Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik: Elektromagnetismus

d(5*0$11 6 u&+$()(5 n(+5%8&+ '(5 g;3(5,0(17$/3+76675P TW UUXSW d,(/()(/' 5$,7+y0$,/$36P25* f$6 d8&+ (17+>/7 WUZ c%%,/'81...

Author: Ludwig Bergmann

65 downloads 1410 Views 37MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

d(5*0$11 6 u&+$()(5 n(+5%8&+ '(5 g;3(5,0(17$/3+76675P TW UUXSW d,(/()(/' 5$,7+y0$,/$36P25* f$6 d8&+ (17+>/7 WUZ c%%,/'81*(1N VU v$%(//(1 81' VXS y(%On,1.6P SP c89$*( S[WR c89$*(

c8725(1Bd($5%(,7(5

SP c89$*( TP c89$*( UP c89$*( VP c89$*( WP c89$*( XP c89$*( YP c89$*(

n8':,* d(5*0$11 81' e/(0(16 u&+$()(5 n8':,* d(5*0$11 81' e/(0(16 u&+$()(5 n8':,* d(5*0$11 81' e/(0(16 u&+$()(5 e/(0(16 u&+$()(5 e/(0(16 u&+$()(5 j(,15,&+ i2%5(&+7 j(,15,&+ i2%5(&+7N l(16 jP i2%5(&+7 81' m/$86 jP i2%5(&+7

S[WR S[WW S[WZ S[XS S[XW S[YS S[ZY

d8&+7,7(/ '(5 c89$*(1 SAY\ g/(.75,=,7>7 81' o$*1(7,6086 ZP c89$*( S[[[ [P c89$*( TRRX

y,/+(/0 t$,7+ y,/+(/0 t$,7+

g5/>87(581*(1 =80 g,1%$1' $8) u(,7( zxkP

kudpOSU\ [YZOUOSSORSZZ[ZOS kudpOSR\ UOSSORSZZ[ZOZ d,%/,2*5$76&+( k1)250$7,21 f(5 f(876&+(1 d,%/,27+(. f,( f(876&+( d,%/,27+(. 9(5=(,&+1(7 ',(6( r8%/,.$7,21 ,1 '(5 f(876&+(1 p$7,21$/%,%/,2*5$7(] '(7$,//,(57( %,%/,2*5$76&+( f$7(1 6,1' ,0 k17(51(7 @%(5 m+773\BB'1%P''%P'(n $%58)%$5P 9 i('58&.7 $8) 6>85()5(,(0 r$3,(5N '$6 ',( wuOcpukOp250 @%(5 j$/7%$5.(,7 (5)@//7P #

@ e231*(

f(5 (567( j$8377(,/ ,67 '(5 ./$66,6&+( g/(.7520$*1(7,6086N ,1 '(0 ',( o$7(5,( $/6 NN.217,18,(5/,&+(6 o(',80N &+$5.7(5,6,(57 '85&+ o$7(5,$/.2167$17(1DD %(75$&+7(7 :,5'P f,(6(6 =8 d(*,11 '(6 TRP l$+5+81'(576 6&+21 925+$1'(1( y,66(1 :$5 (5)25O '(5/,&+ )@5 ',( g56&+/,(M81* '(5 c7203+7 81' o$*1(7,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P p87=81* '(6 k17(51(76 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P y(%Oc'5(66(1 921 $//*(0(,1(5 p@7=/,&+.(,7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

S W Y [ SR

m$3,7(/ TAX g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 921 n$'81*(1N u75?0(1 81' h(/'(51 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P SU T

q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P SY

TPS TPSPS TPSPT TPSPU TPSPV TPSPW

g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P t(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k198(1=(56&+(,181*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u,7= '(5 n$'81*(1 $8) (,1(0 n(,7(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g17/$'81*(1 '85&+ ',( n8)7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.75,6,(50$6&+,1(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

S[ S[ TW TY UR UU

TPT TPTPS TPTPT TPTPU TPTPV TPTPW TPTPX

g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P e28/20%Oi(6(7= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g,1+(,7 '(5 n$'81*N (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* 81' h(/'67>5.( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u,&+7%$50$&+81* (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i$8MI6&+( h2508/,(581* '(6 e28/20%Oi(6(7=(6 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P s8$17,7$7,9( g5)$6681* '(5 k198(1= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

UX UX U[ VS VV VY WR

TPU TPUPS TPUPT TPUPU

r27(17,$/N u3$1181* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r27(17,$/ 81' h(/'67>5.( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f,32/( 81' f,32/6&+,&+7(1N o8/7,32/( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

WV WV W[ XW

TPV TPVPS TPVPT TPVPU TPVPV

m$3$=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |:(,/(,7(5Ou7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P m21'(16$725Od$8)250(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

YU YU Y[ ZS ZU

TPW TPWPS TPWPT TPWPU

c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P x(50(,'81* 921 c89$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u35@+O 81' v5(119(5)$+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P z(52*5$3+,( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

ZY ZY Z[ [R

xkkk

k1+$/7

TPX TPXPS TPXPT

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ T P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u$&+7+(0(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,2*5$3+,(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

[S [S [U

U

n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

[W

UPS UPT UPTPS UPTPT UPTPU UPTPV UPTPW

x21 '(5 g/(.75267$7,. =80 i$/9$1,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 u75?0(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.75,6&+(5 u7520 ,1 o(7$//'5>+7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P q+0I6&+(6 i(6(7=N y,'(567$1' P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.75,6&+( c5%(,7N u7520:>50( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u7520 81' u3$1181* ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 p(7=:(5.(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g5'( 81' o$66( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

[Y SRS SRS SRW SR[ SST SSZ

UPU UPUPS UPUPT UPUPU UPUPV UPUPW

o$*1(7,6&+(6 m5$)7*(6(7= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o$*1(7)(/' (,1(6 n(,7(5675206 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, n(,7(5675?0(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f(71,7,21 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 (,1(5 u75206&+/(,)( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |85 f(8781* 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SS[ STR STU STX ST[ SUS

UPV UPVPS UPVPT UPVPU UPVPV UPVPW

f85&+ %(/,(%,*( u75?0( (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c03(F 5(Oi(6(7= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,27Ou$9$57Oi(6(7= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o$*1(7,6&+(6 x(.725327(17,$/N 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u3(=,(//( u38/(1)250(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o$*1(7,6&+( f,32/( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SUT SUT SUW SUX SU[ SVV

UPW

x(5*/(,&+ '(5 i(6(7=( )@5 67$7,6&+( (/(.75,6&+( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 P P P P P SVX

UPX UPXPS UPXPT UPXPU UPXPV UPXPW UPXPX

o$*1(7( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r(50$1(170$*1(7( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17( 0,7 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g55(*81* 81' h(/'67>5.( (,1(6 h(5520$*1(7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P j7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(1(5*,( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k1'8.7,9( m233/81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k1'8.7,9( o(6681* 921 h/@66(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P y,5%(/675?0( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u38/(1 $/6 d$8(/(0(17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

S[X S[X TRR TRS TRT TRZ TSS

VPU VPUPS VPUPT VPUPU VPUPV VPUPW

y(&+6(/67520 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f(71,7,21(1N g5=(8*81*N o(6681* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P tneOu7520.5(,6( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o(+53+$6(1675?0(N 0$*1(7,6&+( f5(+)(/'(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P v5$16)250$725(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P w0:$1'/81* 921 y(&+6(/67520 ,1 i/(,&+67520 81' 80*(.(+57 P P P P P P P P P P

TSV TSV TS[ TUR TUV TVT

VPV VPVPS VPVPT VPVPU VPVPV VPVPW

i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P %(5%/,&. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i/(,&+675200$6&+,1(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f5(+67520Ou03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k1'8.7,9(5 y,'(567$1'N u.,1(5(.7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g5=:81*(1( u&+:,1*81*(1N t(621$1= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i(.233(/7( u&+:,1*.5(,6( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

TYZ TYZ TZV T[S T[U URT

WPT WPTPS WPTPT WPTPU

g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( f5$+7:(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n(&+(5On(,781* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P v+(25,( '(5 f5$+7:(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P x(56&+,('(1( f233(//(,781*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

URX URX UR[ USU

WPU WPUPS WPUPT WPUPU WPUPV WPUPW

g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o(6681* '(5 .5,7,6&+(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P v+(25,( 921 l$0(6 e/(5. o$;:(// P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g;3(5,0(17( 921 j(,15,&+ j(57= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75$+/81* '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(6 u3(.7580 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

USX USX USZ UTW UUR UUU

z

k1+$/7

WPV WPVPS WPVPT WPVPU

g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c17(11(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P y(//(1$86%5(,781* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P j2+//(,7(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

UUX UUX UVT UVY

WPW WPWPS WPWPT

c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P UWW t81')81. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P UWW t$',2$6752120,( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P UXX

WPX WPXPS WPXPT WPXPU WPXPV WPXPW

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ W P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u,*1$/@%(575$*81* $8) n(,781*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P h81.O 81' t$',27(&+1,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P t$'$5N t$',2$6752120,( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u$7(//,7(17(&+1,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,2*5$3+,(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

X

n,&+7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P UYW

XPS XPSPS XPSPT XPSPU XPSPV

g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o(66*5?M(1N u7$1'$5'6 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75$+/(1237,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P y(//(1237,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r2/$5,6$7,216237,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

UYZ UYZ UZY VRX VTV

XPT XPTPS XPTPT XPTPU XPTPV

n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o(6681*(1 '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,1 %(:(*7(1 o(',(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o,&+(/621Oo25/(1'(502'(// P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i581'%(*5,5( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n(,7)>+,*.(,7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |867$1'6O 81' n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d>1'(5 ,0 .Ot$80 81' ,0 q5765$80 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 31O%(5*$1* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o(7$//Bj$/%/(,7(5O%(5*$1* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

WSS WSS WSV WSY

WXT WXT WXW WX[ WYS WYV WYZ

zkk

k1+$/7

[PU [PUPS [PUPT [PUPU [PUPV

j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f,2'(1N v+5.(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d$8(/(0(17( '(5 f,*,7$/(/(.7521,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

WY[ WY[ WZV W[S W[V

[PV [PVPS [PVPT [PVPU [PVPV [PVPW

r+272+$/%/(,7(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r+272:,'(567>1'( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r+272',2'(1N r+272(/(0(17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n(8&+7',2'(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P j$/%/(,7(5On$6(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n(8&+76725(N g/(.752/80,1(6=(1= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

W[Y W[Y W[Z XRU XRV XRW

[PW [PWPS [PWPT

j$/%/(,7(5Ov(&+12/2*,( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XRX r5>3$5$7,21N f27,(581*N u758.785,(581* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XRX k17(*5,(57( u&+$/781*(1N o,.52(/(.7521,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XR[

[PX [PXPS [PXPT [PXPU [PXPV

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ [ P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P w0)$1*5(,&+( u$&+7+(0(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P j$/%/(,7(5Bg/(.7521,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r+272+$/%/(,7(5Bq372(/(.7521,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,2*5$3+,(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SR

i$6(17/$'81*(1N r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XSW

SRPS SRPSPS SRPSPT SRPSPU SRPSPV

n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21,6$7,21 81' t(.20%,1$7,21 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u7520Ou3$1181*6Oe+$5$.7(5,67,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c1:(1'81*(1 ,0 u75$+/(16&+87= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21(1 $/6 m21'(16$7,216.(,0( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XSY XSY XTR XTS XTV

SRPT SRPTPS SRPTPT SRPTPU

n$'81*675$163257 0,7 i$69(567>5.81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P v2:16(1'On$:,1(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21,6$7,216.$00(51 0,7 i$69(567>5.81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r523257,216=>+/(5N f5$+7.$00(51 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XTX XTX XTZ XTZ

SRPU SRPUPS SRPUPT SRPUPU SRPUPV SRPUPW SRPUPX

u(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |@1'%(',1*81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |@1'(1 81' n?6&+(1 ,0 i(,*(5O|>+/(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P m2521$O 81' h81.(1(17/$'81*(1 ,1 n8)7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i(:,77(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i/,00(17/$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n,&+7%?*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XUS XUS XUU XUV XU[ XVX XWT

SRPV

r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XWW

SRPW SRPWPS SRPWPT SRPWPU SRPWPV

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SR P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75$+/81*N f(7(.725(1N u75$+/81*66&+87= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i(:,77(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,2*5$3+,(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SS

i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXU

SSPS SSPSPS

v(&+1,.(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXV x$.880 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXV

XR[ XR[ XSR XSS XST

XWZ XWZ XW[ XW[ XXR

k1+$/7

zkkk

SSPSPT SSPSPU SSPSPV SSPSPW SSPSPX SSPSPY SSPSPZ

u3$1181*69(5625*81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c%6&+,5081* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(148(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21(148(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(11$&+:(,6 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d(:(*81* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 h(/'(51 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1237,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XXX XXZ XX[ XYT XYW XZT XZV

SSPT SSPTPS SSPTPT SSPTPU SSPTPV

g/(.7521(15?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f,2'(1N t?17*(15?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P x(567>5.(55?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n,&+7*(67(8(57( t?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

X[U X[U X[X X[[ YRT

SSPU SSPUPS SSPUPT SSPUPU SSPUPV SSPUPW

i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75$+/65(/(0(17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P YWW r2/$5,6$7,216O 81' %(563$1181* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P YWY

STPV STPVPS STPVPT STPVPU STPVPV

v(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g,1:(*Od$77(5,(1 81' c..808/$725(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d5(116725=(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.752/&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ v5$16)(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P YYZ t(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P YYZ u75?081*6(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P YZS

SUPT SUPTPS SUPTPT SUPTPU SUPTPV SUPTPW SUPTPX

q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k62/$725(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r2/$5,6$7,21N (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f,(/(.75,6&+( u725( J,0 (1*(5(1 u,11K P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r$5(/(.75,6&+( u725( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7525+(2/2*,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

YZU YZU YZV YZX YZ[ Y[S Y[V

SUPU SUPUPS SUPUPT SUPUPU SUPUPV

g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P %(5%/,&. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P h(552(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P v(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Y[V Y[W Y[Z ZRS ZRV

SUPV

g/(.75(7(

SUPW SUPWPS SUPWPT SUPWPU SUPWPV SUPWPW

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SU P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.75267$7,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75?081*6(/(.75,=,7>7N gtOh/@66,*.(,7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P h(552(/(.75,.$Bg/(.75(7( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,2*5$3+,(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SV

o$*1(7,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P ZSW

SVPS SVPSPS SVPSPT SVPSPU SVPSPV

f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f(71,7,21(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o(6681* '(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f,$0$*1(7,6&+( u725( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u725( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

ZSY ZSY ZSZ ZTS ZTT

SVPT SVPTPS SVPTPT SVPTPU SVPTPV SVPTPW SVPTPX SVPTPY SVPTPZ SVPTP[

h(5520$*1(7,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P h(5520$*1(7,6&+( o(66*5?M(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i1*( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P ZX[ SW

o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/ P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P ZYS

SWPS SWPT SWPU SWPV SWPW SWPX SWPY SWPZ SWP[

x25%(0(5.81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c/*(%5$ 0,7 3+7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TS |86>7=/,&+( t(*(/1 )@5 '$6 n$%25 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TU

SXPV SXPVPS SXPVPT

g567( j,/)( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TV u2)2570$M1$+0(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TV c7(063(1'( 81' j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5%(/(%81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TW

SXPW SXPWPS SXPWPT SXPWPU

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SX P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i()$+5(19(50(,'81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g567( j,/)( 1$&+ u75206&+/$* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P w0675,77(1\ i()>+5'81* '85&+ g/(.752602* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SY

j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [T[

SYPS

%81*6$8)*$%(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [T[

SYPT

g5*>1=(1'( n,7(5$785 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [T[

SYPU

g,1+(,7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [UR

ZYS ZYU ZZR ZZU ZZZ Z[S Z[X [RV [RX

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [R[ [SV [SV [SY [TR

[TY [TY [TZ [TZ

zxk

k1+$/7

SYPUPS SYPUPT SYPUPU

ukOg,1+(,7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [UR g5*>1=81*6(,1+(,7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [UT c10(5.81*(1 =8 (,1,*(1 $1'(5(1 g,1+(,7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [UU

SYPV

p$785.2167$17(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [UW

SYPW

e+(0,6&+( g/(0(17(

SYPX

u&+$/7=(,&+(1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [U[

SYPY SYPYPS SYPYPT SYPYPU SYPYPV

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SY P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P %81*6$8)*$%(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g,1+(,7(1 81' p$785.2167$17(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P e+(0,6&+( g/(0(17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.75,6&+( u&+$/7=(,&+(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [UZ [VS [VS [VT [VT [VT

t(*,67(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [VU

d,/' $8) '(0 g,1%$1' f(5 v5$165$3,' 9(5.(+57 6(,7 TRRV =:,6&+(1 '(5 n21* {$1* t2$' u7$7,21 ,0 h,1$1==(17580 921 u+$1*+$, 81' '(0 UR .0 (17)(517(1 r8'21* k17(51$7,21$/ c,53257 0,7 (,1(5 0$;,0$/(1 d(75,(%6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 VUR .0B+P d(5@+581*6)5(,(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(6 v5$*ON h@+5O 81' c175,(%667\ A f,( u3$1181* '(5 j$86+$/7Ou7(&.'26(1N $//*(0(,1(5\ ',( p(7=63$1181*N %(75>*7 ,1 f(876&+/$1' 81' )$67 @%(5$// ,1 g8523$ TUR x2/7 JxKN )5@+(5 :$5(1 (6 TTR x] ,1 '(1 wuc 6,1' (6 SSR xP A f,( u752067>5.( ,1 '(5 g,1+(,7 NNc03(5(DD JcK 75,77 $/6 p(11Ou752067>5.( 921 u,&+(581*(1 J77 '85&+ (,1( |$+/ 0,7 '(0 |(,&+(1 y )@5 NNy$77DD $1O *(*(%(1] $8) (,1(5 i/@+%,51( 67(+7 =P dP VR yN $8) '(0 f$7(16&+,/' (,1(6 (/(.75,O

T

S g,1/(,781*\ |8*$1* =80 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086

6&+(1 j(,=2)(16 =P dP TRRR yP g,1 0,7 '(0 p(7= J=P dP @%(5 (,1( u7(&.'26(K 9(5O %81'(1(6 i(5>7 :,5' ,1 '(5 r+7DD %(=(,&+1(7] ',( g/(.7O 527(&+1,.(5 635(&+(1 921 (,1(0 NNx(5%5$8&+(5DD J921 (/(.75,6&+(5 g1(5*,(KP o,7 (7:$6 r+/7 0$1 UXZR y $/6 0$;,0$/ (171(+0%$5( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781*P y,5' ',( u800( '(5 y$77=$+/(1 $//(5 %(75,(%(1(1 i(5>7( *5?M(5 $/6 UXZRN '$11 635,&+7 ',( u,&+(581* $1 81' 6&+$/7(7 '(1 u7520 $%P m,/2:$776781'(P f,( y$77=$+/ $//(5 (,1*(6&+$/7(7(1 g/(.752*(5>7( ,67 ',( '(0 p(7= 020(17$1 (171200(1( n(,6781*N ',( %(67,007N :,( 6&+1(// 6,&+ '$6 t$' $0 NNu7520=>+/(5DD '5(+7P f$6 r52'8.7 $86 (/(.75,6&+(5 n(,6781* J,1 y$77K 81' '(5 |(,7 J,1 u(.81'(1KN *(1$8(5\ '$6 |(,7,17(*5$/ '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,6781*N (5*,%7 ',( 9(5O %5$8&+7( (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 l28/( Jl 3 y6KP x(5:(1'(7 0$1 $167(//( 921 y$77 81' u(.81'( ',( *5?M(5(1 g,1+(,7(1 m,/2:$77 JS .y 3 SRRR yK 81' u781'( JS + 3 UXRR 6KN '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( g1(5*,((,1+(,7 m,/2:$776781'( J.y+KP f,( u75205(&+181* :(,67 '(1 NNu75209(5%5$8&+DD ,1 m,/2:$776781'(1 $86P f(5 r5(,6 (,1(5 m,/2:$776781'( +>1*7 920 v$5,) Jj$86+$/7N n$1':,576&+$)7N i(:(5%(N p$&+767520 =8 u21'(5.21',7,21(1K 81' '(0 h(67.267(1$17(,/ $%P f(5 r5(,6 (,1(5 m,/2:$776781'( )@5 '(1 35,9$7(1 x(5%5$8&+ ,67 '(5 l$+5(6$%5(&+181* )@5 NNu7520DD =8 (171(+0(1P j,(5 12&+ (,10$/ ',( %,6+(5 (5:>+17(1 i5?M(1 81' g,1+(,7(1 ,0 %(5%/,&.\ i5?M( J(1*/,6&+(5 p$0(K

g,1+(,7 J|(,&+(1K

u7520 J&855(17K u3$1181* J92/7$*(K n(,6781* J32:(5K 3 u7520 6 u3$1181* g1(5*,( J(1(5*7( JNNx(5%5$8&+(5DDKP u(/%67 %(, 6(+5 +2+(5 u7520%(/$6781* 6,1.7 ',( p(7=63$1181* J)$67K 1,&+7 $%P f(6+$/% :,5' ',( u3$1181* 2)7 $/6 NNw56$&+(DD %(75$&+7(7 81' '(5 u7520 $/6 NNy,5.81*DDP f,(6( f(1.:(,6( ,67 )$/6&+N $%(5 +$50/26N 62/$1*( 0$1 *(O '$1./,&+ 9(;,%(/ %/(,%7P k1 0$1&+(1 h>//(1 ,67 ',( 80*(.(+57( d(75$&+781* $1*(O 0(66(1(5P v$76>&+/,&+ 75(7(1 u7520 81' u3$1181* ,00(5 *(0(,16$0 $8)N :,( %(,0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= Jc%6&+1P UPTPTK *(=(,*7 :,5'P g,1 9(56&+:,1'(1'(5 u7520 %(, .2167$17(5 u3$1181* 2'(5 '$6 w0*(.(+57( 6,1' 185 i5(1=)>//(N ',( (,1(0 81(1'/,&+ *52M(1 2'(5 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1(1 NN(/(.75,6&+(1 y,'(567$1'DD (17635(&+(1P n(,781*6:$66(5 $/6 c1$/2*,(P y,( NNu3$1181*4u7520DD (5*,%7 $8&+ NNy$66(5'58&. 4y$66(59866DD (,1( n(,6781*P o,7 '(0 n(,781*6:$66(5 :,5' $/62 $8&+ g1(5*,( ,16 j$86 *(/,()(57\ f$6 $86675?0(1'( y$66(5 %(6,7=7 .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,(] 327(17,(//( g1(5O *,( 0866 $8)*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1N 80 '$6 y$66(5 ,1 +?+(5( u72&.:(5.( =8 %()?5'(51] ,1 '(1 t2+5/(,781*(1 6,1' t(,%81*69(5/867( =8 @%(5:,1'(1] ,0 r5,1=,3 .$11 0$1 0,7 '(0 n(,781*6:$66(59866 $8&+ 0(&+$1,6&+( c5%(,7 9(55,&+7(1 /$66(1N :,( ',( f5(+O 2'(5 u&+:(1.%(:(*81* 921 t$6(1635(1*(51P d(=$+/7 :,5' %(,0 y$66(5 -(O '2&+ ,1 (567(5 n,1,( ',( n,()(581* '(6 6$8%(5(1 v5,1.:$66(56 81' ',( y,('(5$8)O %(5(,781* '(6 c%:$66(56P f,( 0,7*(/,()(57( g1(5*,( ,67 9(5*/(,&+6:(,6( 81%('(87(1'P h@5 d$77(5,(1 *,/7 '$6 c1$/2*,(%(,63,(/ ,1 9(5(,1)$&+7(5 h250\ l('( 1(8( d$77(5,( ,67 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 (,1(0 *()@//7(1 y$66(57850] %(, i(%5$8&+ :,5' '$6 t(6(592,5 *(/((57P f$6 c89$'(1 (,1(6 c..86 ,67 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 '(0 j2&+3803(1 921 y$66(5 ,1 '(1 d(+>/7(5 '(6 y$66(578506P f,( +667 6,&+ /(,&+7 ,1 i/(,&+67520 80:$1'(/1N '(5 )@5 9,(/( c1O

V

S g,1/(,781*\ |8*$1* =80 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086

:(1'81*(1N =P dP )@5 $//( (/(.7521,6&+(1 i(5>7(N 127:(1',* ,67P h@5 0$1&+( c1:(1O '81*(1 Jj(,=?)(1N i/@+/$03(1K .$11 :$+/:(,6( y(&+6(/O 2'(5 i/(,&+67520 9(5O :(1'(7 :(5'(1P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( x(5%81'1(7= :,5' ,1 g8523$ 0,7 6,186)?50,*(5 y(&+6(/63$1181* 81' (,1(5 h5(48(1= 921 WR j(57= Jj=K %(75,(%(1N ,1 '(1 wuc 6,1' (6 XR j=P f(5 u7520 ,67 '85&+ (,1( u,186)81.7,21 '(56(/%(1 h5(48(1= *(*(%(1N ',( $//(5',1*6 *(*(1 ',( u3$1181* 3+$6(19(56&+2%(1 6(,1 .$11P c1*(*(%(1 :(5'(1 1,&+7 ',( u&+(,7(/O :(57( 921 u3$1181* 81' u7520N 621'(51 g5(.7,9:(57(P h@5 6,186)?50,*( |(,7$%O +>1*,*.(,7(1 *,/7\ g5(.7,9:(57 3 u&+(,7(/:(57 B |TP g/(.75,6&+( n$'81*P f(5 d(*5,5 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81* J&+$5*(K .2007 ,1 '(5 j$86+$/7Ou7$5.67520Og/(.75,=,7>7 1,&+7 925P f2&+ 1(%(1 '(5 g/(.75,=,7>7 $86 '(0 ?5(17/,&+(1 p(7= *,%7 (6 ,0 7>*/,&+(1 n(%(1 $8&+ '$6 r+>120(1 '(5 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 c89$'81* J&+$5*,1*KN ',( %(, g17/$'81* (,1(1 ,55,7,(5(1'(1N $%(5 +$50/26(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 o,1,Ou&+/$* 9(5856$&+(1 .$11\ |,(+7 0$1 %(, 752&.(1(5 n8)7 ,0 f81.(/1 (,1 j(0' 2'(5 (,1(1 r8//29(5 $86 68%(1 6,&+ '(5(1 j$$5(P o,7 '(0 m$00N '(0 m8167672567$% 2'(5 '(0 j(0' .$11 0$1 $/62 j$$5(N h$6(51N r$3,(56&+1,7=(/N $%(5 $8&+ 6&+:(%(1'( n8)7%$//216 81' u(,)(1%/$6(1 $1=,(+(1P f85&+ ,11,*( d(5@+581* Jt(,%81*K +$7 6,&+ '(5 |867$1' '(5 u725( '(5$57 9(5>1'(57N '$66 921 ,+5(1 q%(59>&+(1 m5$)7:,5.81*(1 $86*(+(1P q+1( (5.(11%$5(1 d(=8* =8 62/&+(1 c89$'81*(1 67(+7 ',( p$785*(:$/7 '(5 i(O :,77(5P f,( (/(.75,6&+( p$785 '(5 d/,7=( :,5' '(87/,&+N :(11 %(, (,1(0 1$+(1 g,1O 6&+/$* ,0 j$86 '(5 u7520 $86)>//7P o,7+,/)( (,1,*(5 3+667 6,&+ ',( d('(8781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81* )@5 ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 g5)$+581*6%(5(,&+( (5/>87(51\ y,( ,1 (,1(5 y$66(5O /(,781* %(, *(6&+/266(1(0 j$+1 '$6 y$66(5 NN67(+7DDN %(71'(1 6,&+ ,1 (,1(5 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 n(,781*N ,1 '(5 *(5$'( .(,1 u7520 9,(M7N %(:(*/,&+(N =P|P $%(5 58+(1'( NNn$O '81*675>*(5DD J&+$5*( &$55,(56KP f,( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* ,67 '$6N :$6 ,1 '(5 n(,781* 75$163257,(57 :,5'N :(11 (,1 u7520 9,(M7P f,( n$'81*N ',( ,1 (,1(5 %(67,007(1 |(,7 '85&+ (,1(1 %(75$&+7(7(1 n(,781*648(56&+1,77 *(9266(1 ,67N (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 r52O '8.7 921 u7520 J,1 cK 81' |(,7 J,1 6KN *(1$8(5\ $86 '(0 |(,7,17(*5$/ '(6 u7520(6P f,( g,1+(,7 '(5 n$'81* +$7 '(1 63(=,(//(1 p$0(1 NNe28/20%DD Je 3 c6KP f,( n$'81*(1N ',( '85&+ '(1 n(,781*6'5$+7 9,(M(1N %(0(5.7 0$1 *$5 1,&+7P f,( 7&+(1 6,7=(1 81' NN63@5%$5DD 6,1'N =P dP '$'85&+N '$66 6,&+ ',( j>5&+(1 $8) '(5 j$87 $8)5,&+7(1P k0 r5,1=,3 ,67 ',( g17/$'81* (,1(5 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 c89$'81* '(0 d/,7= 6(+5 >+1/,&+P p85 ',( '$%(, $8)75(7(1'(1 u3$1181*(1 81' n$'81*(1 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ 80 9,(/( i5?M(125'181*(1P d(, (,1(5 7+5/,&+ 6,1' JNNg/(.752602*DDKN :,5' +(,M ',6.87,(57P g/(.7521,.P x,(/)>/7,*( (/(.7521,6&+( i(5>7( +$%(1 816(5 n(%(1 9(5>1'(57P f(5 v5$1O 6,6725N '(66(1 g571'81* '(1 d(*,11 '(5 02'(51(1 j$/%/(,7(5Og/(.7521,. 0$5.,(57N ,67 925 $//(0 '85&+ '$6 v5$16,67255$',2 ,1 ',( c//*(0(,1%,/'81* *(/$1*7\ r/?7=/,&+ *$% (6N =8(567 ,1 '(1 wucN (,1 *$1= ./(,1(6 t$',2N '$6 0,7 (,1(5 ./(,1(1 d$77(5,( %(75,(%(1 :(5'(1 .2117(P f,( n(,6781*6)>+,*.(,7 '(5 +2&+,17(*5,(57(1 f,*,7$/(/(.7O 521,. :,5' *87 '85&+ '(1 v$6&+(15(&+1(5 9(5$16&+$8/,&+7\ f$6 NNj,51DD '(6 t(&+1(56 ,67 (,1 ./(,1(5 e+,3P

SPT x25*5,5 $8) ',( c7203++17P g,1 >+1/,&+(5 x25*5,5 :,5' 816 $8&+ '(1 |8*$1* =80 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 (5/(,&+7(51P x(5*/(,&+ 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 m5$)7 81' i5$9,7$7,21P g6 *,%7 (,1( )250$/( }+1/,&+.(,7\ y,( ',( i5$9,7$7,21 =:,6&+(1 6&+:(5(1 o$66(1 :,5.7N 62 :,5.7 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1P d(,'( m5>)7( 6,1' )@5 381.7)?50,*( o$66(1 2'(5 n$'81*(1 '(0 r52'8.7 '(5 o$66(1 2'(5 n$'81*(1 ',5(.7 81' '(0 s8$'5$7 '(6 c%67$1'(6 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/P g6 *,%7 $%(5 (,1(1 *$1= (176&+(,'(1'(1 w17(56&+,('\ c1'(56 $/6 %(, '(5 i5$9,O 7$7,21N ',( =:,6&+(1 $//(1 o$66(1 ,00(5 185 $1=,(+(1' :,5.7N *,%7 (6 %(, '(5 g/(.7O 5,=,7>7 =:(, c57(1 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 n$'81*N '(1(1 :,//.@5/,&+ ',( x25=(,&+(1 r/86 81' o,186 =8*(25'1(7 :85'(1P n$'81*(1 0,7 */(,&+(0 x25=(,&+(1 672M(1 6,&+ $%N n$'81*(1 0,7 81*/(,&+(0 x25=(,&+(1 =,(+(1 6,&+ $1P i/(,&+( n$'81*60(1*(1 921 %(,'(1 x25=(,&+(1 .?11(1 6,&+ $/62 ,1 ,+5(5 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 y,5.81* $8) $1'(5( n$'81*(1 1(875$/,6,(5(1P f$=8 ,67 (6 1,&+7 (5)25'(5/,&+N '$66 6,( 6,&+ *(*(16(,7,* 9(51,&+7(1N 621'(51 6,( .?11(1 *(%81'(1( u7 ,1 '(5 p$785 A 920 i(:,77(5 0$/ $%*(6(+(1 A 1,&+7 %(0(5.%$5 ,67 81' :$580 ',( g92/87,21 816 .(,1 u,11(625*$1 )@5 g/(.75,=,7>7 %(6&+(57 +$7P

X

S g,1/(,781*\ |8*$1* =80 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086

g/(.75,6&+(5 c8)%$8 '(5 c720(P g/(.75,6&+( m5>)7( +$/7(1 ',( d(67$1'7(,/( '(5 c720( =86$00(1\ f,( c720.(51( J$720,& 18&/(,K 75$*(1 326,7,9( n$'81*(1N ',( 6,( 80*(O %(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 +$%(1 =86$00(1 *(1$8 ',( (17635(&+(1'( 1(*$7,9( n$'81*P Jf,( :,//.@5/,&+( x25=(,&+(1)(67/(*81* (5)2/*7( /$1*( 925 c8)./>581* '(5 $720$5(1 u758.785PK f$6 (,1)$&+67( c720 ,67 '$6 920 y$66(56725 J+*( 6,1' (;$.7 */(,&+ '(5 g/(0(17$5/$'81* (\ ( 3 SPXRT SYX WUJSVK 6 SR2S[ e P

JSPTK

y,( @%/,&+ ,0 d(5*0$11Ou&+$()(5 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 '(1 (1*/,6&+(1 f(=,0$/381.7 $1O 67(//( '(6 ,0 f(876&+(1 925*(6&+5,(%(1(1 m200$6N 80 x(5:(&+6/81*(1 %(, |$+O /(19(5*/(,&+(1 0,7 '(5 '85&+:(* (1*/,6&+(1 h$&+/,7(5$785 925=8%(8*(1P d(, i/P JSPTK *,%7 ',( |$+/ ,1 m/$00(51 '(1 JuKOo(66)(+/(5 '(5 /(7=7(1 f(=,0$/O 67(//(1 $1P f,( i/(,&++(,7 921 r52721(1O 81' g/(.7521(1/$'81* :85'( (;3(5,0(17(// 0,7 (,1(5 12&+ 6(+5 9,(/ *5?M(5(1 i(1$8,*.(,7 %(67,007\ 843 1 4( 8 ] W 6 SR2TSP (

JSPUK

r52721 81' g/(.7521 817(5/,(*(1 $8&+ '(5 =:,6&+(1 ,+5(1 6&+:(5(1 o$66(1 :,5O .(1'(1 i5$9,7$7,216$1=,(+81*P f$ '$6 c%67$1'6*(6(7= )@5 %(,'( m5>)7( */(,&+ ,67N .$11 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 m5$)7 =8 i5$9,7$7,216.5$)7 *(1$8 $1*(*(%(1 :(5'(1P d(, r52721 81' g/(.7521 ,67 '$6 m5>)7(9(5+>/71,6 *(*(%(1 '85&+ h(/Bh*5 . T 6 SRU[P

JSPVK

f,( i5$9,7$7,21 ,67 $/62 ,1 '(5 c7203+66,*%$5P d(, '(1 6&+:(5(5(1 c720(1 %(67(+(1 ',( c720.(51( $86 (1* %(1$&+%$57(1 r52O 721(1 J31K 81' (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/(1 p(87521(1 J1K] %(,'( v(,/&+(1$57(1 :(5'(1 817(5 '(0 d(*5,5 p8./(21(1 =86$00(1*()$667P |86$00(1*(+$/7(1 :,5' '(5 c720.(51 '85&+ ',( =:,6&+(1 '(1 p8./(21(1 :,5.(1'(1 m(51.5>)7( J18&/($5 )25&(6K Jd'P VN d(67$1'7(,/( '(5 o$7(5,(N m$3P VN c720.(51(KN ',( (,1( 6(+5 .85=( t(,&+:(,7( +$%(1 81' )@5 ',&+7 *(3$&.7( p8./(21(1 67>5.(5 6,1' $/6 ',( *(*(16(,7,*( (/(.75,6&+( c%O 672M81* '(5 r52721(1P f,( m(51.5>)7( 6,1' (,1( o$1,)(67$7,21 '(5 62 *(1$117(1 67$5.(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81* J67521* ,17(5$&7,21K Jd'P V m$3P WN g/(0(17$57(,/&+(1KP u2O /$1*( .(513+7 81' o$*1(7,6086

Y

x(5+$/7(1 %(67,00(1N 81' '(6+$/% :,5' | $8&+ $/6 &+(0,6&+( q5'181*6=$+/ J$720,& 180%(5K %(=(,&+1(7P c720.(51(N ',( :(1,*(5 g/(.7521(1 $1 6,&+ *(%81'(1 +$%(1 $/6 (6 ,+5(5 m(51/$'81*6=$+/ (17635,&+7N :(5'(1 $/6 J326,7,9(K k21(1 %(=(,&+1(7] '$6 c%/?6(1 (,1(6 2'(5 0(+5(5(5 g/(.7521(1 921 (,1(0 c720 2'(5 o2/(.@/ :,5' k2O 1,6$7,21 *(1$117 81' '(5 80*(.(+57( x25*$1* t(.20%,1$7,21P g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( 6,1' %(2%$&+7%$5N :(11 )5(,( n$'81*(1 $8)75(7(1N '$6 +(,M7N :(11 $86 ,5*(1'(,1(0 i581' g/(.7521(1 921 ,+5(1 c720(1 $%*(75(117 :(5'(1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 =80 d(,63,(/ '85&+ t(,%81* J)5,&7,21$/ &+$5*,1*K =:(,(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 m?53(5N 921 '(1(1 '(5 (,1( 1$&++(5 $1 6(,1(5 q%(59>&+( '85&+ g/(.7521(1@%(5O 6&+866 1(*$7,9 $8)*(/$'(1 ,67N '(5 $1'(5( '85&+ (17635(&+(1'(1 g/(.7521(10$1*(/ 326,7,9P u2/&+( n$'81*675(1181* *(6&+,(+7 %(, '(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 c89$'81*(1 '(6 7>*/,&+(1 n(%(16 81' A 9,(/ 67>5.(5 A ,1 i(:,77(5:2/.(1 Jc%6&+1P SRPUPVKN :2 ,1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 9(57,.$/(1 u75?081*(1 n8)7 0,7 y$66(575?3)&+(1 81' g,6.5,67$/O /(1 81' 752&.(1( n8)7 $8)(,1$1'(575(5(1P n(,7(5675?0(P g,1( d(621'(5+(,7 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 J&21'8&7,9,7*(51] %(, (/(.75,6&+(1 u75?0(1 :,5' $%(5 ',( u75205,&+781* ,00(5 62 $1*(*(%(1N $/6 2% 326,7,9( n$'81*675>*(5 ,1 d(:(*81* :>5(1N ,0 o(7$//'5$+7 ,67 $/62 '(5 g/(.7521(19866 '(5 u75205,&+781* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7P

SPU x(5%,1'81* 921 g/(.75,=,7>7 81' o$*1(7,6086 y,( ',( 3+1*( 921 g/(.75,=,7>7 81' o$*1(7,6086 $8)*(O ./>57 :85'(1N ,67 (,1( $%(17(8(5/,&+( i(6&+,&+7(N ',( ,1 ',(6(0 d8&+ $86)@+5/,&+ *(6&+,/'(57 :,5'P f,( '5(, :,&+7,*67(1 u78)(1 '(5 g5.(1171,6 :$5(1 )2/*(1'(\ A p$&+'(0 0$1 *(/(517 +$77(N *52M( u75?0( '85&+ o(7$//'5$+7On(,781*(1 =8 75(,O %(1N :85'( 0,7+,/)( 921 m203$661$'(/1 (17'(&.7N '$66 (/(.75,6&+( u75?0( 0$*O 1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 (5=(8*(1 Jc%6&+1P UPUAVK 81' '$66 6,&+ ',(6( h(/'(5 (5+(%/,&+ 9(567>5.(1 /$66(1N :(11 0$1 g,6(1 +,1=81,007 Jc%6&+1P UPXKP A o,7 g,6(1.(51 81' n(,7(5:,&./81* :85'( '$11 '$6 r+>120(1 '(5 (/(.7520$*O 1(7,6&+(1 k1'8.7,21 (17'(&.7 Jc%6&+1P VPSK] '$6 ,67 ',( g5=(8*81* (,1(6 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 h(/'(6 '85&+ (,1 9(5>1'(5/,&+(6 0$*1(7,6&+(6 h(/'P

Z

S g,1/(,781*\ |8*$1* =80 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086

A f,( 9(5087(7( g;,67(1= '(6 80*(.(+57(1 g5(.7(6N 1>0/,&+ ',( g5=(8*81* (,1(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 '85&+ (,1 9(5>1'(5/,&+(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/'N )@+57( =85 x25O +(56$*( 81' g17'(&.81* (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 y(//(1 Jc%6&+1P WPUKP i581'*5?M(1P y,(9,(/( i581'*5?M(1 =85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 3+1*(N o$66( 81' |(,7 =8 %(6&+5(,%(1P p$&+'(0 6,&+ '$6 $/6 81*((,*1(7 (5:,(6(1 +$77(N :85'( (5:2*(1N =:(, 1(8( i581'*5?M(1 (,1=8)@+5(1N (,1( )@5 ',( g/(.75,=,7>7 81' (,1( )@5 '(1 o$*1(O 7,6086P f85&+*(6(7=7 +$7 6,&+ ',( g,1)@+581* 921 185 (,1(5 1(8(1 i581'*5?M(P k1 c1/(+181* $1 ',( g/(.7527(&+1,. :85'( '(5 u7520 $/6 i581'*5?M( *(:>+/7] ',( g,1O +(,7 '(5 u752067>5.(N '$6 NNc03(5(DD JcKN ,67 ',( 1(8( d$6,6(,1+(,7 1(%(1 o(7(5N m,/2*5$00N u(.81'(N m(/9,1 81' o2/ Jc%6&+1P SYPTPSKP f,( n$'81*6(,1+(,7 NNe28O /20%DD JeK ,67 (,1( $%*(/(,7(7( g,1+(,7\ e 3 c6P y(,/ %(, '(1 0(,67(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 i5?M(1 .$80 (,1( 3+*(1K o$66( (5.(11%$5 ,67N :,5' ,0 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 0(,67 62 9(5)$+5(1N $/6 2% '$6 x2/7 $8&+ (,1( d$6,6(,1+(,7 :>5(P f(71,(57 ,67 '$6 x2/7 @%(5 ',( i/(,&++(,7 921 0(&+$1,6&+(5 81' (/(.75,6&+(5 g1(5*,(\ l 3 p 0 3 y6 3 x c 6P f$6 )@+57 =8 '(5 i/(,&++(,7 x 3 .* 0T 62U c2S 2'(5 .* 3 x c 6U 02TN

JSPWK

0,7 '(5(1 j,/)( '$6 m,/2*5$00 %(, d('$5) $86 '(1 g,1+(,7(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 i5?M(1 (/,0,1,(57 :(5'(1 .$11P u21'(567(//81* '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086P y,( :,5 -(7=7 :,66(1 ,67 '(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 (,1 6(+5 .203/,=,(57(6 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(6 m2//(.7,9Or+>120(1 '(5 h(67.?53(5O 3+7 ,1 '(5 9$*(1 }+1/,&+.(,7 '(5 0$*1(O 7,6&+(1 c1=,(+81*6.5$)7 0,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5$)7N ',( =P dP 921 *(5,(%(1(1 d(51O 67(,1 $8) u35(8Ov(,/&+(1 $86*(@%7 :,5'P p$&+'(0 0$1 (5.$117 +$77(N '$66 67520'85&+9266(1( u38/(1 ,0 r5,1=,3 *(1$8 :,( r(50$1(170$*1(7( :,5.(1N .2117( ',( v+(25,( '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 2+1( d(=8* $8) '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086 )2508/,(57 :(5'(1P k1 (;3(5,0(17(// $86*(5,&+7(7(1 f$567(//81*(1 '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 0866 '$*(*(1 '(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ,00(5 (,1%(=2*(1 :(5'(1N '(11 185 (5 /,()(57 ',( 67$5.(1 o$*1(7)(/'(5N ',( =85 d(2%$&+O 781* '(5 :,&+7,*67(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 r+>120(1( 127:(1',* 6,1'P d(, d(675(%81*(1N '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ,1 '(1 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 (,1=825'O 1(1N /,(M 0$1 6,&+ /$1*( |(,7 /(,7(1 921 '(5 68**(67,9(1 }+1/,&+.(,7 '(5 )(5520$*O 1(7,6&+(1 81' (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 m5$)7P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 r2/( :85'(1 )250$/ :,( NN0$*1(7,6&+( n$'81*(1DD %(+$1'(/7N ',( $//(5',1*6 ,00(5 185 3$$5:(,6( $8)75(7(1P f,(6( 67$7,6&+( d(75$&+781*6:(,6( A o$*1(7267$7,. $1$/2* =85 g/(.75267$7,. A :85'( 63>7(5 $%*(/?67 '85&+ ',( '120(1( J)(/O '(5=(8*(1'( u75?0(N g/(.752'1'/,&+ :85'(1 y(%6(,7(1 921 25(16,&+7/,&+ 816(5,?6(1 c8725(1 A x(5)(&+7(51 921 r(53(78$ 02%,/,$N y(/7O 9(5%(66(5(51N g627(5,.(51N u3$M9?*(/1 A +,(5 *$5 1,&+7 $8)*(1200(1P h@5 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 c1./,&.3)$'(6 %,6 =80 n,1. *,%7 (6 =:(, i5@1'(\ JSK f(5 n,1. .$11 9(56$*(1N :(,/ '(5 c1%,(7(5 6(,1( y(%Or5>6(17$7,21 @%(5$5%(,7(7 81' '(1 |8*$1* 9(5>1'(57 +$7P o,7 m(1171,6 '(6 )5@+(5 )81.7,21,(5(1'(1 c1./,&.3)$'(6 ,67 (6 2)7 0?*/,&+N ',( *(68&+7( k1)250$7,21 '2&+ 12&+ ,5*(1':,( =8 71'(1P JTK d(,0 f85&+/$8)(1 '(6 c1./,&.3)$'(6 :,5' 0(,67 (56,&+7/,&+N '$66 $8&+ 12&+ $1'(5( ,17(5(6O 6$17( k1)250$7,21 $1*(%27(1 :,5'P f$6 62// =80 NNd52:6,1*DD 9(5)@+5(1P j,(5 12&+ (,1( 7(&+1,6&+( c10(5.81*\ f,( c'5(66( (,1(5 %(67,007(1 y(%6(,7( ,67 ,+5( wtn Jw1,)250 t(6285&( n2&$725N ,0 f(876&+(1 :,( Nc'5(66(D 0,7 :(,%/,&+(1 c57,.(/KP d(, 817(57(,/7(1 y(%6(,7(1N '(5(1 t$+0(1 6,&+ %(,0 y(,7(5./,&.(1 1,&+7 >1'(57N %/(,%7 $8&+ ',( wtn 2)7 819(5>1'(57P k1 62/&+(1 h>//(1 (037(+/7 (6 6,&+N @%(5 (,1 m/,&. 0,7 '(5 5(&+7(1 o$867$67( $8) '(1 ,17(5(66$17(1 v(,/ '(5 y(%6(,7( ',( q37,21 NNv+,6 h5$0( A u+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(DD $8)=858)(1N :(,/ 0,7 '(5 x(5O *5?M(581* ',(6(6 v(,/6 0(,67 $8&+ ',( c1=(,*( '(5 '$=8*(+?5(1'(1 wtn (55(,&+7 :,5'P f,( $0 g1'( '(5 )2/*(1'(1 m$3,7(/ $1*(*(%(1(1 k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) ',( %(+$1'(/7( r+76*5?M(1 Jc17:257(1 $8) ',( h5$*( NNy,( 9,(/aDDKP |:(, :(,7(5( i/(,&+81*(1 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) ',( h(/'67>5.(1N ',( k17(16,7>76*5?M(1 6,1' Jc17:25O 7(1 $8) ',( h5$*( NNy,( 67$5.aDDKP k1 ',(6(5 f$567(//81*6:(,6( 6,1' ',( o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 1,&+7 185 %(621'(56 (/(*$17N 621'(51 $8&+ 237,0$/ *((,*1(7 )@5 7+(O 25(7,6&+( x(5$//*(0(,1(581*(1N :,( ',( g5:(,7(581* $8) .5800/,1,*( m225',1$7(1O 6)7( 925.200(1N 0@66(1 ',( h(/'67>5.(1 $86 '(1 '85&+ n$'81*6O 81' u75209(57(,/81* %(67,007(1 g55(*81*(1 %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( x(5.1@3)81*(1 921 7 0,7 8 (,1(56(,76 81' ; 0,7 5 $1'(5(56(,76 6,1' $%+>1*,* 920 o(',80N ,1 '(0 6,&+ ',( h(/'(5 %(O 71'(1P f$6 (,1)$&+67( o(',80 ,67 '$6 x$.880] '$)@5 *(/7(1 ',( /,1($5(1 x(5.1@3O )81*(1 81'

8 3 JSB&RK 7

Jx25*5,5 $8) i/P JTPSUKK

5 3 ,R ; P

Jx25*5,5 $8) i/P JUPTVKKP

f$66 +,(5 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( J(/(&75,& &2167$17K &R ,0 p(11(5N ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m2167$17( J0$*1(7,& &2167$17K ,R $%(5 ,0 |>+/(5 67(+7N ,67 '$6 t(/,.7 (,1(6 +,6725,6&+(1 w0:(*6 ,0 x(567>1'1,6 '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086P h@5 $1'(5( o(',(1 *(/7(1 $1'(5( x(5.1@3)81*(1P g,1( 6(+5 3$86&+$/( d(6&+5(,O %81* )@5 $1'(5( o(',(1 %(67(+7 ,1 '(1 u8%67,787,21(1 &R S &R &5 81' ,R S ,R ,5 N

Jx25*5,5 $8) c%6&+1P WPUPTK

:2%(, ',( J5(/$7,9(K r(50,77,9,7>7 J3(50,7,9,77 J3(5O 0($%,/,7&+7 J0(+5 ,1 m$3P SUKN :>+5(1' ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* %(, r$5$O 81' h(5520$*1(7,.$ 9(567>5.(1' :,5.7] ',( $%6&+,50(1'( o$*1(7,6,(581* ,1 5(,1O',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 o(',(1 81' ,1 u835$/(,7(51 :,5' '85&+ 1(*$7,9( y(57( )@5 @ %(6&+5,(%(1 J0(+5 ,1 c%6&+1P UPXPS 81' ZPV 81' m$3PSVKP f,( 2%,*(1 i/(,&+81*(1 .?117(1 '$=8 %(187=7 :(5'(1N 7 81' ; $86 '(1 o$;O :(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 '85&+ u8%67,787,21 =8 (/,0,1,(5(1P f$6 +>77( $%(5 (,1( x(5O 6&+/(,(581* '(5 3+1*( =85 h2/*( 81' :,5' '(6+$/% ,1 ',(6(5 c89$*( J$1'(56 $/6 ,1 '(5 925+(5*(+(1'(1K 9(50,('(1P h@5 ',( h(/'*5?M(1 7N ; 81' 5 6,1' $8&+ 12&+ $1'(5( p$0(1 $/6 ',( +,(5 %(O 187=7(1 ,1 i(%5$8&+] %(621'(56 9(5:,55(1' ,67 ',( 9(5$/7(7( J$%(5 /(,'(5 ,00(5 12&+ $1=875(5(1'(K d(1(1181* 921 ; $/6 NN0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.(DD J0$*1(7,& 7(/' 675(1*7+KP |85 x(50(,'81* 921 o,669(567>1'1,66(1 ,67 (6 :,&+7,*N '$66 185 ',( 921 o$;:(// (,1*()@+57(1 u5.(

v Jv(6/$K 3 x6B0T

;

0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81*

cB0

@

o$*1(7,6,(581*

cB0

4 Jc45K 3 0$*1(7,6&+( m5$)7 $8) (,1( 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c %(:(*7( n$'81* 4 )(/'(5=(8*(1'( u75?0( 6,1' ',( y,5O %(/ ',(6(6 h(/'(6" 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17Bx2/80(1

" f,( u75(8)(/'(5 921 h(5520$*1(7(1 6,1' :,5%(/)5(,( jOh(/'(5N '(5(1 s8(//(1 Ju(1.(1K ',( u(1.(1 Js8(//(1K '(5 63217$1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581* 6,1' Jc%6&+1P SVPTPSKP

xcmcv

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

v$%P TPS

u+5(1' %(, (,1(0 k62/$725 ',( n$'81*(1 $1 '(1 u7(//(1 '(5 q%(59>&+(N :2 6,( $8)*(%5$&+7 :85'(1N +$)7(1 %/(,%(1N 9(57(,/(1 6,( 6,&+ %(, (,1(0 n(,7(5 $8) '(5 *$1=(1 q%(59>&+(P c8&+ ',( g5'( ,67 0,7 ,+5(1 q=($1(1 81' )(8&+7(1 i(67(,166&+,&+7(1 :,( (,1( 6(+5 *52M( /(,7(1'( m8*(/ =8 %(75$&+7(1N @%(5 ',( 6,&+ $//( NN=85 g5'( $%*(/(,7(7(1DD n$'81*(1 9(57(,/(1 81' '85&+ ',(6( x(5'@1181* 35$.7,6&+ 9(56&+:,1'(1P f,( c86%5(,781* 921 n$'81* $8) (,1(0 n(,7(5 817(567@7=7 ',( x2567(//81*N '$66 (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* (,1 %(/,(%,* 7(,/%$5(6 NN.217,18,(5/,&+(6 o(O ',80DD ,67P f$6 ,67 (,167:(,/(1 (,1( 6,1192//( c11$+0(N '(11 ',( $720,67,6&+( u758.O 785 '(5 g/(.75,=,7>7 (5*,%7 (,1( i5(1=( '(5 v(,/%$5.(,7 921 n$'81*N ',( :(,7 817(5+$/% '(5 p$&+:(,6(0371'/,&+.(,7 '(5 ,1 ',(6(0 m$3,7(/ %(6352&+(1(1 g;3(5,0(17( /,(*7P |:,6&+(1 n(,7(51 81' k62/$725(1 *,%7 (6 ,1 y,5./,&+.(,7 .(,1( 675(1*( i5(1=(] (6 *,%7 9,(/( c%678)81*(1 921 '(1 %(67(1 =8 '(1 6&+/(&+7(67(1 n(,7(51P i87( n(,7(5 6,1' o(7$//(N m2+/(N :>665,*( u>85(O 2'(5 u$/=/?681*(1P c%(5 $8&+ 6&+/(&+7( n(,7(5 :,( t(*(1O 81' n(,781*6:$66(5 81' '(5 0(16&+/,&+( m?53(5 6,1' )@5 (/(.75267$7,6&+( g;3(5,0(17( $/6 NN+,15(,&+(1' *87(DD n(,7(5 =8 %(75$&+7(1N :(,/ ',( $8)75(7(1'(1 u3$1O 181*(1 62 +2&+ 81' ',( *(63(,&+(57(1 n$'81*60(1*(1 62 *(5,1* 6,1'N '$66 ',( n$O '81*(1 $8&+ @%(5 6&+/(&+7( n(,7(5 6(+5 6&+1(// $%9,(M(1P g/(.75267$7,6&+( g;3(5,0(17( (5)25'(51 '(6+$/% =85 u3(,&+(581* 921 n$'81*(1 6(+5 *87( k62/$725(1P c%(5 6(/%67 ',(6( 9(56$*(1 %(, +2+(5 n8)7)(8&+7,*.(,7N :(,/ 6,&+ $8) k62/$725(1 '@11(N /(,7(1'( y$66(57/0( %,/'(1P k0 y,17(5 ,67 ,1 %(+(,=7(1 t>80(1 ',( n8)7)(8&+7,*.(,7 *(5,1*] '$11 *(/,1*(1 ',( g;3(5,0(17( %(66(5 $/6 ,0 u200(5P g%(1)$//6 =8 %($&+7(1 ,67N '$66 $8&+ 6&+(,1%$5 752&.(1( j>1'( %(,0 c1)$66(1 921 k62/$725(1 $8) '(5(1 q%(59>&+(1 u&+:(,M6385(1 +,17(5/$66(1N :2'85&+ ',( *8O 7(1 k62/$725(1 =8 6&+/(&+7(1 n(,7(51 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f(6+$/% ,67 '$6 d(5@+5(1 921 k62/$7252%(59>&+(1 =8 9(50(,'(1P d(, '(5 t(,1,*81* 921 k62/$725(1 0,7 )(77/?6(1'(1 o,77(/1 ,67 x256,&+7 *(%27(1N :(,/ ',( 0(,67(1 n?681*60,77(/ *(681'+(,76*()>+5'(1' 6,1'P f$6 +$50/26(67( ,67 g7+0/,&+ (,1 n(,7(5N '$11 :@5'(1 ',( (5=(8*7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 6,&+ :,('(5 1(875$/,6,(5(1P c89$'81* 81' g17/$'81*P f(5 d(*5,5 NNt(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7DD 75,57 1,&+7 '$6 y(6(17O /,&+(N :(,/ (6 %(, '(5 n$'81*675(1181* 185 $8) '(1 *87(1 m217$.7 '(5 u725( $1O

TPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1

TS

.2007P f,(6(5 m217$.7 .$11 %(, =:(, )(67(1 u725(1 $0 /(,&+7(67(1 '85&+ .5>)7,*(6 |86$00(1'5@&.(1 81' t(,%(1 (5=,(/7 :(5'(1N :(,/ ',( q%(59>&+(1 ,00(5 0,.526O .23,6&+( t$8+,*.(,7 %(6,7=(1P f85&+ m217$.7 81' $16&+/,(M(1'( v5(1181* =:(,(5 u725( :(5'(1 %(,'( ,1 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1(1 |867$1' 9(56(7=7P u2)(51 9(5+,1'(57 :,5'N '$66 ',( n$'81*(1 $%9,(M(1N .?11(1 )$67 $//( u725(N n(,7(5 *(1$862 :,( d(51O 67(,1 81' y2//(N (/(.75,6&+ $8)*(/$'(1 :(5'(1P x(568&+\ o$1 6(7=7 (,1(1 0(7$//,6&+(1 m2&+723) $8) (,1( i/$63/$77( 2'(5 r/$67,.)2/,(P x21 (,1(0 '85&+ t(,%(1 $8)*(/$'(1(1 u7$% .$11 0$1 ',( n$'81* $0 v23)5$1' NN$%675(,)(1DDP y(*(1 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 '(6 o(7$//6 :,5' '(5 *$1=( v23) ,1 '(1 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 |867$1' 9(56(7=7N $%(5 ',( n$'81* .$11 1,&+7 =85 g5'( $%9,(M(1P f(5 (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1( |867$1' (,1(5 q%(59>&+( />667 6,&+ 5$6&+ :,('(5 %(6(,7,*(1N :(11 0$1 0,7 '(5 j$1' 2'(5 (,1(0 )(8&+7(1 n$33(1 @%(5 ',( q%(59>&+( 675(,&+7P j2&+ (5+,7=7( n8)7 2'(5 h/$00(1*$6( 6,1' *87( n(,7(5N :$6 6,&+ =P dP '$'85&+ =(,*(1 />667N '$66 0$1 (,1(1 *(5,(%(1(1 m8167672567$% .85= @%(5 (,1( d816(1%5(11(5Oh/$0O 0( 2'(5 ,1 (,1(1 6(+5 +(,M(1 n8)767520 %5,1*7\ 6(,1( c89$'81* :,5' 62)257 %(6(,7,*7P f85&+ +2+( v(03(5$785N $%(5 $8&+ '85&+ (1(5*,(5(,&+( u75$+/81* J8/75$9,2/(77(6 n,&+7N t?17*(1675$+/81*N i$00$675$+/81*N g/(.7521(1675$+/(1K :(5'(1 ,0 i$6 32O 6,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( n$'81*675>*(5 Jk21(1 81' g/(.7521(1K (5=(8*7N ',( '$6 i$6 NN/(,7O )>+,*DD 0$&+(1P o$1 .$11 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 ,21,6,(57(5 i$6( $86187=(1N 80 81(5O :@16&+7( c89$'81*(1 921 k62/$725(1 =8 %(6(,7,*(1P c1=,(+81* 81' c%672M81*P w0 ',( m5$)7:,5.81* *(1$8(5 817(568&+(1 =8 .?11(1N +>1*(1 :,5 (,1(1 0,7 y2//( *(5,(%(1(1 j$57*800,67$% :$$*5(&+7 $8) Jc%%P TPSK 81' 1>+(51 (,1(0 6(,1(5 g1'(1 (,1(1 $8) */(,&+( y(,6( *(5,(%(1(1 =:(,7(1 j$57O *800,67$%P d(,'( u7>%( %(71'(1 6,&+ $/62 ,0 */(,&+(1 NN(/(.75,6&+(1 |867$1'DDN 81' :,5 %(2%$&+7(1 (,1( .5>)7,*( c%672M81* '(5 (,1$1'(5 *(1>+(57(1 u7$%(1'(1P

c%%P TPS f5(+%$5 $8)*(+>1*7(5 j$57*80O 0,67$%N '(5 '85&+ t(,%(1 (/(.75,6&+ $8)*(/$O '(1 :85'(P

p>+(51 :,5 $%(5 '(0 $8)*(+>1*7(1 j$57*800,67$% (,1(1 0,7 u(,'( *(5,(%(1(1 i/$667$%N 62 71'(7 (,1( 67$5.( c1=,(+81* 67$77N :>+5(1' 6&+/,(M/,&+ =:(, $8) */(,&+( y(,6( *(5,(%(1( i/$667>%(N 921 '(1(1 :,5 '(1 (,1(1 )5(, %(:(*/,&+ $8)+>1*(1N 6,&+ *(*(16(,7,* (%(162 $%672M(1N :,( ',( %(,'(1 *(5,(%(1(1 j$57*800,67>%(P f$6 )@+57 =8 )2/*(1'(0 u&+/866\ g6 *,%7 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( (/(.75,6&+( |867>1'(P i/(,&+$57,*( |867>1'( :,5.(1 $8)O (,1$1'(5 0,7 c%672M81*N 81*/(,&+$57,*( |867>1'( 0,7 c1=,(+81*P f,( %(,'(1 c5O 7(1 (/(.75,6&+(5 c89$'81* :(5'(1 $/6 326,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* %(=(,&+1(7P k1 '(1 SYUR(5 l$+5(1 (5.$117( e+$5/(6 f8 h$< JSX[ZASYU[K 1$&+ 80)$1*5(,&+(0 (;3/25$7,9(1 g;3(5,0(17,(5(1N '$66 6,&+ ',( (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 r+>120(1( 185 9(5O 67(+(1 /$66(1N :(11 0$1 =:(, c57(1 921 g/(.75,=,7>7 $11,007N :2%(, 6,&+ */(,&+$5O 7,*( c89$'81*(1 $%672M(1 81' 81*/(,&+$57,*( $1=,(+(1P f8 h$< 1$117( ',( g/(.7O

TT

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

5,=,7>7(1 0,7 d(=8* $8) ,+5( g5=(8*81* '85&+ t(,%81* NN*/$6$57,*DD 81' NN+$5=$57,*DDP k1 '(1 SYWR(5 l$+5(1 '(87(7( d(1-$0,1 h5$1./,1 ',( x(56&+,('(1$57,*.(,7 $/6 %(5O 81' w17(56&+866 921 185 (,1(0 NN(/(.75,6&+(1 h/8,'80DD 81' 9(5:(1'(7( ',( d(*5,5( 3/86 81' 0,186 =85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 d,32/$5,7>7P f,( |825'181* '(6 x25=(,&+(16 =8 '(1 %(,'(1 c57(1 (/(.75,6&+(5 n$'81* ,67 :,//O .@5/,&+ 81' :85'( SYYZ '85&+ iPeP n,&+7(1%(5* (1'*@/7,* )(67*(/(*7P f$1$&+ (5O *(%(1 6,&+ )@5 ',( )2/*(1'(1 u7$%Bt(,%=(8*Od(,63,(/( ',( $1*(*(%(1(1 r2/$5,7>7(1\ u7

%$t(,%=(8*

u7$%Or2/$5,7>7

j$57*800, i/$6N r/(;,*/$6

r(/=N y2//( u(,'(

2 1

g6 *(1@*7N :(11 =80 g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 (,1( '(5 $1*(*(%(1(1 u7$%Bt(,%=(8*Om20O %,1$7,21(1 925+$1'(1 ,67N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( %(,0 t(,%(1 $1'(5(5 u725( (5*(%(1'(1 r2O /$5,7>7(1 '$11 /(,&+7 (03,5,6&+ )(6767(//(1 /$66(1P m8167672567>%( (,*1(1 6,&+ $8&+ *87 =85 g5=(8*81* 921 t(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7] ,+5( n$'81*632/$5,7>7 +>1*7 920 &+(O 0,6&+(1 c8)%$8 J81' '(0 t(,%=(8*K $%P f$ '(5 x25*$1* '(5 t(,%81* (,1 :(&+6(/6(,7,*(5 ,67N :,5' 1,&+7 185 '(5 *(5,(%(1( m?53(5N 621'(51 $8&+ '$6 t(,%=(8* (/(.75,6&+\ p>+(57 0$1 (,1(0 $8)*(+>1*7(1 *(5,(%(1(1 i/$667$% Jc%%P TPSK '$6 =80 t(,%(1 %(187=7( u7@&. u(,'(N 62 :,5' '(5 i/$667$% $1*(=2*(1N :>+5(1' 921 '(0 */(,&+(1 u7@&. u(,'( (,1 0,7 (,1(0 y2//$33(1 *(5,(%(1(5 j$57*800,67$% $%*(672M(1 :,5'P u(,7 '(0 SZP l$+5+81'(57 *,%7 (6 9,(/( c16>7=( =85 c8)67(//81* 921 u725Ot(,+(1O )2/*(1N (7:$ '(5$57N '$66 (,1 %(67,007(5 u725 6,&+ 1(*$7,9 $89>'7N :(11 (5 0,7 (,1(0 '(5 925*(1$117(1 u725( *(5,(%(1 :,5'N $%(5 326,7,9 $89>'7 %(,0 t(,%(1 0,7 (,1(0 1$&+*(1$117(1 u725 Jc%6&+1P SUPSPSKP f,( g5*(%1,66( 6,1' -('2&+ 81%()5,(O ',*(1'N :(,/ (6 1,&+7 185 $8) ',( 6725/,&+( p$785 '(6 m?53(56 $1.2007N 621'(51 $8&+ $8) 6(,1( q%(59>&+(1%(6&+$5(1+(,7P d(,63,(/\ u&+/(,)7 0$1 ',( j>/)7( (,1(6 32/,(57(1 i/$667$%6 0$77N 62 :,5' ',(6(6 g1'( %(,0 t(,%(1 0,7 y2//( 1(*$7,9 (/(.7O 5,6&+N :>+5(1' ',( 32/,(57( j>/)7( 0,7 '(0 */(,&+(1 t(,%=(8* 326,7,9 (/(.75,6&+ :,5'P f$6 f233(/3(1'(/Og/(.7526.23 %(67(+7 $86 =:(, ./(,1(1N 0?*/,&+67 /(,&+7(1 m8*(/1 0,7 /(,7(1'(1 q%(59>&+(1N ',( 0,7 '@11(1N /(,7(1'(1 h>'(1 $1 (,1(0 o(7$//%@*(/

(a)

c%%P TPT

(b)

J$K g/(.75,6&+(6 f233(/3(1'(/N J%K d/>77&+(1Og/(.7526.23P

TPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1

TU

$8)*(+>1*7 6,1' Jc%%P TPT$K] '(5 o(7$//%@*(/ ,67 $1 (,1(0 ,62/,(5(1'(1 u7$7,9 %()(6O 7,*7P w1*(/$'(1 %(5@+5(1 6,&+ ',( +(5$%+>1*(1'(1 m8*(/1] :(5'(1 ',( m8*(/1 $8)O *(/$'(1N =P dP '85&+ NNc%675(,)(1 '(5 n$'81*DD (,1(6 *(5,(%(1(1 u7$%(6 $0 f5$+7%@*(/ 81' n$'81*6$86%5(,781* @%(5 ',( /(,7(1'(1 h>'(1 =8 '(1 m8*(/1N '$11 672M(1 6,( 6,&+ *(*(16(,7,* $%N :2%(, ,+5 c%67$1' 0,7 '(5 c89$'81* *5?M(5 :,5'P u2 (,1 f23O 3(/3(1'(/ ,67 /(,&+7 +(5=867(//(1\ c/6 /(,&+7(6 o$7(5,$/ :85'( )5@+(5 j2/81'(50$5. 9(5:(1'(7] +(87( *,%7 (6 u7&+( (5+>/7 0$1 '85&+ w0:,&.(/1 0,7 (,1(5 '@11(1 o(O 7$//)2/,( 2'(5 '85&+ d(3,16(/1 0,7 c48$'$* J.2//2,'$/(5 i5$3+,7 ,1 y$66(5KP |80 c8)+>1*(1 1,007 0$1 p>+*$51N 0,7 i5$3+,767$8% 920 d/(,67,)7 2'(5 '85&+ h(8&+O 7,*.(,7 /(,7)>+,* *(0$&+7P %(5 ',(6(1 /(,7(1'(1 h$'(1 .?11(1 $8&+ ',( n$'81*(1 =8*()@+57 :(5'(1P g,1( (0371'/,&+(5( c125'181* 0,7 u.$/$ ,67 '$6 d/>77&+(1Og/(.7526.23 921 c%%P TPT%P k0 k11(5(1 (,1(6 =86(6 +>1*(1 $1 (,1(5 2%(1 ,62/,(57 (,1*()@+57(1 o(7$//67$1*( =:(, 6&+0$/( d/>77&+(1 $86 c/80,1,80O 2'(5 i2/')2/,(P f,(6( 6(+5 '@11(1 h2/,(1 635(,=(1 6,&+N :(11 '$6 .8*(/)?50,*( g1'( '(5 o(7$//67$1*( 2%(1 0,7 (,1(0 (/(.7O 5,6&+ *(/$'(1(1 m?53(5 %(5@+57 :,5'N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( n$'81* $8) m8*(/N u7$1*( 81' d/>77&+(1 9(57(,/7P c167(//( 921 =:(, %(:(*/,&+(1 m8*(/1 2'(5 o(7$//%/>77&+(1 %(187=7 0$1 9,(/)$&+ 185 (,1(1 %(:(*/,&+(1 n(,7(5N '(5 921 (,1(0 )(67(1 $%*(672M(1 :,5'P f$'85&+ :,5' ',( u.$/(1$%/(681* =85 48$17,7$7,9(1 g5)$6681* '(6 g5(.7(6 (5/(,&+7(57] '$6 g/(.7O 526.23 :,5' =80 g/(.7520(7(5P j(87( 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 (/(.7521,6&+( o(66*(5>7(N ',( =85 o(6681* 6(+5 ./(,1(5 n$'81*(1 *((,*1(7 6,1' 81' '(6+$/% $8&+ NNg/(.7520(7(5O x(567>5.(5DD *(1$117 :(5'(1P x(568&+( =85 n$'81*675(1181*P f$66 t(,%81* *$5 1,&+7 1?7,*7 ,67N 621'(51 6&+21 '(5 ,11,*( m217$.7 =85 n$'81*675(1181* J&+$5*( 6(3$5$7,21K *(1@*7N %(:(,67 '(5 x(568&+ 921 c%%P TPUN %(, '(0 921 (,1(0 v(//(5N 9(5%81'(1 0,7 (,1(0 $1)$1*6 81O *(/$'(1(1 g/(.7526.23N (,1 m/(%(%$1' $%*(5,66(1 :,5'\ f$6 g/(.7526.23 =(,*7 ',( 9(5%/(,%(1'( n$'81* $1P c8&+ 38/9(5)?50,*( u725( .?11(1 '85&+ ,11,*( d(5@+581* (/(.75,6&+ :(5'(1N :,( )2/*(1'( x(568&+( =(,*(1\

c%%P TPU n$'81*675(1181* '85&+ c%5(,66(1 (,1(5 m/(%()2/,(P f,( h2/,( 62// 0,7 (,1(0 u7@&. =80 c1)$66(1 @%(5 '(1 v(//(5 '(6 g/(.7526.236 +,1$865$*(1P v(//(5 1,&+7 0,7 '(1 j>1'(1 %(5@+5(1C

TV

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

A o$1 =(567>8%7 (,1 i(0,6&+ $86 */(,&+(1 v(,/(1 o(11,*( J527(6 h$5%38/9(5N r%UqVK 81' u&+:()(/38/9(5 '85&+ (,1 u7@&. i$=( +,1'85&+P f$'85&+ :,5' u&+:()(/ 1(O *$7,9N o(11,*( 326,7,9 (/(.75,6&+P n>667 0$1 '$6 i(0,6&+ $8) =:(, 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1'( *(5,(%(1(1 u7>%( $86 i/$6 81' j$57*800, )$//(1N 62 %/(,%7 '(5 *(/%( u&+:()(/ $0 i/$6N ',( 527( o(11,*( $0 j$57*800, +$)7(1P A o$1 />667 (,1 i(0,6&+ $86 =:(, v(,/(1 d/(,38/9(5 81' (,1(0 v(,/ u&+:()(/38/9(5 :,( ,1 c%%P TPV *(=(,*7 '85&+ (,1(1 v5,&+7(5 )$//(1P w17(5+$/% '(6 v5,&+7(56 :,5' '(5 /(,&+7( u&+:()(/ 0,7 (,1(0 i(%/>6( :(**(%/$6(1N :>+5(1' '$6 6&+:(5( d/(, ,1 (,1(1 o(7$//%(&+(5 )>//7 81' %(, '(0 $1)$1*6 81*(/$'(1(1 g/(.7526.23 (,1( n$'81*6$1=(,*( %(:,5.7P Pulvergemisch

Gebläse

c%%P TPV p$&+:(,6 '(5 n$'81*675(1181* %(,0 r8/9(5*(0,6&+ u&+:()(/Bd/(,P f(5 u&+:()(/ :,5' :(**(%/$6(1N d/(, )>//7 ,1 '(1 o(7$//%(&+(5 $8) '(0 v(//(5 '(6 g/(.752O 6.236P

o,7 '(1 x2567(//81*(1 '(6 $720$5(1 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 />667 6,&+ ',( n$'81*6O 75(1181* 48$/,7$7,9 /(,&+7 9(567(+(1\ c720( 6,1' 48$6,1(875$/( u5O .(5 *(%81'(1 6,1'P g,1( 48$17,7$7,9( d(6&+5(,%81* 6&+(,7(57 6&+21 $1 '(0 r52%/(0N ',( i@7( '(6 m217$.7(6 =8 48$17,7=,(5(1P u(/%67 (%(1(N */$77 32/,(57( q%(59>&+(1 6,1' 0,.526.23,6&+ 81(%(1N 81' 185 $1 (,1,*(1 g5+(%81*(1 .?11(1 ',( c720( :,5./,&+ ,1 m217$.7 0,7 '(1 c720(1 (,1(6 $1'(5(1 m?53(56 .200(1P i/(,&++(,7 '(5 *(75(117(1 n$'81*60(1*(1N g5+$/781* '(5 n$'81*P p$&+ '(5 $720O 3+120(1 '(5 k198(1= J(/(&75,& ,1'8&7,21KP d(, '(0 $//(5(567(1N SXRR 921 i,/%(57 ,1 6(,1(0 d8&+ '$5*(67(//7(1 g/(.7526.23 Jc%%P TPWK :$5 ',( c1=(,*(1$'(/ :,( (,1( m203$661$'(/ 63,7=(1*(/$*(57P f,(6( 810$*1(7,6&+( o(7$//1$'(/ =(,*7 =80 (/(.7O 5,6&+ $8)*(/$'(1(1 m?53(5 +,1N 2+1( '$66 (,1( d(5@+581* 0,7 n$'81*675$16)(5 67$77O *()81'(1 +$7P r+>120(12/2*,6&+ ,67 '$6 x(5+$/7(1 >+1/,&+ :,( '$6 (,1(5 m203$66O 1$'(/ ,1 '(5 p>+( (,1(6 o$*1(732/6N 185 '$66 %(, '(5 m203$661$'(/ (,1 %(67,007(6 g1'( $1*(=2*(1 81' '$6 $1'(5( $%*(672M(1 :,5'N :>+5(1' %(, '(5 p$'(/ 921 c%%P TPX ,00(5 '$6 '(5 c89$'81* 1>+(5( g1'( $1*(=2*(1 :,5'N 81*($&+7(7 '(5 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 h250 '(5 p$'(/(1'(1P

c%%P TPW f$6 (567( g/(.7526.23 J$86 yP i,/%(57N NNf( 0$*1(7( (7&PDDN n21'21 SXRRKP f,( f5$+71$'(/ ,67 0,77(/6 (,1(6 j@7&+(16 )5(, $8) (,1(5 u3,7=( 6&+:(%(1' $8)*(+>1*7P

k198(1=3+>120(1( 6,1' /$1*( |(,7 )$/6&+ *('(87(7 :25'(1P g567 SYWV :85'( ',( k198(1= 921 l2+1 e$1721 81' SYWY 921 l2+$1 e$5/ y,/&.( 5,&+7,* ,17(535(7,(57P k198(1=Og;3(5,0(17(P f$=8 %(187=(1 :,5 (,1(1 ,62/,(57(1N =1*7( m8*(/P f$11 1,007 0$1 0,7 (,1(5 NNr52%(O .8*(/DD J(,1(5 ./(,1(1 o(7$//.8*(/ $1 (,1(0 k62/,(5*5,5K n$'81* 921 (,1(0 g1'( '(6 o(7$//.?53(56 $% 81' 67(//7 )(67N 2% ',( 925+(5 $8)*(/$'(1(N %(:(*/,&+ $8)*(O +>1*7( m8*(/ $%*(672M(1 2'(5 $1*(=2*(1 :,5'P f$6 t(68/7$7\ f$6 '(0 j$57*80O 0,67$% %(1$&+%$57( g1'( +$7 326,7,9( n$'81*N '$6 (17)(517( g1'( 1(*$7,9(P f(5 (/(.75,6&+( |867$1' $8) '(0 n(,7(5 9(56&+:,1'(7 :,('(5N 62%$/' '(5 j$57O *800,67$% (17)(517 :,5'P f,( $8) '(0 n(,7(5 $8)*(75(7(1(1 n$'81*(1 :(5'(1 $/6 k198(1=/$'81*(1 J&+$5*,1* %< ,1'8&7,21K %(=(,&+1(7P i$1= $//*(0(,1 *,/7\ k1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+ /(,7(1'(1 m?53(5 75(7(1 ?57/,&+ *(75(117 326,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( n$'81*(1 $8)N :(11 6,&+ (,1 (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1(5 m?53(5 ,1 '(5 p>+( %(71'(7P f,( '(0 *(/$'(1(1 m?53(5 =8*(:$1'7( u(,7( 75>*7 ',( k198(1=/$'81* 0,7 (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7(0 x25=(,&+(1P p$&+ g17)(5181* '(6 *(/$'(1(1 m?53(56 9(56&+:,1O '(1 ',( k198(1=/$'81*(1 '85&+ *(*(16(,7,*( p(875$/,6$7,21P

(a)

(b)

c%%P TPX x(568&+ =85 k198(1=\ J$K n$'81*675(1181* @%(5 %(,'( m?53(5+>/)7(1N J%K v5(1181* '(5 m?53(5+>/)7(1 =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 *(75(117(1 n$'81*(1P

k1 (,1(0 =:(,7(1 x(568&+ :(5'(1 ',( %(,'(1 n(,7(5+>/)7(1 *(75(117 Jc%%P TPX%KN ,1O '(0 ',( /,1.( j>/)7( 1$&+ /,1.6 *(6&+2%(1 :,5'N :>+5(1' '(5 j$57*800,67$% 6,&+ :(,7(5+,1 ,1 '(5 p>+( '(5 5(&+7(1 j>/)7( %(71'(7P g567 1$&+ '(5 v5(1181* '(5 n(,O 7(5+>/)7(1 :,5' '(5 j$57*800,67$% :(**(1200(1P k1 ',(6(0 h$// %(+$/7(1 ',( %(,O '(1 f233(/3(1'(/ ,+5(1 c866&+/$*N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 k198(1=/$'81*(1 1,&+7 0(+5 1(875$/,6,(5(1 .?11(1P k198(1=/$'81*(1 @%(1 $8) '(1 ,1 '(5 p>+( %(71'/,&+(1 *(/$'(1(1 m?53(5N '(5 ',( k198(1= +(5925*(58)(1 +$7N (/(.75,6&+( m5>)7( $86N :2%(, ,00(5 ',( c1=,(O +81*6.5$)7 @%(5:,(*7N :(,/ ',( 1$+( k198(1=/$'81* '$6 $1'(5( x25=(,&+(1 +$7P d(,0 i,/%(576&+(1 g/(.7526.23 Jc%%P TPWKN '(66(1 p$'(/ '85&+ (,1( ,1 '(5 p>+( %(71'O /,&+( n$'81* NN,198(1=,(57DD :85'(N (1767(+7 (,1 $8) ',( p$'(/ :,5.(1'(6 f5(+02O 0(17P g6 ,67 0?*/,&+N 0,7 k198(1=/$'81* (,1( g/(.7526.23Oc1=(,*( =8 (5+$/7(1N 2+1( '$66 n$'81* $8) '$6 k167580(17 @%(575$*(1 :,5' Jc%%P TPYK] ',( c1=(,*( 9(56&+:,1O '(7 :,('(5N :(11 '(5 u7$% (17)(517 :,5'P f$6 ,67 (,1 6(+5 (,1)$&+(5 x(568&+ =85 f(021675$7,21 '(5 k198(1=P g5 .$11 $%(5 /(,&+7 6&+(,7(51N :(,/ (6 A ,16%(621'(5(

TPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1

TY

c%%P TPY g/(.7526.23$1=(,*( %(:,5.7 '85&+ k198(1=P

%(, 67$5.(5 c89$'81* '(6 u7$%(6 A 0?*/,&+ ,67N '$66 81%(0(5.7 n$'81* '85&+ ',( n8)7 920 u7$% $8) '$6 g/(.7520(7(5 *(/$1*7 Ju35@+(17/$'81*N c%6&+1P TPSPVKP f$11 :,5' $8&+ 1$&+ '(5 y(*1$+0( '(6 u7$%(6 12&+ (,1( c89$'81* $1*(=(,*7C

TPSPU u,7= '(5 n$'81*(1 $8) (,1(0 n(,7(5 y(11 :,5 (,1(1 ,62/,(57 $8)*(67(//7(1 n(,7(5 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7 $89$'(1N :,5' ',( n$O '81*N ',( $8) 81' $8&+ ,1 '(0 n(,7(5 %(:(*/,&+ ,67N (,1( *$1= %(67,007( 5>80/,&+( i/(,&+*(:,&+769(57(,/81* $11(+0(1P f$ 6,&+ ',( w17(50(1*(1 '(5 n$'81* *(*(1O 6(,7,* $%672M(1N :,5' 6,&+ (,1( x(57(,/81* 0,7 *5?M70?*/,&+(5 x(5'@1181* (5*(%(1P c%(5 :$6 ,67 '$6 )@5 (,1( x(57(,/81*a h@+57 ',( (/(.75,6&+( c%672M81* =85 0$;,0$/(1 g;3$16,21N 185 %(*5(1=7 '85&+ '(1 >8M(5(1 t$1' '(6 /(,7(1'(1 d(5(,&+6a q'(5 =8 (,1(5 .217,18,(5/,&+(1 x(57(,/81* '(5 n$'81* @%(5 '$6 *(6$07( /(,7)>+,*( x2/80(1a y(/&+( x(57(,/81* ,67 7$76>&+/,&+ =8 %(2%$&+7(1a f,( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 d(2%$&+781*(1 =(,*(1N '$66 6,&+ ',( $8) (,1(1 o(7$//.?53(5 $8)*(%5$&+7( n$'81* ,0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 185 $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( %(71O '(7N %(, +2+/ *()2507(1 o(7$//.?53(51 185 $8) '(5 >8M(5(1 q%(59>&+(P h$5$'$7*P w0*,%7 0$1 (,1( *(/$'(1( o(7$//.8*(/ 0,7 =:(, 81*(/$'(1(1N /(,O 7(1'(1 j$/%.8*(/6&+$/(1N ',( 0$1 $1 ,62/,(5(1'(1 j$1'*5,5(1 $1)$667N 62 (5:(,67 6,&+ ',( ,11(5( m8*(/ 1$&+ d(5@+581* 0,7 '(1 806&+/,(M(1'(1 j$/%.8*(/6&+$/(1 81' 1$&+ '(5(1 g17)(5181* $/6 9?//,* 81*(/$'(1 Jc%%P TPZ$K\ f,( g/(.75,=,7>7 +$7 6,&+ 1,&+7 $8) $//( n(,7(5 9(57(,/7N 621'(51 ,67 9?//,* $8) ',( %(,'(1 j$/%.8*(/6&+$/(1 @%(5*(*$1*(1P u(7=7 0$1N :,( (6 ,1 c%%P TPZ% *(=(,*7 ,67N $8) (,1(1 ,62/,(57 $8)*(67(//7(1 o(7$//O 7(//(5 c (,1 (0371'/,&+(6 g/(.7526.23 g 81' 67@/37 '$5@%(5 (,1( i/2&.( i $86

TZ

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

D G

E

A (a)

(b)

c%%P TPZ J$K c125'181* )@5 '(1 p$&+:(,6N '$66 6,&+ ',( n$'81* (,1(5 $8)*(/$'(1(1 j2+/O .8*(/ $8) '(5 >8M(5(1 q%(59>&+( %(71'(7P J%K x(568&+ =85 y,5.81* '(6 h$5$'$7*6P

o(7$//*$=(N ',( '85&+ (,1(1 f5$+7 f ,1 /(,7(1'(5 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 '(0 m123) '(6 g/(.7526.236 67(+7N 62 .$11 0$1 ',( *$1=( c125'181* %(/,(%,* 67$5. $89$'(1N 62O '$66 =P dP (,1 $8) '(5 i$=(*/2&.( $1*(%5$&+7(6 f233(/3(1'(/ (,1(1 .5>)7,*(1 c86O 6&+/$* =(,*7N 2+1( '$66 '$6 ,0 k11(5(1 %(71'/,&+( g/(.7526.23 (,1( n$'81* $1=(,*7P oP h$5$'$< +$7 SZUX '(1 x(568&+ ,0 *52M(1 o$M67$% $1*(67(//7 81' 6,&+ 3(5O 6?1/,&+ 0,7 (,1(0 g/(.7526.23 ,1 62/&+ (,1(1 m>7* %(*(%(1] 6(/%67 %(, '(1 .5>)7,*67(1 c89$'81*(1 '(6 ,62/,(57 $8)*(67(//7(1 m>7*6 =(,*7( 6(,1 g/(.7526.23 .(,1( (/(.75,O 6&+( y,5.81* $1P u(/%679(567>1'/,&+ .$11 ,0 k11(5(1 (,1(6 0(7$//,6&+(1 j2+/.?53(56 (,1( n$'81* (;,67,(5(1N :(11 6,( ,1 .(,1(5 /(,7(1'(1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 '(0 806&+/,(M(1'(1 j2+/O .?53(5 67(+7P f,(6 .$11 0$1 0,7 '(5 x(568&+6$125'181* 921 c%%P TPZ% =(,*(1\ y(11 0$1 ',( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* f =:,6&+(1 i$=(*/2&.( i 81' g/(.7526.23 g (17)(517 81' /(7=7(5(6 925 '(0 c8)6(7=(1 '(5 i/2&.( $89>'7N '$11 %(+>/7 (6 6(,1( n$'81* $8&+ 817(5 '(5 i/2&.( %(,P g6 ,67 $8&+ 0?*/,&+N n$'81*(1 921 $8M(1 @%(5 (,1( ,62/,(57( |8/(,781* ,1 '$6 k11(5( (,1(6 h$5$'$7*6 =8 %5,1*(1N :,( '$6 %(, g/(.7520(7(51 0,7 *((5'(7(1 o(7$//*(+>86(1 *(6&+,(+7P c%6&+,5081*P f$6 k11(5( (,1(5 *(6&+/266(1(1 0(7$//,6&+(1 w0+@//81* ,67 92//.20O 0(1 *(*(1 >8M(5( (/(.75,6&+( g,19@66( *(6&+@7=7 J(/(&75,& 6+,(/',1*KP g6 %5$8&+(1 .(,1( 0$66,9(1 o(7$//:>1'( =8 6(,1] )(,10$6&+,*( o(7$//*$=( *(1@*7P f,(6( (/(.7O 5,6&+( c%6&+,5081* J',( g/(.7527(&+1,.(5 6$*(1 NNu&+,5081*DDK ,67 ,1 9,(/(1 h>//(1 :,&+7,*N =P dP 80 (0371'/,&+( (/(.75,6&+( c33$5$7( 925 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7?581*(1 =8 6,&+(51P d(, (,1(0 i(:,77(5 6,1' ',( ,1 (,1(0 c872 6,7=(1'(1 r(5621(1 '(6+$/% *(6&+@7=7N :(,/ 6,( 6,&+ ,1 (,1(0 h$5$'$7* %(71'(1P f$6 *,/7 1$7@5/,&+ 1,&+7 )@5 m$%5,2/(776 81' $8&+ 1,&+7 )@5 c8726 0,7 r/$67,.Om$5266(5,(C h@5 g;3(5,0(17( ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 h$5$'$7*6 :,5.7 ',( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* 0,7 '(5 m>7*:$1' :,( (,1( g5'81* Jc%6&+1P UPTPWKP q% ',( $%*(/(,7(7( n$'81* $8M(1 $8) '(5 m>7*:$1' 6,7=(1 %/(,%7 2'(5 6,&+ :,5./,&+ @%(5 ',( *$1=( g5'( 9(57(,/7N ,67 )@5 '$6 g;3(5,0(17 ,0 k11(5(1 %(/$1*/26P

TPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1

T[

%(5)@+581* 921 n$'81*P f,( 2%(1 %(6&+5,(%(1( g56&+(,181*N '$66 ',( ,16 k11(5( (,1(6 0(7$//,6&+(1 j2+/.?53(56 *(%5$&+7( n$'81* %(, d(5@+581* 92//67>1',* $8) ',( >8M(5( q%(59>&+( '(6 m?53(56 @%(5*(+7N %(187=7 0$1 %(,0 i(%5$8&+ '(6 d(O &+(5Og/(.7526.236 =85 92//67>1',*(1 %(5)@+581* '(5 n$'81*P f(5 0,7 '(5 n$'81* %(+$)7(7( r52%(.?53(5 :,5' ,1 '$6 k11(5( '(6 $8) '(0 g/(.7526.23 6,7=(1'(1 d(&+(56 *(%5$&+7 81'N 1$&+'(0 (5 7,() ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 d(&+(56 ',( y$1' %(5@+57 +$7N 81O *(/$'(1 :,('(5 +(5$86*(=2*(1P f,( y,5.81* '(6 d(&+(56 =(,*7 )2/*(1'(5 x(568&+ Jc%%P TP[K\ x21 =:(, */(,&+(1 d(&+(5(/(.7526.23(1 c 81' d 6(, c $1)$1*6 *(/$'(1N d 81*(/$'(1P x(568&+7 0$1N ',( n$'81* 921 c 1$&+ d 0,7 (,1(5 r52%(.8*(/ ,1 (,1=(/1(1 v(,/%(75>*(1 =8 @%(5O )@+5(1N 62 +>1*7 '$6 g1'(5*(%1,6 '$921 $%N $1 :(/&+(5 u7(//( ,0 c8*(1%/,&. '(5 c%/?681* '(5 /(7=7( m217$.7 =:,6&+(1 d(&+(5 81' r52%(.8*(/ 67$7771'(7P k0 h$// J$K :,5' ',( r52%(.8*(/ $%:(&+6(/1' $1 ',( c8M(16(,7( '(6 d(&+(56 $1*(/(*7P k0 h$// J%K (5)2/*7 '(5 /(7=7( m217$.7 0,7 '(0 d(&+(5 921 g/(.7526.23 c $0 >8M(5(1 t$1'N $%(5 0,7 d $0 ,11(5(1 d2'(1 '(6 d(&+(56P k1 %(,'(1 h>//(1 :,5' n$'81* 921 c 1$&+ d @%(575$*(1 81' ,1 %(,'(1 h>//(1 6,1.7 ',( 921 '(5 r52%(.8*(/ $8) (,10$/ 75$163257,(57( n$'81*60(1*( $%N 6,( *(+7 $6//( J$K 81' J%K )@+5(1 1$&+ J81(1'/,&+K 9,(/(1 :(&+6(/6(,7,*(1 m217$.7(1 =8 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 n$'81*6$8)7(,/81*(1P

n$'81*69(57(,/81* $8) '(5 q%(59>&+(P c%%P TPSR$ =(,*7 '(1 s8(56&+1,77 (,1(6 n(,7(56 c 0,7 '$5$1 $1*(/(*7(5 r52%(.8*(/ m 81' r52%(6&+(,%( uP f,( n$'81* J,0 d,/' 326,7,9K 9(57(,/7 6,&+ $8) m8*(/ 81' u&+(,%( 81' :,5' %(,0 y(*1(+0(1 '(56(/%(1 0,7 $%*(1200(1P o,7 (,1(5 0(7$//,6&+(1 r52%(.8*(/ 2'(5 (,1(5 r52%(6&+(,%( $1 (,1(0 ,62/,(5(1'(1 i5,5 JNNn$'81*6/?5(/DDK .$11 0$1 $/62 ',( n$'81*69(57(,/81* $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( (,1(6 n(,7(56 $%7$67(1 81' ',( $%*(1200(1(1 n$'81*60(1*(1 '85&+ g/(.7520(7(5Oc866&+/>*( 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5*/(,&+(1P d(, (,1(0 .8*(/)?50,*(1 o(7$//.?53(5 71'(7 0$1N :,( $86 u&+(P c1'(56 ,67 '$6 g5*(%1,6 %(, '(0 n(,7(5 0,7 '(5 ,1 c%%P TPSR% '$5*(67(//7(1 h250\ f$6 g/(.7O 526.23 *,%7 '(1 *5?M7(1 c866&+/$*N :(11 ',( n$'81* $1 '(5 u7(//( c $%*(1200(1 :,5'] ',( c866&+/>*( 1(+0(1 $%N :(11 ',( n$'81*(1 921 '(1 0,7 dN eN f 81' g

UR

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5 A

C

D

B E

S M

(a)

K

(b)

c%%P TPSR J$K |85 o(6681* '(5 q%(59>&+(19(57(,/81* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*P J%K d(621'(56 *()2507(5 o(7$//.?53(5 =85 w17(568&+81* '(5 q%(59>&+(19(57(,/81* '(5 n$'81*P

%(=(,&+1(7(1 u7(//(1 $%*(1200(1 :(5'(1P f,(6( u7(//(1 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ '85&+ ',( x(56&+,('(1$57,*.(,7 '(5 /2.$/(1 q%(59>&+(P f(5 %(2%$&+7(7( g/(.7520(7(5$86O 6&+/$* />667 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 0$.526.23,6&+(1 m5@0081* '(5 q%(59>&+( ,1 d(=,(+81* 6(7=(1P f,( NNf,&+7( '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*DD ,67 $0 *5?M7(1 $1 '(5 u3,7=( cN '$11 )2/*(1 ',( 5(&+7:,1./,*( m$17( dN ',( 67803):,1./,*( m$17( eN ',( |&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( 1 (,1O =8)@+5(1\ k67 ',( $8) (,1(0 J6.$/$5(1K h/>&+(1(/(0(17 'c 6,7=(1'( n$'81*60(1*( *(*(%(1 '85&+ 'sN '$11 ,67 ',( h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( J685)$&( &+$5*( '(16,7&+(P h@5 ',( m8*(/ 0,7 t$',86 5 *,/7\ s 3 V@ 5T 1 P

JTPTK

TPSPV g17/$'81*(1 '85&+ ',( n8)7 n$'81* .$11 $8) (,1(0 ,62/,(57 $8)*(67(//7(1 n(,7(5 J&21'8&725K *(6$00(/7 :(5'(1P f,(6(5 %(, $//(1 g/(.75,6,(50$6&+,1(1 925+$1'(1( o(7$//.?53(5N 0(,67 ,1 h250 (,1(5 *52M(1 m8*(/N :,5' m21'8.725 *(1$117P d,6+(5 +$%(1 :,5 ',( n$%25/8)7 $/6 ,62/,(O 5(1'(6 o(',80 %(75$&+7(7P f$6 *,/7 $%(5 185 )@5 *(5,1*( c89$'81*(1P d(, +2+(1 h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7(1 .2007 (6 =8 g17/$'81*(1 '85&+ ',( 80*(%(1'( n8)7P u3$1181*P h@5 ',( d(+$1'/81* '(5 g17/$'81*(1 ,67 (6 6,1192//N '(1 ,1 '(5 g,1/(,781* 6&+21 (5/>87(57(1 d(*5,5 '(5 u3$1181* =8 9(5:(1'(1N '(5 (567 ,1 c%6&+1P TPU 5,&+7,* '(71,(57 :,5'P j,(5 *(1@*7 ',( x2567(//81*N '$66 ',( u3$1181* 0,7 '(5 n$'81*6O 0(1*( :>&+67N :(,/ ',( *(*(16(,7,*( c%672M81* '(5 n$'81*6817(50(1*(1 6,&+ 9(5O 67>5.7 81' '$'85&+ '(5 NNf58&.DD *5?M(5 :,5'P d(, 925*(*(%(1(5 h250 921 g/(.752'(

TPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1

US

c%%P TPSS |80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 u3$1181*6%(*5(1=81* '85&+ (,1( u35@+(17/$'81* =:,6&+(1 *((5'(7(5 u3,7=( 81' $8)*(/$'(1(5 m8*(/P

81' *((5'(7(5 w0*(%81* ,67 ',( u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 $8)*(/$'(1(5 g/(.752'( 81' g5'( 3523257,21$/ =85 n$'81* $8) '(5 g/(.752'( 81' '$0,7 $8&+ =8 '(5 n$'81*N ',( %(, (,10$/,*(0 m217$.7 0,7 (,1(0 r52%(.?53(5 $%*(1200(1 :(5'(1 .$11P k0 r5,1=,3 6,1' '(6+$/% k167580(17( =85 n$'81*60(6681* Jg/(.7520(7(5K $8&+ )@5 u3$1181*60(6681*(1 *((,*1(7P p>+(57 0$1 (,1(5 $8)*(/$'(1(1 81' 0,7 (,1(0 g/(.7526.23 9(5%81'(1(1 m8*(/ Jc%%P TPSSK (,1( *((5'(7( u3,7=(N '$11 6(7=7 %(, (,1(0 %(67,007(1N 921 '(5 u7>5.( '(5 m8*(/$89$'81* $%+>1*,*(1 c%67$1' (,1( u35@+(17/$'81* '85&+ ',( n8)7 +,1O '85&+ (,1P g176&+(,'(1' )@5 '$6 |867$1'(.200(1 '(5 u35@+(17/$'81* ,67 ',( h/>O &+(1/$'81*6',&+7( $1 '(5 u3,7=(N ',( ,0 d(,63,(/ 921 c%%P TPSS *((5'(7 ,67 81' ,+5( n$'81* '85&+ ',( k198(1=:,5.81* '(5 m8*(//$'81* (5+>/7P f$6 c%635@+(1 921 n$'81* +?57 $8)N :(11 ',( n$'81* '(5 m8*(/ 81' '$0,7 $8&+ ',( n$'81*6',&+7( $1 '(5 u3,7=( =8 :(,7 $%6,1.7P l( ./(,1(5 '(5 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 *((5'(7(5 u3,7=( 81' *(/$'(1(5 m8*(/N '(672 ./(,1(5 ,67 $8&+ ',( u&+:(//(163$1181* )@5 ',( u35@+(17/$O '81*P f,( h>+,*.(,7 (,1(5 J*((5'(7(1K u3,7=(N 2+1( (/(.75,6&+(1 m217$.7 n$'81* 921 (,1(0 m21'8.725 =8 (17)(51(1N %(=(,&+1(7( 0$1 )5@+(5 $/6 NNu$8*:,5.81* '(5 u3,7O =(DDP j(87( 635,&+7 0$1 (+(5 921 NNc%635@+(1 921 n$'81*DDP d(, '(1 ,0 1>&+67(1 c%6&+1,77 %(6352&+(1(1 g/(.75,6,(50$6&+,1(1 :(5'(1 $86 9,(/(1 p$'(/1 %(67(+(1'( NNu$8*O2'(5 u35@+.>00(DD =85 .217$.7/26(1 %(5)@+581* 921 n$'81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7P i(1$862*87 .?11(1 '$)@5 o(66(5 2'(5 '@11( f5>+7( 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1N =P dP m/$O 9,(56$,7(1'5$+7 921 RPS 00 f85&+0(66(5P w0 %(, j2&+63$1181*6$1/$*(1 x(5/867( '85&+ c%635@+(1 =8 9(50(,'(1N 581'(7 0$1 $//( m$17(1 81' g&.(1 $% 81' 9(50(,'(7 62 -(*/,&+( c57 921 u3,7=(1 $8) '(5 j2&+63$1181*66(,7( 81' $8&+ $8) '(5 g5'6(,7(P d(, =81(+0(1'(5 u3$1181* 75(7(1 '$11 62*(1$117( d@6&+(/(17/$'81*(1 Jc%6&+1P SRPUPUK $1 '(1 u7(//(1 $8)N :2 ',( h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( $0 *5?M7(1 ,67] '$6 6,1' ',( u7(//(1 *5?M7(5 m5@0081* $8) j2&+63$1181*6O 81' g5'6(,7(P f,(6( g17/$'81*(1 6,1' 0,7 7&+( 81' 0,7 67$5.(1 u3$1181*66&+:$1O

UT

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

.81*(1 9(5%81'(1P y,5' $%(5 d@6&+(/(17/$'81* '85&+ 625*)>/7,*( h250*(%81* 9(5O 0,('(1N '$11 75(7(1 =:,6&+(1 6&+:$&+ *(.5@007(1 g/(.752'(1 %(, +,15(,&+(1' +2O +(5 u3$1181* h81.(1(17/$'81*(1 $8)P c1'(56 $/6 ',( u35@+(17/$'81*N ',( ',( u3$1181* %(*5(1=7N :,5.7 ',( h81.(1(17O /$'81* :,( (,1( .85==(,7,* 925+$1'(1( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* J:,( (,1 NN020(17$1(5 m85=6&+/866DD ,1 '(5 u35$&+( '(5 g/(.75,.(5K =:,6&+(1 $8)*(/$'(1(5 81' *((5'(7(5 g/(.752'(] ',( u3$1181* 6,1.7 $% $8) 18//P c%(5 6&+21 S 06 1$&+ '(5 h81.(1(17O /$'81* +$7 ',( n8)7 :,('(5 k62/,(5:,5.81*] ',( c89$'81* .$11 1(8 %(*,11(1P m8*(/)81.(1675(&.(P o,667 0$1 ',( 0$;,0$/( u&+/$*:(,7( 6 '(5 h81.(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, m8*(/1 920 t$',86 5mN '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1(1 o(66:(57 )@5 ',( j2&+63$1181* wP y(57( )@5 wJ5mN 6K 6,1' 7$%(//,(57 J=P dP hP m2+/5$86&+N r5$.7,6&+( r+/7O 1,6 921 (7:$ SRV \ S +$%(1 81' '(0(17635(&+(1' 6(+5 817(56&+,('/,&+ $1 '(5 g17O /$'81* 0,7:,5.(1P g6 )2/*(1 =:(, d(,63,(/( 921 32/$5,7>76$%+>1*,*(1 g17/$'81*(1N 0,7 '(5(1 j,/)( (,1( 81%(.$117( r2/$5,7>7 (;3(5,0(17(// %(67,007 :(5'(1 .$11\ SP f233(/)81.(1675(&.(P y(11 6,&+ (,1( u3,7=( 81' (,1( 9$&+( g/(.752'( *(*(1@%(5O 67(+(1N '$11 +>1*7 (6 921 '(5 r2/$5,7>7 $%N %(, :(/&+(1 u3$1181*(1 (,1( h81O .(1(17/$'81* Jc%6&+1P SRPUPUK (,16(7=7P f,( u3$1181* ,67 '(87/,&+ 1,('5,*(5N :(11 ',( u3,7=( ',( 326,7,9( r2/$5,7>7 %(6,7=7P f$6 />667 6,&+ 6(+5 6&+?1 0,7 '(5 ,1 c%%P TPST$ *(=(,*7(1 f233(/)81.(1675(&.( '(021675,(5(1] %(, $1*(/(*7(5 i/(,&+O 63$1181* 75,77 '(5 h81.( ,00(5 185 ,1 '(5 u75(&.( $8)N '(5(1 u3,7=( '(5 r/8632/ ,67P

(a)

(b)

c%%P TPST r2/$5,7>76%(67,0081*\ J$K d(, '(5 f233(/)81.(1675(&.( 75,77 '(5 %(56&+/$* $8)N :2 ',( u3,7=( 326,7,9 ,67P J%K f,( i/,00/$03( =(,*7 i/,00/,&+7 $1 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 g/(.752'(P

TPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1

UU

TP i/,00/$03(P j,(5 +$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ 80 (,1( p,('(5'58&.Oi/,00(17/$'81* Jc%6&+1P SRPUPWKN %(, '(5 ',( 1(*$7,9( g/(.752'( 920 i/,00/,&+7 80*(%(1 ,67P i87 *((,*1(7 ,67 (,1( i/,00/$03( )@5 u25,77(1)$6681* Jc%%P TPST%KN ',( 921 u3,7O =( =8 u3,7=( WR 00 0,667P j>/7 0$1 ',( i/,00/$03( 0,7 '(1 h,1*(563,7=(1 $1 '(5 (,1(1 o(7$//.$33( )(67 81' %5,1*7 '$6 $1'(5( g1'( ,1 ',( p>+( '(5 j2&+O 63$1181*6(/(.752'(N %,6 (,1( u35@+(17/$'81* =85 i/,00/$03( (,16(7=7N '$11 =(,*7 '$6 *87 6,&+7%$5( i/,00/,&+7N $8) :(/&+(5 u(,7( ',( 1(*$7,9( r2/$5,7>7 /,(*7P

TPSPW g/(.75,6,(50$6&+,1(1 r5,1=,3 '(5 o$6&+,1(1P g/(.75,6,(50$6&+,1(1 %(:,5.(1 n$'81*675(1181* '85&+ t(,O %81* 2'(5 k198(1=P f,( n$'81*(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 x25=(,&+(16 :(5'(1 0(&+$1,6&+ 921(,1$1'(5 (17)(517 81' =8 =:(, m21'8.725(1 75$163257,(57N :2%(, (,1(5 '$921 ',( g5'( 6(,1 .$11P d(, .217,18,(5/,&+(0 c175,(% '85&+ o86.(/.5$)7 2'(5 g/(.752O 02725 :,5' (,1 u7520 (5=(8*7N '85&+ '(1 ',( c89$'81* '(6 m21'8.7256 $167(,*7 %,6 g17/$'81*(1 (,16(7=(1P f(5 u7520 ,67 '85&+ ',( (5=(8*%$5(1 h/>&+(1/$'81*6O ',&+7(1 81' ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 n$'81*675$1632576 %(*5(1=7 81' /,(*7 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 o,.52$03(5(P f,( o$;,0$/63$1181* ,67 '85&+ ',( d$8)250 921 o$6&+,1( 81' m21'8.725 81' '$6 80*(%(1'( i$6 Jc57 81' f58&.K )(67*(/(*7P u&+21 0,7 ./(,1(1 o$6&+,1(1 .?11(1 ,1 752&.(1(5 n$%25/8)7 u3$1181*(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SRR m,/292/7 (5=,(/7 :(5'(1P t(,%81*60$6&+,1(1P q772 921 i8(5,&.( JSXRTASXZXKN '(5 0,7 g9$.8,(581*69(568O &+(1 %(5@+07 *(:25'(1( d@5*(50(,67(5 921 o$*'(%85* 81' (567( '(876&+( g;3(O 5,0(17$/3+7(5(1 t(,O %81*60$6&+,1(1 :85'( ',( m8*(/ '85&+ 527,(5(1'( |87* 527,(5(1N $1*(O 75,(%(1 '85&+ (,1 j$1'5$'P c8) '(1 >8M(5(1 h/>&+(1 %(,'(5 u&+(,%(1 6,1' c/80,O 1,80675(,)(1 *(./(%7P w0 ',( y,5.81*6:(,6( %(66(5 9(567(+(1 =8 .?11(1N 6,1' ',( '@11(1 u75(,)(1 ,1 c%%P TPSU% '85&+ ',&.( m>67(1 (56(7=7N ',( $8) *(*(1/>87* 52O

UV

(a)

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

(b)

c%%P TPSU J$K k198(1=0$6&+,1( 0,7 =:(, n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+(1P J%K k1 '(5 |(,&+181* 6,1' 67$77 '(5 *(*(16,11,* 527,(5(1'(1 u&+(,%(1 =:(, .2$;,$/( |67&+(1 3 c/80,O 1,80%(/(*81*KP

7,(5(1'(1 |+57 '$6 181 81*(/$'(1( >8M(5( o(7$//67@&. (,1( n$'81*675(1181* '85&+ k198(1=N :(,/ '$6 921 2%(1 .200(1'( ,11(5( u7@&. 326,7,9 *(/$'(1 ,67P k1 '(5 1>&+67(1 u7(//81* J,0 w+5=(,*(56,11 )2576&+5(,7(1'K :,5' ',( 326,7,9( k198(1=/$'81* '(6 >8M(5(1 o(7$//67@&.6 @%(5 u$8*.>00( 81' n(,781* 0,7 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 k198(1=/$'81* ,1 '(5 ',$0(75$/ *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 u7(//81* 1(87O 5$/,6,(57P k1 '(5 2%(567(1 u7(//81* +$7 '$6 >8M(5( o(7$//67@&. 181 (,1( 1(*$7,9( n$'81*N ',( (6 %(+>/7 %,6 =85 u7(//81* 5(&+76N :2 ',( n$'81* @%(5 (,1(1 u$8*.$00 '(0 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 m21'8.725 =8*()@+57 :,5'P f(5 */(,&+( x25*$1* 63,(/7 6,&+ $%N :(11 0$1 921 '(5 u7(//81* 5(&+76 $86*(+(1' '$6 ,11(5( o(7$//67@&. (17*(*(1 '(0 w+5=(,*(56,11 9(5)2/*7P |86$00(1*()$667 71'(1 %(, (,1(0 92//(1 w0/$8) =:(,O 0$/ ,11(1 81' =:(,0$/ $8M(1 k198(1=:,5.81*(1 67$77P f,( 2%,*( d(6&+5(,%81* %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) ',( y,5.81*6:(,6( '(5 /$8)(1'(1 k198O (1=0$6&+,1(P |8 d(*,11 0866 (567 (,10$/ (,1( n$'81* $8)*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1N =P dP '85&+ (,1(1 *(5,(%(1(1 i/$667$%P f$'85&+ 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 d$8)250(1 '(5 k198(1=0$6&+,1( *581'6>7=/,&+ 921 '(1 t(,%81*60$6&+,1(1P c%(5 (6 *(1@*7 (,1( :,1=,*( c1)$1*6/$'81*N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( c89$'81* '(5 o(7$//67@&.( ,0 d(75,(% NN$8)6&+$8.(/7DDP y(*(1 ',(6(6 (,1*(%$87(1 o8/7,3/,.$7,216O 2'(5 x(567>5O .81*635,1=,36 *(1@*(1 $/6 c1)$1*6/$'81* ',( ./(,1(1 1$7@5/,&+ 925+$1'(1(1 c%O :(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 p(875$/,7>7P Lx(5:(1'(7 0$1 %(5@+5(1'( NNr,16(/DD $167(//( '(5 u$8*.>00(N '$11 *(1@*7 (,1 ./(,1(5 w17(56&+,(' ,1 '(5 $1 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 u7(//(1 (5=(8*7(1 t(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7Pb x21 '(5 u(/%67(55(*81* 6(,1(5 o$6&+,1( %(O 5,&+7(7( =8(567 cP v?3/(5 SZXW\ NN" g6 +$7 6,&+ 1>0/,&+ (5:,(6(1N '$66 '(5 c33$5$7N

TPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n$'81*(1

UW

80 ,1 v>7,*.(,7 =8 *(/$1*(1N *$5 1,&+7 (/(.75,6,(57 =8 :(5'(1 %5$8&+7P y(11 (5 $8&+ :2&+(1/$1* 1,&+7 *(%5$8&+7 :85'(N 62 %(*,117 (5 '2&+ 921 6(/%67 :,('(5 =8 $5%(,7(1N :(11 0$1 185 V %,6 W o,187(1 $1+$/7(1' *('5(+7 +$7PDD f,(6(6 r5,1=,3 '(5 u(/%67O (55(*81* :$5 '$6 (/(.75267$7,6&+( x25%,/' )@5 '$6 SZXX (17'(&.7( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( f8)7 81' 62 /$1* 6(,1 .$11N :,( (6 +2&+63$1181*67(&+1,6&+ 127:(1',* ,67P p$&+ 6(,1(0 g571'(5 tP lP x$1 '( i5$$5 JS[RSAS[XYK :,5' ',(6( o$6&+,1( $8&+ x$1O'(Oi5$$5Oi(1(5$725 *(O 1$117P c%%P TPSV =(,*7 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( o?*/,&+.(,7(1 )@5 ',( d(O 81' g17/$'81* '(6 d$1'(6\ f,( c125'181* J$K =(,*7 h5(0'(55(*81*\ |:,6&+(1 '(5 u35@+9255,&+O 781* uS 81' '(5 817(5(1 y$/=( /,(*7 ',( i/(,&+63$1181* '(6 i(1(5$7256 iP f,( $8)*(635@+7( 326,7,9( n$'81* :,5' 920 d$1' d ,16 k11(5( '(6 m21'8.7256 m 75$16O 3257,(57N '(5 $/6 h$5$'$7* :,5.7N 62'$66 ',( 921 '(5 u35@+9255,&+781* uT $%O *(1200(1( n$'81* 62)257 1$&+ $8M(1 9,(M7P f,( h5(0'(55(*81* :,5' %(, *52M(1 o$6&+,1(1 %(925=8*7N :(,/ 0,7 '(5 $1*(/(*7(1 i/(,&+63$1181* '(5 d$1'67520 *(O 67(8(57 81' 62 ',( j2&+63$1181* 67$%,/,6,(57 :(5'(1 .$11P f,( c125'181* c%%P TPSV% =(,*7 ',( 7(&+1,6&+ (,1)$&+(5( u(/%67(55(*81*N %(:,5.7 '85&+ (,1( $86 m81676725 2'(5 +2&+,62/,(57(0 o(7$// %(67(+(1'( g55(*(5:$/=( g ,1 m217$.7 0,7 '(0 /$8)(1'(1 d$1'P f,( '85&+ (/(.75267$7,6&+( n$'81*675(1181* $8) '$6 d$1' *(%5$&+7(1 n$'81*(1 6,1' )@5 '(1 (,*(17/,&+(1 v5$163257 =8 9(51$&+O />66,*(1P c%(5 6&+21 1$&+ (,1,*(1 d$1'80/>8)(1 ,67 ',( g55(*(5:$/=( 62 67$5. J=P dP 1(*$7,9K $8)*(/$'(1N '$66 $1 '(0 *((5'(7(1 u35@+'5$+7 uS g17/$'81* (,16(7=7 81' '$'85&+ '$6 $8):>576/$8)(1'( d$1' 0,7 J326,7,9(5K n$'81* %(635@+7 :,5'P d(, '(5 c125'181* J%K 62// ',( (1*( d$1')@+581* 6&+/(,)(1'( d$1'+>/)7(1 $1'(87(1\ f$0,7 /$66(1 6,&+ +2+( h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7(1 (55(,&+(1N :(,/ .(,1( /$'81*6.203(16,(5(1O '(1 u35@+(17/$'81*(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 d$1'+>/)7(1 $8)75(7(1P f,(6( d$8$57 (037(+/7 6,&+ )@5 f(021675$7,216*(5>7( 0,7 *(5,1*(1 d(75,(%6=(,7(1N %(, '(1(1 '(5 d$1'$%5,(% K S2

B S1 G (a)

S1 (b)

E

c%%P TPSV c89$'81* '(6 v5$163257%$1'(6 %(,0 d$1'*(1(5$725\ J$K h5(0'(55(*81*N J%K u(/%67(55(*81*N 6&+/(,)(1'( d$1'+>/)7(1P f,( y$/=( g ,67 $86 m81676725 81' />'7 6,&+ '85&+ '(1 d$1'.217$.7 $8)P

UX

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

.(,1 r52%/(0 ,67P f,( (,1)$&+( d$8:(,6( 81' '$6 ./$5( r5,1=,3 '(5 j2&+63$1181*6O (5=(8*81* +$7 '(1 d$1'*(1(5$725 =80 %(/,(%7(1 g,*(1%$8Or52-(.7 )@5 u&+@/(5 81' u78'(17(1 :(5'(1 /$66(1P g6 *,%7 $8&+ ./(,1( .200(5=,(//( d$1'*(1(5$725(1N ',( )@5 x25/(681*6'(021675$7,21(1 6(+5 *87 *((,*1(7 6,1'P f(5 d$1'*(1(5$725 ,67 (,1 $16&+$8/,&+(6 d(,63,(/ )@5 (,1( s8(//( (/(.75,6&+(5 g1(5O *,( 0,7 J1>+(581*6:(,6(K .2167$17(0 u7520P u2/$1*( ',( u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 m21O '8.725 81' g5'6(,7( 1,&+7 62 +2&+ ,67N '$66 g17/$'81*(1 (17/$1* '(6 d$1'(6 JNNc%O 5876&+(1 '(5 d$1'/$'81*DDK $8)75(7(1N ,67 ',( 920 d$1' 75$163257,(57( n$'81* 81O $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 u3$1181*P f(5 NNx(5%5$8&+(5DD :>+/7 ',( *(:@16&+7( u3$1181*N =P dP '85&+ g,167(//(1 '(6 c%67$1'(6 '(5 63$1181*6%(*5(1=(1'(1 u35@+63,7=(P

TPT g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.( TPTPS e28/20%Oi(6(7= o(6681* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5$)7P y,5 .(11(1 6&+21 ',( o(5.0$/( '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 |867$1'(6\ i/(,&+1$0,*( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81*(1 672M(1 6,&+ $%N 81*/(,&+1$0,*( =,(O +(1 6,&+ $1P f,(6( m5$)7:,5.81* 62// -(7=7 *(1$8(5 817(568&+7 :(5'(1P e+$5/(6 c8*867,1 '( e28/20% JSYUXASZRXK +$7 0,7 '(5 ,1 c%%P TPSW 6.,==,(57(1 v256,216O :$$*( SYZW ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 ,1 c%+>1*,*.(,7 920 c%67$1' '(5 n$'81*(1 *(0(66(1P c1 (,1(0 6(+5 '@11(1 o(7$//)$'(1 h +>1*7 :$$*(5(&+7 (,1 '@11(5 k62/$72567$%P f,(6(5 75>*7 $1 (,1(0 g1'( (,1( ./(,1( o(7$//.8*(/ mSN $0 $1'(5(1 g1'( (,1 */(,&+ 6&+:(5(6 i(*(1*(:,&+7P g,1( =:(,7(N */(,&+ *52M( o(7$//.8*(/ mT :,5' (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1 81' ',&+7 1(%(1 ',( (567( m8*(/ *(67(//7P f85&+ (,1( ./(,1( f5(+81* $0 v256,216.23) v J2%(1K .$11 0$1 /(,&+7 (55(,&+(1N '$66 ',( m8*(/ mS *(5$'( (%(1 ',( m8*(/ mT %(5@+57P f,(6( *,%7 181 ',( j>/)7( ,+5(5 n$'81* $1 ',( m8*(/ mS $%N :(,/ %(,'( m8*(/1 */(,&+ *52M 6,1'P c86 '(5 x(5*5?M(581* '(6 c%67$1'(6 921 mS 81' mTN 0(66%$5 '85&+ (,1(1 $0 u3,(*(/ u3 5(9(.7,(57(1 n,&+7675$+/N .$11 0$1 181 ',( m5>)7( (50,77(/1N 0,7 :(/&+(1 ',( %(,'(1 m8*(/1 *(*(16(,7,* $%*(672M(1 :(5'(1P f,( i5?M( '(5 m5$)7 +>1*7 921 '(5 n$'81* $%N ',( 0$1 =8 d(*,11 '(6 x(568&+6 '(5 m8*(/ mT *(*(%(1 +$7P f,( c%1$+0( '(5 n$'81* :>+5(1' '(5 o(6681* $8)*581' 921 c%/(,781* @%(5 ',( c8)+>1*81* :85'( 921 e28/20% '85&+ m21752//O 0(6681*(1 =8 9(56&+,('(1(1 |(,7(1 (5)$667 81' .255,*,(57P T

F Sp K1 K2

c%%P TPSW r5,1=,36.,==( '(5 e28/20%I6&+(1 v256,216:$$*(P f(5 i/$6=5.(

UY

d(=(,&+1(7 0$1 0,7 h '(1 d(75$* '(5 m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 n$'81*(1 sS 81' sT 81' 0,7 5 '(5(1 c%67$1'N '$11 /$87(7 '$6 e28/20%Oi(6(7=\ h6

sS sT P 5T

JTPVK

k1 c1$/2*,( =8 '(0 ,1 '(5 c6752120,( 62 (5)2/*5(,&+(1 i5$9,7$7,216*(6(7= :$5 ',(6( h250 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5$)7*(6(7=(6 921 e28/20% 81' 6(,1(1 |(,7*(1266(1 (5:$57(7 :25'(1P f,( i5$9,7$7,216.5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, .8*(/)?50,*(1 o$66(1 ,67 */(,&+ '(5 m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, (17635(&+(1'(1 NNr81.70$66(1DD ,0 c%67$1' '(5 m8O *(/0,77(/381.7(] :(,/ '$6 62 ,67N /$* (6 1$+( $1=81(+0(1N '$66 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, $8)*(/$'(1(1 /(,7(1'(1 m8*(/1 */(,&+ '(5 m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 (17O 63(&+(1'(1 NNr81.7/$'81*(1DD ,67P f$6 *,/7 $%(5 1,&+7 (;$.7N :(,/ ',( n$'81*69(5O 7(,/81* $8) '(1 m8*(/1 '85&+ k198(1= 9(5>1'(57 :,5'P e28/20% +$7 x(568&+( 0,7 m8*(/1 9(56&+,('(1(5 i5?M( J:,( $8&+ t(&+181*(1 '$=8K '85&+*()@+57N 80 '(1 u&+5,77 920 g;3(5,0(17 0,7 ./(,1(1 m8*(/1 =80 m5$)7*(6(7= )@5 r81.7/$'81*(1 =8 5(&+7)(57,*(1P e28/20%6 o(6681*(1 :$5(1 '$5$8) $86*(5,&+7(7 =8 =(,*(1N '$66 '(5 g;321(17 ,0 p(11(5 921 i/P JTPVK */(,&+ =:(, ,67N :,( %(,0 i5$9,7$7,216*(6(7=N A 1,&+7 (,16 2'(5 '5(,P g,1 1,&+7O*$1==$+/,*(5 g;321(17 ,1 '(5 p>+( 921 =:(, :85'( '85&+ ',(6( o(6681*(1 -('2&+ 1,&+7 $86*(6&+/266(1P f,( r523257,21$/,7>76.2167$17(N ',( ',( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 48$17,7$7,9 0,7 sSN sT 81' 5 9(5%,1'(7N .2117( e28/20% 12&+ 1,&+7 %(67,00(1N :(,/ (6 '$0$/6 )@5 ',( n$'81* 12&+ .(,1( o$M(,1+(,7 *$%P h@5 (,1 f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17 =80 e28/20%Oi(6(7= ,67 ',( ,1 c%%P TPSX 6.,==,(57( r(1'(/Oc125'181* *((,*1(7(5P g,1( /(,&+7(N 0(7$//,6,(57( m8*(/ +>1*7 $1 (,1(0 ,62/,(5(1'(1 f233(/)$'(1 $86 m8167)$6(51P f,5(.7 '$1(%(1 %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1( */(,&+ *52M( =:(,7( m8*(/N ',( $8) (,1(0 ,62/,(57(1 81' 9(56&+,(%%$5(1 u7$7,9 %()(67,*7 ,67P y(5'(1 ',( %(,'(1 m8*(/1 */(,&+1$0,* *(/$'(1N 62 672M(1 6,( 6,&+ $%N 81' ',( )5(, $8)*(+>1*7( m8*(/ %(:(*7 6,&+ 80 ',( u75(&.( $ $86 ,+5(5 t8+(/$*(] (6 6(, '$11 5 ,+5( g17)(5181* 921 '(5 )(67(1 m8*(/N :(11 817(5 5 '(5 c%67$1' '(5 o,77(/381.7( %(,'(5 m8*(/1 9(567$1'(1 :,5'P f(5 $%672M(1'(1 m5$)7 :,5' '$6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 921 (,1(5 m20321(17( 9A '(5 u&+:(5.5$)7 *(+$/7(1P k67 0 ',( o$66( '(5 m8*(/N T ',( i5$9,7$7,216%(6&+/(81,*81* 81' & '(5 c%/(1.81*6:,1.(/ '(6 r(1'(/6 $86 '(5 t8O +(/$*(N 62 ,67 hA 3 0 * 6,1&N

JTPWK

l ϑ

F F'

ϑ

a (a)

c%%P TPSX m5$)7P

mg (b)

r(1'(/Oc125'181* =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 g17)(5181*6$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1

UZ

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

81' :(11 ',( r(1'(//>1*( s +,15(,&+(1' *52M ,67N *,/7 6,1 & . $Bs J$ 3 u(+1( '(6 d2*(167@&.(6KP f$0,7 :,5' ',( $%672M(1'( m5$)7 9 3523257,21$/ =85 c%/(1.81* $P x(56&+,(%7 0$1 ',( )(67( m8*(/ 1$&+ /,1.6 80 62/&+( d(75>*(N '$66 ',( g17)(5181* =:,6&+(1 ,+5 81' '(5 %(:(*/,&+(1 m8*(/ T5N U5N V5 86:P :,5'N 62 *(+7 ',( g17)(5181* '(5 %(:(*/,&+(1 m8*(/ 921 ,+5(5 t8+(/$*(N *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( i5?M( $N 81' '$0,7 $8&+ ',( m5$)7:,5.81* $8) SBVN SB[N SBSX 86:P '(6 85635@1*/,&+(1 y(57(6 =85@&.P o(6681* '(5 n$'81*69(57(,/81* $8) (,1(0 n(,7(5P o,7 9,(/ *5?M(5(5 u75(1*( />667 6,&+ '$6 g17)(5181*6*(6(7= $86 '(5 (;3(5,0(17(// *()81'(1(1 v$76$&+( +(5/(,7(1N '$66 ,0 k11(5(1 (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1(1 j2+//(,7(56 .(,1(5/(, (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7:,5.81O *(1 1$&+=8:(,6(1 6,1'P p$&+'(0 d(1-$0,1 h5$1./,1 SYWW %(2%$&+7(7 +$77(N '$66 n$'81*(1 ,00(5 $1 '(5 >8M(5(1 q%(59>&+( 921 o(7$//.?53(51 6,7=(1N 5(*7( (5 l26(3+ r5,(67/(< JSYUUA SZRVN +$8376>&+/,&+ %(5@+07 '85&+ 6(,1( g17'(&.81* '(6 g/(0(17(6 u$8(56725K =8 7+(25(7,6&+(1 %(5/(*81*(1 $1P SYXX (5.$117( r5,(67/(< '(1 |86$00(1+$1* =:,O 6&+(1 h5$1./,16 d(2%$&+781* 81' '(5 48$'5$7,6&+(1 g17)(5181*6$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5$)7P f$5$86 )2/*7 $8&+N '$66 (,1 (/(.75,6&+ /(,7(1'(5 m?53(5N '(5 921 (,1(5 o(7$//+@//( 806&+/266(1 ,67 81' =8 ,+5 (,1( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* +$7N ,0 i/(,&+O *(:,&+7 .(,1( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* 75$*(1 .$11P y,5' $8) '(1 m?53(5 ,0 k11(5(1 ,5*(1':,( (,1( n$'81* 3/$7=,(57N '$11 9,(M7 ',(6( 1$&+ $8M(1 $%P c1'(56 )2508/,(57\ f,( ,0 k11(5(1 (,1*(%5$&+7( 326,7,9( J1(*$7,9(K n$'81* =,(+7 ',( ,0 o(7$// %(:(*O /,&+(1 n$'81*675>*(5N ',( 1(*$7,9(1 g/(.7521(1N $1 J67?M7 6,( $%K %,6 /2.$/( p(8O 75$/,7>7 (55(,&+7 ,67] '$'85&+ 9(5/$*(57 6,&+ ',( ,0 k11(5(1 (,1*(%5$&+7( n$'81*6O 0(1*( $8) ',( c8M(19>&+( '(5 o(7$//+@//(P f(1 7+(25(7,6&+(1 d(:(,6 )@5 ',(6(6 x(5+$/7(1 :(5'(1 :,5 ,1 c%6&+1P TPTPX 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 x(5$//*(0(,1(581* '(6 e28O /20%Oi(6(7=(6 )@+5(1P c/6 lPeP o$;:(// SZY[ 817(5 '(0 v,7(/ NNg/(&75,&$/ t(6($5&+ 2) 7+( j21285$%/( j(15< e$9(1',6+DD ',( +,17(5/$66(1(1 o$186.5,37( 921 jP e$9(1',6+ JSYUSASZSRK 9(5?5(17/,&+7(N (5)8+5 ',( (567$817( h$&+:(/7N '$66 e$9(1',6+ 6&+21 SYYUN $/62 ST l$+5( 925 e28/20%6 o(6681*(1 (,1 '(1 r5,(67/('(1 +(5817(5+>1*(1P |85 f85&+)@+581* '(6 x(568&+6 :,5' =8(567 '(5 t$+0(1 *(6&+/266(1N +j 81' i :(5'(1 0,7 (,1(0 J,1 '(5 u.,==( 1,&+7 *(=(,*7(1K f5$+7 .85=*(6&+/266(1 81' =86$00(1 (/(.75,6&+ $8)*(/$'(1P f$11 :,5' 6&+1(// +,17(5(,1$1'(5 ',( f5$+79(5%,1'81* =:,6&+(1 +j 81' i (17)(517 81' '(5 t$+0(1 0,7 '(1 j$/%.8*(/1 $8)*(./$337P t(68/7$7\ '$6 g/(.7526.23 =(,*7 .(,1( n$'81*N *(1$8 '(5 d()81'N '(5 )@5 (,1( 48$'5$7,6&+( g17)(5181*6$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 m5$)7 (5:$57(7 :,5'P e$9(1',6+ )@+57( )@5 6(,1 g;3(5,0(17 $8&+ (,1( .5,7,6&+( h(+/(5%(75$&+781* '85&+ 81' =(,*7(N '$66 185 '$11 .(,1( %(2%$&+7%$5( n$'81*6$1=(,*( $8)75,77N :(11 ',( c%:(,&+81* '(6 g;321(17(1 921 T ,0 d(75$* ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 i5(1=:(57 921 T 6 SR2T

TPT g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.(

U[

c%%P TPSY u.,==( $86 e$9(1',6+6 v$*(%8&+ 921 SYYSP |85 r(563(.7,9(\ f,( n,1,( cSf 9(5/>8)7 921 9251B2%(1 1$&+ +,17(1B817(1 81' ,67 ',( NNu&+$51,(5Oc&+6(DD )@5 '(1 t$+O 0(1N '(5 ',( %(,'(1 j$/%.8*(/1 j 81' + 75>*7P

,67P g7:$ SRR l$+5( 63>7(5 JSZYZK *(/$1* (6 o$;:(// 0,7 9(5%(66(57(5 g;3(5,0(1O 7,(57(&+1,.N '(1 i5(1=:(57 $8) W 6 SR2W =8 9(55,1*(51] (7:$ TRR l$+5( 1$&+ e$9(1',6+ %(67,007(1 gPtP y,//,$06 (7 $/P S[YS (,1(1 i5(1=:(57 921 X 6 SR2SXP

TPTPT g,1+(,7 '(5 n$'81*N (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( |85 w0:$1'/81* '(5 r523257,21$/,7>7 921 i/P JTPVK ,1 (,1( 5,&+7,*( i/(,&+81*N 0866 (,1( r523257,21$/,7>76.2167$17( (,1*()@*7 :(5'(1\ h3m

sS sT P 5T

JTPXK

g,1( (;3(5,0(17(//( d(67,0081* '(5 m2167$17(1 m 6(7=7 925$86N '$66 ',( o$M(,1+(,7 )@5 ',( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* ,5*(1':,( 81$%+>1*,* 920 e28/20%6&+(1 i(6(7= '(7O 1,(57 :25'(1 ,67P w0*(.(+57 .$11 '$6 e28/20%6&+( i(6(7= $%(5 $8&+ %(187=7 :(5O '(1N 80 '85&+ x(5)@*(1 @%(5 m ',( o$M(,1+(,7 '(5 n$'81* =8 '(71,(5(1P f,( (567( 3+1O *(TK =8 %(6&+5(,%(1P o,7 m 3'() S (5+,(/7 (5 ',( (/(.75267$7,6&+( n$'81*6(,1+(,7 J(6nK $/6 (,1( $%*(/(,7(7( &*6Og,1+(,7\ (6n 3 J* &0 62T 6 &0TKSBT 3 *SBT &0UBT 62SP

JTPYK

f$0,7 %(*$11 ',( /(,',*( x(5:(1'81* 921 &*6Og,1+(,7(1 0,7 *(%52&+(1(1 g;32O 1(17(1 =85 f$567(//81* (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 i5?M(1N ',( '$6 g5.(11(1 3+1*( )@5 0(+5 $/6 SRR l$+5( (56&+:(57 +$7P

VR

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

j(87( :,5' ,1 y,66(16&+$)7 81' v(&+1,. '$6 k17(51$7,21$/( g,1+(,7(161*,* 920 e28O /20%Oi(6(7= '(71,(57(1 g,1+(,7(1 c03(5( 81' u(.81'(P f$0,7 :85'( m (,1( 0(66O %$5( p$785.2167$17(P u3>7(67(16 -(7=7 (5+(%7 6,&+ ',( h5$*(N 2% ',( m2167$17(N ',( )@5 ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 ,0 x$.880 '(71,(57 ,67N '85&+ o(6681*(1 ,1 n8)7 %(67,007 :(5'(1 .$11P y,( ,1 c%6&+1P TPVPU (56,&+7/,&+ :,5'N ,67 (,1( ./(,1( m255(.785 (5)25'(5/,&+\ h@5 x$.880 ,67 ',( m2167$17( m 80 '(1 h$.725 SPRRR W[V *5?M(5 $/6 )@5 752&.(1( n$%25/8)7P d(+>/7 0$1 ,0 e28/20%Oi(6(7= '(1 h$.725 mN >+1/,&+ :,( ',( i5$9,7$7,216.21O 67$17( ,0 p(:7216&+(1 i(6(7=N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ 63>7(5 ,1 '(1 h250(/1 )@5 (%(1( n$'81*69(57(,/81*(1 '85&+ k17(*5$7,21 =:$1*6/>87* (,1 h$.725 V@N '(5 '257N =P dP %(,0 r/$77(1.21'(16$725N =8 t(&+7 $/6 67?5(1' (03)81'(1 :,5'P c86*(+(1' 921 '(5 %(5/(*81*N '$66 '$6 e28/20%Oi(6(7= (,1(1 3+5,6&+(5 u/7,* %(:$+57(1 w5.,/2*5$00N 81$%+>1*,* =8 :(5'(1N :85'( '$=8 @%(5*(*$1*(1N ',( d$6,6(,1+(,7(1 $8) $7203++17( f(71,7,21 '(5 u(.81'( 81' '85&+ h(67O /(*81* '(6 |$+/(1:(57(6 )@5 ',( x$.880On,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & '(71,(57P f,( (/(.7O 5,6&+( m2167$17( &R ,67 '$921 %(7525(1N :(,/ A :,( ,1 c%6&+1,77 UPUPT (5/>87(57 :,5' A ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m2167$17( ,R )(67*(/(*7 :85'(N 80 ',( d$6,6(,1+(,7 c03(5( =8 '(O 71,(5(1 81' :(,/ &R 81' ,R =86$00(1 ',( c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (/(.7520$*O 1(7,6&+(5 y(//(1 ,0 x$.880 81' '$0,7 $8&+ ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & %(67,00(1P f$6 %('(87(7 $8&+ ',( )2/*(1'( h(67/(*81* 921 &R\ &R G LJT[[ Y[T VWZKT 6 V@ 6 SR2Yb2S cT 6V .*2S 02U 3 ZPZWV SZY ZSY " 6 SR2ST c 6 x2S 02SP

JTP[K

o,7 '(0 '(71,(57(1 y(57 )@5 JV@ &RK2S 6,1' :,5 )$67 :,('(5 %(, '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 d(75$&+781*6:(,6( '(6 e28/20%Oi(6(7=(6 $1*(/$1*7N -(7=7 $//(5',1*6 0,7 (,1(5 921 (,16 9(56&+,('(1(1N (,1+(,7(1O%(+$)7(7(1 r523257,21$/,7>76.2167$17( 81' 0,7 (,1(5 9?//,* $1'(5(1 g,1+(,7 )@5 ',( n$'81*P f,( $86 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. 67$00(1'( n$'81*6(,1+(,7 e28/20% ,67 )@5 ',( g/(.7O 5267$7,. 6(+5 *52M\ p$&+ '(0 e28/20%Oi(6(7= @%(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 921 -( S e ,0

TPT g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.(

VS

c%67$1' 921 S 0 $8)(,1$1'(5 ',( 81*(+(8(5 *52M( m5$)7 921 SRSR p $86] '$6 (17O 635,&+7 '(0 i(:,&+7 (,1(5 o(*$7211(C c1'(5(56(,76 ,67 ',(6( n$'81*6(,1+(,7 )@5 ',( r++5 '(5 )5(, %(:(*/,&+(1 n$'81* ,1 (,1(0 m83)(5Om@*(/&+(1 921 RPW 00 f85&+O 0(66(5P

TPTPU g/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* 81' h(/'67>5.( f$6 e28/20%Oi(6(7= ,1 '(5 h250 921 i/PJTPVK %(6&+5(,%7 ',( h(51:,5.81* J$&7,21 $7 $ ',67$1&(K =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1N 62 :,( '$6 p(:721I6&+( i5$9,7$7,216*(6(7= ',( h(51:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 =:(, o$66(1 %(6&+5(,%7P g,1( 9?//,* $1'(5( c85$6681* 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 m5$)7 Ji5$9,7$7,21K ,67 ',( (,1(5 6&+21 921 ePhP i$8M 32678/,(57(1 NN5$80=(,7/,&+(1 h25739$1=81*DDN ',( NNp$+(:,5.81*DD JjP y(0/,&+ '85&+ '$6 921 (,1(5 n$'81* Jo$66(K (5=(8*7(N '(1 *(6$07(1 t$80 (5)@//(1'( h(/'N '$6 /2.$/ $8) (,1( $1'(5( n$'81* Jo$66(K (,1( m5$)7 $86@%7P h@5 67$7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 6,1' h(51O 81' h(/':,5.81*6%(6&+5(,%81* ,0 r5,1=,3 */(,&+:(57,*P f,( g,1)@+581* '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 (50?*/,&+7 -('2&+ 6&+21 )@5 ',( r+>120(1( '(5 g/(.75267$7,. 6(+5 9,(/ (/(*$17(5( d(6&+5(,%81*(1P f,( p27:(1',*.(,7 '(5 h(/'92567(//81* (5*,%7 6,&+ ,1 '(5 g/(.752'1'(5/,&+(5 x25*>1*( Jm$3P WKP y,( ,0 x2563$11 =8 '(1 m$3,7(/1 TAX 6&+21 .85= (5:>+17N ,67 (6 6,1192//N =:,6&+(1 '(1 )(/'(5=(8*(1'(1 n$'81*(1 81' '(1 r52%(/$'81*(1 =8 817(56&+(,'(1P f$=8 )2/O *(1 :,5 o$;:(// 81' )@+5(1 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( (/(.75,6&+( x(.725)(/'(5 (,1N ',( (/(.7O 5,6&+( g55(*81* 7 )@5 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 (5=(8*7(1 h(/'(6N 81' ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 8 )@5 /2.$/ 0?*/,&+( m5$)7:,5.81*(1 $8) r52%(/$'81*(1P f(5 (,1)$&+( h$// '(5 e28/20%Om5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, (/(.75,6&+(1 r81.7/$'81*(1 62// +,(5 %(187=7 :(5'(1N 80 '(1 w17(56&+,(' =:,6&+(1 h(51O 81' h(/':,5.81*6%(6&+5(,%81* =8 9(5O '(87/,&+(1P h(51:,5.81*6%(6&+5(,%81*P p$&+ i/P JTPXK 81' JTPZK ,67 ',( m5$)7 h =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 n$'81*(1 sS 81' sT ,0 c%67$1' 5 *(*(%(1 '85&+ h3

sS s T V@ &R 5 T

JTPSRK

:2%(, ',( m5$)7 %(, 925=(,&+(1*/(,&+(1 n$'81*(1 $%672M(1' ,67P h(/':,5.81*6%(6&+5(,%81*P y,5 ,17(535(7,(5(1 (,1( '(5 %(,'(1 n$'81*(1 $/6 ',( NN)(/'O (5=(8*(1'( n$'81*DD s 81' ',( $1'(5( $/6 ',( NNr52%(/$'81*DD 4 P f,( r81.7/$'81* sN '(5 g,1)$&++(,7 +$/%(5 +,(5 ,0 w563581* '(6 m225',1$7(165.( 81' *,/7 $//*(0(,1N $8&+ :(11 n(,7(5 ,1 '(5 w0*(%81* 925+$1'(1 6,1'P w0 6,&+(5 =8 67(//(1N '$66 ',( r52%(/$'81* 4 1,&+7 ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 )(/'(5=(8*(1'(1 n$'81*(1 '85&+ k198(1= Jc%6&+1P TPTPXK 9(5>1'(57N 0866 6,( +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1 6(,1P k0 r5,1=,3 ,67 '(5 i5(1=O @%(5*$1* 4 S R =8 92//=,(+(1] '$6 ,67 -('2&+ .(,1 35$.7,6&+(6 r52%/(0N :(,/ ',( .21O =(37,21(// 81' ','$.7,6&+ 6(+5 :,&+7,*(1 r52%(/$'81*(1 ,1 '(5 o(667(&+1,. .(,1( d('(8781* +$%(1P f,( g55(*81* 7 81' ',( h(/'67>5.( 8 6,1' ,1 x$.880 J81' ,1 6(+5 *87(5 p>+(581* $8&+ ,1 n8)7 81' ,1 $1'(5(1 i$6(1K 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5.1@)7 '85&+ 8 3 JSB&RK 7 P

JTPSUK

f$6 )2/*7 $86 '(0 x(5*/(,&+ '(5 h(/':,5.81*6%(6&+5(,%81* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, r81.7/$'81*(1 Ji/P JTPSSKAJTPSUKK 0,7 '(0 e28/20%Oi(6(7= Ji/P JTPSRKKP f$66 ',( g55(*81* 1$&+ i/P JTPSSK 81' '$0,7 $8&+ ',( h(/'67>5.( )@5 5 S RN $/62 $0 q57 '(5 )(/'(5=(8*(1'(1 r81.7/$'81*N 81(1'/,&+ *52M :,5'N ,67 (,1 35,1=,3,(//(6 r52%/(0N 0,7 '(0 :,( )2/*7 80*(*$1*(1 :,5'\ k0 ./$66,6&+(1 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 (;,67,(57 '$6 r52%/(0 (,*(17/,&+ *$5 1,&+7P g6 *,%7 185 .217,18,(5/,&+ 9(57(,/7(N ,00(5 (1'/,&+ *52M( n$'81*6',&+7(1P f,( NNr81.7/$'81*DD ,67 185 (,1( p>+(581* )@5 '(1 h$//N '$66 (,1( $8) (,1(1 ./(,1(1 t$80 .21=(175,(57( n$'81* $86 *52M(5 g17)(5181* %(75$&+7(7 :,5'P k0 $720$5(1 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 *,%7 (6 ',( g/(.7521(1N ',( 1$&+ +(87,*(0 y,6O 6(1 7$76>&+/,&+ 381.7)?50,*( *(/$'(1( g/(0(17$57(,/&+(1 6,1'P f(5(1 d(6&+5(,O %81* ,67 c8)*$%( '(5 s8$17(1(/(.752')7( '$6 v(,/&+(1 1,&+7 =(53/$7=(1 /$66(1N .$11 1,&+7 3/$86,%(/ %($17:257(7 :(5'(1P o$1 80*(+7 '$6 r52%/(0 '85&+ ',( h(6767(//81*\ NNf$6 921 '(5 n$'81* (,1(6 g/(0(17$57(,/&+(16 (5=(8*7( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' :,5.7 1,&+7 $8) ',( )(/'(5=(8*(1'( n$'81* =85@&.PDD g/(.75,6&+( h(/'/,1,(1P f,( 326,7,9(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 6,1' ',( s8(//(1 J6285&(6K '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 g55(*81* 81' ',( 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*(1 6,1' '(5(1 u(1.(1 J'5$,16KP f(5 (/(.75,6&+( h/866 J0(+5 '$5@%(5 ,1 c%6&+1P TPTPWKN ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ '$6 h/>O &+(1,17(*5$/ @%(5 7 81' NN9,(M7DD 921 '(1 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1 =8 '(1 1(*$7,9(1P k0 /$'81*6)5(,(1 t$80 '$=:,6&+(1 %/(,%7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( h/866 (5+$/7(1P f,(6(5 u$&+9(5+$/7 (5/$8%7 x(5*/(,&+( 0,7 /$0,1$5(1 u75?081*(1 ,1 ,1.2035(6O 6,%/(1 h/@66,*.(,7(1P k1 '(5 j5 $8) '$6 h(/' '(5 g55(*81* 7 %(=,(+(1P y(*(1 '(5 r523257,21$/,7>7 921 7 81' 8 Ji/P JTPSUKK *(/7(1 ',(6( h(/'/,O 1,(1%,/'(5 $8&+ )@5 ',( 5>80/,&+( x(57(,/81* '(5 h(/'67>5.( 8\ f,( $8) (,1( r52%(O /$'81* $86*(@%7( m5$)7 9 +$7 ',( t,&+781* 7$1*(17,$/ =85 /2.$/(1 h(/'/,1,( 81' '(5 d(75$* '(5 m5$)7 ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 /2.$/(1 h(/'/,1,(1',&+7(P y(,/ 0(,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 m5>)7( ,0 x25'(5*581' '(6 k17(5(66(6 67(+(1N :(5'(1 ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1(1%,/'(5 2)7 ,1 d(=8* $8) '$6 gOh(/' '$5*(67(//7P f$6 x(.725)(/' 8 '(5 r81.7/$'81* s ,0 m225',1$7(1Ow563581* ,67 1$&+ i/P JTPSSK 81' JTPSUK *(*(%(1 '85&+ 8J_K 3

01

s _ s 3 _P V@ &R 5 T 5 V@ &R 5 U

JTPSVK

f,( u&+5(,%:(,6( 0,7 '(0 g,1+(,769(.725 J_B5KN :,( ,1 '(5 o,77( 921 i/P JTPSVKN ,67 =:$5 (7:$6 8067>1'/,&+N $%(5 +$7 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 ',( 3+&+( 0,7 SB5mT $%1(+0(1N :,( (6 '$6 e28/20%Oi(6(7= 9(5/$1*7P d(, (,1(5 $1'(5(1 5Oc%+>1*,*.(,7 0@667( (17:('(5 ',( t(/$7,21 NNh(/'/,1,(1',&+7( 3523257,21$/ gDD $8)*(*(%(1 :(5'(1N 2'(5 h(/'/,1,(1 0@667(1 ,0 )5(,(1 t$80 =:,O 6&+(1 '(1 n$'81*(1 %(*,11(1 %=:P (1'(1P

VV

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

(a)

(b)

c%%P TPS[ h(/'/,1,(1%,/' )@5 =:(, %(75$*6*/(,&+( r81.7/$'81*(1\ J$K 0,7 */(,&+(0 x25=(,&+(1N J%K 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(0 x25=(,&+(1P

|85 x(5$//*(0(,1(581* 62// -(7=7 (,1( r81.7/$'81* %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1N ',( 6,&+ 1,&+7 ,0 w563581* '(6 m225',1$7(16&+(5 ,67 $/6 $1 '(1 /$'81*O75$*(1'(1 u7,516(,7(1 '(5 v(,/&+(1Of,32/(P f$'85&+ ,67 ',( c1(,1$1'(55(,+81* 921 v(,/&+(1 ,1 h(/'5,&+781* (1(5*(7,6&+ %(925=8*7 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 p(%(1(,1$1'(5 48(5 =85 h(/'5,&+781*P f,( v(,/&+(1.(77(1 9(50,77(/1 '(1 g,1'58&. 921 NNh(/'/,1,(1DDP f$0,7 '$6 x(5)$+5(1 )81.7,21,(57N 0@66(1 '$6 $1O *(/(*7( h(/' +,15(,&+(1' 67$5. 81' ',( v(,/&+(1 (7:$6 %(:(*/,&+ 6(,1P p$66(6 x(5)$+5(1P h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5 :,( ',( ,1 c%%P TPTR :(5'(1 ,1 )2/*(1'(5 y(,6( (5+$/7(1\ c8) '(1 d2'(1 (,1(5 9$&+(1 i/$66&+$/( :(5'(1 ',( 0(7$//,6&+(1 n(,7(5 ,1 h250 (17635(&+(1' $86*(%,/'(7(5 o(7$//3/$77(1 *(/(*7 81' (/(.75,6&+ $8)*(/$'(1P f$=8 :,5' $0 %(67(1 (,1 p(7=*(5>7 9(5:(1'(7N '$6 (,1( 67$%,/( i/(,&+63$1181* 921 (,1,*(1 .x /,()(57P f,( u&+$/( :,5' 0,7 (,1(0 ',&.9@66,*(1N *87 ,62/,(5(1'(1 ~/ J=P dP v(53(17,1ON q/,9(1O 2'(5 t,=,186?/K *()@//7N ,1 '(0 *(:?+1/,&+(5 )(,1.?51,*(5 i5,(M 9(57(,/7 ,67P f,(6(6 i5,(M38/9(5 25'1(7 6,&+ '$11 62 $1N '$66 6,&+ :(1,*67(16 ,1 (,1(5 g%(1( (,1 48$/,7$7,9(5 %(5%/,&. @%(5 '(1 h(/'9(5/$8) (5*,%7P u7$77 i5,(M 6,1' $8&+ i5$66$0(1 2'(5 i,36.5,67$//( )@5 ',(6(1 |:(&. 9(5:(1'(7 :25'(1P f,( ,1 c%%P TPTR%N& *(=(,*7(1 d,/'(5 (17635(&+(1 (7:$ '(1 h(/'/,1,(1Of$567(//81*(1 '(5 c%%P TPS[$N%P

c%%P TPTR g/(.75,6&+( h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5\ J$K (,1=(/1(5 6&+(,%(1)?50,*(5 r2/N *(/$'(1 J%K =:(, */(,&+1$0,* *(/$'(1( r2/( J&K =:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1( r2/(P

f$6 2%(1 *(6&+,/'(57( x(5)$+5(1 ,67 =:$5 6(+5 1@7=/,&+ )@5 ',( j(567(//81* ,16758.O 7,9(5 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5N ',( ,1 d@&+(51 x(5:(1'81* 71'(1 2'(5 $/6 f,$6 ,1 x25/(O 681*(1 *(=(,*7 :(5'(1] $/6 f(021675$7,2169(568&+ D/,9(I ,67 ',(6(6 1$66( x(5)$+5(1 =,(0/,&+ $8):(1',*P k0 $1$/2*(1 J)(552K0$*1(7,6&+(1 h$// Jc%6&+1P UPUK /$66(1 6,&+ /(,&+7 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5 752&.(1 (5=(8*(1N ,1'(0 0$1 g,6(138/9(5 2'(5 O63>1( $8) (,1( +25,=217$/( r/$77( $8)%5,1*7 81' ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 '(5 v(,/&+(1 '85&+ /(,&+7(6 t@77(/1 2'(5 m/23)(1 )?5'(57P v52&.(1(6 x(5)$+5(1P f,( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(0 h(/' 81' '(1 32O /$5,6,(57(1 i5,(M7(,/&+(1 ,67 9,(/ 6&+:>&+(5 $/6 ',( =:,6&+(1 0$*1(7,6&+(0 h(/' 81' '(1 g,6(17(,/&+(1P f(6+$/% /,()(57 '$6 ,1 c%%P TPTS *(=(,*7( 752&.(1( x(5)$+5(1 1,&+7 *$1= 62 *87( t(68/7$7( Jc%%P TPTTKP f,( h(/'/,1,(16758.785 ,67 $1'(8781*6:(,6( =8

VX

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

(5.(11(1] $%(5 ',( h/>&+(1',&+7( '(5 v(,/&+(1 ,67 1,&+7 3523257,21$/ =85 /2.$/(1 h(/'67>5.(N :(,/ ,1 d(5(,&+(1 +2+(5 h(/'67>5.(N :,( +,(5 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r2/(1N $8&+ n$'81*675$163257 921 '(1 r2/(1 =8 '(1 v(,/&+(1 0?*/,&+ ,67N :2'85&+ ',( v(,/&+(1 '$11 (,1( p(772Oc89$'81* (5+$/7(1 81' :(*9,(*(1P

c%%P TPTS NNv52&.(1(DD g5=(8*81* (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'/,1,(1Od,/'(5\ d(, $1*(/(*7(5 u3$1181* :(5'(1 m81676725Ov(,/&+(1 Jh$6(5Ou&+1,7767@&.( 921 RPRT 00 f85&+0(66(5 81' RPW 00 n>1O *(K $8)*(675(87P

c%%P TPTT g,1 0,7 '(0 2%,*(1 x(5)$+5(1 (5=(8*7(6 h(/'/,1,(1%,/' )@5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1( r2/(P

TPT g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.(

VY

h$5$'$&+67(1 m$3,7(/ =8 %(635(&+(1'(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5>)7( 81' NNm5$)7/,1,(1%,/'(5DDP k1 ',(6(5 u35$&+( +$7 h$5$'$< 6(,1( 9,(/)>/7,*(1 d(2%$&+O 781*(1 *(1$8 %(6&+5,(%(1N 62'$66 o$;:(// 6(,1( v+(25,( '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 '$5$8) $8)%$8(1 .2117(P c1'(5(56(,76 ,67 ',( h$5$'$*/,&+ 0,7 '(0 +(87,*(1 h(/'67>5.(%(*5,5\ w0 ',( c1=,(+81* 2'(5 c%672M81* =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 =8 9(567(+(1N %(75$&+7(7 0$1 ',( m5$)7N ',( 920 h(/' '(5 (,1(1 n$'81* $8) ',( $1'(5( $86*(@%7 :,5'N 2'(5 80*(.(+57P c%(5 0$1 %(75$&+7(7 1,&+7 '$6 5(O 68/7,(5(1'( h(/' %(,'(5 n$'81*(1] /(7=7(5(6 %(6&+5(,%7 1$&+ +(87,*(5 c85$6681* ',( .20%,1,(57( y,5.81* %(,'(5 n$'81*(1 $8) (,1( '5,77( Jr52%(OKn$'81*P

TPTPW i$8MI6&+( h2508/,(581* '(6 e28/20%Oi(6(7=(6 f(71,7,21 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h/866(6P u&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P TPTPU :$5 ',( c1$/2*,( 921 h(/'/,1,(1 81' u7520/,1,(1 (5:>+17 :25'(1\ l('(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,( .$11 (,1 6,( 80*(%(1'(6 5?+5(1$57,*(6 x2/80(1 =8*(25'1(7 :(5'(1N '(66(1 s8(56&+1,77 '85&+ '(1 c%67$1' '(5 %(1$&+%$57(1 h(/'/,1,(1 )(67*(/(*7 ,67P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,1 ',(6(0 5?+5(1$57,*(1 x2/80(1 ,67 '(5 '85&+ ',( h(/'/,1,( 5(35>6(17,(57( (/(.75,6&+( h/866P f(5 c86'58&. NNh/866DD ,67 '(5 j&+( 6(1.5(&+7 =8 7K *(*(%(1 ,67P f85&+ k17(*5$7,21 921 i/P JTPSXK (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 h/866 '85&+ (,1( *(*(%(1( h/>&+( 4\ 2S R

J 3 gg

h/>&+( c

7 6 '4 P

JTPSYK

f$ '4 '$6 =:(,',0(16,21$/( h/>&+(1(/(0(17 ,67N 6&+5(,%(1 :,5 ,1 i/P JTPSYK 81' $8&+ 63>7(5 ,1 (17635(&+(1'(1 h>//(1 (,1 f233(/Ok17(*5$/N :(,/ '$'85&+ ',( ,178,7,9(

VZ

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

g5)$6681* '(5 |86$00(1+>1*( (5/(,&+7(57 :,5'] 81' $86 '(0 */(,&+(1 i581' :(5O '(1 :,5 %(, k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 '$6 '5(,',0(16,21$/( x2/80(1(/(0(17 'x (,1 f5(,)$&+O k17(*5$/ +,16&+5(,%(1P i(6$07(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 h/866P f(5 921 (,1(5 J326,7,9(1K r81.7/$'81* s $86*(+(1'( i(6$079866 .$11 62)257 +,1*(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1N :(11 0$1 $/6 k17(*5$7,2169>&+( ',( q%(59>&+( (,1(5 =85 n$'81* .21=(175,6&+(1 m8*(/ 0,7 t$',86 5 9(5:(1'(7\ J 3 gg 7 6 '4 m8*(/

3sP

JTPSZK

f$66(/%( g5*(%1,6 (5*,%7 6,&+ $%(5 $8&+ %(, k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 (,1( %(/,(%,* *()2507(N *(6&+/266(1( j@//9>&+( 80 ',( n$'81* sP f$6 ,67 /(,&+7 (,1=86(+(1N :(11 0$1 (,1(1 920 q57 '(5 r81.7/$'81* $86*(+(1'(1 ./(,1(1 t$80:,1.(/ '\ %(75$&+7(7 Jc%%P TPTUKP dA (r, dA) r

dø

c%%P TPTU 63581*P

f$6 t$80:,1.(/(/(0(17 '\ 81' '$6 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 '4 ,0 c%67$1' 5 920 w5O

f$6 1,&+7 5$',$/ $86*(5,&+7(7( h/>&+(1(/(0(17 '4N '$6 6,&+ ,0 c%67$1' 5 '(5 n$'81* %(71'(7 81' '$6 t$80:,1.(/(/(0(17 '\ $86)@//7 :,( (6 ,1 c%%P TPTU *(=(,*7 ,67N )@+57 =8 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h/866N '(5 921 '(5 h/>&+(125,(17,(581* 81' 920 t$',$/$%67$1' 81$%+>1*,* ,67\ 'J 3 7 6 '4 3 878 &26J_N '4K 8'48 3 878 5 T '\ 3 JsBV@K '\ P

JTPS[K

f,( k17(*5$7,21 921 i/P JTPS[K @%(5 ',( x2//.8*(/ Lt$80:,1.(/ 3 V@ 67(5$' J65Kb )@+57 '(6+$/% =80 6(/%(1 g5*(%1,6 :,( i/P JTPSZKP gg

j@//)/>&+(

7 6 '4 3 s P

JTPTRK

f$ ',( y$+/ '(5 j@//9>&+( )@5 ',( %(75$&+7(7( r81.7/$'81* s %(/,(%,* ,67N *,/7 181 $8&+ 80*(.(+57 i/P JTPTRK 0,7 (,1(5 %(67,007(1N 925*(*(%(1(1 j@//9>&+( )@5 (,1( %(/,(%,*( r26,7,21 '(5 r81.7/$'81* s ,11(5+$/% '(5 j@//9>&+(P

TPT g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.(

V[

d(, j@//9>&+(1Ok17(*5$/(1 :,5' ',( t,&+781* '(6 h/>&+(1(/(0(176 1$&+ $8M(1 $1*(1200(1] 0,7 '(0 1$&+ $8M(1 *(5,&+7(7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' (,1(5 326,7,9(1 n$'81* (5*,%7 6,&+ $/62 (,1 326,7,9(5 y(57 )@5 '(1 *(6$07(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h/866P d(71'(1 6,&+ 0(+5(5( r81.7/$'81*(1 ,0 k11(5(1N '$11 *,/7 i/P JTPTRK (%(1)$//6\ 7 ,67 '$11 ',( 5(68/7,(5(1'( g55(*81*N *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( x(.725$'',7,21 '(5 g5O 5(*81*(1 '(5 (,1=(/1(1 r81.7/$'81*(1N 81' s ,67 '$11 ',( u800( $//(5 n$'81*(1 ,0 k11(5(1N ,1 ',( 1(*$7,9( n$'81*(1 0,7 o,186=(,&+(1 (,1*(+(1P J3

gg

j@//)/>&+(

7 6 '4 3 s s, 3 s P

JTPTSK

,

q-+x%%|&~|}x++,R \|* ~|+x%,| |$|#,*!+z| ^$-++ {-*z {|* |!&~|+z$'++|&|& dx{-&~|&F

|!&| ~|+z$'++|&|

^$3z|

!+, ~$|!z {|* j-%%|

\x+ !+, {!| _x-C?+z| ^'*%-$!|*-&~ {|+ ['-$'%yE_|+|,2|+F l%+z$!|C, {!| `5$$E 3z| ~x* #|!&| dx{-&~D +' !+, {|* ~|+x%,| ^$-++ ~$|!z &-$$D {F F |+ ,*|,|& |y|&+'.!|$ ^|${$!&!|& !& {x+ -%+z$'++|&| _|y!|, |!& /!| x-+F f,5(5(17,$/)250P p85 ,1 u3(=,$/)>//(1 0,7 +2+(5 u5.( ',5(.7 $86 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 k17(*5$/)250 Ji/P JTPTSKK %(5(&+1(1P f,( 9,(/6(,7,*(5 9(5:(1'%$5( f,5(5(17,$/)250 (5+>/7 0$1 $86 i/P JTPTSK 0,7+,/)( '(6 i$8MI6&+(1 u$7=(6 '(5 x(.725$1$/&+(

7 6 '4 3 ggg * ) 7 'x 3 s P

JTPTTK

f$6 u.$/$5352'8.7 '(6 p$%/$Oq3(5$7256 * 0,7 (,1(0 x(.725 +(,M7 NNf,9(5*(1=DDP p81 0866 0$1 '$6 m21=(37 '(5 NNr81.7/$'81*(1DD $8)*(%(1 81' 67$77 '(66(1 ',( 67(7,* 9(5>1'(5/,&+( t$80/$'81*6',&+7( | JukOg,1+(,7 e 02UK (,1)@+5(1N ',( :,( )2/*7 0,7 '(5 ,0 x2/80(1 x %(71'/,&+(1 i(6$07/$'81* s =86$00(1+>1*7\ ggg | 'x 3 s P

x2/80(1

JTPTUK

f$11 (5+>/7 0$1 $86 i/P JTPTTK 81' i/P JTPTUK ',( d(=,(+81* ggg * 6 7 'x 3 ggg | 'x P

JTPTVK

f,( x2/80(1,17(*5$/( $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 '(5 i/(,&+81* *(/7(1 )@5 */(,&+(N $%(5 %(O /,(%,* :>+/%$5( k17(*5$7,21692/80,1$P f(6+$/% ,03/,=,(57 ',( i/(,&++(,7 '(5 k17(*5$/( $8&+ ',( i/(,&++(,7 '(5 k17(*5$1'(1P u2 )2/*7 ',( f,5(5(17,$/)250 =8 i/P JTPTVK $/6 *673|P

JTPTWK

y(11N :,( (6 ,1 '(5 g/(.75267$7,. *(*(%(1 ,67N ',( n$'81* 1,&+7 .217,18,(5/,&+ ,0 t$80 9(57(,/7 ,67N 621'(51 $8) q%(59>&+(1 6,7=7N '$11 0866 67$77 '(5 5>80/,&+(1 n$'81*6',&+7( | ',( h/>&+(1On$'81*6',&+7( 1 =85 d(6&+5(,%81* +(5$1*(=2*(1 :(5O '(1P w0 )@5 ',(6( NN(17$57(7(DD n$'81*69(57(,/81* (,1( =8 i/P JTPTWK $1$/2*( f,5(O 5(17,$/*/(,&+81* )2508/,(5(1 =8 .?11(1N 0866 (,1( NNh/>&+(1',9(5*(1=DD '(71,(57 :(5'(1P y,5 9(5:(,6(1 '$)@5 $8) 7+(25(7,6&+( n(+5%@&+(5P

WR

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

y,5%(/)5(,+(,7 '(6 67$7,6&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6P k1 '(1 %,6+(5 (5?57(57(1 h>//(1 (17O 635$1*(1 81' (1'(7(1 ',( h(/'/,1,(1 ,1 '(1 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*(1P g6 /,(*7 $%(5 ',( h5$*( 1$+(N 2% (6 1,&+7 $8&+ ,1 6,&+ =85@&./$8)(1'( h(/'/,1,(1 *,%7P k0 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 h(/' *,%7 (6 '$6 1,&+7P y(11 (6 $8&+ 185 (,1( ,1 6,&+ *(6&+/266(1( h(/'/,1,( *>%(N 62 :@5'( (,1( n$'81* 4 />1*6 ',(6(5 h(/'/,1,( (,1( m5$)7 (5)$+5(1N '(5(1 y(*Ok17(*5$/ @%(5 (,1(1 92//(1 w0/$8) (,1( (1'/,&+ *52M( c5%(,7 y (5*,%7P f85&+ )257*(6(7=7( y,('(5+2/81* ',(6(6 x25*$1*(6 /,(M( 6,&+ $/62 $86 '(0 h(/' '$8(51' c5%(,7 *(:,11(1P f,(6 ,67 (5)$+581*6*(0>M 1,&+7 '(5 h$//P f,(6( g,*(16&+$)7 '(6 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 1(117 0$1 y,5%(/)5(,+(,7] ',( d(',1*81* '$)@5 :,5' 0$7+(0$7,6&+ )2/*(1'(50$M(1 )2508/,(57\ g

w0/$8)

8 6 '` 3 R P

JTPTXK

o,7+,/)( '(6 u72.(6I6&+(1 u$7=(6 '(5 x(.725$1$/667 6,&+ $8&+ (,1( ',5(5(17,(//( d(',1*81* )@5 ',( y,5%(/)5(,+(,7 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 $1*(%(1\ *48 3 R P

JTPTYK

f,(6( i/(,&+81* :,5' NNt27$7,21 8 */(,&+ 18//DD *(/(6(1P

TPTPX s8$17,7$7,9( g5)$6681* '(5 k198(1= p$&+ g,1)@+581* '(6 h(/'.21=(376 /$66(1 6,&+ ',( 6&+21 )5@+(5 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 k1O 98(1=(56&+(,181*(1 *(1$8(5 ',6.87,(5(1P n$'81*675(1181* (5)2/*7N :(11 (,1 /(,7(1O '(5 m?53(5 ,1 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' (,1*(%5$&+7 :,5'P k67 '(5 /(,7(1'( m?53(5 (/(.7O 5,6&+ ,62/,(57N .?11(1 6,&+ n$'81*(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 x25=(,&+(16 $8) 9(56&+,('(1(1 u(,7(1 '(6 m?53(56 $16,('(/1N A ,00(5 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+(P k67 '(5 m?53(5 *((5'(7N '$11 .$11 ',( n$'81* (,1(6 x25=(,&+(16 $%9,(M(1P o,7 '(0 m?53(5 ,0 h(/' 67(//7 6,&+ (,1 1(8(6 (/(.75267$7,6&+(6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 (,1P f$6 85635@1*/,&+( h(/' :,5' 9(5>1'(57 '85&+ '$6 +,1=8.200(1'( h(/' '(5 k198O (1=/$'81*] '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( h(/' (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 9(.725,(//(1 c'',7,21 %(,'(5P k0 h2/*(1'(1 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 ,00(5 ',( h(/'67>5.( 8N :(,/ m5>)7( $8) %(:(*/,&+( n$'81*(1 =85 k198(1= )@+5(1P d(71'(7 6,&+ ',( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* $8) (,1(0 n(,7(5N 62 9(5/$8)(1 ',( 921 ,+5 $86*(+(1'(1 h(/'/,1,(1 67(76 6(1.5(&+7 =85 n(,7(52%(59>&+( Jc%%P TPTVKP y>5( ',(6

H E · ds = 0 Et = 0

E n (= Û / Â 0 ) E (hypothetisch)

E=0

E t (= 0)

Â 0 IE · dA = Q Â0 En = Û

c%%P TPTV |85 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( $1 n(,7(52%(59>&+(1P

TPT g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.(

WS

1,&+7 '(5 h$//N :@5'( $/62 8 6&+5>* =85 n(,7(52%(59>&+( 67(+(1N 62 .?117( 0$1 8 ,1 (,1( m20321(17( 1250$/ Jg1K 81' (,1( 7$1*(17,$/ Jg7K =85 n(,7(52%(59>&+( =(5O /(*(1P n(7=7(5( :@5'( $%(5 :(*(1 '(5 )5(,(1 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 (,1( d(:(*81* '(5 g/(.75,=,7>7 ,1 '(5 n(,7(52%(59>&+( %(:,5.(1N ,0 y,'(56358&+ =8 '(0 925$86*(6(7=7(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+76=867$1'] '$+(5 .$11 (,1( 7$1*(17,$/( m5$)7O .20321(17( 1,&+7 925+$1'(1 6(,1P y,5' '$6 j@//9>&+(1,17(*5$/ 62 *(:>+/7N '$66 (6 (,1 ./(,1(6 u7@&. '(5 n(,7(52%(5O 9>&+( (1* 806&+/,(M7N '$11 /,()(57 ',( k17(*5$7,21 $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( 18// :(*(1 8 3 RN 81' ',( k17(*5$7,21 $8) '(5 c8M(16(,7( /,()(57 &R gg 8 6 '4 3 &R g c 3 s

2'(5 1 3 sBc 3 &R g1 N

JTPTZK

:2%(, 1 ',( h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( 81' g1 ',( p250$/.20321(17( '(5 h(/'67>5.( $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( ,67P f,( v$76$&+(N '$66 ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( $8) n(,7(52%(5O 9>&+(1 ,00(5 6(1.5(&+7 67(+7N :,5' 6(+5 6&+?1 ,0 h(/'/,1,(1%,/' 921 c%%P TPTW '(87/,&+P

c%%P TPTW h(/' =:,6&+(1 (,1(5 u3,7=(1(/(.7O 52'( 81' (,1(5 '$=8 6(1.5(&+7(1N (17*(*(1O *(6(7=7 $8)*(/$'(1(1 r/$77( Jh(/'/,1,(1%,/' 0,7 i5,(M ,1 ~/KP

c10(5.81* =85 n$'81*69(57(,/81* ,1 (,1(0 n(,7(5P j,(5 62// 1$&+75>*/,&+ %(*5@1'(7 :(5'(1N :$580 ',( ,0 e$9(1',6+Og;3(5,0(17 *()81'(1( n$'81*6)5(,+(, '(6 ,11(5(1 n(,7(56 $86 '(0 e28/20%Oi(6(7= )2/*7P |81>&+67 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1(1 0$66,9(1 n(,7(5 921 %(/,(%,*(5 h250 817(5 '(0 g,19866 (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6P f85&+ n$'81*675(1181* 81' O9(56&+,(%81* ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 n(,7(56 :,5' (,1 i/(,&+*(:,&+76O =867$1' '(5 n$'81*69(57(,/81* (55(,&+7N )@5 '(1 '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,11(1 @%(5$// 18// ,67 81' $8M(1N ',5(.7 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 185 (,1( p250$/.20O 321(17( %(6,7=7P p81 0866 12&+ )@5 ',(6(1 $//*(0(,1(5(1 h$// %(:,(6(1 :(5'(1N '$66 ,0 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 $//( n$'81*(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 6,7=(1N :(11 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 ',( ,0 e28/20%Oi(6(7= (17+$/7(1( c%67$1'6$%+>1*,*.(,7 %(6,7=7P o,7 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 h250 '(6 e28/20%Oi(6(7=(6 ,67 '$6 *$1= (,1)$&+C y(11 1>0/,&+ ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 n(,7(56 @%(5$// 18// ,67N '$11 .$11 0$1 -('(6 %(/,(%,*( v(,/92/80(1 %(75$&+7(1N '$6 921 (,1(5 9?//,* ,0 k11(5(1 *(/(O *(1(1 j@//9>&+( %(*5(1=7 :,5'N 81' '$5@%(5 '$6 j@//9>&+(1Ok17(*5$/ 921 i/P JTPTSK (5675(&.(1P f$ ',( h(/'67>5.( 18// ,67N ,67 $8&+ '$6 k17(*5$/ 81' '$0,7 ',( ,0 v(,/O 92/80(1 %(71'/,&+( n$'81* 18//P f$6 */(,&+( *,/7 )@5 (,1(1 %(/,(%,* *()2507(1 j2+/O /(,7(5 81' (9(178(// 925+$1'(1( m?53(5 $86 /(,7(1'(0 o$7(5,$/ ,1 6(,1(0 k11(5(1N :(11 ',(6( (,1( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* 0,7 '(0 806&+/,(M(1'(1 j2+//(,7(5 +$%(1P

WT

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

n$'81* ,0 k11(5(1 (,1(6 (,1+@//(1'(1 j2+//(,7(56P g,1( n$'81*N ',( ,0 k11(5(1 62 )(67*(+$/7(1 :,5'N '$66 6,( 1,&+7 1$&+ $8M(1 $%9,(M(1 .$11N %(:,5.7 $8) '(5 k11(1O 6(,7( '(6 j2+//(,7(56 (,1( (17635(&+(1'( k198(1=/$'81* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,O &+(16P g,1( k17(*5$7,21 *(0>M i/P JTPTSK 0,7 (,1(5 ,1 '(5 o(7$//:$1' '(6 j2+//(,7(56 /,(*(1'(1 j@//9>&+( (5*,%7 :(*(1 go(7$// 3 R $8&+ sj2+//(,7(5 3 RN ,0 g,1./$1* 0,7 '(0 u$&+9(5+$/7N '$66 ',( n$'81* ,0 k11(5(1 '85&+ ',( k198(1=/$'81* $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( '(6 j2+//(,7(56 .203(16,(57 :,5'P f(5 +,(5 %(75$&+7(7( h$// *,/7 =P dP )@5 (,1 g/(.7520(7(5 0,7 *((5'(7(0 o(7$//*(+>86(N ,1 '$6 n$'81* @%(5 (,1( *(*(1 '$6 i(+>86( ,62/,(57( |8)@+581* (,1*(%5$&+7 :85'(P d,/'.5$)7P c/6 d(,63,(/ %(75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1( 326,7,9( r81.7/$'81* ,0 c%67$1' ' 925 (,1(5 *((5'(7(1 r/$77( Jc%%P TPTXKP f,( 1(*$7,9(1 k198(1=/$'81*(1 $8) '(5 '(5 n$O '81* =8*(:$1'7(1 u(,7( 9(57(,/(1 6,&+ 62N '$66 '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( h(/' $1 '(5 r/$77( 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 r/$77( 67(+7P f$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( h(/' ,67 ,'(17,6&+ 0,7 '(5 J/,1.(1K j>/)7( 921 '(0 h(/' =:(,(5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+(5 r81.7/$'81*(1 Jc%%P TPS[%K ,0 c%67$1' T'P f$ ',( 326,7,9(1 k198(1=/$'81*(1 =85 g5'( $%*(9266(1 6,1'N (;,67,(57 5(&+76 ,1 '(5 r/$77( .(,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/'P c%(5 '85&+ ',( 1(*$7,9( k198(1=/$'81* $8) '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7( '(5 r/$77( :,5' ',( 326,7,9( n$'81* 62 $1*(=2*(1N $/6 2% 6,&+ J,1 c%:(6(1+(,7 '(5 r/$77(K (,1( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+( n$'81* ,0 c%67$1' T' %()>1'(P f,(6( NN9,578(//(DD n$'81* :,5' d,/'/$'81* J,0$*( &+$5*(K *(1$117] ',( m5$)7N 0,7 '(5 ',( (&+7( n$'81* =85 r/$77( +,1*(=2*(1 :,5'N +(,M7 d,/'.5$)7 J,0$*( )25&(KP d(621'(56 6&+?1 (5.(117 0$1 '(1 x25*$1* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 k198(1= %(, )2/*(1O '(0 x(568&+ 0,7 '(0 d(&+(5Og/(.7526.23\ h@+57 0$1 ,1 '(1 d(&+(5 '(6 g/(.752O 6.236 (,1( 326,7,9 *(/$'(1( m8*(/ (,1N 2+1( ',( y$1' '(6 d(&+(56 =8 %(5@+5(1N 62 (1767(+7 $8) '(5 k11(1:$1' '(6 d(&+(56 (,1( '(5 n$'81* '(5 (,1*()@+57(1 m8*(/ (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(N $%(5 */(,&+ *52M( o(1*( k198(1=/$'81*P i/(,&+=(,7,* :,5' $8) '(5 c8M(16(,7( '(6 d(&+(56 (,1( (17635(&+(1'( o(1*( 326,7,9(5 k198(1=/$'81* )5(,N ',( 6,&+ $8&+ '(0 g/(.7526.23 0,77(,/7 Jc%%P TPTYKP h@+57 0$1 ',( m8*(/ $86 '(0 d(&+(5 +(5$86N 62 9(5(,1,*(1 6,&+ ',( %(,'(1 ,198(1=,(57(1 g/(.75,=,7>760(1*(1 :,(O '(5N 81' '(5 c866&+/$* '(6 g/(.7526.236 *(+7 $8) 18// =85@&.P d(5@+57 0$1 $%(5 0,7 '(5 m8*(/ ',( k11(16(,7( '(6 d(&+(56N 62 */(,&+(1 6,&+ ',( 326,7,9( n$'81* '(5 m8*(/ 81' ',( $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( '(6 d(&+(56 6,7=(1'( 1(*$7,9( g/(.75,=,7>7 $86N 81'

c%%P TPTX n,1.6\ h(/' =:,6&+(1 (,1(5 326,7,9 *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/ 81' (,1(5 *((5'(7(1 r/$77(P t(&+76\ f,( 9,578(//( NNd,/'/$'81*DDN (,1( j,/)692567(//81* =85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 h(/'(6 $8) '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7(P

TPT g/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 81' h(/'67>5.(

WU

c%%P TPTY |80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 k198(1= 0,7 '(0 d(&+(5Og/(.7526.23P

0$1 =,(+7 ',( m8*(/ 9?//,* 81*(/$'(1 $86 '(0 d(&+(5 +(5$86P f,( $8) '(5 c8M(16(,7( '(6 d(&+(56 6,7=(1'( 326,7,9( k198(1=/$'81* %/(,%7 '$11 =85@&. 81' (5=(8*7 $0 g/(.7526.23 (,1(1 c866&+/$*N '(5 921 '(56(/%(1 i5?M( ,67 :,( 925+(5N $/6 6,&+ ',( m8*(/ )5(, ,0 k11(15$80 '(6 d(&+(56 %()$1'P g6 />667 6,&+ $/62 0,7 (,1(0 d(&+(5O (/(.7526.23 (,1( n$'81* 0(66(1N 2+1( '$66 0$1 ',(6( $8) '$6 g/(.7526.23 6(/%67 @%(575>*7P f,(6 ,67 %(621'(56 '$11 921 y,&+7,*.(,7N :(11 ',( n$'81* 1,&+7 $8) (,1(0 n(,7(5N 621'(51 $8) (,1(0 k62/$725 6,7=7N 921 '(0 6,( 6,&+ 185 6(+5 6&+:(5 48$17,7$7,9 $%675(,)(1 />667P |85 g5*,(%,*.(,7 '(5 n$'81*675(1181*P o,7 '(1 7(&+1,6&+ =8*>1*/,&+(1 h(/'(51 />667 6,&+ 12&+ .(,1( d(*5(1=81* '(5 n$'81*675(1181* ,1 0(7$//,6&+(1 n(,7(51 %(2%$&+O 7(1P y,( ,67 '$6 0,7 '(0 $720$5(1 c8)%$8 '(5 0(7$//,6&+(1 h(67.?53(5 81' '(5 (1'/,&+(1 |$+/ '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,0 o(7$// 9(5(,1%$5a f,( )2/*(1'( 180(5,O 6&+( c%6&+>7=81* 62// '$5@%(5 $8)./>5(1P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 (,1( 81*(/$'(1( o(7$//3/$77(N ',( ,1 (,1 67$5.(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/'N '$6 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r/$77(12%(59>&+( 25,(17,(57 ,67N (,1*(%5$&+7 :,5'P f,( k198(1= )@+57 $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 '(5 r/$77( =8 q%(59>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7(1 0,7 (17*(*(1*(O 6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(1N ',( '$6 k11(5( '(6 o(7$//6 *(*(1 '$6 >8M(5( h(/' $%6&+,50(1P f,( h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( 1 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 1 3 &R g1 P

JTPT[K

h@5 ',( *52M( h(/'67>5.( g1 3 SR xB0 (5+$/7(1 :,5 =P dP 1 . [ 6 SR eB0 2'(5 A 80*(5(&+1(7 $8) g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 A 1 . X 6 SRSU (B0TP h@5 m83)(5 ,67 ',( f,&+7( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 (7:$ */(,&+ '(5 c720',&+7( 81' %(75>*7 JTPURK 1e8 . S 6 SRT[ 02UP X

2X

T

f,( q%(59>&+(1Of,&+7( '(5 e8Oc720( .$11 '85&+ J1e8KTBU . T 6 SRS[ 02T

JTPUSK

$3352;,0,(57 :(5'(1P u(7=7 0$1 ',( q%(59>&+(1',&+7( '(5 ,0 h(/' g1 3 SRX xB0 ,198(1=,(57(1 g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 ,16 x(5+>/71,6 =85 q%(59>&+(1',&+7( '(5 e8Oc72O 0(N (5*,%7 6,&+ U 6 SR2XP f,(6(6 g5*(%1,6 />667 6,&+ $8) 9(56&+,('(1( y(,6( ,17(535(O 7,(5(1\ A g6 =(,*7N '$66 6(/%67 ,1 (,1(0 62 67$5.(1 gOh(/' ',( n$'81*61(875$/,6$7,21 '(5 q%(59>&+(1$720( 12&+ 1$+(=8 3(5)(.7 ,67N '(11 '85&+ ',( k198(1= :,5' 185 %(O

WV

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

:,5.7N '$66 -('(6 e81Ok21 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( ,0 o,77(/ 1,&+7 (;$.7 ',( (,1( g/(O 0(17$5/$'81* =85 3(5)(.7(1 p(875$/,6$7,21 +$7N 621'(51 SPRRRRRU %=:P RP[[[[[Y (P A g6 =(,*7 $%(5 $8&+N '$66 (6 =85 g5=(8*81* '(5 k198(1=/$'81*(1 $8) '(1 q%(5O 9>&+(1 185 127:(1',* ,67N $//( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,0 m83)(5 *(*(1 ',( 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1 '(5 m83)(5,21(1 J(17*(*(1*(6(7=7 =85 h(/'5,&+781*K 80 RPRRRRRU '(6 c%67$1'(6 %(1$&+%$57(5 c720( =8 9(56&+,(%(1P f85&+ ',(6( |$+/(1 :,5' 9(567>1'/,&+N :$580 .(,1( g56&+?3)81* '(5 n$'81*675(1O 181* =8 %(2%$&+7(1 ,67P

TPU r27(17,$/N u3$1181* TPUPS r27(17,$/ 81' h(/'67>5.( y(11 0$1 ,1 '(5 o(&+$1,. 185 ',( 62 *(1$117(1 .216(59$7,9(1 m5>)7( %(75$&+7(7 81' ',( 1,&+7O.216(59$7,9(1 m5>)7( :,( ',( t(,%81* 9(51$&+/>66,*7N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+N '$66 ',( ,1 (,1(0 u&+:(5()(/' =8 9(55,&+7(1'( c5%(,7 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(0 *(:>+/7(1 y(* ,67P c1$/2* +,(5=8 ,67 ,0 67$7,6&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' ',( c5%(,7 yN ',( 9(55,&+7(7 :(5'(1 0866N 80 (,1( n$'81* 4 921 (,1(5 u7(//( '(6 h(/'(6 =8 (,1(5 $1'(5(1 =8 %5,1*(1N 81$%+>1*,* 920 y(*N $8) '(0 ',(6 *(6&+,(+7P f,( m5$)7N ',( $8) ',( n$'81* 4 $86*(@%7 :(5'(1 0866N :(11 0$1 6,( /$1*6$0 J'P +P 0,7 9(56&+:,1'(1'(5 .,1(O 7,6&+(5 g1(5*,(K ,0 h(/' %(:(*(1 :,//N ,67 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+ '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5$)7 4 6 8P f,( ',5(5(17,(//( c5%(,7 'y ,67 NNm5$)7 0$/ ',5(5(17,(//(0 y(*DDN $/62 '$6 u.$/$5352'8.7 'y 3 9 6 '` 324 8 6 '` P

JTPUTK

f,( =:,6&+(1 '(1 r81.7(1 S 81' T 9(55,&+7(7( c5%(,7 yST 324 gTS 8 6 '`

JTPUUK

,67 81$%+>1*,* 920 *(:>+/7(1 Jk17(*5$7,216OKy(*P R 3 g 8 6 '` 3 JgTS 8 6 '`Ky(* c 1JgST 8 6 '`Ky(* d N

JTPUVK

JgTS 8 6 '`Ky(* c 3 JgTS 8 6 '`Ky(* d P

JTPUWK

2'(5 f,( c5%(,7 1$&+ i/P JTPUUK ,67 326,7,9N :(11 %(, '(5 d(:(*81* (,1(5 n$'81* ,0 gOh(/' c5%(,7 9(55,&+7(7 :(5'(1 0866P f,(6( c5%(,7 (17635,&+7 '(5 |81$+0( '(5 327(17,(//(1 g1(5*,( '(5 n$'81* ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'P f,9,',(57 0$1 ',( }1'(581* '(5 327(17,(//(1 g1(5*,( '85&+ ',( %(:(*7( n$'81*N (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( 185 920 h(/' 8 J;N +/%$5(1 p8//O 381.7 81' '(1 r81.7 JTK 0,7 '(0N '(5 '85&+ '(1 q5769(.725 _ %(6&+5,(%(1 :,5'N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( r27(17,$/ $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 t$80(6\ 5

3J_K 32 g 8 6 '` P 5 H

JTPUYK

o$1 25'1(7 $/62 -('(0 r81.7 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 (,1(1 %(67,007(1 r27(17,$/O :(57 =8P c/6 p8//381.7 :,5' 9(5(,1%$581*6*(0>M (,1 ,0 w1(1'/,&+(1 /,(*(1'(5 r81.7 *(:>+/7N $1 '(66(1 u7(//( )@5 $//( 35$.7,6&+(1 |:(&.( '$6 r27(17,$/ '(5 g5'( 75,77P f$6 r27(17,$/ ,0 w1(1'/,&+(1 %=:P $8) '(5 g5'2%(59>&+( ,67 '(71,7,216*(0>M 18//P f$6 r27(17,$/ ,1 (,1(0 r81.7 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6N 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 n$'81* 4 (5*,%7 ',( c5%(,7 yN ',( %(,0 v5$163257 ',(6(5 n$'81* 920 w1(1'/,&+(1 %=:P 921 NNg5'(DD =8 ',(6(0 r81.7 $8)*(:(1'(7 :(5'(1 0866 J)$//6 y#RK 2'(5 )5(,*(6(7=7 :,5' J)$//6 y"RKP c1'(56 )2508/,(57\ d(71'(7 6,&+ (,1( n$'81* 4 $1 (,1(0 q57 ,0 gOh(/' 0,7 '(0 r27(17,$/ 3J_KN '$11 ,67 4 6 3J_K ',( 327(17,(//( g1(5*,( ',(6(5 n$'81* ,0 h(/'P y(11 0$1 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( r27(17,$/ 0,7 '(0 i5$9,7$7,216327(17,$/ Jd'P SK 9(5O */(,&+7N '$11 )>//7 $8)N '$66 '$6 r27(17,$/ (,1(5 r81.70$66( )@5 (1'/,&+( g17)(5181O *(1 1(*$7,9 ,67N :(,/ 6,&+ $//( o$66(1 $1=,(+(1] '$6 (/(.75,6&+( r27(17,$/ ,67 326,7,9N :(,/ 6,&+ =:(, 925=(,&+(1*/(,&+( n$'81*(1 $%672M(1P f$6 (,1(1 t$80 (5)@//(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 8 J;N 1'(581* '3 328 6 '` 3288 8 &26J8N '`K 8'`8P

JTPUZK

y(11 '(5 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 8 81' '` */(,&+ R J2'(5 @K :,5'N 'P +PN :(11 '(5 u&+5,77 '` 3$5$//(/ 2'(5 $17,3$5$//(/ =8 8 (5)2/*7N '$11 ,67 '(5 d(75$* '(5 r27(17,$/>1'(581* '3 0$;,0$/P k0 c//*(0(,1(1 ,67 ',( t,&+781* 0$;,0$/(5 r27(17,$/>1'(581* 1,&+7 3$5$//(/ =8 (,1(5 '(5 m225',1$7(1 ;N < 2'(5 =N 81' (6 ,67 6,1192//N )@5 '$6 u.$/$5O 352'8.7 921 i/P JTPUZK ',( m20321(17(1 $86=86&+5(,%(1\ '3 32Lg; ';1g< '&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

:,5' %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ '$6 92//67>1',*( f,5(5(17,$/ '3N '$6 0,7 6(,1(1 3$57,(//(1 c%/(,781*(1 :,( )2/*7 9(5.1@3)7 ,67\ '3 3

5.( 8 )@+57P f,( m20321(17( g; (5*,%7 6,&+ =8 g; 32

M,* $8) '(5 m8*(/2%(59>&+(N 62/$1*( .(,1( u7?581* ',(6(5 x(57(,/81* '85&+ ',( k198(1=:,5.81* $1'(5(5 n$'81*(1 $8)75,77P f,( h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( ,67 $/62 8062 *(5,1*(5N -( *5?M(5 '(5 m8*(/5$',86 ,67P h@5 (,1(1 r81.7 $8M(5+$/% '(5 m8O *(/2%(59>&+( ,67 (6 $%(5 */(,&+N 2% ',( m8*(/ ./(,1 2'(5 *52M ,67P r27(17,$/ 81' h(/'67>5.( +>1*(1 185 921 '(5 i(6$07/$'81* 81' '(0 c%67$1' 920 m8*(/0,7O 7(/381.7 $%N *(1$862 :,( r27(17,$/ 81' h(/'67>5.( '(5 i5$9,7$7,21 %(, 63+>5,6&+O 61*(1P f,( $//*(0(,1( d(=,(+81* Ji/P JTPTZKK =:,6&+(1 h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( 1 81' '(5 h(/'O 67>5.( 8 $1 '(5 n(,7(52%(59>&+( (5*,%7 (5:$5781*6*(0>M )@5 '(1 *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/O m21'8.725 '$66(/%( t(68/7$7 :,( i/P JTPVUK )@5 5 3 5mP f,( r27(17,$/)81.7,21 3 '(6 m8*(/Om21'8.7256 :,5' 1$&+ i/P JTPUWK '85&+ k17(O *5$7,21 (5+$/7(1P h@5 ',(6(1 +2&+O6*7N $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 t$',$/$%67$1'6 5P

f$6 g1'(5*(%1,6 /$87(7\ 3J5#5mK 3

s V@ &R 5

JTPVWK

3J5 ] 5mK 3

s P V@ &R 5m

JTPVXK

81'

r27(17,$/ 81' h(/'67>5.( 6,1' '$5*(67(//7 ,1 c%%P TPTZP d(,'( h81.7,21(1 *(/7(1 */(,O &+(50$M(1 )@5 x2//O 81' j2+/.8*(/P g5'327(17,$/P u2%$/' 1,&+7 0(+5 185 r81.7/$'81*(1 ,0 t$80N 621'(51 $8)*(%5$&+7( 81' ,198(1=,(57( n$'81*(1 $8) g/(.752'(12%(59>&+(1 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1N ,67 (6 6,11O 92//N '(1 p8//381.7 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 r27(17,$/6 $8) ',( NNg5'(DD =8 %(=,(+(1P f$0,7 ,67 1,&+7 127:(1',*(5:(,6( ',( 3+5( ,67 (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/P x21 '(5 u211( :,5' 67>1',* (,1 u7520 921 326,7,9 81' 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 $86O *(6$1'7 JNNu211(1:,1'DDN d'P YN m$3P XK] (,1( c89$'81* '(5 g5'( :@5'( '(6+$/% 6(+5 6&+1(// '85&+ c%672M81* '(5 */(,&+1$0,* *(/$'(1(1 81' c1=,(+81* '(5 81O */(,&+1$0,* *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 $%*(%$87 :(5'(1P c%(5 ,1 '(5 g5'$70263+>5( (;,6O 7,(57 (,1 9(57,.$/(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/'\ f(5 g5'.?53(5 ,67 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 >8M(5(1 c702O 63+>5( 1(*$7,9 $8)*(/$'(1] ',( w56$&+( '(5 c89$'81* 6,1' ',( i(:,77(5 Jc%6&+1P SRPUPVKP f,(6( c89$'81* 67(+7 '(5 y$+/ '(6 g5'.?53(56 $/6 d(=8*6327(17,$/ 18// -('2&+ 1,&+7 ,0 y(*(P c//*(0(,1 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( u3$1181* $/6 r27(17,$/',5(5(1= '(71,(57\ wST 3 3S 23T P

JTPVYK

WZ

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

f$1$&+ %(=,(+7 6,&+ ',( u3$1181* ,00(5 $8) =:(, r81.7( '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6N 81' ',( t(,+(1)2/*(N ,1 '(5 ',( r81.7( *(1$117 :(5'(1N ,67 (176&+(,'(1' )@5 '$6 x25=(,&+(1P w0 ',(6( m203/,.$7,21 =8 80*(+(1N 6,1' ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 ',( )2/*(1'(1 u35(&+O :(,6(1 @%/,&+\ A o$1 635,&+7 921 '(5 u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 =:(, r81.7(1N :2%(, ',( r81.7( 0(,67 (/(.75,6&+( m217$.7( Jr2/(K 6,1'N $%(5 1(117 185 326,7,9( y(57( '(5 u3$1181*\ w 3 wST 3 wTS 3 83T 23S 8 P

