co led ihe 'onofomicolsollbox"(G) Theneckh consiruciedlor greoi freedom ond vorlet of mo!€meniThesho!dergidle (i,,/oscopuloe ond ]u,o c avic €s) s ihe skeelo siruclLrre upon whichtho l oshyformsoi-

DOMASTO STEANOCLE D MUSCLE

Orlgin:

ST]JOY FORHEADOFTHENUDE ATLEFT ABOr'EPERSIAN SIBYL ',511,ed cholk 14h \ 7lt t3s86 , 1937@)

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4

THREE CHAPTER

TORSO: THE ANTERIOR REGION

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Plocing lhelorueMosses oftheBody l nr formlhotthe orisldrowsw obviolrsv ook ng Lrpol lhe body of Chrsl bLriyou o€ Ahove o cerloinposton ondd recionreo ook ng down on h sfeeiond oilhe sku otihe '/elo thespacelholsurrounds il Theposition base of lhe cross The heod of lhe figure s : delerminedbythe locolon oflhe obiect n direcled 10 lhe rghl lhe rb coge s turned :oocetlhe d recion s deiermned by wh ch lowofd lhe iefi ond si led londordrihe moss r.gy ihe obiecl h focng. mogne on oxis o f t h e p e v s s i l r n e d s i g h t y t o t h e g h t o n d a oced vedcollyihroughihe cenier oi the llled fo^altrrclio\rcrd The eft. rbjecl Now mog ne ihoi lhe objecl roioies Thereare ih€e mpcrloni orge mossesof rround ih s cxis.Thedegreeof roloion s of T h eh u m o n i g L r ei h e h e o d T h e r i b c a g e , o n d on tire pevs A: hos ceen shov/n n iire eor er .cu6elhe obleclsdreclon Thequeslons :rlislaslcbeforeclrowinga I gureoreiWhcts sludy oi ihe hecd, i ! .rc!_ rnporionl lo '.e dreclon of ihe part oJ the body onr :rowng? s I d ecled lowsrdlhe ell oI lhe .ght and by how much?Howfor foovardor siori dro\^/ng ihe 'gLJre i s 'e .iLr ircn' ihe in spoceislhe form eon ng? Fur- b e g i n nn g , i o d r r w i h e s g - a s s e .