JTPVZK

A o$1 635,&+7 921 '(5 u3$1181* (,1(6 r81.7(6N =P dP (,1(5 g/(.752'(N ',( 326,7,9 2'(5 1(*$7,9 6(,1 .$11N 0(,17 $%(5 (,*(17/,&+ ',( r27(17,$/',5(5(1= =:,6&+(1 ',(O 6(0 r81.7 81' '(0 p8//381.7 NNg5'(DD\ w, 3 3, 23g5'( J3g5'( 3 RK P

JTPV[K

g5'81*P c8) ',( y,&+7,*.(,7 '(5 g5'81* %(, -('(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17 6(, +,(5 1$&+'5@&./,&+ +,1*(:,(6(1P f,( 2%(1 (5:>+17( o?*/,&+.(,7N '(1 p8//381.7 ,0 w1O (1'/,&+(1 $1=81(+0(1N *,/7 :,5./,&+ 185 )@5 7+(25(7,6&+( d(75$&+781*(1C g5'81* %('(87(7 ',( j(567(//81* (,1(5 *87 /(,7(1'(1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 '(5 g5'(N 925=8*6:(,6( @%(5 ',( g5'/(,781* '(5 n$%25Ou&+$/77$)(/N (56$7=:(,6( @%(5 (,1( *((5'(7( o(7$//O k167$//$7,21 :,( |(175$/+(,=81* 2'(5 y$66(5/(,781*P d(, (,1(0 1,&+7O*((5'(7(1 g;3(5,0(17 67(//7 6,&+ '$6 r27(17,$/ ,1 81.21752//,(57(5 y(,6( 921 6(/%67 (,1P k5*(1':2 ,1 '(5 p>+( ,67 ,00(5 (,1( (&+7( g5'(N 81' ',( x(5%,1'81* '$+,1N =P dP @%(5 h8M%2'(1 81' m?53(5 '(6 g;3(5,0(17$7256N +$7 (,1( *(:,66(N :(11 $8&+ 6(+5 ./(,1( n(,7)>+,*.(,7N ',( =(,7/,&+ 67$5. 9$5,,(5(1 .$11N =P dP :(11 '(5 m?53(5 '(6 g;3(5,0(17$7256 (,1%(=2*(1 ,67P g6 +>1*7 921 '(5 c57 '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 $%N :,( 67$5. 6,&+ ',( u7?581*(1 '85&+ p,&+7Og5'81* $86:,5.(1P d(, '(1 ,1 ',(6(0 m$3,7(/ %(6352&+(1(1 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 ,67 ',( %(:8667 +(5*(67(//7( g5'9(5%,1'81* 2)7 1,&+7 62 :,&+7,*N :(,/ %(, '(1 +2+(1 u3$1O 181*(1 81' 6(+5 ./(,1(1 n$'81*60(1*(1 )$67 $//( u725( $/6 n(,7(5 =8 %(75$&+7(1 6,1'N A $86*(1200(1 185 ',( )@5 '$6 g;3(5,0(17 $86*(:>+/7(1 %(621'(56 *87(1 k62/$725(1P f,( 6,&+ 921 6(/%67 (,167(//(1'( x(5%,1'81* =85 g5'( ,67 0(,67 +,15(,&+(1' *87 /(,7(1'P v527='(0 62//7( 0$1 6,&+ $/6 g;3(5,0(17$725 '$5$8) 1,&+7 9(5/$66(1 81' /,(%(5 %(:8667 )@5 (,1( *87( g5'81* 625*(1P u3$1181*6(,1+(,7 x2/7P f,( ukOg,1+(,7 921 r27(17,$/ 81' u3$1181* ,67 '$6 6&+21 )5@+(5 %(6352&+(1( x2/7 JxKN '$6 $/6 6(.81'>5( d$6,6*5?M( 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P h@5 '(1 35$.7,6&+(1 i(%5$8&+ *,%7 (6 +(87( u3$1181*61250$/( ,1 h250 921 o,.52O &+,36N ',( s8$17(1(5(.7( '(5 u835$/(,781* Jc%6&+1P ZPVPTK $86187=(1P f,(6( 6(.81O '>5(1 u3$1181*61250$/( 6,1' 62 )(67*(/(*7 :25'(1N '$66 6,( ',( '(5=(,7 %(670?*/,&+( %(5(,167,0081* 0,7 '(0 ukOx2/7 (5*(%(1P f$6 x2/7 />667 6,&+ =85 |(,7 0(667(&+1,6&+ %(66(5 %(+(556&+(1 $/6 '$6 c03(5(N .?117( $/62 ,0 r5,1=,3 '$6 c03(5( $/6 35,0>5( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( d$6,6(,1+(,7 $%/?6(1P c%(5 (,1( }1'(581* '(6 u&+(1 0@66(1 '$+(5 6(1.5(&+7 =85 t,&+781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 9(5/$8O )(1P o$7+(0$7,6&+ 6,1' ',( h(/'/,1,(1 257+2*21$/( v5$-(.725,(1 =8 '(1 }48,327(1O 7,$/9>&+(1P h@5 (,1( 381.7)?50,*( n$'81* 6,1' ',( }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 $/62 m8*(/9>&+(1 80 ',( n$'81* $/6 o,77(/381.7P k1 c%%P TPT[$ 6,1' )@5 (,1( 62/&+( n$'81* ',( u&+1,7O 7( (,1,*(5 }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 0,7 '(5 |(,&+(1(%(1(N ',( ',( }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 (5*(%(1N '85&+ ',( $86*(=2*(1(1 m5(,6( $1*('(87(7N :>+5(1' ',( *(675,&+(/7(1 i(O 5$'(1 ',( h(/'/,1,(1 '$567(//(1P c%%P TPT[%N& =(,*7 ',( h(/'/,1,(1 J'@11K 81' ',( }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 J',&.K )@5 =:(, %(75$*6*/(,&+( r81.7/$'81*(1P k1 c%%P TPT[% 6,1' (6 326,7,9( n$'81*(1\ x20 u&+1,77381.7 '(5 ::O)?50,*(1 r27(17,$//,1,(N '(0 62 *(1$117(1 u$77(/381.7N 67(,*7 '$6 r27(17,$/ %(, c11>+(581* $1 (,1( '(5 n$'81*(1 J,0 d,/' (17/$1* '(5 j25,=21O 7$/(1K] 6(1.5(&+7 '$=8 J,0 d,/' (17/$1* '(5 x(57,.$/(1K 6,1.7 (6P k1 c%%P TPT[& 6,1' (6 =:(, 925=(,&+(19(56&+,('(1( n$'81*(1P A o$1 (5.(117 ,1 $//(1 '5(, f$567(//81O *(1N '$66 %(,'( m859(1$57(1 6(1.5(&+7 =8(,1$1'(5 67(+(1P f(5 x257(,/ '(6 r27(17,$/%(*5,56 0$&+7 6,&+ %(621'(56 %(, '(5 d(5(&+181* '(6 h(/'9(5/$8)6 %(, 0(+5(5(1 n$'81*(1 %(0(5.%$5P f$ ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( (,1

5 43 2

1

(a)

(b)

(c)

c%%P TPT[ }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 81' h(/'/,1,(1 921 r81.7/$'81*(1\ J$K (,1=(/1( n$'81*N J%K =:(, */(,&+( n$'81*(1N J&K =:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+( n$'81*(1P

XR

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

x(.725 ,67N 0866 0$1 =85 m216758.7,21 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 ,1 (,1(0 62/&+(1 h(/' ,1 -('(0 r81.7 ',( 921 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 n$'81*(1 +(5925*(58)(1(1 h(/'O 67>5.(1 9(.725,(// $'',(5(1P k0 i(*(16$7= '$=8 ,67 '$6 r27(17,$/ Jc5%(,7Bn$'81*K (,1( 6.$/$5( i5?M(] '$+(5 ,67 '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( r27(17,$/ )@5 (,1(1 t$80381.7 '85&+ (,1)$&+( c'',7,21 '(5 (,1=(/1(1 921 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 n$'81*(1 +(55@+5(1'(1 r27(17,$/:(57( =8 *(:,11(1P u2 ,67 '$6 r27(17,$/ $1 '(0 '85&+ '(1 q5769(.725 _ %(6&+5,(%(1(1 r81.7N 9(5856$&+7 '85&+ ',( n$'81*(1 sSN sTN " s1 $1 '(1 q57(1 _SN _TN " _1N *(*(%(1 '85&+ 3J_K 3 s ,

s, P V@ &R 8_2_, 8

JTPWRK

\!| gy|*3z| |!&|+ d|!,|*+ !+, !%%|* |!&| r)-!(',|&,!x$3z|D /|!$ y|! _$|!zE ~|/!z,+.|*,|!$-&~ {|* dx{-&~|& x& {|* gy|*3z| {!| kx&~|&,!x$#'%('&|&,| {|* ^|${+,3*#| .|*+z/!&{|,D -&{ {|+x$y 2/!+z|& 2/|! -&#,|& {|*+|$y|& gy|*3z| #|!&| j(x&&-&~ |0!+,!|*|& #x&&F m'* {|* gy|*3z| !+, {!| ^|${+,3*#| -% +' ~*4C|*D "| ~*4C|* x& {|* y|,*|5|&{|& j,|$$| {x+ ',|&,!x$~|}3$$| !+,D %!, x&{|*|& n '*,|&D "| |&~|* +!z {!| r)-!(',|&,!x$$!&!|& 2-+x%%|&{*3&~|&F a& YyyF JFKH x !+, |!& jz&!,, {-*z {!| r)-!(',|&,!x$3z|& -% |!&| ~|$x{|&| j(!,2| ~|2|!z&|,D {!| |!&|* |&,E

(a)

--5 --4 --3 --2 --1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5

P1

(b)

--5 --4 --3 --2 --1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5

P2

P1

P2

(c)

c%%P TPUR J$K }48,327(17,$/O 81' h(/'/,1,(1 =:,6&+(1 326,7,9 *(/$'(1(5 r/$77( 81' 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(5 u3,7=(P J%K w1*(/$'(1( o(7$//.8*(/ ,0 +202*(1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'N 2+1( d(5@&.O 6,&+7,*81* '(5 k198(1=/$'81*(1N J&K 0,7 d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* '(5 k198(1=/$'81* )@5 '$6 (/(.7O 5267$7,6&+( i/(,&+*(:,&+7P

TPU r27(17,$/N u3$1181*

XS

*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1(1 r/$77( *(*(1@%(567(+7P f,( }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 '5>1*(1 6,&+ $1 '(5 u3,7=(N $1 '(5 ',( h(/'67>5.( 0$;,0$/ ,67 81' $1 '(5 ',( 0(,67(1 h(/'/,1,(1 0@1'(1N (1* =86$00(1P o$1 6,(+7 $8&+ '(87/,&+N '$66 ',( h(/'/,1,(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 n(,7(52%(59>&+( 67(+(1P y,5 (5+$/7(1 (,1 +202*(1(6 h(/'N :(11 :,5 =:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 $8)*(/$'(1( *52M( o(7$//3/$77(1 3$5$//(/ =8(,1$1'(5 *(*(1@%(567(//(1 81' 921 '(1 819(50(,'/,&+(1 t$1'67?581*(1 $%6(+(1P k1 c%%P TPUR% ,67 (,1 u&+1,77 '85&+ '$6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 rS 81' rT %(67(+(1'( h(/' *(=(,&+1(7] '(5 6&+5$5,(57( m5(,6 ,1 '(5 o,77( 62// (,1( ,1 '$6 h(/' (,1*(%5$&+7( o(7$//.8*(/ '$567(//(1N 925 g,167(//81* '(6 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+76N $/62 %(925 n$'81*(1 '85&+ k198(1= 9(56&+2%(1 :85'(1P f,( h(/'O /,1,(1 J*(675,&+(/7K 9(5/$8)(1 3$5$//(/ 81' >48,',67$17 921 '(5 326,7,9(1 =8 '(5 1(O *$7,9(1 r/$77(P f,( }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 6,1' r$5$//(/(%(1(1 =8 rS 81' rTN 81' ,+5( u&+1,77( 0,7 '(5 |(,&+(1(%(1( 6,1' '85&+ ',( $86*(=2*(1(1 i(5$'(1 '$5*(67(//7P f,( r/$77( rT +$%( '$6 r27(17,$/ 1W xN ',( r/$77( rS '$6 r27(17,$/ 2W xP f,( $1 '(1 }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 $1*(6&+5,(%(1(1 |$+/(1 *(%(1 ',( '$=8*(+?5,*(1 r27(17,$/( $1P i>%( (6 .(,1( k198(1=N 62 :@5'(1 ',( h(/'O 81' }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 '85&+ ',( o(7$//.8*(/ 81*(67?57 +,1'85&+*(+(1P k1 y,5./,&+.(,7 $%(5 :(5'(1 ',( n$'81*(1 ,1 '(5 m8*(/ ,1)2/*( '(5 k198(1=:,5.81* *(75(117] '$'85&+ 1(+0(1 ',( r27(17,$/O 9>&+(1 81' ',( h(/'/,1,(1 (,1(1 9(5>1'(57(1 x(5/$8)N :,( ,+1 ',( c%%P TPUR& =(,*7P k1 c%%P TPUS ,67 )@5 '(1 62(%(1 %(6352&+(1(1 h$// '$6 h(/'/,1,(1%,/' 1$&+ '(0 )5@+(5 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 x(5)$+5(1 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7P o$1 6,(+7 '(87/,&+ ',( x(5=(5581* '(6 85635@1*/,&+(1 +202*(1(1 h(/'(6 '85&+ ',( ,1 '$6 h(/' *(%5$&+7( o(7$//.8*(/P g6 6,(+7 62 $86N $/6 2% ',( h(/'/,1,(1 '(6 85635@1*/,&+ +202*(1(1 h(/'(6 NN$86 '(5 w0*(%81* ,1 ',( m8*(/ +,1(,1*(=2*(1DD :@5'(1 81' $/6 2% 6,( NN'85&+ ',( m8*(/ +,1'85&+*,1*(1DDP v$76>&+/,&+ (1'(1 6,( %(, '(5 1(*$7,9(1 k198(1=/$'81* 81' %(O *,11(1 :,('(5 %(, '(5 326,7,9(1P f$6 +,(5 )@5 ',( m8*(/ i(6$*7( *,/7 6(/%679(567>1'/,&+ $8&+ )@5 -('(1 %(/,(%,* *(67$/7(7(1 n(,7(5P u7(76 %,/'(7 6,&+N :(11 (5 ,1 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' *(%5$&+7 :,5'N $8) ,+0 (,1( 1(875$/( |21( $86N ',( )5(, 921 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 ,67] 81' $8) '(1 %(,'(1 '85&+ ',( 1(875$/( |21( *(75(117(1 v(,/(1 6$00(/1 6,&+ ',( (,1$1'(5 (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7(1 k198(1=/$'81*(1 $1P f$%(, +>1*7 ',( i5?M( ',(6(5 ,198(1=,(57(1 g/(.75,=,7>760(1*(1 62:2+/ 921 '(5 u7>5.( '(6 ,198(1=,(5(1'(1 h(/'(6 $/6 $8&+ 921 '(5 h250 81' i5?M( '(6 %(75(5(1'(1 n(,7(56 $%P

c%%P TPUS x(5=(5581* (,1(6 +202*(1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 '85&+ (,1( +,1(,1*(O %5$&+7( 81*(/$'(1( o(7$//.8*(/ Jh(/'/,1,(1O %,/' 0,7 i5,(M ,1 ~/KP

XT

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

(a)

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

E

(b)

c%%P TPUT J$K g/(.75,6&+( f233(/3/$77(N J%K f233(/3/$77( ,1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'N '(66(1 h(/'/,1,(1 ',( r/$77( 6(1.5(&+7 75(5(1P

h(/'9(50(6681* 0,7 '(5 f233(/3/$77(P f,( f233(/3/$77( %(67(+7 $86 =:(, */(,&+*52O M(1N '@11(1 o(7$//6&+(,%(1N ',( $1 ,62/,(57(1 j$1'*5,5(1 %()(67,*7 6,1' J6,(+( c%%P TPUT$KP f,( %(,'(1 u&+(,%(1 :(5'(1 $8)(,1$1'(5 *(/(*7 81' $1 ',( =8 817(5O 68&+(1'( u7(//( '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 *(%5$&+7P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 9(56&+,(%7 n$'81*(1 ,0 o(7$// 62/$1*(N %,6 ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( ,0 o(7$// @%(5$// */(,&+ 18// ,67] '$6 :,5' '85&+ '(1 c8)%$8 921 k198(1=/$'81*(1 $1 '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+( (55(,&+7P k1 c%%P TPUT% ,67 '(5 h$// 6.,==,(57N :2 ',( h(/'/,1,(1 ',( '@11(1N $8)(,O 1$1'(5*(/(*7(1 r/$77(1 6(1.5(&+7 75(5(1 81' ',( *5?M70?*/,&+(1 k198(1=/$'81*(1 (1767(+(1N $8) '(5 (,1(1 u(,7( (,1( 326,7,9( n$'81* sN $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7( (,1( */(,&+ *52M( 1(*$7,9( 2sP v5(117 0$1 ',( r/$77(1 12&+ ,0 h(/'N 62 .$11 0$1 ',( i5?M( '(5 k198(1=/$'81* $8M(5+$/% '(6 h(/'(6 0,7 (,1(0 g/(.7520(7(5 0(66(1 81' '$0,7 $8) ',( u7>5.( '(6 h(/'(6 6&+/,(M(1P f,( k198(1=/$'81* s 81' ',( h/>&+( '(5 o(663/$77( c (5*(%(1 ',( (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* '(6 h(/'(6 $1 '(5 %(75(5(1'(1 u7(//(\ 878 3 sBc P

JTPWSK

d(67,0081* '(6 h(/'(6 ,0 t$80 =:,6&+(1 g/(.752'(1P u,1' )@5 ,5*(1'(,1( g/(.752O '(1Om217*85$7,21 1,&+7 ',( g/(.752'(1Or27(17,$/(N 621'(51 185 ',( $8) ',( g/(.7O 52'(1 p5P SN T" ," $8)*(%5$&+7(1 n$'81*60(1*(1 %(.$117N '$11 ,67 (6 ,0 $//*(O 0(,1(1 6(+5 6&+:,(5,*N '$6 6,&+ (,167(//(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' =:,6&+(1 '(1 g/(.752'(1 =8 %(5(&+1(1P f$=8 %(1?7,*7 0$1 ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( $8) '(1 g/(.752'(1N $1 '(5 $8&+ ',( k198(1=/$'81*(1 %(7(,/,*7 6,1'P i/@&./,&+(5:(,6( .2007 ',(6(5 h$// '(5 %(.$117(1 g/(.752'(1Op(772On$'81*(1 81' 81%(.$117(1 g/(.752'(1Or27(17,$/( ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 .$80 925P g6 ,67 (;3(5,0(17(// 9,(/ /(,&+7(5N '(1 g/(.752'(1 *(1$8 %(.$117( r27(17,$/( =8 *(%(1N $/6 ,+1(1 *(1$8 *(0(66(1( n$'81*60(1*(1 =8=8)@+5(1P c//(5',1*6 %(1?7,*7 0$1 '$=8 d$77(5,(1 2'(5 p(7=*(5>7(N ',( :>+/%$5(N 67$%,/( u3$1181*(1 /,()(51] t(,%81*6O 2'(5 k198(1=O o$6&+,1(1 6,1' '$)@5 1,&+7 *((,*1(7P o,7 925*(*(%(1(1 g/(.752'(1Or27(17,$/(1 .$11 '$6 r27(17,$/ 3J;N /7 0$1 '$'85&+N '$66 )@5 (,1( '$6 %(75$&+7(7( x2/80(1 806&+/,(M(1'( j@//9>&+( '$6 r27(17,$/ )(67*(/(*7 :,5'P v(,/( ',(6(5 j@//9>&+( 6,1' '85&+ g/(.752'(12%(59>O &+(1 *(*(%(1N )@5 ',( '$6 r27(17,$/ 925*(*(%(1 :,5'P h@5 ',( NNn@&.(1DD =:,6&+(1 '(1 g/(.752'(1 0866 $8) '(5 j@//9>&+( (,1 0?*/,&+67 3/$86,%/(5 J=P dP /,1($5(5K %(5O *$1* 921 (,1(0 r27(17,$/ =80 $1'(5(1 9(5)@*7 :(5'(1P u2%$/' ',( t$1'%(',1*81*(1 92//67>1',* )(67/,(*(1N .$11 '$6 r27(17,$/ 1$&+ i/P JTPWTK %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P |85 n?681* '(5 n$3/$&(Oi/(,&+81* *,%7 (6 ,7(5$7,9( ',*,7$/( x(5)$+5(1N ',( )@5 e20387(5352*5$00( *87 *((,*1(7 6,1'P f$6 o$6&+(1O 9(5)$+5(1 %(67(+7 ,0 (,1)$&+(1 h$// (,1(6 185 ,1 =:(, f,0(16,21(1 J=P dP ,1 ; 81' 1'(5/,&+(1 h(/'(6 '$5,1N '$66 @%(5 ',( ;1'(51P f$66 '$6 o$6&+(19(5)$+5(1 )81.7,21,(57N ,67 3+5( (,1( s8(//( Ju(1.(K '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6N $/62 '(5 u,7= 326,7,9(5 J1(*$7,9(5K n$'81*P o,7 (,1(5 o2',7.$7,21 '(6 =:(,O ',0(16,21$/(1 o$6&+(19(5)$+5(16 .$11 ',( 5$',$/( 81' $;,$/( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '5(,O ',0(16,21$/(5 527$7,2166&+(1On$'81*6',&+7( 1 %(5(&+1(1P w1' (,1( k17(*5$7,21 921 1 @%(5 ',( *(6$07( q%(59>&+( (,1(5 g/(.752'( (5*,%7 ',( $8)*(%5$&+7( p(772On$'81* sN ',( 6(/7(1 921 k17(5(66( ,67P

XV

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

g6 6(, +,(5 12&+0$/6 %(7217N '$66 $8&+ (,1( *((5'(7( g/(.752'( A $/6 h2/*( '(5 k198(1= A n$'81*(1 $1 ,+5(5 q%(59>&+( 75$*(1 .$11P c1'(56 +(580\ g6 .$11 $8&+ (,1 ,62/,(57 $8)*(67(//7(5 n(,7(5 ,1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' (,1 921 18// 9(56&+,('(1(6 r27(17,$/ +$%(1N 2%:2+/ 6,&+ '$5$8) 185 k198(1=/$'81*(1 0,7 '(5 u800( 18// %(O 71'(1P u,1' h(/'/,1,(1 2'(5 }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 1@7=/,&+(5a o$7+(0$7,6&+ %(75$&+7(7 6,1' 6,( $/6 =8(,1$1'(5 257+2*21$/( v5$-(.725,(1 */(,&+(50$M(1 =85 *5$76&+(1 f$567(//81* (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'(5 *((,*1(7P o$1 %(1?7,*7 1,&+7 %(,'(P r+5.( /,(*7 6(1.5(&+7 =8 '(1 }48,327(17,$//,1,(1N 7$1*(17,$/ =8 '(1 h(/'/,1,(1P f(5 d(75$* '(5 h(/'67>5.( (5*,%7 6,&+ %(, '(1 h(/'/,1,(1 $86 '(5 NNn,1,(1',&+7(DD ,1 :,//.@5/,&+(1 g,1+(,7(1] %(, (,1(0 }48,327(17,$//,1,(1Od,/' 0,7 %(.$117(0 c%%,/'81*60$M67$% *(1@*7 ',( f,5(5(1= '(5 r27(17,$/:(57( %(1$&+%$5O 7(5 n,1,(1 )@5 ',( g50,77/81* '(5 h(/'67>5.( ,1 x2/7Bo(7(5P r27(17,$//,1,(1N ',( '85&+ r27(17,$/=$+/(1 *(.(11=(,&+1(7 6,1'N %5$8&+(1 1,&+7 0,7 .2167$17(5 r27(17,$/',5(O 5(1= =:,6&+(1 %(1$&+%$57(1 n,1,(1 *(=(,&+1(7 =8 :(5'(1] '$6 .$11 ,1 9,(/(1 h>//(1 *@167,* 6(,1P y(*(1 ',(6(5 x257(,/( ,67 ',( f$567(//81* 921 }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 1@7=O /,&+(5 $/6 ',( 921 h(/'/,1,(1P n(7=7(5( 6,1' (,*(17/,&+ 185 '85&+ ,+5( NNu,&+7%$50$O &+81*DD 62 3238/>5 *(:25'(1P |80 c%6&+/866 ',(6(5 f,6.866,21 :,5' ,1 c%%P TPUU (,1 ,16758.7,9(6 }48,327(1O 7,$//,1,(1Od,/' *(=(,*7N ,1 '(0 $%6,&+7/,&+ ',( r27(17,$/',5(5(1=(1 =:,6&+(1 %(1$&+O %$57(1 n,1,(1 9$5,,(57 :85'(1\ d(*,11(1' 0,7 '(0 p8//327(17,$/ '(5 n2&+%/(1'( %(75$*(1 ',( r27(17,$/',5(5(1=(1 =8(567 -( (,10$/ RPS 81' RP[ xN '$1$&+ 0(+50$/6 SN X 2'(5 UR xP f$6 h(/' 817(5+$/% '(5 n2&+%/(1'( ,67 62 6&+:$&+N '$66 (6 '85&+ h(/'/,1,(1 .$80 '$567(//%$5 ,67P

150 120 90 60 30 12 6

0

1

0.1

c%%P TPUU h(/' (,1(5 *((5'(7(1 n2&+%/(1'( 925 (,1(5 (%(1(1 $8)*(/$'(1(1 r/$77(P o$1 6,(+7N :,( ',( r27(17,$/9>&+(1 '85&+ '$6 n2&+ ,1 '(1 t$80 +,1(,148(//(1N '(5 2+1( '$6 n2&+ )(/')5(, :>5(P

TPU r27(17,$/N u3$1181*

XW

TPUPU f,32/( 81' f,32/6&+,&+7(1N o8/7,32/( y,( 6&+21 ,1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 $1*('(87(7 81' 63>7(5 Jm$3P SUK $86)@+5/,&+(5 '$5O *(67(//7 :,5'N 6,1' f,32/( ,0 *(6$07(1 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 >8M(567 :,&+7,*P y,5 %(+$1'(/1 =8(567 '(1 3(50$1(17(1 f,32/ 81' '$1$&+ '(1 ,1'8=,(57(1 f,32/N 62:,( ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 81' f,32/(1 %(,'(5 c57(1P |:(, ',&+7 %(,O (,1$1'(5/,(*(1'( 3/$1O3$5$//(/( g%(1(1N 921 '(1(1 ',( (,1( 326,7,9 81' ',( $1'(5( 1(*$7,9 $8)*(/$'(1 ,67N (5*(%(1 (,1( f,32/6&+,&+7N ',( (%(1)$//6 (,1 :,&+7,*(6 o2'(// )@5 7$76>&+/,&+ 925.200(1'( n$'81*69(57(,/81*(1 ,67 Jc%6&+1P ZPTKP r(50$1(17(5 f,32/P f$5817(5 9(567(+7 0$1 =:(, */(,&+*52M( n$'81*(1 (17*(*(1O *(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(16 JsS 3 sN sT 32sK ,0 )(67(1 c%67$1' sP f$6 f,32/020(17 ,67 '(71,(57 $/6 '$6 r52'8.7 921 n$'81* 81' c%67$1'N :2%(, '(5 c%67$1' (,1 921 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 =85 326,7,9(1 n$'81* *(5,&+7(7(5 n>1*(19(.725 ,67\ ]3sTP

JTPWVK

y(11 0$1 921 '(1 r81.7/$'81*(1 =8 .217,18,(5/,&+ 9(57(,/7(1 n$'81*(1 0,7 '(1 t$80/$'81*6',&+7(1 |1J_K 81' |2J_K =85 d(6&+5(,%81* 921 326,7,9 81' 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 NNy2/.(1DD @%(5*(+7N '$11 .$11 0$1 6,&+ ',( 326,7,9( 81' ',( 1(*$7,9( i(6$07/$'81* ,1 '(1 n$'81*66&+:(5381.7(1 '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 y2/.( /2.$/,6,(57 92567(//(1 81' '$11 :,( 0,7 r81.7/$'81*6',32/(1 9(5)$+5(1P f,( 5(68/7,(5(1'( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7N ',( 62 (,1 f,32/ ,1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 8 (5)>+57N (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 u800( '(5 $1 sS 81' sT $1*5(,)(1'(1 m5>)7(P k0 +202*(1(1 h(/' ,67 ',( 5(68/7,(5(1'( m5$)7 18//P n,(*7 '(5 f,32/ $%(5 1,&+7 6&+21 ,1 h(/'5,&+781*N '$11 6,1' ',( m5>)7( 9S 3 sS 8 81' 9T 3 sT 8 =:$5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+N $%(5 6,( /,(*(1 1,&+7 0(+5 $8) (,1(5 i(5$'(1N 621'(51 6,1' 6(,7/,&+ 9(56(7=7 0,7 '(0 c%67$1' s 6 6,1& J& 3 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 ] 81' 8KP u,( (5*(%(1 (,1 m5>)7(3$$5N '$6 '(0 f5(+020(17 J72548(K G 3 ]48

JTPWWK

(17635,&+7 81' '$6 (,1(1 %(:(*/,&+(1 f,32/ ,1 ',( h(/'5,&+781* '5(+7N )$//6 ',( f5(+O %(:(*81* '85&+ t(,%81* *('>03)7 :,5'] ,0 81*('>03)7(1 h$// 6&+:,1*7 '(5 f,32/ 80 ',( n$*( & 3 RP f,( 327(17,(//( g1(5*,( (,1(6 3(50$1(17(1 f,32/6 ,0 +202*(1(1 gOh(/' (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 y,1.(/,17(*5$7,21 @%(5 '(1 d(75$* '(6 f5(+020(17(6 3g 6,1&\ y3 3 g&R 3g 6,1& '& 3 3g JS2&26&K P

JTPWXK

f,(6( i/(,&+81* (17635,&+7 (,1(0 :,//.@5/,&+ *(:>+/7(1 p8//381.7 '(5 327(17,(//(1 g1(5*,( %(, & 3 R] '$ ,00(5 185 f,5(5(1=(1 '(5 327(17,(//(1 g1(5*,( 3++57 '(5 f,32/ (,1( 5(68/7,(5(1'( m5$)7\ c1*(1200(1N '(5 f,32/ =(,*7 ,1 1;Ot,&+781* 81' '$6 h(/' $0 q57 '(5 326,7,9(1 n$'81* :(,&+7

XX

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

80 J'8B';K s 920 h(/' $0 q57 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* $%P f$11 6,1' ',( $8) ',( %(,'(1 f,32//$'81*(1 :,5.(1'(1 m5>)7( 91 81' 92 $17,3$5$//(/ =8(,1$1'(5 81' ',( 5(68/7,(5(1'( m5$)7 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ 9 3 91 192 3 s J'8B';K s N 81' 0,7 s 6 s 3 3 (5*,%7 6,&+ 9 3 3 J'8B';K P

JTPWYK

o,7 '(0 v5,&.N ',( t,&+781* '(6 f,32/020(176 ] =85 1;Ot,&+781* =8 0$&+(1N +$%(1 :,5 ',( o$7+(0$7,. :(6(17/,&+ 9(5(,1)$&+7P g/(*$17(5 ,67 (6 $//(5',1*6N ',( h250(/ )@5 ',( m5$)7 2+1( ',(6( j,/)6.225',1$7( =8 )2508/,(5(1N 81' 67$77 '(66(1 ',( t,&+781* '(6 x(.7256 ] 6(/%67 =8 187=(1P f$6 )@+57 =8 '(0 x(.725*5$',(17(1 0,7 '(0 ',( m5$)7 $8) (,1(1 f,32/ ,0 ,1+202*(1(1 h(/' :,( )2/*7 $86*('5@&.7 :,5'\ 9 3 J ] 6 *3 8 P

JTPWZK

f(5 q3(5$725(1Oh$.725 ,1 m/$00(51N 0,7 '(0 -('( m20321(17( '(6 x(.7256 8 =8 08/7,3/,=,(5(1 ,67N /$87(7 $86*(6&+5,(%(1 ] 6 * 3 3;

< < < 1 3< 1 3= N 48,9$/(17 A ',( 6.$/$5( c'',7,21 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 r27(17,$/( %(,'(5 n$O '81*(1 81' ',( $16&+/,(M(1'( i5$',(17(1%,/'81*P r27(17,$/ (,1(6 f,32/6P g6 :,5' (,1 ,1 1=Ot,&+781* $86*(5,&+7(7(5 f,32/ 0,7 6(,1(5 o,77( ,0 m225',1$7(1Ow563581* $1*(1200(1 Jc%%P TPUVKP f(5 c%67$1' 5 =80 r81.7 r 6(, *52M *(*(1@%(5 '(5 f,32//>1*( sP f,( =:(, (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+(1 381.7)?50,*(1 n$'81*(1 s 81' 2s %(:,5.(1 ,0 r81.7 r '$6 r27(17,$/ s S S s 5T 25S 2 3 P JTPXRK 3f,32/ 3 V@ &R 5S 5T V@ &R 5S 5T

0

1

j,(5 6,1' 5S 81' 5T ',( c%67>1'( '(5 %(,'(1 n$'81*(1 920 r81.7 rP h@5 5 + s *(/7(1 ',( p>+(581*(1 5S 5T . 5 T 81' 5T 25S . s &26& N

JTPXSK

TPU r27(17,$/N u3$1181*

XY

P

r1 r +Q

l

r2

ϑ

O

c%%P TPUV |85 d(5(&+181* '(6 r27(17,$/6 (,1(6 f,32/6P

--Q

:2%(, & '(5 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 f,32/020(17 3 81' t$',869(.725 5 ,67P u20,7 (5+$/7(1 :,5 '$6 t(68/7$7 3f,32/ 3

S 3 &26& P V@ &R 5 T

JTPXTK

h(/'67>5.( (,1(6 f,32/6P y(11 :,5 ',( t,&+781* '(6 f,32/6 $/6 =Oc&+6( 1(+0(1N %(1?7,*(1 :,5 =85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 h(/'67>5.( :(*(1 '(5 u5.( g ,1 5$',$/(5 t,&+781*N '85&+ ',( d(=,(+81* g5 32

1*(1',5(5(17,$/ 55.( (5*,%7 6,&+ =8 gf,32/ 3 |g5T 1g&T 3 3 |V &26T &16,1T & V@ &R 5 U 3 3 |U &26T &1SP V@ &R 5 U

JTPXWK

f$6 h(51)(/' (,1(6 f,32/6 ,67 ,1 c%%P TPUW '$5*(67(//7P f,( 9(57,.$/( q5,(17,(581* '(6 f,32/6 (17635,&+7 '(5 921 c%%P TPUV :>+5(1' ',( c%%P TPS[% '$6 p$+)(/' (,1(6 +25,=217$/(1N 1$&+ /,1.6 *(5,&+7(7(1 f,32/6 =(,*7P

XZ

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

p

c%%P TPUW

h(51)(/' (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 f,32/6P f(5 x(.725 ] 67(//7 '$6 f,32/020(17 '$5P

k1'8=,(57(5 f,32/P f$6 f,32/020(17 (,1(6 ,1'8=,(57(1 f,32/6 /,(*7 ,00(5 ,1 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 /2.$/(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 81' ,67 '(5 h(/'67>5.( 3523257,21$/\ ]3"8P

JTPXXK

f,( m2167$17( " ,67 ',( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 J32/$5,=$%,/,7/7 '(5 u7$% $1 6(,1(1 u7,519>O &+(1 k198(1=/$'81*(1N ',( ,+1 =8 (,1(0 f,32/ 0$&+(1P f,(6( n$'81*(1 (5=(8*(1 (,1 h(/'N '$6 '$6 $1*(/(*7( h(/' ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 u7$%(6 .203(16,(57P f(6+$/% ,67 6(,1 f,32/020(17 3523257,21$/ =85 $1*(/(*7(1 h(/'67>5.(N ',( 2+1( c1:(6(1+(,7 '(6 u7$%(6 (;,67,(5(1 :@5'(P f,( =85 u,&+7%$50$&+81* (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'(5 %(187=7(1 i5,(M.?51(5 6,1' =:$5 .(,1( n(,7(5N 6,( 6,1' $%(5 :(*(1 ,+5(5 r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ &5 #S ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 32/$5,6,(5%$5 Jc%6&+1P SUPTKP u2 (1767(+(1 ,1 '(1 m?51(51 ./(,1( ,1'8=,(57( f,32/(N ',( 3$5$//(/ =80 gOh(/' $86*(5,&+7(7 6,1'P k1 '(5 p>+( '(5 f,32/On$'81*(1 :,5' '$6 /2.$/( gOh(/' '85&+ ',( %(5/$*(581* '(6 920 f,32/ Ji5,(M.251K 6(/%67 (5O =(8*7(1 h(/'(6 9(567>5.7 J9*/P '$=8 c%%P TPUT 0,7 '(5 o(7$//.8*(/N ',( '85&+ k198(1= =80 f,32/ :85'(KP u,1' 9,(/( 62/&+( f,32/( ,1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7N '$11 6,('(/1 6,( 6,&+ %(925=8*7 62 $1N '$66 ,+5( 925=(,&+(1O81*/(,&+(1 f,32/Og1'(1 1$+( %(,(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1P f$6 )@+57 =8 i5,(M.251Om(77(1N ',( '(1 g,1'58&. 921 NNh(/'/,1,(1DD +(5925O 58)(1P m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 n$'81* 81' f,32/P g,1 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/N '(5 ,1 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 921 (,1(5 J381.7)?50,*(1K n$'81* (5=(8*7(1 h(/'(6 /,(*7N (5)>+57 1$&+ i/P JTPWYK ',( m5$)7 s _ Ts _ < 323 P JTPXYK 933 T V@ &R 5 U 5 M i/P JTPWXK '85&+ "8 =8 (56(7=(1P o,7 '(5 SB5TOc%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 921 '(5 n$'81* (5=(8*7(1 h(/'67>5.( )2/*7 )@5 ',( m5$)7 (,1( r523257,21$/,7>7 =8 52WP m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 f,32/(1P |8(567 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1(1 )(/'(5=(8*(1'(1 3(50$1(17(1 f,32/ ] 81' 6(,1( y,5.81* $8) $1'(5( 3(50$1(17( f,32/( ,0 c%67$1' 5 Jc%%P TPUXKP u7$77 (,1( $//*(0(,1( d(=,(+81* )@5 %(/,(%,*( y(57( '(6 y,1.(/6 & +(5=8/(,7(1N %(6&+5>1.(1 :,5 816 $8) ',( h>//( & 3 R Jf,32/ ]SK 81' @BT Jf,32/ ]TKP d(,'( f,32/( 6,1' 3$5$//(/ =80 /2.$/(1 h(/' $86*(5,&+7(7N 81' 80 ',( 5(68/7,(5(1'( m5$)7 ,0 ,1O +202*(1(1 h(/' =8 %(5(&+1(1N 0866 1$&+ i/P JTPWYK (17/$1* '(6 f,32/6 ',5(5(1=,(57 :(5'(1P k0 h$// JSK ,67 /(,&+7 (,1=86(+(1N '$66 185 g5 ',5(5(1=,(57 :(5'(1 0866N :(,/ ',( c%/(,781* 921 g& :(*(1 6,1& 3 R 9(56&+:,1'(7P f(5 h$// JTK ,67 .203/,O =,(57(5\ f$ 1$&+ +5(1' ',( c%/(,781* 921 g& 0,7 '(0 e26,186 9(56&+:,1'(7P f,32/ S 89S 8 3 sS J7 =8 52VP h@5 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( ,0 h(/' (,1(6 3(50$1(17(1 f,32/6N '$6 3523257,21$/ =8 52U ,67N :,5' ',( m5$)7 3523257,21$/ =8 52JV1UK 3 52YP y,( (6 0?*/,&+ ,67N '$66 ,0 h$// JTK (,1( m5$)7 ,1 5$',$/(5 t,&+781* =867$1'( .2007N 2%:2+/ g5 $0 q57 921 ]T '(1 y(57 18// +$7N ,67 ,1 c%%P TPUY =85 x(5$1O 6&+$8/,&+81* $1 (,1(0 (;75(0 *52M(1 f,32/ '$5*(67(//7P c%6&+/,(M(1' 6,1' ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 c%67$1'6$%+>1*,*.(,7(1 ,1 v$%P TPT =86$0O 0(1*()$667P

v$%P TPT

m5>)7( =:,6&+(1 n$'81*(1N 3(50$1(17(1 81' ,1'8=,(57(1 f,32/(1P

y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 c 81' d

g;321(17 '(6 t$',86 ,1 h250(/ )@5

c

d

m5$)7

r27(17,$/

n$'81* n$'81* n$'81* 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/ 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/

n$'81* 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/ ,1'8=,(57(5 f,32/ 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/ ,1'8=,(57(5 f,32/

2T 2U 2W 2V 2Y

2S 2T 2V 2U 2X

k1 '(5 /(7=7(1 u3$/7( '(5 v$%(//( ,67 $8&+ ',( 5Oc%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 r27(17,$/6 $1*(*(%(1P r27(17,$/ 81' y(&+6(/:,5.81*6(1(5*,( (5*(%(1 6,&+ $86 '(0 y(*,17(*5$/ @%(5 ',( m5$)7N (5675(&.7 921 NN81(1'/,&+DD %,6 =80 c%67$1' 5P f(6+$/% (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 '$6 r27(17,$/ (,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 m5$)7 80 S (5+?+7(5 g;321(17 '(6 t$',86 5P

TPU r27(17,$/N u3$1181*

YS

n ade den gel v gela v i t i t a i neg pos x

c%%P TPUZ n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7 0,7 u&+,&+7$%67$1' '] 6(1.5(&+7 =85 ;Oc&+6(P

d

f,32/6&+,&+7P f$5817(5 0866 0$1 6,&+ (,1( g%(1( 92567(//(1N ',( 0,7 =8(,1$1'(5 3$5$//(/(1N 6(1.5(&+7 =85 g%(1( 25,(17,(57(1 f,32/(1 ',&+7 %(/(*7 ,67P f,( f,32/02O 0(17Of,&+7( '(5 g%(1( +$7 ',( f,0(16,21

0

1

Jn$'81* 6 c%67$1'K n$'81* 6 c%67$1' P 3 h/>&+( h/>&+( f(6+$/% />667 6,&+ ',( f,32/6&+,&+7 $8&+ $/6 (,1( n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7 0,7 '(0 c%67$1' ' =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1(1 u&+,&+7(1 Jc%%P TPUZK $85$66(1P |:(, 3/$1O3$5$//(/( o(7$//3/$77(1 ,0 c%67$1' 'N $8)*(/$'(1 0,7 */(,&+ *52M(1 n$'81*(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(16 %,/'(1 $1 ,+5(1 *(*(1@%(567(+(1O '(1 q%(59>&+(1 (,1( 62/&+( n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7 $86P y(11 ',( c%0(6681*(1 '(5 r/$77(1 9,(/ *5?M(5 6,1' $/6 '(5 c%67$1' 'N '$11 .$11 0$1 1>+(581*6:(,6( $11(+0(1N '$66 6,&+ =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 (,1 +202*(1(6 h(/' $86%,/'(7 81' '$66 $8M(5+$/% '(5 r/$77(1 '$6 h(/' 18// ,67 Jt$1'67?581*(1 9(51$&+/>66,*7KP f$6 +(,M7N '$66 6,&+ ',( *(6$07( n$'81* '(5 r/$77(1 $8) '(1 ,11(5(1 q%(59>&+(1 %(71'(7 81' (,1( +202*(1( h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( 1 3 sBc J0,7 s 3 n$'81*N c 3 h/>&+(K $86%,/'(7P |:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 /,(*7 '$6 +202*(1( (/(.7O 5,6&+( h(/' g 3 1B&R P

JTPX[K

c8M(5+$/% '(5 n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7 (;,67,(57 .(,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/'P g17/$1* '(5 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 f233(/6&+,&+7 67(+(1'(1 ;Oc&+6( >1'(57 6,&+ '$6 r27(17,$/ 185 ,11(5+$/% '(5 f233(/6&+,&+7N :2 (6 /,1($5 921 J2K 1$&+ J1K $167(,*7P f,( r27(1O 7,$/',5(5(1= ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+\ 3J1KOu(,7( 23J2KOu(,7( 3 g' 3 w P

JTPYRK

d(, '(1 f,32/6&+,&+7(1 ,67 0(,67 (,1( 9(56&+:,1'(1' *(5,1*( u&+,&+7',&.( *(*(%(1P f(6+$/% ,17(5(66,(57 1,&+7N :$6 ,11(5+$/% '(5 u&+,&+7 3$66,(57N 621'(51 :$6 925 81' +,17(5 '(5 u&+,&+7 $1'(56 ,67P c//*(0(,1 *,/7\ d(,0 f85&+*$1* '85&+ (,1( f,32/6&+,&+7 75,77 (,1 r27(17,$/63581* $8)P f,( u3$1O 181* '(5 f,32/6&+,&+7 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ w 3 J1B&RK ' 3 JpfBcK 3B&R N

JTPYSK

YT

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

:2%(, JpfBcK ',( h/>&+(1',&+7( '(5 f,32/( ,67P f,32/6&+,&+7(1 75(7(1 =P dP $1 i5(1=O 9>&+(1 921 o(7$//(1 $8) Jc%6&+1P ZPTKP g6 *,%7 $8&+ ,1'8=,(57( f,32/6&+,&+7(1 %=:P n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7(1\ l('( o(O 7$//3/$77(N ',( ,1 (,1 6(1.5(&+7 =8 ,+5(5 q%(59>&+( 67(+(1'(6 gOh(/' *(%5$&+7 :,5'N %,/'(7 '85&+ k198(1= $1 ,+5(1 q%(59>&+(1 (,1( n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7 $86] '$6 h(/' '(5 n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7 ,67 '(0 >8M(5(1 h(/' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+N 62'$66 ,0 k11(5(1 '(5 o(7$//3/$77( '$6 gOh(/' 9(56&+:,1'(7P o8/7,32/(P |:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+( n$'81*(1N ',( 5>80/,&+ %(1$&+%$57 6,1'N $%(5 1,&+7 =86$00(1)$//(1N %,/'(1 (,1(1 f,32/P y$6 %,/'(1 =:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+(N %(1$&+%$57( f,32/(a g,1(1 s8$'5832/C f$6 u&+(0$ />667 6,&+ $8) q.7232/(N j(;$'(.$32/(N 8P6P:P (5:(,7(51P j,(5 *(1@*(1 ',( s8$'5832/( Jc%%P TPU[KP g,1=(/1( n$'81*(1 1(117 0$1 ,1 ',(6(0 |86$00(1+$1* o21232/(P y(11 0$1 (,1( %(/,(%,*(N 5>80/,&+ $8) (,1 %(*5(1=7(6 x2/80(1 .21=(175,(57( n$O '81*69(57(,/81* %(75$&+7(7N ',( $8) (,1 m8*(/92/80(1 0,7 t$',86 5m %(6&+5>1.7 ,67N '$11 /$66(1 6,&+ @%(5 ',( c%67$1'6$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 r27(17,$/6 ',(6(5 n$'81*69(5O 7(,/81* ,1 *52M(5 g17)(5181* 5 + 5m (,1,*( ,17(5(66$17( c866$*(1 0$&+(1\ A y(11 ',( 925=(,&+(1*(5(&+7( u800( '(5 n$'81*69(57(,/81* J'$6 x2/80(1,17(*5$/ @%(5 ',( n$'81*6',&+7(K 1,&+7 18// ,67N '$11 /,(*7 (,1 o21232/ 925P h@5 +,15(,&+(1' *52M( c%67>1'( J5 + 5mK :,5' '$6 r27(17,$/ '(5 n$'81*69(57(,/81* '85&+ '(1 o2O 1232/ '20,1,(57 81' '(6+$/% 3523257,21$/ =8 52SP f,( i5?M( '(6 ,627523(1 r2O 7(17,$/6 :,5' '85&+ '$6 6.$/$5( NNo21232/020(17DD J3 n$'81*K %(6&+5,(%(1P A k67 ',( u800( '(5 n$'81*(1 18//N $%(5 )$//(1 ',( u&+:(5381.7( '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* 1,&+7 =86$00(1N '$11 /,(*7 (,1 f,32/ 925P d(, c%:(6(1+(,7 (,1(6 o21232/6 :,5' '$6 r27(17,$/ '(5 n$'81*69(57(,/81* ,1 +,15(,&+(1' *52M(1 c%67>1'(1 920 f,32/ '20,1,(57 81' '(6+$/% 3523257,21$/ =8 52TP f$6 9(.725,(//( f,32/020(17 %(6&+5(,%7 i5?M( 81' t,&+781*6$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 r27(17,$/6P A y(11 ',( i(6$07/$'81* 18// ,67 81' ',( u&+:(5381.7( '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* =86$00(1)$//(1N $%(5 ',( x(57(,/81*(1 '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$O '81* 6,&+ =P dP :,( ,1 c%%P TPU[ 6.,==,(57 817(56&+(,'(1N '$11 /,(*7 (,1 s8$'5832/ 925P d(, c%:(6(1+(,7 921 o21232/ 81' f,32/ '20,1,(57 (5 '$6 r27(17,$/ '(5 n$'81*69(57(,/81* ,1 +,15(,&+(1' *52M(1 c%67>1'(1 0,7 '(5 r523257,21$/,7>7 52UP f,( d(6&+5(,%81* 921 i5?M( 81' t,&+781*6$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 r27(17,$/6 ,67 +,(5 12&+ .203/,=,(57(5 $/6 %(,0 f,32/] '$6 s8$'5832/020(17 ,67 0$7+(0$7,6&+ (,1 v(1625 J9*/P s8$'5832/020(17 '(6 c720.(516\ d'P VN m$3P S 81' VKP

Ú--

Ú+ Ú--

Ú+

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

c%%P TPU[ u&+(0$7,6&+ 6.,==,(57( s8$'5832/( $86 r81.7/$'81*(1 J$N%K 2'(5 t$80/$'81*6O :2/.(1 J&N'KP

TPV m$3$=,7>7

YU

y,( ,1 n(+5%@&+(51 '(5 7+(25(7,6&+(1 g/(.752'80/,&+ %(*5(1=7(1 n$'81*69(57(,O /81* '$567(//(1 $/6 u800( 921 o21232/Or27(17,$/ 1 f,32/Or27(17,$/ 1 s8$'5832/O r27(17,$/ 1 "P o$1 635,&+7 921 o8/7,32/Og17:,&./81* 2'(5 921 NNg17:,&./81* 1$&+ o20(17(1DDP

TPV m$3$=,7>7 TPVPS |:(,/(,7(5OuM,* @%(5 $//( t,&+781*(1K 9(57(,/7P f(5 %(75$&+7(7( m21'8.725 6(, (,1( o(7$//.8*(/ 0,7 '(0 t$',86 5m 81' '(5 J32O 6,7,9(1K n$'81* sP r27(17,$/ 81' h(/'67>5.( 6,1' $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 t$',$/$%67$1'6 5 ,1 c%%P TPTZ )@5 s 3 S 1e 81' 5m 3 S 0 '$5*(67(//7P m8*(/)?50,*( m21'8.725(1 :85'(1 6&+21 6(,7 (7:$ SYVR ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 g/(.7O 5,6,(50$6&+,1(1 =85 c16$00/81* '(5 n$'81* 9(5:(1'(7P f,( NNu7>5.(DD 921 h81O .(1(17/$'81*(1 :>&+67 0,7 '(0 m8*(/5$',86P f$6 /,(*7 (,10$/ $1 '(5 '85&+ u35@+O 81' m2521$Og17/$'81* %(*5(1=7(1 u3,7=(163$1181*N ',( 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 m5@0O 081*65$',86 $167(,*7 81' +?+(5( h81.(1Ou&+/$*:(,7(1 (50?*/,&+7N $%(5 (6 /,(*7 $8&+ $1 '(1 *5?M(5(1 *(63(,&+(57(1 n$'81*60(1*(1N ',( '(1 m1$// '(5 h81.(1 9(567>5.(1 81' %(, g17/$'81*(1 @%(5 '(1 m?53(5 '(6 g;3(5,0(17$7256 (17635(&+(1' 63@5%$5(5 :(5'(1P f,( *(63(,&+(57( n$'81*60(1*( (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 '(1 m8*(/.21'8.725 '85&+ w0O )25081* 921 i/P JTPVXK =8 s 3 V@ &R 5m w N

JTPYTK

:2%(, +,(5 ',( u3$1181* w )@5 ',( r27(17,$/',5(5(1= =:,6&+(1 m21'8.725 81' '(0 p8//327(17,$/ %(, 5 3 Z 67(+7P f,( r523257,21$/,7>7 '(5 *(63(,&+(57(1 n$'81* =85 $1*(/(*7(1 u3$1181* />667 6,&+ $//*(0(,1 )@5 $//( n(,7(5Om217*85$7,21(1 )(6767(//(1 J6,(+( 817(1KP f(6+$/% ,67 (6 6,1192//N (,1( i5?M( )@5 ',( n$'81*6Ou3(,&+(5)>+,*.(,7 NN352 x2/7DD =8 '(71,(5(1] '$6 ,67 ',( m$3$=,7>7 J&$3$&,7$1&(KN e 3 sBwN

JTPYUK

',( )@5 '(1 )5(,67(+(1'(1 m8*(/.21'8.725 0,7 t$',86 5m *(*(%(1 ,67 '85&+ em8*(/ 3 V@ &R 5m P

JTPYVK

f,( m$3$=,7>7 :,5' ,1 '(5 =8 g+5(1 h$5$'$&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

c%%P TPVR u(,)(1%/$6(1Oc125'181* =80 p$&+:(,6N '$66 ',( m$3$=,7>7 (,1(5 m8*(/ 0,7 '(0 t$',86 =81,007P

f$66 ',( m$3$=,7>7 (,1(5 m8*(/ 0,7 '(0 t$',86 =81,007N .$11 0$1 48$/,7$7,9 0,7 (,1(5 *(/$'(1(1 u(,)(1%/$6( =(,*(1N ',( 0$1 $0 817(5(1 g1'( (,1(6 $1 (,1(0 m8167672552+5 ,62/,(57 *(+$/7(1(1 o(7$//5?+5&+(16 (5=(8*7 Jc%%P TPVRKP c1 '(0 o(O 7$//52+5 6,1' =:(, g/(.7520(7(5%/>77&+(1 $86 u(,'(13$3,(5 %()(67,*7N '(5(1 c866&+/$* '(0 r27(17,$/ 3523257,21$/ ,67P o$1 />'7 =81>&+67 (,1( 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1( u(,)(1%/$6( 62 67$5. $8)N '$66 ',( d/>77&+(1 67$5. ',9(5*,(5(1] 9(5*5?M(57 0$1 '$11 '85&+ j,O 1(,1%/$6(1 921 n8)7 ',( u(,)(1%/$6(N 62 6,1.(1 ',( d/>77&+(1 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 d/$O 6(1'85&+0(66(5 ,00(5 :(,7(5 =86$00(1P f$6 r27(17,$/ '(5 *(/$'(1(1 d/$6( 6,1.7 $/62 $%N 81' '$ ',( n$'81* $8) ,+5 819(5>1'(57 %/(,%7N %('(87(7 ',(6 1$&+ i/P JTPYVK (,1( |81$+0( '(5 m$3$=,7>7P i,%7 0$1 ',( g,1%/$6(?5181* )5(,N 62'$66 6,&+ ',( u(,)(1%/$6( ,1)2/*( '(5 q%(59>&+(163$1181* =86$00(1=,(+(1 .$11N 62 67(,*7 0,7 $%1(+0(1'(0 t$',86N $/62 ./(,1(5 :(5'(1'(5 m$3$=,7>7N '$6 r27(17,$/ 81' '$0,7 '(5 c866&+/$* '(5 g/(.7520(7(5%/>77&+(1 :,('(5 $1P f,( n$'81*663(,&+(581* 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 m21'8.7256 ,67 1,&+7 6(+5 (5(.7,9P f,( u3$1181* .$11 1,&+7 %(/,(%,* (5+?+7 :(5'(1N 2+1( '$66 g17/$'81* ,1 '$6 80*(O %(1'( i$6 Jn8)7K (,16(7=7P g,1(5 x(5*5?M(581* '(6 t$',86 =85 u7(,*(581* 921 m$O 3$=,7>7 81' u3$1181*6)(67,*.(,7 6,1' .216758.7,9( 81' ?.2120,6&+( i5(1=(1 *(O 6(7=7P u(/%67 )@5 ',( g5'.8*(/ Jt$',86 . XVRR .0K (5*,%7 6,&+ NN185DD (,1( m$3$=,7>7 921 YRR =hP g5+?+81* '(5 m$3$=,7>7 0,7+,/)( '(5 k198(1=P x,(/ *5?M(5( m$3$=,7>7(1 6,1' (5=,(/%$5N :(11 0$1 1,&+7 185 n$'81*(1 (,1(6 x25=(,&+(16 63(,&+(57N 621'(51 ,00(5 */(,&+( o(1*(1 326,7,9(5 81' 1(*$7,9(5 n$'81* $8) =:(, n(,7(51 ',&+7 %(,(,1$1'(5N $%(5 *87 ,62/,(57 921(,1$1'(5N 62'$66 ',( n$'81*(1 6,&+ 1,&+7 1(875$/,6,(5(1 .?11(1P h@5 '(1 g;3(5,0(17$725 :>5( (6 6(+5 0@+6$0N '$)@5 625*(1 =8 0@66(1N '$66 u3(,&+(581* 81' g171$+0( ,00(5 ,1 */(,&+(1 o(1*(1 326,7,9(5 81' 1(*$7,9(5 n$'81* (5)2/*(1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 $%(5 $8720$7,6&+N :(11 (,1(5 '(5 n(,7(5 *((5'(7 :,5'P f$11 625*7 ',( k198(1= )@5 ',( */(,&+( o(1*( n$'81* '(6 $1'(5(1 x25=(,&+(16C f$6 )@+57 =80 m21'(16$725 J&$3$&,725K $/6 (,1( |:(,On(,7(5Oc125'181* =85 n$O '81*663(,&+(581*P f,( %(,'(1 n(,7(5 6(,(1 *87 ,62/,(57 81' 62 *()2507N '$66 '$6 %(,0 c1/(*(1 (,1(5 u3$1181* w (1767(+(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 92//67>1',* =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 /,(*7N 1,&+7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 '(6 m21'(16$7256 81' '(5 NNw0*(O %81*DDP d,/'/,&+ *(6352&+(1 0@66(1 $//( h(/'/,1,(1 $8) '(0 326,7,9 *(/$'(1(1 n(,7(5 %(*,11(1 81' $8) '(0 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 (1'(1] (6 '@5)(1 $/62 .(,1( h(/'/,1,(1 ,16 w1(1'/,&+( *(+(1C f$6 %('(87(7N ',( $8) '(1 %(,'(1 n(,7(51 %(71'/,&+(1 n$'81*(1

TPV m$3$=,7>7

YW

6,1' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+P f$%(, ,67 (6 81:(6(17/,&+N 2% ',(6( n$'81*(1 1$&+(,O 1$1'(5 $8) ',( n(,7(5 $8)*(%5$&+7 :85'(1N 2'(5 2% 185 (,1( g/(.752'( $8)*(/$'(1 :85'( 81' ',( $1'(5(N *((5'(7( g/(.752'( (,1( (17635(&+(1'( k198(1=/$'81* (5+,(/7P m8*(/.21'(16$725P f$6 ,67 ',( ,1 c%%P TPVS$ *(=(,*7( c125'181*P w0*,%7 0$1 (,1(1 0,7 '(5 n$'81* s $8)*(/$'(1(1 m8*(/.21'8.725 920 t$',86 5S 0,7 (,1(5 .21=(17O 5,6&+(1 *((5'(7(1 m8*(/6&+$/( 0,7 k11(15$',86 5TN '$11 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( ,0 t$',$/%(5(,&+ 5S ] 5 ] 5T ,00(5 12&+ ',(6(/%( :,( %(, '(0 )5(,67(+(1'(1 m8O *(/.21'8.725] *(>1'(57 +$7 6,&+ $%(5 '$6 r27(17,$/ '(5 m8*(/N :(,/ '$6 g5'327(17,$/ -(7=7 1,&+7 0(+5 %(, 5 3 ZN 621'(51 %(, 5 3 5T /,(*7 81' ',( u3$1181* w 6,&+ -(7=7 '85&+ '$6 h(/'67>5.(Ok17(*5$/ @%(5 (,1(1 ./(,1(5(1 t$',$/%(5(,&+ (5*,%7\ 5S

w 32 g 8 6 '_ 3 5T

0

1

s S S P 2 V@ &R 5S 5T

JTPYWK

f,( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 m8*(/.21'(16$7256 ,67 '(87/,&+ *5?M(5 $/6 ',( '(6 )5(,67(+(1'(1 m8*(/.21'8.7256N 1>0/,&+ em8*(/.21'P 3 V@ &R

5S 5T P 5T 25S

JTPYXK

|7 '(5 c86'58&.\ e|/71,66( %(, 3/$1O 3$5$//(/(1 r/$77(1N '(5(1 c%67$1' /(,&+7 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1 .$11 Jc%%P TPVT$KP f,( %(,O '(1 ,62/,(57(1 o(7$//3/$77(1N ',( $8) (,1(5 +25,=217$/(1 u&+,(1( *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(5O 6&+,(%%$5 6,1'N :(5'(1 =81>&+67 0?*/,&+67 :(,7 921(,1$1'(5 (17)(517N (,1( 921 ,+1(1 0,7 (,1(0 g/(.7520(7(5 9(5%81'(1 81' $8)*(/$'(1P f,( $1'(5( r/$77( 81' '$6 g/(.7O 520(7(5Oi(+>86( 6,1' *((5'(7P p>+(57 0$1 181 ',( $1'(5( 81*(/$'(1( r/$77( '(5 *(/$'(1(1 %,6 $8) (,1,*( o,//,0(7(5N 62 *(+7 '(5 g/(.7520(7(5$866&+/$* 67$5. =85@&.N 80 %(, g17)(5181* '(5 r/$77(1 921(,1$1'(5 :,('(5 '(1 $/7(1 y(57 $1=81(+0(1P f$6 +(,M7N '85&+ ',( k198(1=/$'81* $8) '(5 *((5'(7(1 r/$77( J81' .2167$17(5 n$'81* '(5 $1'(5(1 r/$77(K :,5' ',( u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 9(55,1*(57N $/62 ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(5 c125'181* (5+?+7 81' =:$5 8062 0(+5N -( 1>+(5 6,&+ ',( r/$77(1 .200(1P

(a)

(b)

c%%P TPVT J$K f(021675$7,216Or/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 /(,&+7 9(5>1'(5%$5(0 r/$77(1$%67$1'P J%K h(/'/,1,(1%,/' (,1(6 $8)*(/$'(1(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 0,7 *52M(0 r/$77(1$%67$1' J0$5O .$17(6 u75(8)(/'KP

y,&+7,* )@5 ',( m$3$=,7>76(5+?+81* ,67 '$6 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( x25=(,&+(1 '(5 n$O '81* $8) '(5 $1)$1*6 81*(/$'(1(1 r/$77(N 1,&+7 6(,1 |867$1'(.200(1 '85&+ k1O 98(1=P f$6 .$11 0$1 =(,*(1N ,1'(0 0$1 ',( =:(,7( r/$77( 1,&+7 (5'(7N 621'(51 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(0 x25=(,&+(1 $89>'7] $8&+ '$11 6,1.7 '(5 g/(.7520(7(5Oc866&+/$* (17635(&+(1' (,1(5 (5+?+7(1 m$3$=,7>7P u(+5 ,16758.7,9 ,67 )2/*(1'(5 i(*(19(568&+\ n>'7 0$1 ',( 9(56&+,(%%$5( =:(,7( r/$77( 0,7 */(,&+1$0,*(5 n$'81* :,( ',( (567( $8)N 62 75,77 %(,0 |86$00(16&+,(%(1 '(5 %(,'(1 r/$77(1 (,1( g5+?+81* '(6 g/(.7O 520(7(5Oc866&+/$*6 (,1] +,(5 :,5'N 80*(.(+57 :,( 925+(5N ',( m$3$=,7>7 9(5./(,1(57P h@5 ',( f(8781* '(6 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 f(021675$7,2169(568&+6 ,67 %(*5,5/,&+( m/$5O +(,7 :,&+7,*P u7$77 920 NNr27(17,$/DD '(5 (,1(1 r/$77( J81' '(6 g/(.7520(7(56K 5('(1 :,5 -(7=7 921 '(5 u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 J%=:P =:,6&+(1 g/(.7520(7(5 81' *((5'(7(0 i(+>86(KP f(5 g/(.7520(7(5Oc866&+/$* :,5' '85&+ ',( ,0 g/(.7520(7(5

TPV m$3$=,7>7

YY

%(71'/,&+( n$'81* sg %(:,5.7] $%(5 ',(6( ,67 =85 $1*(/(*7(1 u3$1181* 3523257,21$/N :(,/ ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 g/(.7520(7(56 eg (,1( .2167$17( i5?M( ,67\ sg 3 w 6 eg P

JTPYZK

f,( $8)*(%5$&+7( n$'81* s 9(57(,/7 6,&+ $8) r/$77( 81' g/(.7520(7(5N ',( (17635(O &+(1'( k198(1=/$'81* $8) ',( $1'(5( r/$77( 81' '$6 g/(.7520(7(5*(+>86(P d(, ',(6(5 NNr$5$//(/6&+$/781*DD $'',(5(1 6,&+ ',( m$3$=,7>7(1P f$6 +(,M7N ,1 '(5 d(=,(+81* e 3 sBw ,67 e ',( *(6$07( m$3$=,7>7 '(5 c125'181*N 81' ',( u3$1181* (5*,%7 6,&+ $/6 w 3 sBJer 1eg K P

JTPY[K

p85 62/$1*( :,( ',( g/(.7520(7(5Om$3$=,7>7 eg +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1 ,67 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 '(6 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 er N .$11 0$1 %(, x(5>1'(581* '(6 r/$77(1$%67$1'6 (,1( '(87/,&+( }1'(581* '(6 g/(.7520(7(5Oc866&+/$*6 (5:$57(1P y,( *52M ,67 181 ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256a f$6 ,1 c%%P TPVT% 6,&+7O %$5( ,1+202*(1( t$1')(/' :,5' )@5 c%67>1'( 'N ',( ./(,1 *(*(1 '(1 r/$77(1'85&+O 0(66(5 6,1'N 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5P f$11 *(/7(1 ',( */(,&+(1 d(=,(+81*(1 :,( )@5 ',( n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7\ 1 3 sBc 3 &R gN g' 3 w P

JTPZRK

f$5$86 )2/*7 62)257 ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(5 c125'181* =8 er 3 sBw 3 &R cB' P

JTPZSK

f,(6( h250(/ *,/7 $8&+ )@5 $//( $1'(5(1 n(,7(5Oh250(1N %(, '(1(1 '(5 c%67$1' ' +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1 ,67P u(7=7 0$1 %(,0 m8*(/.21'(16$725 5T 25S 3 ' * 5S 3 5N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( m$3$=,7>7 $86 i/P JTPZSK 0,7 c 3 V@ 5TP r$5$//(/'5$+7Oc125'181*P u&+/,(M/,&+ 67(//(1 $8&+ =:(, ,0 c%67$1' T' 3$5$//(/ =8O (,1$1'(5 *()@+57( f5>+7( J'(5 n>1*( sK 920 f85&+0(66(5 T5 (,1(1 m21'(16$725 '$5P k67 5 ./(,1 *(*(1 'N 62 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 ',( m$3$=,7>7 $1*(1>+(57 '(5 y(57\ er$5$//(/'5$+7 3 @ &2 sB/1J'B5K P

JTPZTK

h@5 'B5 3 SR (5+>/7 0$1 %(,63,(/6:(,6( er$5$//(/'5$+7 Bs . ST 3hB0P r$5$//(/O 81' t(,+(16&+$/781* 921 m21'(16$725(1P w0 *5?M(5( 2'(5 ./(,1(5( m$3$O =,7>7(1 =8 (5+$/7(1N .$11 0$1 0(+5(5( m21'(16$725(1 ,1 *((,*1(7(5 y(,6( =86$0O 0(16&+$/7(1] ',( ,1 '(5 c%%P TPVU$ *(=(,*7( x(5%,1'81* :,5' $/6 r$5$//(/6&+$/781* %(=(,&+1(7P f,( (,1=(/1(1 m21'(16$725(1 0?*(1 ',( m$3$=,7>7(1 eSN eTN "N e1 +$%(1] '$ 6,( $//( ',( */(,&+( u3$1181* w %(6,7=(1N 6,1' ',( $8) '(1 g,1=(/.21'(1O 6$725(1 6,7=(1'(1 g/(.75,=,7>760(1*(1\ sS 3 eS wN sT 3 eT wN " s1 3 e1 w P

JTPZUK

YZ

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5 C1

U1

U2

U U3

Un

C1

C2

C3

Cn

C2

C3 (a)

(b)

c%%P TPVU J$K r$5$//(/6&+$/781*N J%K t(,+(16&+$/781* 921 m21'(16$725(1P g,1)@+581* '(6 u&+$/7=(,&+(16 )@5 NNm21'(16$725DDP

c8) '(0 i(6$07.21'(16$725N '(66(1 m$3$=,7>7 e *(68&+7 :,5'N %(71'(7 6,&+ $/62 ',( g/(.75,=,7>760(1*( s 3 sS 1sT 1"1s1 3 JeS 1eT 1"1e1K w 3ewP

JTPZVK

c/62 *,/7 ',( i/(,&+81*\ e 3 eS 1eT 1"1e1 P

JTPZWK

d(, r$5$//(/6&+$/781* 921 m21'(16$725(1 $'',(5(1 6,&+ ',( m$3$=,7>7(1P g,1( =:(,7( u&+$/781*6$57 921 m21'(16$725(1 ,67 ',( t(,+(1O 2'(5 j,17(5(,1$1O '(56&+$/781* Jc%%P TPVU%KP j,(5 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( 5(68/7,(5(1'( m$3$=,7>7 $86 )2/*(1'(5 %(5/(*81*\ c0 *$1=(1 m21'(16$725 /,(*7 ',( u3$1181* w] 6,( 9(57(,/7 6,&+ $/62 -( 1$&+ '(1 v(,/.$3$=,7>7(1 eSN eT "N e1 $8) ',( g,1=(/.21'(16$725(1] ',( i(6$07O /$'81* '(6 m21'(16$7256 ,67 sP d(=(,&+1(1 :,5 ',( *(68&+7( i(6$07.$3$=,7>7 :,('(5 0,7 eN 62 ,67 $/62 s 3 e w 3 e JwS 1wT 1" w1KP

JTPZXK

f(11 1$&+ '(1 i(6(7=(1 '(5 k198(1= 75>*7 -('(5 v(,/.21'(16$725 ',( */(,&+( g/(.75,O =,7>760(1*( sP f,( u3$1181*(1N ',( $1 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 m21'(16$725(1 /,(*(1N 6,1' '85&+ )2/*(1'( i/(,&+81*(1 *(*(%(1\ wS 3 sBeSN

wT 3 sBeT N " w1 3 sBe1P

JTPZYK

u(7=7 0$1 ',(6( y(57( ,1 ',( 925+(5*(+(1'( i/(,&+81* (,1N 62 )2/*7 s3e

0

1

s s s 1 1" N e1 eS eT

JTPZZK

81' 1$&+ m@5=81* 921 s (5*,%7 6,&+ S S S S 3 1 1" P e eS eT e1

JTPZ[K

TPV m$3$=,7>7

Y[

d(, t(,+(16&+$/781* 921 m21'(16$725(1 $'',(5(1 6,&+ ',( m(+5:(57( '(5 m$3$=,O 7>7(1P f$6 %('(87(7N '$66 ',( 5(68/7,(5(1'( m$3$=,7>7 e 67(76 ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ',( ./(,167( '(5 ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7(1 v(,/.$3$=,7>7(1P f(5 x257(,/ '(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* 921 m21'(16$725(1 %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 $1 -('(0 (,1=(/1(1 m21'(16$725 185 (,1 d58&+7(,/ '(5-(1,*(1 u3$1181* /,(*7N 0,7 '(5 ',( *$1=( c125'181* $8)*(/$'(1 ,67P c10(5.81* =85 x(5:(1'81* 921 u&+$/7=(,&+(1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,.P y,( ,1 '(5 c%%P TPVU )@5 m21'(16$725(1 :(5'(1 63>7(5 $8&+ )@5 $1'(5( d$8(/(0(17( ',( u&+$/7O =(,&+(1 1,&+7 (;3/,=,7 (5./>57N 621'(51 %(,0 (567(1 o$/ 62 9(5:(1'(7N '$66 ,+5( d(O '(8781* $86 '(0 v(;7=86$00(1+$1* ./$5 =8 (5.(11(1 ,67P c8) '(1 ,11(5(1 g,1O %$1'6(,7(1 ,67 (,1( c86:$+/ '(5 u&+$/7=(,&+(1 =86$00(1*(67(//7P o(6681* 921 m$3$=,7>7(1P q%(1 :85'( *(=(,*7N :,( 0$1 ',( m$3$=,7>7 (,1(6 (,1)$&+(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 %(5(&+1(1 .$11P j,(5%(, :85'(1 ',( t$1')(/'(5 9(51$&+/>6O 6,*7N :$6 %('(1.(1/26 *(6&+(+(1 .$11N :(11 '(5 c%67$1' '(5 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 ./(,1 *(*(1 ',( h/>&+( ,67P w0 ',( m$3$=,7>7 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 =8 0(66(1N 0866 0$1 ',( n$'81*60(1*( 81' ',( u3$1181* 0(66(1P f,(6 ,67 $%(5 1,&+7 (,1)$&+N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( n$'81*60(1*( %(, '(5 o(6681* $8&+ $8) '$6 o(66,167580(17 81' ',( |8O /(,781*(1 9(57(,/7P n(,&+7(5 ,67 (6N ',( m$3$=,7>7 =:(,(5 m21'(16$725(1 0,7(,1$1'(5 =8 9(5*/(,&+(1P y(&+6(/67520Oo(7+2'(1 =85 *(1$8(1 d(67,0081* 921 m$3$=,7>7(1 :(5'(1 63>7(5 Jc%6&+1P VPUK %(+$1'(/7P

TPVPT g/(.75,6&+( h(/'(1(5*,( c0 (,1)$&+67(1 ,67 (6N :(11 :,5 =81>&+67 ',( x(5+>/71,66( )@5 '$6 +202*(1( h(/' '(6 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 %(75$&+7(1 81' '$11 $1*(%(1N :(/&+( g5*(%1,66( $//*(0(,1 *@/7,* 6,1'P f(5 r52=(66 '(5 c89$'81* (,1(6 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 .$11 )250$/ ,1 )2/*(1'( u&+5,77( =(5/(*7 :(5'(1\ A n$'81*675(1181* J's1 1's2K $1 '(5 *((5'(7(1 r/$77(P f,( 326,7,9( n$'81* :,5' 921 '(5 r/$77( $%*(/?67P Jg,1( c%/?6($5%(,7 :,5' %(, ',(6(5 d(75$&+781* 1,&+7 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7N (%(162 1,&+7 ',( c5%(,7N ',( *(:211(1 :,5'N :(11 ',( n$'81* ,1 ',( *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'( r/$77( (,175,77PK A f,( 1(*$7,9( n$'81* 9(5%/(,%7 $8) '(5 *((5'(7(1 r/$77( $/6 ',( =8 's1 *(+?5(1'( k198(1=/$'81*P A v5$163257 '(5 ./(,1(1 n$'81* 's1 =85 $1'(5(1 r/$77( ,0 c%67$1' 'P y(11 6,&+ '257 6&+21 326,7,9( n$'81*(1 %(71'(1N (;,67,(57 (,1( gOh(/'N '$6 $8) ',( =8 75$16O 3257,(5(1'( n$'81* ',( $%672M(1'( m5$)7 '9 3 8 's $86@%7P A w0 ',( n$'81* 's $8) ',( $1'(5( r/$77( =8 %5,1*(1N 0866 ',( c5%(,7 '

'y 3 g J'9K 6 '` ;3R

'

3 's g 8 6 '` ;3R

3 w 's

JTP[RK

ZR

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

A 9(55,&+7(7 :(5'(1N :2%(, ',( u3$1181* w '85&+ ',( 6&+21 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 r/$77( %(71'/,&+( n$'81* s %(67,007 :,5' *(0>M w 3 sBeP A f,( *(6$07( c5%(,7 yN ',( =8 9(55,&+7(1 ,67N 80 '(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 '(5 n$'81* s $8)=8/$'(1N (5*,%7 6,&+ '85&+ k17(*5$7,21\ s

y3 g

s3R

s S sT 's 3 P T e e

JTP[SK

f,( g1(5*,( .$11 $8&+ $8) u3$1181* 81' m$3$=,7>7 2'(5 $8) u3$1181* 81' n$'81* %(=2*(1 :(5'(1\ S S y 3 w T e 3 ws P T T

JTP[TK

f,( %(, '(5 c89$'81* $8)*(:(1'(7( g1(5*,( 67(&.7 181 $/6 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( NN,0 r/$77(1.21'(16$725DDP c%(5 :2a c8M(1 81' ,0 o(7$// '(5 r/$77(1 +$7 6,&+ '85&+ ',( c89$'81* 1,&+76 9(5>1'(57P f85&+ ',( c89$'81* ,67 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 '$6 gOh(/' (1767$1'(1N 81' '(6+$/% ,67 (6 1$+(/,(*(1'N '257 $8&+ '(1 u,7= '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 g1(5*,( =8 9(5087(1P f85&+ (,1)$&+( w0)25081* (5+>/7 0$1 $86 i/P JTP[TK 0,7 w 3 g' 81' e 3 &RcB' ',( g1(5*,(',&+7( '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6\ :( 3

y S S 3 &R g T 3 gf P T c' T

JTP[UK

i/P JTP[UK *,/7 $//*(0(,1N $8&+ )@5 ,1+202*(1( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5P n$'81*675(1181* %(,0 d$1'*(1(5$725P c/6 d(,63,(/ )@5 (,1( s8(//( (/(.75,6&+(5 g1(5O *,( 6(, +,(5 '(5 d$1'*(1(5$725 Jc%6&+1P TPSPWK %(75$&+7(7P o,7 (,1(0 u7520 921 SR =c 81' (,1(5 u3$1181* 921 SRR .x %(75>*7 ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* S yP f$6 n$'81*675$163257%$1' 0866 ',( '85&+ t(,%81* *(75(117(1 n$'81*(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 x25=(,&+(16 921(,1$1'(5 (17)(51(1 %=:P $8)*(635@+7( n$'81*(1 921 '(1 k198(1=O /$'81*(1 $8) '(5 +,17(5 '(0 d$1' 6,7=(1'(1 g/(.752'( :(*)@+5(1P f,( '$=8 -( u(O .81'( 127:(1',*( c5%(,7 %(75>*7 )@5 ',(6(6 d(,63,(/ S lP f$6 ,67 185 ',( (/(.75,6&+( c5%(,7 '(5 n$'81*675(1181*] ',( 0(&+$1,6&+(1 t(,%81*69(5/867( .200(1 12&+ +,1O =8P l(7=7 .$11 $8&+ 9(5'(87/,&+7 :(5'(1N :,( ',( %(, t(,%81*69(568&+(1 $86*(187=7( m217$.7(/(.75,=,7>7N ',( u3$1181*(1 921 185 (7:$ S x =:,6&+(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 u72)O )(1 (1767(+(1 />667N =8 j2&+63$1181* )@+5(1 .$11\ f,( %(,'(1 $8)*(/$'(1(1 k62O /$725Oq%(59>&+(1N =:,6&+(1 '(1(1 -$ 185 $1 :(1,*(1 r81.7(1 (&+7(5 d(5@+581*6O .217$.7 %(67(+7N 9(5+$/7(1 6,&+ :,( (,1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 6(+5 ./(,1(0 r/$7O 7(1$%67$1'N $/62 6(+5 +2+(5 m$3$=,7>7N '(5 $8) (7:$ S x $8)*(/$'(1 ,67P d(,0 c%O +(%(1 '(5 q%(59>&+(1 921(,1$1'(5 :,5' 817(5 c8):(1'81* 0(&+$1,6&+(5 c5%(,7 ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 m21'(16$7256 80 0(+5(5( i5?M(125'181*(1 9(5./(,1(57P f$ ',( n$'81* .2167$17 %/(,%7N (5+?+7 6,&+ ',( u3$1181* (17635(&+(1'P c8&+ %(, '(5 ,11,*(1 d(5@+581* 921 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 o(7$//.?53(51 %,/'(7 6,&+ '85&+ n$'81*6@%(575$*81* (,1( m217$.763$1181*P y(*(1 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(,'(5 v(,/( 71'(7 $%(5 67(76 @%(5 '(1 /(7=7(1 d(5@+581*6381.7 925 '(5 v5(1181* 12&+ (,1 |85@&.9,(M(1 '(5 n$'81* 67$77P f$'85&+ ,67 (6 1,&+7 0?*/,&+N 0,7 u725(1N ',( %(,'( /(,7(1' 6,1'N n$'81*675(1181* =8 %(:,5.(1P

TPV m$3$=,7>7

3000 V

ZS

c%%P TPVV u3$1181*6:$$*( J6&+(0$7,6&+KP f,( =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 :,5.(1'( m5$)7 :,5' 0,7 (,1(0 i(:,&+7 *(O 0(66(1P

u3$1181*6:$$*(P f,( =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 0,7 '(5 h/>&+( c :,5.(1'( m5$)7 9 .$11 J1$&+ y,//,$0 v+20621N '(0 63>7(5(1 n25' m(/9,1N SZTVAS[RYK 0,7 (,1(0 i(:,&+7 $8) (,1(5 (0371'/,&+(1 y$$*( *(0(66(1 :(5'(1P f,( m5$)7 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 %(, '(5 c%67$1'6>1'(581* '$ =8 /(,67(1'(1 c5%(,7 'yN ',( */(,&+ '(5 }1'(581* '(5 h(/'(1(5*,( 6(,1 0866\ 'y 3 h '$ 3 :( c '$ P

JTP[VK

f$5$86 )2/*7 1$&+ m@5=(1 921 '$ S JTP[WK h 3 :( c 3 &R g T c P T f,( c%%P TPVV =(,*7 (,1( 02',7=,(57( d$/.(1:$$*(P f,( 5(&+7( y$$*6&+$/( ,67 ',( @%(5 ',( y$$*( *((5'(7( 2%(5( m21'(16$7253/$77(] $8) ',( /,1.( y$$*6&+$/( :(5'(1 ',( ./(,1(1 i(:,&+7667@&.( *(/(*7P f,( '(0 m21'(16$725 5(&+76 =8*()@+57( u3$1O 181* (5*,%7 %(, (,1(0 %(67,007(1 r/$77(1$%67$1' ' (,1( h(/'67>5.(N '(5(1 m5$)7O :,5.81* 0,7 '(0 i(:,&+7 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7( '(5 y$$*( 9(5*/,&+(1 :,5'P w0 t$1')(/'(5 $86=86&+/,(M(1N :,5' ',( 2%(5( m21'(16$7253/$77( 0,7 (,1(0 )(67(1 u&+87=5,1* 9(56(+(1N '(5 (%(1)$//6 *((5'(7 ,67P f,( 817(5( m21'(16$7253/$77( ,67 (17O 635(&+(1' *5?M(5P f,( $1*(/(*7( u3$1181* 0866 0(+5(5( v$86(1' x2/7 %(75$*(1N '$0,7 ',( m5$)7 $865(,&+(1' *52M :,5'N 80 *(1$8 *(0(66(1 =8 :(5'(1P o$1 0,667 '(1 c%67$1' '(5 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 ' 81' ',( m5$)7 h J$/6 i(:,&+7KP o$1 .(117 ',( h/>&+( '(5 2%(5(1 m21'(16$7253/$77( 81' ',( (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( &RP f$5$86 .$11 0$1 ',( u3$1181* w %(5(&+1(1P f,(6( y>*81* ,67 (,1( o?*/,&+.(,7N ',( (/(.7O 5,6&+( i5?M( NNu3$1181*DD ',5(.7 $1 ',( 0(&+$1,6&+ 0(66%$5( m5$)7 $1=86&+/,(M(1P u2/&+( NN$%62/87(1DD o(6681*(1 +$77(1 ,1 '(5 o,77( '(6 S[P l$+5+81'(576 *52M( d(O '(8781* )@5 '$6 x(567>1'1,6 '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086P

TPVPU r(50,77,9,7>7 h@//7 0$1 '(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 0,7 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+ ,62/,(5(1'(1 u725N (,1(0 62 *(1$117(1 f,(/(.75,.80 2'(5 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 o(',80N '$11 (5+?+7 6,&+ ',( m$3$=,7>7P f$6 />667 6,&+ /(,&+7 0,7 (,1(0 $8)*(/$'(1(1 r/$7O 7(1.21'(16$725 81' $1*(6&+/266(1(0 g/(.7520(7(5 '(021675,(5(1\ y,5' =P dP (,1( m816767253/$77( ,1 '(1 |:,6&+(15$80 +,1(,1*(6&+2%(1N '$11 6,1.7 ',( u3$1181*6O $1=(,*( '(6 g/(.7520(7(56P f,(6(5 g5(.7 ',(17 =85 f(71,7,21 '(5 o$7(5,$/.2167$17(1 &5N ',( $/6 h$.725 ,1 ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 0,7 f,(/(.75,.80 (,1*(+7\ e 3 &5 &R cB' 3 &5 eR P

JTP[XK

ZT

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

f,( 921 '(5 &+(0,6&+(1 p$785 '(6 u725(6 $%+>1*,*( o$7(5,$/.2167$17( &5 :,5' r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ 2'(5 J5(/$7,9(K r(50,77,9,7>7 J5(/$7,9( 3(50,77,9,776.2167$17(N ',(/(&75,& &2167$17N fmK] '(5 k1'(; NN5DD %('(87(7 NN5(O /$7,9 =8 x$.880DDP |85 u&+5(,%9(5(,1)$&+81* :(5'(1 ',( %(,'(1 m2167$17(1 2)7 =8O 6$00(1*()$667 =8 & 3 &R &5 P c%(5 ',( h$.725,6,(581* ,1 ',( p$785.2167$17( &R 81' ',( o$7(5,$/.2167$17( &5 ,67 62 6,1192//N '$66 :,5 6,( ,1 ',(6(0 d8&+ %(,%(+$/7(1P k1 (,1(0 NN',(/(.75,6&+(1 o(',80DD *(/7(1 ',( i(6(7=( '(5 g/(.75267$7,. ,1 $%*(O >1'(57(5 h250\ f,( (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( 7R ,67 =8 (56(7=(1 '85&+ '$6 r52'8.7 &R &5] ',( o$7(5,$/.2167$17( &5 ,67 ,00(5 *5?M(5 $/6 (,16P f,( $720,67,6&+( f(8781* )@5 &5 ^ SN :,( $8&+ ',( i5@1'( )@5 v(03(5$785O 81' h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 921 &5 :(5O '(1 ,1 m$3P SU $86)@+5/,&+ ',6.87,(57P h@5 752&.(1( n8)7 921 S $70 ,67 &5 . SPRRRX] '(6+$/% 0$&+7 (6 :(1,* w17(56&+,('N 2% (/(.75267$7,6&+( o(6681*(1 ,0 x$.880 2'(5 ,1 n8)7 925*(1200(1 :(5'(1P g6 *,%7 '5(, i5@1'( )@5 ',( g,1%5,1*81* 921 ,62/,(5(1'(0 o$7(5,$/ =:,6&+(1 ',( m21'(16$725Or/$77(1\ SP g,1+$/781* '(6 c%67$1'6P d(, 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1(0 c%67$1' 62// (/(.75,6&+(5 m217$.7 Jm85=6&+/866K 9(50,('(1 :(5'(1P TP g5+?+81* '(5 u3$1181*6)(67,*.(,7P f,( f85&+6&+/$*Oh(/'67>5.( 921 n8)7 %(75>*7 -( 1$&+ h(8&+7,*.(,76*(+$/7 TPVAUPR .xB00] )@5 7(&+1,6&+( k62/,(56725( *(/7(1 (7O :$ SR %,6 TRO0$/ +?+(5( y(57(P UP g5+?+81* '(5 m$3$=,7>7P h@5 '$6 f,(/(.75,.80 0,7 '(5 r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ &5 *,/7 e 3 &5 eRN :(11 eR ',( m$3$=,7>7 ,1 x$.880 J2'(5 n8)7K ,67P h@5 ',( 0(,67(1 )(67(1 k62/,(56725( /,(*7 &5 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 T %,6 YP h@5 (,1 ',(/(.75,6&+(6 o(',80 (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ '(0 0,7 '(0 h$.725 &5 ,0 p(11(5 02',7=,(57(1 e28/20%Oi(6(7=N '$66 ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 80 '(1 h$.O 725 SB&5 ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ,0 x$.880P f$0,7 :,5' $8&+ ',( h(/'67>5.( 80 SB&5 ./(,1(5P f,( g1(5*,(',&+7( :( '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 &5 g T] 2% 6,( %(,0 %(5*$1* 920 x$.880 =80 f,(/(.75,.80 ./(,1(5 2'(5 *5?M(5 :,5'N +>1*7 '$921 $%N 2% n$'81* 2'(5 u3$1181* .2167$17 *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1P d(, .2167$17 *(+$/7(1(5 n$'81* 67(,*7 ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(5 c125'181* 81' '$0,7 6,1.(1 u3$1181* 81' h(/'67>5.( 3523257,21$/ =8 SB&5] :(,/ ',( h(/'67>5.( 48$'5$7,6&+ ,1 ',( g1(5*,(',&+7( (,1*(+7N 9(55,1*(57 6,&+ ',( =8 &5 g T 3523257,21$/( g1(5*,(',&+7( 80 '(1 h$.725 SB&5P c1'(56 ,67 (6 %(, .2167$17 *(+$/7(1(5 u3$1181*\ f,( h(/'67>5.( %/(,%7 .2167$17 81' :( :>&+67 0,7 '(0 h$.725 &5 P f,( *581'6>7=/,&+( h5$*(N :,( 0$1 ',( h(/'67>5.( ,1 (,1(0 )(67(1 o(',80 0(66(1 .$11N />667 6,&+ ,0 t$+0(1 '(6 ./$66,6&+(1 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 :,( )2/*7 %($17O :257(1\ c86 '(5 y,5%(/)5(,+(,7 '(6 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 Ji/P JTPTXKK )2/*7N '$66 ',( v$1*(17,$/.20321(17( 921 g $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 (,1(5 i5(1=9>&+( */(,&+ 6(,1 0866 J6,(+( '$=8 $8&+ c%%P TPTVKN 2'(5N 0$7+(0$7,6&+ $86*('5@&.7N NN',( v$1*(1O 7,$/.20321(17( *(+7 67(7,* '85&+ ',( i5(1=9>&+(DDP c/62 0866 0$1 =85 o(6681* 921 g 0,7 (,1(5 r52%(/$'81* (,1(1 /$1*(1 u&+/,7= 3$5$//(/ =8 g ,1 '$6 o(',80 6&+1(,'(1 81' '$11 ',( m5$)7 $8) ',( ,0 u&+/,7= %(71'/,&+( r52%(/$'81* 0(66(1P f$ ',(6( d(75$&+781* @%(5+$837 1,&+7 921 '(5 $720$5(1 u758.785 '(5 o$7(5,( p27,= 1,007N .$11 ',( 62 *(0(66(1( h(/'67>5.( 185 (,1 0$.526.23,6&+(5 o,77(/:(57 6(,1P u2/$1*( 0$1 185 (,1 '(1 *$1=(1 t$80 (5)@//(1'(6 o(',80 %(75$&+7(7N (17:('(5 x$.880 0,7 &5 3 S 2'(5 (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 0,7 &5 #SN ,67 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* )250$/

TPV m$3$=,7>7

ZU

',( */(,&+(P m203/,=,(57(5 :,5' (6N :(11 ,0 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n$'81*(1 9(56&+,(O '(1( o(',(1 (;,67,(5(1P y,( 9(5+>/7 6,&+ '$6 gOh(/' $1 (,1(5 i5(1=9>&+( =:,6&+(1 =:(, f,(/(.75,.$ 0,7 &5S X &5T a c86 '(5 y,5%(/)5(,+(,7 '(6 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 gOh(/'(6 Ji/P JTPTXKK )2/*7N '$66 ',( v$1*(17,$/.20321(17( g7 67(7,* '85&+ ',( i5(1=9>&+( *(+7P c86 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 h2508/,(581* '(6 e28/20%Oi(6(7=(6 Ji/P JTPTSKK )2/*7 )@5 (,1( /$'81*6)5(,( i5(1=9>&+(N '$66 ',( p250$/.20321(17(1 $8) '(1 %(,'(1 u(,7(1 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( ,1 )2/*(1'(5 d(=,(+81* 67(+(1\ 2'(5

&R &5S g1S 3 f1S 3 f1T 3 &R &5T g1T &5S g1S 3 &5T g1T P

JTP[YK

f$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( NNd5(&+81*DD '(5 gOh(/'/,1,(1 $1 '(5 i5(1=9>&+(P

TPVPV m21'(16$725Od$8)250(1 f,( ,0 SZP l$+5+81'(57 (;,67,(5(1'(1 x2567(//81*(1 @%(5 g/(.75,=,7>7 *(1@*7(1 12&+ 1,&+7 )@5 (,1( *(=,(/7( g571'81* '(6 m21'(16$7256P u(,1( |8)$//6(17'(&.81* .$0 =867$1'( '85&+ ',( $16&+$8/,&+O1$,9( x2567(//81*N '$66 0$1 9,(//(,&+7 g/(.75,=,7>7 ,1 (,1( h/$6&+( (,1)@//(1 .?117(N 81' '85&+ ',( J'$0$/6 81%(.$117(1K )?5'(5/,&+(1 v$76$&+(1N '$66 h/$6&+(1*/$6 (,1 %5$8&+%$5(6 f,(/(.75,.80 ,67N '(5 h/$6&+(1+$/6 (,1( *87( k62/,(581* '(5 j2&+63$1181* (50?*/,&+7 81' '$66 )@5 ',( +2+(1 u3$1O 181*(1 '(5 g/(.75267$7,. $8&+ 6&+/(&+7( n(,7(5 =85 m217$.7+(567(//81* *(1@*(1N $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( ,5*(1'(,1( h/@66,*.(,7 81' (,1 '85&+ '(1 j$/6 *(67(&.7(5 p$*(/ 2'(5 f5$+7N $8) '(5 c8M(16(,7( (,1( ',( h/$6&+( 80)$66(1'( 0(16&+/,&+( j$1' 81' @%(5 ',( r(5621 (,1( x(5%,1'81* =85 g5'(P f,( g571'81* '(5 NNx(567>5.(59$6&+(DD *(6&+$+ =:(,)$&+N .85= +,17(5(,1$1'(5\ c0 SSP q.72%(5 SYVW (5+,(/7 '(5 3200(56&+( r5>/$7 81' i876%(6,7=(5 g:$/' l@5*(1 921 m/(,67 (,1(1 u&+/$* 921 (,1(5 o(',=,19$6&+(N ',( (5 @%(5 (,1(1 +,1(,1*(67(&.7(1 p$*(/ $8)*(/$'(1 +$77(P g,1,*( o21$7( 63>7(5 *(6&+$+ >+1/,&+(6 '(0 r5,9$70$111 e81$(86N '(5 =8)>//,* =8 d(68&+ %(, '(0 n(,'(1(5 o$7+(0$7,.O 81' r+/7,*( .?53(5/,&+( d(O 6&+:(5'(1 1$&+ (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+/>*(1 )(67*(67(//7P SYWRN 185 )@1) l$+5( 1$&+ '(5 g571'81* '(5 x(567>5.(59$6&+(N 67$5% '(5 r+*( 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 '(1(1 $86 (,1(5 n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+(P y,&+7,* :$5 ',(6( g571'81* 925 $//(0 )@5 ',( g17:,&./81* '(5 x2567(//81*(1 @%(5 g/(.75,=,7>7\ h5$1./,1 +$77( *(*/$8%7N ',( g/(.75,=,7>7 '(5 n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+( />*( ,0 i/$6P d(,0 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 2+1( f,(O /(.75,.80 08667( 0$1 =:$1*6/>87* =85 5,&+7,*(1 g5.(1171,6 .200(1P f,( r$5$//(/6&+$/781* 3/$77(1)?50,*(5 g,1=(/.21'(16$725(1 )@+57 =80 d$8 (,1(6 6(+5 (,1)$&+(1 m21'(16$7256N '(5 $/6 d/2&..21'(16$725 %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'P y,( (,1 u&+1,77 '85&+ (,1(1 62/&+(1 d/2&..21'(16$725 Jc%%P TPVW$K =(,*7N 6,1' ',( 817(5 |:,6&+(1/$*( (,1(6 k62/$7256 @%(5(,1$1'(5*(6&+,&+7(7(1 o(7$//3/$77(1 J,1 '(5 r5$;,6 %(187=7 0$1 '@11( c/80,1,80)2/,(1 0,7 |:,6&+(1/$*(1 921 h2/,(1 $86 m81676725 2'(5 3$5$5,1,(57(0 r$3,(5K $%:(&+6(/1' 1$&+ '(1 %(,'(1 m21'(16$725=8/(,781*(1 +(5$86*()@+57P g,1 1$&+ '(0 r5,1=,3 '(6 d/2&..21'(16$7256 $8)*(%$87(5 9(5>1'(5/,&+(5 m21O '(16$725 ,67 '(5 %(621'(56 ,1 '(5 t81')81.7(&+1,. 9,(/ %(187=7( f5(+.21'(16$725 Jc%%P TPVW%N&KP k1 ',( |:,6&+(15>80( (,1(6 )(6767(+(1'(1 +$/%.5(,6)?50,*(1 r/$7O 7(13$.(76 c />667 6,&+ (,1 =:(,7(6N (%(1)$//6 +$/%.5(,6)?50,*(6 r/$77(13$.(7 d +,O 1(,1'5(+(1P f$'85&+ ,67 (,1( 67(7,*( x(5>1'(581* '(5 m$3$=,7>7 0?*/,&+] 6,( (55(,&+7 ,+5 o$;,080N :(11 ',( '5(+%$5(1 r/$77(1 92//.200(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 )(67(1 r/$77(1 /,(*(1P c/6 k62/$725 ',(17 0(,67(16 n8)7 2'(5 i/,00(5] )@5 +2+( u3$1181*(1 ~/N ,1 '$6 '(5 *$1=( m21'(16$725 (,1*(7$8&+7 :,5'P g1(5*,(63(,&+(581*P k0 m21'(16$725 .$11 0$1 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( 63(,&+(51N $/O /(5',1*6 1,&+7 9,(/P d(5@&.6,&+7,*7 0$1N '$66 $8&+ ',( g/(.752'(1 81' ',( >8M(5( j@//( '(6 m21'(16$7256 r/$7= %($16358&+(1N /,(*7 ',( 0,7 m21'(16$725(1 (55(,&+%$5( 0° D A

D

C

A

B

C B

(a)

(b)

(c)

90°

180°

c%%P TPVW J$K d/2&..21'(16$725 Js8(56&+1,77N 6&+(0$7,6&+KP J%KNJ&K f5(+.21'(16$725\ J%K s8(56&+1,77N J&K c8)6,&+7P

TPV m$3$=,7>7

ZW

Trimmer Drehkondensatoren Luft-Kondensatoren Glimmer-Kondensatoren Styroflex-Kondensatoren Papier- und Kunststoffolien-Kondensatoren Elektrolyt-Kondensatoren Tantal-Trocken-Elkos 1 pF

c%%P TPVX

10 pF

100 pF

1 nF

10 nF

100 nF

1 ÌF

10 ÌF

100 ÌF

1 mF 10 mF Kapazität

f,( m$3$=,7>76%(5(,&+( (,1,*(5 m21'(16$72575.81* (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 u&+:,1O *81*(1 ,1 '(5 p$&+5,&+7(17(&+1,.P m21'(16$725(1 =80 g,1%$8P f(5 m$3$=,7>76%(5(,&+ 7(&+1,6&+(5 m21'(16$725(1 81' ',( v(,/%(5(,&+( '(5 :,&+7,*67(1 d$877(1 :,&+7,* 6,1'N '$11 6,1' $8&+ ',( u75(8.$3$=,7>7 =:,6&+(1 63$1O 181*6)@+5(1'(1 v(,/(1 81' '(5 *((5'(7(1 c%6&+,5081* 81' ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(5 n(,O 781*(1 ,1 t(&+181* =8 67(//(1P c%*(6&+,507( m$%(/ '(5 p,('(5O 81' j2&+)5(48(1=O 7(&+1,. +$%(1 -( |(17,0(7(5 n>1*( (,1( m$3$=,7>7 921 RPU %,6 SPT 3hP d(, '(1 0(,67(1 m21'(16$725(1 :,5' =:,6&+(1 '(1 g/(.752'(1 (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 9(5:(1'(7N '$6 ',( o(7$//3/$77(1 2'(5 O)2/,(1 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 ,62/,(57N 62:,( ',( m$O 3$=,7>7 81' ',( u3$1181*6)(67,*.(,7 '(6 m21'(16$7256 (5+?+7P d(, '(5 j(567(//81* 921 m21'(16$725(1 0866 '$6 f,(/(.75,.80 -( 1$&+ '(1 g5)25'(51,66(1 $86*(:>+/7 :(5'(1P k0 j$1'(/ *,%7 (6 0(+5 $/6 v$86(1' 9(56&+,('(1( m21'(16$72577 81' '85&+ ',( 0$;,0$/ =8/>66,*( u3$1O 181* *(.(11=(,&+1(7P v5,00(5 6,1' c%*/(,&+.21'(16$725(1N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 u&+5$8%(1=,(+(5 2'(5 u3(O =,$/6&+/@66(/ (,1*(67(//7 :(5'(1P d(, h2/,(1Om21'(16$725(1 ,67 ',( m81676725Oh2/,( '$6 f,(/(.75,.80P f,( /(,7(1'(1 o(7$//9>&+(1 6,1' (17:('(5 o(7$//)2/,(1 2'(5 c/8O 0,1,80Oc8)'$03)6&+,&+7(1P f,(6( m21'(16$725(1 6,1' 1$&+ (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 f85&+6&+/$* 6(/%67+(,/(1'] $1 '(5 f85&+6&+/$*67(//( 9(5'$03)7 '$6 o(7$// 81' 67(//7 ',( k62/$7,21 :,('(5 +(5P f$6 *,/7 $8&+ )@5 ',( r$3,(5Om21'(16$725(1 Jc%%P TPVY$KP g/(.752/76=$+/ '(5 u&+,&+7 ,67 +2&+ JY %,6 ZK] ',( (/(.75,6&+( f85&+6&+/$*6)(67,*.(,7 %(75>*7 (7:$ SRO xB&0P f85&+ ',( c8)5$8+81* '(6 c/80,1,806 %=:P '$6 u,17(51 921 v$17$/38/9(5 :,5' ',( c12'(12%(59>&+( 67$5. 9(5*5?M(57 81' '$0,7 (5+>/7 0$1 +?+(5( m$3$O =,7>7(1 %(, */(,&+(0 t$80%('$5)P c/6 m$7+2'( ',(17 %(, '(1 NN1$66(1DD c/80,1,80Og/.26 (,1( 0,7 9@66,*(0 g/(.7O 52/1.7( 81' */(,&+=(,7,* $/6 c%67$1'6+$/7(5 :,5.(1'( r$3,(56&+,&+7 Jc%%P TPVY%K] $/6 u7520=8)@+581* ',(17 (,1( :(,7(5(N (%(1)$//6 $8)*(5$8+7( c/80,O 1,80)2/,( J2)7 )>/6&+/,&+ $/6 m$7+2'( %(=(,&+1(7KP n(,'(5 +$7 ',( c/80,1,802;,'O 6&+,&+7 j$/%/(,7(5(,*(16&+$)7(1 81' :,5.7 185 ,1 (,1(5 u3$1181*65,&+781* $/6 f,(O /(.75,.80P u2/&+( g/.26 6,1' *(32/7( m21'(16$725(1] 6,( '@5)(1 185 0,7 u3$1181*(1 '(5 925*(6&+5,(%(1(1 r2/$5,7>7 %(75,(%(1 :(5'(1P c%(5 (6 *,%7 $8&+ 81*(32/7( J%,O 32/$5(K g/.26N %(, '(1(1 $8&+ ',( =:(,7( h2/,( (,1( q;,'6&+,&+7 75>*7P |81(+0(1' :,5' $1 u7(//( '(6 NN1$66(1 g/(.752/&+(1P g/(.75267$7,6&+( c89$'81*(1 )@+5(1 =8 g17/$'81*(1N ',( )@5 '(1 o(16&+(1 =:$5 1,&+7 *(681'+(,76*()>+5'(1' 6,1'N $%(5 '2&+ =8 u&+5(&.5($.7,21(1 )@+5(1 .?11(1P c%%P TPVZ =(,*7 ,1 (,1(0 d(,63,(/N '$66 +2+( h(/'67>5.(1 $8)75(7(1 .?11(1N :(11 (,1 $8)*(/$'(1(5 o(16&+ ,1 ',( p>+( (,1(5 *((5'(7(1 c1/$*( .2007P g,1 @%(55$O 6&+(1'(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 u&+/$* .$11 (,1( 81.21752//,(57( m?53(5%(:(*81* $86/?6(1 81' 62 (,1(1 w1)$// +(5%(,)@+5(1P f,( %(, (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 g17/$'81*(1 $8)75(7(1'(1 ./(,1(1 h81.(1 (17+$/7(1 *(O 1@*(1' g1(5*,(N 80 ,1 +2&+,17(*5,(57(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 u&+$/781*(1 =(567?5(1' =8 :,5.(1] ',(6( 0@66(1 '(6+$/% '85&+ c%6&+,5081* *(6&+@7=7 :(5'(1P g;3/26,216*()$+5P f,( *5?M7( i()$+5 67$7,6&+(5 g/(.75,=,7>7 ,67 ',( |@1'81* (;3/2O 6,9(5 i$6*(0,6&+(P g,1( 7(&+1,6&+ 6(+5 :,&+7,*( c8)*$%( ,67 '(6+$/% ',( x(50(,'81* 921 g;3/26,21(1 '85&+ w17(5'5@&.81* -('(5 h81.(1%,/'81* ,1 (;3/26,216*()>+5O '(7(1 w0*(%81*(1P

c%%P TPVZ }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 =:,6&+(1 (,1(0 $8)*(/$'(1(1 o(16&+(1 81' (,1(5 *((5'(7(1 c1/$*(P l( (1*(5 ',( }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 %(,(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1N '(672 +?+(5 ,67 ',( /2.$/( h(/'O 67>5.(P

ZZ

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

g,1( g;3/26,21 ,67 (,1( 6(+5 6&+1(// $%/$8)(1'( &+(0,6&+( x(5%5(1181*65($.7,21 ,1 (,1(0 i(0,6&+ 921 67$8%O 2'(5 *$6)?50,*(0 d5(116725 0,7 u$8(56725N 0(,67 0,7 '(0 u$8(56725 '(5 n8)7P f,( t($.7,21 ,67 (;27+(50 J(1(5*,(O/,()(51'KN +$7 $%(5 (,1( g1(5*,(6&+:(//(N ',( :(6(17/,&+ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,( '(5 o2O /(.@/(N 62'$66 ',( t($.7,21 NN*(=@1'(7DD :(5'(1 0866P g;3/26,%,/,7>7 81' k19$00$O %,/,7>7 +>1*(1 920 o,6&+81*69(5+>/71,6 '(6 d5(1167256 0,7 '(5 n8)7 $%P d(, NN=8 0$*(5(1DD o,6&+81*(1 )(+/7 (6 $1 d5(116725N %(, NN=8 )(77(1DD o,6&+81*(1 $1 u$8O (56725P u2 ,67 =80 d(,63,(/ o(7+$1 Jg5'*$6K ,1 n8)7 185 (179$00%$5N :(11 6(,1 c17(,/ =:,6&+(1 W 81' SW x2/P @ /,(*7P h@5 y$66(56725On8)7Oo,6&+81*(1 /,(*7 '(5 g179$00%$5.(,76%(5(,&+ =:,6&+(1 V 81' YV x2/P @ y$66(56725P g6 ,67 (,1 $//*(0(,1(6 r52%/(0 '(5 &+(0,6&+(1 k1'8675,(N '$66 %(,0 %(5*$1* 921 )(77(1 =8 0$*(5(1 i$6On8)7Oi(0,6&+(1 (;3/26,9( o,6&+81*(1 $8)75(7(1N '(5(1 |@1'81* 9(50,('(1 :(5'(1 0866C g,1(5 '(5 i5@1'( )@5 ',( |81$+0( 921 g;3/2O 6,21(1 ,67 ',( u7(,*(581* '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 v5$163257925*>1*(1N %(, '(1(1 c89$'81*(1 '85&+ t(,%81* (1767(+(1 .?11(1P o$M1$+0(1 =85 x(50(,'81* 921 c89$'81*(1P f,( %(, d(5@+581* 921 =:(, 9(56&+,(O '(1(1 u725(1 $8)75(7(1'( n$'81*675(1181* />667 6,&+ 1,&+7 9(50(,'(1P o$1 .$11 185 '$)@5 625*(1N '$66 ',( $1*(6$00(/7(1 n$'81*(1 ',5(.7 1(875$/,6,(57 :(5'(1 2'(5N **)P $8) w0:(*(1N =85 g5'( $%9,(M(1P d(:>+57( o$M1$+0(1 6,1' )2/*(1'(\ A m816767257(33,&+( (17+$/7(1 (,1*(:(%7( o(7$//'5>+7(P A c8725(,)(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ d(,0(1*81* 921 i5$3+,7 /(,7)>+,* *(0$&+7P A k62/$7252%(59>&+(1 Ju&+$//3/$77(1K :(5'(1 0,7 (,1(0 u3(=,$/78&+ $%*(:,6&+7N '$6 (,1(1 +$8&+'@11(1 /(,7(1'(1 h/@66,*.(,767/0 +,17(5/>667P A i((5'(7( u3,7=(1.>00(N r,16(/ 2'(5 f5>+7( ,1 SAT &0 g17)(5181* 921 $89$O '81*6*()>+5'(7(1 h/>&+(1 625*(1 )@5 c%/(,781* '85&+ u35@+(17/$'81*(1 %(, 12&+ 5(/$7,9 *(5,1*(5 c89$'81*P A f,( g5+?+81* '(5 5(/$7,9(1 n8)7)(8&+7,*.(,7 $8) @%(5 YR @ 9(50(,'(7 c89$'81O *(1 '85&+ c86%,/'81* /(,7(1'(5 y$66(57/0(P A |85 ',5(.7(1 p(875$/,6$7,21 921 67$7,6&+(5 g/(.75,=,7>7 .$11 0$1 k21(1 ,1 ',( n8)7 %/$6(1N ',( =8 c89$'81*(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(16 +,1:$1'(51P f$O )@5 *,%7 (6 ,0 j$1'(/ (,1( x,(/=$+/ 921 k21(1Ou35@+*(5>7(1N ',( ',( k21(1 ,1 (,1(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 g17/$'81* (5=(8*(1 81' '$11 0,7 (,1(0 9(17,/$725O*(75,(%(1(1 n8)767520 )257%/$6(1P c%/(,7:,'(567>1'(P k0 c//*(0(,1(1 *,/7 (,1 h8M%2'(1 $/6 +,15(,&+(1' /(,7)>+,* =80 c%/(,7(1 (/(.75,6&+(5 c89$'81*(1N :(11 '(5 y,'(567$1' Jc%6&+1P UPTPTK =:,6&+(1 (,1(5 g/(.752'(N ',( @%(5 $1*()(8&+7(7(0 h/,(M3$3,(5 $8) '(1 925+(5 *(5(,1,*7(1 h8M%2'(1 $8)*(6(7=7 :,5'N 81' g5'( 1,&+7 *5?M(5 $/6 SRX q+0 J/K ,67P y(11 .(,1( g;3/26,216*()$+5 %(67(+7N '$5) '(5 y,'(567$1' '85&+ $//0>+/,&+( d,/'81* ,62/,(5(1'(5 h5(0'6&+,&+7(1 $167(,*(1N $%(5 SRZ / 1,&+7 @%(56&+5(,7(1P g,1( h8M%(./(,'81* *,/7 $/6 (/(.75,6&+ /(,7)>+,*N :(11 '(5 y,'(567$1' =:,6&+(1 (,1(5 g/(.O 752'( ,0 k11(5(1 81' (,1(5 >8M(5(1 g/(.752'( ./(,1(5 $/6 SRZ / ,67P f,( m$3$=,7>7(1 $89$'%$5(5 m?53(5 /,(*(1 ,P cP %(, e ] SR2[ h] 0,7 (,1(0 c%O /(,7:,'(567$1' 921 t . SRZ / ,67 ',( |(,7.2167$17( )@5 ',( n$'81*6$%/(,781* J2 3 teN c%6&+1P UPTPVK ./(,1(5 $/6 RPS 6P

TPW c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/(

Z[

TPWPT u35@+O 81' v5(119(5)$+5(1 f(021675$7,21P k1 (,1(0 i/$6*()>M 0,7 75,&+7(5)?50,*(0 d2'(1 Jc%%P TPV[K %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1( h/@66,*.(,7N ,1 '(5 6(+5 ./(,1( r$57,.(/ $8)*(6&+:(007 J2'(5 *(/?67K 6,1'P f,( o(7$//1$'(/N ',( ,1 '(1 v5,&+7(5+$/6 +,1(,15$*7N ',(17 $/6 j2&+63$1181*6(/(.7O 52'( 81' =85 t(*8/,(581* '(5 c8698660(1*(P g6 75(7(1 6(+5 9,(/( ./(,1( *(/$'(1( v5?3)&+(1 $86P f(5 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 ~5181* 81' d2'(13/$77( 62// 62 *52M 6(,1N '$66 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 817(5:(*6 9(5'$03)7P f,( @%5,*%/(,%(1'(1 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 J,0 h$// (,1(5 *(/?67(1 u8%67$1=\ ',( m5,67>//&+(1K 672M(1 6,&+ *(*(16(,7,* $%N 62 '$66 m/803(1%,/'81* 9(5+,1'(57 :,5'P c8) '(5 *((5'(7(1 r/$77( *(%(1 6,( ,+5( n$O '81* $% 81' 6,7=(1 6(+5 )(67P c8) ',(6( y(,6( /$66(1 6,&+ */(,&+0>M,* '@11( u&+,&+7(1 (5=(8*(1P d(, 6&+:(5 9(5'$03)%$5(1 u8%67$1=(1 .$11 '$6 g/(.752635@+9(5)$+5(1 *@167(5 6(,1 $/6 '$6 c8)'$03)(1P d(, (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 h$5%635,7=9(5)$+5(1 :(5'(1 ',( u35,7='@6(1 J2'(5 j$1'O u35,7=3,672/(1K $8) j2&+63$1181* *(/(*7P c8) '(0 y(* =80 *((5'(7(1 o(7$//7$5*(7 :(5'(1 ',( $8)*(/$'(1(1 h$5%3$57,.(/ '85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' $%*(/(1.7\ d(, (,1(0 i,77(5N '85&+ '$6 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' +,1'85&+*5(,)7N *(/$1*(1 $8&+ h$5%O 7(,/&+(1 $8) ',( t@&.6(,7(P c1'(5(56(,76 :(5'(1 d2+5/?&+(5 ,1 (,1(0 o(7$//%/2&. 1,&+7 0,7 h$5%( NN=8*(./(%7DDP |85 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 c%6&+(,'81* 921 u7$8%O 81' t8M7(,/&+(1 ,1 '(5 n8)7 .$11 0$1 ',( v(,/&+(1 $89$'(1 81' 0,7 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' $86 '(0 n8)767520 +(O 5$86=,(+(1\ f,( v(,/&+(1 ,1 '(5 '85&+ '$6 h,/75(5 67?0(1'(1 n8)7 :(5'(1 0,7+,/)( 921 6>*(%/$77)?50,*(1N $8) j2&+63$1181* /,(*(1'(1 NNu35@+.>00(1DD 0,7 n$'81O *(1 %(635@+7] '$1$&+ 675?07 ',( n8)7 =:,6&+(1 />1*6 =85 u75?081* 67(+(1'(1N $%O :(&+6(/1' *(32/7(1 m2//(.7253/$77(1 +,1'85&+ 81' ',( *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 /$*(51 6,&+ $1 r/$77(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/81* $1P q'(5 0$1 .$11 ',( v(,/&+(1 ,1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 32/$5,6,(5(1 81' ',( m5$)7 (,1(6 ,1+202*(1(1 h(/'(6 $8) (,1(1 f,32/ =85 c%6&+(,'81* 187=(1\ d(,0 f85&+O %/$6(1 '(5 n8)7 '85&+ (,1( h,/7(50$77( $86 (,1(0 i(9(&+7 9(56&+,('(1(5 m81676725O )$6(51 J=P dP r2/8)(5 (/(.75267$7,6&+(5 m23,(1P iP eP n,&+7(1%(5* JSYVTASY[[K (;3(5,0(17,(57( 9,(/ 0,7 t(,%81*6(/(.75,=,7>7P d(,0 c%6&+/(,)(1 (,1(5 k62/,(53/$77( $86 j$5= %(2%$&+7(7( (5 SYYYN '$66 6,&+ '(5 u7$8% %(925=8*7 '257 $16$00(/7(N :2 925+(5 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(5 h81.(1 (,1*(6&+/$*(1 +$77(P |85 h,;,(581* @%(5758* (5 ',( u7$8%7*85(1 $8) ./(%5,*(6 6&+:$5=(6 r$3,(5P g5 %(O 2%$&+7(7( $8&+N '$66 6,&+ '$6 u7$8%Om23,(59(5)$+5(1 $1 '(1 $/7(1 h81.(1Og,1O 6&+/$*67(//(1 0(+5)$&+ :,('(5+2/(1 /,(MP f,( 02'(51(1 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 m23,(59(5)$+5(1 %(187=(1 (/(.75267$7,6&+( c8)O /$'81*(1 ,1 (,1,*(1 :(6(17/,&+(1 u&+5,77(1P f(5 :,&+7,*67( v(,/ '(6 m23,(5*(5>7(6 ,67 (,1( '@11( r+272+$/%/(,7(5Ou&+,&+7N ',( 81%(/,&+7(7 (,1 *87(5 k62/$725 ,67N $%(5 817(5 n,&+7(,19866 /(,7(1' :,5'P k1 '(5 67$5. 9(5(,1)$&+(1'(1 u.,==( 921 c%%P TPWR ,67 '$6 x(5)$+5(1 ,1 '(1 )2/*(1'(1 u&+5,77(1 %(6&+5,(%(1\ SP u>8%(51 '(5 q%(59>&+(P f,( 3+272+$/%/(,7(1'( v5200(/2%(59>&+( :,5' 921 v2O 1(55(67(1 $86 '(0 925+(5*(*$1*(1(1 m23,(5=&+( ,1 (,1(5 g17/$'81* (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/,6,(57] $8M(5'(0 :(5'(1 d@567(1 2'(5 u&+$%(5 (,1*(6(7=7P

(3) Belichtung mit Bild der Kopiervorlage Entwickeln mit Toner (4)

(2) Aufladen des Photohalbleiters (1) Säubern der Oberfläche (6) Fixierung des Toners (5) Aufladen des Papiers und Tonerübertragung

c%%P TPWR f,( 9(56&+,('(1(1 u&+5,77( '(6 m23,(59(5)$+5(16 J6&+(0$7,6&+K\ f,( v5200(/2%(5O 9>&+( 75>*7 '(1 r+272+$/%/(,7(5N '$6 r$3,(5 :,5' +,(5 $/6 g1'/26Od$1' 817(1 $1 '(5 v5200(/ 925%(,*()@+57P

TPX k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ T

[S

TP c89$'(1 '(6 r+272+$/%/(,7(56 Ju(16,%,/,6,(581*KP f,( v5200(/2%(59>&+( :,5' ,1 (,1(5 g17/$'81* */(,&+0>M,* 0,7 326,7,9(1 k21(1 %(635@+7P f$=8 :(5'(1 u35@+O '5>+7(N ',( $1 (,1( 326,7,9( j2&+63$1181*648(//( $1*(6&+/266(1 6,1'N ,1 *(5,1*(0 c%67$1' @%(5 ',( u&+,&+7 *()@+57] $8) '(5 0(7$//,6&+(1 w17(5/$*( %(71'(1 6,&+ ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 1(*$7,9(1 k198(1=/$'81*(1P UP d(/,&+781* 0,7 d,/' '(5 m23,(5925/$*(P c8) ',( v5200(/2%(59>&+( :,5' (,1 d,/' '(5 x25/$*( 352-,=,(57P c1 '(1 +(//(1 d,/'381.7(1 :,5' '(5 r+272+$/%/(,7(5 /(,7(1'N 81' '$'85&+ 9,(M7 ',( 326,7,9( n$'81* =85 *((5'(7(1 v5200(/ $%P c1 '(1 '81./(1 d,/'381.7(1 %/(,%7 ',( c89$'81* '$*(*(1 %(67(+(1P f$6 d,/' (;,67,(57 -(7=7 $/6 (,1 12&+ 816,&+7%$5(6 (/(.75267$7,6&+(6 n$'81*65(/,() $8) '(5 r+272+$/%/(,7(5O 6&+,&+7 J/$7(17(6 d,/' '(5 x25/$*(KP VP g17:,&.(/1 0,7 v21(5P c/6 1>&+67(6 :,5' (,1 6&+:$5=(5 m8167+$5=38'(5N '(5 v21(5N $8) ',( u&+,&+7 $8)*(%5$&+7P w0 =8 (55(,&+(1N '$66 6,&+ '(5 v21(5 '257 $1/$*(57N :2 ',( u&+,&+72%(59>&+( 12&+ 326,7,9 $8)*(/$'(1 ,67N :(5'(1 ',( )(,1(1N 185 (7:$ SASR =0 *52M(1 m?51(5 925+(5 1(*$7,9 (/(.75,6&+ $8)*(/$'(1P f$=8 :,5' '(5 v2O 1(5 0,7 v5>*(53(5/(1 *(0,6&+7P d(, d(:(*81* '(6 i(0,6&+6 %(:,5.7 '(5 m217$.7 '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 v(,/&+(1 ',( *(:@16&+7( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( c89$'81*P f,( v2O 1(5.?51(5 6(7=(1 6,&+ $1 '(1 326,7,9 $8)*(/$'(1(1 u7(//(1 $% 81' 75$16)250,(5(1 '$6 /$7(17( d,/' ,1 (,1 5((//(6 d,/'P y,&+7,*\ f,( 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 v21(5.?51(5 :(5'(1 921 '(1 326,7,9(1 q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 $1*(=2*(1 81' )(67*(+$/7(1N $%(5 1,&+7 1(875$/,6,(57N '(11 '(5 m217$.7 .2007 185 $1 (,1,*(1 r81.7(1 =867$1'(N 62'$66 6,&+ 185 :(1,*( n$'81*(1 921 v21(5 81' u&+,&+7 1(875$/,6,(5(1 .?11(1P WP c89$'(1 '(6 r$3,(56 81' v21(5@%(575$*81*P |85 %(575$*81* '(6 v21(5%,/'(6 $8) '$6 r$3,(5 :(5'(1 :,('(5 (/(.75267$7,6&+( m5>)7( (,1*(6(7=7P f$6 r$3,(5 :,5' '257 $1 ',( v5200(/ $1*(/(*7N :2 6,&+ ',( '$6 v21(5%,/' 75$*(1'( u&+,&+7 %(71'(7N 81' $8) '(5 t@&.6(,7(N *(1$862 :,( =8(567 ',( r+272+$/%/(,7(56&+,&+7N 0,7 326,O 7,9(1 n$'81*(1 %(635@+7P f$'85&+ +$)7(1 ',( v21(53$57,.(/ 181 $0 r$3,(5 81' :(5'(1 0,7 '(0 r$3,(5 921 '(5 u&+,&+7 $%*(1200(1P f$6 5((//( d,/' :,5' 62 921 '(5 v5200(/ $8) '$6 r$3,(5 @%(575$*(1P XP h,;,(581* '(6 v21(56P |85 h,;,(581* '(6 v21(5%,/'(6 :,5' '$6 r$3,(5 (,1(5 y>5O 0(675$+/81* $86*(6(7=7N ',( '$6 v21(538/9(5 ,1 '$6 r$3,(5 (,16&+0,/=7 81' 62 3(50$1(17 0,7 '(0 r$3,(5 9(5(,1,*7] */(,&+=(,7,* :,5' ',( c89$'81* '(6 r$3,(56 %(6(,7,*7P f$6 (/(.75267$7,6&+( n$'81*65(/,()Od,/' $8) '(5 u&+,&+7 %(67(+7 12&+ 81' .$11 A %(, c86/$6681* '(6 u>8%(581*6352=(66(6 JSK A =85 j(567(//81* :(,7(5(5 m23,(1 $86*(187=7 :(5'(1P

TPX k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ T TPXPS u$&+7+(0(1 g/(.7523+25\ 6P c%6&+1P SUPWPSN n,1. SUAT f(021675$7,21(1 =85 g/(.75267$7,.P f(3$570(17 2) g/(&75,& $1' e20387(5 g1*,1((O 5,1* J(&(K 2) 7+( w1,9(56,7< 2) t2&+(67(5\ +773\BB:::P(&(P52&+(67(5P('8 0 r(23/( 0 h$&8/7< 0 l 0 v+20$6 dP l21(6 0 j20(3$*( 0 J817(1K q7+(5 5(6($5&+ $1'

[T

T q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5

('8&$7,21$/ $&7,9,7,(6\ NNn(&785( f(021675$7,216 21 g/(&75267$7,&6DD 0 J,0 v(;7K (/(&75267$7,&6 '(021675$7,216 3 n,1. TAS g/(.75267$7,. ,1 '(5 k1'8675,(P g/7(; i0%jN fOY[WYX y(,/ $0 t+(,1\ +773\BB,1O )2P(/7(;P'( 0 '(876&+ 3 n,1. TAT 0 g/(.75267$7,. A NNg/7(;Oj$1'%8&+ '(5 g/(.75267$7,6&+(1 u1=81*\ k167,787 )@5 v(&+1,6&+( g/(.7521,. J,7(K '(5 t+(,1,6&+Oy(67)>/,6&+(1 v(&+1,6&+(1 j2&+6&+8/( J5:7+K c$&+(1\ +773\BB:::P,7(P5:7+O$$&+(1P'( 0 NN:(,7(5DD 0 h256&+81* 0 p(8( f58&.7(&+12/2*,(1 NNg/(.7521,6&+(5 v21(575$163257DD Ju+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 0 J,0 v(;7K NN;(52*5$3+,6&+( f58&.352=(66(DD 3 n,1. TASS NNi581'/$*(1 '(5 z(52*5$3+,(DD

TPXPT d,2*5$3+,(1 y,//,$0 i,/%(57 JSWVVASXRUKP v+( NN:::P3+<XP25*DD 6,7(6 :(5( :5,77(1 %< f5P f$9,' rP u7(51 Jd,2*5$3+,& ,1)250$7,21 0 +773\BB:::P3+<XP25*Bg'8&$7,21B:67(51P+70/K\ +773\BB:::P3+<XP25* B 0 ($57+0$*B'(0$*,17P+70 0 i(50$1 75$16/$7,21 NNf(5 i5266( o$*1(7N ',( g5'(DD 3 n,1. TAST NNk1 g5,11(581* $1 '$6 VRRO->+5,*( l8%,/>80 921 NNf( o$*1(7(DD 921 y,//,$0 i,/%(57 2) e2/&+(67(5DDP u,(+( NNk1+$/769(5=(,&+1,6DD J817(1KP y(,7(5 0,7 0 NNf( o$*1(7(DD A (,1( d8&+%(635(&+81* 0 NNf( o$*1(7(DD A 12&+ (,1( d8&+%(63(O &+81* 0 o(+5 @%(5 i,/%(576 y(5. 0 u(/%67 (;3(5,0(17,(5(1 :,( i,/%(57 0 y$6 :8667( 0$1 925 i,/%(576 |(,7 0 n21'21 ,0 l$+5( SXRR i$/,/(2 i$/,/(, JSWXVASXVTKP v+( i$/,/(2 r52-(&7 ,6 &855(17/< 6833257(' %< 7+( q5,&( 2) 7+( x,&( r5(6,'(17 2) e20387,1* 2) t,&( w1,9(56,7
&+( Jd(75$*K 0$*1(7,6&+(6 x(.725327(17,$/ J,1 n,7(5$785 4N +,(5 40K y,1'81*69>&+( (,1(5 u38/( J',( y,1'81*6=$+/ p ,67 $/6 h$.725 (17+$/7(1K c%67$1'N n>1*( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( J0$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21K n>1*(N d5(,7( m$3$=,7>7 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,0 x$.880 Jd(75$*K f,67$1=N c%67$1' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( g/(0(17$5/$'81* m5$)7 j,/)6)81.7,21(1 =85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 f,32/)(/'(6 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* J)5@+(5\ NN0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.(DDK u7520J67>5.(K u7520',&+7( *(5,&+7(7( n>1*(N f,32/On>1*(N f,5(5(17,$/ 'T n>1*( o$*1(7,6,(581* c1=$+/N y,1'81*6=$+/ g170$*1(7,6,(581*6)$.725 (/(.75,6&+(6 f,32/020(17 n$'81* J./(,1(K n$'81*N v(,/&+(1/$'81*N r52%(/$'81* (/(.75,6&+(5 y,'(567$1' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 y,'(567$1' q5769(.725N t$',869(.725 t$',86N 5$',$/(5 c%67$1' *(5,&+7(7( u75(&.(N y(*N f,5(5(17,$/ '` u75(&.(N h81.(1Ou&+/$*:(,7( f5(+020(17 J7+(502'76=$+/(1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 Jf,32/OKo20(17 63(=,76&+(5 y,'(567$1' n$'81*6',&+7( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( |(,7.2167$17( 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866 c=,087:,1.(/ (/(.75,6&+(6 r27(17,$/ (/(.75,6&+(5 h/866 t$80:,1.(/N f,5(5(17,$/ '\

e+(0,6&+( u0/,&+ (7:$ S c 81' S xP y(,/ (6 -('2&+ 921 '(5 g/(.75267$7,. '(5 +2+(1 u3$1181*(1 81' :,1=,*(1 u75?0( =80 i$/9$1,6086 '(5 *52M(1 u75?0( 81' ./(,1(1 u3$1181*(1 (;3(5,0(17(// .(,1(1 .217,18,(5/,&+(1 %(5*$1* *$%N 9(5/,() +,(5 ',( +,6725,6&+( g17:,&./81* $8) w0O :(*(1P g;3(5,0(17( 0,7 i(:,77(5Og/(.75,=,7>7P f,( 3+>120(12/2*,6&+( }+1/,&+.(,7 921 h81.(1 81' d/,7= :85'(1 '85&+ ',( n(,6781*667(,*(581*(1 %(, '(1 g/(.75,6,(50$O 6&+,1(1 ,00(5 '(87/,&+(5P c%(5 /$1*( |(,7 )(+/7( '(5 d(:(,6 '$)@5N '$66 (6 6,&+ +,(5 80 '$66(/%( 3+120(1 +$1'(/7N :,( $8&+ 63>7(5N $/6 $1'(5( g5=(8O *81*60(7+2'(1 )@5 g/(.75,=,7>7 %(.$117 :85'(1N ,00(5 :,('(5 ',( h5$*( *(67(//7 :85'(N 2% (6 6,&+ 80 *581'6>7=/,&+ 9(56&+,('(1( g/(.75,=,7>7(1 +$1'(/7P g,1 :,&+7,*(6 k1',= )@5 ',( i/(,&++(,7 921 h81.(1 81' d/,7= :$5 '(5 d(:(,6N '$66 h81.(1 $8&+ h(8(5 (17=@1'(1 .?11(1P f$6 '(021675,(57( '(5 c5=7 e+5,67,$1 h5,('5,&+ n8'2/) SYVV =85 g5?5181* '(5 d(5/,1(5 c.$'(0,( '(5 y,66(16&+$)7(1N ,1'(0 (5 u&+:()(/O >7+(5 '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h81.(1 (17=@1'(7(P f(5 (1'*@/7,*( d(:(,6 (5)2/*7( ,1 (,1(0 g;3(5,0(17N '$6 921 d(1-$0,1 h5$1./,1 SYWS 925*(6&+/$*(1 :25'(1 :$5 81' .85= '$5$8) 921 v+20$6 h5$1&* 2,6 f$/,%$5' ,1 o$5/+/( 81' u(,'(1)>'(1 6(1.O 5(&+7 *(+$/7(1P f,( j@77( 62// '$6 )@5 (/(.75,6&+( g;3(5,0(17( 6&+>'/,&+( y$66(5 920 g;3(5,0(17,(57,6&+ )(51+$/7(1] $8M(5'(0 62//(1 ',( d,(*81*(1 ,1 '(5 u7$1*( (,1 c%7523)(1 '(6 y$66(56 1(%(1 '(0 v,6&+ (50?*/,&+(1P |:,6&+(1 '(5 u7$1*( 81' (,1(0 *((5'(7(1 f5$+7 62//(1 %(, i(:,77(5 h81.(1 *(=2*(1 :(5'(1P c0 f5$+7 ,67 $/6 ,62/,(5(1'(5 i5,5 (,1( h/$6&+( $1*(%5$&+7P c/6 $0 SRP o$, SYWT ,1 o$5/< (,1 i(:,77(5 1$+7N :(5'(1 %,6 =8 V &0 /$1*( h81.(1 921 NN+,00/,6&+(5 g/(.75,=,7>7DD *(=2*(1] '(5 0,7:,5.(1'( r)$55(5 921 o$5/< (5+>/7 '$%(, (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+/$* 81' (,1( d5$1':81'(P f$6 g;3(5,0(17 :85'( ,1 '(5 *$1=(1 :,66(16&+$)7/,&+(1 y(/7 67$5. %($&+7(7P g6 %(:,(6 ',( (/(.75,6&+( p$785 '(6 d/,7=(6 81' /(*7( 1$+(N '$66 *((5'(7( u7$1*(1 7$7O 6>&+/,&+ $/6 d/,7=$%/(,7(5 ',(1(1 .?11(1N :,( h5$1./,1 SYWR 925*(6&+/$*(1 +$77(P h5$1./,1 6(/%67 :$5 920 g5)2/* '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 @%(55$6&+7N :(,/ ',( u7$1*( 1,&+7 %,6 ,1 ',( i(:,77(5:2/.( *(5(,&+7 +$77(P k0 l81, SYWT %(*$11 h5$1./,1 0,7 f5$&+(1N ',( ,1 ',( y2/.(1 +,1(,15(,&+(1N =8 (;3(5,0(17,(5(1P o,7 (,1(5 '85&+ t(*(1 1$66 *(:25'(1(1 f5$&+(16&+185 $/6 n(,7(5 *(/,1*7 (6 h5$1./,1N (,1( n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+( 0,7 +,00/,6&+(5 g/(.75,=,7>7 =8 )@//(1P f$1$&+ /(,7(7 (5 i(:,77(5Og/(.75,=,7>7 0,7 (,1(5 u7$1*( ',5(.7 ,1 6(,1 j$86N 80 %(O 48(0(5 (;3(5,0(17,(5(1 =8 .?11(1N 81' )$1' SYWUN '$66 A (17*(*(1 6(,1(5 g5:$5781* A ',( y2/.(1 925:,(*(1' 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1 6,1'N =8:(,/(1 $%(5 $8&+ 326,7,9P c8M(5O

[Z

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

c%%P UPS f$6 o$5/5( ,00(5 (/(.75,6&+ ,67N $8&+ :(11 .(,1 i(:,77(5 $8)=,(+7P h5$1./,1 +$7 ',( i()>+5/,&+.(,7 '(5 i(:,77(5Og;3(5,0(17( 817(56&+>7=7 81' .$80 x256,&+760$M1$+0(1 *(7525(1P g5 +$77( %(, 6(,1(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 ,00(5 i/@&.N $1'(56 $/6 i(25* y,/+(/0 t,&+0$11N r+*7 (,1 d/,7= ,1 ',( u7$1*( 6(,1(6 i(:,77(5O g;3(5,0(17(6] t,&+0$11 :,5' %(,0 c%/(6(1 (,1(6 g/(.7520(7(56 920 d/,7=6&+/$* *(7?7(7P u8&+( 1$&+ 7,(5,6&+(5 g/(.75,=,7>7P g/(.75,6&+( h,6&+( :$5(1 6&+21 ,0 c/7(5780 %(O .$117P f,( 63@5%$5(1 u&+/>*( :85'(1 $/6 c86:,5.81* 5$6&+(5 o86.(/%(:(*81*(1 *('(87(7P f,( 6(+5 >+1/,&+ :,5.(1'(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+/>*( '85&+ n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+(1 )@+57(1 =8 w17(568&+81*(1 @%(5 ',( g/(.75,=,7>7 ',(6(5 h,6&+(N ,16%(621'(5( '(6 |,77(552&+(16N '(5 '(1 /$7(,1,6&+(1 p$0(1 v253('2 75>*7P f(5 c5=7 l2+1 y$/6+ )$1'N '$66 d$8&+ 81' t@&.(1 '(6 h,6&+(6 9(56&+,('(1(1 r2/(1 (17635(&+(1P |:(, r(5621(1N ',( 6,&+ ',( j$1' *$%(1N (5+,(/7(1 %(,'( (,1(1 u&+/$* $/6 (,1( '(1 t@&.(1 81' ',( $1'(5( '(1 d$8&+ %(5@+57(P SYYT .2117( y$/6+ $8&+ '$6 $86 @%(5 SRRR =)7,*7(P g5 (5.$117( ',( d('(8781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,781* '(6 u((:$66(56 )@5 ',( %(5O 75$*81* '(5 u&+/>*( '(6 h,6&+(6P w1' (5 )$1' +(5$86N '$66 (6 6,&+ A ,0 i(*(16$7= =8 '(1 %,6+(5 %(.$117(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 '(5 g/(.75267$7,. A +,(5 80 (,1 r+>120(1 921 ./(,1(5 u3$1181*N $%(5 9(5*/(,&+6:(,6( *52M(5 75$163257,(57(5 n$'81*60(1*(1 Ju75?0(K +$1'(/7P g5 %$87( (,1( v253('2Oc775$33( $86 j2/= 81' n('(5N 6(7=7( 6,( ,1 (,1 u((:$66(5Od$' 81' 9(5%$1' t@&.(1 81' d$8&+ 0,7 (,1(5 d$77(5,( 921 V[ n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+(1N ',( (5 62 6&+:$&+ $8)*(/$'(1 +$77(N '$66 (5 ',( h81.(1 185 817(5 '(0 o,.526.23 (5.(11(1 .2117(P c//(N ',( ',( h,6&+Oc775$33( $1)$667(1N :85O '(1 921 '(5 f(021675$7,21 @%(5=(8*7P o,7 '(1 g5.(1171,66(1 @%(5 (/(.75,6&+( h,6&+( (1767$1'(1 9,(/( j7 $/6 n(%(16.5$)7P u3>7(5 67(//7( 6,&+ i$/9$1, ',( h5$*(N 2% ',( $70263+>5,6&+( g/(.75,=,7>7 :2+/ >+1/,&+( p(59(1=8&.81*(1 %(, h5?6&+(1 +(5925O 58)(1 :@5'(P g5 )$1' SYZXN '$66 |8&.81*(1 1,&+7 185 %(, i(:,77(5N 621'(51 $8&+ 6&+21 %(,0 c8)=8* 921 i(:,77(5:2/.(1 $8)75$7(1P f,( 35>3$5,(57(1 h5?6&+( +,1*(1 0,7 o(66,1*+$.(1 ,0 t@&.(10$5. $0 g,6(1O *,77(5 '(6 i$57(1=$816P i$/9$1, %(2%$&+7(7(N '$66 $8&+ %(, +(,7(5(0 j,00(/ m21O 75$.7,21(1 $8)75$7(1N :(11 (5 ',( j$.(1 *(*(1 '$6 (,6(51( i,77(5 '5@&.7(P f$5$8)+,1 6(7=7( i$/9$1, ',(6( x(568&+( ,0 n$%25 )257 81' 9$5,,(57( ',( c125'181*(1P g5 %(187=7( (,1( ,62/,(5(1'( i/$63/$77( 81' %(5@+57( 0,7 '(1 %(,'(1 g1'(1 (,1(6 /(,O 7(1'(1 f5$+7%2*(16 '(1 ,1 '$6 t@&.(10$5. *(67(&.7(1 j$.(1 81' (,1(1 o86.(/ $0 h8M( '(6 h526&+35>3$5$76P d(, c1:(1'81* '(6 d2*(16 75$7(1 67$5.( m2175$.O 7,21(1 (,1N :(11 j$.(1 81' f5$+7 $86 9(56&+,('(1(1 o(7$//(1 %(67$1'(1N =P dP g,6(1 81' o(66,1*P d(, '(5 x(5:(1'81* 921 ,62/,(5(1'(1 u725(1 75$7(1 .(,1( m21O 75$.7,21(1 (,1P i$/9$1, 9(5?5(17/,&+7( ',( t(68/7$7( 6(,1(5 (/)->+5,*(1 w17(568&+81O *(1 SY[S 81' */$8%7(N ',( NN7,(5,6&+( g/(.75,=,7>7DD (17'(&.7 =8 +$%(1P v,(59(568&+( +$77(1 )5@+(5 $8&+ ,1 r+7P c/(66$1'52 x2/7$ JSYVW2SZTYK :$5 r+M '(5 =:,6&+(1 ,+1(1 %(2%$&+O 7(7(1 u3$1181* (,1*(25'1(7 :$5(1P w0 6(+5 ./(,1( n$'81*(1 0(66(1 =8 .?11(1N 187=7( (5 ',( k198(1=0$6&+,1( $/6 n$'81*608/7,3/,.$725\ p$&+ (,1(5 %(67,007(1 c1=$+/ 921 w0'5(+81*(1 :$5 ',( 921 ,+0 $1)$1*6 $8)*(%5$&+7( n$'81* ,1)2/*( '(5 u(/%67(55(*81* 80 (,1(1 '85&+ g,&+81* =8 %(67,00(1'(1 h$.725 9(59,(/)$&+7 :25'(1P e$5/ t$06$8(5 JSZYZAS[WWN NNi581'9(568&+( '(5 r+667 6,&+ /(,&+7 '(021675,(5(1\ SP o$1 67(//7 6,&+ (,1(1 y,'(567$1' +(5N =P dP =:(, o(7(5 921 (,1(0 '@11(0 y,O '(567$1'6'5$+7N :,( (5 )@5 j(,=?)(1 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'N 62 $8)*(:,&.(/7N '$66 6,&+ ',( y,1'81*(1 1,&+7 %(5@+5(1P o$1 .$11 $8&+ (,1)$&+ (,1 d@*(/(,6(1 2'(5 (,1(1 j(,=2)(1 9(5:(1'(1P f$11 %,/'(7 0$1 '$0,7 (,1(1 NNu7520.5(,6DDN 'P +P 0$1 6&+$/O 7(7 '(1 c..8 %=:P (,1( |(//( ,1 t(,+( 0,7 '(0 f5$+7 81' (,1(0 u75200(66(5P o$1 %(187=7 1$&+(,1$1'(5 9(56&+,('(1( u3$1181*(1 '(6 c..86N (,1( |(//( +$7 =:(, x2/7N =:(, |(//(1 +$%(1 V x2/7 86:P g5*(%1,6\ '(5 u7520 k ,67 *(1$8 352O 3257,21$/ =85 $1/,(*(1'(1 u3$1181* w '(6 c..86P f(5 y,'(567$1' t ,0 u7520O .5(,6 :85'( -$ 1,&+7 *(>1'(57P f85&+ f,9,6,21 '(5 u3$1181* w '85&+ '(1 u7520 k (5+>/7 0$1 67(76 '(1 */(,&+(1 y(57 '(6 y,'(567$1'(6 tP TP o$1 67(//7 6,&+ $86 '@11(0 y,'(567$1'6'5$+7 921 (,1(5 t2//( y,'(567>1'( 9(5O 6&+,('(1(5 n>1*(N $%(5 921 */(,&+(0 s8(56&+1,77 +(5N =P dP S 0N T 0 86:PN :,&.(/7 ',( (,1=(/1(1 n>1*(1 $8) 81' 1,007 6,( :,('(5 $%N $%(5 62N '$66 6,&+ ',( (,1=(/1(1 y,1'81*(1 1,&+7 %(5@+5(1P f$11 %(187=7 0$1 (,1( %(67,007( u3$1181* w '(6 c..86P o$1 71'(7 62)257N '$66 '(5 u7520 k 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/ =85 n>1*(

UPT g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 u75?0(1

SRY

'(6 y,'(567$1'(6 ,67N %=:P '$66 '(5 y,'(567$1' t *(1$8 3523257,21$/ =85 n>1*( '(6 f5$+7(6 ,67P UP o$1 9(5>1'(57 '(1 s8(56&+1,77 '(6 y,'(567$1'6'5$+7(6 '$'85&+N '$66 0$1 =:(, 2'(5 '5(, */(,&+( n>1*(1 '(6 */(,&+(1 f5$+7(6 3$5$//(/ 63$117P f(5 y,'(567$1' ,67 %(, '233(/7(0 s8(56&+1,77 +$/% 62 *52MP f(5 y,'(567$1' ,67 %(, */(,&+(0 o$O 7(5,$/ 81' %(, */(,&+(5 n>1*( '(0 s8(56&+1,77 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/P f,( r27(17,$/>1'(581* />1*6 (,1(6 y,'(567$1'(6N ',( 6,&+ %(, u75209866 (,167(//7N :,5' $/6 u3$1181*6$%)$// J92/7$*( '523K %(=(,&+1(7P f(5 $/6 NN326,7,9DD $1*(1200(1( u7520 9,(M7 ,1 t,&+781* '(6 gOh(/'(6N '$6 921 NN3/86DD 1$&+ NN0,186DD =(,*7] '(6+$/% NN)>//7DD ',( u3$1181* />1*6 '(6 u7520(6 $%P c8&+ )@5 '(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// *,/7 w 3 t 6 kP j1'(1 (,1( c1=$+/ o$120(7(552+5( =85 f58&.0(6681* $1%5,1*(1P n$66(1 :,5 '$6 y$66(5N :,( ,1 c%%P UPX$ *(=(,*7N $86 '(0 5(&+7(1 g1'( '(6 t2+5(6 )5(, $86675?0(1N 62 (5+$/7(1 :,5 ',( '$5*(67(//7( f58&.O 9(57(,/81* />1*6 '(6 t2+5(6P k0 v(,/%,/' J%K :,5' '(5 s8(56&+1,77 '(6 c%986652+5(6 '85&+ g,16&+,(%(1 (,1(6 f5$+7(6 $0 5(&+7(1 g1'( 9(5./(,1(57N '(5 f58&.$%)$// Jc1$O /2*,(\ u3$1181*6$%)$//K :,5' *5?M(5P

(a)

(b)

c%%P UPX j1*,*.(,7P k1 (,1(0 (,1)$&+(1 f(021675$7,2169(568&+ :,5' (,1 r/$O 7,1'5$+7 =8 (,1(5 y(1'(/ 0,7 6,&+ 1,&+7 %(5@+5(1'(1 y,&./81*(1 $8)*(:,&.(/7 81' 62 $8)*(63$117N '$66 (5 A :>+5(1' (,1 u7520 +,1'85&+9,(M7 A 0,7 (,1(5 h/$00( (5+,7=7 2'(5 0,7 9@66,*(0 u7,&.6725 *(.@+/7 :(5'(1 .$11 Jc%%P UPYKP g,1( ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7( i/@+/$03( ',(17 $/6 48$/,7$7,9(5 u7520$1=(,*(5P y,5' $1 r/$7,1'5$+7 81' i/@+/$03( (,1( .2167$17 *(+$/7(1( u3$1181* $1*(/(*7N '$11 >1'(57 6,&+ '(5 u7520 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 '(6 r/$7,1'5$+7(6\ d(, g5:>5081* 67(,*7 '(5 r7Oy,'(5O 67$1'N '(5 u7520 6,1.7N 81' ',( i/@+/$03( :,5' '81.(/] %(, c%.@+/81* 6,1.7 '(5 r7Oy,'(567$1'N '(5 u7520 67(,*7N 81' ',( i/@+/$03( /(8&+7(7 +(// $8)P |80 %(48(0(1 g,15(*8/,(5(1 921 u752067>5.(1 ',(1(1 u&+,(%(:,'(567>1'( 2'(5 f5(+:,'(567>1'(P g,1 817(5 h('(5'58&. 67(+(1'(5 i/(,7.217$.7 />1*6 (,1(6 '(1 y,O '(567$1' %,/'(1'(1 638/(1)?50,* $8)*(:,&.(/7(1 f5$+7(6 .$11 9(567(//7 81' '$'85&+ (,1 0(+5 2'(5 :(1,*(5 *52M(5 v(,/ '(6 f5$+7(6 ,1 '(1 %(75(5(1'(1 u7520.5(,6 (,1O *(6&+$/7(7 :(5'(1P y,5' (,1( u3$1181* $1 ',( %(,'(1 g1'.217$.7( *(/(*7N '$11 /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 '(0 i/(,7.217$.7 81' (,1(0 '(5 g1'.217$.7( (,1( v(,/63$1181*]

SRZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7( Pt G

c%%P UPY x(568&+ =85 f(021675$7,21 '(5 y,'(567$1'6>1'(581* '(6 r/$7,1'5$+7(6 r7 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785P f,( i/@+/$03( i ,67 (,1 u752067>5.(Ok1',.$725P f,( $1*(/(*7( u3$1181* :,5' .2167$17 *(+$/7(1P

c%%P UPZ t(*8/,(5:,'(567>1'(\ J$K u&+,(%(:,'(567$1'N J%K f5(+:,'(567$1'P d(,'( d$8)250(1 +$%(1 '5(, (/(.75,6&+( c16&+/866./(00(1 )@5 ',( %(,'(1 f5$+7(1'(1 81' '(1 u&+/(,).217$.7P

'(5 t(*8/,(5:,'(567$1' :,5' 62 =80 u3$1181*67(,/(5 Jr27(17,20(7(5N 9*/P c%%P UPSUKP f,( c%%P UPZ =(,*7 =:(, *52M(N +2&+ %(/$67%$5( d$8)250(1N :,( 6,( %(, x25/(681*6'(021675$7,21(1 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P |80 g,1%$8 ,1 i(5>7( :(5'(1 ./(,O 1(5( f5(+327(17,20(7(5 9(5:(1'(7 81' 62 0217,(57N '$66 ',( f5(+$&+6( '85&+ (,1 n2&+ ,1 '(5 h52173/$77( +,1'85&+5(,&+7 81' $8) '(5 x25'(56(,7( (,1 f5(+.123) $8)O *(67(&.7 :(5'(1 .$11P p250$/:,'(567>1'( Jy,'(567$1'61250$/(K :(5'(1 185 )@5 r5>=,6,2160(6681*(1 81' =80 g,&+(1 $1'(5(5 y,'(567>1'( %(187=7P w0 '(1 g,19866 '(5 n8)7)(8&+7,*.(,7 $86=86&+/,(M(1N :(5'(1 ',( f5$+7:,&./81*(1 0,7 (,1(5 u&+87=6&+,&+7 @%(5=2*(1 81' $8&+ /8)7',&+7 $%*(6&+/266(1N :(11 +?&+67( m2167$1= *()25'(57 :,5'P u,( :(5'(1 921 RPRRS / %,6 =8 SRR RRR / +(5*(67(//7P c/6 y(5.6725 :(5'(1 o$1*$1,1 81' i2/'O e+520On(*,(581*(1 9(5:(1'(7N %,6 +(5$% =8 RPS / $/6 f5$+7N '$5817(5 $/6 d/(&+P f,( d(/$67%$5.(,7 ,67 6(+5 *(5,1*N 0$;,0$/ S y$77 2'(5 $8&+ 185 RPS y$77P f,( 5(O /$7,9(1 y,'(567$1'6>1'(581*(1N ',( $8&+ 2+1( %(5/$6781* $8)75(7(1 81' '85&+ o$7(5,$/9(5>1'(581*(1 Jq;,'$7,21N t(.5,67$//,6$7,21K %(',1*7 6,1'N /,(*(1 0(,67 81O 7(5 SR2X 352 l$+5P

UPT g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 u75?0(1

SR[

h(67:,'(567>1'( =80 g,1%$8P m2+/(6&+,&+7:,'(567>1'( 0,7 y,'(567>1'(1 921 / %,6 o/ J,1 u21'(5$1)(57,*81* $8&+ %,6 i/K :(5'(1 '85&+ 7+(50,6&+(1 |(5)$// 921 m2+/(1:$66(56725(1 +(5*(67(//7P h@5 +?&+67( y,'(567$1'6:(57( ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 U 6 SR[ %,6 SRSV / *,%7 (6 ,1 i/$6 *(.$36(/7( m2+/(6&+,&+7:,'(567>1'(P o(7$//6&+,&+7O :,'(567>1'( Je5p,K :(5'(1 '85&+ c8)'$03)(1 ,0 j2&+9$.880 +(5*(67(//7] 6,( +$O %(1 ./(,1( v(03(5$785.2(5,=,(17(1 921 (7:$ SR2WBmP p,('(52+0,*( g'(/0(7$//O 6&+,&+7:,'(567>1'( Jc8Br7K (5+>/7 0$1 '85&+ t('8.7,21 921 g'(/0(7$//6$/=(1 %(,0 g,1%5(11(1] 6,( :(5'(1 =P dP $/6 j2&+/$67:,'(567>1'( (,1*(6(7=7P d(621'(56 +2&+ %(/$67%$5 6,1' ',( $8) m(5$0,..?53(5 *(:,&.(/7(1 f5$+7:,'(567>1'( JRPS / %,6 (7:$ SR o/KN ',( (6 0,7 p(11/(,6781*(1 921 RPTW %,6 TRR y *,%7P f(5 y,'(567$1'6:(57 ,67 @%/,&+(5:(,6( '85&+ h$5%5,1*( &2',(57 2'(5 $/6 |$+/(1:(57 $8)*('58&.7P d(, '(5 c86:$+/ 921 y,'(567>1'(1 ,67 1(%(1 '(0 y,'(567$1'6:(57 J,1 q+0K 925 $//(0 ',( d(/$67%$5.(,7 J,1 y$77K :,&+7,*N '(11 A :,( ,0 )2/*(1'(1 c%6&+1,77 *(=(,*7 :,5' A 67(,*7 ',( ,1 y>50( 80*(:$1'(/7( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* 48$'5$7,6&+ 0,7 '(0 u7520 $1P u,( 0866 '85&+ y>50(/(,781* $%*()@+57 :(5'(1N 2+1( '$66 '(5 y,'(567$1' '$%(, =8 +(,M :,5'P d(, j2&+63$1181*6:,'(567>1'(1 ,67 ',( d$8/>1*( '85&+ ',( (5)25'(5/,&+( u3$1O 181*6)(67,*.(,7 %(67,007P y,'(567>1'( :(5'(1 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 h(57,*81*672/(5$1=(1 +(5*(67(//7N 750(O /(,781*N m219(.7,21 2'(5 y>50(675$+/81* $%*()@+57 :(5'(1 0866P c1'(56 )2508/,(57\ f,( u3$1181*N ',( $0 y,'(567$1' /,(*7N 9(5856$&+7 ,0 y,'(5O 67$1' (,1 gOh(/'N '$6 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 %(6&+/(81,*7P f,( *(:211(1( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( :,5' '85&+ u7?M( $1 '$6 k21(1*,77(5 $%*(*(%(1P f$'85&+ :,5' ',( g1(5*,( $/6 y>50( )5(,P u,( :,5' l28/(I6&+( y>50( Jl28/( +($7,1*K *(1$117P lPrP l28/( +$7 SZVR (;3(5,0(17(// *(=(,*7N '$66 ',( ,1 (,1(0 n(,7(5 (5=(8*7( u7520:>50( '(0 s8$'O 5$7 '(5 u752067>5.( kN '(0 y,'(567$1' t 81' '(5 |(,7 7 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,( $/6 u7520:>50( )5(,:(5'(1'( g1(5*,( J:25.K y ,67 1$&+ '(0 l28/(I6&+(1 i(6(7= y3w6k67 y 3 kT t 7] ',( u3$1181* w :85'( +,(5 1$&+ '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= '85&+ t 6 k (56(7=7P

JUPXK

SSR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

d(925 (6 0?*/,&+ :$5N ',( g,1+(,7 x2/7 @%(5 ',( d(=,(+81* p 6 0 3 x 6 c 6 6 )(67O =8/(*(1N 08667( (;3(5,0(17(// *(=(,*7 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( g1(5*,( %(, w0:$1'/81* 921 (,1(5 h250 ,1 ',( $1'(5( 1,&+7 9(50,1'(57 :,5'P u2/&+( g;3(5,0(17( :85'(1 $/6 NNo(6681*(1 '(5 y>50(>48,9$/(17(DD %(=(,&+1(7P w0 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( y>50(>48,O 9$/(17 =8 0(66(1N 67(&.7 0$1 (,1(1 v$8&+6,('(5 %(.$117(5 n(,6781* ,1 (,1( 0,7 y$6O 6(5 *()@//7( v+(50269$6&+(N 0,667 ',( |(,7 '(6 u7520'85&+9866(6N ',( v(03(5$785O (5+?+81* '(6 y$66(56 81' ',( y$66(50(1*(P o$1 9(5*/(,&+7 620,7 ',( *(/(,67(7( (/(.75,6&+( c5%(,7 0,7 '(5 920 v$8&+6,('(5 $1 '$6 y$66(5 $%*(*(%(1(1 y>50(O 0(1*(P u(/%679(567>1'/,&+ 0866 0$1 %(, (,1(5 o(6681* -('(6 g17:(,&+(1 921 y>50( 9(50(,'(1P f,(6 .$11 :(,7*(+(1' 9(5:,5./,&+7 :(5'(1N :(11 6,&+ (,1 v$8&+6,('(5 ,1 (,1(5 0,7 y$66(5 *()@//7(1 v+(50269$6&+( %(71'(7P p$&+ '(0 l28/(I6&+(1 i(6(7= +>1*7 817(5 62167 */(,&+(1 d(',1*81*(1 J*/(,&+( u752067>5.(N */(,&+(5 f5$+7'85&+0(66(5N */(,&+( f5$+7/>1*(K ',( (17:,&.(/7( y>5O 0( 185 12&+ 920 63(=,76&+(1 y,'(567$1' '(6 f5$+70$7(5,$/6 $%P f,(6 />667 6,&+ =(,*(1N ,1'(0 0$1 (,1(1 67$5.(1 u7520 '85&+ (,1( m(77( +,1'85&+6&+,&.7N ',( $%O :(&+6(/1' $86 */(,&+ ',&.(1 81' */(,&+ /$1*(1 g,6(1O 81' m83)(5'5>+7(1 %(67(+7P o$1 %(2%$&+7(7 '$11N '$66 %(, (,1(5 %(67,007(1 u752067>5.( 185 ',( g,6(1'5>+7( */@+(1N :>+5(1' ',( m83)(5'5>+7( ,1)2/*( ,+5(6 6(&+60$/ ./(,1(5(1 63(=,76&+(1 y,O '(567$1'(6 '81.(/ %/(,%(1P c//(5',1*6 75,77 '$%(, 12&+ (,1 $1'(5(5 g5(.7 $8)N '(5 ,1 ',(6(/%( t,&+781* *(+7\ o,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 '(6 g,6(16 (5+?+7 6,&+ $8&+ '(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 g,6(16N 81' '$'85&+ :,5' 12&+ 0(+5 u7520:>50( )5(,*(6(7=7P u75200(6681* 0,77(/6 u7520:>50(P c%%P UP[ =(,*7 '$6 r5,1=,3 '(6 +,6725,6&+ 81' ','$.7,6&+ ,17(5(66$17(1 j,7='5$+7,167580(176N '$6 +(87( 1,&+7 0(+5 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P |:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 r81.7(1 c 81' dN '(1 c16&+/866./(00(1 '(6 k167580(176N ,67 (,1 '@11(5 r/$7,1'5$+7 j *(63$117P k1 '(5 o,77( '(6 f5$+7(6 %(, e ,67 (,1 h$'(1 %()(67,*7N '(5 @%(5 (,1( t2//( t )@+57 81' 921 (,1(5 h('(5 h *(63$117 :,5'P c1 '(5 c&+6( '(5 t2//( ,67 '(5 |(,*(5 | %()(67,*7P f(+17 6,&+ 181 ,1)2/*( '(5 g5:>5081* '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 '(5 f5$+7 $86N 62 =,(+7 ',( h('(5 $1 '(0 h$'(1 81' '5(+7 '$0,7 ',( t2//( 81' '(1 |(,*(5 ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11P Z C

A

H

B

R F

c%%P UP[ u&+(0$ (,1(6 j,7='5$+7O ,167580(176P

f$ ',( g5:>5081* '(6 f5$+7(6 3523257,21$/ =8 k T ,67N +>1*7 ',( n>1*(1>1'(581* '(6 f5$+7(6 1,&+7 921 '(5 u75205,&+781* $%P f$+(5 .2117(1 j,7='5$+7,167580(17( $8&+ )@5 y(&+6(/67520 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P u&+0(/=6,&+(581*(1P u,( 62//(1 9(5+@7(1N '$66 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( n(,781* ,0 h$//( (,1(5 %(5/$6781* =8 67$5. (5:>507 :,5' 81' '$6 i(%>8'( ,1 d5$1' 6(7=7P f,( u,&+(581*

UPT g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 u75?0(1

SSS

J)86(K %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 ,1 (,1(5 r25=(//$13$7521( 0,7 u$1')@//81* (,1*(%(77(7(1 d/(,O 2'(5 u,/%(5'5$+7N '(5 185 )@5 ',( =8/>66,*( u752067>5.( $865(,&+7P d(, +?+(5(5 u752067>5.( 6&+0,/=7 '(5 f5$+7 '85&+ 81' 817(5%5,&+7 '(1 u7520.5(,6P f,( u,&+(O 581* 67(//7 $/62 (,1( .@167/,&+ +(5*(67(//7( 6&+:>&+67( u7(//(N (,1( u2//%58&+67(//( J35(O '(7(50,1(' %5($.,1* 32,17KN $1 (,1(0 %(48(0 =8*>1*/,&+(1 r81.7 '(5 n(,781* '$5P j(,=O 81' m2&+*(5>7(P d(, '(1 ,0 j$86+$/7 9(5:(1'(7(1 i(5>7(1 :,5' (,1 y,'(5O 67$1'60$7(5,$/ J=P dP e+52067$+/K 9(5:(1'(7N '$6 %(, v(03(5$785(1 %,6 &$P SRRR @e =:$5 (,1( '@11( q;,'6&+,&+7 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( %,/'(7N $%(5 1,&+7 '85&+2;,',(57 :,5'P y(*(1 '(6 +2+(1 u&+0(/=381.7(6 '(6 r/$7,16 JSYXZ @eK 81' 6(,1(5 5(/$7,9 *87(1 &+(0,6&+(1 d(67>1',*.(,7 :,5' ,0 n$%25 2)7 r/$7,1'5$+7 2'(5 O%$1'N $8)*(:,&.(/7 $8) m(5$0,.52+5N $/6 (/(.75,6&+(5 j(,=(5 (,1*(6(7=7P x(50(,'(7 0$1 -('( c57 921 q;,'$7,21N =P dP '85&+ j2&+9$.880 2'(5 '85&+ (,1 80*(%(1'(6 u&+87=*$6 Jy$6O 6(56725Oc70263+>5(KN 62 .$11 0$1 $8&+ y2/)5$0 J781*67(1K 2'(5 o2/'(1 J&$5%21 7/$0(176KN ',( '85&+ x(5.2+/81* 921 d$0%86)$6(51 817(5 n8)7$%6&+/866 +(5*(67(//7 :85'(1P o,7 02'(51(1 y2/)5$0Oi/@+/$03(1 (55(,&+7 0$1 v(03(5$785(1 921 (7:$ TXRR mP w0 ',( x(5'$03)81* '(6 y2/)5$0)$'(16 =8 9(55,1*(51N :,5' '(5 i/$6.2/O %(1 1,&+7 0(+5 (9$.8,(57N 621'(51 0,7 (,1(0 i$6 J0(,67 m550( $1 '$6 h@//*$6 $%P f,(6(5 c17(,/ +>1*7 :(6(17/,&+ 921 '(5 n>1*( '(6 i/@+)$'(16N $%(5 .$80 920 f85&+0(66(5 $%P f(6+$/% :(5'(1 ',( y2/)5$0)>'(1 ,1 h250 921 y(1'(/1N 0(,67 62*$5 921 f233(/:(1'(/1N 9(5:(1O '(7P f,( 0,77/(5( n(%(16'$8(5 '(5 i/@+/$03(1 %(75>*7 (7:$ SRRR u781'(1P u,( .?11O 7( :(6(17/,&+ (5+?+7 :(5'(1N :(11 ',( v(03(5$785 v '(6 i/@+)$'(16 (7:$6 *(6(1.7 :@5'(P f$6 +>77( $%(5 (,1( %(75>&+7/,&+( u(1.81* '(5 n,&+7$86%(87( =85 h2/*(N :(,/ ',( i(6$07675$+/81* 81*()>+5 0,7 v V $%6,1.7 81' '$6 o$;,080 '(5 63(.75$/(1 x(57(,/81*6.859( 6,&+ 0,7 6,1.(1'(5 v(03(5$785 =8 />1*(5(1 k1)5$527Oy(//(1/>1*(1 9(56&+,(%7N :2'85&+ '(5 c17(,/ $1 6,&+7%$5(0 n,&+7 *(5,1*(5 :,5'P j$/2*(1/$03(1 :85'(1 :(*(1 '(6 7(&+12/2*,6&+(1 c8):$1'(6 Js8$5=.2/%(1K (567 63>7 (,1*()@+57N =8(567 )@5 u3(=,$//$03(1 :,( c8726&+(,1:(5)(5P k1=:,6&+(1 +$%(1 ',( j$/2*(1/$03(1 6,&+ $8&+ ,0 y2+1%(5(,&+ '85&+*(6(7=7P c/6 h@//*$6 :,5' @%(5O :,(*(1' k2' 81' d520 %(187=7P f$6 9(5'$03)7( y2/)5$0 9(5%,1'(7 6,&+ %(, 1,('O 5,*(5 v(03(5$785N =P dP $1 '(5 y$1'N 0,7 '(0 j$/2*(1 =8 (,1(5 y2/)5$0Oj$/2*(1O x(5%,1'81*N ',( *$6)?50,* ,67P f85&+ f,586,21 *(/$1*(1 o2/(.@/( ',(6(5 x(5%,1O '81* $8) ',( +(,M( y2/)5$0:(1'(/P d(, +2+(5 v(03(5$785 ',662=,,(57 $%(5 ',( y2/)O 5$0Oj$/2*(1Ox(5%,1'81*N 'P +P $8) '(5 +(,M(1 y(1'(/ :,5' ',( x(5%,1'81* ,1 ,+5( d(67$1'7(,/( =(5/(*7P f$6 y2/)5$0 %/(,%7 $8) '(0 y2/)5$0'5$+7 81' ,67 620,7 =8O 5@&.*()@+57] '$6 j$/2*(1 ',581',(57 )257 81' 67(+7 $1 '(5 .>/7(5(1 y$1' :,('(5 =85 x(5)@*81*N 80 6,&+ 0,7 '(0 9(5'$03)7(1 y2/)5$0 =8 9(5%,1'(1P f85&+ ',(6(1 t@&.75$163257 '(6 9(5'$03)7(1 y2/)5$06 :,5' J%(, */(,&+(5 v(03(5$785K ',( n(O %(16'$8(5 '(5 y(1'(/ (5+?+7] 80*(.(+57 ,67 (6 $%(5 $8&+ 0?*/,&+N '$0,7 J%(, */(,&+(5 n(%(16'$8(5K ',( v(03(5$785 =8 (5+?+(1N :2'85&+ '$6 u3(.7580 '(6 $86*(6$1'7(1

SST

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

n,&+7(6 :(,7(5 ,1 '(1 6,&+7%$5(1 d(5(,&+ *(6&+2%(1 :,5'P f$6 n,&+7 6,(+7 NN:(,M(5DD $86] '(5 y,5.81*6*5$' 67(,*7P

UPTPV u7520 81' u3$1181* ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 p(7=:(5.(1 f(5 c86'58&. NN(/(.75,6&+(6 p(7=DD :,5' )@5 x(5625*81*61(7=( J=P dP ?5(17/,&+(6 f5(+675201(7=N p(7= '(5 d81'(6%$+1K 9(5:(1'(7P h@5 u&+$/781*(1 +$7 6,&+ '(5 d(*5,5 p(7=:(5. J1(7:25.K '85&+*(6(7=7P c.7,9( 81' 3$66,9( |:(,32/(P p(7=:(5.( 6,1' n(,7(560O /,&+ ',( x(5%,1'81*(1 921 y,'(567>1'(1 81' u752048(//(1] ',( x(5%,1'81*6/(,781O *(1 :(5'(1 $/6 :,'(567$1'6/26 $1*(1200(1P l('(6 ',(6(5 d$8(/(0(17( +$7 =:(, c1O 6&+/866./(00(1 Jm217$.7(N r2/(K] '(6+$/% :(5'(1 6,( ,1 '(5 p(7=:(5.7+(25,( $//O *(0(,1 $/6 |:(,32/( %(=(,&+1(7P y,'(567>1'( 6,1' 3$66,9( |:(,32/(N u752048(//(1 6,1' $.7,9( |:(,32/(P u7520O 81' u3$1181*63)(,/(P k1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. :(5'(1 u7520 81' u3$1181* r)(,/( =8*(25'1(7P f,( r)(,/( 6,1' 1,&+7 $/6 x(.725'$567(//81* =8 %(75$&+7(1N 621'(51 185 $/6 j,/)60,77(/ )@5 ',( x25=(,&+(1)(67/(*81* Jc%%P UPSR$N %KP A u75203)(,/( :(5'(1 3$5$//(/ =8 '(1 n(,7(567520Or)$'(1 *(=(,&+1(7 81' *(%(1 )25O 0$/ ',( t,&+781* '(6 u75206 '(5 326,7,9(1 n$'81*675>*(5 $1N $8&+ :(11 J:,( ,1 o(7$//(1K ',( 326,7,9(1 n$'81*675>*(5 2576)(67 6,1' 81' '(5 u7520 '85&+ y$1O '(581* 921 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*675>*(51 ,1 ',( $1'(5( t,&+781* %(:,5.7 :,5'P u75203)(,/( =(,*(1 %(, 3$66,9(1 |:(,32/(1 921 J1K 1$&+ J2KN $%(5 %(, $.7,9(1 |:(,32/(1 921 J2K 1$&+ J1KP A u3$1181*63)(,/( %(6&+5(,%(1 ',( u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 -(:(,/6 =:(, r81.7(1 '(6 p(7=:(5.6P h@5 ',( t,&+781* '(5 u3$1181*63)(,/( *,%7 (6 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( m21O 9(17,21(1\ k1 ',(6(0 d8&+ :,5' $866&+/,(M/,&+ '$6 x(5%5$8&+(5O|>+/3)(,/6+/67=(P f,( d(5(&+181* $//(5 u75?0( 81' u3$1181*(1 ,1 (,1(0 .20O 3/,=,(57(1 p(7=:(5. J08/7,/223 &,5&8,7K .$11 6(+5 6&+:,(5,* 6(,1P g,1 (/(*$17(6 x(5O )$+5(1N '$6 (,1( x(5$//*(0(,1(581* '(6 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7=(6 '$567(//7 81' ,00(5 =8 (,1(0 i/(,&+81*667=(DDKN ',( $861$+06/26 *(/7(1P SP m127(15(*(/ J-81&7,21 58/(KP k0 m127(1 (,1(6 p(7=:(5.(6 .$11 ',( n$'81* 1,&+7 *(63(,&+(57 :(5'(1P f(6+$/% ,67 ',( u800( '(5 $8) '(1 m127(1381.7 =89,(M(1O '(1 u75?0( */(,&+ '(5 u800( '(5 921 ,+0 $%9,(M(1'(1 u75?0(P |>+/7 0$1 ',( (,1(1 9(5(,1%$581*6*(0>M 326,7,9 81' ',( $1'(5(1 1(*$7,9N '$11 *,/7 )@5 '(1 m127(1Oi(6$0767520 s k- 3 R J- 3 SN T "KP

m127(1

JUPYK

SP c0 c1)$1* '(5 t(&+181* :,5' -('(0 81%(.$117(1 u7520 ,0 p(7=:(5. (,1 r)(,/ 0,7 :,//.@5/,&+ *(:>+/7(5 t,&+781* =8*(25'1(7P f,(6( r)(,/5,&+781* %(67,007 '$6 x25=(,&+(1N 0,7 '(0 '(5 u7520 ,1 i/P JUPYK (,1*(+7P g5*,%7 ',( n?681* '(6 0,7+,/)( '(5 m127(1O 81' o$6&+(15(*(/ $8)*(67(//7(1 i/(,&+81*661*,* 921 '(1 $1'(5(1 %(,'(1 J6,( ,67 '(5(1 u800(KP g6 9(5%/(,%7 $/62 (,1 u1*,* 81' '(6+$/% @%(59@66,*P w0 6,( 921 9251+(5(,1 =8 9(50(,'(1N ,67 )2/*(1'(6 =8 %($&+7(1\ A f$ $//( u75?0( ,0 p(7=:(5. =8 *(6&+/266(1(1 u7520.5(,6(1 *(+?5(1N /,()(51 921 p 925+$1'(1(1 m127(1 185 Jp2SK m127(1 /,1($5 81$%+>1*,*( i/(,&+81*(1P A f,( o$6&+(15(*(/ 62//7( $8) $//( NN(/(0(17$5(1DD o$6&+(1 $1*(:(1'(7 :(5'(1P o$6&+(1N '(5(1 h/>&+( ',( h/>&+(16800( 921 6&+21 %(+$1'(/7(1 (/(0(17$5(1 o$6&+(1 ,67N /,()(51 '$11 .(,1( /,1($5 81$%+>1*,*(1 i/(,&+81*(1 0(+5P |86$00(16&+$/781* 921 |:(,32/(1P g6 *,/7\ A |:(,32/( 6,1' ,1 t(,+( J+,17(5(,1$1'(5K *(6&+$/7(7N :(11 @%(5 6,( '(56(/%( u7520 9,(M7P A |:(,32/( 6,1' 3$5$//(/ *(6&+$/7(7N :(11 $1 ,+5(1 m/(00(1 ',(6(/%( u3$1181* /,(*7P |86$00(16&+$/7(1 921 y,'(567>1'(1P f,( t(,+(1O 81' r$5$//(/6&+$/781* 921 y,O '(567>1'(1 ,67 ,1 c%%P UPSS '$5*(67(//7P f(5 5(68/7,(5(1'( i(6$07:,'(567$1' ,67 )@5 t(,+(16&+$/781* tt 3 s t- J- 3 SN T "K -

JUPSRK

81' )@5 r$5$//(/6&+$/781*

0

1

tr 3 s SBt-

2S

P

JUPSSK

h@5 '$6 |86$00(16&+$/7(1 921 y,'(567>1'(1 (5*(%(1 6,&+ $/62 d(=,(+81*(1N ',( *(5$'( 80*(.(+57 6,1' :,( ',( )@5 m21'(16$725(1P f$6 /,(*7 $1 '(1 817(56&+,('/,&+(1

UPT g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 u75?0(1

I I R1 U1

R2

R3

U2

U3

U

(a)

c%%P UPSS

(b)

SSW

U

I1

R1

I2

R2

I3

R3

J$K t(,+(16&+$/781*N J%K r$5$//(/6&+$/781* 921 y,'(567>1'(1P

f(71,7,21(1 ',(6(5 i5?M(1\ d(, '(5 eOf(71,7,21 Je 3 sBwK 67(+7 w ,0 p(11(5N %(, '(5 tOf(71,7,21 Jt 3 wBkK '$*(*(1 ,0 |>+/(5P k11(1:,'(567$1' 921 c03(5(0(7(5 81' u752048(//(P d(, '(0 2%(1 %(+$1'(/7(1 j,7=O '5$+7,167580(17 Jc%%P UP[K .2007 ',( g5:>5081* =867$1'(N :(,/ '(5 r/$7,1'5$+7N '85&+ '(1 '(5 =8 0(66(1'( u7520 9,(M7N (,1(1 +,15(,&+(1' +2+(1 y,'(567$1' %(6,7=7P y(11 $8) '(1 y,'(567$1' '(6 k167580(176 +,1*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 62//N %(925=8*7 0$1 ,0 u&+$/781*6',$*5$00 ',( f$567(//81* '85&+ (,1 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/'N ,1 '(0 '$6 5($/( c03(5(0(7(5 $/6 t(,+(16&+$/781* (,1(6 ,'($/(1 J'P +P :,'(567$1'6/26(1K c03(5(0(O 7(56 81' (,1(6 k11(1:,'(567$1'6 t, (56&+(,17 Jc%%P UPST$KP

A

Ri

I

Ri

ID

UA = Ri · I (a)

c%%P UPST

U0 (b)

I

Ri · I U 0 -- R i · I

k11(1:,'(567$1'\ J$K (,1(6 c03(5(0(7(56N J%K (,1(5 u752048(//(P

k'($/( u752048(//(1 /,()(51 (,1( 921 '(5 u7520%(/$6781* 81$%+>1*,*( m/(00(1O 63$1181* wRP t($/( u752048(//(1 5($*,(5(1 %(, d(/$6781* 0,7 (,1(0 c%)$// '(5 m/(00(163$1181*N '(5 %(, 1250$/(0 d(75,(% 0(,67 ,1 *87(5 p>+(581* =80 u7520 3523257,21$/ ,67P f$6 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' )@5 (,1( 5($/( u752048(//( ,67 ',( t(,+(16&+$/O 781* (,1(5 ,'($/(1 s8(//( 0,7 (,1(0 k11(1:,'(567$1' Jc%%P UPST%KP f,( n(,6781* Jt, 6 kK 6 k 3 k T 6 t,

JUPSTK

:,5' ,11(5+$/% '(5 u752048(//( ,1 y>50( 80*(:$1'(/7P x(5*5?M(581* '(6 o(66%(5(,&+6 (,1(6 c03(5(0(7(56P i(*(%(1 6(, (,1 c03(5(0(7(5N '(66(1 o(66%(5(,&+ %,6 =80 x2//$866&+/$* %(, S c *(+7P w0 0,7 ',(6(0 k167580(17 u75?0( %,6 SR c 0(66(1 =8 .?11(1N 0@66(1 :,5 3$5$//(/ =8 ',(6(0 k167580(17 (,1(1 p(%(16&+/866Oy,'(567$1' J6+817K tu /(*(1N '(5 *(1$8 [BSR '(6 u75206 $0 k167580(17

SSX

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

925%(, )@+57P f$=8 0866 =80 k11(1:,'(567$1' t, '(6 k167580(176 )2/*(1'(6 x(5O +>/71,6 %(67(+(1\ tu \ t, 3 SBSR \ [BSRN tu 3 t, B[P

JUPSUK

c//*(0(,1 *,/7\ w0 '(1 o(66%(5(,&+ '(6 c03(5(0(7(56 80 '(1 h$.725 ; =8 (5+?+(1N 0866 3$5$//(/ =80 k167580(17 0,7 '(0 y,'(567$1' t, '(5 p(%(16&+/866Oy,'(567$1' tu 3 t, BJ;2SK

JUPSVK

*(6&+$/7(7 :(5'(1P k1 806&+$/7%$5(1 o(+5%(5(,&+Oc03(5(0(7(51 6,1' ',(6( y,'(5O 67>1'( 6&+21 (,1*(%$87P u3$1181*67(,/81*P y(11 '85&+ '(1 y,'(567$1' t '(5 u7520 k 9,(M7N (1767(+7 $0 y,'(567$1' '(5 u3$1181*6$%)$// w 3 t 6 kP f85&+ c8)7(,/81* '(6 y,'(567$1'6 t ,1 0(+5(5( y,'(567>1'( ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781*N (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( =8 '(1 v(,/:,'(567>1'(1 3523257,21$/( c8)7(,/81* '(5 i(6$0763$1181* Jc%%P UPSUKP d(, (,1(0 r27(17,20(7(5 :,5' 0,7 (,1(0 9$5,$%/(1 u&+/(,).217$.7 $1 (,1(0 y,'(567$1' t ',( c8)7(,/81* ',(6(6 y,'(567$1'6 ,1 ',( v(,/( t 6 ; 81' t 6 JS2;K 0,7 R ] ; ] S (5=(8*7] /,(*7 $1 '(1 g1'./(00(1 '(6 r27(17,20(7(56 ',( u3$1181* wN '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 g1'./(00(1 81' '(0 u&+/(,).217$.7 ',( .217,18,(5/,&+ 9$5,$%/(1 u3$1181*(1 w 6 ; 81' w 6 JS2;KP A

A

(a)

B

C

(b)

B

C

c%%P UPSU u3$1181*67(,/(5Br27(17,20(7(5\ J$K y,'(567$1'6.(77( 0,7 u&+$/7(5N J%K 9$5,$%/(5 y,'(567$1'P

p8//0(7+2'(1P x21 lPeP r2**(1'255 :85'( SZVS ',( m203(16$7,2166&+$/781* Jc%%P UPSV$K =85 NN/(,6781*6/26(1DD u3$1181*60(6681* (5)81'(1P f,( m203(16$7,21 ,67 (,1( p8//0(7+2'(N %(, '(5 $8) u7520/26,*.(,7 '(6 $1=(,*(1'(1 o(66,167580(176 (,1*(67(//7 :,5'N A :,( 67$5. $8&+ ,0 @%5,*(1 ',( u75?0( ,1 '(1 $1'(5(1 v(,/(1 '(6 p(7=:(5.6 6(,1 0?*(1P f,( c%*/(,&+81* ,67 '$+(5 0,7 *52M(5 g0371'/,&+.(,7 0?*O /,&+P

UPT g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 u75?0(1

SSY

c/6 u3$1181*67(,/(5 ',(17 (,1 ,1 o$7(5,$/ 81' s8(56&+1,77 */(,&+0>M,*(5 o(7$//O '5$+7 cdN '85&+ '(1 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 u752048(//( (,1 .2167$17(5 u7520 +,1'85&+*(O 6&+,&.7 :,5'P |:,6&+(1 c 81' d /,(*7 $/62 ',( u3$1181* w '(5 j,/)66752048(//(P |:,6&+(1 c 81' (,1(0 $8) '(0 f5$+7 9(56&+,(%%$5(1 u&+/(,).217$.7 e /,(*7 (,1( v(,/63$1181*N ',( '(0 $%*(*5,5(1(1 v(,/ '(6 y,'(567$1'6'5$+76 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,( =8 0(66(1'( u3$1181* w; 0866 ./(,1(5 6(,1 $/6 wP d(, '(5 ,1 c%%P UPSV$ *(=(,*7(1 u&+$/781* :,5' 921 '(0 (0371'/,&+(1 u75200(66*(5>7 .(,1 u7520 $1*(=(,*7N :(11 '$6 u3$1181*69(5+>/71,6 w;Bw *(5$'( '(0 f5$+7/>1*(1Ox(5+>/71,6 ceBcd (17O 635,&+7P g56(7=7 0$1 181 w; '85&+ (,1( %(.$117( u3$1181*N =P dP ',( u3$1181* w1 921 (,1(0 NNu3$1181*61250$/DDN 62 0866 0$1 (,1( 1(8( c%*/(,&+81* +(5%(,)@+5(1P g176&+(,'(1' ,67N '$66 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 w;Bw1 6(+5 *(1$8 $86 '(1 %(,0 u7520 NN18//DD $%*(*5,5(1(1 f5$+7/>1*(1 %(67,007 :(5'(1 .$11N 2+1( '$66 ',( u3$1181* w '(5 j,/)648(//( *(1$8 %(.$117 6(,1 0866P f(5 x257(,/ '(5 m203(16$7,2160(7+2'( /,(*7 925 $//(0 '$5,1N '$66 1$&+ d((1',*81* '(6 c%*/(,&+925*$1*6 .(,1 u7520 (17120O 0(1 :,5'P o$1 9(5*/(,&+7 $/62 :,5./,&+ ',( m/(00(1Ou3$1181*(1 2+1( n(,6781*6O $%*$%( J%(, NNn((5/$8)DDKP w0 '$6 p8//,167580(17 1,&+7 =8 =(567?5(1N 0866 925 -('(5 o(6681* 6,&+(5*(67(//7 6(,1N '$66 '(5 u7520 )@5 '$6 k167580(17 1,&+7 =8 *52M ,67P o$1 6&+$/7(7 678)(1:(,6( 920 81(0371'/,&+67(1 $8) '(1 (0371'/,&+67(1 o(66%(O 5(,&+P f,( 921 eP y+($76721( SZVU $1*(*(%(1( d5@&.(16&+$/781* Jc%%P UPSV%K :,5' *(51 =85 o(6681* 921 y,'(567>1'(1 %(187=7 81' ,67 (,1 71*(10$M67$%N 0,7 u&+/(,).217$.7 9(5:(1'(7P f(5 y(57 )@5 t; :,5' $86 tR 81' '(1 ,1 p8//$%*/(,&+ *()81'(1(1 f5$+7Ov(,//>1*(1 $ 81' % (5+$/7(1 1$&+ t; 3 tR $B%P

JUPSWK

d5@&.(16&+$/781*(1 :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 o(667(&+1,. ,1 9,(/)>/7,*(5 h250 (,1*(6(7=7P o,7+,/)( '(5 m,5&++25I6&+(1 u>7=( .$11 $8&+ '(5 d5@&.(167520 ,1 (,1(5 1,&+7O$%O *(*/,&+(1(1 d5@&.( J0,7 y,'(567$1' t, '(6 o(66,167580(17(6 ,0 d5@&.(1=:(,*K /(,&+7 %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P c/6 (,1( c1:(1'81* '(5 d5@&.(16&+$/781* 6(, +,(5 ',( v(03(5$7850(6681* 0,7 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*(1 y,'(567>1'(1 *(1$117\ k67 =P dP ',( d5@&.( %(, |,00(57(03(5$785 $%*(*/,&+(1N '$11 58)7 -('( ./(,1( v(03(5$785>1'(O

Ux A

Rx C

R0

B a

(a)

U

(b)

b U

c%%P UPSV p8//0(7+2'(1\ J$K m203(16$7,2166&+$/781* 1$&+ r2**(1'255 =85 /(,6781*6/26(1 u3$1181*60(6681*N J%K y+($76721(I6&+( d5@&.( =80 *(1$8(1 x(5*/(,&+ 921 y,'(567>1'(1P

SSZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

581* '(6 y,'(567$1'67+(5020(7(56 (,1(1 ./(,1(1 d5@&.(167520 +(5925N '(5 $/6 o$M )@5 ',( v(03(5$785',5(5(1= ',(1(1 .$11 Jr5,1=,3 '(6 d2/20(7(56KP m21'(16$725(17/$'81*P %(5%5@&.7 0$1 ',( m/(00(1 (,1(6 %,6 =85 u3$1181* wR $8)*(/$'(1(1 m21'(16$7256 '(5 m$3$=,7>7 e 0,7 (,1(0 y,'(567$1' tN '$11 9,(M7 (,1 =(,7$%+>1*,*(5 u7520 k J7K %,6 ',( u3$1181* w */(,&+ 18// ,67P g6 *,/7 w 3 sBeN Js 3 n$'81*K 'w 3 'sBe 32k '7Be 32JwBtK '7BeN 'wBw 32'7B2 0,7 2 3 teN w J7K 3 wR (;3J27B2KP

JUPSXK

f,( u3$1181* $0 m21'(16$725 )>//7 (;321(17,(// 0,7 '(5 |(,7 $%P f,( i5?M( 2 3 te :,5' |(,7.2167$17( J7,0( &2167$17K *(1$117P f,( o(6681* '(5 |(,7.2167$17( ,1 x(5O %,1'81* 0,7 %(.$117(5 m$3$=,7>7 81' c1)$1*663$1181* .$11 =85 d(67,0081* 6(+5 +2+(5 y,'(567>1'( ',(1(1P d(,0 c89$'(1 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 @%(5 (,1(1 y,'(567$1' 1>+(57 6,&+ ',( m21O '(16$72563$1181* w $687* )@5 0(+5(5( u7520.5(,6( ',( t@&./(,7(5 =85 s8(//(P u&+87=(5'81* %(, x(5:(1'81* 921 p(7=*(5>7(1P g5'/(,7(5 6,1' u&+87=/(,7(5 Ju86( 806&+/266(1 6,1'P f,( g5'81* (5)2/*7 @%(5 ',( g5'/(,781*

UPU o$*1(7,6&+(6 m5$)7*(6(7=

SS[

'(6 p(7=.$%(/6P f$0,7 :,5' 9(5+,1'(57N '$66 '85&+ (,1(1 k62/$7,216'()(.7 u3$1181* $1 '$6 i(+>86( *(/$1*7 81' r(5621(1 %(, m217$.7 0,7 '(0 i(+>86( =8 u&+$'(1 .200(1P y(11 1>0/,&+ 62 (,1 f()(.7 (,175,77N '$11 %(:,5.7 ',( g5'81*N '$66 ',(6( u3$1181* .85=*(6&+/266(1 :,5'P f85&+ '(1 +2+(1 m85=6&+/86667520 635,&+7 ',( %(567520Ou,&+(581* $1 81' 817(5%5,&+7 ',( x(5%,1'81* =80 p(7=P g,1 p(7=:(5.N '(66(1 u752048(//( J$.7,9(5 |:(,32/K '85&+ '(1 NNc86*$1*DD (,1(6 p(7=*(5>7(6 *(%,/'(7 :,5'N ,67 2)7 @%(5 '$6 p(7=*(5>7 *((5'(7] (,1( '(5 %(,'(1 c86O *$1*6./(00(1 ,67 ,11(5+$/% '(6 p(7=*(5>7(6 0,7 '(5 g5'/(,781* 9(5%81'(1P g6 *,%7 $%(5 $8&+ p(7=*(5>7(N ',( (,1( u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 c86*$1*6./(00(1 /,()(51N 2+1( '$66 (,1 '(71,(57(6 r27(17,$/ %(=@*/,&+ NNg5'(DD )(67*(/(*7 ,67P f$11 .$11 0$1 :>+/(1N :(/&+( u(,7( '(5 c86*$1*663$1181* *((5'(7 :(5'(1 62//P o,7+,/)( (,1(6 u3$1181*67(,/(56 .$11 =P dP $8&+ '$6 c86*$1*6Oo,77(/327(17,$/ $8) g5'( *(/(*7 :(5'(1P o$1 62//7( $%(5 $8) ',( g5'81* 1,&+7 9?//,* 9(5=,&+7(1] $1'(51)$//6 :@5'( 6,&+ @%(5 ',( +2&+2+0,*(1 k62/$7,216:,'(567>1'( ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 p(7=*(5>7(6 (,1 NN:,/'(6DD r27(17,$/ (,167(//(1 81' %(, (,1(0 f()(.7 ,0 p(7=*(5>7 .?117(1 8PwP $8&+ 3/?7=/,&+ TUR x y(&+6(/63$1181* $0 c86*$1* /,(*(1P o(+5)$&+Og5'81*(1 9(50(,'(1P y,5' (,1 p(7=:(5. $1 0(+5 $/6 (,1(0 r81.7 *((5'(7N '$11 ,67 62=86$*(1 ',( NNg5'(DD 3$5$//(/ =8 (,1(0 d(75,(%6/(,7(5 *(6&+$/7(7P k1 1,(O '(52+0,*(1 g5'6&+/(,)(1 .?11(1N 9(5856$&+7 =P dP '85&+ v+(50263$1181*(1 Jc%6&+1P ZPUPTKN 6(+5 *52M( u75?0( 9,(M(1 81' 67?5(1'( o$*1(7)(/'(5 (5=(8*(1P

UPU o$*1(7,6&+(6 m5$)7*(6(7= m203$66P f,( (567( 7(&+1,6&+( p87=81* '(6 o$*1(7,6086 :$5 '(5 m203$66 J&20O 3$66KP y,5 :,66(1 1,&+7N 2% (5 185 (,10$/ (5)81'(1 :85'(P x(5/>66/,&+( s8(//(1 %(O /(*(1 ',( d(187=81* '(6 m203$66(6 )@5 ',( p$9,*$7,21 %(, '(1 e+,1(6(1 80 SSRRN %(, '(1 c5$%(51 80 STTR 81' %(, '(1 u.$1',1$9,(51 80 STWRP f,( m203$661$'(/ :$5 $8) (,1(0 6&+:,00(1'(1 u7@&. j2/= 2'(5 m25. %()(67,*7P f,( u3,7=(1/$*(581* 81' ',( 80*(%(1'( u.$/$N ',( 9,(/ %(66(5( t,&+781*6$1*$%(1 (50?*/,&+7(N :85'( 921 r,(55( '( o$5,&2857 J*(%25(1 80 STVRKN *(1$117 r(7586 r(5(*5,186N (5)81'(1P g5 :$5 (,1(5 '(5 *$1= :(1,*(1 0,77(/$/7(5/,&+(1 g;3(5,0(17$725(1P k1 (,1(0 d5,() 920 ZP ZP STX[ %(6&+5(,%7 (5N '$66 6,&+ */(,&+1$0,*( 0$*1(7,6&+( r2/( $%672M(1 81' '$66 '85&+ '$6 |(5%5(&+(1 (,1(6 o$*1(7(1 =:(, ./(,1(5( o$*1(7( J1,&+7 (,1=(/1( r2/(K (5+$/7(1 :(5'(1P y,//,$0 i,/%(57 (5.$117(N '$66 ',( g5'( 6(/%67 (,1 5,(6,*(5 o$*1(7 ,67N 81' '$66 ',( $//*(0(,1 $.=(37,(57( m219(17,21N '$6 1$&+ p25'(1 =(,O *(1'( g1'( '(5 m203$661$'(/ $/6 '(5(1 NNp25'32/DD =8 %(=(,&+1(1N =8 '(5 :,'(5O 6,11,*(1 m216(48(1= )@+57N '(1 ,1 '(5 p>+( '(6 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 p25'32/6 %(71'O /,&+(1 o$*1(732/ '(5 g5'( $/6 NN0$*1(7,6&+(1 u@'32/DD J81' 80*(.(+57K '(71,(5(1 =8 0@66(1P

STR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

UPUPS o$*1(7)(/' (,1(6 n(,7(5675206 p$&+ g56&+(,1(1 921 i,/%(576 d8&+ JSXRRK *$% (6 /$1*( |(,7 .(,1( :(6(17/,&+(1 1(8(1 g5.(1171,66( @%(5 '(1 o$*1(7,6086P |8 d(*,11 '(6 S[P l$+5+81'(576 /(*7(1 1$7853+,/2623+,6&+( u3(.8/$7,21(1 (,1( x(5%,1'81* 921 g/(.75,=,7>7 81' o$*1(O 7,6086 1$+(P f$'85&+ $1*(5(*7N 9(568&+7(1 j$16 e+5,67,$1 q(567(' JSYYY2SZWSK 81' $1'(5( (5)2/*/26N 0$*1(7,6&+( y,5.81*(1 $1 (,1(5 x2/7$I6&+(1 u>8/( 2+1( *(O 6&+/266(1(1 u7520.5(,6 1$&+=8:(,6(1P q(567('6 g17'(&.81*P k0 h5@+-$+5 SZTR %(*$11 q(567(' ,1 m23(1+$*(1 0,7 x(5O 68&+(1N %(, '(1(1 (,1( x2/7$I6&+( u>8/( '85&+ (,1(1 y,'(567$1'6'5$+7 =80 u7520O .5(,6 *(6&+/266(1 :85'(P g5 +257(N '$66 1(%(1 '(5 y>50( 9,(//(,&+7 $8&+ 0$*1(O 7,6&+( y,5.81*(1 $8)75(7(1 .?117(1P g5 :85'( $//(5',1*6 6(+5 @%(55$6&+7 '85&+ ',( u7>5.( 81' ',( c57 '(5 '$%(, $8)75(7(1'(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 r+>120(1(P g5 %(2%$&+7(7( )2/*(1'(6\ g,1 *(5$'(5 921 u@'(1 1$&+ p25'(1 67520'85&+926O 6(1(5 n(,7(5 :,5' ',&+7 @%(5 (,1( m203$661$'(/ +,1*()@+57] '$%(, :,5' '(5 p25'32/ '(5 p$'(/ 1$&+ y(67(1 $%*(/(1.7P x(5/>8)7 '(5 n(,7(567520 817(5+$/% '(5 p$'(/N :,5' ',(6( 1$&+ q67(1 $%*(/(1.7 Jc%%P UPSW$KP w17(568&+7 0$1 0,7 (,1(5 92//.200(1 )5(, %(:(*/,&+(1N (7:$ $1 (,1(0 h$'(1 $8)*(+>1*7(1 o$*1(71$'(/ ',( w0*(%81* (,1(6 9(57,.$/(1N *(5$'/,1,*(1 u7520/(,7(56 Jc%%P UPSW%KN '$11 67(//7 6,&+ ',( p$'(/ 62 (,1N '$66 6,( 7$1*(17,$/ =8 (,1(0 80 '(1 f5$+7 $/6 o,77(/381.7 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 m5(,6 *(5,&+7(7 ,67P x25$866(7=81* ,67 %(, '(0 x(568&+ 921 c%%P UPSW%N '$66 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' '(6 u7520/(,7(56 '$6 g5')(/' 67$5. @%(5:,(*7P d(, '(1 0?*/,&+(1 u7?581*(1 '85&+ '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( g5')(/' ,67 $8&+ =8 %('(1.(1N '$66 ,1 o,77(/(8523$ '$6 /2.$/( g5')(/' 6&+5>* 1$&+ 817(1 =(,*7 0,7 (,1(5 x(57,.$/.20321(17(N ',( 62*$5 (7:$6 *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( j25,=217$/.20321(17( Jc%6&+1P SVPVPSKP o,7 '(5 .219(17,21(//(1 t,&+781* '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6N ',( 920 )(/'(5=(8*(1'(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 p25'32/ =80 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u@'32/ =(,*7N ,1 '(5 )(/'$1=(,*(1'(1 m20O 3$661$'(/ $%(5 921 u 1$&+ p 9(5/>8)7N .2117( $8&+ '(5 w0/$8)6,11 J',( |,5.8/$5,7>7K '(6 u7520Oo$*1(7)(/'(6 63(=,7=,(57 :(5'(1\ f,( |,5.8/$5,7>7 '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 81' ',( t,&+781* '(6 J326,7,9(1K u7520(6 %,/'(1 (,1( t(&+766&+5$8%(P

I

N S

S N

I

Nord

N

N S

S

(a)

N

S

N

S

S N

(b)

c%%P UPSW J$K u7520 9,(M7 1$&+ p25'(1N ',( m203$661$'(/ 817(5 '(0 f5$+7 :,5' 1$&+ y(6O 7(1N ',( @%(5 '(0 f5$+7 1$&+ q67(1 $%*(/(1.7P J%K u7520 9,(M7 9(57,.$/ $8):>576N m203$66O 1$'(/1 +>1*(1 $1 h>'(1P

UPU o$*1(7,6&+(6 m5$)7*(6(7=

STS

q(567(' %(187=7( TR +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7( x2/7$I6&+( |(//(1 0,7 m83)(5O 81' |,1.Og/(.752'(1 921 -( (,1(0 s8$'5$7)8M J. UR &04UR &0K h/>&+(P f$ '(5 f5$+7 '$%(, */@+7(N 0866 '(5 u7520 6&+21 (,1,*( c03(5( %(75$*(1 +$%(1P f85&+ x(568&+( 0,7 :(1,*(5 |(//(1 81' ./(,1(5(1 r/$77(1 (5.$117( q(567('7N '$66 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/' 921 '(5 NNs8$17,7>7 '(6 u75206DD J'(0 u7520K $%+>1*7 81' 1,&+7 921 '(5 NNk1O 7(16,7>7DD Ju3$1181*KP f$66 (,1( *5?M(5( |$+/ +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7(5 |(//(1 .(,O 1(1 (17635(&+(1'(1 |8:$&+6 '(6 h(/'(6 9(5856$&+7(1N )@+57( (5 A (,1,*( l$+5( 925 '(5 h2508/,(581* '(6 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7=(6 A 5,&+7,* $8) (,1( NNx(50,1'(581* '(5 /(,7(1'(1 m5$)7 '85&+ x(50(+581* '(5 g/(0(17(DD Jg,19866 '(6 k11(1:,'(567$1'(6 '(5 |(//(1K =85@&.P x(5*/(,&+ 921 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(1P h@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 '$6 u&+67(1 c%6&+1,77 %(O 6&+5,(%(1P f,( h(/'67>5.( '(6 n(,7(567520Oo$*1(7)(/'6 .$11 /(,&+7 0,7 '(5 '(6 /2.$/(1 g5'O )(/'6 9(5*/,&+(1 :(5'(1P u2 .$11 =P dP (,1 '(0 g5')(/' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(6 h(/' (5O =(8*7N 81' '(5 u7520 62/$1*( (5+?+7 2'(5 '(5 c%67$1' 9(55,1*(57 :(5'(1N %,6 ',( g,167(//81* '(5 m203$661$'(/ 81%(67,007 :,5' 81' 0,7 *52M(5 c03/,78'( +,1O 81' +(56&+:,1*7 Jc%%P UPSX$KP f$11 ,67 $0 q57 '(5 p$'(/ '$6 920 u7520 (5=(8*7( o$*1(7)(/' *(5$'( */(,&+ 81' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 '(5 j25,=217$/.20321(17( '(6 g5'O )(/'(6P o$1 .$11 '(1 n(,7(5 $8&+ 3$5$//(/ =80 g5')(/' /(*(1N 2%(5+$/% 2'(5 81O 7(5+$/% '(5 o$*1(71$'(/N 62'$66 '$6 920 u7520 (5=(8*7( o$*1(7)(/' 5 6(1.5(&+7 g =80 g5')(/' 5g *(5,&+7(7 ,67P c86 '(0 c%/(1.:,1.(/ '(5 o$*1(71$'(/ b Jc%%P UPSX%K (5*,%7 6,&+ '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 h(/'67>5.(1 =8 JUPSZK 7$1 b 3 d BdgP g o,7 /,1($5 $1=(,*(1'(1 u7520Oo(66*(5>7(1N ',( q(567(' 12&+ 1,&+7 +$77(N />667 6,&+ =(,*(1N '$66 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' 5 3523257,21$/ =80 u7520 81' 80*(.(+57 352O g 3257,21$/ =80 t$',$/$%67$1' 920 f5$+7 ,67P

Nord BE Ost

BI a

BE

(a)

N

S

ϑ

I

N

West

BI

S

(b)

c%%P UPSX x(5*/(,&+ '(6 920 u7520/(,7(5 (5=(8*7(1 o$*1(7)(/'(6 0,7 '(5 j25,=217$/.20O 321(17( '(6 g5')(/'(6\ u7520)(/' 81' g5')(/' J$K $17,3$5$//(/N J%K ,0 5(&+7(1 y,1.(/ =8(,O 1$1'(5P

STT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5P i$1= >+1/,&+ :,( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(5 0,7 i5,(M.?51(51 6,&+7%$5 *(O 0$&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N ,67 '$6 %(, 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 0,7 g,6(138/9(5 2'(5 g,6(1O )(,/63>1(1 0?*/,&+P g6 ,67 1,&+7 (5)25'(5/,&+N '$6 g,6(138/9(5 ,1 ~/ $8)=86&+:(00(1P g6 *(1@*7N '$66 (,1( +25,=217$/( NNd@+1(DD 0,7 '(0 r8/9(5 %(675(87 81' ',( )(/'*(O 0>M( c125'181* '(5 r8/9(5.?51(5 '85&+ /(,&+7(6 m/23)(1 2'(5 t@77(/1 817(567@7=7 :,5'P k1 c%%P UPSY$ ,67 ',( .5(,6)?50,*( h250 '(6 h(/'(6N .21=(175,6&+ =80 u7520O /(,7(5N 6(+5 *87 =8 (5.(11(1P k1 c%%P UPSY% ,67 '$6 h(/'/,1,(1%,/' ,1 '(5 g%(1( '(6 +,(5 +25,=217$/ /,(*(1'(1 f5$+7(6 :,('(5*(*(%(1] ',( g,6(17(,/&+(1 25'1(1 6,&+ ,1 ',(6(0 h$// ,1 .85=(1 *(5$'(1 n,1,(1 $1N ',( =85 f5$+75,&+781* 6(1.5(&+7 9(5/$8)(1 81' %(:(,6(1N '$66 '$6 h(/' .(,1( /21*,78',1$/(N 'P +P =85 f5$+75,&+781* 3$5$//(/( m20321(17( %(6,7=7P

c%%P UPSY o,77(/6 g,6(138/9(5 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'/,1,(1\ J$K ,1 (,1(5 g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 u7520N J%K ,1 (,1(5 g%(1( 3$5$//(/ =80 u7520N ',&+7 @%(5 '(0 n(,7(5P

x(568&+ 921 jPcP t2:/$1' JSZYZKP f,( %(:(*7(1 n$'81*(1N ',( (,1 o$*1(7)(/' (5O =(8*(1N 0@66(1 1,&+7 81%(',1*7 '85&+ (,1(1 n(,7(5 9,(M(1P g176&+(,'(1' )@5 ',( g1767(+81* (,1(6 o$*1(7)(/'6 ,67 $//(,1 ',( d(:(*81* '(5 n$'81*P jPcP t2:/$1' JSZVZ2S[RSK +$7 ,0 n$%25$725,80 921 jP 9P j(/0+2/7= Jd(5/,1K (,1(1 ,17(5(66$17(1 x(568&+ '85&+*()@+57\ g5 9(56(7=7( (,1( ,62/,(5(1'( u&+(,%(N ',( $0 t$1' (,1(1 o(O 7$//5,1* +$77(N ,1 6&+1(//( t27$7,21P f(5 o(7$//5,1* :$5 $8)*(/$'(1 81' ',( p(772O /$'81* %(:(*7( 6,&+ 0,7 '(0 o(7$//5,1* $8) (,1(5 m5(,6%$+1P y>+5(1' '(5 d(:(O *81* 67(//7( (5 ',( c%/(1.81* (,1(5 o$*1(71$'(/N $/62 (,1 o$*1(7)(/'N )(67P w0 *$1= 6,&+(5 =8 6(,1N '$66 ',( $8) '(0 o(7$//5,1* %(71'/,&+( n$'81* %(, '(5 t27$7,21 920 o(7$// $8&+ 0,7*(1200(1 :,5'N 817(57(,/7( (5 '(1 t,1* '85&+ (,1( c1=$+/ 5$',$/(5 u&+1,77( ,1 u(*0(17(N ',( (5 $//( $898'P u(,1 x(568&+ =(,*7( '(87/,&+N '$66 %(:(*7( n$'81* (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 '$567(//7N '(5 $8&+ (,1 o$*1(7)(/' (5=(8*7P

UPU o$*1(7,6&+(6 m5$)7*(6(7=

STU

UPUPT m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, n(,7(5675?0(1 f,( g17'(&.81* q(567('76 :$5 (,1( :,66(16&+$)7/,&+( u(16$7,21 $//(5(567(1 t$1*(6P f$ 0$1 181 :8667(N '$66 u75?0( o$*1(7)(/'(5 %(6,7=(1N /$* '(5 i('$1.( 1$+(N '$66 =:,6&+(1 u75?0(1 $8&+ 0$*1(7,6&+( m5>)7( :,5.(1 :@5'(1] $%(5 ',(6( m5>)7( (;3(5,0(17(// 1$&+=8:(,6(1N :$5 .(,1( (,1)$&+( c8)*$%(P c0 SSP [P SZTR .$0 ',( p$&+5,&+7 921 q(567('76 g;3(5,0(17(1 1$&+ r$5,6] %(5(,76 $0 SZP [P .@1',*7( c1'5(E o$5,( c03(F 5( JSYYWASZUXK 6(,1( j$837(17'(&.81* @%(5 ',( c57 '(5 m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, 3$5$//(/(1 n(,7(5675?0(1 $1P c03(F 5(6 :,&+7,*67(6 t(68/7$7\ d(, */(,&+(5 u75205,&+781* =,(+(1 6,&+ 3$5$//(/( n(,7(5675?0( $1N %(, (17*(*(1O *(6(7=7(5 u75205,&+781* 672M(1 6,( 6,&+ $%P k0 )2/*(1'(1 l$+5 )$1' c03(F 5( $8&+N '$66 6(1.5(&+7 =8(,1$1'(5 67(+(1'( n(,7(5O 675?0( 9(568&+(1N 6,&+ 3$5$//(/ =8 67(//(1P y>+5(1' (6 6&+:,(5,* ,67N ',( =:,6&+(1 n(,7(5675?0(1 :,5.(1'(1 m5>)7( 48$17,O 7$7,9 =8 %(67,00(1N ,67 (6 /(,&+7N 48$/,7$7,9 ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 n(,7(5675?0(1 =8 '(021675,(5(1 Jc%%P UPSZ$N%KP g,1 f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17 >+1/,&+ '(0 0,7 '(0 6(=,(57(1 h526&+ Jc%%P UPTK =(,*7 c%%P UPSZ&\ g,1( 6&+5$8%(1)?50,*( h('(5 $86 (/$6O 7,6&+(0 f5$+7N ',( 0,7 ,+5(0 817(5(1 g1'( ,1 (,1(0 p$3) 0,7 /(,7(1'(5 u$/=/?681* +>1*7N =,(+7 6,&+ %(, u7520'85&+*$1* =86$00(1N 81' '(5 u7520 :,5' 817(5%52&+(1] '$1$&+ '(+17 6,&+ ',( h('(5 :,('(5 $86 81' 7$8&+7 :,('(5 ,1 ',( u$/=/?681* (,1 86:P

(a)

(b)

(c)

c%%P UPSZ J$K 81' J%K A m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 3$5$//(/(1 n(,7(5675?0(1 %(, J$K */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 81' J%K (17*(*(1*(5,&+7(7(1 u75?0(1P J&K h('(5 =,(+7 6,&+ %(, u75209866 =86$00(1 81' 81O 7(5%5,&+7 '(1 m5(,6P

f,( x(568&+( 921 q(567('7 81' c03(F 5( .21=(175,(57(1 6,&+ $8) *(5$'( n(,7(5O 675?0(N ',( $86 7(&+1,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 (,1( %(*5(1=7( n>1*( +$77(1N $%(5 35,1=,3,(// NN81(1'/,&+ /$1*DD 6(,1 62//7(1P w0 ',(6(5 k'($/,6,(581* 1$+(=8.200(1N 0@66(1 ',( c%67>1'( =:,6&+(1 '(1 $8)(,1$1'(5 :,5.(1'(1 n(,7(567@&.(1 ./(,1 6(,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 '(1 n(,7(567@&.On>1*(1P f(5 )(67 0217,(57( n(,7(5 ,67 J81(1'/,&+K /$1*N '(5 '$=8 3$5$//(/ $1*(25'1(7( %(:(*/,&+( +$7 ',( (1'/,&+( n>1*( sP i(0(66(1 :,5' ',( $8) '(1 %(:(*/,&+(1 n(,7(5 $86*(@%7( m5$)7 hN *(7(,/7 '85&+ ',( n(,7(5/>1*( sP s8$17,O

STV

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

7$7,9( o(6681*(1 (5*$%(1N '$66 ',(6( i5?M( 3523257,21$/ =80 r52'8.7 '(5 %(,'(1 n(,7(5675?0( kS 81' kT ,67 81' 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/ =80 c%67$1' ' $%1,007\ hs ,R kS kT 3 P s T@ '

JUPS[K

j,(5 :85'( '(5 h$.725 JT@K2S $86 *(20(75,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 921 '(0 r523257,21$O /,7>76)$.725 ,R $%*(75(117N >+1/,&+ :,( ,0 p(11(5 '(6 e28/20%I6&+(1 i(6(7=(6 0,7 9(5)$+5(1 :85'(P f$ (6 6,&+ %(,0 *(5$'(1 u7520/(,7(5 80 (,1( m217O V@ 81' &2S R *85$7,21 0,7 |1*,*(1 f(71,7,21 '(5 d$6,6(,1+(,7 c03(5( :>5( ,R (,1( 0(66%$5( p$785.2167$17(P u(,7 S[VZ ,67 $%(5 ',(6( i/(,&+81* ',( i581'/$*( '(5 o(669256&+5,)7 )@5 '$6 c03(5(N 81' ',( m21O 67$17( ,R +$7 '(1 '(71,(57(1 y(57 ,R 3'() V@ 6 SR2Y p c2TN

JUPTRK

:2%(, ',( g,1+(,7 $8&+ '85&+ x6c 0 $86*('5@&.7 :(5'(1 .$11P y(*(1 '(5 d('(8781* '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 d$6,6(,1+(,7 6(, '(5(1 o(66925O 6&+5,)7 +,(5 :,('(5*(*(%(1\ 2S

2S

NNf$6 c03(5( ,67 ',( u7>5.( (,1(6 =(,7/,&+ 819(5>1'(5/,&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520(6N '(5N '85&+ =:(, ,0 x$.880 3$5$//(/ ,0 c%67$1' S 0 921(,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7(N *(5$'/,1,*(N 81(1'/,&+ /$1*( n(,7(5 921 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1(0N .5(,6)?50,*(0

UPU o$*1(7,6&+(6 m5$)7*(6(7=

STW

s8(56&+1,77 9,(M(1'N =:,6&+(1 ',(6(1 n(,7(51 -( S o(7(5 n(,7(5/>1*( ',( m5$)7 921 T 6 SR2Y p(:721 +(592558)(1 :@5'(PDD J[P i(1(5$/.21)(5(1= )@5 o$M 81' i(O :,&+7N S[VZKP }+1/,&+ :,( (6 0?*/,&+ ,67N ',( g,1+(,7 x2/7 ,1 '(5 u3$1181*6:$$*( 0,7 (,1(5 y>*81* =8 9(5%,1'(1N ,67 '$6 %(,0 c03(5( 0?*/,&+ 0,7 '(5 u7520:$$*( Jc%%P UPTRK] $//(5O ',1*6 6,1' ',( '257 '$5*(67(//7(1 u7520/(,7(5 .5(,6)?50,*P f$)@5 :(5'(1 h250(/1 %(1?7,*7N ',( (567 12&+ +(5*(/(,7(7 :(5'(1 0@66(1 Jc%6&+1P UPVPVKP h@5 (,1(1 ',5(.7(1 x(5*/(,&+ 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 m5$)7 .?11(1 u3$1181*6O 81' u7520O :$$*( $8&+ $/6 /,1.(5 81' 5(&+7(5 v(,/ (,1(5 d$/.(1:$$*( .20%,1,(57 :(5'(1P Waagebalken

Spiegel

Marmorplatte

feststehende Spulen bewegliche Spule

c%%P UPTR

u7520:$$*(P

x(5*/(,&+ (/(.75,6&+(5 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 m5>)7(P c1)$1*6 *$% (6 9(56&+,('(1( u7520O 0$M(N '(71,(57 '85&+ o(669256&+5,)7(1N ',( *$1= 817(56&+,('/,&+( g5(.7( $86187=O 7(1P d(925 6,&+ '(5 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 =8 (,1(0 48$17,7$7,9 %(+(556&+7(1 v(,/*(%,(7 '(5 r+)7(P y(*(1 '(5 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 g,1)@+581* '(5 h(/'.21O 67$17(1 J,R ,0 |>+/(5N &R ,0 p(11(5K ,67 ',( ,17(5(66$17( x(5*/(,&+6*5?M( 1,&+7 '$6 x(5+>/71,6N 621'(51 '$6 r52'8.7 921 &R 81' ,RN '$6 (,1( 6(+5 ./(,1( |$+/ 0,7 '(5 g,1+(,7 6T02T (5*,%7P p,007 0$1 '$921 ',( y85=(/ 81' '(1 m(+5:(57N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 J&R ,RK2SBT . U 6 SRZ 0B6 3 &N

JUPTSK

81' '$6 ,67 ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7N :25$8) iP m,5&++25 =8(567 +,1*(:,(6(1 +$7P f$6 :$5 '$6 (567( k1',= '$)@5N '$66 '$6 n,&+7 (,1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(6 r+>120(1 ,67P k1=:,6&+(1 +$7 6,&+ %(67>7,*7N '$66 i/P JUPTSK 7$76>&+/,&+ (;$.7 ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 ,0 x$.880 %(6&+5(,%7N ',( +(87( .(,1( 0(66%$5( p$785.2167$17( 0(+5 ,67N 621'(51 A *$1= >+1/,&+ :,( ,R A (,1(1 )(67*(/(*7(1 y(57 +$7N '(5 =86$00(1 0,7 '(5 d$6,6(,1+(,7 u(.81'( ',( d$6,6(,1+(,7 o(7(5 '(71,(57\ & 3'() T[[ Y[T VWZ 0B6P

JUPTTK

w1' 62 (5*,%7 6,&+ $8&+ )@5 &R (,1 )(67*(/(*7(5 y(57N :,( ,1 c%6&+1P TPTPT %(6&+5,(%(1 :85'(P x21 '(1 '5(, )(67*(/(*7(1 m2167$17(1N 9(5.1@3)7 '85&+ i/P JUPTSK ,67 (,1( @%(59@66,*P f(6+$/% 71'(7 0$1 ,00(5 +>87*(5 ',( g/,0,1,(581* 921 &R *(0>M &R S J,R &TK2SP

JUPTUK

UPUPU o$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* 81' h(/'67>5.( }+1/,&+ :,( %(,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' Jc%6&+1P TPTPUK 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 =:(, h(/'9(.72O 5(1N ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* ;N ',( '$6 921 u75?0(1 (5=(8*7( h(/' %(6&+5(,%7N 81' ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 5N ',( ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m5$)7 $8) u75?0( J%(:(*7( n$'81*(1K %(6&+5(,%7P k0 x$.880 J81' ,1 6(+5 *87(5 p>+(581* $8&+ ,1 n8)7 81' $1'(5(1 i$6(1K 6,1' ',( %(,'(1 h(/'9(.725(1 9(5.1@3)7 '85&+ 5 3 ,R ; N

JUPTVK

:2%(, ,R ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m2167$17( ,67P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 =8(567 ',( 921 cPoP c03(F 5( (5.$117(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5>)7( =:,O 6&+(1 67520'85&+9266(1(1 n(,7(51P c%%P UPTS =(,*7 ',( %(,'(1 *(5$'(1 3$5$//(/(1 n(,7(5675?0( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r$3,(5(%(1(P y,( %(, x(.725O 81' u75203)(,/(1 @%/,&+N :,5' ',( t,&+781* 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r$3,(5(%(1( :,( )2/*7 '$5*(67(//7\ g,1 r81.7 J3 r)(,/63,7=(K 65.(P

h$// ,67 kS '(5 )(/'(5=(8*(1'( u7520N '(5 ,0 c%67$1' 5ST ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* ;S +(592558)7] ',( 1$&+ i/P JUPTVK '$=8 3523257,21$/( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 5S %(:,5.7 (,1( m5$)7 9STN ',( $1 (,1(0 n(,7(567@&. '(5 n>1*( sT '(6 920 u7520 kT '85&+9266(1(1 n(,7(56 $1*5(,)7P f,( d(75>*( ',(6(5 '5(, x(.725(1 6,1' *(*(%(1 '85&+ jS 3

S k B5 N dS 3 ,R jS 81' hST 3 kT sT dS P T @ S ST

JUPTWK

h@5 '(1 h$// 921 c%%P UPTS% 6,1' ',( t2//(1 '(5 %(,'(1 n(,7(5675?0( 81' '(0(17O 635(&+(1' $8&+ k1',=(6 S 81' T 9(57$86&+7P f,( c866$*( 921 i/P JUPTWK A 81' '(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 i/(,&+81* 0,7 '(1 9(57$86&+7(1 k1',=(6 A .$11 )2/*(1'(50$M(1 9(5$//*(0(,1(57 :(5'(1\ SP h@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* ;N ',( '85&+ (,1(1 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1N *(5$'(1 n(,7(567520 k ,0 t$',$/$%67$1' 5 (5=(8*7 :,5'N *,/7 j3

S k T@ 5

JUPTXK

SP 0,7 '(5 t,&+781*69(5(,1%$581*N '$66 ',( t,&+781* '(6 J326,7,9(1K u75209866(6N %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ ',( *(5,&+7(7( n(,7(5/>1*( TN 81' ',( |,5.8/$5,7>7 '(6 dOh(/'(6 =86$00(1 (,1( t(&+766&+5$8%( %,/'(1P TP d(71'(7 6,&+ (,1 *(5$'(5 n(,7(567520 k ,1 '(0 J+202*(1(1K o$*1(7)(/' 5N '$6 6(1.5(&+7 =80 u7520/(,7(5 *(5,&+7(7 ,67N '$11 (5)>+57 '(5 n(,7(5 (,1( m5$)7N *(O *(%(1 '85&+ h 3 k s d )@5

Ti5

JUPTYK

JTK 0,7 '(5 t,&+781*69(5(,1%$581*N '$66 TN 5 81' 9 (,1 t(&+76'5(,%(,1 %,/'(1P c10(5.81* =85 n>1*( '(6 n(,7(567@&.(6 s\ c1'(56 $/6 %(, i/P JUPTXKN ',( (;$.7 185 )@5 '$6 h(/' (,1(6 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1 n(,7(5675206 *,/7N %5$8&+7 '(5 n(,7(567520N $8) '(1 '$6 h(/' 1$&+ i/P JUPTYK (,1( m5$)7 $86@%7N 1,&+7 81(1'/,&+ /$1* =8 6(,1P |85 o(6681* '(5 m5$)7 .$11 '$6 =80 )(/'(5=(8*(1'(1 u7520 3$5$//(/(N (1'/,&+ /$1*(

STZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

n(,7(567@&. s '85&+ 6(1.5(&+7 '$=8 9(5/$8)(1'( %,(*6$0( m$%(/ %(:(*/,&+ ,1 (,1(1 u7520.5(,6 (,1*(%81'(1 6(,1P f,( c03(F 5(I6&+(1 x(568&+( (5*$%(1 $8&+N '$66 n(,7(5675?0(N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =8O (,1$1'(5 9(5/$8)(1N .(,1( m5>)7( $8)(,1$1'(5 $86@%(1P n,(*7 $/62 5 1,&+7 6(1.5(&+7 =8 TN '$11 ,67 185 ',( 6(1.5(&+7( dOm20321(17( :,5.6$0P f(6+$/% 0866 =85 x(5$//*(0(,1(581* 921 i/P JUPTYK ',(6( y,1.(/$%+>1*,*.(,7 '85&+ (,1(1 h$.725 6,1JTN 5K (,1*(%$87 :(5'(1P c%(5 -(7=7 %,(7(7 6,&+ $1N ',(6( d(=,(+81* 9,(/ (/(*$17(5 0,7+,/)( '(6 x(.725352'8.7(6 =8 )2508/,(5(1\ 9 3 k T 4 5P

JUPTZK

f,( m5$)7 9 81' ',( n(,7(5/>1*( T 6,1' 32/$5( x(.725(1P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'O 67>5.( 5 ,67 '$*(*(1 (,1 $;,$/(5 x(.725N '(66(1 t,&+781* 817(5 g,1%(=,(+81* '(5 t(&+766&+5$8%(16,11Om219(17,21 9(5(,1%$57 :25'(1 ,67P f,(6(/%( m219(17,21 %(O 67,007 $%(5 $8&+ ',( d,/'81* '(6 x(.725352'8.7(6 921 i/P JUPTZK] +,(5 0@66(1 TN 5 81' 9 (,1 5(&+76+>1',*(6 f5(,%(,1 (5*(%(1P f(6+$/% ,67 ',( t,&+781* 921 9 81O $%+>1*,* '$921N 2% t(&+76O 2'(5 n,1.66&+5$8%(16,11 9(5(,1%$57 :,5'P f,( i/P JUPTZK ,67 ',( f(71,7,216*/(,&+81* )@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 5P f$ '(5 s827,(17 =:(,(5 x(.725(1 0$7+(0$7,6&+ 1,&+7 '(71,(57 ,67N .$11 ',(6( i/(,&+81* 1,&+7 1$&+ 5 $8)*(/?67 :(5'(1P y(,/ ,0 c//*(0(,1(1 1,&+7 '$921 $86*(*$1*(1 :(5'(1 .$11N '$66 '$6 dOh(/' @%(5 ',( n>1*( '(6 n(,7(56 +202*(1 ,67N (037(+/7 6,&+ (,1( ',5(5(17,(//( u&+5(,%81*\ '9 3 k 'T 4 5P

JUPT[K

h@5 '9 3 '90$; 67(+(1 ',( '5(, ,1 i/P JUPT[K 9(5.1@3)7(1 x(.725(1 6(1.5(&+7 =8(,O 1$1'(5N 81' '$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1'(87,* ',( t,&+781* '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 5P f,( ukOg,1+(,7 )@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( (5*,%7 6,&+ $/6 pc2S02S 3 x602T 81' 75>*7 '(1 p$0(1 NNv(6/$DD JvKN %(1$117 1$&+ p,.2/$ v(6/$ JSZWXAS[VUKN '(0 g571'(5 '(6 c67(P g,1( $/7(N 12&+ ,1 '(5 i(23+/7 9 3 4 c 4 5P

JUPUVK

f$6 ,67 ',( n25(17=Om5$)7N SZ[T (,1*()@+57 921 j(1'5,. c17221 n25(17= JSZWUAS[TZKN '(0 d(*5@1'(5 '(5 g/(.7521(17+(25,( '(5 o$7(5,(P k1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5$)7 $8) (,1( n$'81* Ji/P JTPSTKK (5*,%7 6,&+ '$5$86 ',( 12&+ $//O *(0(,1(5( i/(,&+81* )@5 ',( m5$)7 $8) (,1( 58+(1'( 2'(5 %(:(*7( r52%(/$'81* ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' 9 3 4 J81c 4 5KP

JUPUWK

UPUPV o$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 (,1(5 u75206&+/(,)( y,5 %(75$&+7(1 =81>&+67 (,1( 5(&+7(&.,*( n(,7(5675206&+/(,)( 0,7 '(1 u(,7(1/>1*(1 $ 81' % ,0 +202*(1(1 o$*1(7)(/' 5] ',( n(,7(567@&.( 0,7 '(5 n>1*( $ /,(*(1 6(1.O 5(&+7 =80 dOh(/'N ',( 0,7 '(5 n>1*( % 3$5$//(/ '$=8P f,( 5(68/7,(5(1'( m5$)7 '(6 h(/'(6 $8) ',( 67520'85&+9266(1( n(,7(56&+/(,)( ,67 ,00(5 18//N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( m5>)7( $8) *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'( n(,7(567@&.( *(5$'( $8)+(%(1P f,( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+(1 m5>)7( 9 81' 9> Jc%%P UPTTKN ',( 80 ',( n>1*( % 9(56(7=7 $1 '(5 u&+/(,)( $1*5(,)(1N @%(1 (,1 f5(+020(17 $86N '$6 ,1 '(5 $%*(%,/'(7(1 u7(//81* '(5 u&+/(,)( 0$;,0$/ ,67\ v0$; 3 % h 3 % $ k dP

JUPUXK

o$1 '(71,(57 181 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 g0 '(5 u75206&+/(,)( $/6 r52'8.7 921 u7520 k 81' '(5 *(5,&+7(7(1 y,1'81*69>&+( 4y\ g0 3 k 4y 0,7

cy 3 $ %P

JUPUYK Drehmoment

a

Kraft F

Ìm

magnetisches Moment

F'

T

Feld B

Strom I

b

c%%P UPTT o$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 (,1(5 u75206&+/(,)(N '$5*(67(//7 ,1 d(=8* =8 u75205,&+781*N h(/'5,&+781*N m5>)7(3$$5 81' f5(+020(17P k1 ',(6(5 n$*( ,67 '$6 f5(+020(17 0$;,0$/P

SUR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

f,( t,&+781* '(5 x(.725(1 g0 81' 4y (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 w0/$8)6,11 '(6 u7520(6 81' '(5 t(&+766&+5$8%(1Om219(17,21P k1 c%%P UPTT ,67 '(5 y,1.(/ b =:,6&+(1 g0 81' 5 [R@P d(, f5(+81* '(5 u&+/(,)( 80 ',( o,77(//,1,( 9(55,1*(57 6,&+ '$6 f5(+020(17 0,7 6,1 bN :(,/ '(5 6(1.5(&+7( c%67$1' '(5 y,5.81*6/,1,(1 '(5 %(,'(1 m5>)7( 9 81' 9> '85&+ % 6 6,1 b *(*(%(1 ,67P f,( $//*(0(,1( h250(/ )@5 '$6 f5(+020(17 ,67 G 3 g0 4 5P

JUPUZK

g,1( (%(1(N $%(5 1,&+7 5(&+7(&.,*( u75206&+/(,)( />667 6,&+ )250$/ ,00(5 ,1 J81O (1'/,&+K 9,(/( ./(,1( t(&+7(&.( =(5/(*(1 Jc%%P UPTUKN :2%(, (17/$1* '(5 ,11(5(1 i5(1=/,1,(1 */(,&+*52M( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( u75?0( 9,(M(1N ',( 6,&+ =8 18// $'',(5(1P f$6 *(6$07( 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 ,67 ',( u800( '(5 o20(17( '(5 ./(,1(1 t(&+7O (&.(P u2 ,67 (,1=86(+(1N '$66 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 (,1(5 (%(1(1 u75206&+/(,)( ,00(5 '85&+ '$6 r52'8.7 $86 u7520 81' 806&+/266(1(5 h/>&+( *(*(%(1 ,67P d(67(+7 ',( u75206&+/(,)( $86 (,1(5 u38/( 0,7 p y,1'81*(1N '85&+ ',( '(5 u7520 k 9,(M7N '$11 (17635,&+7 '$6 (,1(5 x(5*5?M(581* '(5 u38/(19>&+( 80 '(1 h$.725 pN '(5 ,1 ',( y,1'81*69>&+( cy (,1*(+7P

c%%P UPTU |86$00(16(7=81* (,1(5 %(/,(%,* *()2507(1 (%(1(1 n(,7(59>&+( $86 J,171,7(6,0$/K ./(,1(1 t(&+7(&.(1P

f,( ,1 c%%P UPTV 6.,==,(57( u&+/(,)( ,67 80 ',( x(57,.$/$&+6( '5(+%$5 *(/$*(57P f$6 $8) ',( 67520'85&+9266(1( u&+/(,)( $86*(@%7( f5(+020(17 9(568&+7 ',(6( 62 =8 '5(+(1N '$66 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 g0 ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(5 j25,=217$/.2032O 1(17( '(6 g5')(/'(6 5j =(,*7P f$ ',( f5(+%(:(*81* '85&+ ',( n$*(55(,%81* *(O '>03)7 ,67N 67(//7 6,&+ ',( u38/( 0,7 g0 3$5$//(/ =8 5j (,1P Ld(, +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1(5 f>03)81* '(5 f5(+%(:(*81* :@5'( ',( u&+/(,)( u&+:,1*81*(1 80 ',(6( t8+(/$*( $86)@+5(1Pb f,( n(,7(5675206&+/(,)( :,5.7 $/62 :,( (,1( o$*1(71$'(/C f,(6(5 p$&+O :(,6 *(/$1* =8(567 c03(F 5( 0,7 '(5 6.,==,(57(1 c125'181*P q(567('7 +$77( }+1/,&+(6 9(568&+7N $%(5 ',( d('(8781* '(5 i5?M( '(5 806&+/266(1(1 h/>&+( 12&+ 1,&+7 (5O .$117P h@5 g;3(5,0(17( 0,7 n(,7(5675206&+/(,)(1 0@66(1 ',(6( '5(+%$5 $8)*(+>1*7 :(5O '(1P c/6 u7520=8)@+581* 6,1' %,(*6$0( n(,781*(1 Jn,7=(1K *((,*1(7P w0 u7?581*(1

UPU o$*1(7,6&+(6 m5$)7*(6(7=

SUS

c%%P UPTV f5(+%$5 $8)*(+>1*7( n(,7(5O 675206&+/(,)( $/6 m203$66P h/,(M7 (,1 J326,7,O 9(5K u7520 ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11N '$11 =(,*7 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 920 d,/'%(75$&+7(5 :(* 81' :,5' 920 g5')(/' 1$&+ p25'(1 *(O '5(+7P

'85&+ '$6 o$*1(7)(/' '(5 |8/(,781*6675?0( =8 9(50(,'(1N 62//7(1 ',( |8/(,781*(1 *87 9(5'5,//7 6(,1 2'(5 *$1= (1* %(,(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1P

UPUPW |85 f(8781* 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5 y,5 +$77(1 6&+21 ,0 h$// '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 '$5$8) +,1*(:,(6(1N '$66 ',( h(/'O /,1,(1%,/'(5 921 h$5$'$< $/6 NNm5$)7/,1,(1DD J/,1(6 2) )25&(K ,1 (,1(5 y(,6( ,17(535(7,(57

c%%P UPTW h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5\ 3$5$//(/( n(,7(5675?0( J$K */(,&+N J%K (17*(*(1 *(5,&+7(7] 67520O '85&+9266(1(5 n(,7(5 J&K 81' n(,7(56&+/(,)( J'K ,0 +202*(1(1 dOh(/' J,0 d,/' :$$*(5(&+7KP

SUT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

:85'(1N ',( 1,&+7 '(0 +(87,*(1N $8) o$;:(// =85@&.*(+(1'(1 h(/'67>5.(Od(*5,5 (17635,&+7P f$6 *,/7 $8&+ )@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(5P f,( h$5$'$1*6 '(6 n,1,(1O 9(5/$8)6 %(:,5.(1K 81' ,+5(1 c%67$1' 921(,1$1'(5 9(5*5?M(51 =8 :2//(1 J$/62 (,1( f58&..5$)7 48(5 =80 n,1,(19(5/$8) %(:,5.(1KP f,( d,/'(5 '(5 c%%P UPTW =(,*(1 ',( u8**(67,9.5$)7 '(5 h$5$'$+1/,&+N 185 '$66 :,5 1,&+7 (,1( =:(,',0(16,21$/( j@//9>&+( 80 (,1 x2/80(1 0,7 n$'81*(1 %(75$&+7(1N 621'(51 (,1( (,1',0(16,21$/( t$1'.859( 80 (,1( h/>&+(N ',( 921 n(,7(5675?0(1 '85&+6(7=7 :,5'P |8(567 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1(1 /,1($5(1N *(5$'(1 81' 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1 n(,7(567520 kN '(5 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r$3,(5(%(1( 921 c%%P UPTX$ '85&+ '(1 m225',1$7(1Ow563581* 9,(M7P w0 ',(6(1 u7520 /(*(1 :,5 (,1( ,1 '(5 r$3,(5(%(1( 9(5/$8)(1'( *(6&+/266(1( m859( 921 %(/,(%,*(5 h250P |,(/ ,67 (6N '$6 t$1'.859(1Ok17(*5$/ g ; 6 '` =8 %(5(&+O 1(1P

UPV f85&+ %(/,(%,*( u75?0( (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5

SUU

H-Feldlinie

ds H · ds = !(!) ! dÊ

I

nt

e g r a ti o nsw eg

!

I

(a)

dÊ

Integ rationsweg

(b)

I

Êmax Êmin

c%%P UPTX |80 c03(F 5(Oi(6(7=\ J$K t$1'.859(1Ok17(*5$7,21 80 (,1(1 n(,7(567520 kN J%K t$1'.859(1Ok17(*5$7,21N ',( '(1 n(,7(567520 1,&+7 806&+/,(M7P

u7$77 @%(5 ',( n>1*( '(5 m859( .$11 $8&+ @%(5 '(1 c=,087:,1.(/ 3 921 R %,6 T@ ,17(*5,(57 :(5'(1P f(5 c%67$1' 920 u7520 =80 u75(&.(1(/(0(17 '` ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 t$',86 5P f$6 h(/' ; $0 q57 921 '` /,(*7 ,1 '(5 r$3,(5(%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 t$',86P d(75$&+7(7 0$1 181 '$6 u.$/$5352'8.7 ; 6 '` 1,&+7 $/6 r52-(.7,21 921 ; $8) '`N 621'(51 80*(.(+57 921 '` $8) ;N ,67 810,77(/%$5 (,1=86(+(1N '$66 )2/*(1'(6 *,/7\

81'

; 6 '` 3 j 5 '3 ; 6 '` 3 k JT@5K2S 5 '3 3 k JT@K2S '3 k g '3 T@ 3 kP

JUPU[K

g ; 6 '` 3

JUPVRK

f$ :,5 $86 '(1 c03(F 5(6&+(1 x(568&+(1 :,66(1N '$66 '$6 jOh(/' '(6 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1N *(5$'(1 n(,7(5675206 .(,1( m20321(17( 3$5$//(/ =80 n(,7(5 %(6,7=7N %5$8&+7 ',( k17(*5$7,216.859( 1,&+7 ,1 '(5 r$3,(5(%(1( 921 c%%P UPTX$ =8 /,(*(1] '$6 g5*(%1,6 921 i/P JUPVRK *,/7 $/62 )@5 %(/,(%,*( h250 81' n$*( '(5 '(1 u7520 806&+/,(M(1'(1 m859(P y(11 ',( k17(*5$7,216.859( '(1 u7520 $%(5 1,&+7 806&+/,(M7N '$11 (5*,%7 ',( k17(*5$7,21 '(1 y(57 18//P k1 62/&+ (,1(0 h$// 0@667( ',( y,1.(/,17(*5$7,21 '(1 d(5(,&+ 30,1 ] 3 ] 30$; =:(,0$/ '85&+/$8)(1 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 t,&+781*(1 Jc%%P UPTX%KP f,( t,&+781* 921 ; ,67 ,1 i/P JUPVRK $8&+ )(67*(/(*7\ f,( k17(*5$7,21 ,67 62 925O =81(+0(1N '$66 '(5 w0/$8)6,11 '(6 k17(*5$7,216:(*(6 81' ',( t,&+781* '(6 u7520O 9866(6 (,1( t(&+766&+5$8%( %,/'(1] '$ $8&+ '(5 w0/$8)6,11 '(5 jOh(/'/,1,(1 0,7 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 u75206 (,1( t(&+766&+5$8%( %,/'(7N %,/'(1 ; 81' '` (17/$1* '(6 *(6&+/266(1(1 k17(*5$7,216:(*(6 @%(5:,(*(1' (,1(1 y,1.(/N '(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 @BT ,67N 81' '(6+$/% (5*,%7 i/P JUPU[K (,1(1 326,7,9(1 y(57P p81 :2//(1 :,5 '$6 g5*(%1,6 $8) 0(+5(5( *(5$'( n(,7(5675?0( 0,7 %(/,(%,*(5 n$*( ,0 t$80 (5:(,7(51\ c1 -('(0 q57 ,67 '$6 /2.$/( jOh(/' *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( x(.725O

SUV

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

$'',7,21 '(5 h(/'(5 $//(5 n(,7(5675?0(P c86 '(5 d(/,(%,*.(,7 '(6 k17(*5$7,216:(*(6 )@5 (,1(1 n(,7(567520 )2/*7N '$66 i/P JUPVRK $8&+ )@5 0(+5(5( n(,7(5675?0( *,/7N :(11 k $/6 ',( 925=(,&+(1*(5(&+7( u800( '(5 806&+/266(1(1 u75?0( %(75$&+7(7 :,5'P q+1( 0$7+(0$7,6&+(1 d(:(,6 6(, +,(5 (,1( 12&+ :(,7(5*(+(1'( x(5$//*(0(,1(581* $1*(*(%(1\ f,( k17(*5$/%(=,(+81* 921 i/P JUPVRK *,/7 $8&+ )@5 %(/,(%,*( n(,7(5)250(1N 1,&+7 185 )@5 /,1($5(N *(5$'(N 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(P f,(6( x(5$//*(0(,1(581* />667 6,&+ (;3(5,0(17(// 9(5,7=,(5(1 0,7 '(0 63>7(5 %(+$1'(/7(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181*60(6O 6(5 Jc%6&+1P VPTPVKP k1 ',(6(5 $//*(0(,1(1 h250 :,5' ',( k17(*5$/*/(,&+81* g ; 6 '` 3 k*(6$07

JUPVSK

$/6 c03(F 5(Oi(6(7= %(=(,&+1(7P f,(6( i/(,&+81* *,/7 )@5 (,1 %(/,(%,*(6 t$1'.859(1O ,17(*5$/ 81' %(/,(%,*( h250(1 '(5 n(,7(5675?0(N ',( '(1 806&+/266(1(1 i(6$07O 67520 k*(6$07 (5*(%(1P h,1'(7 ',( w06&+/,(M81* (,1(6 n(,7(5675206 k 1,&+7 185 (,10$/N 621'(51 pO)$&+ 67$77N '$11 ,67 p 6 k '(5 806&+/266(1( u7520P p81 :,5' 0$1 1,&+7 811?7,*(5:(,6( '(1 k17(*5$7,216:(* 0(+50$/6 80 (,1(1 *(5$'(1 n(,7(5 +(580)@+5(1] $%(5 ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 .200(1 +>87* n(,7(5675206&+/(,)(1 0,7 p y,1'81*(1 925N '85&+ ',( '(5 k17(*5$7,216:(* (,10$/ +,1'85&+ 81' $8M(1 +(580 =85@&.*()@+57 :,5'P f,( o8/7,3/,.$725Oy,5.81* '(5 y,1'81*6=$+/ :85'( 6&+21 ,0 u(37(0%(5 SZTRN .85= 1$&+ d(.$117:(5'(1 '(5 q(567('76&+(1 g17'(&.81*N 921 l2+$11 u$/202 e+5,6723+ u&+:(,**(5 *()81'(1 81' =85 g5+?+81* '(5 y,5.81* '(6 u75206 $8) ',( o$*1(71$'(/ *(187=7] ,0 )2/*(1'(1 l$+5 %$87( lPeP r2**(1'255 1$&+ ',(6(0 r5,1=,3 (,1(1 (0371'/,&+(1 o(66$33$5$7N $86 '(0 6,&+ '$6 i$/9$120(7(5 Jc%6&+1P UPYK (17:,&.(/7(P c1:(1'81* '(6 c03(F 5(Oi(6(7=(6P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 '$6 jOh(/' ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 u7520O /(,7(56P f(5 %,6+(5 $1*(1200(1( /,1($5( J'P +P 81(1'/,&+ '@11(K n(,7(5 ,67 ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 1,&+7 *(*(%(1P h@5 '(1 h$// '(6 =)7( =:,6&+(1 n(,7(5675?0(1 A 921 l($1Od$37,67( d,27 JSYYVASZXTK 81' h(/,; u$9$57 JSY[SASZVSK *(/?67P f$6 d,27Ou$9$57Oi(6(7= %(6&+5(,%7 '$6 921 (,1(0 ',5(5(17,(//(1 n(,7(567520 k 6 'T J/2.$/,6,(57 %(, 5 3 RK ,0 c%67$1' _ (5=(8*7( jOh(/'\ '; J_K 3

k 'T4_ P V@ 5 U

JUPVYK

f,( '$6 h(/' '; %(6&+5(,%(1'(1 h(/'/,1,(1 6,1' .21=(175,6&+( m5(,6( 80 'T $/6 c&+6( 0,7 t(&+766&+5$8%(16,11P y>+5(1' '$6 h(/' %(,0 =5.( ,1 x25:>576O 81' t@&.O :>5765,&+781* 9(55,1*(57P i(1$862 :,( %(,0 fOh(/' '(5 r81.7/$'81* :,5' +,(5 $1*(1200(1N '$66 '$6 920 n(,7(567520Og/(0(17 (5=(8*7( jOh(/' 1,&+7 $8) '$6 g/(0(17 =85@&. :,5.7N 62O '$66 '(5 i5(1=)$// j S Z )@5 5 S R %(/$1*/26 ,67P c%(5 '$6 921 (,1(0 n(,7(567520O g/(0(17 (5=(8*7( jOh(/' .$11 6(+5 :2+/ $8) ',( $1'(5(1 g/(0(17( '(66(/%(1 u7520O .5(,6(6 0$*1(7,6&+( m5>)7( $86@%(1P g,1 d(,63,(/ ,67 '(5 63,5$/)?50,*( n(,7(5 921 c%%P UPSZ&N '(5 6,&+ %(,0 u75209866 =86$00(1=,(+7P f(5 J81(1'/,&+K /$1*( *(5$'( n(,7(567520 ,67 (,1( c861$+0(N :(,/ ,1 ',(6(0 h$// $//( g/(0(17( 62 =8(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1N '$66 '(5 u,186 920 m5(8=352'8.7 '(5 i/P JUPVYK */(,&+ 18// ,67P f,( h250 921 i/P JUPVYK ,67 *87 *((,*1(7 )@5 '$6 x(567>1'1,6 '(6 921 (,1(0 ',)O )(5(17,(//(1 n(,7(56752067@&. (5=(8*7(1 o$*1(7)(/'(6P y,// 0$1 '$*(*(1 '$6 h(/' %(5(&+1(1N '$6 ,1 (,1(0 r81.7N *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 q5769(.725 _N 920 *(6$07(1 n(,7(567520 (5=(8*7 :,5'N '$11 0866 0$1 @%(5 k 6 'T (17/$1* '(6 *(6$07(1 n(,7(56 ,17(*5,(5(1P f$)@5 ,67 i/P JUPVYK :,( )2/*7 80=86&+5(,%(1\ ; J_K 3

k V@

6

n(,7(5

'T4J_2_'sK P 8_2_'s 8U

JUPVZK

UPVPU o$*1(7,6&+(6 x(.725327(17,$/N 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866 h@5 (,1 *(*(%(1(6 dOh(/' '(71,(5(1 :,5 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( x(.725327(17,$/ $/6 (,1 x(.725)(/' 40N '(66(1 t27$7,21 '$6 dOh(/' /,()(57\ 5 3 *440P

JUPV[K

u2 :,( '$6 6.$/$5( (/(.75,6&+( r27(17,$/N '$6 $/6 6(,1(1 1(*$7,9(1 i5$',(17(1 ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( (5*,%7 Ji/P JTPVTKKN (,1( 81%(67,007( k17(*5$7,216.2167$17( (17+>/7N @%(5 ',( '85&+ h(676(7=81* (,1(6 p8//381.76 9(5)@*7 :(5'(1 0866N *,%7 (6 )@5 (,1 *(*(%(1(6 jOh(/' 1,&+7 185 (,1 x(.725)(/' 40N '$6 '(5 i/P JUPV[K *(1@*7P l('(6 %(/,(%,*( x(.725)(/'N '$6 6,&+ $/6 i5$',(17 (,1(6 6.$/$5(1 r27(17,$/6 '$567(//(1 />667N .?117( +,1=8$'',(57 :(5'(1N :(,/ ',( t27$7,21 '(6 i5$',(17(1 (,1(6 u.$/$5O

UPV f85&+ %(/,(%,*( u75?0( (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5

SUY

)(/'(6 9(56&+:,1'(7P u2/&+( c'',7,21(1 =80 x(.725327(17,$/ .?11(1 '85&+ |86$7=O %(',1*81*(1 $86*(6&+/266(1 :(5'(1P f$6 d,27Ou$9$57Oi(6(7= .$11 $8&+ 0,7+,/)( '(6 x(.725327(17,$/6 )2508/,(57 :(5O '(1P f$6 h(/' '5 J_KN (5=(8*7 921 (,1(0 n(,7(567520(/(0(17 k'T %(, _ 3 RN (5*,%7 6,&+ 0,7 5 3 ,R ; $/6 0,7

JUPWRK

'5 3 *4'40 '40 3

,R 'T k P V@ 5

JUPWSK

f$66 i/P JUPWRK 81' i/P JUPWSK =86$00(1 '$6 d,27Ou$9$57Oi(6(7= ,1 '(5 h250 921 i/P JUPVYK (5*(%(1N />667 6,&+ 0,7+,/)( '(5 )2/*(1'(1 k'(17,7>7 (5.(11(1\ *4

'T 'T4_ 3 P 5 5U

JUPWTK

|80 d(:(,6 ',(6(5 k'(17,7>7 0866 0$1 ',( (,1=(/1(1 m20321(17(1 '(6 x(.725352O '8.7(6 *4'TB5 $865(&+1(1N :2%(, 925 c86)@+581* '(5 3$57,(//(1 c%/(,781*(1 '(5 t$',86 5 ,0 p(11(5 '85&+ 5 3 J; T 1< T 1= TKSBT

JUPWUK

=8 68%67,78,(5(1 ,67P u2 (5+>/7 0$1 )@5 ',( ;Om20321(17( J81' (17635(&+(1'( c86O '5@&.( )@5 ',( &+( *,/7 gg 5 6 '4 3 RP

JUPWYK

f$6 ,67 ',( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( h2508/,(581* '(5 ,1 $//(1 %,6+(5 *(=(,*7(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(51 (5.(11%$5(1 v$76$&+(N '$66 ',( dOh(/'/,1,(1 *(6&+/266(1( m859(1 6,1'N ',( 1,5*(1':2 $1)$1*(1 2'(5 (1'(1] '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/' +$7 $/62 :('(5 s8(//(1 12&+ u(1.(1P c1'(56 $86*('5@&.7\ i/P JUPWYK %(6$*7N '$66 (6 ,0 t$+0(1 ',(6(5 v+(25,( .(,1( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 Jo21232/(K *,%7C o,7+,/)( '(6 i$8MI6&+(1 u$7=(6 />667 6,&+ =8 i/P JUPWYK 62)257 (,1( f,5(5(17,$/%(O =,(+81* +,16&+5(,%(1N 1>0/,&+ '$6 x(56&+:,1'(1 '(5 f,9(5*(1= '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6N * 6 5 3 RP

JUPWZK

x(5$16&+$8/,&+81* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 x(.725327(17,$/6P |80 u&+/866 6(, 12&+ $8) (,1( )250$/( }+1/,&+.(,7 +,1*(:,(6(1N ',( ,1 '(1 )2/*(1'(1 h250(/1 =80 c86'58&. .2007\ I 3 gg 5 6 '4

0,7 5 3 * 4 40

(5*,%7 I 3 g 40 6 '` P

JUPW[K

w1' k 3 gg W 6 '4 0,7

W3*4;

(5*,%7 k 3 g ; 6 '` P

JUPXRK

f$5$86 ,67 =8 (5.(11(1\ f,( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/@66( 6,1' ',( y,5%(/ '(6 c0Oh(/'(6N 62 :,( ',( u75?0( ',( y,5%(/ '(6 jOh(/'(6 6,1'P f$6 ,67 (,1( ./(,1( j,/)( =85 x(5$16&+$8/,&+81* '(6 x(.725327(17,$/6P u7(//7 0$1 6,&+ =P dP '(1 NN)$'(1)?50,*(1DD 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866 (,1(5 /$1*(1N '@11(1 |*( =8 'di 921 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 u7@&.(1 '(5 u75206&+/(,)( +$%(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( t,&+781* 81' .203(16,(5(1 6,&+] ',( k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 ',( u7520O 6&+/(,)( /,()(57 $/62 '(1 y(57 18//P f,( k17(*5$7,21 '(5 r$5$//(/Om20321(17( /,()(57 '$6 h(/' (17/$1* '(5 c&+6(\ d J=K 3

g

u&+/(,)(

'do J=K

,R k &26K T@ 56 V@ 5 T , k 5 &26K 3 R 6T T5 ,R k 56T 3 P JUPXUK TJ56T 1= TKUBT w1' '$0,7 (5+$/7(1 :,5 )@5 '$6 h(/' ,1 '(5 u&+/(,)(10,77( J= 3 RK , k dR 3 R P JUPXVK T56 f$6 dOh(/' ,1 '(5 ;667 6,&+ (,1 +202*(1(6 o$*1(7)(/' (5=(8*(1N '$6 ',( *(:@16&+7( t,&+781* +$7 81' '(66(1 h(/'67>5.( 0,7 '(0 u7520 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1 .$11P u2/&+( u38/(1 :(5'(1 $8&+ %(1?7,*7N :(11 0$1 ,0 g;3(5,0(17 *$5 .(,1 o$O *1(7)(/' +$%(1 0?&+7( 81' '(6+$/% )@5 (,1( *87( g5')(/'Om203(16$7,21 625*(1 0866P j(/0+2/7=Ou38/(1 %(67(+(1 $86 =:(, */(,&+(1 .5(,6)?50,*(1 u38/(1 0,7 t$',86 5jN ',( $8) '(56(/%(1 c&+6( ,0 c%67$1' 5j 0217,(57 6,1' 81' 920 */(,&+(1 u7520 k 0,7 */(,&+(0 w0/$8)6,11 '85&+9266(1 :(5'(1P l('( '(5 u38/(1 +$7 p y,1'81*(1] '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 y,&./81* ,67 ./(,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 t$',86P k1 c&+6(11>+( $'',(5(1 6,&+ ',( h(/'(5 %(,'(5 u38/(1P y,( 6,&+ $86 '(5 h250(/ )@5 ',( .5(,6)?50,*( u75206&+/(,)( Ji/P JUPXUKK /(,&+7 %(5(&+1(1 />667N ,67 '$6 h(/' ,0 o,77(/381.7 '(6 j(/0+2/7=Ou38/(13$$5(6 *(*(%(1 '85&+ d0 3 JVBWKUBT ,R p kB5j P

JUPXWK

j(50$11 921 j(/0+2/7= JSZTSASZ[VK )$1' 0$7+(0$7,6&+N '$66 0,7 ',(6(5 c125'O 181* ,0 o,77(/92/80(1 (,1( %(621'(56 *52M( j202*(1,7>7 =8 (55(,&+(1 ,67P g5 %(O 75$&+7(7( =:(, m5(,6638/(1 ,1 9$5,$%/(0 c%67$1' $ 81' (17:,&.(/7( ',( h250(/ )@5 '$6 h(/' ,0 o,77(/381.7 $/6 o$&n$85,1I6&+( r27(1=5(,+(P f(5 u3(=,$/)$// $ 3 5j =(,&+1(7 6,&+ '$'85&+ $86N '$66 ',( TP c%/(,781* 'Td0J$KB'$ T 9(56&+:,1'(7P y(,/ $%(5 $//( 81*(5$'(1 c%/(,781*(1 $86 u+( '(6 o,77(/381.7(6 185 c%:(,&+81*(1 VP 81' +?+(5(5 q5'181*P h@5 o,77(/381.7$%67>1'( %,6 =8 RPS 6 5j ,67 '$6 dOh(/' $8) SR2V .2167$17C Jw1(1'/,&+K /$1*( |1*( s 0,7 (,1(5 6(+5 *52M(1 y,1'81*6=$+/ p] ',( n>1*( s ,67 6(+5 *52M *(*(1 '(1 y,&.(/O 5$',86 5N ',( f,&.( (5 '(5 y,&./81* ,67 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 5P f$6 h(/' ,0 k11(5(1 '(5 J81(1'/,&+K /$1*(1 u38/( dZN J81(1'/,&+K :(,7 :(* 921 '(1 g1'(1N .$11 0,7+,/)( '(6 c03(F 5(Oi(6(7=(6 %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P f$=8 :,5' ',( k17(*5$7,21 (,10$/ (17/$1* '(5 u38/(1$&+6( *()@+57N 921 2Z %,6 1Z] '(5 )@5 '$6 *(6&+/266(1( t$1'.859(1O k17(*5$/ (5)25'(5/,&+( t@&.:(* '(5 k17(*5$7,21 $8M(5+$/% '(5 u38/( :,5' ,1 (,1(1 62 *52M(1 c%67$1' 9(5/(*7N '$66 (5 .(,1(1 d(,75$* =80 k17(*5$/ /(,67(7N $/62 *$1= :(**(/$66(1 :(5'(1 .$11P 1Z

6

g 5 6 'T 3

5 6 'T

,11(1N 2Z

3 dZ s 3 ,R k p 2'(5 dZ 3 ,R k

p P s

JUPXXK

SVT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

k11(5+$/% '(5 /$1*(1 |1*( sN y,&./81*65$',86 5u2 81' y,1'81*6=$+/ pP f,( f,&.( '(5 y,&./81* (5 6(, $8&+ +,(5 $/6 6(+5 ./(,1 *(*(1 5u2 $1*(1200(1P |85 d(5(&+181* 1,007 0$1 $1N '$66 $8) '(5 |1*( 9(57(,/7 *(0>M 'k 3 Jp kBsK 'sP

JUPXYK

y(11 0$1 '$6 ',5(5(17,(//( u7@&. (,1(5 |1*( 's $/6 (,1( .5(,6)?50,*( u75206&+/(,)( %(75$&+7(7N i/P JUPXUK '$)@5 806&+5(,%7 81' (17/$1* '(5 c&+6( @%(5 ',( *(6$07( n>1*( '(6 u2/(12,'6 ,17(*5,(57N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 6&+/,(M/,&+ (,1( h250(/ )@5 '$6 h(/' $8) '(5 c&+6( ,11(5+$/% '(5 u38/( ,0 c%67$1' $ 920 u38/(1(1'(\ d J$K 3 dZ

2

3

S $ s2$ 1 P T T T T |5u2 1$ |5u2 1Js2$KT

JUPXZK

h@5 (,1(1 c&+6(1381.7 $8M(5+$/% '(5 u38/( ,67 0,7 $"R =8 5(&+1(1P f$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+N :,( '$6 h(/' ,1 '(5 o,77( (,1(5 (1'/,&+ /$1*(1 u38/( 920 h(/' dZ '(5 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1 u38/( 0,7 */(,&+(0 JpBsKOx(5+>/71,6 $%:(,&+7\ do,77( 3 dZ LS1JT5u2BsKTb2SBTP

JUPX[K

h@5 u38/(1N '(5(1 n>1*( *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 T u38/(1Of85&+0(66(5N :(,&+7 '$6 o,77(/)(/' :(1,*(5 $/6 SR @ 921 dZ $%] )@5 n>1*(1 *5?M(5 $/6 Y f85&+0(66(5 ,67 ',( c%:(,&+81* ./(,1(5 $/6 S @P c0 g1'( (,1(5 (,16(,7,* J)$67K 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1 u38/( 1,007 '$6 h(/' $8) '(5 c&+6( 921 ,11(1 J="RK 1$&+ $8M(1 J=#RK :,( )2/*7 $%\ S d J=K 3 dZ bS2J=B5u2K B LS1J=B5u2KTbSBTc P T

JUPYRK

f,(6(5 h250(/ (17635(&+(1 ',( )2/*(1'(1 v$%(//(1:(57(\ =B5u2 dJ=KBdZ

2W RP[[

2T RP[W

2S RPZW

R RPWR

1S RPSW

1T RPRW

1W RPRS

u(/%679(567>1'/,&+ ,67 '$6 h(/' ,0 k11(5(1 185 62:(,7 +202*(1N :,( 0$1 921 '(5 '85&+ ',( (,1=(/1(1 y,1'81*(1 *(*(%(1(1 NNh(,16758.785DD Jc%%P UPT[$K $%6(+(1 .$11P %(55$6&+(1' ,67 9,(//(,&+7 ',( v$76$&+(N '$66 '$6 c8M(1)(/' (,1(5 (1'/,&+ /$1*(1 u38/( ,0 h(/'/,1,(1%,/' .$80 12&+ :$+51(+0%$5 ,67P v2586638/(P f,( h250 ,67 $86 c%%P UPT[% =8 (56(+(1P f,( v2586638/( (17635,&+7 (,1(0 =8 (,1(0 t,1* J6+$3( 2) $ '28*+187K =86$00(1*(%2*(1(1 u2/(12,' 81' :,5' '(6+$/% $8&+ $/6 v252,' J7252,'K %(=(,&+1(7P j,(5 62// '(5 0,77/(5( v25865$',86 5v 6(+5 *52M 6(,1 *(*(1 '(1 u38/(1'85&+0(66(5 T5P c86 u1'( %(75$&+7(7N ',( 0$1 3$5$//(/ 2'(5 ,1 t(,+( 6&+$/7(1 .$11N '$11 6,(+7 0$1 /(,&+7N '$66 '(5 h$.725 p (17:('(5 %(,0 u7520 2'(5 %(, '(5 u3$1181* (56&+(,17N $%(5 '$66 ',( )@5 (,1( %(67,007( h(/'67>5.( (5)25'(5/,&+( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6O 781* '$921 81$%+>1*,* ,67P y,// 0$1 ',( =85 g55(,&+81* (,1(5 %(67,007(1 h(/'67>5.( 127:(1',*( n(,6781* 9(55,1*(51N '$11 0866 0$1 0,7 =86>7=/,&+(0 m267(1$8):$1' ',( |$+/ '(5 y,1'81*(1 2'(5 '(1 f5$+7'85&+0(66(5 2'(5 %(,'(6 (5+?+(1P h@5 '(1 d$8 .5(,6)?50,*(5 '@11(5 u38/(1N :,( 6,( =P dP )@5 (,1 0,77(/*52M(6 j(/0O +2/7=Ou38/(13$$5 %(1?7,*7 :(5'(1N (03)(+/(1 6,&+ h$+55$'Oc/8Oh(/*(1 $/6 y,&.O

SVV

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

/81*6.?53(5P d(, *5?M(5(1 u38/(1N =P dP )@5 *52%( g5')(/'.203(16$7,21 ,0 *(6$07(1 n$%25N ,67 ',( m5(,6)250 0(,67 1,&+7 :,&+7,*N 62'$66 48$'5$7,6&+( 2'(5 5(&+7(&.,*( j2/=O 2'(5 c/85$+0(1 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P d(, '(5 u38/(1.216758.7,21 ,67 $8&+ =8 %('(1.(1N '$66 ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* ,1 '(5 u38/( ,1 y>50( 80*(:$1'(/7 :,5'N ',( $%*()@+57 :(5'(1 0866P f,( i/(,&+O *(:,&+767(03(5$785N ',( 6,&+ ,0 k11(5(1 '(5 u38/( (,167(//7N 0866 '(87/,&+ 817(5 '(1 u&+0(/=381.7(1 921 f5$+7 81' k62/$7,21 %/(,%(1P h@5 u38/(1 0,7 %(621'(56 +2+(5 n(,6781*6$8)1$+0( :(5'(1 m83)(5+2+//(,7(5 0,7 ,11(1 +,1'85&+9,(M(1'(0 m@+/O :$66(5 9(5:(1'(7P h(/'(5 921 &$P SRR =v @%(5 x2/80,1$ ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 S 0U 81' h(/'(5 %,6 (7:$ S 0v @%(5 x2/80,1$ 921 0(+5(5(1 n,7(51 6,1' /(,&+7 =8 (5=(8*(1P d(,0 u38/(1%$8 6,1' y,1'81*6=$+/N u7520 81' u3$1181* 81' ',( x(5)@*%$5.(,7 '$=8 3$66(1'(5 p(7=*(5>7( =8 %($&+7(1P h@5 ',( c%)@+581* '(5 2+06&+(1 y>50( *(1@*7 0(,67 ',( m219(.7,216.@+/81* '85&+ ',( n$%25/8)7P d(, '(5 g5=(8*81* 921 67>5.(5(1 h(/'(51 :,5' ',( y>50($%/(,781* 352%/(0$7,6&+N :,( /(,&+7 =8 (5.(11(1 ,67N :(11 0$1 ',( $86 i/P JUPXXK 0,7 ,R W SR2X =8 *(:,11(1'( o(5.5(*(/ ,1 d(75$&+7 =,(+7\ NN|85 g5=(8*81* (,1(6 dOh(/'(6 921 z o,//,7(6/$ ,0 k11(5(1 (,1(5 /$1*(1 u38/( 6,1' (7:$ z c03(5(:,1'81*(1 352 o,//,0(7(5 u38/(1O />1*( (5)25'(5/,&+PDD d(, SR cB00 ,67 6&+21 =8 %('(1.(1N 2% ,11(1/,(*(1'( y,&.O /81*(1 =8 +(,M :(5'(1 .?11(1] **)P 6,1' o(7$//Om@+/5,33(1 81' x(17,/$725.@+/81* 925=86(+(1P k0 d(5(,&+ 921 SRR cB00 :,5' y$66(5.@+/81* 127:(1',*P i5?M(5( h(/'(5 :(5'(1 1,&+7 0,7 NN1250$/(1DD u38/(1 (5=(8*7N 621'(51 0,7+,/)( 921 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(0 o$7(5,$/ ,1 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 Jc%6&+1P UPXK 2'(5 6835$/(,O 7(1'(1 u38/(1 Jc%6&+1P ZPVPUKP h(/'(5 921 SR v 81' 0(+5 6,1' 185 ,1 n$%256N ',( 6,&+ $8) 67$5.( o$*1(7)(/'(5 63(=,$/,6,(57 +$%(1N 9(5)@*%$5P u(+5 +2+( y,1'81*6=$+/(1 81' 6(+5 '@11(5 f5$+7 +$%(1 '(1 p$&+7(,/N '$66 '(5 s8(56&+1,776$17(,/ '(5 k62/$7,21 *5?M(5 81' '$0,7 '(5 h@//)$.725 J3 u800( '(5 n(,7(548(56&+1,77(By,&./81*648(56&+1,77K ./(,1(5 :,5'P c8M(5'(0 0866 '$5$8) *($&+7(7 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( '$0,7 9(5%81'(1( +2+( d(75,(%663$1181* '(5 u38/( 1,&+7 =8 f85&+6&+/>*(1 =:,6&+(1 %(1$&+%$57(1 y,1'81*(1 2'(5 =:,6&+(1 y,1'81*(1 81' u38/(1.?53(5 )@+57P c1'(5(56(,76 +$%(1 6(+5 ./(,1( y,1'81*6=$+/(1 81' 6(+5 ',&.(5 f5$+7 '(1 p$&+O 7(,/N '$66 '(5 u7520 6(+5 *52M :,5' 81' ',( h(/'(5 '(5 c16&+/866/(,781*(1 9,(//(,&+7 1,&+7 0(+5 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 6,1'P f(6+$/% 0@66(1 ',( %(,'(1 n(,781*(1 =:,6&+(1 u752048(//( 81' u38/( (1* %(,(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1 2'(5 .2$;,$/ *()@+57 :(5'(1P

UPVPW o$*1(7,6&+( f,32/( f,( h(51)(/'(5 921 (/(.75,6&+(0 f,32/ 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 u75206&+/(,)( +$%(1 *(1$8 ',(6(/%( h250N 2%:2+/ ',( p$+)(/'(5 9?//,* 817(56&+,('/,&+ 6,1' Jc%%P UPURKP f(6O +$/% ,67 ',( d(=(,&+181* NN0$*1(7,6&+(5 f,32/DD 1$+(/,(*(1'P k1 '$6 h(51)(/' *(+7 185 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 (,1N 1,&+7 ',( 63(=,(//( h250 '(5 u75206&+/(,)(P y,5 +$77(1 %(,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 f,32/ 6&+21 '$5$8) +,1*(:,(6(1N '$66 '$6 m21=(37 3(50$1(17(5 81' ,1'8=,(57(5 f,32/( 6(+5 :,&+7,* ,67 )@5 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* 921 o$O 7(5,( ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(51 Jm$3P SUKP }+1/,&+ :,&+7,* 6,1' 3(50$1(17( 81' ,1'8O =,(57( 0$*1(7,6&+( f,32/( )@5 o$7(5,( ,1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 Jm$3P SVKP

UPV f85&+ %(/,(%,*( u75?0( (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5

E

SVW

B

c%%P UPUR x(5*/(,&+ '(5 p$+)(/'(5 921 (/(.75,6&+(0 f,32/ J/,1.( j>/)7(K 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 u75206&+/(,)( J5(&+7( j>/)7(KP

f,( j(5/(,781* '(5 $//*(0(,1(1 h250(/1 /,()(1 %(,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 f,32/ @%(5 '$6 r27(17,$/P d(,0 t,1*67520 .$11 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( x(.725327(17,$/ *(187=7 :(5'(1P y,5 *(%(1 +,(5 ',( t(68/7$7( )@5 '$6 h(51)(/' 921 0$*1(7,6&+(0 81' (/(.75,6&+(0 f,32/ $1P f,( m20321(17(1%(=(,&+181* ,67 ,1 c%%P UPUS )@5 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h$// $1*(*(%(1\ f(5 0$*1(7,6&+( f,32/ /,(*7 ,0 m225',1$7(18563581* 81' =(,*7 ,1 t,&+O 781* '(5 =Oc&+6(P |8(567 %(6&+5(,%(1 :,5 '$6 f,32/Oh(/' ,1 c%+>1*,*.(,7 920 t$',86 5 81' '(0 r2/$5:,1.(/ b =85 =Oc&+6(P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ',( m20321(17(1 3$5$//(/ 81' 6(1.5(&+7 =80 t$',86 5N :2%(, d5 81' d 326,7,9 6,1'N :(11 6,( ,1 t,&+781* =81(+0(1'(5 5O 8 Z ϑ

Feldlinie

Br

Bx B

r

— Bz Bϑ

magnetisches Dipolmoment

X

c%%P UPUS |85 m20321(17(1=(5/(*81* '(5 h(/'67>5.( ,0 h(51)(/' (,1(6 f,32/6P d(,63,(/\ dOh(/' (,1(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f,32/6 J(,1(5 u75206&+/(,)(KP

SVX

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

%=:P bOy(57( =(,*(1P |80 %(66(5(1 x(5*/(,&+ 921 (/(.75,6&+(0 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(0 f,32/ )@+5(1 :,5' ',( h81.7,21(1 )5 81' ) (,1\ 8 T &26b g5 d5 3 3 N )5 3 S ,R 5U 3 , V@ 0 V@ &R 6,1b gK dK )K 3 U 3 3 N S , 5 R 3 ,0 V@ V@ & R T |U &26 b1S g d |)5T 1)KT 3 3 3 P JUPYTK S ,R 5U 3 ,0 V@ V@ &R f(5 h(/'67>5.(Ox(.725 .$11 $8&+ ,1 m20321(17(1 3$5$//(/ =8 '(1 m225',1$7(1 =(5/(*7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P UPUSKP f$)@5 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 ',( h81.7,21(1 ) 81' ) N '(5(1 0 2 d('(8781* 81' d(=,(+81* =8 '(1 m20321(17(1 921 0$*1(7,6&+(5 %=:P (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'67>5.( $1$/2* ,67 =8 '(5 921 ) 81' ) ,1 d(=8* $8) ',( 5$',$/(1 81' 32/$5(1 * 8 h(/'67>5.(.20321(17(1P f,( m225',1$7(1Ov5$16)250$7,21 /,()(57\ U 6,1b &26b N 5U U &26Ub2S N )= 3 )5 &26b2)K 6,1b 3 5U ); 3 )5 6,1b1)K &26b 3

0,7

5 3 |; T 1= TN

JUPYUK

&26b 3 =B5 81' 6,1b 3 ;B5P

JUPYVK

UPW x(5*/(,&+ '(5 i(6(7=( )@5 67$7,6&+( (/(.75,6&+( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 m5>)7( $8) n$'81*(1 81' u75?0(P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 8 @%7 $8) ',( r52%(/$'81* 4 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 9( $86\ 9( 3 4 8P

JUPYWK

f$6 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/' 5 @%7 $8) '$6 n(,7(567520Og/(0(17 k 6 'T ',( ',5(5(17,(//( 0$*1(7,6&+( m5$)7 '90 $86\ '90 3 k 'T 4 5P

JUPYXK

w0 ',( 0(66%$5( 0$*1(7,6&+( m5$)7 90 =8 %(5(&+1(1N 0866 0$1 @%(5 ',( n>1*( '(6 0,7 '(0 m5$)70(66(5 9(5%81'(1(1 %(:(*/,&+(1 n(,7(567@&.(6 ,17(*5,(5(1P g,1 n(,7(567520Og/(0(17 ,67 ,00(5 v(,/ (,1(6 *(6&+/266(1(1 u7520.5(,6(6] (6 *,/7 $/62 g

u7520.5(,6

k'T 3 RP

JUPYYK

UPW x(5*/(,&+ '(5 i(6(7=( )@5 67$7,6&+( (/(.75,6&+( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5

SVY

h(/'(5=(8*81* '85&+ n$'81*(1 81' u75?0(P f$6 e28/20%Oi(6(7= %(6&+5(,%7 '$6 921 '(5 J,171,7(6,0$/(1K r81.7/$'81* 's (5=(8*7( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'\ '7 J_K 3 JV@K2S 's _B5 U 81' '8 J_K 3 &2S R '7 J_K ]

JUPYZK

'$6 d,27Ou$9$57Oi(6(7= %(6&+5(,%7 ',( 920 n(,7(567520 k 'T (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'\ '; J_K 3 JV@K2S k 'T4_B5 U 81' '5 J_K 3 ,R '; J_K P

JUPY[K

r27(17,$/(P u7$77 0,7 h(/'67>5.(1 .$11 $8&+ 0,7 r27(17,$/(1 *(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( r27(17,$/ (,1(5 r81.7/$'81* %(, _ 3 R ,67 '3 32JV@ &RK2S 'sB5]

JUPZRK

'$6 0$*1(7,6&+( x(.725327(17,$/ (,1(6 n(,7(567520Og/(0(17(6 %(, _ 3 R ,67 '40 3 ,RJV@K2S k 'TB5P

JUPZSK

f,( k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 $//( 925+$1'(1(1 ,171,7(6,0$/(1 n$'81*(1 81' n(,7(567520O 67@&.( /,()(57 ',( i(6$07327(17,$/(P x21 '(1 r27(17,$/(1 =8 '(1 h(/'67>5.(1 )@+5(1 ',( d(=,(+81*(1 81'

8 32* 3 J_K

JUPZTK

5 3 *440J_KP

JUPZUK

k17(*5$/%(=,(+81*(1 =:,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 81' u75?0(1 81' '(1 921 ,+1(1 (5=(8*7(1 h(/'(51P c//*(0(,1 *,/7 )@5 67$7,6&+( h(/'(5 gg 7 6 '4 3 sN g ; 6 '` 3 k gg 5 6 '4 3 qN g 8 6 '` 3 R

JUPZVK

0,7 5 3 ,R ; 81' 8 3 SB&R 7 )@5 '$6 x$.880P f,( 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 6,1' ',( s8(//(1 81' u(1.(1 '(6 fOh(/'(6P k1 '(5 g/(.75267$7,. 6,1' 185 ',( u75?0( ',( y,5%(/ '(6 jOh(/'(6P k1 '(5 o$*1(7267$7,. ,67 '$6 gOh(/' :,5%(/)5(,P %(5*$1* =8 '(1 (17635(&+(1'(1 f,5(5(17,$/%(=,(+81*(1P f$=8 '(71,(57 0$1 ',( 5>80/,&+( n$'81*6',&+7( 0 81' ',( u7520',&+7( W 3 0 c]

JUPZWK

',( u7520',&+7( ,67 (,1( n$'81*6',&+7(N ',( 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c %(:(*7P f,(6( ',5(5(17,(//(1 i5?M(1 6,1' 0,7 '(1 ,17(*5$/(1 i5?M(1 n$'81* s J,0 x2/80(1 xK 81' u7520 k J'85&+ ',( h/>&+( 4K :,( )2/*7 9(5.1@3)7\ s 3 ggg 0 'xN k 3 gg W 6 '4P

JUPZXK

o,7+,/)( '(6 i$8MI6&+(1 81' '(6 u72.(6I6&+(1 u$7=(6 '(5 x(.725$1$//7 0$1 $86 i/P JUPZVK ',( )2/*(1'(1 f,5(5(17,$/%(=,(+81*(1\ * 6 7 3 0N * 6 5 3 RN

*4;3WN *483RP

JUPZYK

SVZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

f,( g5+$/781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81* J&216(59$7,21 2) (/(&75,& &+$5*(KP p$&+ '(0 6&+21 921 h5$1./,1 80 SYWR (5.$117(1 g5+$/781*66$7= .?11(1 6,&+ =:$5 n$'81*(1 81*/(,&+(1 x25=(,&+(16 *$1= 2'(5 7(,/:(,6( .203(16,(5(1N $%(5 ',( 925=(,&+(1*(5(&+O 7( u800( @%(5 $//( n$'81*(1 ,1 (,1(0 $%*(6&+/266(1(1 x2/80(1 ,67 .2167$17P p81 62// '(5 u$7= 817(5 x(5:(1'81* '(5 2%(1 ,1 i/P JUPZWK '(71,(57(1 u7520',&+7( 9(5$//*(0(,1(57 :(5'(1 )@5 (,1 %(*5(1=7(6N $%(5 1,&+7 $%*(6&+/266(1(6 x2/80(1P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 (,1 0,7 (,1(5 j@//9>&+( 806&+/266(1(6 x2/80(1 xN ,1 '(0 6,&+ ',( i(O 6$07/$'81* s %(71'(7P y(11 6,&+ 7527= '(6 g5+$/781*66$7=(6 ',( n$'81* ,1 (,1(0 %(75$&+7(7(1 x2/80(1 =(,7/,&+ >1'(57N '$11 0866 (,1 u7520 '85&+ ',( j@//9>&+( 9,(M(1P f,(6(5 u7520 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ '$6 q%(59>&+(1,17(*5$/ '(5 u7520',&+7( @%(5 ',( *(6$07( j@//9>&+(P y(11 ',( n$'81* ,0 x2/80(1 =81,007N '$11 0866 (,1 u7520 '85&+ ',( j@//9>&+( 1$&+ ,111(1 9,(M(1P f$ $%(5 1$&+ '(5 x25=(,&+(1O .219(17,21 (,1 1$&+ ,11(1 9,(M(1'(5 u7520 J921 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1K 1(*$7,9 ,67N (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( )2/*(1'( 1(8( h$6681* 920 NNg5+$/781*66$7= '(5 n$'81*DD\ 's 1 gg W 6 '4 3 R JUPZZK '7 2'(5 ,1 ',5(5(17,(//(5 h250 '0 1* 6 W 3 R P JUPZ[K '7 h/>&+(1On$'81*6',&+7(1 81' /,1($5( u75?0(P f,( n$'81*6',&+7( 0 81' ',( u7520O ',&+7( W :(5'(1 +,(5 $/6 67(7,* 9(57(,/7 $1*(1200(1N :(,/ f,9(5*(1= 81' t27$7,21 185 )@5 67(7,*( h81.7,21(1 '(71,(57 6,1'P k1 '(5 %,6+(5 %(+$1'(/7(1 r+&+(1 6&+:(5 48$17,7$7,9 =8 (5)$66(1 6,1'N :85'(1 185 n$'81*(1 $8) n(,7(5Oq%(59>&+(1 %(75$&+7(7 81' %(O 6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ (,1( h/>&+(1On$'81*6',&+7( 1P f,( 0$7+(0$7,6&+ .255(.7( f$567(/O /81* 62/&+(5 NN(17$57(7(1DD =:(,',0(16,21$/(1 n$'81*69(57(,/81*(1 (5)25'(57 ',( g,1O )@+581* (,1(5 NNh/>&+(1',9(5*(1=DDN :,( ,1 n(+5%@&+(5 '(5 7+(25(7,6&+(1 r+&+(1On$'81*6',&+7( 1N ',( 6,&+ ,0 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 $8) n(,7(52%(59>&+(1 (,167(//7N *,/7 g1 3 1B&R 81' g7 3 RP

JUP[RK

f,( p250$/)(/'67>5.( g1 ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 /2.$/(1 h/>&+(1On$'81*6',&+7( 1] ',( v$1*(17,$/)(/'67>5.( g7 ,67 */(,&+ 18//P k1 '(5 %,6+(5 %(+$1'(/7(1 r+&+( c '(6 n(,7(56 *(+7 1$&+ 18// 81' ',( u7520',&+7( - 1$&+ 81(1'/,&+N :>+5(1' '$6 r52'8.7 921 %(,'(1N '(5 u7520 k 3 - 6 c .2167$17 %/(,%7P f$6 n(,7(567520Og/(0(17 k 6 's ,67 2)7 1@7=/,&+(5 $/6 ',( u7520',&+7(] %(,'( i5?M(1 6,1' '85&+ '$6 ,171,7(6,0$/( n(,7(592/80(1 Jh/>&+( cK Jn>1*( 'sK 9(5.1@3)7N 81' %(,'( =(,*(1 ,1 t,&+781* '(6 J326,7,9(1K u75209866(6\ L -Jc 6 'sKb 3 k 6 's P JUP[SK /,0 c S RN - 6 c 3 .2167P

UPX o$*1(7(

SV[

UPX o$*1(7( k1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ ',( d(*5,5( NN0$*1(7,6&+DD 81' NNo$*1(7,6086DD ,00(5 $8) '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086] ',( $1'(5(1N 9,(/ 6&+:>&+(5(1 c57(1 '(6 o$*1(O 7,6086 Jm$3P SVK 63,(/(1 %(, '(5 +,(5 %(6352&+(1(1 r+8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'(6 0$*1(7,6,(57P f,( c%%P UPUT =(,*7 d(,63,(/( 920 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 x(5+$/7(1 (,1(6 g,6(167@&.(6 81' (,1,*(5 g,6(1O p>*(/P

S

N

S

N

N

N

S

S N

(a)

(b)

c%%P UPUT y(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1\ J$K '$6 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( g,6(1 /,1.6 :,5' '85&+ '(1 o$*1(7(1 0$*1(7,6,(57 81' =,(+7 p>*(/ $1] J%K 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 +>1*(1'( p>*(/ :(5'(1 */(,&+6,11,* 0$*1(7,6,(57 81' 672M(1 6,&+ $%P

|85 o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1(5 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 r52%( .$11 $8&+ (,1 u38/(1)(/' %(187=7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P UPUUKP f(5 $1 (,1(5 h('(5 @%(5 (,1(5 u38/( +>1*(1'( g,6(167$% :,5' ,1 ',( u38/( +,1(,1*(=2*(1] -( *5?M(5 '(5 u38/(167520 ,67N '(672 67>5.(5 :,5' ',( h('(5 *('(+17P p$&+ c866&+$/7(1 '(5 u38/( 9(5/,(57 '(5 u7$% 6(,1( 0$*1(7,6&+( y,5.81* 81' :,5' 921 '(5 h('(5 :,('(5 1$&+ 2%(1 *(=2*(1P u2/&+( d(:(*81*(1 /$66(1 6,&+ )@5 67520*(67(8(57( u&+$/7925*>1*( $86187=(1 81' :85'(1N '$ ',( u7$%O %(:(*81* (,1( h81.7,21 '(5 u752067>5.( ,67N $8&+ =85 u75200(6681* 9(5:(1'(7N :,( ,1 c%%P UPUU $1*('(87(7 ,67P

UPXPS r(50$1(170$*1(7( |8(567 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 u7$%0$*1(7(N :,( 6,( ,1 -('(5 x25/(681*66$00/81* 925+$1'(1 6,1'P j(87( %(67(+(1 ',(6( o$*1(7( $86 63(=,(//(1 o(7$//On(*,(581*(1 0,7 237,0$/(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1P h@5 ',( +,6725,6&+( g17:,&./81* '(6 o$*1(7,6086 :$5 '(5 1$7@5/,&+ 925.200(1'( r(50$1(170$*1(7 o$*1(7J(,6(1K67(,1 Jo$*1(7,7N

SWR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

0

A

5

c%%P UPUU r5,1=,3 '(6 y(,&+(,6(1Oc03(5(O 0(7(5 1$&+ tP m2+/5$86&+ J(7:$ SZWRKP

h(q 6 h(UqUK 6(+5 :,&+7,*P f,( i5,(&+(1 '(6 c/7(57806 )$1'(1 '(1 o$*1(7(1 %(, '(5 u7$'7 o$*1(6,$ ,1 (,1(5 7+(66$/,6&+(1 m2/21,( $8) '(0 i(%,(7 '(5 +(87,*(1 v@5.(,P y('(5 ',( )5@+(1 m203$661$'(/1 12&+ ',( (567(1 :,66(16&+$)7/,&+(1 g;O 3(5,0(17( =80 o$*1(7,6086 :>5(1 2+1( '(1 o$*1(767(,1 0?*/,&+ *(:(6(1P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 (,1(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 '(5 n>1*( s 81' '(5 s8(56&+1,7769>&+( c 3 @5T J5 3 t$',86K 81' 9(5*/(,&+(1 ,+1 0,7 (,1(0 u2/(12,' */(,&+(5 n>1*( 81' */(,&+(1 s8(56&+1,776P Lj,(5 :,5' (,1 581'(5 s8(56&+1,77 '(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1 $1*(O 1200(1] '(5 x(5*/(,&+ *,/7 $%(5 $8&+ )@5 u7$%0$*1(7( 81' )250*/(,&+( 67520'85&+O 9266(1( u38/(1 0,7 $1'(5(1 J=P dP 5(&+7(&.,*(1K s8(56&+1,77(1Pb k1 *87(5 %(5(,1O 67,0081* 0,7 '(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 3(50$1(17(5 u7$%0$*1(7( .?11(1 :,5 +,(5 $8&+ $11(+0(1N '$66 '(5 u7$%0$*1(7 @%(5 6(,1( *$1=( n>1*( +202*(1 0$*1(7,6,(57 ,67P y,( 6&+21 c03(F 5( (5.$117(N +$7 '$6 dOh(/' (,1(6 +202*(1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 r(5O 0$1(170$*1(7(1 ',(6(/%( h250 :,( '$6 (,1(6 )250*/(,&+(1 u2/(12,'6 Jc%%P UPUVKP f,( h250*/(,&++(,7 '(6 >8M(5(1 dOh(/'(6 .$11 '85&+ o(6681*(1 %(67>7,*7 :(5'(1P f$6 dOh(/' ,0 k11(5(1 (,1(6 u2/(12,'6 ,67 )@5 o(66=:(&.( $;,$/ =8*>1*/,&+ '85&+ ',( g1'?5181*(1 81' 9,(//(,&+7 $8&+ 5$',$/ '85&+ n@&.(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 y,1'81*(1P y,( $%(5 0,667 0$1 '$6 dOh(/' ,0 k11(5(1 (,1(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1a g,1( o(669256&+5,)7 .$11 921 '(5 s8(//(1)5(,+(,7 '(6 dOh(/'(6 +(5*(/(,7(7 :(5'(1\ f$1$&+ 0866 ',( p250$/.20321(17( 921 5 67(7,* '85&+ (,1( i5(1=9>&+( *(+(1P f(6+$/% 0866 0$1 ,1 (,1(1 />1*6 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 48(5N $/62 6(1.5(&+7 JNN1250$/DDK =8 5N (,1(1 '@11(1 u&+/,7= +,1(,1)5>6(1 81' '$5,1 ',( dOo(6681* 9251(+0(1P c03(F 5(I6&+( o2/(.8/$5675?0(P c8) '(5 }+1/,&+.(,7 921 u7$%0$*1(7 81' u2/(12,' %(58+7 ',( c03(F 5(I6&+( x2567(//81* @%(5 '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086P g5 1$+0 $1N '$66 ,0 k11(5(1 921 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 3(50$1(17 02/(.8/$5( t,1*675?0( 9,(M(1N ',( 62 $86*(5,&+7(7 6,1'N '$66 6,&+ ,+5( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( $'',(5(1 81' (,1( 6321O 7$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* (5*(%(1P f,(6( j&+/,&+ 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17( $8)N ',( 6,&+ ,1 %(O 67,007(1 h(67.?53(51 J=P dP g,6(1K 63217$1 3$5$//(/ =8(,1$1'(5 $865,&+7(1 .?11(1P o(6681*(1 (5*(%(1 )@5 '$6 k11(5( 921 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 dOy(57( ,1 '(5 i5?O M(125'181* 921 S vP w0 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 u2/(12,'6 (,1 >+1/,&+ 67$5.(6 h(/' =8 (5O =(8*(1N 6,1' (7:$ SRX cB0 (5)25'(5/,&+] '$6 6,1' SRRR c03(5(Oy,1'81*(1 )@5 -('(1

UPX o$*1(7(

(a)

S

homogene Magnetisierung M

SWS

N

(b)

(c)

äquivalentes Solenoid

c%%P UPUV J$K j202*(1 0$*1(7,6,(57(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7N J%K 6(,1 dOh(/' ,11(1 81' $8M(1N J&K >48,9$/(17(6 u2/(12,'P

o,//,0(7(5 u38/(1/>1*(C h(/'(5 ',(6(5 i5?M(125'181* 6,1' 0,7 NN1250$/(1DD u38/(1 1,&+7 (5=(8*%$5P c%(5 ,0 r5,1=,3 *,%7 (6 =8 -('(0 +202*(1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$%O 0$*1(7(1 J%$5 0$*1(7K (,1( )250*/(,&+( u38/( J&2,/ 2) (48$/ 6+$3(KN ',( 0,7 '(0 >48,9$/(17(1 u38/(167520 *(1$8 '$66(/%( h(/' (5=(8*7P f(71,7,21 '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581*P f$6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 '(5 )250*/(,&+(1 }48,9$/(1=Ou38/( :,5' '85&+ ',( i5?M( k 6 pBs %(6&+5,(%(1\ NNu752067>5.( 6 y,1'81*6=$+/Bn>1*(DDP y,5 '(71,(5(1 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* @ (,1(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1 0,7+,/)( ',(6(5 m(11*5?M( '(6 >48,9$/(17(1 u2/(12,'6\ o 3 Jk pBsK>48Pu2/PP

JUP[TK

f,( t,&+781* 921 @ ,67 ',( */(,&+( :,( ',( '(6 dOh(/'(6 ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1 81' '(6 u2/(12,'6] ',(6( t,&+781*6=825'181* )2/*7 $8&+ $86 '(0 w0/$8)6,11 '(6 J326,7,9(1K u2/(12,'Ou75206 81' '(5 t(&+766&+5$8%(1Om219(17,21P f,( o$*1(7,6,(O 581* ,67 J:,( '$6 dOh(/'K (,1 $;,$/(5 x(.725P f,( t,&+781* 921 @ =(,*7 J:,( 5 ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 o$*1(7(1K 921 u@' 1$&+ p25'P

SWT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

g5:(,7(57 0$1 i/P JUP[TK 0,7 '(0 x2/80(1 '(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1 x 3 @ 5 T sN

JUP[UK

'$11 />667 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* 6&+5(,%(1 $/6 o 3 Jp k @ 5 TK>48Pu2/PBxN

JUP[VK

'$%(, ,67 k@5 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 (,1(5 u75206&+/(,)( '(6 >48,9$/(17(1 u2/(O 12,'6 81' '$6 pO)$&+( '$921 ,67 6(,1 *(6$07(6 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17P f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 @ ',( )2/*(1'( k17(535(7$7,21\ o$*1(7,6,(581* 3 0$*1(O 7,6&+(6 o20(17Bx2/80(1P f,( ukOg,1+(,7 '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* ,67 c02SP f,(6( g,1O +(,7 *,%7 6(+5 $16&+$8/,&+ $1N :,(9,(/( NNc03(5(Oy,1'81*(1 352 o(7(5 Ju38/(1/>1O *(KDD (5)25'(5/,&+ 6,1'N 80 '$6 */(,&+( dOh(/' 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 u38/( */(,&+(5 i5?M( 81' h250 =8 (5=(8*(1P f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* @ %(6&+5(,%7 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 |867$1' ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 )(5O 520$*1(7,6&+(1 o$7(5,$/6P o$7+(0$7,6&+ %(75$&+7(7 6,1' @ 81' 5 J$;,$/(K x(.725O )(/'(5] '$6 oOh(/' ,67 6&+$5) %(*5(1=7 $8) '$6 x2/80(1 '(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1N '$6 dOh(/' (5675(&.7 6,&+ @%(5 k11(1O 81' c8M(15$80P T

UPXPT f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17( 0,7 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 y,5.81* (,1(6 5Oh(/'(6 $8) (,1(1 n(,7(567520P f,( m5$)7N ',( '$6 dOh(/' '(6 (,1(1 n(,7(5675206 $8) '(1 $1'(5(1 $86@%7 Ji/P JUPTVKKN ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ 9 3 k T 4 5P

JUP[WK

o,7 6&+:$&+(1 dOh(/'(51 ,67 (6 1,&+7 /(,&+7 =8 =(,*(1N '$66 :,5./,&+ 185 ',( dOm20O 321(17( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 u75205,&+781* (,1( m5$)7 %(:,5.7N ',( '$11 6(1.5(&+7 =8 %(,'(1 67(+7P o,7 (,1(0 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 ,67 '$6 /(,&+7(5P k1 c%%P UPUW ,67 (,1( x(568&+6$125'181* 6.,==,(57N %(, '(5 (,1( 5(&+7(&.,*( n(,O 7(56&+/(,)( '5(+%$5 *(/$*(57 ,67P h@5 *87(1 m217$.7 ,1 '(1 p>3)(1 625*7 (,1 v523)(1 u$/=:$66(5P f(5 9(57,.$/( v(,/ '(6 n(,7(56 />667 6,&+ 80 (,1( c&+6( '5(+(1N :(/&+( '85&+ ',( %(,'(1 f5(+381.7( *(+7P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 185 ',(6(1 9(57,.$/(1 v(,/ '(6 u7520/(,7(56P d5,1*7 0$1 (,1(1 .5>)7,*(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 ,1 ',( *(=(,&+1(7( u7(//81*N 62 @%7 6(,1 h(/' 5 $8) '(1 n(,7(5 (,1( m5$)7 9 $86N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =8 %(,'(1 $86*(O 5,&+7(7 ,67P k1 '(5 c%%,/'81* ,67 ',( m5$)7 62 *(=(,&+1(7N '$66 '(5 9(57,.$/( u7520/(,7(5 920 d(75$&+7(5 :(* ,1 ',( r$3,(5(%(1( *('5@&.7 :,5'P d5,1*7 0$1 '(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 N

I

S

F

I S

N

B

N S

N S

I

c%%P UPUW y,5.81* (,1(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 $8) (,1(1 n(,7(567520N '(021675,(57 0,7 (,1(0 u7$%0$*1(7(1P k1 '(1 *(675,&+(/7(1 r26,7,2O 1(1 '(6 o$*1(7(1 75,77 .(,1( c%/(1.81* $8)P

UPX o$*1(7(

SWU

,1 (,1( '(5 *(675,&+(/7 *(=(,&+1(7(1 u7(//81*(1N '$11 %(:(*7 6,&+ '(5 u7520/(,7(5 1,&+7P k1 '(5 u7(//81* NN+25,=217$/ 921 9251DD :,5' =:$5 (,1( m5$)7 $86*(@%7N $%(5 '(5 u7520/(,7(5 .$11 6,&+ 1,&+7 ,1 t,&+781* $8) '(1 j$/7(67$% %(:(*(1P o$1 .$11 ',( u75205,&+781* 81' '(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 80.(+5(1 81' 71'(7 -('(60$/ i/P JUP[WK %(67>7,*7P o$*1(732/(P d(, (,1(0 /$1*(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 0,7 ./(,1(5 s8(56&+1,7769>&+( .$11 0$1 6,&+ 92567(//(1N '$66 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 1>+(581*6:(,6( 921 (,1(5 NN0$*1(7,6&+(1 n$'81*DD $1 '(5 u7,519>&+( $86*(+(1P c%%P UPUX =(,*7 g,6(138/9(5O d,/'(5 921 (,1(0 NN(,1=(/1(1DD 0$*1(7,6&+(1 r2/ 81' 921 r2/Or$$5(1N '(5(1 h(/'O /,1,(1Od,/'(5 '(1 gOh(/'/,1,(1Od,/'(51 (/(.75,6&+(5 r81.7/$'81*(1 Jc%%P TPTRK (17O 635(&+(1P t(&+76 817(1 ,67 6.,==,(57N :,( '$6 r8/9(5%,/' *(:211(1 :85'(P o$1 '$5) $8&+ 1,&+7 9(5*(66(1N '$66 ',( d,/'(5 185 (,1( g%(1( =(,*(1P f,( c%%P UPUY$ =(,*7 (,1(1 NN6&+:,00(1'(1 o$*1(732/DD ,0 h(/' (,1(6 n(,7(5O 675206\ f(5 d2'(1 (,1(5 h/$6&+( ,67 $%*(635(1*7] ',( h/$6&+( 67(+7 0,7 '(0 i80O 0,6723)(1 1$&+ 817(1 81' ,67 0,7 y$66(5 *()@//7P f85&+ '(1 i800,6723)(1 ,67 (,1 ',&.(5 m83)(5'5$+7 *(67(&.7N '(5 2%(1 5(&+7:,1./,* $%*(%2*(1 ,67P g,1( 0$*1(7,O 6,(57( u75,&.1$'(/ ,67 '85&+ (,1(1 m25.(1 *(67(&.7 81' 6&+:,007 6(1.5(&+7 ,0 y$6O 6(5P y,5' (,1 67$5.(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520 J=P dP 921 (,1(0 m)=Oc..8K '85&+ '(1 m83O )(5'5$+7 *(6&+,&.7N '$11 %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( o$*1(71$'(/ ,0 m5(,6P f(5 u@'32/ '(5 p$'(/ +$7 +,(5 .(,1( y,5.81*N :(,/ ',( p$'(/ :(,7 $86 '(0 m25.(1 +(5$865$*7N '(5 u7520/(,7(5 '$*(*(1 6&+21 ',&+7 @%(5 '(5 y$66(52%(59>&+( $%*(:,1.(/7 ,67P g,1

N

(a)

(c)

N

(b)

N

N

S

c%%P UPUX g,6(138/9(5Od,/'(5N *(:211(1 :,( 5(&+76 6.,==,(57 0,7 9(57,.$/ *(67(//7(1 u7$%0$*O 1(7(1] J$K (,1=(/1(5 r2/N J%K 81' J&K =:(, */(,&+1$0,*( 81' =:(, 81*/(,&+1$0,*( r2/(P

SWV

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7( S N

S

N I N S

(a)

(b)

c%%P UPUY f(021675$7,21(1 =85 y,5.81* '(6 dOh(/'(6 $8) (,1(1 6&+:,00(1'(1 o$*1(732/ p\ J$K d(:(*81* ,0 h(/' (,1(6 9(57,.$/(1 n(,7(5675206] J%K d(:(*81* ,0 u75(8)(/' (,1(6 +2O 5,=217$/(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1P

p$&+7(,/ ',(6(5 (,1)$&+(1 c125'181* ,67N '$66 ',( m5(,6%(:(*81* '(5 o$*1(71$'(/ '85&+ '(1 $%*(%2*(1(1 m83)(5'5$+7 %(*5(1=7 :,5'P o$1 .$11 '$11 $%(5 ',( u7520O 5,&+781* 80.(+5(1 81' ',( o$*1(71$'(/ 6,&+ =85@&. %(:(*(1 /$66(1P f,( c%%P UPUY% =(,*7 (,1(1 $1'(5(1 x(568&+ 0,7 (,1(0 %(:(*/,&+(1 o$*1(732/P j,(5 6&+:,007 '(5 p25'32/ '(5 '85&+ '(1 m25.(1 *(%2+57(1 p$'(/ $8) '(0 y$66(5 (17/$1* (,1(5 h(/'/,1,( 920 h(/' (,1(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1P p85 :(,/ (5 /$1*6$0 6&+:,007N )2/*7 (5 ,00(5 '(5 m5$)7] $1'(51)$//6 />*( 185 ',( }1'(581* '(5 i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 m5$)7N 81' ',( d(:(*81* 9(5/,()( 1,&+7 (17/$1* '(5 h(/'/,1,(P f(5 67?5(1'( u@'32/ '(5 p$'(/ /,(*7 +,(5 7,() ,0 y$66(5P d$5/2:I6&+(6 t$'P y,// 0$1 0,7 67$5.(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 (;3(5,0(17,(5(1N ',( $11>O +(51' +202*(1 6,1'N '$11 (037(+/7 6,&+ '(5 j8)(,6(10$*1(7N '(66(1 h(/' ,1 c%%P UPUZ '85&+ r8/9(5%,/'(5 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :85'(P j,(5 6,(+7 0$1 $8&+ '(87/,&+N '$66 ',( h(/'/,1,(1 .(,1(6:(*6 %(925=8*7 921 '(1 r2/(1 $86*(+(1P

(a)

N

S

(b)

c%%P UPUZ f85&+ g,6(138/9(5 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7(6 h(/'/,1,(1%,/' (,1(6 j8)(,6(10$*1(7(1\ J$K h(/' ,1 '(5 g%(1( ',&+7 2%(5+$/% '(5 %(,'(1 r2/( J9*/P u.,==(K] J%K h(/' ,1 '(5 j8)(,6(1Og%(1(P

UPX o$*1(7( S

S R

SWW

M

N

c%%P UPU[ d$5/2:I6&+(6 t$'N ',( (567( o$O 6&+,1(N ,1 '(5 (,1 t$' 0,7+,/)( '(6 g/(.752O 0$*1(7,6086 ,1 f5(+%(:(*81* 9(56(7=7 :85O '( Jr(7(5 d$5/2: SZTTKP

c/6 c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/ )@5 '(1 j8)(,6(10$*1(7(1 %(+$1'(/1 :,5 '$6 d$5O /2:I6&+( t$' Jc%%P UPU[KP g,1 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520 9,(M7 @%(5 '$6 n$*(5 81' ',( c&+6( (,1(5 '5(+%$5(1 u&+(,%( u 81' @%(5 ',( u&+(,%( =8 (,1(5 t,11( tN ',( 0,7 u$/=:$66(5 *()@//7 ,67P f,( u&+(,%( 7$8&+7 ,1 '$6 u$/=:$66(5P f(5 J326,7,9(K (/(.75,6&+( u7520 9,(M7 J)250$/K (17/$1* (,1(0 t$',86 '(5 u&+(,%( 921 '(5 c&+6( =85 t,11( 81' :,5' '85&+ '$6 o$*1(7)(/' '(6 j8)(,6(10$*1(7(1 *(0>M i/P JUP[WK $%*(/(1.7P h@5 '(1 ,1 y,5./,&+.(,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 9,(M(1'(1 u7520 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(5 g/(.7521(1 (5O *,%7 6,&+ ',(6(/%( c%/(1.81*P f,( c%/(1.81* :,5' $8) '$6 t$' @%(575$*(1N '$6 6,&+ ,1 '(5 $1*(*(%(1(1 f5(+5,&+781* %(:(*7P d(,0 c866&+$/7(1 '(6 u75206 +?57 ',( u&+(,%( $8)N 6,&+ =8 '5(+(1P g,1( (7:$6 $86)@+5/,&+(5( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 r+>120(16 ,67 )2/*(1'(\ k0 o(7$// :(5'(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 '85&+ '$6 gOh(/' %(6&+/(81,*7N +>87* '85&+ y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 '(0 k21(1*,77(5 $%*(%5(067 81' '$1$&+ :,('(5 (51(87 %(6&+/(81,*7 J'$6 ,67 ',( NNt(,%81*DDN ',( '(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' 9(5856$&+7KP d(, '(1 +2+(1 i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7(1N ',( ',( g/(.7521(1 925 '(0 c%%5(06(1 (55(,&+(1N :(5'(1 6,( '85&+ ',( *(6&+:,1',*.(,76O3523257,21$/( n25(17=Om5$)7 Ji/P JUPUVKK 6(1.5(&+7 =80 u&+(,%(1O 5$',86 $%*(/(1.7 81' @%(575$*(1 '(6+$/% %(,0 c%%5(06(1 $8) '$6 i,77(5 (,1(1 k0O 38/6N '(5 (,1( m20321(17( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 t$',86 %(6,7=7 81' ',( u&+(,%( =85 f5(+O %(:(*81* $175(,%7P y$5181* 925 '(5 x(5:(1'81* 921 s8(&.6,/%(5P d(, '(1 u3,7=(1/$*(51 921 c%%P UPUW 81' %(, '(5 t,11( 920 d$5/2:I6&+(1 t$' Jc%%P UPU[K :$5 u$/=/?681* $/6 m217$.7O 9@66,*.(,7 *(1$117 :25'(1P f$6 ,67 0(,67(16 +,15(,&+(1'P s8(&.6,/%(5 ,67 (,1 9,(/ %(66(5(5 n(,7(5N $%(5 (,1( *()>+5/,&+( u8%67$1=C c/6 (,1=,*(6 %(, |,00(57(03(5$785 9@66,*(6 o(7$// +$7 s8(&.6,/%(5 ,1 9,(/(1 +,6725,6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 1@7=/,&+( h81.O 7,21(1 *(+$%7P f,( r(5621(1*()>+5'81* '85&+ s8(&.6,/%(5Ox(5*,)781* ,67 '(1 g;O 3(5,0(17$/3+7 %(:8667 *(:25'(1P u(/%67 :(11 0$1 '$)@5 625*7N '$66 .(,1( j*Ou385(1 ,1 '(1 o$*(1 *(/$1*(1N 81' $8&+ -('(1 j$87.217$.7 :(*(1 '(5 j*Oc%62537,21 '85&+ ',( j$87 675,&.7 9(50(,'(7N %(67(+7 i()$+5 (,1(5 &+521,6&+(1 g5.5$1.81* '85&+ ',( g,1$7081* 921 j*Of$03) @%(5 /$1*( |(,7(1P k1 j*O9(56(8&+7(1 t>80(1 ,67 ',( n8)7 $8) l$+5( +,1$86 0,7 j*Of$03) 9(50,6&+7P f(6+$/% 62//7( 0$1 +(87( '$6 g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 25(1(0 s8(&.6,/%(5 9(50(,'(1P h$//6 $%(5 7527='(0 0,7 25(1(0 s8(&.6,/%(5 *($5%(,7(7 :,5'N '$11 0866 '(5 (;3(5,0(17(//( c8)%$8 ,1 (,1(5 *52M(1 r/$67,.:$11( 67(+(1N ',( 9(5O 6&+@77(7(6 s8(&.6,/%(5 $85>1*7 81' 62 (,1( 48$17,7$7,9( g17625*81* (50?*/,&+7P

SWX

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

UPXPU g55(*81* 81' h(/'67>5.( (,1(6 h(5520$*1(7(1 w0 '$6 y(6(17/,&+( %(, '(5 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ./$5 +(5$86=8$5O %(,7(1N %(75$&+7(1 :,5 :,('(5 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 h$// (,1(6 =5.67(1N =8 '(1 g1'(1 +,1 :,5' 6,( 6&+:>&+(5P f(5 t@&.9866 '(6 48(//(1)5(,(1 dOh(/'(6 (5675(&.7 6,&+ @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1 t$80P g6 *,/7 $//*(0(,1 ',( x(5.1@3)81*6*/(,&+81* 5 3 ,R J;1@K P

JUP[XK

k1 '(5 w0*(%81* '(6 %(75$&+7(7(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 62//(1 .(,1( n(,7(5675?0(N ',( (,1 jOh(/' (5=(8*(1 .?117(1N 925+$1'(1 6(,1P h@5 '(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1 ,67 5 /(,&+7 =8 %(5(&+1(1 J:,( )@5 '$6 (17635(&+(1'( u2/'(12,'K 81' @ ,67 %(.$117 J.2167$17 ,1O

H

P (a) M

P (b)

Ì 0M

P B

Ì 0H B

P (c)

c%%P UPVR o$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* J$KN o$*O 1(7,6,(581* J%K 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( J&K )@5 (,1(1 $;,$/ +202*(1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$%0$*1(7(1P f,( x(5.1@3)81* '(5 '5(, x(.725)(/'(5 ,67 )@5 '(1 r81.7 r *5$3+,6&+ '$5*(67(//7 J1$&+ tP u.206., $1' lPoPfP e2(< NNr(50$1(17 o$*1(7,60DDN k167,787( 2) r+&+(1] 0$7+(0$7,6&+ ,67 '$6 =8 %(6&+5(,%(1 0,7+,/)( '(6 m21=(37(6 '(5 NNh/>&+(1',9(5*(1=DDP y2 '$6 oOh(/' (1'(7N %(*,117 '$6 jOh(/' 81' 80*(.(+57P c1'(56 $86*('5@&.7\ f,( $0 NN1?5'/,O &+(1DD u7$%(1'( 9>&+(1+$)7 9(57(,/7(1 u(1.(1 '(6 oOh(/'(6 6,1' ',( s8(//(1 '(6 jOh(/'(6 81' 80*(.(+57 $0 NN6@'/,&+(1DD u7$%(1'(P f$6 jOh(/' (,1(6 r(50$1(17O 0$*1(7(1 ,67 :,5%(/)5(,P g6 :,5' $/6 u75(8)(/' '(6 u7$%0$*1(7(1 %(=(,&+1(7 81' 2)7 0,7 ;u 61*,*P k0 c//*(0(,1(1 :,5' (5 @%(5 '$6 m?53(592/80(1 817(56&+,('/,&+ *52M 6(,1P p85 )@5 '(1 u3(=,$/)$// '(6 g//,362,'6N '$6 />1*6 '(5 t27$7,216$&+6( +202*(1 0$*O 1(7,6,(57 ,67N (5*,%7 ',( v+(25,( )@5 -('(6 c&+6(19(5+>/71,6 (,1(1 )@5 '$6 *$1=( m?5O 3(592/80(1 *(/7(1'(1 pgOy(57 Jv$%P UPTKP h@5 (,1(1 6(+5 /$1*(1 $;,$/ 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$% ,67 $B%+S 81'N (5:$5781*6*(0>MN pg S RP f$6 $1'(5( g;75(0 ,67 (,1( '@11( r/$77(N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r/$77(1(%(1( 0$*1(7,6,(57 ,67] '$)@5 *,/7 $B%*S 81' pg S SP k17(5(66$17 ,67 $8&+ ',( m8*(/)250 0,7 $B% 3 SN )@5 ',( 6,&+ pg 3 SBU (5*,%7P y(*(1 ',(6(5 NNg170$*1(7,6,(581*DD 6,1' ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 921 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(0 o$7(5,$/ )250$%+>1*,*\ g,1( u7$1*( />667 6,&+ /(,&+7(5 ,1 n>1*6O 5,&+781* 0$*1(7,6,(5(1 $/6 48(5 '$=8N (,1( r/$77( /(,&+7(5 7$1*(17,$/ $/6 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r/$77(1(%(1(P f(5 g170$*1(7,6,(581*6)$.725 %(6&+5(,%7 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h250O $1,627523,(P y@5'( 0$1 ',( i/P JUP[YK )@5 %(/,(%,*( o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781*(1 9(5O $//*(0(,1(51 81' 9(.725,(// +,16&+5(,%(1N '$11 :>5( pg (,1 v(1625N '(5 ',( x(.725(1 @ 81' ; 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5.1@3)7P j,(5 *(1@*(1 ',( )@5 t27$7,216(//,362,'( 7$%(/O /,(57(1 y(57(P

UPXPV j1'(57 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* *(0>M '(5 ,1 c%%P UPVS 6.,==,(57(1 *(6&+/266(1(1 m859(N ',( 1,&+7 '85&+ '(1 w563581* *(+7P p85 ',( p(8.859(N ',( 0$1 0,7 (,1(5 925+(5 NN(170$*1(7,6,(57(1DD o$7(5,$/352%( 0(66(1 .$11N %(*,117 %(, 18//P Ì 0M Neukurve

Sättigung, Ì 0Ms Remanenz, Ì 0Mr

H Koerzitiv-Feldstärke, Hc

c%%P UPVS

v7,*7 :85'(N ,67 (,1 (170$*1(7,6,(57(5 m?53(5 ,1 9,(/( ./(,1( d(5(,&+( Jy(,66Od(=,5.(K 817(57(,/7N ',( $//( %,6 =85 u>77,*81* 63217$1 0$*1(7,6,(57 6,1'N $%(5 9(56&+,('(1( o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781*(1 %(6,7=(1N 62'$66 1$&+ $8M(1 +,1 .(,1( 3$8O 6&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581* *(0(66(1 :,5'P q5(16,&+7/,&+ ,67 %(, c%:(6(1+(,7 (,1(6 >8O M(5(1 h(/'(6 ',( w17(57(,/81* ,1 y(,66Od(=,5.( 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 t,&+781* (1(5*(O 7,6&+ *@167,*(5 $/6 (,1( +202*(1( o$*1(7,6,(581*P f$66 (,1( (1'/,&+( 5(0$1(17( o$*1(7,6,(581* %(, j 3 R @%5,* %/(,%7N />667 9(5087(1N '$66 =85 w17(57(,/81* (,1(6 *52M(1 y(,66Od(=,5.6 ,1 ./(,1(5( d(=,5.( 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+O 781*(1 g1(5*,( $8)*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 0866 81' '(6+$/% ',( w17(57(,/81* 1,&+7 %,6 =85 9?//,*(1 g170$*1(7,6,(581* 67$7771'(7P d(, '(5 w00$*1(7,6,(581* ,1 y(&+6(/O )(/'(51 :,5' g1(5*,( 9(5%5$8&+7] ',( h/>&+( '(5 j77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* o6N 5(0$1(17( o$*1(7,6,(581* o5 81' m2(5=,7,9Oh(/'67>5.( j&P o$*1(7,6&+ +$57( u725( 6,1' *87( r(50$1(170$*1(7(P u,( +$%(1 (,1( *52MO 9>&+,*(N 1$+(=8 5(&+7(&.,*( j77,*81* ,Ro6 /,(*(1 (7:$ %(, RPW %,6 S vP w17(5+$/% '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 ve %(+$/7(1 r(50$1(170$*1(7( ,+5( o$*1(7,6,(O 581* ,1 d(75$* 81' t,&+781* ,0 $//*(0(,1(1 %(,N $8&+ :(11 6,&+ '$6 dOh(/' ,1 ,+5(5 w0*(%81* 9(5>1'(57P f85&+ c1/(*(1 (,1(6 +,15(,&+(1' 67$5.(1N =8 o (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7(1 dOh(/'(6 .$11 -('2&+ $8&+ (,1 r(50$1(170$*1(7 80*(32/7 :(5'(1P o$*1(7,6&+ :(,&+( u725( 6,1' &+$5$.7(5,6,(57 '85&+ (,1(1 67(,/(1 c167,(* '(5 j7O

SXR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

7,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* J,Ro6 . T vKP u,( :(5'(1 )@5 0$*1(7,6&+( c%6&+,5081* 81' )@5 g/(.7520$*1(7( 9(5:(1'(7P f,( $86 u38/(1 0,7 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 u38/(1.(51(1 %(67(+(1'(1 g/(.7520$*1(7( +$%(1 *(*(1@%(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 '(1 x257(,/ (,1(5 9$5,$%/(1 81' 8032/%$5(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*P c8M(5'(0 .?11(1 :(*(1 '(5 +?O +(5(1 u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* $8&+ +?+(5( h(/'67>5.(1 $1 '(1 o$*1(732/(1 (5O =,(/7 :(5'(1P g,1( :,&+7,*( 0$*1(7,6&+( m(11*5?M( ,67 ',( J5(/$7,9(K r(50($%,/,7>7 J5(/$7,9( 3(5O 0($%,/,71*,*(5 y(57P o$1 %(187=7 '(6+$/% (,1( t(,+( 921 9(56&+,('(1 '(71,(57(1 r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/(1 Jc%6&+1P UPXPX 81' SVPTPVKP

UPXPW c%6&+,5081* 921 o$*1(7)(/'(51 y(11 (6 6,&+ 185 80 '$6 +202*(1( 81' =(,7/,&+ .2167$17( g5')(/' +$1'(/7N '$11 '@5)7( ,1 '(1 0(,67(1 h>//(1 ',( m203(16$7,21 '85&+ +,15(,&+(1' *52M( u38/(1 *@167,*(5 6(,1 $/6 ',( c%6&+,5081*P k67 '$*(*(1 '$6 /2.$/( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/' '85&+ u7?581*(1 ,1+202*(1 J=P dP ,1 i(%>8'(1 0,7 u7$+/75>*(51K 2'(5 @%(5/$*(57 921 =(,7/,&+ 9(5>1'(5/,&+(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 J=P dP 9(5856$&+7 '85&+ r26,7,2169(5>1'(581* '(6 i(%>8'()$+5678+/6 2'(5 WROj=Ou75(8)(/'(5 921 g/(.75202725(1KN '$11 +,/)7 0(,67 185 ',( c%6&+,5081* J0$*1(7,& 6+,(/',1*KP c/6 35$.7,6&+(6 d(,63,(/ ',6.87,(5(1 :,5 ',( c%6&+,5081* '85&+ (,1(1 /$1*(1 j2+/=8M(5(1 h(/'N '$6 $%*(6&+,507 :(5'(1 62//N 25,(17,(57 ,67P k0 >8M(5(1 h(/' :(5'(1 y$1'%(5(,&+( '(6 t2+5(6 0$*1(7,6,(57P f(5 t@&.9866 ',(6(5 o$*1(7,6,(O

Ba

Ea

Bi

(a)

B i 77(P f,( c%%P UPVU% =(,*7 '(1 >+1/,&+(1 h$// '(5 c%6&+,5081* (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 '85&+ (,1 o(7$//52+5P h2/*(1'( w17(56&+,('( 6,1' )(67=867(//(1\ A f,( (/(.75,6&+( c%6&+,5081* '85&+ /(,7(1'(6 o$7(5,$/ ,67 3(5)(.7N 6(/%67 )@5 ./(,16O 7( y$1'67>5.(1P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+( c%6&+,5081* (55(,&+7 185 d, "d$] )@5 *87( c%O 6&+,5081* 0866 ',( y$1'67>5.( +,15(,&+(1' *52M 6(,1P A f$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 8 75,77 1,&+7 ,1 '$6 c%6&+,500$7(5,$/ (,1N 621'(51 :,5' '85&+ ',( k198(1=/$'81*(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 920 k11(5(1 )(51*(+$/7(1P f$6 0$*1(O 7,6&+( h(/' 5 *(+7 '85&+ '$6 c%6&+,500$7(5,$/ +,1'85&+P v527= '(5 *(1$117(1 w17(56&+,('( ,67 ',( }+1/,&+.(,7 '(5 r+>120(1( %(67(&+(1'P f$6 +$7 '$=8 *()@+57N '$66 )@5 '$6 x(5+$/7(1 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 o$7(5,$/6 817(5 '(0 g,19866 (,1(6 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'6 2)7 $8&+ '(5 d(*5,5 0$*1(7,6&+( k198(1= 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P f$6 5,&+7,*( c1$/2*21 =85 3(5)(.7(1 c%6&+,5081* (,1(6 gOh(/'(6 '85&+ k198(1=O n$'81*(1 ,67 ',( 3(5)(.7( 0$*1(7,6&+( c%6&+,5081* '85&+ u75?0( ,1 u835$/(,7(51N ',( %(,0 g,16&+$/7(1 (,1(6 dOh(/'(6 NN,198(1=,(57DD :(5'(1 81' 81*('>03)7 1$+( '(5 u835$/(,7(5Oq%(59>&+( 9,(M(1N 62/$1*( '$6 dOh(/' (5+$/7(1 %/(,%7 Jo(,M1(5Oq&+O 6(1)(/'Og5(.7 '(5 u835$/(,781*N c%6&+1P ZPVPSKP v(&+1,6&+( c10(5.81*(1P h@5 6(+5 *87( 0$*1(7,6&+( c%6&+,5081* :(5'(1 2)7 0(+O 5(5( .21=(175,6&+( t2+5( 9(5:(1'(7P d(, '(5 c%6&+,5081* 67$5.(5 h(/'(5 ,67 '$5$8) =8 $&+7(1N '$66 '$6 >8M(5( t2+5 +,15(,&+(1' *52M( u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* 81' y$1'67>5.( +$7N 80 '(1 920 k11(192/80(1 )(51*(+$/7(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866 $8)1(+0(1 =8 .?11(1N 2+1( ,1 u>77,*81* =8 *(5$7(1P d(, '(5 x(5:(1'81* 63(=,(// *()2507(5 c%6&+,5081*(1 ,67 =8 %($&+7(1N '$66 0(O &+$1,6&+( d($5%(,781* '(6 o$7(5,$/6 6(,1( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 67$5. %((,1O 75>&+7,*(1 .$11P f(6+$/% ,67 '$6 o$7(5,$/ 1$&+ '(5 d($5%(,781* (,1(5 63(=,(//(1 y>50(%(+$1'/81* =8 817(5=,(+(1P g6 (037(+/7 6,&+N 62/&+( v(,/( %(, '(5 j(567(/O /(5750$ '(6 c%6&+,50Oo$7(5,$/6 $1)(57,*(1 2'(5 g,*(1%$87(,/( '257 1$&+%(+$1'(/1 =8 /$66(1P h@5 237,0$/( c%6&+,50:,5.81* .$11 (6 127:(1',* 6(,1N '$6 o$7(5,$/ $0 g,16$7=257 J/$7P ,1 6,78K '85&+ (,1 y(&+6(/)(/' $%1(+0(1'(5 c03/,78'( =8 (17O 0$*1(7,6,(5(1P

UPXPX o$*1(7,6&+( m5(,6( y,( ,1 c%6&+1P VPTPT *(=(,*7 :,5'N ,67 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(1(5*,(',&+7( ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m?53(56 *(*(%(1 '85&+ S dj T S :0 3 d TBJ,R ,5KN T :0 3

JUPSRSK

SXT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

$/62 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/ =8 ,5C f(6+$/% ,67 (6 (1(5*(7,6&+ 9,(/ *@167,*(5N :(11 6,&+ (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866 ,1 g,6(1 67$77 ,1 n8)7 $86%5(,7(7P o$*1(7,6&+( h/@66( 6,1' *(6&+/266(1N :(,/ '$6 dOh(/' 48(//(1)5(,(1 ,67P v+(25,( 0$*1(7,6&+(5 m5(,6(P f,( v+(25,( 0$*1(7,6&+(5 m5(,6( :85'( 9251(+0/,&+ 921 l2+1 j23.,1621 JSZV[2SZ[ZK 81' 6(,1(0 d58'(5 g':$5' JSZW[2S[TTK (17O :,&.(/7 81' :$5 (,1( :,&+7,*( i581'/$*( )@5 '(1 d$8 (/(.75,6&+(5 o$6&+,1(1P f,( '$0$/6 (17:,&.(/7(1 x2567(//81*(1 :(5'(1 $8&+ +(87( 12&+ =80 x(567>1'1,6 921 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u&+(1(/(0(17K

JUPSRTK

u3$1181* 0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181* w 3 g 8 6 '` 0,7 g 8 6 '` 3 RP wo 3 g ; 6 '` 0,7 g ; 6 '` 3 pkP J'` 3 9(.725,(//(6 u75(&.(1(/(0(17N k 3 u38/(167520N p 3 y,1'81*6=$+/K JUPSRUK q+0I6&+(6 i(6(7= JSZTYK w 3 tk

j23.,1621I6&+(6 i(6(7= JSZZXK wo 3 toIP to 3 0$*1(7,6&+(5 y,'(567$1' Jt(/8.7$1=K

JUPSRVK

o$*1(7,6&+(5 y,'(567$1' Jt(/8.7$1=KP f,( h250(/ )@5 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y,'(567$1' :,5' '85&+ d(75$&+781* '(5 v2586Ou38/( Ju7520 3 kN y,1'81*6=$+/ pN w0)$1* '(5 .5(,6)?50,*(1 v2586Ot,1*$&+6( 3 sK 0,7 g,6(1.(51 Jr(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ ,5N s8(5O 6&+1,77 cK (5+$/7(1\ I 3 d 6 c 3 ,5 ,R j c I 3 d 6 c 3 Jj sK ,5 ,R cBs I 3 d 6 c 3 wo ,5 ,R cBs I 3 d 6 c 3 woBtoP

JUPSRWK

f$6 (5*,%7 $/62 to 3 sBJ,5 ,R cKP

JUPSRXK

y,( '(5 2+06&+( y,'(567$1' ,67 $8&+ '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,'(567$1' 3523257,21$/ =85 n>1*( '(6 n(,7(56 81' 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/ =85 s8(56&+1,7769>&+(P f$6 r52O '8.7 ,5 6 ,R ,67 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7P f,( i/P JUPSRXK *,/7 $//*(0(,1P f(5 0$*O 1(7,6&+( h/866 ,67 ,00(5 *(6&+/266(1P k1 (,1(0 819(5=:(,*7(1 m5(,6 ,67 '(5 h/866 @%(5$// */(,&+ *52MP f,( 9(56&+,('(1(1 u7@&.( '(6 m5(,6(6 .?11(1 $/6 t(,+(16&+$/O 781* 0$*1(7,6&+(5 y,'(567>1'( %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 0,7 wo 3 s woN- 3 s j- swo 3 I s toN- J- 3 SN T "KP

JUPSRYK

UPX o$*1(7(

SXU

d(, 9(5=:(,*7(1 m5(,6(1 *,/7 )@5 '(1 h/866 $1 x(5=:(,*81*667(//(1 6,11*(0>M '$6 SP m,5&++25I6&+( i(6(7= Jm127(15(*(/KP h@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( t,1*63$1181* ,1 (,1(5 o$6&+( '(6 9(5=:(,*7(1 m5(,6(6 *,/7 6,11*(0>M '$6 TP m,5&++25I6&+( i(6(7= Jo$O 6&+(15(*(/KP c//(5',1*6 ,67 ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h$// ',( 80/$8)*(5(&+7( u800( $//(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181*(1 ,1 (,1(5 h/866Oo$6&+( 1,&+7 18//N 621'(51 */(,&+ '(5 u80O 0( $//(5 806&+/266(1(1 u75?0( J6,(+( NN0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181*DDN i/P JUPSRUKKP h@5 o$6&+(1 0,7 :(,&+O 81' +$570$*1(7,6&+(1 d(67$1'7(,/(1 2+1( u38/(1)(/'(5 (5*,%7 ',( o$6&+(15(*(/ 18//N *(1$8 :,( ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h$//P k0 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 6,1' 0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181* 81' h/866 (17*(*(1*(5,&+7(7N *(1$8 :,( u3$1181* 81' u7520 ,1 $.7,9(1 |:(,32/(1P v2586Ou38/( 0,7 g,6(1.(51 81' n8)763$/7P c1 ',(6(0 d(,63,(/ 62// *(=(,*7 :(5'(1N :,( (,1 n8)763$/7 6,&+ $8) ',( 0(66%$5( j1*(DD J$1O 6&+$8/,&+(5\ NNd5(,7(DDK '(6 n8)763$/7(6P q+1( 81' 0,7 n8)763$/7 ,67 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( w0/$8)63$1181* *(*(%(1 '85&+ wo 3 j sv 3 p kP

JUPSRZK

q+1( n8)763$/7 ,67 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,'(567$1' *(*(%(1 '85&+ toJsn 3 RK 3 svBJ,5 ,R cKN

JUPSR[K

0,7 n8)763$/7 $%(5 '85&+ ',( t(,+(16&+$/781* =:(,(5 y,'(567>1'(N 1>0/,&+ to 3 sh(BJ,5 ,R cK1snBJ,R cKP

JUPSSRK

o,7 n8)763$/7 ,67 $/62 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,'(567$1' *5?M(5 81' '(5 h/866 1$&+ '(0 j23.,1621I6&+(1 i(6(7= (17635(&+(1' ./(,1(5P f,(6( h/8669(5./(,1(581* %(, */(,O &+(0 u38/(1)(/' .$11 $8&+ '85&+ (,1( 6&+(,1%$5( r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ ," 5 ",5 %(O 6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1\ I 3 IR ," 5 B,5 P

JUPSSSK

ungeschert B (ohne Luftspalt)

mit Luftspalt zunehmende Scherung

lL

(a)

(b)

H

c%%P UPVV J$K v2586638/( 0,7 t,1*.(51 81' n8)763$/7N J%K *(6&+(57( j+(581* sv . sh( )2/*7 ," 5 3 ,5 B JS1,5 snBsh(KP

JUPSSTK

y,// 0$1 0,7 n8)763$/7 ,0 t,1*.(51 '(1 */(,&+(1 h/866 (5=,(/(1 :,( 2+1( n8)763$/7N '$11 0866 0$1 $/62 '$6 u38/(1)(/' 80 '(1 h$.725 JS1,5 snBsh(K 3 ,5B," 5 (5+?+(1P f,(6(5 g5(.7 .$11 $8&+ $/6 /8)763$/7O%(',1*7( u&+(581* '(5 j1'(57 6,&+ 1,&+7 185 ',( j76=$+/(1K 81' ',( t(0$1(1=P w1O $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 u&+(581* 6,1' m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.( 81' u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581*P g/(.7520$*1(7(P y,&+7,* ,67N '$66 :,5 %(, '(5 i(67$/781* 0$*1(7,6&+(5 m5(,6( 1,&+7 $8) ',( )@5 7+(25(7,6&+( d(75$&+781*(1 %,6+(5 %(925=8*7( v2586Oh250 $1*(:,(6(1 6,1'P y(,/ ',( NN0$*1(7,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7DD '(6 g,6(16N *(*(%(1 '85&+ ,5,RN 629,(/ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( '(5 n8)7 J,RKN :,5' '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( h/866 '85&+ '$6 g,6(1 NN*(/(,7(7DD] ',( 80*(%(1'( n8)7 :,5.7 :,( (,1 NN0$*1(7,6&+(5 k62/$725DDN (,1 ./(,1(5 n8)763$/7 :,( (,1 NN6&+/(&+7(5 0$*1(7,6&+(5 n(,7(5DDP c86 '(0 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 t,1*.(51 0,7 n8)763$/7N 0$*1(7,6,(57 '85&+ (,1(1 u38/(167520N :,5' '85&+ $1'(5( h250*(%81* (,1 g/(.7520$*1(7 Jc%%P UPVWK\ c86 '(0 t,1*.(51 :(5'(1 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( NNh/866/(,767@&.(DDN ',( 63(=,(//( p$0(1 +$O %(1 :,( NNc1.(5DD J)@5 (,1 %(:(*/,&+(6 v(,/K 81' NNl2&+DD 0,7 638/(1O75$*(1'(1 NNu&+(1O .(/1DDP c86 '(0 n8)763$/7 '(5 d5(,7( sn ,0 t,1*.(51 :(5'(1 ,0 d(,63,(/ 921 c%%P UPVW$ =:(, u3$/7( =:,6&+(1 c1.(5 81' l2&+N ',( -('(5 ',( d5(,7( % +$%(1P k0 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' Jc%%P UPVW%K .?11(1 ',( %(,'(1 u38/(1 :,( $8&+ ',( %(,'(1 u3$/7( =86$00(1*()$667 :(5'(1P y(11 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,'(567$1' '(5 n8)763$/7( 9,(/ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 '(6 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 o$7(5,$/6N '$11 )>//7 ',( *(6$07( 0$*1(O 7,6&+( u3$1181* $1 '(1 n8)763$/7(1 $%P f$6 (5*,%7N :(11 0$1 '$6 h(/' $/6 $11>O +(51' +202*(1 %(75$&+7(7N j T% 3 p k

81' d 3 ,R j 3 ,R p k B JT%KP

JUPSSUK

y,( '$6 g5*(%1,6 @%(55$6&+(1'(5:(,6( =(,*7N ,67 A ,1 ',(6(5 p>+(581* A ',( h(/'O 67>5.( ,1 '(1 n8)763$/7(1 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y(5.67256C p(%(1 '(5 i(6$07%5(,7( '(5 n8)763$/7( T%N ',( ,0 p(11(5 921 i/P JUPSSUK

Anker

R‰

Schenkel Spule (a)

b

UM 2 Joch

a

2R‰

‰

Luftspalt

R‰

# UM 2

UM

Spule (b)

c%%P UPVW g/(.7520$*1(7 0,7 n8)763$/7\ J$K d$8)250 J6&+(0$7,6&+K] ',( 921 '(1 u38/(1 (5O =(8*7(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181*(1 $'',(5(1 6,&+P J%K g56$7=6&+$/7%,/'P

UPX o$*1(7(

SXW

67(+7N %(67,00(1 185 '(5 u7520 k 81' ',( i(6$07:,1'81*6=$+/ p '(5 u38/(1 '$6 h(/' ,0 u3$/7P f$6 h(/' ,67 62 *52M :,( ,1 (,1(5 /$1*(1 (,6(1)5(,(1 u38/( 0,7 pBJT%K $/6 NNy,1'81*6=$+/ 352 n>1*(DDP f(5 x257(,/ '(6 g,6(16 ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5(,6 %(O 67(+7 ,1 ',(6(0 d(,63,(/ $/62 '$5,1N '$66 0$1 $8) '(1 u&+(1.(/1 9,(/ 0(+5 y,1'81*(1 817(5%5,1*(1 .$11 $/6 $8) '(0 n>1*(167@&. T% (,1(5 (,6(1)5(,(1 u38/(P f(5 d(75$* h '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 c1=,(+81*6.5$)7 =:,6&+(1 c1.(5 81' l2&+ .$11 $86 '(5 x(55,1*(581* '(5 h(/'(1(5*,( 'y0$*N ',( 0,7 (,1(5 x(5./(,1(581* '(6 n8)7O 63$/7(6 80 '; 9(5%81'(1 ,67N %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1\ h '; 3 'y0$* 3 T :0 c ';N

JUPSSVK

:2%(, :0 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(1(5*,(',&+7( J9*/P i/P JUPSRSKKN c 3 $ 6 % ',( s8(5O 6&+1,7769>&+( 81' Tc 6 '; ',( 0,7 '(5 c%67$1'6>1'(581* '; $1 %(,'(1 u3$/7(1 9(5O %81'(1( x2/80(1>1'(581* ,67P f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( c1=,(+81*6.5$)7 =:,6&+(1 c1O .(5 81' %(,'(1 u&+(1.(/1 =8 h 3 T :0 c 3 T c ST d TB,R 3 d TcB,R 3 I TBJ,R cKP

JUPSSWK

d(, '(5 m216758.7,21 (,1(6 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 ,67 =8 %($&+7(1N '$66 ',( :(,&+0$*O 1(7,6&+(1 v(,/( ,0 m5(,6 185 62/$1*( (,1(1 ./(,1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y,'(567$1' +$%(1N :,( 6,( 12&+ h/866 $8)1(+0(1 .?111(1N $/62 12&+ 1,&+7 *(6>77,*7 6,1'P f,( 5(/(9$17( m(11=$+/ ,67 ',( ',5(5(17,(//( r(50($%,/,7>7 ,',)) 3 'dB'J,RjKP

JUPSSXK

d(, *(1$8(5(1 t(&+181*(1 0866 $8&+ ',( h(/'$%+>1*,*.(,7 ,',)) JjK %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 :(5'(1P f,( i(67$/781* '(5 r2/6&+8+( 5,&+7(7 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 c1)25'(581*(1 $1 '$6 h(/' ,0 u3$/7P |85 h(/'.21=(175$7,21 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 m(*(/67803)Or2/( $86 o$O 7(5,$/ 0,7 0?*/,&+67 +2+(5 u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581*P |85 g5=,(/81* (,1(6 0?*/,&+67 +202*(1(1 h(/'(6 :(5'(1 h/$&+32/( (7:$6 .21.$9 $86*(%,/'(7 2'(5 0,7 (,1(0 t$1':8/67 J%=:P $8)*(6(7=7(1 y(,&+(,6(15,1*(1K 9(56(+(1P f$8(50$*1(7Ou66,*7N '$11 /,(*7 ',( 920 v5(,%(5 (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181* $0 n8)763$/7N '(11 :(*(1 *,/7

g ; 6 '` 3 R J.(,1( u38/(1675?0(KN jv sv 32jn snP

JUPSSYK

f(5 h/866 ,67 ,0 m5(,6 .2167$17\ Iv 3 dv cv 3 dn cn

0,7 dn 3 ,R jnP

JUPSSZK

c86 ',(6(1 %(,'(1 i/(,&+81*(1 /$66(1 6,&+ =:(, :,&+7,*( g5*(%1,66( +(5/(,7(1\ SP n$*( '(6 v5(,%(5Oc5%(,76381.7(6 $8) '(5 j*(P f,( o8/7,3/,.$7,21 921 jv sv $86 i/P JUPSSYK 0,7 dv cv $86 i/P JUPSSZK (5*,%7 cv sv dvjv 3 cn sn dnT B,RP

JUPSTRK

TP y(,/ '(5 h$.725 SBT 921 i/P JUPSRSK 1,&+7 0,7 +,1*(6&+5,(%(1 :85'(N *,%7 i/PJUPSTRK '$6 f233(/7( '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,(N ',( ,0 n8)763$/7 %(1?7,*7 :,5' 81' ,0 v5(,%(5 *(63(,&+(57 6(,1 0866] /(7=7(5( ,67 '$6 r52'8.7 $86 v5(,%(592/80(1 81' dv 6 jvP f(6+$/% ,67 (6 *@167,*N :(11 '(5 c5%(,76381.7 r 0?*/,&+67 '257 /,(*7N :2 ',( j&+( ,1 c%%P UPVXKP f$ ,1 i/P JUPSS[K '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 sv 81' cv (,1*(+7N ,1 i/P JUPSTRK $%(5 '(5(1 r52'8.7N .$11 '$6 u8M(5(6 h(/'K (17O 635,&+7 '(0 r81.7 r '(5 j+17(1 u75(89866)$.7256 6,1' $1$/7=O /,&+(1 h/866 $8)1(+0(1] (6 0866 %(, h/866%(5(&+181*(1 :,( n8)7 J,5 3 SK %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P o$*1(7,6&+( u&+$/7(5P g/(.7520$*1(7( +$%(1 '(1 *52M(1 x257(,/N '$66 '(5 0$*1(O 7,6&+( h/866 *(67(8(57 :(5'(1 .$11P f85&+ g,1O 2'(5 c866&+$/7(1 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 u75206 .$11 0$1 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' (,1O 2'(5 $866&+$/7(1P f$6 (5*,%7 (,1 %5(,7(6 u3(.7O 580 921 x(5:(1'81*60?*/,&+.(,7(1N A 921 '(5 v@5./,1*(/ %,6 =85 o$*1(7.833/81*P d(925 6,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/675?0( (5=(8*7 :(5'(1 .2117(1N *$% (6 6&+21 NN=(5O +$&.7( i/(,&+675?0(DDP f(5 j$00(5Ow17(5%5(&+(5 JcP y$*1(5 SZU[K )@5 (,1(1 u7520.5(,6 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 0,7 %(:(*/,&+(0 c1.(5N '(5 $1 (,1(5 d/$77)('(5 %()(67,*7 ,67 81' ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 $86*(6&+$/7(7K '85&+ (,1(1 n8)763$/7 920 o$*1(7(1 *(75(117 ,67N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 (,1*(6&+$/7(7K $%(5 921 '(1 u&+(1.(/1 '(6 o$*1(7(1 $1*(=2*(1 :,5'P f(5 %(:(*O /,&+( c1.(5 %(7>7,*7 $8M(5'(0 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+$/7(5N '(5 ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* *(6&+/266(1N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* *(?51(7 ,67P h@*7 0$1 181 ',( u38/(1 '(6 g/(.7O 520$*1(7(1 81' '(1 920 c1.(5 %(7>7,*7(1 u&+$/7(5 +,17(5(,1$1'(5 ,1 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6N '$11 :,5' %(,0 (567(1 u75209866 '(5 g/(.7520$*1(7 %(7>7,*7 81' '$'85&+ @%(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 '(5 u7520.5(,6 817(5%52&+(1] '(5 $86*(6&+$/7(7( o$*1(7 *,%7 '(1 c1.(5 )5(,N '(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 :,('(5 6&+/,(M7 81' '$0,7 '(1 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 :,('(5 (,16&+$/7(7] 86:P g,1( 12&+ +(87( :(,79(5%5(,7(7( c1:(1'81* '(6 j$00(5Ow17(5O %5(&+(56 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m/,1*(/P t(/$,6 6,1' )(51*(67(8(57( u&+$/7(5N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 ./(,1(1 u7520 J0,7 ./(,1(5 u&+$/7O /(,6781*K ,0 o$*1(7.5(,6 9,(/ *5?M(5( u75?0( Jn(,6781*(1K ,0 u&+$/7.5(,6 6&+$/7(1 .?11(1P t(/$,6Ou7$7,21(1 ',(17(1 %(, '(5 925,1'8675,(//(1 r267 =80 r)(5'(:(&+6(/P k1 '(5 v(/(*5$7( :85'(1 '$11 ',( u7$7,21(1 =85 u,*1$/Ox(567>5.81* 921 o256(O |(,&+(1 62 %(1$117\ g,1 $86 '(5 h(51( $1.200(1'(6 6&+:$&+(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 u,*1$/ %(7>7,*7 (,1 NNt(/$,6DDN '$6 (,1(1 921 (,1(5 /2.$/(1 u752048(//( *(63(,67(1 u7520.5(,6 6&+$/7(7N '(5 '$6 u,*1$/ %,6 =85 1>&+67(1 u7$7,21 75$163257,(57P g7:$ =85 6(/%(1 |(,7N ,1 '(5 '$6 v(/()21 (17:,&.(/7 :85'(N (1767$1' $8&+ ',( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( n2*,. Ji(25*( d22/(N SZSWASZXV] c8*86786 f( o25*$1N SZRXA SZYSKP u,( :85'( $/6 NNm217$.7Oc/*(%5$DD =8(567 $8) ',( u&+$/781* '(5 v(/()21Ot(/$,6 $1*(:(1'(7] +(87( ,67 ',( u&+$/7$/*(%5$ Jc%6&+1P SWPZK ',( 7+(25(7,6&+( i581'/$*( )@5 (/(.7521,6&+( u7(8(5O 81' t(&+(1$1/$*(1P f,( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 t(/$,6 *(67$77(7(1 (5670$/6 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( w06(7=81* /2*,6&+(5 x(5.1@3)81*(1P i581'9(5.1@3)81*(1

w06(7=81* =P dP '85&+

p(*$7,21 JpkejvK m21-81.7,21 JwpfK f,6-81.7,21 JqfgtK

~51(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5 r$5$//(/6&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5

SXZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7( +U

+U A B

A Input (a)

A

A

B

Output (b)

c%%P UPVY n2*,6&+( u&+$/781*(1\ J$K pqv J3 pkejvK 0,7 (,1(0 y(&+6(/Om217$.7 J%K pqt J3 pkejv qfgtK 0,7 =:(, ~51(5Om217$.7(1 ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781* 81' (,1(0 y(&+6(/.21O 7$.7P f,( y,1'81*(1 61*7 :85'(1P k1 '(5 u7$5.675207(&+1,. :,5' '$6 t(/$,6 $/6 u&+@7= %(=(,&+1(7P f$ =85 c.7,9,(O 581* (,1 0,1,0$/(5 c1635(&+67520 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 0866N .$11 0$1 '$6 u&+@7= 62 $86/(*(1N '$66 (6 $8) %(567520 2'(5 )(+/(5+$)7(1 m85=6&+/866 =85 g5'( Jg5'6&+/866K $1635,&+7 81' '(1 %(7525(1(1 p(7=7(,/ $%6&+$/7(7P NNu(/%67+$/7(1'(DD t(/$,6 %/(,%(1 ,1 c5%(,7667(//81*N $8&+ :(11 '(5 0,1,0$/( c1635(&+67520 1,&+7 0(+5 =8*()@+57 Stützplatten 1 Kontakte 2 3

Kontaktfedern Isolierplatte Achse

Joch

Achsenanker

Lötstifte Relaisspule

Trennstift Rundeisenkern

c%%P UPVZ u.,==( (,1(6 t(/$,6N :,( (6 )5@+(5 ,1 9,(/(1 x$5,$17(1 =85 u&+$/781* 921 v(/()21O 9(5%,1'81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :85'(P

UPX o$*1(7(

SX[

:,5'] '$6 ,67 =P dP 0?*/,&+ '85&+ (,1(1 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5(,6N '(5 '$)@5 625*7N '$66 '(5 c5%(,76.217$.7 1$&+ u&+/,(M81* NN./(%(1 %/(,%7DDN $%(5 =8 6&+:$&+ ,67N 80 '$6 t(/$,6 $86 '(5 25(1(1 t8+(67(//81* =8 %5,1*(1P u,&+(581*6$8720$7(1 6,1' 6(/%67+$/7(1'( u&+@7=(N ',( %(, %(567520 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6 817(5%5(&+(1 81' '85&+ 0$18(//( d(7>7,*81* (,1(6 u&+$/7(56 :,('(5 ,1 ',( c86*$1*667(//81* =85@&.*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P u&+5,7702725(1P k0 d$8 >+1(/1 9,(/( u&+5,7702725(1 J67(33,1* 027256K '(1 63>7(5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPVPU %(+$1'(/7(1 f5(+67520Ou+1( $1N :(,/ '$0,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,O '(567$1' '(6 m5(,6(6 J',( t(/8.7$1=K 0,1,0,(57 :,5'P f,( t,&+781* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 81' ',( u75205,&+781* ,1 '(5 u7$725:,&./81* 6,1' %(,0 t(/8.7$1=02725 %(/$1*/26P c%%P UPV[$ =(,*7 ',( t272567(//81* 1$&+ d(6752081* '(5 r+$6( S] :,5' $/6 1>&+67(6 ',( r+$6( T %(675207N (5)2/*7 (,1 u&+5,77 ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11P f,( |$+/ '(5 u&+5,77( 352 w0/$8) (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 r52'8.7 921 r+$6(1=$+/ J+,(5 UK 81' |>+1(=$+/ J+,(5 VKP f(5 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( t2725 +$7 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 (5 0,7 9,(/(1 |>+1(1 *(%$87 :(5'(1 .$11N $%(5 '(1 p$&+7(,/N '$66 ,0 67520/26(1 |867$1' .(,1 u(/%67+$/7(020(17 (;,67,(57P f,(6(5 p$&+7(,/ :,5' %(, 3(50$1(17 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 t2O 725(1 9(50,('(1P f(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7Ou&+5,7702725 ,67 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P UPV[% *(=(,*7 0,7 =:(, r+$6(1 JS2SA 81' T2TAK 81' 6(&+6 t2725Oo$*1(732/(N ',( ',( t2//( '(5 |>+1( @%(51(+0(1] $8&+ ,1 ',(6(0 d(,63,(/ ,67 ',( u&+5,77=$+/ 352 w0/$8) */(,&+ STP h@5 u&+5,77( ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11 6,1' ',( u7$7253+$6(1 62 =8 %(67520(1N '$66 p25'Bu@'

1

1 2

3 2' 2

3 (a)

1

(b)

S N

N S

S N

2

1'

c%%P UPV[ r5,1=,3 '(6 u&+5,77027256\ J$K t(/8.7$1=Ou&+5,7702725N J%K r(50$1(170$*1(7O u&+5,7702725P h@5 %(,'( d(,63,(/( ,67 ',( u&+5,77=$+/ 352 w0/$8) */(,&+ STP

SYR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

1$&+(,1$1'(5 '85&+ ',( )2/*(1'(1 u7$72532/( 5($/,6,(57 :,5'\ SA2S J*(=(,*7 ,1 c%%P UPV[%KN T2TAN S2SAN TA2TP f(5 x257(,/ (,1(5 +2+(1 |>+1(=$+/N :,( 6,( %(,0 t(/8.7$1=02725 0?*/,&+ ,67N 81' '(5 x257(,/ (,1(6 u(/%67+$/7(020(17(6N :,( (6 '(5 r(50$1(170$*1(702725 %(O 6,7=7N :(5'(1 %(,0 j&+(P f,( t2725=>+1( 5,&+7(1 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1N '85&+ d(6752081* 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$725=>+1(1 $86P o,7 j/)7(1P c%O *(%,/'(7 ,67 185 -( (,1 u7$7256(*0(17 352 r+$6( 81' (,1 ./(,1(5 c866&+1,77 $86 '(5 t27256&+(,%(P o,7 (,1(5 u7$725%(6752081*N ',( 1$&+(,1$1'(5 ',( ,1 c%%P UPWR$A' *(=(,*7(1 u7$72532/Oo$*1(7,6,(581*(1 +(592558)7N %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( u&+(,%( ,0 d,/' 1$&+ 5(&+76P

S N S

S N

N S

S N

N

N S

N S

S N

N S

N S

S N

N S

(b)

N N S

S N

N S

S N

S N S

N S

S (c)

N S

S

N (a)

S N

S N

N (d)

c%%P UPWR r5,1=,3 (,1(6 =:(,3+$6,*(1 u&+(,%(10$*1(7Ou&+5,77027256P i(=(,*7 ,67 -( (,1 u7$O 725(/(0(17 352 r+$6( 81' (,1 ./(,1(5 c866&+1,77 $86 '(5 t27256&+(,%(P

UPY f5(+638/Oo(66,167580(17(

SYS

UPY f5(+638/Oo(66,167580(17( f$6 6,1' (/(.75,6&+( o(66,167580(17(N ',( '$6 r5,1=,3 (,1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 v256,216O :$$*( $86187=(1\ f$6 f5(+020(17N '$6 (,1( '5(+%$5( 67520'85&+9266(1( u38/( ,1 (,1(0 67$5.(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' (5)>+57N '5(+7 ',( u38/( %,6 '$6 5@&.75(,%(1'( f5(+020(17 '(5 v256,216$125'181* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+ ,67P f,(6( 0$*1(72O0(O &+$1,6&+(1 k167580(17( :85'(1 :(,7*(+(1' '85&+ (/(.7521,6&+( o(66,167580(17( 2+1( %(:(*/,&+( v(,/( (56(7=7P y(,/ $%(5 '$6 ,+1(1 =8*581'(/,(*(1'( 3+1*(%$1'(6 (17*(*(1P f$6 |(,*(5,167580(17 '(5 c%%P UPWS +$7 =:(, u3,5$/)('(51N ',( $8&+ '(5 u7520=8)8+5 ',(1(1P f(5 r(50$1(17O 0$*1(7 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 y(5.6725 +2+(5 m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.(P y(&+6(/675200(6681* 0,7 f5(+638/,167580(17(1P f$ ',( c1=(,*( ',(6(5 k167580(17( 921 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 u75209866(6 $%+>1*,* ,67N :@5'( ',( p$'(/ %(, 6(+5 1,('5,*(5 h5(48(1= +,1O 81' +(56&+:,1*(1] %(, WR j= .$11 6,( ,1)2/*( ,+5(5 v5>*+(,7 '(0 u7520 1,&+7 )2/*(1 81' =(,*7 '(6+$/% '(1 o,77(/:(57 k 3 R $1P w0 y(&+6(/675?0( 0(66(1 =8 .?11(1N 0866 925+(5 (,1( i/(,&+5,&+781* Jc%6&+1P VPUPWK (5)2/*(1P d(, WR j= 67?57 ',( t(67:(//,*.(,7 '(6 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 y(&+6(/675206 1,&+7] '$6 f5(+O 638/6*(N 80 '(1 u7520>1'(581*(1 =8 )2/*(1N 81' =(,*7 '(6+$/% '(1 o,77(/:(57 '(6 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 u7520(6 $1P f$ '(5 o,77(/:(57 (,1(5 */(,&+*(5,&+O

c%%P UPWS

f5(+638/O|(,*(5,167580(17P

SYT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

7(7(1 u,186)81.7,21 ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 g5(.7,9:(57 ,67N 0866 )@5 y(&+6(/67520Og5(.O 7,9:(57( (,1( 921 '(5 i/(,&+675206.$/$ $%:(,&+(1'(N $%(5 (%(1)$//6 /,1($5( u.$/(1O 7(,/81* $1*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1\ k()) 3 J@B|ZK k0,77(/ k()) 3 SPSS k0,77(/P

JUPSTSK

f,(6( h250(/ *,/7 185 )@5 6,186)?50,*(1 y(&+6(/67520P u3$1181*60(6681* 0,7 f5(+638/,167580(17(1P q%:2+/ ',( c1=(,*( 921 f5(+638/O ,167580(17(1 '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 +(5925*(58)(1 :,5'N /$66(1 6,( 6,&+ $8&+ =85 o(6681* 921 u3$1181*(1 9(5:(1'(1P p$&+ '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= 6,1' u3$1181* 81' u752067>5.( =8(,1$1'(5 3523257,21$/P o$1 %5$8&+7 $/62 185 0,7 '(0 y,'(567$1' '(5 u38/( =8 08/7,3/,=,(5(1N :(11 0$1 $86 '(5 u75200(6681* (,1( u3$1181*60(6681* 0$&+(1 :,//P f$ '(5 k11(1:,'(567$1' '(5 f5(+638/( .2167$17 ,67N .$11 ',( u.$/$ $8&+ ,1 x2/7 *((,&+7 :(5'(1P o$1 %(925=8*7 f5(+638/(1 0,7 +2+(0 k11(1:,'(567$1'N 'P +P $86 '@11(0 f5$+7 0,7 9,(/(1 y,&./81*(1P j$7 ',( f5(+638/( -('2&+ (,1(1 ./(,1(1 y,'(567$1'N '$11 :,5' (,1 x25:,'(567$1' ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7P f85&+ 9(56&+,('(1( x256&+$/7:,'(567>1'( .$11 0$1 (,1 k167580(17 )@5 0(+5(5( d(5(,&+( 806&+$/7%$5 0$&+(1P g%(162 .$11 0$1 '85&+ y,'(567>1'( 3$5$//(/ =85 o(66638/( '(1 u7520Oo(66%(5(,&+ (5:(,7(51P u2 (17+$/7(1 ',( .>89,&+(1 w1,9(5O 6$/0(66,167580(17(N ,1 (,1(0 i(+>86( (,1*(%$87N y,'(567>1'( =85 g5:(,7(581* '(5 u7520O81' u3$1181*6%(5(,&+( 1(%(1 '(0 (,*(17/,&+(1 o(66,167580(17P w1' =85 o(6681* 921 y(&+6(/67520 %(71'(7 6,&+ $8&+ (,1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 '$5,1N '(5 y(&+O 6(/67520 ,1 i/(,&+67520 80:$1'(/1 .$11P c8) '(5 2%(5(1 u(,7( '(6 i(+>86(6 6,(+7 0$1 185 ',( c16&+/866./(00(1N 0(+5(5( .5(,6%2*(1)?50,*( u.$/(1 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 817(5 i/$6 81' (,1 2'(5 0(+5(5( u&+$/7(5 =80 g,167(//(1 $8) '(1 *(:@16&+7(1 o(66O %(5(,&+P u3,(*(/*$/9$120(7(5P f,(6(6 (/(.752O0(&+$1,6&+( y81'(5:(5. :$5 )@5 (7:$ SRR l$+O 5( '$6 NNc5%(,763)(5'DD '(5 g;3(5,0(17$/3+1*7P q%:2+/ +(87,*( r+7( 1(+0(1 (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* $8)N :(,/ ',( u38O /(1 (,1(1 819(50(,'/,&+(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' +$%(1P u2/$1*( ',(6(5 n(,6781*6O %('$5) '(6 k167580(176 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 ,67 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 62167 ,0 p(7=:(5. 80*(6(7=7(1 n(,6781*N .$11 0$1 '$6 k167580(17 )@5 (,1( 0,1,0$/( x(5)>/6&+81* '(5 u7520O 81' u3$1181*69(57(,/81* ,0 p(7=:(5. $86/(*(1P f$6 +(,M7N 0$1 %$87 c03(5(0(7(5 0,7 :(1,*(1 y,1'81*(1 $86 ',&.(0 f5$+7N 80 '(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' 81' '$0,7 '(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// $0 k167580(17 ./(,1 =8 +$/7(1] x2/70(7(5 %$87 0$1 0,7 9,(/(1 y,1'81*(1 $86 '@11(0 f5$+7N 80 '(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' 0?*/,&+67 *52M 81' '$0,7 ',( u7520$8)1$+0( '(6 k167580(176 ./(,1 =8 0$&+(1P i$1= $1'(56 :$5(1 ',( %(5/(*81*(1 %(,0 i$/9$120(7(5P j,(5 :2//7( 0$1 ',( *5?M70?*/,&+( g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(6 k167580(176 (55(,&+(1N 81' '$=8 08667( 0$1 '$)@5 625*(1N '$66 ',( 920 k167580(17 %(1?7,*7( n(,6781* @%(5+$837 +,1(,1 *(/$1*(1 .2117(P y(,/ '$6 (,1 c13$6681*6352%/(0 921 *(1(5(//(5 d('(8781* ,67N 62// (6 +,(5 925*(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1\ g,1( u3$1181*648(//( 0,7 k11(1:,'(567$1' ts 81' '(5 n((5O /$8)63$1181* wR /,()(57 (,1( 920 u7520 k $%+>1*,*( m/(00(163$1181* wN ',( '(1 u7520 '85&+ '$6 i$/9$120(7(5 0,7 '(0 k11(1:,'(567$1' ti 75(,%7\ R

2'(5

w 3 wR 2ts 6 k 3 ti 6 kN

wR 3 Jts 1tiK kP

JUPSTRK

f$0,7 />667 6,&+ ',( 920 i$/9$120(7(5 $8)*(1200(1( n(,6781* :,( )2/*7 6&+5(,%(1\ ri 3 ti kT ri 3 wRT ti Jts 1tiK2TP

JUPSTSK

o,7 921 p8// =81(+0(1'(0 ti :>&+67 ri =81>&+67 /,1($5 $1N 62/$1*( ti * ts ,67P h@5 ti + ts :,5' ri 3523257,21$/ =8 SBti 81' *(+7 1$&+ 18//P w0 '$6 o$O ;,080 )@5 ri =8 71'(1N %,/'(1 :,5 $86 i/P JUPSTSK ',( c%/(,781* 'riB'ti 81' %(67,00(1 '(5(1 p8//67(//(P f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ ri 3 o$;,080 )@5 ti 3 tsP

JUPSTTK

SYV

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

o$1 08667( $/62 %(, '(5 c86:$+/ '(6 i$/9$120(7(56 62:(,7 :,( 0?*/,&+ $8) y,'(567$1'6$13$6681* $1 ',( s8(//( $&+7(1P y$5 '(5 6(+5 ./(,1( u7520 921 (,1(5 s8(//( 0,7 6(+5 +2+(0 k11(1:,'(567$1' =8 0(66(1 Jd(,63,(/\ u7520 (,1(6 g/(.752O 1(1675$+/6KN '$11 :>+/7( 0$1 $/6 NN67520(0371'/,&+(6 i$/9$120(7(5DD '$6 k16758O 0(17 0,7 '(1 0(,67(1 y,1'81*(1 81' '(0 +?&+670?*/,&+(1 k11(1:,'(567$1'P y$5 '$*(*(1 ',( 6(+5 ./(,1( u3$1181* (,1(5 s8(//( 0,7 *$1= *(5,1*(0 k11(1:,'(567$1' =8 0(66(1 Jd(,63,(/\ v+(50263$1181*(1 921 o(7$//(1KN '$11 08667( '$6 NN63$1O 181*6(0371'/,&+( i$/9$120(7(5DD '(1 ./(,1670?*/,&+(1 k11(1:,'(567$1'N 'P +P :(O 1,* y,1'81*(1 (,1(6 5(/$7,9 ',&.(1 f5$+7(6 +$%(1P n(,6781*6$8)1$+0( '(5 i$/9$120(7(5P f,( n(,6781*6$8)1$+0( )@5 (,1( i$/9$120(O 7(5Oo(6681* $1 '(5 p$&+:(,6*5(1=( %(5(&+1(7 6,&+ :,( )2/*7\ T riN0,1 3 k0,1 ti T 3 w0,1 BtiP

JUPSTUK

d(=2*(1 $8) '(1 o,1,0$/$866&+/$* (,1(6 S 0 /$1*(1 n,&+7=(,*(56 921 S 00N /$* ',( p$&+:(,6*5(1=( )@5 u7520 %(, (7:$ SR2SR c Jti 3 ZRR /K 81' )@5 u3$1181* %(, SR2Y x Jti 3 ST /KP f$5$86 (5*(%(1 6,&+ 0,1,0$/( n(,6781*6$8)1$+0(1 921 &$P SR2SY %=:P SR2SW y %(, u7520O 81' u3$1181*60(6681*(1P f,(6( +?&+67(0371'/,O &+(1 i$/9$120(7(5 %(1?7,*7(1 *87( 0$*1(7,6&+( c%6&+,5081* 81' (56&+@77(581*6O )5(,( c8)67(//81*P t2%867(5(N :(1,*(5 (0371'/,&+( u3,(*(/*$/9$120(7(5 +$77(1 n(,6O 781*6$8)1$+0(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 SR2SR %,6 SR2SU yP i$/9$120(7(5 :$5(1 =:$5 6(+5 (0371'/,&+( $%(5 1,&+7 %(621'(56 *(1$8( k16758O 0(17( Jc%/(6()(+/(5 921 S %,6 T@KP h@5 6(+5 *(1$8( o(6681*(1 :85'(1 6,( '$+(5 0?*/,&+67 $/6 p8//,167580(17(N =P dP ,1 d5@&.(16&+$/781*(1N (,1*(6(7=7P f03)7( u&+:,1*81*] ',( t8+(326,7,21 ,67 '(5 p8//381.7 bRP f,( f>03)81* '(6 6&+:,1*81*6)>+,*(1 u1O '(1 =80 i$/9$120(7(5Ok11(1:,'(567$1' ti />667 6,&+ '(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 u38/(1O 67520.5(,6(6 tm 81' '$0,7 $8&+ ',( f>03)81* '(6 u03)81* Ju&+:,1*)$//N $3(5,2',6&+(5 i5(1=)$//N m5,(&+)$//KP

Jc%%P UPWUKP o$;,0$/( f>03)81* Jtm 3 tiKN (5:@16&+7 )@5 '(1 k167580(17(1O v5$163257N (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 '(0 m85=6&+/866 '(5 i$/9$120(7(5Om/(00(1P d$//,67,6&+(6 i$/9$120(7(5P k1 ',(6(5 h81.7,21 :85'( '$6 k167580(17 =85 o(6681* 921 ./(,1(1 n$'81*60(1*(1 Ju752067?M(1K 9(5:(1'(7P y(11 ',( |(,7 '(6 u7520O 9866(6 ./(,1 ,67 *(*(1 ',( c1635(&+=(,7 J|(,7.2167$17(K '(6 o(66,167580(17(6N '$11 ,67 ',( NNt($.7,21DD '(6 k167580(17(6 (,1 o$M )@5 '$6 |(,7,17(*5$/ @%(5 '(1 u7520N $/62 )@5 ',( ,16*(6$07 *(9266(1( n$'81*P |85 o(6681* 62/&+(5 u752067?M( %(187=7( 0$1 925=8*6:(,6( (,1 .5,7,6&+ *('>03)7(6 i$/9$120(7(5 81' %(2%$&+7(7 '(1 w0O .(+5381.7 '(5 $3(5,2',6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*P |85 g,&+81* %(187=7( 0$1 u752067?M( 921 m21'(16$725Og17/$'81*(1P m5,(&+*$/9$120(7(5P f$6 ,67 (,1 k167580(17 2+1( t@&.67(//Of5(+020(17 Jt,&+702O 0(17KP u7$77 v256,216)$'(1Oc8)+>1*81* '(5 f5(+638/( %(6,7=7 (,1 62/&+(6 k16758O 0(17 u3,7=(1/$*(581*] i2/'675(,)(1 ',(1(1 $/6 1,&+7O)('(51'( u7520=8)@+581*P q+O 1( t,&+7020(17 *,%7 (6 .(,1(1 '(71,(57(1 p8//381.7P %(575$*(1(5 f5(+,038/6 81' f>03)81* %(67,00(1N :,( :(,7 ',( k167580(17(1Oc1=(,*( $8) '(5 u.$/$ '85&+ '(1 u7520672M 925=(,&+(1*(5(&+7 1$&+ 5(&+76 2'(5 /,1.6 9(56(7=7 :,5'P f85&+ *(=,(/7( j,/)66752067?M( .$11 ',( c1=(,*( 925 '(5 1>&+67(1 u7520672MOo(6681* =8 (,1(0 %(/,(%,* :>+/%$5(1 c86*$1*6381.7 *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1P f$6 k167580(17 /,(M 6,&+ 1,&+7 185 =85 o(6681* 921 u752067?M(1 9(5:(1'(1N 621'(51 *(1$862*87 =85 o(6681* 921 u3$1181*667?M(1N :,( 6,( ,1)2/*( '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 k1'8.7,21 %(, }1O '(581*(1 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/@66( $8)75(7(1 Jm$3P VKP f(6+$/% :85'( '$6 m5,(&+*$/9$O 120(7(5 $8&+ h/8660(66(5 *(1$117P o(6681* 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+(5 x25*>1*(P w0 =8 =(,*(1N :,( 925 '(5 g,1)@+581* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/Oq6=,//2*5$3+(1 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+( x25*>1*( 817(568&+7 :85'(1N :,5' .85= $8&+ '(5 u&+/(,)(126=,//2*5$3+ 925*(67(//7N (,1 k167580(17N '$6 )5@+(5 ,1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. (,1( 6(+5 *52M( t2//( 63,(/7(P |:(, '@11( f5>+7( %(71'(1 6,&+ ,0 h(/' '(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 Jc%%P UPWVKP f(5 u7520 9,(M7 ,1 %(,'(1 f5>+7(1 ,1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 t,&+781*P f$'85&+ :,5' (,1 ./(,1(5 u3,(*(/N '(5 =:,6&+(1 %(,'(1 f5>+7(1 $1*(./(%7 ,67N (17635(&+(1' '(5 u752067>5.( *(.,337N :(,/ ',( d(:(*81*65,&+781* '(5 f5>+7( :(*(1 '(5 (17*(*(1O

SYX

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

L

Optik

c%%P UPWV u&+/(,)(126=,//2*5$3+N (,1*(6(7=7 =86$00(1 0,7 (,1(0 f5(+63,(*(/ =85 t(*,675,(O 581* 6&+1(//(5 u7520>1'(581*(1P

*(6(7=7(1 u75205,&+781* $8&+ (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 ,67P f,(6( c125'181* +$7 (,1 9,(/ ./(,1(5(6 v5>*+(,76020(17 $/6 ',( u38/( (,1(6 i$/9$120(7(56] '(6+$/% .?11(1 '$0,7 =(,7/,&+ 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+( u75?0( 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1P f,( c%%P UPWV =(,*7 $8&+N :,( 0$1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 527,(5(1'(1 f5(+63,(*(/6 (,1 67(+(1'(6 d,/' (,1(5 u,186.859( J=P dP 921 y(&+6(/67520K (5+$/7(1 .$11P

UPZ k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ U UPZPS n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 i(:,77(5 B d/,7=6&+87= 6P c%6&+1P SRPWPS i$/9$1,6&+( g/(0(17( B g/(.752&+(0,( 6P c%6&+1P STPWPS d$6,6(,1+(,7 c03(5(P pkuv J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 0 r52'8&76 $1' u(59,&(6\ NNe2167$176N w1,76 H w1&(57$,17&+( Jd(75$*K k1'8.7,216)$.725 921 u38/(1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 x(.725327(17,$/ J,1 n,7(5$785 4N +,(5 40K y,1'81*69>&+( (,1(5 u38/( J',( y,&./81*6=$+/ p ,67 $/6 h$.725 (17+$/7(1K 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( d/,1'/(,7:(57 m$3$=,7>7 J*52M(5K f85&+0(66(5 J./(,1(5K f85&+0(66(5N f,67$1=N c%67$1' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( m5$)7 h5(48(1= m255(.785)81.7,21 y,5./(,7:(57 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* u7520J67>5.(KN $//*(0(,1] u7520Og5(.7,9:(57N :(11 .(,1( x(5:(&+6/81* 0,7 i/(,&+67520 =8 %()@5&+7(1 ,67P u7520Og5(.7,9:(57 u7520O|(,*(5 ,1 '(5 .203/(;(1 g%(1( y(&+6(/67520Oc8*(1%/,&.6:(57 y(&+6(/67520Ou&+(,7(/:(57 u7520',&+7( r523257,21$/,7>76)$.725 k1'8.7,9,7>7 J*(5,&+7(7(K n>1*(N f,5(5(17,$/ 'T n>1*( o$*1(7,6,(581* c1=$+/N y,1'81*6=$+/ f5(+=$+/ J352 o,187(K n(,6781* n$'81* J./(,1(K n$'81*N v(,/&+(1/$'81*N r52%(/$'81* Jy,5.OKy,'(567$1' q5769(.725N t$',869(.725

SZR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

i5?M(161'(581* (I Ji/P JVPWWKKN 81' ',( h/866>1'(581* %(67(+7 ,1 '(5 t(*(/ $86 (,1(5

i+2 ds i

i +1

Ai

i

c%%P VPS[ k'($/,6,(581* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181*60(66(56 =80 x(567>1'1,6 6(,1(5 y,5.81*6:(,6( Jg5/>87(581*(1 ,0 v(;7KP

VPT k1'8.7,9,7>7

TRY

}1'(581* 921 I 1$&+ RN $/62 8(I8 3 IP f(5 h/866 ,67 ',( u800( '(5 921 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 y,1'81*(1 806&+/266(1(1 h/@66(\ p

I 3 s I, ,3S p

I 3 s 5, 6 4,P

JVPXVK

,3S

l(7=7 '(71,(5(1 :,5 (,1(1 x(.725 (`,N '(5 ',(6(/%( t,&+781* :,( 4, +$7N $%(5 ',( n>1*( (6 3 sBp %(6,7=7P f$0,7 />667 6,&+ i/P JVPXVK :,( )2/*7 806&+5(,%(1 81' ',( u800( '85&+ (,1 k17(*5$/ $%/?6(1\ p

I 3 Jc pBsK s 5, 6 (`, ,3S

gT

I S Jc pBsK g gS 5 6 '`P

JVPXWK

p,007 0$1 12&+ '(1 h$.725 ,R $86 '(0 k17(*5$/ +(5$86N '$11 :,5' (56,&+7/,&+N '$66 '(5 i(6$079866 I 3523257,21$/ =85 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 u38O /(1Og1'(1 gS 81' gT ,67\ gT

(I 3 J,R c pBsK g gS ; 6 '` 81'

3 J,R c pBsK w0$*NST

(I 3 &r52%( (w0$*NSTP

JVPXXK

f(5 r523257,21$/,7>76)$.725 &r52%( N '(5 $8&+ ',( 1,&+7 6(+5 *(1$8 0(66%$5( h/>&+( c (17+>/7N :,5' $0 %(67(1 '85&+ g,&+81* %(67,007N ,1'(0 0$1 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181*60(66(5 80 (,1(1 n(,7(567520 +(580 =8 (,1(0 m5(,6 6&+/,(M7 Jc%%P VPTRKP f,( u7520>1'(581* (k (17635,&+7 (,1(5 }1'(581* '(5 J(%(1)$//6 ,1 c03(5( *(0(6O 6(1(1K 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181* 921 (w0$* 3 p (kN

JVPXYK

:2%(, +,(5 p ',( |$+/ '(5 y,1'81*(1 '(6 n(,7(5675206 80 '(1 u3$1181*60(66(5 Jp 3 X ,1 c%%P VPTR$K 2'(5 ',( '(6 u3$1181*60(66(56 80 '(1 n(,7(567520 Jp 3 T ,1 c%%P VPTR%K ,67P I

I (a)

(b)

c%%P VPTR g,&+81* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181*60(66(56P w06&+/,1*81*6)$.725 p 3 X ,0 h$// J$KN p 3 T ,0 h$// J%KP

TRZ

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

w0 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181* $1 f$8(50$*1(7(1N =P dP $1 v5(,%(51 )@5 0$*1(O 7,6&+( m5(,6( =8 0(66(1N %5$8&+7 0$1 ',( g1'(1 gS 81' gT '(5 u38/( 185 $1 p25'O 81' u@'32/ =8 /(*(1 81' '$11 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3$1181*60(66(5 6&+1(// =8 (17O )(51(1N '$0,7 (,1 u3$1181*6672M (1767(+7N '(5 '(87/,&+ .@5=(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 u72M$86O 6&+/$* '(6 %$//,67,6&+(1 i$/9$120(7(56P o$1 .$11 *(1$862 *87 '(1 u3$1181*60(6O 6(5 )(67 0217,(57 /,(*(1 /$66(1 81' '(1 f$8(50$*1(7(1 6&+1(// (17)(51(1P k1 c%6&+1P UPVPS +$77(1 :,5 '$6 c03(F 5(Oi(6(7= 185 )@5 *(5$'( n(,7(5 ',6.87,(57 81' '(1 d(:(,6 )@5 %(/,(%,* *()2507( n(,7(5$125'181*(1 25(1*(/$66(1P f(5 0$*O 1(7,6&+( u3$1181*60(66(5 ,67 ',( *((,*1(7( c125'181*N 80 =8 '(021675,(5(1N '$66 185 ',( u800( '(5 806&+/266(1(1 u75?0(N 1,&+7 $%(5 ',( h250 '(5 n(,781*6)@+581* ,1 '$6 t$1'.859(1Ok17(*5$/ g 5 6 '` 3 ,R g ; 6 '`

JVPXZK

(,1*(+7P y(11 0$1 '(1 80 (,1(1 n(,7(567520 k +(580*(/(*7(1 *(6&+/266(1(1 u3$1O 181*60(66(5 J9(5%81'(1 0,7 (,1(0 (0371'/,&+(1 k167580(17K ,1 6(,1(5 r26,7,21 %(/>667N $%(5 '(1 u7520/(,7(5 %(, .2167$17(0 u7520 %(/,(%,* ,1 h250 81' n$*( >1'(57N :,5' ,1 '(5 u38/( .(,1( u3$1181* ,1'8=,(57P f$6 +(,M7N ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181*N ',( '(0 k17(*5$/ 921 i/P JVPXZK 3523257,21$/ ,67N %/(,%7 .2167$17P

VPTPW y,5%(/675?0( d,6+(5 :85'(1 185 u7520.5(,6( 0,7 '5$+7)?50,*(1 JNN/,1($5(1DDK n(,7(51 %(75$&+7(7P f,( ,0 m5(,6 J2'(5 ,1 (,1(0 v(,/ '$921K ,1'8=,(57( u3$1181* 9(5856$&+7( (,1(1 0(66%$5(1 u75209866 '85&+ '(1 m5(,6P o(,67 :$5 '$%(, ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( t@&.:,5O .81* '(6 k1'8.7,21667520(6 $8) ',( w56$&+( '(5 k1'8.7,21 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1P c1'(56 ,67 (6N :(11 6,&+ (,1 *52M9>&+,*(5 0$66,9(5 o(7$//.?53(5 '257 %(71'(7N :2 (/(.75,6&+( k1'8.7,216)(/'(5 (5=(8*7 :(5'(1P g6 .?11(1 '$%(, ,0 o(7$//.?53(5 +2+( m85=6&+/866675?0( 0,7 0(5./,&+(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 t@&.:,5.81*(1 $8)75(7(1P f$6 6,1' ',( y,5%(/675?0( J(''< &855(176KP u,( (5=(8*(1 $8&+ l28/(I6&+( y>50(P f,(6( y>50(:,5.81* +$7 =8(567 nP h28&$8/7 JSZWWK 1$&+*(:,(6(1N :(6+$/% ,1 '(5 )5@+(1 n,7(5$785 ',( y,5%(/675?0( +>87* $/6 h28&$8/7Ou75?0( %(=(,&+1(7 :85'(1P y,( %(, '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 k1'8.7,2163+>120(1(1 ,67 $8&+ +,(5 =:,6&+(1 %(:(*O 7(1 o(7$//(1 ,1 (,1(0 67$7,6&+(1 o$*1(7)(/' J2'(5 80*(.(+57K 81' o(7$//(1 ,1 =(,7O /,&+ 9(5>1'(5/,&+(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 =8 817(56&+(,'(1P c%%P VPTS =(,*7 (,1( 527,(5(1'( m83)(56&+(,%(N ',( =80 v(,/ 921 (,1(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' '85&+6(7=7 :,5'P f,( '85&+ ',( u&+(,%(1527$7,21 0,7%(:(*7(1 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 '(6 m83)(56 (5)$+5(1 ,0 o$*O

S

B

c%%P VPTS y,5%(/67520%$+1(1 ,1 (,1(5 52O 7,(5(1'(1 m83)(56&+(,%( uN ',( 3$57,(// 921 (,1(0 o$*1(7)(/' d '85&+6(7=7 :,5'P

VPT k1'8.7,9,7>7

TR[

1(7)(/' (,1( n25(17=Om5$)7 ,1 5$',$/(5 t,&+781*P f,( (/(.75,6&+( k1'8.7,216)(/'67>5.( ,67 185 ,0 6&+5$5,(57(1 d(5(,&+ '(5 c%%P VPTS 9(56&+,('(1 921 18// 81' '257 352O 3257,21$/ =85 g17)(5181* 921 '(5 f5(+$&+6(P f(5 1,&+7 6&+5$5,(57( d(5(,&+ '(5 m83)(56&+(,%( ,67 '(5 m85=6&+/866 ',(6(5 u3$1181*648(//(P g,1,*( u7520%$+1(1 6,1' ,1 '(5 c%%,/'81* (,1*(=(,&+1(7P p$&+ '(5 n(1=I6&+(1 t(*(/ ,67 =8 (5:$57(1N '$66 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( t@&.:,5.81* ',( u&+(,%(1527$7,21 +(007P f(5 */(,&+( g5(.7 ,67 %(,0 y$/7(1+2)(1I6&+(1 r(1'(/ :,5.6$0 Jc%%P VPTTKP f(5 $86 0$66,9(0 m83)(5%/(&+ %(67(+(1'( r(1'(/.?53(5 .$11 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r2/(1 (,1(6 1,&+7 (,1*(6&+$/7(7(1 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 +,1'85&+3(1'(/1P n>667 0$1 '$6 r(1'(/ $86 *52M(5 j?+( +(5$%6&+:,1*(1N 62'$66 (6 2+1( o$*1(7)(/' '85&+ ',( t8+(/$*( 0,7 *52M(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '85&+*(+(1 :@5'(N .2007 (6 %(, (,1*(6&+$/7(7(0 o$*1(7O )(/' ,1 ',(6(0 )$67 $8*(1%/,&./,&+ =85 t8+(P d(:(*7 0$1 %(, (,1*(6&+$/7(7(0 h(/' '$6 r(1'(/ +,1 81' +(5N 62 63@57 0$1 (,1(1 y,'(567$1'N $/6 2% (6 6,&+ ,1 (,1(5 =>+(1 h/@66,*.(,7 %(:(*7(P f$6 ,67 ',( +>87* %(187=7( v(&+1,. '(5 y,5%(/67520O %5(06( J(''*(6&+/,7=(1 9(56(+(1(6 d/(&+ Jc%%P VPTT%KN '$11 ,67 ',( %5(06(1'( y,5.81* 67$5. 5('8=,(57P

(b)

(a)

(c)

c%%P VPTT |85 y,5%(/67520%5(06(\ J$K y$/7(1+2)(1I6&+(6 r(1'(/N J%K r(1'(/.?53(5 0,7 u>O *(6&+/,7=(1 =85 t('8=,(581* '(5 y,5%(/675?0(N J&K f>03)81* (,1(6 |(,*(5,167580(17(6 J6&+(O 0$7,6&+KP

f,( =:,6&+(1 y,5%(/675?0(1 81' '(1 (5=(8*(1'(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 :,5.(1'(1 m5>)7( :85'(1 921 fPhP c5$*2 6&+21 SZTWN $/62 (,1,*( l$+5( 925 g17'(&.81* '(5 k1'8.7,21 JCK *()81'(1P c5$*2 '(87(7( 6,( $/6 y,5.81* (,1(6 NNt27$7,2160$*1(7,6O 086DD] ',( 5,&+7,*( g5./>581* *$% 63>7(5 h$5$'$
5081* '(6 t2+5(6 62 67$5. ,67N '$66 '(5 f58&. '(6 *(%,/'(7(1 y$66(5'$03O )(6 (,1(1 m25.(1 +(5$866&+/(8'(57P k1 '(5 y(&+6(/675207(&+1,. :(5'(1 9,(/( o(7$//7(,/( 921 o$6&+,1(1 81' i(5>7(1 67>1',*(5 w00$*1(7,6,(581* $86*(6(7=7P f,( w17(57(,/81* '(6 0$66,9(1 n(,7(56N ',( 6,&+ 6&+21 %(, '(0 y$/7(1+2)(1I6&+(1 r(1'(/.?53(5 0,7 u>*(6&+/,7=(1 J6,(+( c%%P VPTT%K %(:>+57 +$7N :,5' %(187=7N 80 ',( c86%,/'81* *52M9>&+,*(5 y,5%(/O 675?0( (,1=86&+5>1.(1 81' 62 ',( y,5%(/675209(5/867( ./(,1 =8 +$/7(1P u2 :(5'(1 =P dP ',( g,6(1.(51( 921 v5$16)250$725(1 /$0(//,(57 J/$0(//$7('KN 'P +P $86 (,1=(/1(1 d/(&+(1 =86$00(1*(6(7=7N ',( 0$1 '85&+ n$&.@%(5=@*(N '@11( q;,'6&+,&+7(1 2'(5 '85&+ |:,6&+(1/$*(1 '@11(5 r$3,(56&+,&+7(1 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 ,62/,(57P c&+781*\ f,( n$0(//,(581* J/$0(//$7,21K (5)@//7 185 '$11 ,+5(1 |:(&.N :(11 ',( n$0(//(19>&+(1 J3/$1(6 2) /$0(//$(K 6(1.5(&+7 =8 '(1 (5:$57(7(1 y,5%(/675?0(1 /,(*(1P f$ ',( w00$*1(7,6,(581*69(5/867( 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1= '(6 y(&+6(/675206 $167(,O *(1N :(5'(1 )@5 j2&+)5(48(1=Ou38/(1 +2&+3(50($%/( m(51( $86 1,&+7/(,7(1'(5 h(5O 5,7Om(5$0,. Jc%6&+1P SVPTPYK 9(5:(1'(7P

VPTPX u38/(1 $/6 d$8(/(0(17( f$6 v252,'N $8&+ ',( v2586O 2'(5 t,1*638/( J7252,'] 7252,'$/ 25 NN'28*+187O6+$3('DD &2,/KN :,5' *(20(75,6&+ '85&+ '(1 NN*52M(1 f85&+0(66(5DD f 81' '(1 NN./(,1(1 f85&+O 0(66(5DD ' %(6&+5,(%(1 Jc%%P VPTVKP h@5 u38/(1 2+1( m(51 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7 $86 '(5 y,1'81*6*(20(75,(P q%(1 :$5 ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7 (,1(6 (,1/$*,*(1 v252,'6 0,7 v258648(56&+1,77 cN 0,77/(5(5 v2586/>1*( s 81' y,1'81*6=$+/ p +(5*(/(,7(7 :25'(1 Ji/P JVPUWKK\ nv252,' 3 ,R c p TBsP

JVPX[K

o,7 s 3 @fN c 3 @' TBV 81' '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'.2167$17( ,R G V@ 6 SR2Y x6c2S02S .$11 i/P JVPX[K $8) )2/*(1'( NN35$.7,6&+(DD h250 *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1\ nv252,'B1j . @ LJ' TBfKB&0b p TP

JVPYRK

Draht D

d

Isolierschicht Wickelkörper

(a)

(b)

c%%P VPTV t,1*638/( 2'(5 v252,'\ J$K i52M(5 f85&+0(66(5 Jc8)6,&+7KN J%K ./(,1(5 f85&+0(6O 6(5 Ju&+1,77 $1 (,1(5 u7(//( '(6 t,1*(6N 9(5*5?M(57 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 J$KKP

TST

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

l

d

l

d

(a)

a

(b)

c%%P VPTW i(675(&.7( n(,781*667@&.( '(5 n>1*( s\ J$K g,1=(//(,781*N J%K f233(//(,781* ,0 c%67$1' $P

q+1( j(5/(,781* *(%(1 :,5 12&+ ',( 7(&+1,6&+(1 p>+(581*6)250(/1 )@5 ',( k1O '8.7,9,7>7(1 921 n(,781*667@&.(1 $1 Jc%%P VPTWKP h@5 (,1 *(5$'(6 n(,781*667@&. 0,7 f85&+0(66(5 ' 81' '(5 n>1*( s + ' Jc%%P VPTW$K *,/7 )@5 $//( 'Oy(57( $/6 *52%( p>+(581* ng,1=(//(,781*B1j . JX2SRKsB&0P

JVPYSK

h@5 (,1 *(5$'(6 f233(//(,781*667@&. '(5 n>1*( s ,0 c%67$1' $ Jc%%P VPTW%K *,/7 nf233(//(,781*B1j . VJsB&0K 6 /1JT$B'K

JVPYTK

$/6 p>+(581* )@5 s + 'P h@5 (,1 u2/(12,' 0,7 '(0 y,&./81*6'85&+0(66(5 f 81' '(5 n>1*( s Jc%%P VPTXK *,/7 JVPYUK nu2/(12,'B1j 3 SRPU ).255 p T LJf TBsKB&0bN :2%(, ).255 (,1( 920 x(5+>/71,6 fBs $%+>1*,*( m255(.785)81.7,21 ,67N )@5 ',( ',( )2/*(1'( v$%(//( (,1,*( y(57( *,%7 J1$&+ p@+50$11K\ fBs \ ).255 \

RPS S

8 8

RPU RP[

8 8

RPW 8 RPZU 8

S RPY

8 8

U 8 RPUY 8

W 8 RPTY 8

SR RPSX

D

l

c%%P VPTX u2/(12,' 0,7 y,&./81*6'85&+O 0(66(5 f 81' y,1'81*6/>1*( sP

h@5 9,(/( 7(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 ,67 (6 :@16&+(16:(57N :(11 ',( d$8(/(0(17( '(0 k'($/ 1$+( .200(1P f(6+$/% 62//7( %(, (,1(5 u38/( '(5 81(5:@16&+7( $%(5 819(50(,'/,&+( 2+06&+( y,'(567$1' '(6 n(,7(56 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1 6(,1P w0*(.(+57 62//7( '$6 d$8(/(0(17 NNy,'(567$1'DD Jc%6&+1P UPTPTK 185 *(5,1*( k1'8.7,9,7>7 J81' *(5,1*( m$3$=,7>7K %(6,7=(1P f,( k1'8.7,9,7>7 921 y,'(567>1'(1 ,67 %(621'(56 352%O

VPT k1'8.7,9,7>7

(b)

(a)

c%%P VPTY

TSU

k1'8.7,216$50( y,&./81*6)250(1\ J$K %,7/$5N J%K *(*(1/>87*P

/(0$7,6&+ %(, '(1 f5$+7:,'(567>1'(1N ',( :,( u38/(1 $8) m(5$0,.5?+5&+(1 *(:,O &.(/7 6,1'P |85 j(5$%6(7=81* '(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 :(5'(1 %(621'(5( y,&./81*6)250(1 %(187=7 :,( ',( NN%,7/$5(DD 2'(5 ',( NN*(*(1/>87*(DD y,&./81* Jc%%P VPTYKP d(, '(1 %,6+(5 %(+$1'(/7(1 u38/(1 2+1( )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m(51 (5*$%(1 6,&+ ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 $86 63(=,(//(1 h250(/1N ',( $//( '(1 h$.725 p T (17+$/7(1P f,( $1'(5(1 h$.725(1 ,1 ',(6(1 h250(/1 :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( n(,7(5)250 %(67,007 2'(5N $1O '(56 $86*('5@&.7N '85&+ '(1 i5$' '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m233/81* '(5 n(,781*667@&.(P

Abgleichschraube

Bügel

Schalenkern

Spulenkörper

Schalenkern

Gewindehülse Isolierscheibe

Anschlussträger mit Lötanschlüssen

c%%P VPTZ d$8)250Od(,63,(/ )@5 (,1( u38/( 0,7 h(55,7Ou&+$/(1.(51 J1$&+ fP p@+50$11KP

TSV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

k0 h2/*(1'(1 :(5'(1 k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 0,7 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(0 m(51 %(+$1'(/7P f$O %(, %(6&+5>1.(1 :,5 816 $8) m217*85$7,21(1N %(, '(1(1 ',( J1$+(=8K 92//67>1',*( 0$*1(7,6&+( m233/81* $//(5 y,1'81*(1 *(:>+5/(,67(7 ,67N :(,/ '(5 m(51 (17:('(5 (,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 u38/( 6(+5 /$1*(5 u7$% 2'(5 (,1 '85&+ ',( u38/( +,1'85&+*(O +(1'(5N *(6&+/266(1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(5 m5(,6 2+1( 2'(5 0,7 (,1(0 ./(,1(1 n8)763$/7 ,67P o,7 '(5 c11$+0( 92//67>1',*(5 m233/81* '85&+ '(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m(51 *,/7 )@5 $//( u38/(1 ',( k1'8.7,9,7>76)250(/N ',( )@5 ',( v2586638/(N '(5 (,1=,*(1 n8)7O 638/( 0,7 92//67>1',*(5 m233/81* $//(5 y,1'81*(1N +(5*(/(,7(7 :25'(1 :$5 Ji/P JVPX[KKP f(5 )(5520$*1(7,6&+( m(51 :,5' '85&+ ',( 5(/$7,9( r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ ,5 $/6 =86>7=/,&+(5 h$.725 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7\ n 3 L,R ,5 cBsb p T n 3 cn 6 p TP

JVPYVK

c//( h$.725(1 $8M(5 p T :(5'(1 ,1 '(0 J63(=,76&+(1K k1'8.7,9,7>76)$.725 cn =86$0O 0(1*()$667N '(5 '85&+ ',( )2/*(1'( NN35$.7,6&+(DD h250(/ %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1 .$11\ cnB1j 3 V@ ,5 JcBsKB&0P

JVPYWK

o$1&+( u38/(1 +$%(1 0$*1(7,6&+( m5(,6( 0,7 n8)763$/7P f,(6(5 ,67 (17:('(5 .216O 758.7,9 819(50(,'/,&+ Jm/(%(63$/7K 2'(5 $%6,&+7/,&+ *(:>+/7 Ju&+(581* '(5 j+/7 185 12&+ ',( y,1'81*6=$+/N ',( $8) '(1 u38/(1.?53(5 $8)*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 62// Jc%%P VPTZKP c%6&+>7=81* '(5 i5?M(125'181* '(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7(1P f,( k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 921 u38/(1 2+1( m(51 /,(*(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 81*()>+5 NNSR 1j 0$/ p TDDN .200(1 $/62 0,7 y,1'81*6=$+/(1 921 p . SR2SRR ,1 '(1 d(5(,&+ 921 S %,6 SRR =jP i5?M(5( k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m(51(1P f,( k1'8.7,9,7>7 921 S j /,(*7 $0 2%(5(1 t$1' '(6 921 6(5,(10>M,*(1 d$8(/(0(17(1 @%(5'(&.7(1 d(5(,&+6P

VPU y(&+6(/67520 VPUPS f(71,7,21(1N g5=(8*81*N o(6681* k1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 *(+7 (6 80 1,('(5)5(48(17( y(&+6(/675?0( ,0 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ 527,(5(1'(5 o$6&+,1(1N ,16%(621'(5( 80 y(&+6(/67520 921 WR j=N :,( (5 ,0 ?5(17O /,&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 p(7= $1*(%27(1 :,5'P j2&+)5(48(17( y(&+6(/675?0( :(5'(1 $0 c1)$1* '(6 1>&+67(1 m$3,7(/6 %(+$1'(/7P u1.(1P i

i

0

t (a)

c%%P VPT[

T

î t

¢T (b)

T

|(,7/,&+(5 x(5/$8) 921 y(&+6(/675?0(1\ J$K 1,&+7O6,186)?50,*N J%K 6,186)?50,*P

u,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/675?0(P f$5817(5 9(567(+7 0$1 $//( m859(1)250(1 , J7KN ',( %(, *((,*1(7(5 y$+/ '(6 |(,7$&+6(1Op8//381.7(6 (,1( u,186.859( (5*(%(1 :@5'(1N '(5(1 p8//'85&+*$1* 921 J2K 1$&+ J1K $%(5 ,P cP 1,&+7 %(, 7 3 R 621'(51 %(, 7 3 2(v /,(*7 Jc%%P VPT[%KP u7$77 '(5 h5(48(1= ) 3 SBv 81' '(0 |(,7,17(59$/ (vN 80 '$6 ',( u,186.859( $8) '(5 |(,7$&+6( 9(56(7=7 ,67N :,5' )$67 $866&+/,(M/,&+ ',( m5(,6)5(48(1= J$1*8/$5 )5(48(1O &*(N 80 '(1 6&+1(//(1 w0.(+581*(1 '(6 y(&+O 6(/675206 )2/*(1 =8 .?11(1] '(0 =(,7/,&+(1 o,77(/:(57 NN18//DD (17635(&+(1' %/(,%7 '(5 |(,*(5 J0,7 ./(,1(1 g5=,77(581*(1K ,1 '(5 p8//$*( 67(+(1P c%(5 (,1 0(&+$1,6&+(6 o(66,167580(17N '(66(1 c866&+/$* 3523257,21$/ =80 s8$'5$7 '(6 u7520(6 ,67N 67(//7 6,&+ $8) '(1 921 18// 9(56&+,('(1(1 =(,7/,&+(1 o,7O 7(/:(57 920 s8$'5$7 '(6 u7520(6 (,1P g,1 o(66,167580(17N '(66(1 c1=(,*( 920 s8$'5$7 '(6 u7520(6 $%+>1*7N ,67 '$6 j,7='5$+7Oc03(5(0(7(5 Jc%%P UP[KP y85'( ',( u.$/$ =8925 0,7 i/(,&+67520 *((,&+7N '$11 =(,*7 '$6 k167580(17 '(1 62 *(1$117(1

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TSY

î2 i2

2 I eff

î T

t

c%%P VPUS |80 g5(.7,9:(57\ f(5 u7520 9$O 5,,(57 =:,6&+(1 1_G 81' 2_GN '$6 u7520Os8$'O 5$7 =:,6&+(1 _G T 81' R 0,7 '(0 o,77(/:(57 _G TBTP

g5(.7,9:(57 Jc%%P VPUSK '(6 u7520(6N '(71,(57 $/6 ',( y85=(/ 920 =(,7/,&+(1 o,7O 7(/:(57 '(6 u7520Os8$'5$76P g6 *,/7 k()) 3 m,TnSBT *(1(5(//N k()) 3 _G B |T )@5 6,186)?50,*(1 u7520P

JVPZRK

f(5 h$.725 SB|T (5*,%7 6,&+N :(,/ '(5 o,77(/:(57 921 6,1T67 @%(5 (,1( r(5,2'( */(,&+ SBT ,67P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 u&+(,7(/:(57 81' g5(.7,9:(57 +(,M7 u&+(,7(/)$.725] )@5 6,186O )?50,*(1 u7520 ,67 ',(6(5 $/62 |T 3 SPVSVP |85 d(5(&+181* '(6 u&+(,7(/:(57(6 $86 '(0 g5(.7,9:(57 0866 0$1 ',( m859(1)250 '(6 y(&+6(/67520(6 .(11(1P u&+$/7(7 0$1 ,1 (,1( y(&+6(/67520/(,781* (,1(1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5N $/62 (,1( x255,&+O 781*N ',( '(1 u7520 185 ,1 (,1( t,&+781* +,1'85&+9,(M(1 />667N '$11 .$11 0$1 *(:?+1/,&+( f5(+638/,167580(17( 81' $8&+ +2&+(0371'/,&+( i/(,&+67520Oo(66O ,167580(17( Ju3,(*(/*$/9$120(7(5K %(187=(1P k0 r5,1=,3 :,5.7 (,1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 :,( (,1 u&+$/7(5N '(5 62/$1*( *(6&+/266(1 %/(,%7N :,( '(5 921 J1K 1$&+ J2K 9,(M(1'( u7520 '(1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 ,1 f85&+/$665,&+781* Ju3,7=( ,0 i/(,&+5,&+7(567 >1'(57 81' '(1 u7520 ,1 u3(55,&+781* '85&+ '(1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 75(,%(1 :,//N :,5.7 (5 :,( (,1 *(?51(7(5 u&+$/7(5P d(, x(5:(1'81* (,1(6 (,1=(/1(1 i/(,&+5,&+7(56 ,1 '(5 g,1:(*6&+$/781* J6,(+( c%%P VPUT$K 9,(M7 185 ,1 -('(5 =:(,7(1 j$/%3(5,2'( (,1 u7520672M '85&+ '$6 k16O

î (a)

c%%P VPUT

(b)

Im T

g,1:(*Oi/(,&+5,&+7(56&+$/781*\ J$K u&+$/781*N J%K m859(1)250P

TSZ

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

7580(17 Jc%%P VPUT%KP f,(6(6 =(,*7 '$11 '(1 o,77(/:(57 k0N '(5 )@5 6,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/675?0( 0,7 u&+(,7(/O 81' g5(.7,9:(57 :,( )2/*7 9(5.1@3)7 ,67\ k0Ng,1:(* 3 _GB@ 3 k()) |TB@ 3 RPVWR k())P

JVPZSK

Jf,( h/>&+( 817(5 (,1(5 j$/%:(//( 921 _G 6 6,167 ,67 */(,&+ T_G] *(7(,/7 '85&+ ',( r(5,2'( T@ (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 o,77(/:(57 _GB@PK f85&+ x(5:(1'81* 921 9,(5 i/(,&+5,&+7(51 ,1 '(5 62 *(1$117(1 i5$(7=I6&+(1 x2//O :(*6&+$/781* Jc%%P VPUU$K .$11 0$1 (55(,&+(1N '$66 -('( j$/%6&+:,1*81* '(6 y(&+O 6(/675206 ,1 '(5 */(,&+(1 t,&+781* '85&+ '$6 k167580(17 9,(M7 Jc%%P VPUU%KP k1 ',(O 6(0 h$// ,67 '(5 *(0(66(1( o,77(/:(57 '233(/7 62 *52M :,( %(, '(5 g,1:(*6&+$/781*\ k0Nx2//:(* 3 T _GB@ 3 k()) T|TB@ 3 RP[RR k())P

JVPZTK

f$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 g5(.7,9O 81' x2//:(*Oo,77(/:(57 :,5' h250)$.725 *(1$117P h@5 u,18667520 %(75>*7 (5 @BT|T . SPSSP k1 '(5 r5$;,6 6,1' ',( 0,7 i/(,&+5,&+7(51 9(5O 6(+(1(1 o(66,167580(17( 62 *((,&+7N '$66 6,( )@5 6,186)?50,*( u75?0( '(1 g5(.O 7,9:(57 $1=(,*(1P x,(/)$&+Oo(66,167580(17( 0,7 w06&+$/7(5 )@5 i/(,&+O 81' y(&+O 6(/675200(6681*(1 +$%(1 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( u.$/(1P

Im î (a)

c%%P VPUU

(b)

T

x2//:(*Oi/(,&+5,&+7(56&+$/781* 1$&+ i5$(7=\ J$K u&+$/781*N J%K m859(1)250P

o(6681* '(5 y(&+6(/67520)5(48(1=P h@5 1,('(5)5(48(17( y(&+6(/675?0( 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 '(1 |81*(1)5(48(1=0(66(5N =P dP :(11 0$1 c%:(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 p(11)5(O 48(1= %(2%$&+7(1 0?&+7(P f$6 o(66:(5. (,1(6 62/&+(1 i(5>7(6 Jc%%P VPUVK %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 c1=$+/ $%*(67,007(5 u7$+/=81*(1N ',( -( 1$&+ w0)$1* '(6 o(66%(5(,&+6 ,1 (,1(5 2'(5 0(+5(5(1 t(,+(1 925 '(0 r2/ (,1(6 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 $1*(25'1(7 6,1'P h/,(M7 y(&+6(/67520 '85&+ ',( o$*1(7638/(N 62 :,5' 185 ',(-(1,*( |81*( ,1 .5>)7,*( t(621$1=6&+:,1*81*(1 9(56(7=7N '(5(1 g,*(16&+:,1*81*6=$+/ */(,&+ '(5 r2/:(&+O 6(/=$+/ J$/62 '(5 '233(/7(1 h5(48(1= '(6 y(&+6(/67520(6K ,67P f,( |81*(1 75$*(1 $0 925'(5(1 g1'( (,1( 48$'5$7,6&+( :(,M( r/$77(N ',( %(,0 u&+:,1*(1 '(5 |81*( 9(5%5(,7(57 (56&+(,17N 62'$66 0$1 $1 (,1(5 @%(5 '(1 |81*(1 %(71'/,&+(1 u.$/$ ',( h5(48(1= $%/(6(1 .$11 Jc%%P VPUV%KP k0 n$%25 :(5'(1 h5(48(1=(1 0,7+,/)( '(6 q6=,//26.236 %(67,007] )@5 6(+5 *(1$8( h5(48(1=0(6681*(1 .?11(1 ',( 326,7,9(1 j$/%:(//(1 @%(5 (,1( +,15(,&+(1' /$1*( o(66=(,7 (/(.7521,6&+ *(=>+/7 :(5'(1P

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TS[

c%%P VPUV |81*(1)5(48(1=0(66(5 Jx,%5$7,216Oo(66:(5.K\ J$K c8)%$8N J%K d,/' '(5 |81*(1 %(, 9,(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 h5(48(1=(1 Jy(5.%,/' j$570$11 H d5$81KP

VPUPT tneOu7520.5(,6( k0 h2/*(1'(1 :(5'(1 185 12&+ u75?0( '(5 m5(,6)5(48(1= 6 %(75$&+7(7N ',( ',( |(,7$%+>1*,*.(,7 , 3 _G &26 J6713K

JVPZUK

%(6,7=(1] 62 :,5' $/62 =P dP (,1 u,186Ou7520 '85&+ ',( r+$6( 3 32@BT %(6&+5,(%(1P c/6 3$66,9( |:(,32/( %(75$&+7(1 :,5 ',( '85&+ ',( i5?M(1 tN n 81' e &+$5$.O 7(5,6,(57(1 d$8(/(0(17(\ A f(5 y,'(567$1'6:(57 t 67(+7 )@5 '$6 d$8(/(0(17 NN2+06&+(5 y,'(567$1'DDP A f,( k1'8.7,9,7>7 n 67(+7 )@5 '$6 d$8(/(0(17 NNu38/(DDN $8&+ NNf5266(/638/(DD 2'(5 .85= NNf5266(/DD *(1$117N 2+1( 2'(5 0,7 g,6(1.(51P A f,( m$3$=,7>7 e 67(+7 )@5 '$6 d$8(/(0(17 NNm21'(16$725DDN 2+1( 2'(5 0,7 f,O (/(.75,.80P h@5 ',( x(5.1@3)81* 921 u7520 81' u3$1181* $1 ',(6(1 d$8(/(0(17(1 *(/7(1 ',( )2/*(1'(1 d(=,(+81*(1\ 8t 3 ,t t Jq+0I6&+(6 i(6(7=KN

JVPZVK

8n 3 n ',nB'7

Jf(71,7,21 921 nKN

JVPZWK

'8eB'7 3 ,eBe

J$86 8 3 sBe 81' 'sB'7 3 ,KP

JVPZXK

TTR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 uR

uC

uL iL

iR 0

ˆt

ˆt

(a)

iC

(b)

ˆt (c)

c%%P VPUW r+$6(1%(=,(+81* =:,6&+(1 y(&+6(/63$1181* 81' y(&+6(/67520 $1 '(1 9(56&+,(O '(1(1 d$8(/(0(17(1\ J$K y,'(567$1'N J%K u38/(N J&K m21'(16$725P

o$1 6,(+7 62)257N '$66 8t 81' ,t 1$&+ i/P JVPZVK */(,&+3+$6,* 6,1' Jc%%P VPUW$KP o,7 ,n 1$&+ i/P JVPZUK (,1*(6(7=7 ,1 i/P VPZWK (5*,%7 6,&+ 8n 3 26n _Gn 6,1 67 8n 3 6n _Gn &26 J671@BTKP

JVPZYK

f$6 +(,M7N %(, '(5 u38/( (,/7 ',( u3$1181* '(0 u7520 80 (,1( x,(57(/3(5,2'( J[R@K 925$86 Jc%%P VPUW%KP u(7=7 0$1 ,1 i/P JVPZXK ',( c%/(,781* (,1(5 .26,186)?50,*(1 u3$1181* (,1N (5+>/7 0$1 (,1(1 =8 26,167 6 J6eK 3523257,21$/(1 u7520P d(,0 m21'(16$725 (,/7 $/62 '(5 u7520 '(5 u3$1181* 80 (,1( x,(57(/3(5,2'( 925$86 Jc%%P VPUW&K 2'(5N $1'(56 )25O 08/,(57N ',( u3$1181* (,/7 '(0 u7520 80 (,1( x,(57(/3(5,2'( +,17(5+(5P f$6 )@+57 '$11 =8 '(5 $8) (,1(1 .26,186)?50,*(1 u7520 %(=2*(1( d(=,(+81* 8e 3 J6eK2S _Ge &26 J67 A @BTKP

JVPZZK

f$6 q+0I6&+( i(6(7= )@5 y(&+6(/67520P s8$'5,(57 0$1 ',( u7520Ou3$1181*6Od(O =,(+81*(1 Ji/P JVPZVKN JVPZYKN JVPZZKK 81' %,/'(7 '(5(1 =(,7/,&+(1 o,77(/:(57N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 x(5.1@3)81*(1 921 g5(.7,963$1181* 81' g5(.7,967520 $1 y,'(567$1'N m21'(16$725 81' u38/( :,( )2/*7\ w())Nt 3 t k())NtN w())Nn 3 6n k())NnN w())Ne 3 J6eK2S k())NeP

JVPZ[K

p2&+ >+1/,&+(5 :(5'(1 ',(6( d(=,(+81*(1 '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7=N :(11 0$1 '(1 k1'(; NN(5DD :(*/>667N :,( (6 ,1 '(5 y(&+6(/67520Ov(&+1,. 2)7 *(6&+,(+7N 62/$1*( .(,1( x(5:(&+6/81* 0,7 i/(,&+63$1181* 81' i/(,&+67520 =8 %()@5&+7(1 ,67N 81' y(&+6(/67520Oy,'(567>1'( (,1)@+57\

81'

wt 3 t ktN wn 3 tn kn

0,7 tn 3 6nN

we 3 te ke 0,7

te 3 J6eK2S P

JVP[RK

|85 f(021675$7,21 '(5 h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 y(&+6(/67520:,'(567>1'( 9(5O :(1'(1 :,5 '5(, s8(//(1 )@5 i/(,&+67520 81' )@5 y(&+6(/67520 921 WR j= 81' WRR j=N ',( :,5 $8) */(,&+( Jg5(.7,9OKu3$1181* (,167(//(1 81' 1$&+(,1$1'(5 0,7

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TTS

'(0 x(568&+6Ou7520.5(,6 9(5%,1'(1P f,(6(5 (17+>/7 (,1 )@5 i/(,&+O 81' y(&+6(/O 67520 *((,*1(7(6 c03(5(0(7(5N (,1( i/@+/$03( 81' (,1(6 '(5 '5(, d$8(/(0(17( t J=P dP t 3 SRR /KN n J0?*/,&+67 *52MN 0,7 g,6(1.(51 n . S jKN 81' e J=P dP e . V =hKN 0,7 (,1(0 f5(,)$&+6&+$/7(5 :$+/:(,6( =86&+$/7%$5P o$1 %($&+7( %(, ',(6(5 f(0216O 75$7,21N '$66 .(,1(6 '(5 d$8(/(0(17( ,'($/ ,67] '$%(, ,67 ,16%(621'(5( $1 '(1 2+0O 6&+(1 y,'(567$1' '(5 u38/( tn =8 '(1.(1P j,(5 1(+0(1 :,5 $1N '$66 tn ./(,1(5 $/6 t ,67N 81' '$66 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 x25:,'(567$1'(6 '$)@5 *(625*7 :,5'N '$66 '(5 y,O '(567$1' */(,&+ t ,67N :(11 6,&+ ',( u38/( ,0 u7520.5(,6 %(71'(7P p81 .?11(1 )2/*(1'( f(021675$7,21(1 '85&+*()@+57 :(5'(1\ SP y,5 6&+$/7(1 t ,1 '(1 u7520.5(,6 81' /(*(1 1$&+(,1$1'(5 ',( i/(,&+63$1181* 81' ',( y(&+6(/63$1181*(1 '(5 %(,'(1 h5(48(1=(1 $1P o,7 */(,&+(1 J(5(.7,9(1K u3$1181*(1 81' (,1(0 ,1'8.7,9,7>76$50(1 J%,7/$5 *(:,&.(/7(1K y,'(567$1' =(,*7 '$6 c03(5(0(7(5 ,1 $//(1 '5(, h>//(1 '(16(/%(1 u7520 $1N 81' ',( i/@+/$03( %5(117 */(,&+ +(//P Jg,1( c%1$+0( '(6 u7520(6 81' '(5 n$03(1+(//,*.(,7 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 h5(48(1= :>5( $8) (,1(1 (5+(%/,&+(1 y(57 921 nt =85@&.=8)@+5(1PK TP y,5 6&+$/7(1 ',( u38/(N =8(567 2+1( g,6(1.(51N ,1 '(1 u7520.5(,6P d(, i/(,&+O 63$1181* (5+$/7(1 :,5 '(16(/%(1 u7520 :,( )@5 '(1 y,'(567$1' tN :(11 tn 1x25:,'(567$1' */(,&+ t ,67P d(, y(&+6(/63$1181* $%(5 6,1.7 ',( u752067>5.( 81' ',( n$03( */@+7 '81./(5N ',(6 8062 0(+5N -( +?+(5 ',( h5(48(1= ,67P g5+?+(1 :,5 ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7 '(5 u38/( '85&+ g,16&+,(%(1 '(6 g,6(1.(516N 62 6,1.7 '(5 u7520 :(,7(5] %(, WRR j= *(+7 35$.7,6&+ .(,1 u7520 0(+5 '85&+ ',( u38/(N ',( n$03( (5/,6&+7P f$ 0,7 '(0 g,6(1.(51 185 ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7 (5+?+7 :,5'N '(5 i/(,&+67520:,'(567$1' $%(5 819(5>1'(57 %/(,%7N =(,*7 ',(6(5 x(568&+N '$66 ',( u38/( ,1 (,1(0 y(&+6(/67520.5(,6 :,( (,1 y,'(567$1' :,5.7N '(5 8062 +?+(5 ,67N -( *5?M(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 81' h5(48(1= 6,1'P UP y,5 6&+$/7(1 6&+/,(M/,&+ '(1 m21'(16$725 e ,1 '(1 u7520.5(,6P d(,0 c1/(*(1 '(5 i/(,&+63$1181* 6&+/>*7 '$6 c03(5(0(7(5 )@5 (,1(1 c8*(1%/,&. $86N 81' ',( n$03( %/,7=7 .85==(,7,* $8)P d(,'(6 5@+57 921 '(0 $8) '(1 m21'(16$725 9,(M(1'(1 n$'(67520 +(5P p$&+'(0 '(5 m21'(16$725 $8) ',( i/(,&+63$1181* $8)*(/$'(1 ,67N ,67 '(5 m5(,6 67520/26P f(5 m21'(16$725 :,5.7 :,( (,1( w17(5%5(&+81* '(6 u7520.5(,6(6P n(*(1 :,5 $%(5 y(&+6(/67520 $1N 62 =(,*7 '$6 c03(5(0(7(5 (,1(1 f$8(5$866&+/$* 81' ',( n$03( /(8&+7(7P f(5 %(5*$1* 921 WR =8 WRR j= /$66(1 u7520 81' n$03(1+(//,*.(,7 $167(,*(1P f$6 =(,*7N '$66 '(5 m21'(16$725 (,1(1 y(&+6(/67520/(,7:(57 %(6,7=7N '(5 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1= =81,007P d(67,0081* 921 k1'8.7,9,7>7 81' m$3$=,7>7P n(*7 0$1 (,1( 6,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/O 63$1181* $1 '$6 d$8(/(0(17N '$11 /$66(1 6,&+ ',( y(&+6(/67520:,'(567>1'( Ji/P JVP[RKK 81' '$0,7 n 81' e $86 (,1(5 u75200(6681* %(67,00(1N :(11 '$6 d$8O (/(0(17 J1>+(581*6:(,6(K $/6 ,'($/ %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .$11P y(11 (,1( *(1@*(1' +2+( h5(48(1= *(:>+/7 :,5'N .$11 '(5 2+06&+( y,'(567$1' (,1(5 u38/( 9(51$&+/>66,*7 :(5'(1] $1'(5(1)$//6 0866 (5 ,1 (,1(5 i/(,&+675206&+$/O 781* J=P dP '(5 y+($76721(I6&+(1 d5@&.(K %(67,007 81' (17635(&+(1' ,1 c%=8* *(O %5$&+7 :(5'(1P f,( :(,7(5 817(1 +(5*(/(,7(7(1 d(=,(+81*(1 (5*(%(1 )@5 ',( (;3(5,O 0(17(//( d(67,0081* '(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 ',( i/(,&+81* J6nKT 3 Jw TBk TKy(&+6(/67P 2Jw TBk TKi/(,&+67PP

JVP[SK

TTT

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 D Cx

A

C

l1

l2

B

K

c%%P VPUX y+($76721(I6&+( d5@&.(16&+$/781* =80 x(5*/(,&+ 921 m$3$=,7>7(1P

f,( y+($76721(I6&+( d5@&.( (5/$8%7 $8&+ (,1(1 x(5*/(,&+ 921 y(&+6(/67520:,O '(567>1'(1N =P dP m21'(16$725(1 Jc%%P VPUXKP o$1 9(5*/(,&+7 '$%(, ',( 81%(.$117( m$3$=,7>7 e; 0,7 (,1(5 %(.$117(1 m$3$=,7>7 eP f(5 u&+/(,).217$.7 m $8) '(0 y,O '(567$1'6'5$+7 cd 0866 62 (,1*(67(//7 :(5'(1N '$66 ,1 '(0 ,1 '(5 d5@&.( (,1*(O 6&+$/7(7(1 v(/(3+21 .(,1 v21 0(+5 +?5%$5N ',( d5@&.( $/62 67520/26 ,67P Lc167(//( '(6 v(/(3+216 .$11 $8&+ (,1 (0371'/,&+(6 i$/9$120(7(5 0,7 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 9(5:(1O '(7 :(5'(1Pb k67 '(5 d5@&.(1=:(,* 67520/26N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ e; $86 e 81' '(0 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 f5$+7/>1*(1 cm 81' md\ e; 3 e sSBsTP

JVP[TK

h@5 i/(,&+67520 :,5.7 (,1 m21'(16$725 :,( (,1( w17(5%5(&+81* '(6 u7520.5(,6(6 81' (,1( u38/( :,5.7 :,( (,1 m85=6&+/866] )@5 y(&+6(/67520 %(6,7=7 '$*(*(1 (,1( u38/( 0,7 +2+(0 6n (,1(1 +2+(1 y,'(567$1' 81' (,1 m21'(16$725 0,7 +2+(0 6e (,1(1 +2+(1 n(,7:(57P f,(6( v$76$&+(1 .$11 0$1 $86187=(1N 80 i/(,&+O 2'(5 y(&+O 6(/63$1181* '85&+ m85=6&+/,(M(1 (,1(5 o$6&+( 921 v(,/(1 (,1(6 p(7=:(5.(6 )(51O =8+$/7(1 2'(5 80 u7520=:(,*( )@5 i/(,&+O 2'(5 y(&+6(/67520 =8 63(55(1P f,( d(O =(,&+181* NNf5266(/638/(DD %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) ',( g,*(16&+$)7 '(5 u38/(N +2&+)5(48(17(1 u7520 )(51=8+$/7(1P NNm233/81*6.21'(16$725(1DD :(5'(1 9(5:(1'(7N 80 +2&+)5(O 48(17( u75?0( $86 (,1(0 i/(,&+67520Op(7=:(5. NN$86=8.233(/1DDP u&+(,1ON y,5.O 81' d/,1'/(,6781*P f,( f(71,7,21 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,6781* $/6 r52O '8.7 921 u7520 81' u3$1181* :,5' $8&+ )@5 y(&+6(/67520 %(,%(+$/7(1N +,(5 $%(5 1,&+7 $8) '$6 r52'8.7 '(5 c8*(1%/,&.6:(57( 921 u7520 81' u3$1181* %(=2*(1N 621'(51 $8) '(1 =(,7/,&+(1 o,77(/:(57 @%(5 ',( r(5,2'( vP f$ $%(5 ,P cP u7520 81' u3$1181* 1,&+7 */(,&+3+$6,* 6,1'N ,67 0,7 (,1(0 r+$6(1817(56&+,(' 921 3 =8 5(&+1(1\ r 3 m, 8n v

3 v2S g R , J7K 6 8 J7K '7 v

3 J_G 8(GBvK g R &26 J67K 6 &26 J67u3K '7 S 3 _G 8G &263 T 3 k w &263N

JVP[UK

:2%(, -(7=7 %(, k 81' w ',( k1',=(6 NN(5DD :(**(/$66(1 :(5'(1P f,(6( n(,6781* :,5' $/6 y,5./(,6781* J(5(.7,9( J5($/K 32:(5K %(=(,&+1(7N '$6 r52'8.7 k 6 w $/6 u&+(,1O /(,6781* J$33$5(17 32:(5KP f,( i5?M( &26 3 :,5' n(,6781*6)$.725 *(1$117P c%%P VPUY

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TTU

i,u 6

i·u

5 4 3 2 1

î

û

0

t

--1 u

--2 (a)

i

--3 i,u

i·u

3 2

û

1

î

0

t

--1 i

--2 (b)

u

--3 i,u 5

i·u

4 3 2

û î

1 0 --1

A

B

D

C

t

i

--2 (c)

--3

u

c%%P VPUY n(,6781*6.859( , 6 8 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( r+$6(1:,1.(/\ J$K 3 3 RN J%K 3 3 @BT 3 [R@N J&K 3 3 @BV 3 VW@ 0,7 p8//'85&+*>1*(1 %(, cN dN eN fP

u(,7( 62 %(/$66(1 J(7:$6 />1*(5K

TTV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

=(,*7 '(1 020(17$1(1 y(57 '(6 r52'8.7(6 , J7K 6 8 J7K $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 |(,7 )@5 9(5O 6&+,('(1( r+$6(1:,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 , 81' 8P f,( i5?M( k 6 w 6 6,1 3 :,5' d/,1'/(,6781* J,'/( 25 :$/7/(66 32:(5K *(1$117P y(*(1 6,1T 3 1 &26T 3 3 S )2/*7 Jry,5.KT 1Jrd/,1'KT 3 Jru&+(,1KTP

JVP[VK

f,( c8)63$/781* '(6 80 '(1 y,1.(/ 3 3+$6(19(56(7=7(1 u75206 ,1 =:(, m2032O 1(17(1 3523257,21$/ =8 &26 3 %=:P 6,1 3 :,5' ,0 |(,*(5',$*5$00 J817(1K /(,&+7 9(567>1'/,&+P y,&+7,* ,67N '$66 ',( ,'($/(1 y(&+6(/67520Od$8(/(0(17( n 81' e .(,1( y,5./(,6O 781* $8)1(+0(1P t($/( u38/(1 +$%(1 (,1(1 %(, ./(,1(1 h5(48(1=(1 1,&+7 9(51$&+O />66,*%$5(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1'P t($/( m21'(16$725(1 +$%(1 %(, +2+(1 h5(48(1O =(1 w032/81*69(5/867( ,0 f,(/(.75,.80N ',( =85 g5:>5081* '(6 m21'(16$7256 )@+5(1P v527='(0 ,67 ',( y,5./(,6781* %(, m21'(16$725(1 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( d/,1'O /(,6781*N 'P +P '(5 n(,6781*6)$.725 ,67 ',&+7 %(, 18// 81' 3 ,67 )$67 @BTP |85 %(66(5(1 48$17,7$7,9(1 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 ./(,1(1 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 x(5/867( (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 '(6+$/% 67$77 '(6 r+$6(1:,1.(/6 3 =:,6&+(1 u7520 81' u3$1181* '(1 x(5/867:,1.(/ % 3 @BT A 3 * SP

JVP[WK

f,( ,0 m21'(16$725 $8)75(7(1'( x(5/867OJy,5.OKn(,6781* ,67 '$11 *(*(%(1 '85&+ ry,5. 3 k w &26 3 ry,5. 3 k w 6,1 % ry,5. . k w %P

JVP[XK

f(5 x(5/867:,1.(/ ,67 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 y,5./(,6781* ,0 m21'(16$725 =85 u&+(,1O /(,6781*N 81' ',(6(6 x(5+>/71,6 ,67 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 i5?M( '(6 m21'(16$7256P h@5 *87( m21'(16$725(1 /,(*7 % ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR2VN )@5 ',( 0(,67(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 k62/,(56725( =:,6&+(1 SR2U 81' SR2TP f(5 x(5/867:,1.(/ ,67N :,( ',( |$+/ '(5 w032/925*>1*( ,1 (,1(0 |(,7,17(59$//N )5(48(1=$%+>1*,*P f$567(//81*(1 921 u75?0(1 81' u3$1181*(1 ,0 |(,*(5',$*5$00 J32,17(5 ',$*5$0KP f,( +,(5 %(6&+5,(%(1( f$567(//81*6:(,6( *,/7 185 )@5 J.2K6,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/675?0( 81' y(&+6(/63$1181*(1 '(56(/%(1 h5(48(1= 81' )@5 67$7,21>5( |867>1'(N 'P +P )@5 =(,7/,&+ .2167$17( u&+(,7(/:(57( 81' r+$6(1:,1.(/ J67($'1*,*.(,7 $//(5 i5?M(1 '$%(, ,*125,(57 :,5'P u7$77 '(5 m26,186Oh81.7,21 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 ',( .203/(;( u&+5(,%:(,6( 0,7+,/)( '(5 g8/(5I6&+(1 d(=,(+81* Jc%6&+1P SWPWKN &26 67 3 t( L(;3 J, 67KbN t( 3 t($/7(,/N , 3 J2SKSBT

JVP[YK

$%(5 /$66(1 ',( g5:>+181* '(6 NNt($/7(,/6DD ,1 |8.81)7 :(*P Lf,( g/(.7527(&+1,.(5 66(1O 7,(5(1'(1 r81.7P f,( |(,*(5 +$%(1 (,1( *(:,66( }+1/,&+.(,7 0,7 =:(,',0(16,21$/(1 x(.725(1] (6 6,1' $%(5 .(,1( x(.725(1C f,( x(5:(1'81* '(5 .856,9O)(77(1 u1*,*(1 u3$1181*(1 81' u75?0(1 =8 817(56&+(,'(1P f,( u3$1181*6O 81' u7520O|(,*(5 J3+$6256K b, 3 8G , (;3J,3,KN

V. 3 _G. (;3J,3.K

JVPSRRK

:(5'(1 ,1 |(,*(5',$*5$00(1 J3+$625 ',$*5$06K *5$3+,6&+ '$5*(67(//7P |80 d(,63,(/ *,%7 c%%P VPUZ ',( |(,*(5 '(5 y(&+6(/63$1181*(1 81' y(&+6(/675?0( $1 '(1 '5(, d$8(/(0(17(1 tN n 81' eP d(, o,7%(75$&+781* '(6 ,1 i/P JVP[ZK $86*(./$00(57(1 |(,7)$.7256 0866 0$1 6,&+ 92567(//(1N '$66 $//( ,0 |(,*(5',$*5$00 (17+$/7(1(1 |(,*(5 6+O 5(1' ',( 5((//( c&+6( )(67*(+$/7(1 :,5'P f,(6( x2567(//81* 9(5'(87/,&+7N '$66 ,0 |(,O *(5',$*5$00 :,5./,&+ 185 ',( r+$6(1',5(5(1=(1 '(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 |(,*(5 %('(876$0 6,1'N $%(5 1,&+7 '(5 r+$6(1Op8//381.7N '(5 ,5*(1'(,1(0 |(,7381.7 '(5 t27$7,216O 3(5,2'( (17635,&+7 81' %(/,(%,* )(67*(/(*7 :(5'(1 .$11P u2 ,67 (6 =P dP %(, '(5 d(O uL Im

Im

uR

ˆt

ˆt

iR

ˆt

iL Re

(a)

Im

iC Re

Re

(b)

(c)

uC

c%%P VPUZ |(,*(5 =8 '(1 y(&+6(/63$1181*(1 81' y(&+6(/675?0(1 $1 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 d$8O (/(0(17(1\ J$K y,'(567$1'N J%K u38/(N J&K m21'(16$725P

TTX

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

75$&+781* (,1(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* 1$+(/,(*(1'N '(0 u7520N '(5 )@5 $//( d$8(/(0(17( */(,&+ ,67N ',( r+$6( 18// =8=825'1(1] '$66(/%( *,/7 )@5 ',( u3$1181* %(, '(5 d(O 75$&+781* (,1(5 r$5$//(/6&+$/781*P g,1 |(,*(5 ,0 |(,*(5',$*5$00 =(,*7 0,7 6(,1(5 u3,7=( $8) (,1( .203/(;( |$+/ ,1 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 |$+/(1(%(1(P f,( c'',7,21 921 .203/(;(1 |$+/(1N %(, '(5 ',( 5(O (//(1 m20321(17(1 81' ',( ,0$*,1>5(1 m20321(17(1 *(75(117 $'',(57 :(5'(1N b 3 bS 1bT b 3 J8G S &26 3S 18G T &26 3TK 1, J8G S 6,1 3S 18G T 6,1 3TKN

JVPSRSK

(17635,&+7 )250$/ '(5 c'',7,21 =:(,',0(16,21$/(5 x(.725(1P f,( |(,*(5 ,1 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 g%(1( .?11(1 :,( q5769(.725(1 ,1 '(5 ;7=( $8) .20O 3/(;( |(,*(5 (5:(,7(57\ b 3 M V 2'(5 V 3 L b 0,7 8L 8 3 8M 82S 81' 3{ 3 23|]

JVPSRUK

M ,67 '(5 .203/(;( y,'(567$1'] | 3 8M 8 +(,M7 u&+(,1:,'(567$1' 2'(5 k03('$1= J,0O 3('$1&(K] L ,67 '(5 .203/(;( n(,7:(57] { 3 8L 8 +(,M7 u&+(,1/(,7:(57 2'(5 c'0,77$1= J$'0,77$1&(KP c8M(5'(0 6,1' ',( )2/*(1'(1 c8)63$/781*(1 81' d(=(,&+181*(1 @%/,&+\ 81'

M 3 t1, z

JVPSRVK

L 3 i1, d]

JVPSRWK

t ,67 '(5 J2+06&+(K y,5.:,'(567$1' J',( t(6,67$1=N 5(6,67$1&(KN z ,67 '(5 d/,1':,O '(567$1' J',( t($.7$1=N 5($&7$1&(K] i ,67 '(5 y,5./(,7:(57 J',( m21'8.7$1=N &21'8&7O $1&(KN d ,67 '(5 d/,1'/(,7:(57 J',( u86=(37$1=N 686&(37$1&(KP k03('$1= M 81' c'0,77$1= L 6,1' .203/(;( |$+/(1 :,( b 81' V 81' :(5'(1 :,( ',(6( '85&+ |(,*(5 ,1 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 |$+/(1(%(1( '$5*(67(//7P r+6(17,(5(1 6,( g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 %(75$&+7(7(1 u7520.5(,6(6N 0$7+(0$7,6&+ 6,1' (6 q3(5$725(1N ',( %(, o8/7,3/,.$7,21 0,7 '(0 |(,*(5 V %=:P b ',(6(1 ,1 (,1(1 $1'(5(1 |(,*(5 Jb %=:P VK 0,7 $1'(5(5 n>1*(N $1'(5(0 r+$6(1:,1.(/ 81' $1'(5(5 o$M(,1+(,7 @%(5)@+5(1 Jc%%P VPVRKP Im

Im ˆt Z

u ˆt 0

i

1

2

Re

0

1

2

Re

c%%P VPVR |(,*(5',$*5$00\ J$K u7520O 81' u3$1181*6=(,*(5N ',( NN(,*(17/,&+DD 527,(5(1] J%K k03('$1==(,*(5N '(5 ',( d(=,(+81* =:,6&+(1 u7520 81' u3$1181* %(6&+5(,%7 81' 1,&+7 527,(57P

k03('$1= 81' c'0,77$1= )@5 m20%,1$7,21(1 '(5 d$8(/(0(17( EN ? 81' 6P d(,0 y,O '(567$1' 6,1' u7520 81' u3$1181* ,00(5 3+$6(1*/(,&+\ Mt 3 tN Lt 3 SBtP

JVPSRXK

g6 *,/7 $/62 ',(6(/%( h250 '(6 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7=(6 :,( )@5 i/(,&+67520P d(, '(5 u38/( (,/7 ',( u3$1181* '(0 u7520 80 @BT J3[R@K 925$86\ Mn 3 , 6n 3 6n (;3J, @BTKN Ln 3 J, 6nK2S 3 2, J6nK2S 3 J6nK2S (;3J2, @BTKP

JVPSRYK

TTZ

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 Schaltzeichen R

Vektorbild

Z

Y

R 1 R

L

ˆL

1 ˆL

1 ˆC

ˆC

C

c%%P VPVS u&+$/7=(,&+(1 )@5 y,'(567$1' tN u38/( n 81' m21'(16$725 e 81' x(.725%,/'(5 )@5 '(5(1 u&+(,1:,'(567$1' | 81' u&+(,1/(,7:(57 {P

d(,0 m21'(16$725 (,/7 '(5 u7520 '(5 u3$1181* 80 @BT J3[R@K 925$86\ Me 3 J, 6eK2S 3 2, J6eK2S 3 J6eK2S (;3J2, @BTKN Le 3 , 6e 3 6e (;3J, @BTKP

JVPSRZK

k1 '(5 35$;,6O25,(17,(57(1 (/(.7527(&+1,6&+(1 n,7(5$785 :,5' ',( d(187=81* .20O 3/(;(5 |$+/(1 9(50,('(1] 67$77 '(66(1 :(5'(1 NNx(.725%,/'(5DD Jc%%P VPVSK 9(5:(1'(7N ',( '(1 .203/(;(1 k03('$1=O 81' c'0,77$1=O|(,*(51N /26*(/?67 920 Jt(Bk0KOm2O 25',1$7(161'(1 921 18// %=:P 81(1'/,&+ (5*(%(1 6,&+ '$11 ,0 t(621$1=)$// 185 NN6(+5 ./(,1(DD %=:P NN6(+5 *52M(DD g;75(0:(57( )@5 | J81' 80*(.(+57 )@5 { KP h@5 '(1 +,(5 %(6352&+(1(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ 921 y(&+6(/67520Op(7=(1 81' 52O 7,(5(1'(1 o$6&+,1(1 ,67 6 0(,67 '(87/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( t(621$1=.5(,6)5(48(1= 65 '(6 u7520.5(,6(6P f(6+$/% :,5' ',( $86)@+5/,&+( f,6.866,21 921 NNt(621$1=.5(,6(1DD $8) '$6 1>&+67( m$3,7(/ Jc%6&+1P WPSPVK 9(56&+2%(1P

VPUPU o(+53+$6(1675?0(N 0$*1(7,6&+( f5(+)(/'(5 |:(,3+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520P n>667 0$1 ,1 (,1(0 o$*1(7)(/' =:(, *(*(1(,1$1'(5 80 [R@ 9(5'5(+7( f5$+76&+/(,)(1 2'(5 u38/(1 527,(5(1N '(5(1 g1'(1 =8 -( =:(, 921(,O 1$1'(5 ,62/,(57(1 u&+/(,)5,1*(1 )@+5(1 :,( ,1 c%%P VPVU *(=(,*7 ,67N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 =:(, *(*(1(,1$1'(5 80 @BT J3 [R@K 3+$6(19(56&+2%(1( y(&+6(/63$1181*(1 81'

8S 3 8G &26 67 8T 3 8G 6,1 67P

JVPSSRK

n(,7(7 0$1 ',(6( %(,'(1 u3$1181*(1 =8 =:(, */(,&+(1 u38/(1N ',( 5(&+7:,1./,* =8O (,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7 6,1' Jc%%P VPVV$KN 62 9,(M(1 '85&+ %(,'( */(,&+67$5.( u75?0(N ',( (%(1)$//6 (,1( r+$6(1',5(5(1= 921 [R@ +$%(1 81' =:(, 6,&+ 5(&+7:,1./,* @%(5O /$*(51'( o$*1(7)(/'(5 d; 81' d< 0,7 '(5 */(,&+(1 r+$6(1',5(5(1= (5=(8*(1P k0 |(17580 '(5 0,7 ,+5(1 c&+6(1 ,1 ;O 81' 87(51\ f,( '5(+%$5( k1'8.7,216638/(1O c125'181* 921 c%%P VPVU ,67 ,0 r5,1=,3 (,1 y(&+6(/67520Oi(1(5$725 J$P&P *(1(5$725KP f,( o$*1(71$'(/ ,0 f5(+)(/' 921 c%%P VPVV$ ,67 ,0 r5,1=,3 '(5 n>8)(5 J'$6 NNr2/O 5$'DDN 32/( :+((/K (,1(6 u7 e J2'(5 (,1(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 nK 6&+$/7(7 81' %(,'( u&+$/781*(1 '$11 =8(,1$1'(5 3$5$//(/ $1 ',( y(&+6(/6752048(//( /(*7P y(11 2+06&+(5 81' ,1'8.7,9(5 y,'(567$1' '(5 h(/'638/(1 9(5*/(,&+6:(,6( ./(,1 6,1' 81' +,(5 81%(5@&.6,&+7,*7 %/(,%(1 .?11(1N (5*(%(1 6,&+ */(,&+*52M( u75?0(N :(11 t 3 J6eK2S J%=:P t 3 6nK

JVPSSTK

*(:>+/7 :,5'P c/6 7(&+1,6&+ (,1)$&+67( n?681* :,5' 0(,67 (,1 m21'(16$725 =85 NNr+$O 6(16&+,(%81*DD 9(5:(1'(7P f5(,3+$6(167520 2'(5 f5(+67520 J7+5((O3+$6( &855(17KP f,(6(5 u7520 +$7 ,1 '(5 v(&+O 1,. (,1( 9,(/ *5?M(5( d('(8781* $/6 '(5 |:(,3+$6(167520P f5(+67520 %(67(+7 $86 '5(, ,1 '(5 r+$6( 80 -( STR@ J3 T@BUK *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56&+2%(1(1 y(&+6(/675?0(1P g,1 f5(+67520Oi(1(5$725 +$7 '5(, 80 STR@ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(5'5(+7( k1'8.7,216O 638/(1N $167(//( '(5 =:(, 80 [R@ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 *('5(+7(1 k1'8.7,216638/(1 '(6 |:(,3+$6(1*(1(5$7256 Jc%%P VPVW$N %KN 81' (5=(8*7 '5(, 80 STR@ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(5O 6(7=7( y(&+6(/63$1181*(1 Jc%%P VPVXKP g6 *,%7 =:(, o?*/,&+.(,7(1 )@5 6+/7 :(5'(1P c%(5 *$1= */(,&+N :(/&+( '(5 '5(, m/(00(1 '(5 f5(,(&.6&+$/781* 0$1 (5'(1 :@5'(N (6 (1767@1'( ,00(5 (,1( 8161*,*( u3$1181*648(//(1 JSKN JTK 81' JUK 0,7 (,1(0 *(0(,1O 6$0(1 NNt@&./(,7(5DD JRK %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 =P dP %(, '(5 NNu75209(57(,/81*DD ,1 (,1(0 j$86\ x20 g/(.75,=,7>76:(5. :,5' f5(+67520 0,7 '(1

TUV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 Im

u 2 -- u 1 u2 u1

u 3 -- u 2 u3

u 1 -- u 3

Re

c%%P VPVZ |(,*(5',$*5$00 '(5 u3$1181*(1 %(,0 f5(+67520P f,( 920 w563581* $86*(O +(1'(1 u3$1181*63)(,/( 6,1' ',( u7(5163$1O 181*(1N ',( f,5(5(1=(1 921 -( =:(, u7(51O 63$1181*(1 (5*(%(1 ',( 80 |U *5?M(5(1 f5(,(&.63$1181*(1P

'5(, r+$6(1 81' '(0 p8//(,7(5 81' (,1(5 u7(51Og5(.7,963$1181* 921 TUR x ,16 j$86 *(/,()(57P k0 j$86 *,%7 (6 9(56&+,('(1( g,13+$6(1Ox(5%5$8&+(5Ou7520.5(,6(N ',( (,1O =(/1 0,7 %(567520Ou,&+(581*(1 *(*(1 m$%(/%5$1' NN$%*(6,&+(57DD 6,1'P f,(6( 9(5O 6&+,('(1(1 x(5%5$8&+(5 :(5'(1 0?*/,&+67 */(,&+0>M,* $8) ',( '5(, r+$6(1 9(57(,/7N 62'$66 6,&+ ,0 67$7,67,6&+(1 o,77(/ ',( '5(, r+$6(1675?0( )$67 =8 18// $'',(5(1 81' '(6+$/% ,0 p8//(,7(5 .$80 u3$1181*6$%)$// 81' 2+06&+( x(5/867( $8)75(7(1P f,( u3$1181*(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, '(5 '5(, r+$6(1/(,781*(1 (17635(&+(1 '(1 3+$O 6(1*(5(&+7(1 f,5(5(1=(1 '(5 g,1=(/63$1181*(1P f,(6( 9(5.(77(7(1 u3$1181*(1 J,1O 7(5/,1.(' 92/7$*(6K J8. 28-K 6,1' 80 '(1 h$.725 |U *5?M(5 $/6 ',( 6,( %,/'(1'(1 g,1=(/63$1181*(1 8. 81' 8- 81' *(*(1 ',(6( 3+$6(1O9(56(7=7P f$6 '(876&+( f5(+675201(7= /,()(57 TUR x u7(5163$1181* 0,7 *((5'(7(0 o,77(/O 381.7 81' TUR x 6 |U . VRR x f5(,(&.Ou3$1181*P c%%P VPVZ =(,*7 '$6 |(,*(5',$O *5$00 '(5 u3$1181*(1 )@5 u7(51O 81' f5(,(&.6&+$/781*P w0 ',( x25=@*( '(6 f5(+O 675206 =85 g5=(8*81* (,1(6 67$5.(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f5(+)(/'(6 187=(1 =8 .?11(1N %(1?7,*7 0$1 $//( '5(, r+$6(1 */(,&+=(,7,*P f$)@5 0866 (,1 '5(,3+$6,*(5 c16&+/866 JNNm5$)767(&.'26(DDK ,167$//,(57 :(5'(1] '$=8 *(+?5(1 W 819(57$86&+%$5( m217$.7( )@5 ',( '5(, r+$6(1 Jm$%(/,62/$7,21 0(,67 NN6&+:$5=DD 2'(5 NN%5$81DDKN '(1 p8//(,7(5 J,00(5 NN+(//%/$8DDK 81' ',( u&+87=(5'( J,00(5 NN*5@1O*(/%DDKP f,( f5(,3+$6(1Op87O =81* '(6 f5(+675206 $8) '(5 x(5%5$8&+(56(,7( .$11 :$+/:(,6( ,1 u7(51O 2'(5 f5(,O (&.6&+$/781* (5)2/*(1P

VPUPV v5$16)250$725(1 y(&+6(/675?0( +$%(1 *(*(1@%(5 i/(,&+675?0(1 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 6,( 6,&+ 817(5 c86O 187=81* '(6 ,1 c%6&+1P VPTPU (5/>87(57(1 v5$16)250$725Or5,1=,36 6(+5 /(,&+7 $8) $1O '(5( u3$1181*(1 75$16)250,(5(1 /$66(1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 0,7+,/)( '(5 v5$16)250$725(1 J.85= NNv5$)26DDKN ',( ,1 '(5 u7$5.675207(&+1,. $/6 w063$11(5 %(=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1 81' '(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 o$6&+,1(1 =8*(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P q%:2+/ '$6 r5,1=,3 6(,7 h$O 5$'$)7,*(1 *(0(,16$0(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 $8) (,1(0 ,1 6,&+ *(6&+/266(1(1 g,6(1.(51 $8)*(%5$&+7 6,1'P f,( %(,'(1 u38/(1 :(5'(1 +>87* @%(5(,1$1'(5 *(:,&.(/7P f85&+ '(1 *(6&+/266(1(1 g,6(1.(51 :,5' '(5 NN0$*1(7,6&+( y,'(567$1'DD '(6 m5(,O 6(6 0,1,0$/P f,( y,5.81* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 />667 6,&+ 0,7 '(0 ,1 c%%P VPV[ 6.,==,(57(1 '5(,6&+(1.(/,*(1 v5$16)250$72502'(// =(,*(1\ f,( '5(, u&+(1.(/ 6,1' '85&+ (,1 9(56&+,(%%$5(6 l2&+ @%(5%5@&.%$5P f,( r5,0>5638/( %(71'(7 6,&+ $8) '(0 0,77/(5(1 u&+(1.(/ JTKN ',( u(.81'>5638/( 0,7 */(,&+(5 y,1'81*6=$+/ $8) '(0 >8O M(5(1 u&+(1.(/ JUKP d(, 819(5>1'(57(5 r5,0>563$1181* wR %5,1*(1 :,5 '$6 l2&+ ,1 9(56&+,('(1( u7(//81*(1 81' 0(66(1 ',( u(.81'>563$1181*P y(11 '$6 l2&+ @%(5 $//(1 '5(, u&+(1.(/1 /,(*7N 0(66(1 :,5 wRBTN :(,/ 6,&+ '(5 t@&.9866 '(6 0,7 '(5 $1*(/(*7(1 u3$1181* ,0 u&+(1.(/ JTK (5=(8*7(1 h/866(6 -( =85 j>/)7( $8) ',( u&+(1.(/ JSK 81' JUK 9(57(,/7P y(11 185 ',( u&+(1.(/ JTK 81' JUK @%(5%5@&.7 :(5'(1N 0(66(1 :,5 wRN :(,/ '(5 92//( t@&.9866 '85&+ u&+(1.(/ JUK *(+7] :(11 185 JSK 81' JTK @%(5%5@&.7 :(5'(1N *(+7 '(5 t@&.9866 '85&+ '(1 u&+(1.(/ JSK 81' ',( u3$1181* ,67 18//P verschiebbar 1

2

3 V

c%%P VPV[ f5(,6&+(1.(/Ov5$16)250$725O 02'(// =80 p$&+:(,6 '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/86O 6(6 ,1 *(6&+/266(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5(,6(1P

|85 w17(5'5@&.81* 921 y,5%(/675?0(1 6,1' ',( g,6(1.?53(5 /$0(//,(57N 'P +P $86 '@11(1 $8)(,1$1'(5*(/(*7(1 d/(&+(1 *(%,/'(7N ',( '85&+ n$&. 2'(5 r$3,(5 *(*(1O (,1$1'(5 ,62/,(57 6,1' J/$0,1$7(' 0$*1(7KP w0 ',( j&+(1,1+$/7 '(5 u&+/(,)(P f,( 12&+ 9(5%/(,%(1'(1 x(5/867( )@+5(1 =8 (,1(5 6&+:$&+(1 g5:>5081* '(6 v5$16)250$7256P d(, +?+(5(1 h5(48(1=(1 9(5O :(1'(7 0$1 h(55,7.(51( 81' =81(+0(1' $8&+ m(51( $86 $0253+(1 J'P +P 1,&+7O .5,67$//,1(1K n(*,(581*(1P u,( :(5'(1 '85&+ $8M(525'(17/,&+ 6&+1(//( c%.@+/81* '(6 9@66,*(1 o(7$//6 +(5*(67(//7 Jc%6&+1P SVPTPVKP f,( :,&+7,*67(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 v5$16)250$7256P f,( u3$1181*(1 $1 '(5 r5,0>5O 638/( wS 81' $1 '(5 u(.81'>5638/( wT 9(5+$/7(1 6,&+ :,( ',( y,1'81*6=$+/(1 '(5 u38/(1P f$6 ,67 '$6 %(56(7=81*69(5+>/71,6 J75$16)250$7,21 5$7,2K\ wSBwT 3 pSBpTP

JVPSSUK

TUX

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

u2 .$11 0$1 /(,&+7 '85&+ y$+/ '(5 y,1'81*6=$+/(1 -('(6 *(:@16&+7( u3$1181*6O 9(5+>/71,6 +(567(//(1P f,( =8/>66,*(1 u3$1181*(1 6,1' '85&+ ',( (/(.75,6&+( k62/$7,21 '(5 u38/(1 %(67,007P f,( $8) '(5 r5,0>56(,7( +,1(,1*(67(&.7( y,5./(,6781* :,5' $8) '(5 u(.81'>56(,7( %,6 $8) *(5,1*)@*,*( x(5/867( J-( 1$&+ n(,6781*6*5?M( RPTAT@K :,('(5(5+$/7(1P r5,0>5O 81' u(.81'>5.5(,6 6,1' '85&+ '(1 v5$16)250$725 0$*1(7,6&+ *(.233(/7N $%(5 *$/9$1,6&+ J'P+P NNi/(,&+67520 %(75(5(1'DDK 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117P f(5 u(.81O '>5Ou7520.5(,6 .$11 $/62 *((5'(7 :(5'(1 2'(5 $8&+ (,1 $1'(5(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 r27(17,$/ (5+$/7(1P f,( c86*$1*6Om/(00(163$1181* (,1(6 v5$16)250$7256 ,67 920 n$6767520 81' '(5 n$67$57 $%+>1*,*P f,( g56$7=6&+$/781* (,1(6 v5$16)250$7256 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 ,'($/(1 y(&+6(/63$1181*6*(1(5$725N '(5 ',( ,1'8=,(57( u3$1181* wR /,()(57N 81' (,1(0 '$=8 ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7(1 2+06&+(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' tv5 81' '(5 u38/(1O ,1'8.7,9,7>7 nv5 Jc%%P VPWR 2%(1KN :2%(, 0(,67 tv5 * 6nv5 $1*(1200(1 :(5'(1 .$11P h@5 ,1'8.7,9(N 2+06&+( 2'(5 .$3$=,7,9( n$67 0,7 */(,&+(0 u&+(,1:,'(567$1' ,67 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 817(56&+,('/,&+ Jf,$*5$00 921 c%%P VPWRK\ f,( d(/$6781* 0,7 (,1(5 u38/( %(:,5.7 (,1(1 '(87/,&+(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// (w 3 wR A wN :(,/ 6,&+ ',( d/,1':,'(567>1'( 921 n$67638/( 81' v5$16)250$725638/( $'',(5(1P A g,1 2+06&+(5 n$67:,'(567$1' 9(5856$&+7 (,1(1 9(5*/(,&+6:(,6( *(5,1*(1 u3$1181*6$%)$//N :(,/ y,5.:,'(567$1' Jt1tn$67K 81' d/,1':,'(567$1' J6nK 48$'5$7,6&+ $'',(57 :(5'(1P A d(, d(/$6781* 0,7 (,1(0 m21'(16$725 67(,*7 ',( m/(00(163$1181*N '$ ',( d/,1'O :,'(567>1'( 921 v5$16)250$725Ou38/( 81' n$67Om21'(16$725 NN,0 x(.725%,/'DD '85&+ (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( r)(,/( '$5*(67(//7 :(5'(1 J$1'(56 )2508/,(57\ ,+5( ,0$*,1>5(1 k03('$1=(1 +$%(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(6 x25=(,&+(1KP y(,/ e 81' n =86$00(1 (,1(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6 %,/'(1N '(66(1 u&+(,1:,'(567$1' ,1 '(5 p>+( '(5 t(621$1= 6(+5 ./(,1 :(5'(1 .$11N '@5)(1 *52M( m21'(16$725(1 1,&+7 $//(,1 $16 p(7= *(6&+$/7(7 :(5'(1C y(11 0$1 921 '(1 6(+5 ./(,1(1 w00$*1(7,6,(581*69(5/867(1 $%6,(+7N 62:,( 92//O 67>1',*( 0$*1(7,6&+( m233/81* 81' 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1( 2+06&+( y,'(567>1'( '(5 y,&./81*(1 $11,007N '$11 ,67 ',( 6(.81'>56(,7,* 920 v5$16)250$725 $%*(*(%(O 1( Jy,5.OKn(,6781* */(,&+ '(5 35,0>56(,7,* $8)*(1200(1(1P f,(6( n(,6781*675$16O )250$7,21 ,67 6&+:,(5,*(5 =8 9(567(+(1 $/6 ',( u3$1181*675$16)250$7,21 *(0>M '(0 I L Tr

R Tr

U

Last

U

I

c%%P VPWR q%(1\ g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' )@5 (,1(1 v5$16)250$725P w17(1\ u7520$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 m/(00(163$1181* )@5 .$3$=,7,9(N 2+0O 6&+( 81' ,1'8.7,9( n$67P

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TUY

Im

u 01

ˆt

ˆt

u 01 Ê 1 i 1'

u 1'

i1 i 01

º0

Re Ê2

u2 (a)

i 01

i2

u2 (b)

c%%P VPWS |(,*(5',$*5$00( )@5 '(1 v5$16)250$725\ J$K 81%(/$67(7N J%K %(/$67(7 0,7 y,'(5O 67$1' 81' k1'8.7,9,7>7P u3$1181*\ $86*(=2*(1(5 r)(,/N u7520\ *(675,&+(/7(5 r)(,/N 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866\ f233(//,1,(1Or)(,/P

x(5+>/71,6 '(5 y,1'81*6=$+/(1P y,5 %(6&+5>1.(1 816 +,(5 $8) ',( f,6.866,21 (,1(6 d(,63,(/6 $1+$1' '(5 |(,*(5',$*5$00( 921 c%%P VPWSP d(, (,1(0 =81>&+67 6(.81'>56(,7,* 25(1(1 J81%(/$67(7(1N NN:$77/26(1DDK v5$16)25O 0$725 :,5' 35,0>56(,7,* ',( p(7=63$1181* $1*(/(*7N ',( ,1 c%%P VPWS$ '85&+ '(1 1$&+ 2%(1 =(,*(1'(1 |(,*(5 bRS '$5*(67(//7 ,67P f,(6( u3$1181* 75(,%7 '(1 [R@ =8O 5@&.9(56(7=7(1 JNN1$&+(,/(1'(1DDK r5,0>567520 J|(,*(5 VRS 1$&+ 5(&+76KN '(5 '(1 3+$O 6(1*/(,&+(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866 J|(,*(5 URK (5=(8*7P f,( 5(/$7,9(1 n>1*(1 '(5 '5(, r)(,/(N ',( 3++/7P h@5 '(1 %(,63,(/+$)7 ',6.87,(57(1 v5$16)250$725 :>+/(1 :,5 '$6 y,1'81*6O =$+/(19(5+>/71,6 pS \ pT 3 T \ SP

JVPSSVK

f,( '85&+ h/866>1'(581* 35,0>5O 81' 6(.81'>56(,7,* ,1'8=,(57(1 u3$1181*(1 8S 81' 8T /,(*(1 [R@ +,17(5 '(0 h/866N 6,1' $/62 80 SZR@ 3+$6(19(56(7=7 =85 $1*(/(*7(1 p(7=63$1181* 8RS P f,( 35,0>56(,7,* ,1'8=,(57( u3$1181* ,67N :,( %(, -('(5 u38/(N (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+ '(5 $1*(/(*7(1 u3$1181* 81' +,(5 1,&+7 (,1*(=(,&+1(7P f,( 6(.81'>56(,7,* ,1'8=,(57( u3$1181* :85'( '(0 w17(56(7=81*69(5+>/71,6 (17635(O &+(1' 0,7 '(0 |(,*(5 bT N '(5 +$/% 62 /$1* ,67 :,( bRS N 1$&+ 817(1 $8)*(75$*(1P |85 48$17,7$7,9(1 f,6.866,21 '(6 %(/$67(7(1 v5$16)250$7256 Jc%%P VPWS%K %(1?O 7,*(1 :,5 12&+ )2/*(1'( d(=,(+81*(1\ h@5 ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 *,/7 ,1 816(5(0 d(,63,(/ 81'

nSBnT 3 p TS Bp TT 3 V nST 3 JnS nTKSBT 3 SBT nS 3 T nTP

JVPSSWK

h@5 ',( >8M(5( d(/$6781* '(6 v5$16)250$7256 :>+/(1 :,5 $/6 /(,&+7 5(&+(1%$5(6 d(,63,(/ (,1(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' tTN '(5 %(75$*6*/(,&+ 0,7 '(0 ,1'8.7,9(1

TUZ

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

y,'(567$1' '(5 u(.81'>5638/( 6nT ,67P f$0,7 (5*(%(1 6,&+ )2/*(1'( u&+(,1:,'(5O 67>1'(\ 81'

|S 3 6nS |T 3 LJ6nTKT 1tTT bSBT |S 3 |T 6nT 3 |TBV 6nSP

JVPSSXK

c86 i/P JVPSSVK 81' i/P JVPSSXK )2/*7 8 T 3 8 SBT 81' |T 3 |SBJT|TKN 81' '$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ ,T 3 |T ,SRP f,( r+$6(1',5(5(1= 921 VW@ =85 u3$1181* 8 T Ju7520 )2/*7 '(5 u3$1O 181*K (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 i/(,&++(,7 921 2+06&+(0 81' ,1'8.7,9(0 c17(,/ 921 |T] '(5 |(,*(5 VT :85'( 6&+5>* 1$&+ /,1.6 817(1 (,1*(75$*(1P f(5 u7520 ,T (5=(8*7 (,1(1 3+$6(1*/(,&+(1 h/866 IT] ',( }1'(581* ',(6(6 h/866(6 ,1'8=,(57 35,0>5O 81' 6(.81'>56(,7,* ',( u3$1181*(1 8AS 81' 8AT N ',( [R@ =85@&.9(5O 6(7=7 6,1' J9*/P |(,*(5 bAS N 6&+5>* 1$&+ /,1.6 2%(1] |(,*(5 bAT ,67 1,&+7 (,1*(75$*(1KP f,( t(&+181* (5*,%7 8AS 3 |T 8 T 3 8 RSB|T 81' )@5 '(1 921 8AS 35,0>56(,7,* *(75,(O %(1(1N 80 :(,7(5( [R@ =85@&. 9(56(7=7(1 u7520 '(1 |(,*(5 VAS 0,7 '(0 d(75$* ,AS 3 ,SRB|TP f,( c'',7,21 '(5 |(,*(5 VAS 81' VSR (5*,%7 '(1 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 r5,0>567520 0,7 |(,*(5 VS P y,( 0,7 '(1 2%,*(1 c1*$%(1 81' d(=,(+81*(1 /(,&+7 1$&+*(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1 .$11N (5=(8*(1 '(5 u(.81'>567520 ,T 81' '(5 ,1'8=,(57( r5,0>567520 ,AS (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+( h/@66( IS 81' IT 920 d(75$* IRB|T ',( 6,&+ .203(16,(5(1N 62'$66 '(5 h/866 '(6 %(/$67(7(1 v5$16)250$7256 ,1 d(75$* 81' r+$6( */(,&+ '(0 h/866 '(6 81%(/$67(7(1 v5$16)250$7256 J|(,*(5 URK ,67P i(>1'(57 +$7 6,&+ 185N :,( '$6 0$*1(7,6,(5(1'( h(/' (5=(8*7 :,5'\ c167(//( '(6 u75206 ,SR ,0 r5,0>5.5(,6 :,5.(1 181 ',( u75?0( ,S 81' ,T N ',( $8) r5,0>5O 81' u(.81'>5.5(,6 9(57(,/7 81' 3+$6(19(56(7=7 6,1'P o$1 .$11 6,&+ $8&+ @%(5=(8*(1N '$66 0,7 '(1 u3$1181*(1 $//(6 ,1 q5'181* *(+7\ f,( }1'(O 581* '(6 h/866(6 IS ,1'8=,(57 35,0>56(,7,* (,1( u3$1181*N ',( A :,( %(, -('(5 u38/( A '(5 75(,%(1'(1 u3$1181*N +,(5 8AS N (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+ ,67] 6(.81'>56(,7,* ,1'8O =,(57 ',( }1'(581* 921 IS (,1( u3$1181*N ',( ',( 2%(1 (,10$/ (5:>+17(N $%(5 1,&+7 (,1*(75$*(1( u3$1181* 8AT .203(16,(57P l(7=7 .$11 ',( n(,6781*675$16)250$7,21 %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1\ |:,6&+(1 '(5 p(7=O 63$1181* J|(,*(5 bSR N g5(.7,9:(57 wSK 81' '(0 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 r5,0>567520 J|(,*(5 VSN g5(.7,9:(57 kSK /,(*7 '(5 r+$6(1:,1.(/ 3SP |:,6&+(1 '(5 c86*$1*663$1181* J|(,O *(5 bTN g5(.7,9:(57 wTK 81' '(0 u(.81'>567520 J|(,*(5 VT N g5(.7,9:(57 kTK /,(*7 '(5 r+$6(1:,1.(/ 3T P y,( /(,&+7 $/*(%5$,6&+ 1$&+*(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1 .$11N $%(5 ,1 c%%P VPWS% $8&+ 48$/,7$7,9 =8 (5.(11(1 ,67N *,/7 ',( v5$16)250$725*/(,&+81* 921 '(5 i/(,&++(,7 '(5 y,5./(,6781* ,1 %(,'(1 u7520.5(,6(1\ wS kS &26 3S 3 wT kT &26 3TP

JVPSSYK

v5$)2 $/6 k03('$1=:$1'/(5P f85&+ '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 y,1'81*6=$+/(1 921 r5,0>5O 81' u(.81'>56(,7( :,5' 1,&+7 185 '$6 u3$1181*69(5+>/71,6 )(67*(/(*7N 621'(51 $8&+ '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 k03('$1=(1P y(11 ',( 2+06&+(1 y,'(567>1'( ./(,1 6,1' *(*(1O @%(5 '(1 ,1'8.7,9(1 y,'(567>1'(1N 9(5+$/7(1 6,&+ ',( k03('$1=(1 :,( ',( s8$'5$7( '(5 y,1'81*6=$+/(1P f,(6( g,*(16&+$)7 '(6 v5$)26 :,5' =85 q37,0,(581* 921 n(,6O 781*6@%(575$*81*(1 $86*(187=7P

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TU[

f(021675$7,2169(568&+P d(187=7 0$1 $/6 r5,0>5638/( u (,1( u38/( $86 SWR %,6 TRR y,1'81*(1 (,1(6 f5$+7(6 0,7 S 00T s8(56&+1,77N ,1 '(5 9(57,.$/ (,1 67$%)?50,*(5 m(51 m $86 g,6(1'5>+7(1 67(&.7 Jc%%P VPWTK 81' /(*7 $8) ',( r5,0>5638/( (,1(1 /(,&+O 7(1 c/80,1,805,1* t $/6 u(.81'>5638/( 0,7 185 (,1(5 .85=*(6&+/266(1(1 y,1'81*N '$11 :,5' ',(6(5 t,1* %(,0 g,16&+$/7(1 '(6 y(&+6(/675206 0(+5(5( o(7(5 +2&+ ,1 ',( n8)7 *(6&+/(8'(57P f,( g5./>581* ',(6(6 (,1'58&.692//(1 x(568&+6 ,67 :,( )2/*7\ f$ 2+06&+(5 81' ,1'8.7,9(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 t,1*6 6(+5 ./(,1 6,1'N (55(,&+7 '(5 ,1 ,+0 9,(M(1'( u(.81'>567520 6(+5 +2+( y(57( ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SRRR cP f$0,7 :,5' ,1 c%%P VPWS% '(5 h/866=(,*(5 UT J3+$6(1*/(,&+ 0,7 VTK 81' '(5 ,+0 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+( h/866=(,*(5 US J3+$6(1*/(,&+ 0,7 VAS K 6(+5 *52MN 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6 '(5 920 n((5/$8)Or5,0>567520 (5=(8*7( h/866 {R P f$6 %('(87(7 $%(5N '$66 '(5 920 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 r5,0>567520 (55(*7( h/866N %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ ',( |(,*(56800( US 1URN 6,&+ ,1 i5?M( 81' r+$6(1/$*( US $1*/(,&+7N :(,/ UR .2167$17 %/(,%7P y(,/ '$11 =:,6&+(1 u(.81'>5O 81' r5,0>567520 (,1( r+$6(1',5(5(1= 921 1$+(=8 SZR@ %(67(+7N 6,1' %(,'( u75?0( $/62 ,1 -('(0 c8*(1%/,&. (,1$1'(5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(O 5,&+7(7 81' ,+5( o$*1(7)(/'(5 672M(1 6,&+ $%P R K

S

c%%P VPWT v5$16)250$7259(568&+ 1$&+ g/,+8 v+20621 J(1*/,6&+(5 g/(.7527(&+1,.(5N g5O 71'(5 '(6 y,'(567$1'6381.76&+:(,M(16N SZWUAS[UYKP

f$ 1$&+ '(5 v5$16)250$725*/(,&+81* r5,0>5O 81' u(.81'>5/(,6781* */(,&+ *52M 6,1' Ji/P JVPSSYKKN .$11 0$1 '85&+ j(5817(575$16)250,(5(1 (,1(5 y(&+6(/63$1181* 6(+5 +2+( y(&+6(/675?0( (5=,(/(1P j>/7 0$1 @%(5 '(1 g,6(1.(51 '(5 v+20621I6&+(1 c125'181* Jc%%P VPWTK (,1( $86 XAZ 00 67$5.(0 m83)(5'5$+7 *(:,&.(/7( u38/( 0,7 9,(5 y,1'81*(1N '(5(1 g1'(1 '85&+ (,1(1 0(+5(5( |(17,0(7(5 /$1*(1 g,6(167,)7 Jp$*(/K .85=*(6&+/266(1 6,1' Jc%%P VPWU$KN 62 .2007 '(5 g,6(167,)7 6&+1(// ,1 +(//( y(,M*/87 81' 6&+0,/=7 6&+/,(M/,&+ '85&+P A x(5%,1'(7 0$1 ',( g1'(1 '(5 ',&.'5$+O 7,*(1 u38/( 0,7 (,1(5 :(,7(5(1 u38/(N 62 (5=(8*7 '(5 ,1 '(5 (567(1 u38/( ,1'8=,(57( 67$5.( y(&+6(/67520 ,1 '(5 =:(,7(1 u38/( (,1 '(5$57,* .5>)7,*(6 o$*1(7)(/'N '$66

Nagel schmilzt

(a)

Fe-Stab schwebt (b)

c%%P VPWU f(021675$7,2169(568&+( 0,7 67$5.(1 y(&+6(/675?0(1\ J$K u&+0(/=(1 (,1(6 g,6(1O 1$*(/6N J%K u&+:(%(1 (,1(6 g,6(167$%(6 ,0 67$5.(1 o$*1(7)(/'P

TVR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

(,1 g,6(167$% 921 %(75>&+7/,&+(0 i(:,&+7 ,1 ',( u38/( +,1(,1*(=2*(1 81' ,1 ,+5 6&+:(%(1' *(+$/7(1 :,5' Jc%%P VPWU%KP f,( 6(+5 +2+(1 u752067>5.(1N ',( '85&+ j(5$%75$16)250,(5(1 /(,&+7 +(567(//%$5 6,1'N 71'(1 9,(/)>/7,*( 7(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1P c%%P VPWV =(,*7 (,1(1 f(021675$O 7,2169(568&+ =80 u&+0(/=(1 921 o(7$//N :,( (6 ,1 k1'8.7,216?)(1 *(6&+,(+7P f$6 =8 6&+0(/=(1'( o(7$// ,67 '$%(, v(,/ '(5 u(.81'>5:,&./81* '(6 v5$16)250$7256P d(71'(7 6,&+ =P dP |,11 ,1 (,1(5 *(6&+/266(1(1 t,11( $86 m83)(5%/(&+N 62 :,5' (6 1$&+ g,16&+$/7(1 '(6 u7520(6 ,1 :(1,*(1 o,187(1 *(6&+02/=(1P f(5 x257(,/ ',(6(6 u&+0(/=9(5)$+5(16 %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 ',( y>50( ,0 o(7$// 6(/%67 (5=(8*7 :,5' 81' x(5815(,1,*81*(1 '85&+ (,1*()@+57( g/(.752'(1 2'(5 j(,=*$6( 9(50,('(1 :(5'(1P u&+:(,M75$16)250$725P d(,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 r81.76&+:(,M(1 %5,1*7 0$1 ',( =86$0O 0(1=86&+:(,M(1'(1 d/(&+( 2'(5 f5>+7( =:,6&+(1 =:(, %(:(*/,&+( m83)(5.217$.7( '(6 1,('(5*(63$117(1 u(.81'>5.5(,6(6 920 u&+:(,M75$16)250$725 J:(/',1* 75$16O )250(5KP f5@&.7 0$1 181 ',( m217$.7( =86$00(1N 62 .200(1 ',( '$=:,6&+(1 %(O 71'/,&+(1 v(,/( '85&+ ',( ,1 ,+1(1 (17:,&.(/7( l28/(I6&+( y>50( 6&+1(// =85 y(,M*/87 81' 9(56&+0(/=(1 0,7(,1$1'(5P f$ ',( u752067>5.( $8) '(5 u(.81'>56(,7( 6(+5 +2&+ ,67N 75638/( 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 u&+$/7(56 678)(1:(,6( *(:>+/7 2'(5 '(5 n8)763$/7 ,0 o$*1(7.5(,6 (,1(5 f5266(/638/( 3(5 j$1'5$' .217,18,(5/,&+ 9(5O >1'(57 :(5'(1P

c%%P VPWV o2'(//9(568&+ =80 (/(.75,6&+(1 k1'8.7,2162)(1P

u3$575$16)250$725P f(5 g,1638/(1Ov5$16)250$725 J$87275$16)250(5K ,67 (,1( 6(+5 .267(1*@167,*( c86)@+581*N ',( -('2&+ .(,1( *$/9$1,6&+( v5(1181* 921 r5,0>5O 81' u(.81'>5.5(,6 %,(7(7P f(5 p87=(5 0866 6,&+ %(:8667 6(,1N '$66 (,1( u(,7( '(5 c86*$1*663$1181* *((5'(7 ,67] $1'(51)$//6 6,1' *()>+5/,&+( u&+$/7)(+/(5 '(1.%$5P f(5 u3$575$16)250$725 Jc%%P VPWWK +$7 =:(, y,&./81*67(,/(N ',( NNr$5$//(/:,&./81*DD Jv(,/ 921 r5,0>5O 81' u(.81'>5.5(,6K 81' NNt(,+(1:,&./81*DD Jv(,/ 921 185 (,1(0 m5(,6K *(1$117 :(5'(1N $%(5 %(,'( +,17(5(,1$1'(5*(6&+$/7(7 6,1'P f,( r$5$//(/:,&.O /81* ,67 ',( w17(563$1181*6:,&./81*] ',( j,17(5(,1$1'(56&+$/781* %(,'(5 y,&./81O *(1 ,67 ',( q%(563$1181*6:,&./81*P y,5' (,1 u3$575$16)250$725 =80 j(5$%Ov5$16O )250,(5(1 %(187=7 Jc%%P VPWWKN '$11 $5%(,7(7 (5 *(1$8 :,( (,1 ,1'8.7,9(5 u3$1181*6O

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TVS

230 V \ 50 Hz

L N

I1

I1 I2 -- I1

Reihenwicklung

Parallelwicklung

I2

N

I2

z.B. 160 V \ 50 Hz

c%%P VPWW u&+$/781* (,1(6 u3$575$16)250$O 7256 )@5 u3$1181*6Ow17(56(7=81* J3 ,1'8.O 7,9(5 u3$1181*67(,/(5KP

7(,/(5P d(,0 j(5$8)75$16)250,(5(1 Jx(57$86&+81* 921 r5,0>5O 81' u(.81'>56(,7( ,1 c%%P VPWWK *,/7 -('2&+ ',( c1$/2*,( =80 u3$1181*67(,/(5 1,&+7N :(,/ ',( ,1 '(0 h$// 185 =80 x(5%5$8&+(5.5(,6 *(+?5(1'( t(,+(1:,&./81* :(*(1 '(5 92//67>1',*(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m233/81* $8&+ ,1'8=,(57( u3$1181* /,()(57P d(75$&+7(7 0$1 181 (,1(1 u3$575$16)250$725 =80 j(5$%Ov5$16)250,(5(1N '(5 185 (,1( (,1=,*( u38/( (17+>/7N ',( '85&+ (,1(1 9$5,$%/(1 u3$1181*6$%*5,5 ,1 r$5$//(/O 81' t(,+(1:,&./81* $8)*(7(,/7 :,5'N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1(1 t(*(/OJu3$5OKv5$16)25O 0$725P m216758.7,9 +$7 '(5 t(*(/75$)2 }+1/,&+.(,7 0,7 (,1(0 f5(+327(17,20(7(5 Jc%%P UPZ%KP d(,'(1 *(0(,16$0 ,67 '(5 5,1*)?50,*( y,&./81*6.?53(5 81' '(5 '5(+O %$5( u&+/(,).217$.7P w17(56&+,('( %(67(+(1 %(,0 63(=,76&+(1 y,'(567$1' '(6 f5$+O 7(6N '(5 %(,0 f5(+327(17,20(7(5 *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 %(,0 t(*(/75$)2N 81' %(,0 y,&.O /81*6.(51N '(5 %(,0 f5(+327(17,20(7(5 $86 m(5$0,.N %(,0 t(*(/75$)2 $%(5 $86 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(0 o$7(5,$/ %(67(+7P f5(+6752075$16)250$725 J7+5((O3+$6( 75$16)250(5KP |80 v5$16)250,(5(1 921 f5(,O 3+$6(1Ou3$1181* :,5' (,1 v5$16)250$725 0,7 f5(,Ou&+(1.(/Om(51 9(5:(1'(7N '(1 0$1 6,&+ (1767$1'(1 '(1.(1 .$11 $86 '5(, 67(51)?50,* =86$00(1*()@*7(1 g,13+$O 6(1Ov5$16)250$725.(51(1 1$&+ y(*/$6681* '(6 *(0(,16$0(1 u&+(1.(/6P f$ 6,&+ ',( '5(, h/@66( *(1$862 =8 18// $'',(5(1 :,( ',( u3$1181*(1 ,0 o,77(/381.7 (,1(5 u7(516&+$/781*N .$11 0$1 ',(6(1 v(,/ '(6 m(516 :(*/$66(1P c1/(*(:$1'/(5 J63/,7O&25(O7+17 Jc%%P VPWXKP f(5 5,1*)?50,*( g,6(1.(51 Leiter aufklappbarer Eisenkern

c%%P VPWX

c1/(*(:$1'/(5P

TVT

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

m />667 6,&+ 0,77(/6 '(5 $1 ,+1 $1*(%5$&+7(1 j$1'*5,5( $8)./$33(1N 62'$66 0$1 ,+1 80 '(1 u7520/(,7(5 /(*(1 .$11N 80 '(1 ,1 ,+0 9,(M(1'(1 y(&+6(/67520 =8 0(66(1P f$6 '(1 n(,7(5 80*(%(1'( o$*1(7)(/' '85&+987(7 '(1 181 :,('(5 *(6&+/26O 6(1(1 g,6(1.(51 81' ,1'8=,(57 ,1 '(5 $8) '(0 m(51 $8)*(%5$&+7(1 u38/( (,1( u3$1O 181*N ',( (,1(1 u7520 '85&+ '$6 o(66,167580(17 75(,%7P f,( c1=(,*( '(6 k16758O 0(17(6 ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 ',( y(&+6(/6752067>5.( ,0 n(,7(5P

VPUPW w0:$1'/81* 921 y(&+6(/67520 ,1 i/(,&+67520 81' 80*(.(+57 f(5 j$8379257(,/ '(6 y(&+6(/675206 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 i/(,&+67520 %(67(+7 ,1 '(5 *(5$'( %(6352&+(1(1 o?*/,&+.(,7N )$67 9(5/867/26 u3$1181*(1 =8 75$16)250,(5(1P f,(6( %(48(0( c57 '(5 u3$1181*6:$1'/81* (5/$8%7 '(1 g,16$7= 921 j2&+63$1O 181*6/(,781*(1N ',( 9(5/867$50( n(,6781*6@%(575$*81* %,(7(1 Jc%6&+1P VPWPSKP c8&+ ',( (,1)$&+( 81' 52%867( d$8:(,6( 921 i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1 )@5 y(&+6(/67520 ,67 (,1 :,&+7,*(5 x257(,/P f(6+$/% /,(*7 (6 1$+(N 62:(,7 :,( 0?*/,&+ y(&+6(/67520 =8 9(5:(1'(1P h@5 ',( c1:(1'81*6=:(&.(N ',( 81%(',1*7 i/(,&+67520 (5)25'(51N ,67 =8 @%(5/(*(1N 2% ',( w0:$1'/81* 921 y(&+6(/67520 ,1 i/(,&+67520 1,&+7 *@16O 7,*(5 ,67 $/6 ',( x(5:(1'81* (,1(5 d$77(5,(P j(87( +$%(1 6,&+ ',( i/(,&+67520Op(7=O *(5>7( J'P&P 32:(5 6833/,(6K @%(5$// '257N :2 p(7=$16&+/866 9(5)@*%$5 ,67N '85&+*(O 6(7=7P d$77(5,(1 :(5'(1 9(5:(1'(7N :(11 (,1( 920 p(7= 81$%+>1*,*( o2%,/,7>7 *(O :@16&+7 :,5' Jd(,63,(/(\ g/(.752Oc872N n$3723Oe20387(5K] 1$&+ ,+5(0 g,16$7= :(5O '(1 ',(6( NNu(.81'>5%$77(5,(1DD 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 p(7=$16&+/866On$'(*(5>7(6 :,('(5 $8)O *(/$'(1P NNr5,0>5%$77(5,(1DD Jg,1:(*Od$77(5,(1K :(5'(1 )@5 0,1,0$/( i/(,&+67520O n(,6781*(1 (,1*(6(7=7N %(, '(1(1 185 6(/7(1 d$77(5,(:(&+6(/ (5)25'(5/,&+ 6,1' Jd(,O 63,(/(\ s8$5=8+5(1N j(5=6&+5,770$&+(5KP o,7 '(5 w0:$1'/81* 921 ,1'8.7,9 (5=(8*7(0 y(&+6(/67520 ,1 i/(,&+67520 :85O '(1 9,(/ *5?M(5( i/(,&+67520On(,6781*(1 9(5)@*%$5 $/6 '85&+ $1'(5( i/(,&+67520O 48(//(1 -( =85 x(5)@*81* 67$1'(1P f$6 (5?51(7( *$1= 1(8( i/(,&+67520Oc1:(1'81O *(1N =P dP )@5 '(1 d(75,(% 921 j2&+/(,6781*6Oi/(,&+6752002725(1 2'(5 )@5 ',( (/(.7O 52&+(0,6&+( r52'8.7,21 ,0 *52M(1 o$M67$%P w0:$1'/81* $8) '(5 g5=(8*(56(,7(P g,1 g,1O81'Oc86Ou&+$/7(5N '(5 %(, -('(0 p8//O '85&+*$1* '(6 y(&+6(/67520(6 $%:(&+6(/1' *(?51(7 81' *(6&+/266(1 :,5'N 817(5O '5@&.7 =P dP $//( 1(*$7,9(1 j$/%:(//(1] (,1 w032/Ou&+$/7(5N '(5 %(, -('(0 p8//'85&+O *$1* %(7>7,*7 :,5'N %(:,5.7N '$66 $//( j$/%:(//(1 0,7 */(,&+(0 x25=(,&+(1 =80 i/(,&+67520 %(,75$*(1P g,1( 6(+5 (,1)$&+( y(,6(N '(1 w032/Ou&+$/7(5 =8 67(8(51N %(67(+7 '$5,1N ,+1 ',5(.7 $8) '(5 y(//( '(6 y(&+6(/67520Oi(1(5$7256 =8 0217,(5(1P f$6 )@+57 =80 i(1(5$725 0,7 817(57(,/7(0 u&+/(,)5,1*N '(0 m2//(.725 JNNu$00/(5DDK 2'(5 m20087$725 JNNu7520:(1'(5DDKP y,( ,1 c%%P VPWY $0 d(,63,(/ (,1(6 i(1(5$7256 0,7 (,1(5 k1'8.7,2166&+/(,)( *(=(,*7 ,67N :,5' '85&+ ',( =:(, *(*(1(,1$1'(5 ,62/,(57(1 j$/%5,1*( 0,7 '(1 =:(, u&+/(,).217$.7(1 ',( w032/81* *(1$8 =80 |(,7381.7 '(6 p8//'85&+*$1*6 '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 y(&+6(/63$1181* %(:,5.7] '$5$86 5(68/7,(57 (,1( i/(,&+63$1181* ',( ,1 -('(0 c8*(1%/,&. '(0 d(75$* '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 y(&+6(/63$1O 181* (17635,&+7 Jc%%P VPWY%KP c1)$1*6 :85'(1 u7$+/)('(51 2'(5 f5$+7%@567(1 =85 c%1$+0( '(5 u3$1181* 920 m20087$725 9(5:(1'(7P f,( 6,1' '$11 %$/' '85&+

N

S

(a)

Spannung

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TVU

Zeit

(b)

c%%P VPWY r5,1=,3 (,1(6 i/(,&+67520*(1(5$7256\ J$K f5(+638/(1Oc125'181* 0,7 =:(,7(,/,*(0 m20087$725N J%K x(5/$8) '(5 $%*(1200(1(1 u3$1181*P

$1 '(1 m20087$725 *('5@&.7( m2+/(O 2'(5 i5$3+,767@&.( (56(7=7 :25'(1N :(5'(1 $%(5 $8&+ +(87( 12&+ $/6 NNd@567(1DD J%586+(6K %(=(,&+1(7P w0 ',( 921 '(5 o$6&+,1( *(/,()(57( u3$1181* =8 (5+?+(1N 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 9,(/( y,1'81*(1 81' 0$&+7 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' 0?*/,&+67 .5>)7,*P c8M(5'(0 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 0(+5(5( :,1.(/0>M,* *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7( u38/(1N ',( =8 (,1(0 m5(,6 =86$0O 0(1*(6&+/266(1 6,1'] '(5 m20087$725 :,5' (17635(&+(1' 817(57(,/7P l('( k62/,(581* =:,6&+(1 =:(, %(1$&+%$57(1 m20087$725Ou(*0(17(1 :,5' '85&+ (,1( f5$+76&+/(,)( @%(5%5@&.7P f,( ,1'8=,(57(1 u3$1181*(1 $'',(5(1 6,&+ 81' '85&+ ',( i/(,&+5,&+O 7(5:,5.81* '(6 m20087$7256 (5+>/7 ',( 921 '(1 d@567(1 $%*(1200(1( u3$1181* ',( ,1 c%%P VPWZ& )@5 '(1 h$// 921 9,(5 u38/(1 J=:(, u38/(13$$5(1K *(=(,*7( h250P f,( i/>7781* :,5' 8062 %(66(5N -( 0(+5 NNu38/(1DD J$8&+ (,1)$&+( f5$+76&+/(,)(1 1(117 0$1 62K 0,7 (17635(&+(1' 817(57(,/7(0 m20087$725 $8) '(0 c1.(5 $1*(O %5$&+7 6,1'P y(,/ %(, (,1(0 67$5. 817(57(,/7(1 m20087$725 ',( m217$.7Ou(*0(17( 6(+5 ./(,1 6,1'N %(=(,&+1(7 0$1 6,( $/6 m20087$725On$0(//(1 J1,&+7 =8 9(5:(&+6(/1 0,7 '(5 n$0(//,(581* 921 g,6(1.?53(51 =85 w17(5'5@&.81* 921 w00$*1(7,6,(O 581*6Oy,5%(/675?0(1KP f,( (567(1 $8) k1'8.7,21 %$6,(5(1'(1 527,(5(1'(1 o$6&+,1(1 =85 u7520(5=(8*81* :$5(1 i(1(5$725(1 0,7 m20087$725(1 $/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 $8) '(5 g5=(8*(56(,7(P d$/' '$5$8) (5.$117( 0$1 ',( p@7=/,&+.(,7 '(6 y(&+6(/675206 81' %(*$11N i(1(5$725(1 2+1( m20087$725(1 =8 %$8(1 J0(+5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPVPSKP

Spannung

a

b

c Zeit

c%%P VPWZ J$K 81' J%K */(,&+*(5,&+7(7( k1'8.7,21663$1181*(1 921 =:(, [R@ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7(1 u38/(13$$5(1] J&K ',( $0 9,(57(,/,*(1 m20087$725 $%*(*5,5(1( u3$1181*P

TVV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

w0:$1'/81* $8) '(5 x(5%5$8&+(56(,7(P f,( m20%,1$7,21 (,1(6 i/(,&+67520Oi(1(O 5$7256 0,7 (,1(0 ,+1 $175(,%(1'(1 y(&+6(/67520Oo2725 ,67 (,1 527,(5(1'(5 y(&+O 6(/67520Oi/(,&+67520Ow0)250(5P o,7 '(1 g/(.7521(15?+5(1 Jc%6&+1P SSPTK (1767$1' (,1( 1(8( o(7+2'( '(5 i/(,&+O 5,&+781* J5(&7,7&$7,21KP f,( t?+5(1 :85'(1 1$&+ '(5 c1=$+/ '(5 ,1 ',( i/$6.2/%(1 (,1*(6&+02/=(1(1 TN U 2'(5 W o(7$//(/(.752'(1 $/6 f,2'(1N v5,2'(1 2'(5 r(172'(1 %(=(,&+1(7P f,( f,2'(1N ',( (,1( *(+(,=7( m$7+2'( 81' (,1( 1,&+7O*(+(,=7( c12'( %(6,7=(1N *(67$77(1 185 g/(.7521(19866 921 m$7+2'( =8 c12'( 81' 6,1' '(6+$/% 6(+5 *87( i/(,&+5,&+7(5P f(5 p$0( NNf,2'(DD +$7 6,&+ =80 u//7 ',( m21'(16$72563$1181* $%N 62%$/' ',( y(&+6(/63$1181* :,('(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 80$; :,5'P y(11 0$1 1>+(581*6:(,6( 921 '(0 $8&+ '$11 12&+ J%,6 =80 p8//'85&+*$1*K 1$&+*(/,()(57(1 n$'(67520 $%O 6,(+7N (5)2/*7 '(5 c%)$// '(5 i/(,&+63$1181* (;321(17,(//\ 8 J7K 3 80$;(;3J27B2K 0,7

2 3 t eP

JVPSSZK

f$6 *,/7 %,6 ',( y(&+6(/63$1181* :,('(5 *5?M(5 :,5' $/6 8 J7KP y,( c%%P VPW[% ,/O /8675,(57N (5675(&.7 6,&+ '(5 (;321(17,(//( c%)$// 1>+(581*6:(,6( @%(5 ',( *$1=( y(&+O 6(/67520Or(5,2'( v 3 SB) J) 3 h5(48(1=KP f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 u3$1181*6+8% (8 =8 (8 3 80$; 280,1 . 80$; vB2N

JVPSS[K

81' :(11 0$1 :,66(1 :,//N :,( *52M '(5 n$'(.21'(16$725 6(,1 0866N '$0,7 %(, (,1(0 n$6767520 , '(5 u3$1181*6+8% 1,&+7 *5?M(5 $/6 (8 ,67N '$11 1@7=7 ',( )2/*(1'( w06&+5(,%81* 921 i/P JVPSS[K 0,7 e 3 2Bt 81' 80$; Bt W ,\ e . 80$; BJ(8 ) tK 3 ,BJ(8 )KP

JVPSTRK u u max exp (--tJR C ) u (t ) ¢u

i

u\

C

u

R

u min

u max t

u\ (a)

c%%P VPW[

(b)

g,1:(*Oi/(,&+5,&+781*\ J$K u&+$/781*N J%K u3$1181*69(5/$8)P

VPU y(&+6(/67520 uc

u\ C

u(t)

uc

û

t

ic

ic +

TVW

Laden

R

t (a)

(b)

Entladen

c%%P VPXR |:(,:(*O 2'(5 x2//:(*Oi/(,&+5,&+781*\ J$K u&+$/781* 1$&+ i5$(7= J0,7 g/(.752O /667 6,&+ i/(,&+67520 NN=(5+$&.(1DD ,1 (,1( h2/*( 921 1$+(=8 5(&+7(&.)?50,*(1 NNi/(,&+67520Ou7@&.(1DDP u2 (,1 u7520 ,67 $/6 %(5/$*(581* (,1(5 i/(,&+67520Om20321(17(N (,1(5 y(&+6(/67520Oi581':(//( 81' 9,(/(5 q%(5:(//(1 =8 %(75$&+7(1] ',( i581':(//( .$11 '85&+ *((,*1(7( u&+$/781*(1 NN+(5$86*(7/7(57DD :(5'(1P A g,1(1 .85=(1 u752038/6 (5+>/7 0$1 '85&+ 3/?7=/,&+( g17/$'81* (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 @%(5 (,1( h81.(1675(&.( J2'(5 i/,00/$03(KN ',( %(, (,1(5 %(67,00O 7(1 u3$1181* =@1'(7 81' 1$&+ g17/$'81* '(6 m21'(16$7256 :,('(5 (5/,6&+7] '85&+ 67>1',*(6 y,('(5$89$'(1 '(6 m21'(16$7256 @%(5 (,1(1 y,'(567$1' />667 6,&+ 62 (,1( h2/*( 921 u752038/6(1 (5=(8*(1P o,7 (,1(0 j2&+63$1181*675$)2 :85'(1 62 ',( (567(1 j2&+63$1181*638/6( (5=(8*7 Jh81.(1,1'8.725KP k1 '(5 02'(51(1 n(,6781*6(/(.7521,. J+,*+O32:(5 (/(&7521,&6K *,%7 (6 $8&+ u7$5.O 67520Ou75205,&+7(5] '$6 6,1' j$/%/(,7(5%$8(/(0(17( Jv++/%$5(5 h5(48(1=

TVX

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

=8 (5=(8*(1P g6 ,67 =P dP $8&+ 0?*/,&+N WROj=Oy(&+6(/67520 @%(5 *(*/>77(7(1 i/(,&+O 67520 ,1 f5(+67520 (,1(5 $1'(5(1N $8&+ 9$5,$%/(1 JCK h5(48(1= 80=8:$1'(/1P

VPV i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1 VPVPS %(5%/,&. i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1 6,1' ',( 80/$8)(1'(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 o$6&+,1(1P u,( 9(5O :$1'(/1 (/(.75,6&+( Jy,5.OKn(,6781* ,1 0(&+$1,6&+( 2'(5 80*(.(+57N %(,'(6 0,7 6(+5 *87(0 y,5.81*6*5$'P i52M( o$6&+,1(1N )@5 ',( ',( x(5/8670,1,0,(581* (,1 %(621'(56 :,&+7,*(6 g17:,&./81*6.5,7(5,80 ,67N +$%(1 y,5.81*6*5$'( %(, [[ @P f,(O 6( o$6&+,1(1 6,1' A =86$00(1 0,7 '(1 ,1 c%6&+1P VPUPV %(6352&+(1(1 v5$16)25O 0$725(1 A ',( :,&+7,*67(1 c33$5$7( '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,.P f,( g/(.7527(&+1,. J(/(&7O 5,&$/ (1*,1((5,1*K ,67 +$8376>&+/,&+ )@5 ',( d(5(,767(//81*N x(57(,/81* 81' w06(7=81* 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 n(,6781* =867>1',*N ',( g/(.7521,. J(/(&7521,&6K )@5 u,*1$/9(567>5O .81* 81' %(575$*81*N 62:,( )@5 x(5$5%(,781* 81' u3(,&+(581* 921 k1)250$7,21 $//(5 c57P f,( g/(.7521,. ,67 62=86$*(1 '(5 j$5':$5(Ov(,/ '(5 k1)250$7,2167(&+1,.P g,1 %(5/$3381*6*(%,(7 ,67 ',( n(,6781*6(/(.7521,.N ',( ,1 '(5 TP j>/)7( '(6 TRP l$+5O +81'(576 (1767$1'N $/6 '85&+ h2576&+5,77( ,1 '(5 u,/,&,80Ov(&+12/2*,( $8&+ j$/%O /(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( )@5 u7$5.67520 9(5)@*%$5 :85'(1P p2&+ 925 '(0 g1'( '(6 S[P l$+5+81'(576 :$5(1 ',( ./$66,6&+(1N $/6 i(1(5$725 81' o2725 (,16(7=%$5(1 o$6&+,1(171'(5 Ju7$725N 67$725K 81' (,1(1 n>8)(5 Jt2725N 52725KP d(, '(1 i/(,&+675200$6&+,1(1 ,67 '(5 )(/'(5=(8*(1'( o$*1(7 ,0 u7>1'(5 817(5*(%5$&+7] '(5 =:,6&+(1 '(1 o$*1(732/(1 527,(5(1'( n>8)(5N '(5 +,(5 NNc1.(5DD *(1$117 :,5'N %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 |&+(N ,1 '(1(1 ',( y,&./81*(1 JNNu38/(1DDK 817(5O *(%5$&+7 6,1'P c8) '(5 c1.(5:(//( 6,7=7 $8&+ '(5 m20087$725P i/(,&+675200$6&+,1(1 81' f5(+67520Ou7*DD J648,55(/O&$*( 52725N &$*(KN :(,/ (5 (7:$ 62 $866,(+7P d(, f5(+6752002725(1 0@66(1 ',( '5(, r+$6(1 '(6 f5(+675206 Jm/(00(1 tN u 81' vK 0,7 '(1 u7>1'(5638/(1 Jc16&+/866./(00(1 wN x 81' yK 817(5 d($&+781* '(5 $/3+$%(7,6&+(1 t(,+(1)2/*( 9(5%81'(1 :(5'(1P d(, x(57$86&+81* =:(,(5 c1O 6&+/@66( .(+57 6,&+ ',( f5(+5,&+781* '(6 o27256 80C f,( '5(, u7>1'(5638/(1 +$%(1 u7(51O 2'(5 f5(,(&.6&+$/781*P d(, 806&+$/7%$5(1 o$6&+,1(1 6,1' ',( y,&./81*6$1O )>1*( 0,7 '(1 m/(00(1 wN x 81' y 9(5%81'(1 81' ',( y,&./81*6(1'(1 0,7 '(1 m/(00(1 zN { 81' |P u7(516&+$/781*\ z 3 { 3 |] f5(,(&.6&+$/781*\ z 3 xN { 3 yN | 3 wP

VPVPT i/(,&+675200$6&+,1(1 f77,*81* 81' '(5 i(1(5$725 6(,1( d(75,(%663$1181*P m85= 1$&+ '(5 u,(0(16I6&+(1 g17'(&.81* :85'(1 r$5$//(/(17:,&./81*(1 ,1 g1*/$1' %(.$117 Je+$5/(6 y+($76721(] c/)5(' x$5/(1*7 '$921 $%N :,( ',( h(/'638/(1 0,7 '(0 i(1(5$725 9(5%81'(1 6,1'P A d(, '(5 j$8376&+/866O 2'(5 t(,+(16&+/866Of50( ,67P f,( 9(5%/(,%(1'( (/(.7O 5,6&+( n(,6781* ,67 */(,&+ '(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 n(,6781*

VPV i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1

wA k 3 6 vn]

TV[

JVPSTUK

vn ,67 '(5 d(75$* '(6 n$67Of5(+020(17(6 J/2$' 72548(N ,1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. 0,7 NNoDD 676.2167$17(N ',( ',( |$+/ '(5 c1.(5Oy,&./81*(1 81' '(5 u7>1'(5Or2/3$$5( $/6 h$.725(1 (17+>/7P c86 i/P JVPSTUK 81' i/P JVPSTVK (5*,%7 6,&+ k 3 vnBJm IK

JVPSTWK

81' %(6$*7N '$66 '(5 c1.(567520 3523257,21$/ =80 x(5+>/71,6 f5(+020(17Bh/866 ,67N $%(5 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 y,1.(/*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 6P f,( f5(+=$+/ 1 *,%7 ',( NNw0'5(+81*(1 352 o,187(DD 81' ,67 */(,&+ UR6B@P f,( d$8*5?M( '(5 o$6&+,1(N ',( +$8376>&+/,&+ '85&+ ',( i5?M( '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 81' ',( c03(5(:,1O '81*(1 %(',1*7 ,67N :,5' $/62 '85&+ '$6 (5)25'(5/,&+( f5(+020(17 vn %(67,007N 1,&+7 '85&+ ',( 0(&+$1,6&+( n(,6781* 6vnP f,( m20%,1$7,21 921 i/P JVPSTVK 81' i/P JVPSTSK (5*,%7 6 3 wABJm IK 3 Jw2t kKBJm IK

JVPSTXK

81' 0,7 i/P JVPSTWK :,5' '$5$86 6 3 Lw2tvnBJmIKbBJmIKP

JVPSTYK

f,( $8) ',( |(,7(,1+(,7 NNo,187(DD %(=2*(1( f5(+=$+/ 1 3 XR J0,12SB62SK 6 6BJT@K $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 f5(+020(17(6 vn %(, .2167$17(5 d(75,(%663$1181* w (5*,%7 (,1( d(/$6781*6.(11/,1,(N :,( ,1 c%%P VPXT )@5 (,1(1 )5(0'(55(*7(1 i/(,&+6752002725 '$5*(67(//7 ,67P

bremsend

Drehzahl

treibend I

II U = konst.

Drehmoment

U=0

III treibend

IV bremsend

c%%P VPXT d(75,(%6.(11/,1,(1 (,1(6 )5(0'(5O 5(*7(1 i/(,&+67520027256P f,( 9,(5 s8$'O 5$17(1 J5?0,6&+( |$+/(1K (17635(&+(1 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 d(75,(%6$57(1P

f,( 5?0,6&+(1 |$+/(1 :(,6(1 $8) ',( s8$'5$17(1 +,1N ',( =8 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 d(75,(%6$57(1 J75(,%(1'N %5(06(1' )@5 x25:>576O 2'(5 t@&.:>576/$8)K *(+?5(1P f(5 (567( s8$'5$17 (17635,&+7 '(0 o2725%(75,(% ,1 NNx25:>5765,&+781*DD 0,7 326,7,9(1 u7520O 81' u3$1181*6:(57(1P f(5 '5,77( s8$'5$17 (17635,&+7 '(0 o2725%(75,(%

TWR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

,1 NNt@&.:>5765,&+781*DD] '257 +$%(1 u7520 81' u3$1181* 1(*$7,9( y(57(P k0 =:(,O 7(1 f,$*5$00 :,5.7 '85&+ '(1 1(*$7,9(1 u7520 $8) '(1 925:>576%(:(*7(1 o2725 (,1 1(*$7,9(6N $/62 %5(06(1'(6 f5(+020(17] '(5 o2725 :,5' =80 i(1(5$725N '(5 %(, NNp87=%5(0681*DD i/(,&+67520 $%*,%7P f(5 9,(57( s8$'5$17 (17635,&+7 '(5 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 d5(0681* '(6 5@&.:>576%(:(*7(1 o27256P o2725(1%(75,(%( ,00(5 0,7 185 (,1(5 f5(+5,&+781* 81' (,1(5 f5(+020(175,&+O 781* %(=(,&+1(7 0$1 $/6 g,148$'5$17(1%(75,(%( 0,7 d(=8* $8) '(1 s8$'5$17(1 k J%=:P kkkKP d(,63,(/( '$)@5 6,1' r803(1O 81' n@)7(5$175,(%(P o2725(1N 921 '(1(1 $8&+ *(1(5$725,6&+(5 d(75,(% )@5 p87=%5(0681* 9(5/$1*7 :,5'N $5%(,7(1 0(,67 ,0 |:(,48$'5$17(1%(75,(%(P d(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 f5(+5,&+781*(1 )@5 v5(,%(1 Jo2725%(O 75,(%K 81' d5(06(1 Ji(1(5$725%(75,(%KN :,( (6 %(,63,(/6:(,6( %(, c175,(%(1 )@5 c8)O =@*( '(5 h$// ,67N %/(,%(1 ',( t,&+781*(1 921 f5(+020(17 81' u7520 67(76 */(,&+N 81' ',( d(75,(%648$'5$17(1 6,1' k 81' kx J%=:P kk 81' kkkKP h$//6 $%(5 ',( f5(+O 5,&+781* %(,0 v5(,%(1 81' d5(06(1 */(,&+ %/(,%7N :,( (7:$ %(, c175,(%(1 )@5 f58&.O 0$6&+,1(1 81' d$1':$/=675$M(1N /,(*7 '(5 d(75,(%6%(5(,&+ ,1 '(1 s8$'5$17(1 k 81' kk J%=:P kkk 81' kxKP d(, x,(548$'5$17(1%(75,(% :,5' v5(,%(1 81' d5(06(1 )@5 %(,'( f5(+5,&+781*(1 *()25'(57N =P dP )@5 *52M( h?5'(50$6&+,1(1P y,5' '(5 i/(,&+67520O 02725 @%(5 u75205,&+7(5 920 f5(+675201(7= *(63(,67N '$11 67(,*7 '(5 c8):$1' $1 n(,6781*6(/(.7521,. 0,7 '(5 c1=$+/ '(5 d(75,(%648$'5$17(1P i/P JVPSTXK %=:P i/P JVPSTYK =(,*7N '$66 ,0 n((5/$8)N :(11 '$6 0,1,0$/( n$67O f5(+020(17 185 '85&+ t(,%81* Jd@567(1N n$*(5N n8)7K 81' w00$*1(7,6,(581*6O 9(5/867( *(*(%(1 81' '(5 c1.(567520 (17635(&+(1' ./(,1 ,67N '(5 u3$1181*6$%)$// t k *(*(1@%(5 w 9(51$&+/>66,*7 :(5'(1 .$11P f$5$86 )2/*7 )@5 ',( n((5/$8)Om5(,6O )5(48(1= 6R 62:,(

6R 3 wBJm IKN

JVPSTZK

6B6R 3 wABwP

JVPST[K

w1' :(,/ tk 6(/%67 ,0 1250$/(1 d(75,(% 12&+ ./(,1 *(*(1 w ,67N *(/7(1 ',( p>+(O 581*(1 wA . w 81' 6 . 6RP

JVPSURK

f,( d(75,(%6'5(+=$+/ 817(5 n$67 /,(*7 $/62 ,00(5 ',&+7 %(, '(5 n((5/$8)Of5(+=$+/N 81' ',(6( />667 6,&+ %(48(0 @%(5 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866 I 67(8(51P c%(5 :(11 0$1 %(, .2167$17(5 n$67 ',( f5(+=$+/ '85&+ h/8669(50,1'(581* (5+?+7N '$11 (5+?+7 6,&+ 1$&+ i/PJVPSTWK $8&+ '(5 c1.(567520 81' '$0,7 ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781*P d(,0 j$8376&+/866Od(75,(% (17)>//7 ',(6( 81$%+>1*,*( f5(+=$+/Ou7(8(581*] 62/$1*( '(5 o$*1(7 12&+ 1,&+7 *(6>77,*7 ,67N *,/7 81*()>+5 { 6 kN k 6 vnSBT 81' 6 6 SBkP f(5 y,5.81*6*5$' (,1(6 o27256 ,67 8062 %(66(5N -( ./(,1(5 6(,1 2+06&+(5 y,O '(567$1' ,67P g,1 6(+5 ./(,1(5 y,'(567$1' +>77( $%(5 =85 h2/*(N '$66 %(,0 g,16&+$/7(1 '(6 12&+ 67,//67(+(1'(1 o27256 (,1 6(+5 *52M(5 u7520 '85&+ ',( y,&./81* 9,(M(1 :@5'(P w0 ',( y,&./81* 1,&+7 =8 %(6&+>',*(1N 0866 0$1 '(6+$/% ,1 '(1 u7520.5(,6 (,1(6 o27256 *5?M(5(5 n(,6781* (,1(1 c1/$66:,'(567$1' /(*(1N '(5 $//0>+/,&+ %(, 6&+1(//(5 /$8)(1'(0 o2725 $86*(6&+$/7(7 :,5'P f,( *52M(1 ,1'8675,(//(1 i/(,&+67520Oo2725(1 6,1' 925:,(*(1' )5(0'(55(*7P f,( 0(,67(1 m/(,102725(1 817(5+$/% SR .yN $%(5 $8&+ (,1,*( *5?M(5( %,6 TRR .y 6,1' 3(50$1(170$*1(7(55(*7P

VPV i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1

TWS

%(5$// '257N :2 ',( f5(+=$+/ ,1 (,1(0 :(,7(1 d(5(,&+ 9(5/867$50 *(67(8(57 81' *(5(*(/7 :(5'(1 0866 81' (,1( 6&+1(//( w0.(+5 '(5 w0/$8)5,&+781* :,&+7,* ,67N :(5'(1 i/(,&+67520Oo2725(1 9(5:(1'(7N 62 =P dP ,1 g/(.752)$+5=(8*(1N y(5.=(8*O 81' h?5'(50$6&+,1(1N y$/=:(5.$175,(%(1N u75$M(1%$+1(1 81' u(,/%$+1(1P m/(,1( o2725(1 %,6 (7:$ SR .y :(5'(1 ,1 m5$)7)$+5=(8*(1 Jc1/$66(5N u&+(,%(1:,6&+(5N i(%/>6(K (,1*(6(7=7P f(5 i/(,&+67520 =85 u3(,681* '(5 i/(,&+6752002725(1 :,5' $8) 9(56&+,('(1( y(,6( (5+$/7(1\ A i/(,&+5,&+781* 921 y(&+6(/67520 810,77(/%$5 925 '(0 i/(,&+67520Oo2725 '85&+ u,/,&,80Oi/(,&+5,&+7(5P A i/(,&+675201(7=(\ f,( *,%7 (6 ,1 f(876&+/$1' )@5 '(1 d(75,(% 921 u75$M(1O 81' u7$'7%$+1(1N ,1 $1'(5(1 n>1'(51 $8&+ )@5 g,6(1%$+1(1P A y,('(5$89$'%$5( d$77(5,(1 Jc..86K\ =P dP )@5 g/(.752)$+5=(8*( 81' u3,(/=(8*P

VPVPU f5(+67520Ou8)(5 J'$6 r2/5$'N 32/( :+((/K 75>*7 ',( 3(50$1(17O 2'(5 */(,&+67520O(55(*7(1 o$*1(732/(] '(5 u7>1'(5 75>*7 ',( f5(+67520:,&./81*(1 81' +$7 ,1 0$*1(7,6&+(5 j,16,&+7 ',( */(,&+( r2/=$+/ :,( '(5 n>8)(5P f,( u7>1'(5:,&./81*(1 6,1' ,1 d/(&+O 3$.(7( (,1*(%(77(7 Jc%%P VPXUKP x20 68)(5 $86 %(75$&+7(7 6,1' '$6 r2/5$')(/' :,( $8&+ '$6 u7>1'(5Of5(+)(/' J=80,1'(67 '(66(1 h285,(5Oi581'O :(//(K 2576)(67 81' 620,7 i/(,&+)(/'(5N :$6 ',( x(5:(1'81* 921 0$66,9(0 J1,&+7O /$0(//,(57(1K g,6(1 ,0 n>8)(5 (5/$8%7P f,( t27$7,216)5(48(1= '(6 n>8)(56 )n ,67 0,7 '(5 w0/$8)6)5(48(1= '(6 u7>1'(5O f5(+)(/'(6 JWR j= ,0 (8523>,6&+(1 ?5(17/,&+(1 p(7=K 81' '(5 r2/3$$5=$+/ pr2/3$$5 67$55 9(5%81'(1\ )n 3 WR j=Bpr2/3$$5P

JVPSUSK

u&+/(,)5,1*( ',(1(1 =85 |8)@+581* '(6 i/(,&+675206 )@5 0$*1(7,6&+( h5(0'(55(*81* '(6 r2/5$'(6P p85 6(+5 ./(,1( 81' 6(+5 *52M( o$6&+,1(1 %(1?7,*(1 .(,1( u&+/(,)O 1 2 3

N

S

N

(b)

S

(a) (c)

c%%P VPXU J$K r2/( $0 u7>1'(5 81' n>8)(5 (,1(6 k11(132/Oi(1(5$7256] J%K y,&./81*6)@+581* ,0 u7>1'(5 )@5 f5(+67520N J&K y,&./81*6)@+581* ,0 u7>1'(5 )@5 g,13+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520P

TWT

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

5,1*(\ f,( 6(+5 ./(,1(1 o2725(1 6,1' 3(50$1(170$*1(7(55(*7N 81' ',( 6(+5 *52M(1 i(1(5$725(1 +$%(1 $/6 g55(*(5Ou752048(//( (,1(1 $1*(.233(/7(1 c8M(132/Of5(+O 67520*(1(5$725 81' 0,7527,(5(1'( i/(,&+5,&+7(5P u1'(5Of5(+)(/'(6 $8)(,O 1$1'(5 $86*(5,&+7(7P d(,0 %(/$67(7(1 i(1(5$725 6,1' ',( n>8)(532/( 80 '(1 n$67:,1O .(/ Jr2/5$':,1.(/K ,1 f5(+5,&+781* 9(56&+2%(1N %(,0 %(/$67(7(1 o2725 (17*(*(1 '(5 f5(+5,&+781*P f$6 @%(575$*(1( f5(+020(17 ,67 $0 *5?M7(1N :(11 6,&+ -('(5 n>8)(5O 32/ ,1 '(5 o,77( =:,6&+(1 =:(, f5(+)(/'32/(1 %(71'(7P f$6 +(,M7N '$66 =P dP '(5 pOn>8)(532/ 921 '(0 925/$8)(1'(1 uOf5(+)(/'32/ $1*(=2*(1 81' 921 '(0 1$&+/$8O )(1'(1 pOf5(+)(/'32/ $%*(672M(1 :,5'P y,5' '$6 0$;,0$/( f5(+020(17 @%(5O 6&+5,77(1N '$11 NN.,337DD ',( o$6&+,1( $86 '(0 u&+67 0,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g55(*81* '(6 r2/5$'(6P y,5' ',( u&+/,&+ $8)*(:(1'(7(] '$11 ,67 ',( r+$6(1/$*( '(6 r2/5$')(/'(6 %(=@*/,&+ '(6 u7>1'(5Of5(+O )(/'(6 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 +$/%( y,1.(/$%67$1' =:,6&+(1 %(1$&+%$57(1 r2/(1 81' ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* +$7 (,1(1 0(5./,&+(1 c17(,/ $1 d/,1'/(,6781*P A y,5' (,1 $1 '$6 p(7= $1*(6&+/266(1(5 u5 *(:25'(1P

VPV i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1

TWU

Gleitschiene Spurführungsmagnet Fahrbahnmagnet (Langstator) Fahrzeugmagnet

c%%P VPXV v5$165$3,'\ c0 h$+5=(8* %(71'(1 6,&+ ',( u385)@+581*60$*1(7( 81' ',( h$+5O =(8*0$*1(7(N ',( $/6 v5$*(0$*1(7( '(1 |8* 921 '(5 i/(,76&+,(1( $%+(%(1 81' $/6 r2/( '(6 n,1($5027256 920 y$1'(5)(/' ,0 n$1*67$725 *(=2*(1 :(5'(1P

f(1.7 0$1 6,&+ ',( h(/'638/(1 920 u7$725 (,1(6 f5(+67520027256 $8)*(6&+1,7O 7(1N ,1 (,1( i(5$'( *(675(&.7 81' '85&+ y(,7(5)@+581* '(5 y,&./81*(1 9(5/>1*(57N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 '(1 n$1*67$725 (,1(6 n,1($5027256N '(5 %(, u752063(,681* J$167(//( '(6 f5(+)(/'(6 ,0 f5(+67520Ou7$725K (,1 y$1'(5)(/' (5=(8*7P f(5 n$1*67$725 /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 h@+581*66&+,(1(1P f,( o$*1(732/(N ',( %(,0 u1*( '(6 h$+5=(8*(6 ,1 '(1 NNm/$8(1DDN ',( ',( h$+5%$+1 80*5(,)(1N 817(5*(%5$&+7P g6 6,1' (,1=(/1 5(*(/%$5( g/(.7520$*1(7(P f,( =:,6&+(1 '(1 v5$*(0$*1(7(1 81' '(1 g,6(1%>1'(51 $8) '(5 w17(56(,7( '(6 h$+5:(*(6 :,5.(1'(1 c1=,(+81*6.5>)7( +(%(1 '$6 h$+5=(8* $%P f$ ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5>)7( 0,7 ./(,1(5 :(5'(1'(0 c%67$1' =81(+0(1N ,67 '(5 u&+:(O %(=867$1' 0,7 S &0 n8)763$/7 =:,6&+(1 h$+5=(8*O 81' h$+5%$+10$*1(7(1 ,167$%,/] 0,7 (,1(5 6&+1(//(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 t(*/81* :,5' '(5 u7520 '(5 g/(.7520$*1(7( '(1 u,*1$/(1 '(5 c%67$1'66(1625(1 (17635(&+(1' UR RRR o$/ 352 u(.81'( .255,*,(57P f,( u385)@+581*60$*1(7( +$/7(1 '(1 n8)763$/7 $1 %(,'(1 u(,7(1 '(5 h$+5%$+1P u(,O 1(1 d25'67520 %(.2007 '(5 v5$165$3,' %(5@+581*6)5(, $8) ,1'8.7,9(0 y(*N :(11 (5 '85&+ '$6 o$*1(7)(/' (,1(6 n,1($5*(1(5$7256 )>+57N '(5 (%(1)$//6 ,0 h$+5:(* 817(5*(%5$&+7 ,67P c8&+ %(, u7,//67$1' .$11 '(5 v5$165$3,' 6&+:(%(1N :(,/ '$11 d25'%$77(5,(1 '(1 u7520 /,()(51P f(5 n$1*67$725 $8) '(5 h$+5:(*817(56(,7( ,67 ,1 (,1=(/1( u75(&.(1$%6&+1,77( 81O 7(57(,/7N 921 '(1(1 ,00(5 185 '(5 (,1*(6&+$/7(7 ,67N ,1 '(0 6,&+ '$6 h$+5=(8* *(5$'( %(71'(7P c1 u75(&.(167(,*81*(1N :2 *5?M(5( n(,6781*(1 %(1?7,*7 :(5'(1N ,67 '(5 o27257(,/ '(6 h$+5:(*(6 (17635(&+(1' 67>5.(5 $86*(/(*7N 81' ',( u7>5.( '(6 f5(+675206 :,5' '$5$1 $1*(3$667P f85&+ x(5>1'(581* '(5 f5(+67520Oh5(48(1= JRATYR j=K .$11 ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 h$+5=(8*6 678)(1/26 *(5(*(/7 :(5'(1P f85&+ w032/(1 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 y$1'(5)(/'(6 :,5.7 (6 %5(06(1'] ',( d5(06(1(5*,( .$11 =8 [R@ ,1 '$6 p(7= :,('(5 (,1*(63(,67 :(5'(1P i(67(8(57 :(5'(1 ',( h$+5=(8*( 921 (;7(51(1 n(,7:$57(1P

TWV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

VPVPV f5(+67520Oc68)(5 ,67 (17:('(5 ,1 6,&+ .85=*(6&+/266(1 Jm85=6&+/866/>8)(5K 2'(5 @%(5 u&+/(,)5,1*( 0,7 (,1(0 n$67:,'(567$1' 9(5%81'(1 Ju&+/(,)5,1*/>8)(5KP f$6 0$*1(7,6&+( f5(+)(/' '(6 u7>1'(56 (5=(8*7 ,0 n>8)(5 k1'8.7,216675?0(N ',( (,1( m5$)7:,5.81* 920 o$*1(7)(/' (5)$+5(1 81' '(1 n>8)(5 ,0 u,11( '(6 f5(+)(/'(6 0,71(+0(1P f,( f5(+=$+/ 1 '(6 c1.(56 ,67 '$%(, ,00(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( '(6 f5(+)(/'(6 1RN '(11 185 62 :(5'(1 k1'8.7,216675?0( 81' f5(+020(17 (5=(8*7P f$6 |85@&.O %/(,%(1 +,17(5 '(0 f5(+)(/' :,5' u&+/83) J6/,3K *(1$117P f,( f,5(5(1= J1R 21K +(,M7 u&+/83)'5(+=$+/ J6/,3 63(('KP f(5 u&+/83) :,5' 0(,67 ,1 r52=(17(1 '(5 f5(+=$+/ 1R $1*(*(%(1P k0 n((5/$8) ,67 '(5 u&+/83) *(5,1*N :>+5(1' (5 %(, d(/$6781* '(6 o27256 (,1,*( r52=(17 %(75>*7P k67 w ',( ,0 m>7* '85&+ '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866 I ,1'8=,(57( u3$1181*N 62 *,/7 w 3 m I J1R A 1K

JVPSUTK

0,7 m $/6 (,1(5 921 '(5 d$8)250 $%+>1*,*(1 m2167$17(1P f$6 n$67Of5(+020(17 920 d(75$* vn ,67 3523257,21$/ =80 h/866 '(6 u7>1'(5)(/'(6 I 81' =80 m>7*O k1'8.7,21667520 kP y(11 t '(5 2+06&+( y,'(567$1' '(6 m>7*6 ,67N 62 (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 u7520 k $86 '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 u3$1181* Ji/P JVPSUTKK 1$&+ k 3 wBt\ vn 6 I k 3 mA IT J1R A 1KBtN

JVPSUUK

:2%(, mA (,1( :(,7(5( m2167$17( ,67P f$6 f5(+020(17 '(6 o27256 ,67 '(5 u&+/83)'5(+=$+/ 81' '(0 s8$'5$7 '(6 0$*O 1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 3523257,21$/P y(11 c61'(5:,&./81*(1 6(+5 +2+( u75?0(P v527='(0 ,67 '$6 c1=8*6'5(+020(17 6(+5 ./(,1N '(11 '(5 ,0 n>8)(5 ,1'8=,(57( u7520 %(6,7=7 %(, 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1(0 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' (,1( r+$6(11$&+(,/81* 921 [R@P f$ '$6 o$;,080 '(5 u3$1O 181* $%(5 $8)75,77N :(11 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' 3$5$//(/ =85 y,1'81*69>&+( 9(5/>8)7N 75,77 '$6 o$;,080 '(6 u7520(6 (567 (,1N :(11 6,&+ '$6 h(/' 80 [R@ :(,7(5*('5(+7 +$7N $/62 6(1.5(&+7 =85 y,1'81*6(%(1( 67(+7 81' '(6+$/% .(,1(5/(, m5$)7:,5.81* $8) ',( 67520)@+5(1'(1 u7>%( '(6 m>7*6 $86@%7P c86 ',(6(0 i581'( />8)7 (,1 .85=*(O 6&+/266(1(5 n>8)(5 7527= *52M(5 ,1 ,+0 9,(M(1'(5 u75?0( 185 6(+5 6&+:(5 $1P f,( o?*/,&+.(,7N '$6 c1=8*6020(17 =8 9(5*5?M(51 81' */(,&+=(,7,* '(1 c1/$8)67520 =8 5('8=,(5(1N %(67(+7 '$5,1N '(1 y,5.:,'(567$1' '(6 n>8)(56 :>+5(1' '(6 c1/$8O )(16 =8 9(5*5?M(51P h@5 *5?M(5( o2725(1 81' ,16%(621'(5( %(, 6&+:(5(1 c1/$8)%(',1*81*(1 :(5'(1 u&+/(,)5,1*/>8)(5 9(5:(1'(7P u,( +$%(1 n>8)(5:,&./81*(1 ,1 u7(516&+$/781*N ',( @%(5 '5(, u&+/(,)5,1*( 0,7 (,1(0 '5(,7(,/,*(1 c1/$66:,'(567$1' 9(5%81'(1 6,1' Jc%%P VPXW$KP f$'85&+ :,5' =:$5 '(5 c1.(567520 ./(,1(5N $%(5 $8&+ ',( r+$6(1O ',5(5(1= =:,6&+(1 u7520 81' u3$1181*N 81' '$0,7 '$6 f5(+020(17 *5?M(5 Jc%%P VPXW%KP u&+/(,)5,1*/>8)(5 *5?M(5(5 n(,6781* :(5'(1 0$1&+0$/ 1$&+ (5)2/*7(0 j2&+/$8)(1 '85&+ g,163(,681* 921 i/(,&+67520 ,1 ',( n>8)(5:,&./81* 0,7 '(0

VPV i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1

TWW

Gesamtkennlinie Drehmoment

1

1

(a)

5 4 Schalt3 stufen 2

2

3

4

Drehmomentkennlinie 5

Drehzahl (b)

c%%P VPXW J$K u&+/(,)5,1*/>8)(5 0,7 c1/$66:,'(567$1' ,0 n>8)(5.5(,6P J%K f5(+020(17.(11O /,1,(1 (,1(6 u&+/(,)5,1*/>8)(56 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( y(57( '(5 c1/$66:,'(567>1'( Ju&+$/7678)( W 3 m85=6&+/866KP

p(7= 6%(1 m 6,1' ,1 ',( n>1*6187(1 '(6 $86 d/(&+O 6&+(,%(1 u =86$00(1*(6(7=7(1 =8)(5 '85&+ u75209(5'5>1O *81* (55(,&+7\ y>+5(1' 6,&+ '(5 *5?M7( v(,/ '(5 '85&+ '(1 m>7*67520 (5=(8*7(1 h(/'/,1,(1 @%(5 '$6 d/(&+3$.(7 '(6 n>8)(56 6&+/,(M7N 80*,%7 (,1 *(5,1*(5(5 v(,/ ',( (,1=(/1(1 m>7*67>%( $/6 u75(8)(/'/,1,(1P y(*(1 '(6 9(56&+:,1'(1'(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y,'(567$1'(6 ,0 n>8)(5(,6(1 81' +2+(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y,'(567$1' ,1 '(5 p87 81' ,0 n8)763$/7 1,007 %(, (17635(&+(1'(5 m>7*%$8:(,6( ',( u75(8)(/'67>5.( =80 t$1O '( +,1 $%P f$6 u75(8)(/' (5=(8*7 ,0 u7$% y,5%(/675?0(N :2'85&+ '(5 u7$%67520 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 w00$*1(7,6,(581*6Oh5(48(1= J'P +P 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 u&+/83)CK 0(+5 81' 0(+5 =85 u7$%2%(5.$17( +,1 $%*('5>1*7 :,5' 81' 620,7 ,1 (,1(0 ,00(5 ./(,1(5(1 u7$%48(56&+1,77 9,(M7P d(621'(56 '(87/,&+ :,5' '(5 g5(.7 %(,0 f233(/O .>7* Jc%%P VPXX%N *$1= 5(&+76KP f85&+ ',( u75209(5'5>1*81* 9,(M7 '(5 c1/$8)67520

R

S

K

R S

(a)

K

R

(b)

c%%P VPXX J$K n>1*6O 81' s8(56&+1,77 920 m>7* (,1(6 t81'67$%Om85=6&+/866/>8)(56 Jg5/>8O 7(581*(1 ,0 v(;7KN J%K u7$%48(56&+1,77(\ t81'67$%N j2&+67$%N u7>%( (,1(6 f233(/.>7*6P

TWX

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

35$.7,6&+ 185 ,0 >8M(5(1 m>7* Jc1/$8).>7*KN '(5 (,1(1 ./(,1(5(1 s8(56&+1,77 81' '(0(17635(&+(1' +?+(5(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' %(6,7=7N :>+5(1' ,0 d(75,(% %(, ./(,1(0 u&+/83) ',( u75209(5'5>1*81* .(,1( t2//( 0(+5 63,(/7N 62'$66 '(5 u7520 +$8376>&+/,&+ ,0 ,11(5(1 m>7* Jd(75,(%6.>7*K 0,7 *52M(0 s8(56&+1,77 81' ./(,1(0 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' 9,(M7P d(, '(1 *5?M(5(1 m85=6&+/866/>8)(51 :,5' (,1 ,1 f5(,O (&.6&+$/781* %(75,(%(1(5 o2725 :>+5(1' '(6 c1)$+5(16 925@%(5*(+(1' ,1 u7(51 *(6&+$/7(7 Ju7(51Of5(,(&.Ou&+$/781*N {O'(/7$ &211(&7,21KP j,(5'85&+ 9(55,1*(57 6,&+ '(5 c1=8*667520N $%(5 $8&+ '$6 c1=8*6020(17 $8) (7:$ (,1 f5,77(/ '(6 y(57(6 %(, ',5(.7(5 g,16&+$/781*P f,( d5(0681* '(6 c68)7P f(5 c68)(5 ,67 '(5 $0 +>87*67(1 9(5:(1'(7( g/(.75202725P f(5 (567( :85'( SZ[S 921 o,&+$,/ 9P f2/,92Of2%52:2/6.< JcgiK 925*(67(//7] (5 +$77( 6&+21 SZZ[ )@5 '(1 f5(,3+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520 '(1 $16&+$8/,&+(1 d(*5,5 NNf5(+O 67520DD J527$5< &855(17N 9,(/ :(1,*(5 *(%5>8&+/,&+ $/6 7+5((O3+$6( &855(17K *(35>*7P f(5 c61*(57N '(5 h(/*(1.5@0081* )2/*(1'P

VPVPW g,13+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520Oo$6&+,1(1 g,13+$6(1Ot(,+(16&+/86602725P f(5 g,13+$6(1Ot(,+(16&+/86602725 :85'( =8 d(O *,11 '(6 TRP l$+5+81'(576 63(=,(// )@5 '(1 g,6(1%$+1Od(75,(% (17:,&.(/7N /$1*( %(925 j2&+67520Oi/(,&+5,&+7(5 )@5 '(1 d(75,(% 921 i/(,&+6752002725(1 ,1 y(&+6(/O 675201(7=(1 9(5)@*%$5 :85'(1P h@5 ',( *52M(1 x(5.(+561(7=( *,/7\ |85 t('8=,(581* 921 %(575$*81*69(5/867(1 ,67 j2&+63$1181*6@%(575$*81* :@16&+(16:(57 81' '$6 (5)25'(57 75$16)250,(5%$5(1 y(&+6(/67520P f5(+67520Og,163(,681* +$7 6,&+ ,0 d$+1%(75,(% 1,&+7 %(:>+57N :(,/ '$)@5 =:(,32/,*( q%(5/(,781*(1 J81' ',( *((5'(7(1 u&+,(1(1 $/6 '5,77( n(,781*K %(O 1?7,*7 :(5'(1N ',( 6&+:,(5,*(5 $1=8/(*(1 81' ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 m5(8=81*(1 81' c%O =:(,*81*(1 352%/(0$7,6&+ 6,1'P f(5 NNd$+102725DD ,67 ,0 r5,1=,3 (,1 0,7 y(&+6(/67520 *(63(,67(5 i/(,&+67520O 02725 ,0 t(,+(16&+/866 J3 j$8376&+/866K 81' +$7 $8&+ '(66(1 d(75,(%6(,*(16&+$)O 7(1N :,( '$6 )@5 n2.2027,9(1 :,&+7,*( +2+( c1=8*6020(17P g,1 6(/%67(55(*7(5 i/(,&+6752002725 >1'(57 %(, x(57$86&+81* '(5 |8/(,781*(1 6(,1( f5(+5,&+781* 1,&+7N :(,/ c1.(567520 81' u7>1'(5)(/' =86$00(1 80*(32/7 :(5'(1] (5 62//7( '(6O +$/% $8&+ 0,7 y(&+6(/67520 =8 %(75(,%(1 6(,1P h@5 '(1 35$.7,6&+(1 g,16$7= $/6 g,1O 3+$6(102725 0866 $%(5 '(5 i/(,&+6752002725 ,1 (,1,*(1 r81.7(1 $%*(:$1'(/7 :(5O '(1\ g6 .$11 185 ',( t(,+(16&+/866Ou&+$/781* 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1N :(,/ ',( +2&+2+O 0,*( p(%(16&+/866Oh(/':,&./81* (,1( =8 *52M( k1'8.7,9,7>7 +$7P f(5 u7>1'(5N '(5 67>1',* 800$*1(7,6,(57 :,5'N 0866 181 $8&+ /$0(//,(57 :(5'(1N :>+5(1' %(, i/(,&+675200$6&+,1(1 185 '(5 c1.(5 /$0(//,(57 ,67P f(5 c8)O 81' c%%$8 '(6 g5O 5(*(5)(/'(6 )@+57 =8 =86>7=/,&+(1 k1'8.7,21663$1181*(1N ',( ',( m20087,(581* (5O 6&+:(5(1P f(6+$/% 0@66(1 g55(*(5O 81' c1.(5:,&./81*(1 0?*/,&+67 *(5,1*( k1'8.O 7,9,7>7 +$%(1P v527= (,1*(%$87(5 m20087,(581*6+,/)(1 :,( y(1'(32/( 81' m20O 3(16$7,216:,&./81*(1 :$5 ',( m20087,(581* %(, WR j= =8 6&+:,(5,*P f(6+$/% :>+/O 7( 0$1 (,1( 1,('5,*(5( h5(48(1=P f,( SX TBU j= J81' SW .xK '(5 f(876&+(1 d81'(6O %$+1 *(+(1 =85@&. $8) (,1( 35(8M,6&+O%$',6&+O%$7(1 9(5:(1'(7P u1'(5 81' n>8)(5 Jr2/5$'K (,1(6 0(+532/,*(1 y(&+6(/67520Ou1'(5Oy(&+6(/67520 *(5$'( (,1 o$;,080P f85&+ ',( 0$*O 1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81* '(5 u7>1'(532/( 0,7 '(1 */(,&+67520O0$*1(7,6,(57(1 n>8O )(532/(1 (5)>+57 '(5 n>8)(5 (,1 f5(+020(17N '$6 ,+1 ,1 r)(,/5,&+781* %(:(*7P k1 d,/' J%K *(+7 '(5 u7>1'(567520 *(5$'( '85&+ 18//] $8) '(1 n>8)(5 :,5' .(,1 f5(+O 020(17 $86*(@%7P c%(5 (5 %(:(*7 6,&+ ,1)2/*( '(5 v5>*+(,7 :(,7(5 ,1 r)(,/5,&+781*N 62'$66 (5 1$&+ t,&+781*6:(&+6(/ '(5 r2/0$*1(7,6,(581* ,0 u7>1'(5 Jd,/' &K :,('(5 ,1 r)(,/5,&+781* $1*(75,(%(1 :,5'P d(925 ',(6(5 u/)7(1 rT 81' rAT 6,1' m83)(55,1*( m *(6&+2%(1P f,(6( t,1*( 6,1' m85=6&+/866O :,1'81*(1N ',( %(,0 y(&+6(/67520%(75,(% '(6 o27256 6(+5 +2+( k1'8.7,216675?0( )@+5(1 81' '$'85&+ '(0 h/866 '85&+ ',( 806&+/266(1(1 r2/+>/)7(1 Jo$*1(7)(/' 5SK (,1( r+$6(19(5=?*(581* 80 )$67 [R@ *(*(1@%(5 '(0 h/866 '85&+ ',( 81%(/$67(7(1 r2/( J5TK *(%(1P f$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( o$*1(7)(/' 5S 15T ,67 (,1 f5(+)(/'P c/6 t2725

VPV i(1(5$725(1 81' o2725(1

TW[

K P2'

P1'

B2 B1

P1 P2 K

S

(a)

c%%P VPXZ J$K r5,1=,3 '(6 u3$/732/027256 Jg5/>87(581* ,0 v(;7K] J%K c16,&+7 (,1(6 SPWOy$77O u3$/732/027256N u1'(5 185 (,1 26=,/O /,(5(1'(6 o$*1(7)(/'P d(, 67,//67(+(1'(0 n>8)(5 (1767(+7 ,1 ',(6(0 $8&+ 185 (,1 26=,//,(5(1'(6 h(/'N 81' (5 %/(,%7 67(+(1P p$&+ c1:85) $%(5 %,/'(7 '$6 y(&+6(/)(/'

TXR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 L N

Anlaufkondensator U

V

W

Z

X

Y

M

Drehstrommotor ∆ /

c%%P VPX[ f5(+67520Oc61*(1 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 ,1 '(5 r+$6( 9(56&+,(%(1 81' 62 (,1 f5(+)(/' (5=(8*(1P w0 ,1 ',(6(5 u&+$/781* (7:$ ZR@ '(5 f5(+67520/(,6781* =8 (5+$/7(1N ,67 (,1 +,15(,&+(1' *52M(5 m21'(16$725 0,7 &$P YR =h -( .y (5)25'(5/,&+P u2 *(6&+$/7(7 />8)7 '(5 o2725 921 6(/%67 $1P f85&+ x(5%,1'(1 '(6 m21'(16$7256 0,7 '(5 (,1(1 2'(5 '(5 $1'(5(1 |8/(,781* .$11 ',( n$8)5,&+781* *(:>+/7 :(5'(1P f,( 0(,67(1 m/(,102725(1 :(5'(1 */(,&+ )@5 g,13+$6(1%(75,(% 0,7 j,/)63+$6(1O y,&./81* ,0 u7>1'(5 *(%$87P |85 r+$6(16&+,(%81* ',(17 (,1 67>1',* $1*(6&+/266(1(5 d(75,(%6.21'(16$725N '(5 ,1 0$1&+(1 h>//(1 12&+ '85&+ (,1(1 $%6&+$/7%$5(1 c1O /$8).21'(16$725 817(567@7=7 :,5'P

VPW u75209(5625*81* j(87( :,5' (,1( $865(,&+(1'( u75209(5625*81* $/6 u(/%679(567>1'/,&+.(,7 $1*(6(+(1P y,( 67$5. $%(5 $//( n(%(16%(5(,&+( '$921 $%+>1*,* 6,1'N ,67 '(1 :(1,*67(1 o(16&+(1 %(:8667P g,1 |86$00(1%58&+ '(5 u75209(5625*81* )@5 0(+5(5( u781'(1 A (,1 d/$&.287 A :,5' 921 '(1 d(7525(1(1 )$67 $/6 m$7$67523+( (03)81'(1P

VPWPS v(&+1,6&+( i581'/$*(1 m(,1( u3(,&+(581* (/(.75,6&+(5 g1(5*,(P h@5 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( A 80*$1*6635$&+/,&+ NNu7520DD *(1$117 A *,%7 (6 $8) '(0 n(,6781*61,9($8 '(5 g1(5*,(7(&+1,. .(,1( 1(1O 1(16:(57(1 u3(,&+(50?*/,&+.(,7(1P f(6+$/% 0866 '(5 u7520 */(,&+=(,7,* (5=(8*7N 9(57(,/7 81' 9(5%5$8&+7 :(5'(1C f$6 n(,6781*6$1*(%27 0866 $/62 6&+1(// '(5 c%O

VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXS

1$+0( $1*(3$667 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( p(7= 9(5%,1'(7 '$=8 1,&+7 185 $//( x(5%5$8&+(5 0,7 '(1 1>&+67*(/(*(1(1 g/(.75,=,7>769(5625*81*6817(51(+0(1 JgxwKN 621'(51 $8&+ ',( gxw6 817(5(,1$1'(5N '$0,7 g1*3>66( 81' c86)>//( /(,&+7 $86*(*/,&+(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f5(+67520P o,7 '(0 v5$16)250$725N '(5 ,1 7(&+1,6&+ 187=%$5(5 h250 $% SZZW 9(5O )@*%$5 :$5N .$0 '(5 f85&+%58&+ )@5 y(&+6(/675201(7=(N 81' )$67 */(,&+=(,7,* :85O '(1 $8&+ ',( x257(,/( '(6 f5(+675206 (5.$117P f,( c//*(0(,1( g/(.75,=,7>76Oi(6(//O 6&+$)7 JcgiK 0,7 o,&+$,/ 921 f2/,92Of2%52:2/6.< $/6 e+(71*(1,(85 9(5+$/) '(5 f5(+675207(&+1,. =85 35$.7,6&+(1 c1:(1'81*\ g,1( @%(5=(8*(1'( f(021675$7,21 (5)2/*7( $8) '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,6&+(1 c8667(//81* ,1 h5$1.)857 ,0 c8*867 SZ[S\ x20 SYW .0 (17)(517(1 y$66(5.5$)7:(5. ,1 n$85(1 $0 p(&.$5 :85'( (5670$/,* f5(+O 67520N +2&+75$16)250,(57 $8) SX .x ,1 *52M(0 u7,/ @%(575$*(1P c8) '(5 c8667(//81* 63(,67( '(5 u7520 SRRR i/@+/$03(1 81' (,1(1 cgiOf5(+67520Oc6&+67+?+(5(1 u3$1181* (5)2/*7( ,1 f(876&+/$1' S[RW )@5 WR .xN S[SR )@5 SSR .xN S[TT )@5 TTR .x 81' S[WY )@5 UZR .xP k1 '@11(5 %(6,('(/7(1 i52M9>&+(1/>1'(51 JwucN t866/$1'K *,%7 (6 6&+21 %(5O 75$*81*61(7=( 0,7 u3$1181*(1 921 0(+5 $/6 SRRR .xP o,7 '(5 %(575$*81*663$1181* 67(,*(1 $8&+ ',( u35@+9(5/867( Jm2521$N c%6&+1P SRPUPUK (17/$1* '(5 n(,781*(1P w0 '$6 u35@+(1 +(5$%=86(7=(1N 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 j2+/O 6(,/(N ',( (,1( *5?M(5( q%(59>&+( %(, */(,&+(0 i(:,&+7 +$%(1P f$ ',( u(,/( 9(;,%(/ %/(,%(1 62//(1N .$11 0$1 '(1 f85&+0(66(5 1,&+7 %(/,(%,* 67(,*(51P f(6+$/% (56(7=7 0$1 (,1 u(,/ '85&+ 0(+5(5( =(175$/61',*( w0/$'81* '(5 n(,7(5 (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67 81' 0,7 '(5 m$3$=,7>7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 J%=:P =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 81' g5'(K 81' '(0 s8$'5$7 '(5 u3$1181* =81,007P d(, g5'O 81' u((.$%(/1 ,67 ',( d/,1'/(,6781* 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6 )@5 h5(,/(,781*(1 */(,&+(5 n>1*(N 81' '$=8 .200(1 12&+ ',( ',(/(.75,6&+(1 x(5/867( ,0 k62/$7,2160$7(5,$/ =:,6&+(1 n(,7(5 81' *((5'(7(0 o$17(/P h@5 ',( %(575$*81* *52M(5 n(,6781*(1 @%(5 :(,7( u75(&.(1 :,5' '(6+$/% ',( j2&+63$1181*6Oi/(,&+67520O %(575$*81* JjiK ,17(5(66$17N 6(,7'(0 ',( w0:$1'/81* 921 f5(+67520 ,1 i/(,&+O 67520 81' =85@&. 0,7+,/)( '(5 u75205,&+7(5On(,6781*6(/(.7521,. 0?*/,&+ ,67P f,( ji :,5' %(925=8*7 )@5 ',( %(575$*81* *52M(5 n(,6781* @%(5 WRRASRRR .0 h5(,O /(,781*N )@5 j2&+63$1181*6Om$%(/9(5%,1'81*(1 @%(5 UR .0N )@5 ',( $61'( '(5 n(,781*(1 '85&+ '(1 u&+(,7(/:(57 '(5 u3$1181* J3 |T4g5(.7,9:(57K %(67,007 :(5'(1N .2007 0$1 %(, '(5 ji 0,7 =:(, n(,O 781*(1 $86P f(6+$/% 6,1' ',( n(,781*60$67( (,1)$&+(5 81' %,//,*(5 =8 (567(//(1 81' ',( %(1?7,*7(1 v5$66(1 6&+0$/(5 Jc%%P VPYRKP

41 m

(a)

(b)

c%%P VPYR n(,781*60$67( J$K (,1(5 ZRRO.xOf5(+67520@%(575$*81*N J%K uWRRO.xOi/(,&+O 67520@%(575$*81* */(,&+(5 n(,6781* J$86 NNg/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,(7(&+1,.DDN vx t+(,1/$1'N S[ZYKP

y$+/ '(5 p(7=)5(48(1=P f,( y$+/ '(5 p(7=)5(48(1= 921 WR j= J2'(5 XR j= :,( ,1 wucN d5$6,/,(1 81' l$3$1K :$5 (,1 7(&+1,6&+(5 m203520,66N '(5 6,&+ %(:>+57 +$7\ d(, (,1(5 ./(,1(5(1 p(7=)5(48(1= :>5(1N 80 ',( */(,&+(1 k1'8.7,21663$1181*(1 )@5 v5$16)250$725(1 81' i(1(5$725(1 =8 (5=,(/(1N 0(+5 y,1'81*(1 81'B2'(5 *5?M(5( h/86648(56&+1,77( (5)25'(5/,&+P d(, (,1(5 *5?M(5(1 p(7=)5(48(1= />*(1 ',( o$6&+,O 1(1Of5(+=$+/(1 (17635(&+(1' +?+(5 81' :>5(1 7(&+1,6&+ 6&+:(5(5 %(+(556&+%$5] $8M(5'(0 +>77(1 ',( n(,781*(1 +?+(5( ,1'8.7,9( y,'(567>1'(N 81' (6 9?66(1 *5?O M(5( .$3$=,7,9( n$'(675?0( =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51P

VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXU

y$+/ '(5 p(7=63$1181*P f,( 9(5%5$8&+(56(,7,* *(*(%(1( g,13+$6(1Ou3$1181* '(5 ?5(17/,&+(1 p(7=( JTUR x ,1 g8523$K ,67 (%(1)$//6 (,1 m203520,66\ m/(,1(5( u3$1O 181*(1 (5)25'(51 *5?M(5( n(,781*648(56&+1,77( J%(, */(,&+(1 %(575$*81*69(5/86O 7(1KN +?+(5( u3$1181*(1 9(5/$1*(1 %(66(5( k62/$7,21 81' $8):(1',*(5( u,&+(5+(,76O 0$M1$+0(1 =85 x(50(,'81* 921 r(5621(16&+>'(1P m5,7(5,(1 )@5 x(5.(+561(7=(P f,( y$+/ '(5 u7520$57 (5)2/*7( %(, '(1 0(,67(1 x(5O .(+561(7=(1 ,1 '(1 (567(1 l$+5=(+17(1 '(6 TRP l$+5+81'(576N $/6 (6 12&+ .(,1( j2&+O 67520Oi/(,&+5,&+7(5 *$%P y(*(1 '(6 )@5 '(1 d$+1%(75,(% +(59255$*(1' *((,*1(7(1 i/(,&+67520027256 :85'( i/(,&+67520 %(925=8*7P c1'(5(56(,76 %,(7(7 y(&+6(/67520 ',( 9(5/867$50( n(,6781*6@%(575$*81* 0,7 j2&+63$1181*N (,1 c63(.7N '(5 %(621'(56 %(, $86*('(+17(1 p(7=(1 =8 %($&+7(1 :$5P Jf5(+67520 +>77( (,1( f233(/Oq%(5/(,O 781* (5)25'(57 81' 6&+,(' '(6+$/% $86PK y(*(1 '(6 g,13+$6(1Ot(,+(16&+/866027256N '(5 6,&+ %(, WR j= 1,&+7 .20087,(5(1 /,(MN :85'( ',( h5(48(1= 921 SX TBU j= J3 WR j= BUK *(:>+/7P p85 x(5.(+561(7=(N ',( (567 1$&+ '(5 g17:,&./81* 921 j2&+O 67520Oi/(,&+5,&+7(51 921 i/(,&+O $8) y(&+6(/67520 8067(//7(1N :>+/7(1 ',( WR j= '(6 ?5(17/,&+(1 p(7=(6 =85 %(48(0(1 c%1$+0( 921 u7520P k1 g8523$ *,%7 (6 9,(5 *52M( d$+1%(75,(%66,6&+(1 d$+1%(75,(%6676O (5=(8*(5 %$/' 80 NNc85@//81* '(5 d(/$6781*67>/(5DDP o,7 t(./$0( )@5 ',( 9,(/)>/7,*(1 g,16$7=0?*/,&+.(,7(1 921 g/(.75202725(1 9(568&+7(1 6,(N ',( '$0$/6 925+(556&+(1O '(1 i$602725(1 920 o$5.7 =8 9(5'5>1*(1P o,7 u7520/,()(581* )@5 (/(.75,6&+( u75$O M(1%$+1(1 :85'( ',( v$*(6$86/$6781* :(,7(5 9(5%(66(57P g,1 1(8(5 o$5.7 (56&+/266 6,&+ 0,7 (/(.75,6&+(1 j$86+$/76*(5>7(1N ',( 9,(/ 0(+5 u520 9(5%5$8&+(1 $/6 ',( i/@+O /$03(1N :,( '(5 (/(.75,6&+( j(5'N ',( y$6&+0$6&+,1( 81' '(5 m@+/O 81' i()5,(5O 6&+5$1.P |85 g5+?+81* '(5 u7520$%1$+0( ,1 '(1 p$&+76781'(1 :85'( ',( (/(.7O 5,6&+( u3(,&+(5+(,=81* 0,7 *@167,*(1 p$&+77$5,)(1 *()?5'(57P f$0,7 6,1' n,&+7N m5$)7N x(5.(+5 81' y>50( ',( j$837187=81*6)250(1 '(6 u75206 $86 '(0 ?5(17O /,&+(1 p(7=P f,( n$679(57(,/81* @%(5 (,1(1 TVOu781'(1Ov$* ,67 +(87( %(66(5N $%(5 ,00(5 12&+ 81*/(,&+)?50,*P

TXV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

S[ZU %(6&+/266 ',( k17(51$7,21$/( g/(.75,6&+( m200,66,21 JkgeK ',( p(1163$1O 181* 0?*/,&+67 :(/7:(,7 $8) TUR x )@5 y(&+6(/67520 81' VRR x )@5 f5(+67520 ,1 f5(,(&.6&+$/781* =8 9(5(,1+(,7/,&+(1P u7,&+7$* :$5 '(5 SP SP S[[UP x21 '(1 *52M(1 k1'8675,(/>1'(51 :(,&+(1 185 12&+ l$3$1 81' ',( wuc 0,7 SSROx2/7Op(7=(1 '$921 $%P l( 1$&+ '(0 p(7=$%67$1' =:,6&+(1 u7520(5=(8*(5 81' x(5%5$8&+(5 '$5) ',( 7$76>&+/,&+( u3$1181* uSR@ 920 p(11:(57 $%:(,&+(1] '(5 817(5( 81' 2%(5( i5(1=:(57 ,67 $/62 TRY x 81' TWU xP f$6 (8523>,6&+( x(5%81'1(7=P f(5 |86$00(16&+/866 '(5 ?5(17/,&+(1 p(7=( 0(+5(5(5 u7$$7(1 .$0 (567 1$&+ '(0 TP y(/7.5,(* 81' :85'( 127:(1',*N :(,/ ',( 67(,*(1'(1 c1)25'(581*(1 $1 u7?581*6)5(,+(,7 81' h5(48(1=67$%,/,7>7 185 '85&+ (,1 +,15(,O &+(1' *52M(6 c1*(%27 $1 (/(.75,6&+(5 n(,6781* 81' ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 n$6763,7=(1 $8) (,1(1 *52M(1 x(5%81' =8 (5)@//(1 :$5(1P p(%(1 (,1(5 %(66(5(1 c86/$6781* '(5 i52M.5$)7:(5.( 81' c86187=81* '(5 )@5 m(51ON m2+/(ON ~/Bi$6O 81' y$66(5.5$)7O :(5.( 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 d(75,(%6(,*(16&+$)7(1 %,(7(7 (,1 62/&+(5 |86$00(16&+/866 $8&+ (,1( o,77(/81* @%(5 '(1 817(56&+,('/,&+(1N 921 u211(167$1' 81' n(%(16*(O :2+1+(,7(1 $%+>1*,*(1 u75209(5%5$8&+P m217,1(17$/(8523$ ,67 9(51(7=7 '85&+ ',( NNw1,21 )25 7+( e2O25',1$7,21 2) v5$160,66,21 2) g/(&75,&,71=7 '85&+ m2+/(.5$)7:(5.(P f,( o,77(//$67 :,5' '85&+ ',( /(,&+7(5 $1O 81' $%6&+$/7%$5(1 ~/O 2'(5 i$6.5$)7:(5.( (5%5$&+7P |80 u3,7=(1O /$67$86*/(,&+ ',(1(1 r80363(,&+(5:(5.(\ '$6 6,1' v$/63(55(1N ,1 ',( y$66(5 817(5 x(5:(1'81* 921 %(56&+86667520 +,1$8)*(38037 :,5'N 80 (6 %(, u7520Ou3,7=(1O %('$5) @%(5 (,1(1 v85%,1(1Oi(1(5$725 :,('(5 $%=8/$66(1P f(5 u3(,&+(5Oy,5.81*6O *5$' %(75>*7 $//(5',1*6 185 (7:$ RPYP f(876&+(6 f5(+67520Ox(5%81'1(7=P |:,6&+(1 '(0 j?&+6763$1181*61(7= 921 UZR 81' TTR .x 81' '(0 p,('(563$1181*61(7= 921 VRRBTUR xN '(0 (,*(17/,&+(1 x(5O 7(,/(51(7= 0,7 '(5 *5?M7(1 n(,781*6/>1*(N /,(*(1 ,1 f(876&+/$1' j2&+63$1181*61(7=( 0,7 SSR .x 81' o,77(/63$1181*61(7=( 0,7 URN TR 2'(5 SR .xP |85 o,1,0,(581* '(5 %(575$*81*69(5/867( 62//7(1 1,&+7 185 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r+$6(1 */(,&+ *52M( u&+(,1:,'(567>1'( /,(*(1N 621'(51 ',( d/,1':,'(567>1'( 62//7(1 18// 6(,1N '$0,7 6,&+ '(5 u75209866 ,1 '(1 n(,781*(1 $8) '(1 1@7=/,&+(1 y,5.67520 %(6&+5>1.7P f$=8 %(0@+7 0$1 6,&+ 80 d/,1'/(,6781*6.203(16$7,21 0?*/,&+67 ',&+7 $0 x(5%5$8&+(5P f,( p(7=9(5/867(N ',( ,1 '(5 d81'(65(38%/,. 925 S[WR 12&+ (7:$ SW@ '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 i(6$07/(,6781* %(75$*(1 +$77(1N .2117(1 %,6 TRRR $8) VPU@ *(6(1.7 :(5'(1P k0 |8*( '(5 n,%(5$/,6,(581* '(6 u75200$5.7(6 :85'( TRRT '(5 x(5%81' '(5 p(7=O %(75(,%(5 JxfpK *(*5@1'(7P f$6 x(5%81'1(7= $/6 u3(,&+(5P f$6 *52M( p(7=N '$6 6,&+ 6&+1(// n$67>1'(581*(1 $13$667N .$11 921 ./(,1(5(1 x(5%5$8&+(51 '85&+$86 $8&+ $/6 |:,6&+(163(,&+(5 921 g1(5*,( *(187=7 :(5'(1P d(,63,(/\ f,( m267(1 )@5 (,1 NN(1(5*,($87$5.(6 u2/$5+$86DD :(5'(1 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5N :(11 1(%(1 '(1 u211(1.2//(.725(1 1,&+7 $8&+ 12&+ (,1 uM,* $1)$//(1'(1 u7520 921 u2/$5O =(//(1 2'(5 y,1'0@+/(1Oi(1(5$725(1 ,1 '$6 >8M(567 67$%,/ %(75,(%(1( ?5(17/,&+( p(7= (,1=863(,6(1N 9(5'$1.(1 :,5 $8&+ '(5 n(,6781*6(/(.7521,.P

TXX

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

VPWPU g5=(8*81* 81' p87=81* '(5 u(.81'>5(1(5*,( NNu7520DD f,( c%%P VPYT *,%7 (,1( 6&+(0$7,6&+( %(56,&+7 @%(5 ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 c57(1 921 g1(5*,(P f,( c17(,/( '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 g1(5*,(75>*(5 $1 '(5 ,1 f(876&+/$1' *(187=O 7(1 JNN9(5%5$8&+7(1DDK r5,0>5(1(5*,( =(,*7 ',( )2/*(1'( v$%(//( )@5 TRRU\ r5,0>5(1(5*,(

c17(,/ $0 '(876&+(1 x(5%5$8&+

o,1(5$/?/ g5'*$6 u7(,1.2+/( m(51(1(5*,( d5$81.2+/( y$66(5.5$)7 H u2167,*(6

UXPV@ TTPW@ SUPY@ STPX@ SSPV@ UPV@

Primärenergie Umwandlungs- und Verteilungsverluste

Sekundärenergie

Eigenbedarf nichtenergetischer Verbrauch

Verluste beim Verbraucher

c%%P VPYT

Endenergie

Nutzenergie

u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 g1(5*,($57(1 J1,&+7 0$M67>%/,&+KP

f,( g1(5*,(ON n(,6781*6O 2'(5 c17(,/6$1*$%(1 )@5 ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 g1(5*,()25O 0(1 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ ,00(5 $8) '(5(1 j(,=:(57P d(, r5,0>5(1(5*,(Oh250(1N ',( 1,( ',5(.7 NN9(5+(,=7DDN 621'(51 ,00(5 NN9(5675207DD :(5'(1N :,( =P dP m(51(1(5*,(N y$6O 6(5O 81' y,1'.5$)7N :,5' (,1 7.7,9(5 j(,=:(57 %(5(&+1(7N ,1'(0 0$1 ',( *(:211(1( u7520Og1(5*,( '85&+ '(1 0,77/(5(1 y,5.81*6*5$' )@5 ',( w0:$1'/81* 921 y>50( ,1 u7520N ( 3 RPUZUN ',9,',(57P f,( 5(*(1(5$7,9( r5,0>5(1(5*,( NNy$66(5.5$)7DD :,5' 2)7 0,7 NNu2167,*(6DD =86$0O 0(1*()$667P f$0,7 6,1' ',( $1'(5(1 5(*(1(5$7,9(1 g1(5*,(48(//(1N :,( y,1'.5$)7N d5(11+2/=N u211(1(1(5*,( 8P$P0PN *(0(,17P f,( %(,0 x(5%5$8&+(5 $1.200(1'(1 g1'(1(5*,(1 %(67(+(1 =80 v(,/ $86 819(5O >1'(57(1 r5,0>5(1(5*,(1N =P dP g5'*$6] =80 v(,/ (5)2/*7 925 '(5 n,()(581* $1 '(1 x(5%5$8&+(5 (,1( w0:$1'/81* ,1 u(.81'>5(1(5*,( :,( NNu7520DDP f,( u800( '(5 g1'(1(5*,(1 ,67 ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( u800( '(5 r5,0>5(1(5*,(1N :(,/ ',( w0:$1'/81*6O 81' x(57(,/81*69(5/867(N '(5 g,*(1%('$5) '(5 g1(5*,(:,576&+$)7 81' '(5 1,&+7O(1(5O

VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXY

*(7,6&+( x(5%5$8&+ J=P dP 921 g5'?/ $/6 i581'6725 '(5 &+(0,6&+(1 k1'8675,(K $%O =8=,(+(1 6,1'P u7520 ,67 ',( :(5792//67( g1'(1(5*,(\ u7520 ,67 9,(/)>/7,* 9(5:(1'%$5N )@5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1 62*$5 819(5=,&+7%$5N 80:(/7O 81' 187=(5)5(81'/,&+P u7520 .$11 *87 75$163257,(57 81' 9(57(,/7 :(5'(1P u7520(5=(8*81*P y(/&+( r5,0>5(1(5*,(1 =85 g5=(8*81* '(5 u(.81'>5(1(5*,( u7520 925:,(*(1' (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1N ,67 921 n$1' =8 n$1' 9(56&+,('(1P g5'?/ '20,1,(57 ,1 '(1 $5$%,6&+(1 n>1'(51N g5'*$6 ,1 '(1 p,('(5/$1'(1N u7(,1O .2+/( ,1 u@'$)5,.$N f>1(0$5.N i52M%5,7$11,(1 81' '(1 wucN d5$81.2+/( ,1 '(1 1(8(1 d81'(6/>1'(51 81' i5,(&+(1/$1'N u7(,1O 81' d5$81.2+/( =86$00(1 ,1 e+,1$ 81' f(876&+/$1'N m(51(1(5*,( ,1 h5$1.5(,&+N n,7$8(1N d(/*,(1 81' u&+:('(1N y$6O 6(5.5$)7 ,1 p25:(*(1N ~67(55(,&+N m$1$'$N u&+:(,=N 62:,( ,1 u@'$0(5,.$N i+$1$ 81' m(1,$P A k1 f(876&+/$1' :$5(1 TRRT ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 r5,0>5(1(5*,(75>*(5 :,( )2/*7 %(7(,/,*7\ u7(,1O 81' d5$81.2+/( WRPX@N m(51(1(5*,( TZPV@N g5'*$6 81' 62167,*( i$6( [PU@N y$66(5.5$)7 VPW@N y,1' TP[@N o,1(5$/?/ S@N u2167,*( Ju21O 1(N d,20$66(N o@// 8P $PK UPU@P u75209(57(,/81*P f(5 h/866 '(5 u(.81'>5(1(5*,( NNu7520DD ,67 ,1 c%%P VPYU 6&+(0$O 7,6&+ '$5*(67(//7P f,(6(6 )@5 ',( $/7(1 d81'(6/>1'(5 S[Z[ (567(//7( f,$*5$00 '@5)7( $8&+ )@5 '$6 9(5(,1,*7( f(876&+/$1' 81' $1'(5( k1'8675,(67$$7(1 12&+ 81*()>+5

Bundesbahn

Öffentliche Versorgung KraftwerkEigenverbrauch

Industrie

Brutto - Erzeugung Netto - Erzeugung

Import Export Pumpstromverbrauch Netzverluste

Verkehr öffentliche Beleuchtung

Stromaufkommen

Abgabe an Verbraucher

Sondervertragskunden Haushalte Gewerbe + Sonstiges Bundesbahn

c%%P VPYU

Landwirtschaft

u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* '(6 u75209866(6 ,1 f(876&+/$1'P

Bergbau und verarbeitende Betriebe (Industrie)

TXZ

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

5,&+7,* 6(,1P A f,( c%*$%( $1 ',( x(5%5$8&+(5 :$5 TRRT ,1 f(876&+/$1' :,( )2/*7 $8) p87=(5*5833(1 9(57(,/7\ k1'8675,( VXPZ@N 35,9$7( j$86+$/7( TWPX@N 62167,*( m/(,19(5%5$8&+(5 Ji(:(5%(N n$1':,576&+$)7N ?5(17/,&+( g,15,&+781*(1K TVPW@N x(5.(+5 UPS@P A f(5 '(876&+( j$86+$/7675209(5%5$8&+ ,1 '(1 /(7=7(1 l$+5(1 9(5O 7(,/7( 6,&+ )2/*(1'(50$M(1\ t$80+(,=81* TU@N m@+/6&+5>1.( 81' i()5,(5*(5>7( TS@N y$50:$66(5%(5(,781* Jm@&+(N d$'K SU@N (/(.7521,6&+( i(5>7( ST@N g/(.7O 52+(5'( Z@N y$6&+0$6&+,1(1 81' v52&.1(5 Y@N d(/(8&+781* W@ 81' u2167,*(6 SS@P u75209(5%5$8&+P f(5 p(772Ou75209(5%5$8&+ %(758* TRRT ,1 f(876&+/$1' WSW o5'P my+] '$6 (17635,&+7 (,1(5 @%(5 '$6 l$+5 *(0,77(/7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,6781* 921 581' XR iyP k1 f(876&+/$1' 1,007 '(5 u75209(5%5$8&+ .$80 12&+ =8\ f(5 ->+5/,&+( |8:$&+6N '(5 ,1 '(1 WR(5 l$+5(1 12&+ @%(5 SR@ 352 l$+5 /$*N ,67 1$&+ S[ZR $8) 817(5 T@ 352 l$+5 *()$//(1 81' /,(*7 -(7=7 1$+( %(, 18//P f,( :,&+7,*67(1 y$&+67806*5@1'( :$5(1 ,1 '(1 /(7=7(1 l$+5=(+17(1 A ',( |81$+0( 921 67520%(75,(%(1(1 j$86+$/76*(5>7(1N *()?5'(57 '85&+ *5?M(5( y2+181*(1N ',( u7(//9>&+(1 )@5 *52M( i(5>7( %27(1N 81' *5?M(5(1 y2+/67$1'N '(5 ',( c16&+$581*(1 0?*/,&+ 0$&+7(N $%(5 $8&+ '85&+ ',( =81(+0(1'( d(58)6O 7>7,*.(,7 '(5 h5$8(1N ',( '85&+ i(5>7( ,0 j$86+$/7 (17/$67(7 :(5'(1 08667(1] A c16&+$581* 921 p$&+763(,&+(5Oj(,=81*(1 81' $1'(5(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 j(,=*(5>7( $/6 h2/*( '(5 NN~/35(,66&+2&.6DD S[YV 81' S[Y[] A g,1)@+581* 1(8(5N u7520 %(1?7,*(1'(5 r52'8.7,2169(5)$+5(1] A =81(+0(1'( g/(.75,7=,(581* '(5 ?5(17/,&+(1 x(5.(+560,77(/P i5@1'( )@5 ',( x(55,1*(581* '(5 |8:$&+65$7( ,1 '(1 /(7=7(1 l$+5(1 6,1' A u>77,*81*6(56&+(,181*(1 %(,0 g/(.752*(5>7(Om20)257] A c%%$8 '(5 d(925=8*81* 921 u7520Oi52M$%1(+0(51 '85&+ w0*(67$/781* '(5 u75207$5,)( 81' $//*(0(,1( u752035(,6(5+?+81*(1P A 7(&+1,6&+( p(8(581*(1 =85 x(5%(66(581* '(5 i(5>7(Og5,=,(1=N ,16%(621'(5( g,1O 6$7= 921 r52=(665(&+1(51 =85 q37,0,(581* '(5 d(75,(%6(,*(16&+$)7(1] A :$&+6(1'( g,16,&+7 ,1 ',( p27:(1',*.(,7 921 g1(5*,((,163$581*N 62:,( x(5%5$8O &+(5%(5$781* @%(5 u3$50$M1$+0(1P i(5,1*(5 g1(5*,(9(5%5$8&+ (,1(6 g/(.752*(O 5>7(6 :,5' ,1 v(676 326,7,9 %(:(57(7 81' ,1 '(5 y(5%81* %(7217P

VPWPV g17:,&./81*63(563(.7,9(1 f,( r(563(.7,9(1 )@5 ',( u(.81'>5(1(5*,( NNu7520DD :(5'(1 185 ,0 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 (,1(5 */2%$/(1 g1(5*,(%(75$&+781* (5.(11%$5P f,( g17:,&./81* '(6 y(/7(1(5O *,(9(5%5$8&+6N $8)*(7(,/7 1$&+ r5,0>5(1(5*,(75>*(51N ,67 ,1 c%%P VPYV *5$3+,6&+ '$5O *(67(//7P f,( w05(&+181* '(5 g,1+(,7 NNS v211( u7(,1.2+/(1(,1+(,7 352 l$+5DD $8) ',( ukO n(,6781*6(,1+(,7 m,/2:$77 ,67 (,1)$&+\ S 7 umgB$ 3 RP[T[ .y 6 6 S .y]

VPW u75209(5625*81* 12

Welt-Energieverbrauch pro Jahr Mrd. t SKE /a

Kernenergie

Zusammenbruch des Ostblocks

10

TX[

Wasserkraft und Sonstige

Ölkrisen

Gas

8

6

Erdöl

2. Weltkrieg 4 1. Weltkrieg und Folgen

Weltwirtschaftskrise

Kohle

2

0

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Jahr

c%%P VPYV y(/7Og1(5*,(9(5%5$8&+ 352 l$+5 =:,6&+(1 S[RR 81' TRRRN $8)*(7(,/7 1$&+ r5,0>5O (1(5*,(75>*(51P g,16&+1(,'(1'( g5(,*1,66( 6,1' 0$5.,(57P f,( $%1(+0(1'( :(/7:,576&+$)7/,&+( d('(8781* '(5 (1(5*,(,17(16,9(1 u&+:(5,1'8675,( ,67 9(5087/,&+ '(5 i581' )@5 '$6 *(5,1*(5( c1:$&+6(1 '(6 y(/7Og1(5*,(9(5%5$8&+6 ,1 '(1 /(7=7(1 l$+5(1P

'(5 w17(56&+,(' 921 Y@ 63,(/7 @%(5+$837 .(,1( t2//(N :(,/ g1(5*,(9(5%5$8&+6'$7(1 ,P c//*P 9,(/ 81*(1$8(5 6,1'P d(625*1,6(55(*(1' 6,1' 925 $//(0 =:(, r81.7(\ SP f(5 67(,/( c167,(* '(6 g1(5*,(9(5%5$8&+6P TP f(5 6(+5 *52M( c17(,/ '(5 )266,/(1 d5(116725(P f(5 c167,(* ,67 %(',1*7 '85&+ '(1 0,7 '(5 k1'8675,$/,6,(581* :$&+6(1'(1 r52Om23)O x(5%5$8&+ 81' '85&+ '$6 y$&+6780 '(5 g5'%(9?/.(581*P f,( 6&+21 (5*5,5(1(1 u3$50$M1$+0(1 ,1 n>1'(51 0,7 6(+5 +2+(0 r52Om23)Ox(5%5$8&+ .?11(1 ',(6(1 c167,(* 25(16,&+7/,&+ 1,&+7 1$&++$/7,* .203(16,(5(1P f(5 c17(,/ '(5 )266,/(1 d5(116725( Jm2+/(N g5'?/N g5'*$6K %(75>*7 */2%$/ [R@P f,( x(5%5(1181* )266,/(5 d5(116725( :,5' $/6 (5167(6 r52%/(0 %(75$&+7(7N :(,/ %(O

TYR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

)@5&+7(7 :,5'N '$66 ',( eqTOg0,66,21 J=86$00(1 0,7 $1'(5(1 d(/$6781*(1 '(5 c70263+>5(K =85 x(5*5?M(581* '(6 v5(,%+$86(5(.7(6 Jd'P YN m$3P UK 0,7 .$7$6752O 3+$/(1 */2%$/(1 c86:,5.81*(1 )@+57P m2+/(1',2;,' )>//7 %(, '(5 x(5%5(1181* ,1 81*(+(8(5 *52M(1 o(1*(1 $1\ UPY 7 eqT )@5 -('( v211( 9(5%5$117(1 m2+/(16725P c//( '(1.%$5(1 x(5)$+5(1N '$6 ,1 x(5%5(1181*6.5$)7:(5.(1 $1)$//(1'( eqT $8)=8O )$1*(1 81' '$8(5+$)7 =8 /$*(51 J&$5%21 ',2;,'( 6(48(675$7,21K 6,1' J12&+K 9,(/ =8 7(8(5P f(5 1$7@5/,&+( c%%$8 '(6 $70263+>5,6&+(1 eqT '85&+ c%62537,21 ,0 y$66(5 '(5 q=($1( 81' &+(0,6&+( d,1'81* ,1 m$5%21$7(1 (5)2/*7 9,(/ /$1*6$0(5 $/6 '(5 (1(5*,(7(&+1,6&+ %(',1*7( c167,(* 81' ,67 '(6+$/% ,1 '(1 1>&+67(1 l$+5+81'(57(1 .(,1( j,/)( %(, '(5 n?681* '(6 v5(,%+$86(5(.7Or52%/(06P n>1*(5)5,67,* :,5' $8&+ ',( d(*5(1=7+(,7 '(5 d5(116725Ox255>7( =80 r52%/(0N %(, g5'?/Bg5'*$6 6&+21 ,1 (7:$ SRR l$+5(1N %(, m2+/( ,1 (,1,*(1 l$+5+81'(57(1\ 1$&+ g56&+?3)81* '(5 /(,&+7 (56&+/,(M%$5(1 s8(//(1 :,5' ',( d5(116725*(:,1181* ,00(5 6&+:,(5,*(5 81' 7(85(5 :(5'(1P g6 ,67 *(*(1:>57,* 1,&+7 =8 (5.(11(1N :,( ',( x(5%5(1181* )266,/(5 d5(116725( ,1 |8.81)7 '5$67,6&+ (,1*(6&+5>1.7 :(5'(1 .$11\ f,( c86:(,781* '(5 m(51(1(5*,( 67?M7 ,1 9,(/(1 n>1'(51 $8) 32/,7,6&+( y,'(567>1'( Jm(5163$/781*K 2'(5 ,67 7(&+1,6&+ 12&+ 1,&+7 0?*/,&+ Jm(51)86,21KP y$66(5.5$)7 ,67 6&+21 :(,7*(+(1' $86*(187=7] ',( $1'(5(1 5(*(1(5$7,9(1 r5,0>5(1(5*,(1 6,1' 12&+ 1,&+7 :(77%(:(5%6)>+,*P u,&+(5 ,67 -('2&+N '$66 $//( r5,0>5(1(5*,(75>*(5N ',( )@5 '(1 g56$7= )266,/(5 d5(11O 6725( @%(5+$837 ,1 d(75$&+7 .200(1 .?117(1N 925 ,+5(5 p87=81* 9(5675207 :(5'(1 0@66(1P f$6 +(,M7N '(5 c17(,/ '(5 u(.81'>5(1(5*,( NNu7520DD :,5' =81(+0(1N 81' ',( g/(.7527(&+1,. :,5' 12&+ :,&+7,*(5 :(5'(1P

VPX k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ V VPXPS i581'/$*(1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. y(&+6(/675207(&+1,.P g/(.7527(&+1,.Oh$&+:,66(1N f,3/POk1*P JhjK o$5,2 p266N ZVVYX v$8).,5&+(1\ +773\BB:::P(/(.7527(&+1,.O)$&+:,66(1P'( 0 y(&+6(/675207(&+O 1,. Ju+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 3 n,1. VAS g5*>1=81*\ j1=81*\ f,( f20>1( :::P(1(5*,(P&+ ,67 (,1( 81$%+>1*,*( r/$77)250 )@5 g1(5O *,(Ok1)250$7,21(1 ,1 '(5 u&+:(,=\ +773\BB:::P(1(5*,(P&+B 0 c175,(%67(&+1,.\ NNv5$1)250$725DD 3 n,1. VAX y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 k1'8.7,21 A y,5%(/675?0( f85&+6(7=81* '(5 y(&+6(/675207(&+1,.P r8%/,& d52$'&$67,1* u1',*( c8667(//81*(1\ NNu7$5.675207(&+1,.DD 3 n,1. VAZ v(&+1,.*(6&+,&+7( '(5 u7$5.675207(&+1,.P u,(+( $8&+ 0 f,( c8667(//81* 81' '$11 =P dP 0 g17:,&./81* '(5 y(&+6(/O 81' f5(+675207(&+1,. n(,6781*6(/(.7521,.P w1,9(56,7< 2) v(&+12/2*< u1=81*\ k0 l$+5( SZZZ +$7 y,/+(/0 h2(567(5 =86$00(1 0,7 y(51(5 921 u,(0(16 81' o$; y,/+(/0 o(1=81*\v(6/$ o(025,$/ u2&,(7< 2) pP{P\ +773\BB:::P7(6/$62&,(7&+(N f,5(5(17,$/ '4 h/>&+( Jd(75$*K c17(11(1Oy,5.9>&+( c%67$1'N n>1*( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( n>1*( m$3$=,7>7 m$3$=,7>76%(/$* (,1(5 n(,781* n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* f85&+0(66(5 f,67$1=N c%67$1'N g,1'5,1*7,()( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( m5$)7 h5(48(1= t(621$1=)5(48(1= n(,7:(57ON c%/(,781*6%(/$* (,1(5 n(,781* 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* u7520J67>5.(KN $//*(0(,1] $8&+ g5(.7,9:(57N :(11 .(,1( x(5O :(&+6/81* 0,7 i/(,&+67520 =8 %()@5&+7(1 ,67P k17(16,7>7 J(,1(5 y(//(K u7520Og5(.7,9:(57 u7520O|(,*(5 ,1 '(5 .203/(;(1 g%(1( y(&+6(/67520Oc8*(1%/,&.6:(57 y(&+6(/67520Ou&+(,7(/:(57 u7520',&+7( r523257,21$/,7>76)$.725 m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ k1'8.7,9,7>7 k1'8.7,9,7>76%(/$* (,1(5 n(,781* J*(5,&+7(7(K n>1*(N f,5(5(17,$/ 'T n>1*( o2'8/$7,216,1'(; JhoK o$66( o2'8/$7,216*5$' JcoK

TYX

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

i5?M(161*( m233/81*6*5$'

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 i5?M(16&+/,&+ 80 u7520.5(,6(N ,1 '(1(1 5(621$17( 2'(5 )$67 5(621$17( j2&+)5(48(1=Ou75?0( 9,(M(1P k1 ',(6(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6(1 J26&,//$7,1* &,5&8,76K 6,1' ',( 0,7 '(1 m$3$=,7>7(1 9(5.1@3)7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(5 *(1$862 :,&+O 7,* :,( ',( 0,7 '(1 k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 9(5.1@3)7(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(5P c% SYVX :85'(1 ,1 h5$1.5(,&+ 81' g1*/$1' g17/$'81*69(568&+( @%(5 /$1*( n(,O 781*(1 '85&+*()@+57N 80 ',( c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 n$'81* (17/$1* (,1(5 n(,781* =8 %(67,00(1P f$0$/6 .2117( 0$1 185 )(6767(//(1N '$66 ',(6(5 x25*$1* NN810(66%$5 6&+1(//DD (5)2/*7P y,( 1$&+ '(5 o(6681* '(5 NN.5,7,6&+(1 i(6&+:,1',*O .(,7DD JyPgP y(%(5 81' tP m2+/5$86&+N SZWVAWXN 9*/P c%6&+1P WPUPSK *(6&+/266(1 :(5O '(1 .2117(N ,67 ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 )@5 ',( c86%5(,781* 921 c89$'81*(1 $1O =86(7=(1P o,7 '(5 j2&+)5(48(1=7(&+1,. :(5'(1 181 6(+5 6&+1(//( x25*>1*( (;3(5,0(17(// =8*>1*/,&+\ g5(.7( '(5 (1'/,&+(1 c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 :(5'(1 %(2%$&+7O %$5N :(11 ',( u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( v 3 SB) J=P dP v 3 SR 16 )@5 ) 3 SRR oj=K 9(5O */(,&+%$5 :,5' 0,7 '(5 |(,7 2N ',( )@5 ',( c86%5(,781* (,1(5 c89$'81* (17/$1* (,1(5 u75(&.( s 921 n$%25*5?M( %(1?7,*7 :,5'\ 2 3 sB& J=P dP 2 . SR 16 )@5 s . U 0KP f,( :,5./,&+ *$1= 1(8( r+1'(5/,&+(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/@66(1 %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1P

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1= c/6 j2&+)5(48(1= JjhK %(=(,&+1(7 0$1 ,P c//*P u&+:,1*81*(1 ,0 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ 921 UR .j= %,6 URR ij=N =:,6&+(1 '(5 p,('(5)5(48(1= 81' '(0 k1)5$527(1P f(5 2%(5( jhOd(5(,&+ 921 URR oj= %,6 URR ij= (17+>/7 ',( o,.52:(//(1P |$+/(1$1*$%(1 ,1 j(57= Jj=K %(=,(+(1 6,&+ ,00(5 $8) ',( h5(48(1= )N 1,( $8) ',( m5(,6)5(48(1= 6 3 T@)] )@5 /(7=7(5( :,5' ',( g,1+(,7 62S J%=:P 5$'B6K 9(5:(1'(7P c86 d(48(0/,&+.(,7 :,5' %(, '(5 m5(,6)5(48(1= ',( x256,/%( NNm5(,6DD 2)7 :(**(/$66(1] '$6 .$11 =8 o,669(567>1'1,66(1 @%(5 '(1 h$.725 T@ )@+5(1P

WPSPS u&+:,1*.5(,6N *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 g/(.75,6&+(5 u&+:,1*.5(,6P y,5' (,1 $8)*(/$'(1(5 m21'(16$725 @%(5 (,1(1 y,'(5O 67$1' 81' (,1( u38/( (17/$'(1 Jc%%P WPSKN '$11 9(5+>/7 6,&+ ',(6(5 u7520.5(,6 :,( (,1 6&+:,1*81*6)>+,*(6 i(%,/'(\ f(5 u7520 k J7KN '(5 ,1 ',(6(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* )@5 $//( m20321(17(1 */(,&+ *52M ,67N 81' ',( u3$1181*(1 we J7KN wt J7K 81' wn J7K +$%(1 ',( |(,7$%+>1*,*.(,7 (,1(5 *('>03)7(1 +$5021,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*P

R

C

L

c%%P WPS g17/$'81* (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 @%(5 (,1(1 y,'(567$1' 81' (,1( u38/(P

|85 d(5(&+181* ',(6(5 h81.7,21(1 *(+(1 :,5 $86 921 '(5 u800( '(5 u3$1181*(1 ,0 u7520.5(,6P m$3$=,7>7N y,'(567$1' 81' k1'8.7,9,7>7 6,1' *(*(%(1 '85&+ eN t 81' nN ',( n$'81* $8) '(0 m21'(16$725 %(, d(*,11 '(5 g17/$'81* =85 |(,7 7 3 R 6(, *(*(%(1 '85&+ sR 3 e weNRP g6 *,/7 2'(5

wn 1wt 1we 3 R

JWPTK

n 'kB'71tk1e2S s 3 RP

JWPUK

o,7 k 3 'sB'7 81' 'kB'7 3 ' sB'7 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( +202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* TP q5'181*N ',( u&+:,1*81*6*/(,&+81* Jc%6&+1P SWPXK )@5 ',( m21'(16$725/$'81* s\ T

T

n 'TsB'7 T 1t 'sB'71e2S s 3 RP

JWPVK

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

TY[

f$66 1,&+7 185 ',( m21'(16$725/$'81* sJ7K '(5 u&+:,1*81*6*/(,&+81* *(+25&+7N ,67 /(,&+7 =8 =(,*(1\ A u8%67,78,(57 0$1 s 3 e we J81' (17635(&+(1' $8&+ ',( c%/(,781*(1\ 'sB'7 3 e 'weB'7N 'TsB'7 T 3 e 'TweB'7 TK 81' ',9,',(57 '85&+ eN (5+>/7 0$1 ',( f,5(5(1O 7,$/*/(,&+81* )@5 we J7KP A f85&+ f,5(5(1=,(5(1 921 i/P JWPVK 1$&+ '7 :,5' '$5$86 (,1( i/(,&+81* )@5 '(1 u7520 k J7KP A u8%67,78,(57 0$1 k 3 wtBt 81' 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 tN (5+>/7 0$1 ',( f,5(5(17,$/O */(,&+81* )@5 wt J7KP A g,1( 12&+0$/,*( c%/(,781* 1$&+ '(5 |(,7N ',( u8%67,787,21(1 'kB'7 3 wnBn 81' o8/7,3/,.$7,21 0,7 n )@+5(1 6&+/,(M/,&+ =85 f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* )@5 wn J7KP j,(5 ,17(5(66,(57 ',( n?681* '(5 i/P JWPVK )@5 '(1 h$// '(5 6&+:$&+(1 f>03)81*N &+$5$.7(5,6,(57 '85&+ R"t * T JnBeKSBTP

JWPWK

f,( n?681* J9*/P c%6&+1P SWPXK +$7 ',( h250 sJ7K 3 JcS &26 6% 71cT 6,1 6% 7K (;3J2 %7K

JWPXK

0,7 '(5 f>03)81*6.2167$17(1 J'$03,1* (;321(17 25 )$&725K %3

S tBn T

JWPYK

81' '(5 m5(,6)5(48(1= '(5 )5(,(1 *('>03)7(1 u&+:,1*81* 6% 3 J6TR 2%TKSBTN

JWPZK

',( %(, 6&+:$&+(5 f>03)81* 185 *(5,1*)@*,* ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 6RP f,( m2167$17(1 cS 81' cT ,1 i/P JWPXK :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( c1)$1*6%(',1*81*(1 )@5 s7 3 R 81' L'sB'7b7 3 R %(67,007P x(5*/(,&+ 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 81' 0(&+$1,6&+(5 u&+:,1*81*P y,5 :2//(1 ',( f,5(5(1O 7,$/*/(,&+81* )@5 ',( m21'(16$725/$'81* sJ7K 921 i/P JWPVK %(75$&+7(1 81' ,+5( )5(,( *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81* ,0 u&+:,1*.5(,6 9(5*/(,&+(1 0,7 '(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 u&+:,1O *81* (,1(5 (/$67,6&+ $1 ,+5( t8+(/$*( *(%81'(1(1 o$66( 0P y,( v$%P WPT 6(+5 $1O 6&+$8/,&+ =(,*7N (17635,&+7 ',( n$*(.225',1$7( ; '(5 o$66( 0 ,0 =(,7/,&+(1 x(5+$/7(1 '(5 n$'81* s $8) '(0 m21'(16$725N 327(17,(//( 81' .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( '(5 o$66( (17635(&+(1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( ,0 u&+:,1*.5(,6P h250$/ )2/*7 '$6 u&+:,1*81*69(5+$/7(1 $86 '(5 f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*P c%(5 :,( .$11 0$1 6,&+ '$6 $16&+$8/,&+ 92567(//(1a k1 c%%P WPT 6,1' ',( (,1=(/1(1 r+$6(1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81* )@5 (,1( *$1=( r(5,2'( $8)*(=(,&+1(7] ,0 x(5*/(,&+ '$=8 6,1' '$1(%(1 ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 r+$6(1 (,1(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81* A $0 d(,O 63,(/ (,1(5 =:,6&+(1 =:(, u&+5$8%(1)('(51 $8)*(+>1*7(1 o$66( A '$5*(67(//7P f(0 *(/$'(1(1 m21'(16$725 (17635,&+7 ',( *(63$117( h('(5N '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 '85&+ ',( u38/( ',( d(:(*81* '(5 o$66(P y,5' '(5 *(/$'(1( m21'(16$725 $1 ',( u38/( *(6&+$/7(7N 62 9,(M7 '85&+ ',(6( (,1 g17/$'(67520 81' (5=(8*7 ,1 ,+5 (,1 0$*O 1(7,6&+(6 h(/'P f,( ,0 m21'(16$725 J,1 '(5 h('(5K *(63(,&+(57( (/(.75,6&+( J327(1O 7,(//(K g1(5*,( 6(7=7 6,&+ ,1 0$*1(7,6&+( J.,1(7,6&+(K 80P y(11 6,&+ '(5 m21'(16$725

TZR v$%P WPT

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 x(5*/(,&+ 921 0(&+$1,6&+(5 81' (/(.75,6&+(5 u&+:,1*81*P

m255(6321',(5(1'( i5?M(1 o$66( 0 t,&+7*5?M( . t(,%81*6=$+/ , g/21*$7,21 ; i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 3 ';B'7 S 327(17,(//( g1(5*,( .;T T S .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( 09T T S f>03)81*6)$.725 % 3 ,B0 T u&+:,1*81*6*/(,&+81* 0 'T;B'7T 1, ';B'71. ; 3 R

k1'8.7,9,7>7 n 5(=,352.( m$3$=,7>7 e2S 2+06&+(5 y,'(567$1' t (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* s u752067>5.( k 3 'sB'7 S (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( sTBe T S 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( nkT T S % 3 tBn T n 'TsB'7T 1t 'sB'71e2S s 3 R

n?681* '(5 u&+:,1*81*6*/(,&+81* s 3 Jc 6,1 6%71d &26 6% 7K (2%7 ; 3 Jc 6,1 6% 71d &26 6% 7K (2%7 cN d %(67,007 '85&+ c1)$1*6%(',1*81*(1 g,*(1.5(,6)5(48(1= '(5 *('>03)7(1 u&+:,1*81* 6% 3 J6TR 2%TKSBT . 6R )@5 % * 6R SBT 0,7 6R 3 J.B0K 6R 3 JneK2SBT

9?//,* (17/$'(1 +$7N 9,(M7 ,1)2/*( '(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 %(, $%)$//(1'(0 o$*1(7)(/' '(5 u7520 12&+ ,1 '(5 85635@1*/,&+(1 t,&+781* :(,7(5 81' />'7 '(1 m21'(16$725 0,7 80*(.(+57(0 x25=(,&+(1 62/$1*( :,('(5 $8)N %,6 ,1)2/*( 6(,1(5 =81(+0(1'(1 u3$1O 181* '(5 u7520 18// :,5'P f,(6(6 u&+:,1*81*69(5+$/7(1 6(7=7 6,&+ 62/$1*( )257N %,6 ,0 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' ',( *(6$07( g1(5*,( ,1 l28/(I6&+( y>50( 80*(:$1'(/7 :25'(1 ,67P f(021675$7,2169(568&+P y,5 :2//(1 181 =(,*(1N '$66 (,1 nteOm5(,6 1$&+ c%%P WPSN *(%,/'(7 $86 (,1(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 nN '(0 819(50(,'/,&+(1 2+06&+(1 y,&./81*6:,'(5O 67$1' t 81' (,1(5 m$3$=,7>7 e *(1$862 (/(.75,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 $86)@+5(1 .$11N :,( (,1( $1 (,1(5 h('(5 $8)*(+>1*7( o$66( 0(&+$1,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1N :(11 6,( (,10$/ '$=8 $1*(672M(1 :,5'P y,5 6&+$/7(1 =8 ',(6(0 |:(&. (,1( u38/( 0,7 6(+5 *52M(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 J&$P WRRR y,1'81*(1N *(6&+/266(1(5 g,6(1.(51KN (56$7=:(,6( ',( :,1'81*65(,&+( u38/( (,1(6 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 0,7 0$*1(7,6&+(0 m85=6&+/866 '(5 r2/(N ,1 t(,+( 0,7 (,1(0 6(+5 *52M(1 m21'(16$725 2'(5 (,1(5 m21'(16$725%$77(5,( 81' (,1(0 f5(+638/Oc03(5(0(7(5 )@5 i/(,&+67520 JCKN '(66(1 p8//381.7 ,1 '(5 o,77( '(5 u.$/$ /,(*7P o,7+,/)( (,1(6 w06&+$/7(56 :,5' '(5 m21'(16$725 =8(567 0,7 (,1(5 i/(,&+63$1181*648(//( Jp(7=*(5>7 2'(5 d$77(5,(N =P dP SRR xK $8) ',( u3$1181* we $8)*(/$'(1 81' '$11 @%(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 81' k167580(17 (17/$'(1P d(, ',(6(5 g17O /$'81* %(2%$&+7(7 0$1N '$66 '$6 c03(5(0(7(5 0,7 $%1(+0(1'(5 c03/,78'( $%O

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

TZS

c%%P WPT d,/'/,&+(5 x(5*/(,&+ (,1(5 0(&+$1,O 6&+(1 81' (,1(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*P f,( f>03)81* ,67 ,0 d,/' 1,&+7 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7P

:(&+6(/1' 1$&+ /,1.6 81' 1$&+ 5(&+76 $866&+/>*7P h@5 ',( y(57( n . SZR j 81' e . SVR =h /,(*7 ',( h5(48(1= )R 3 6RBT@ ',&+7 %(, S j=] 0,7 '(1 *5?M7(1 k1'8.7,O 9,7>7(1 81' m$3$=,7>7(1N ',( 12&+ 5(/$7,9 /(,&+7 %(6&+$5%$5 6,1'N /$66(1 6,&+ u&+:,1O *81*6'$8(51 921 (,1,*(1 u(.81'(1 (55(,&+(1P f(5 o$;,0$/67520N )@5 '(1 '$6 c0O 3(5(0(7(5 (,1*(5,&+7(7 6(,1 0866N :,5' '85&+ c89$'(63$1181* 81' u38/(1:,'(5O 67$1' %(67,007P d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 *('>03)7(1 u&+:,1*81*P o,667 0$1 ,1 '(5 nteOt(,+(16&+$/781* ',( |(,7$%+>1*,*.(,7 921 u7520 81' u3$1181* 0,7 t(*,675,(5*(5>7(1N 62 (5*(%(1 6,&+ ',( ,1 c%%P WPU '$5*(67(//7(1 *('>03)7(1 u&+:,1*81*(1P h@5 ',( u800( 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h(/'(1(5*,( ,0 u&+:,1*.5(,6 *,/7 )@5 -('(1 |(,7381.7 7 yJ7K 3 y0 J7K1y( J7K yJ7K 3 yJ7 3 RK (;3J2 T%7KP

JWP[K

p(%(1 '(0 f>03)81*6)$.725 % 3 tBn :(5'(1 $8&+ 12&+ $1'(5( o$M( )@5 ',( f>03)81* 9(5:(1'(7\ f,( j$/%:(576=(,7 (,1(5 0,7 (;3J2 %7K *('>03)7(1 S T

I,U I

U

I

U t

To

c%%P WPU h5(,( *('>03)7( (/(.75,6&+( u&+:,1*81*\ f,( wOm859( (17635,&+7 '(5 m21'(16$O 72563$1181*N ',( kOm859( '(0 920 m21'(16$725 $%9,(M(1'(1 u7520P

TZT

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

+$5021,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81* ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ 7SBT 3 RPYB%N :,( /(,&+7 =8 =(,*(1 ,67\ JWPSRK (;3J2 %7SBTK 3 (;3J2 RPYK . SBTP f$6 x(5+>/71,6 =:(,(5 $8)(,1$1'(5)2/*(1'(5 c03/,78'(1N ',( 80 ',( |(,7 (,1(5 u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( vR $86(,1$1'(5/,(*(1N ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ (;3J2 %vRK 2'(5 (;3J2 bKN 81' b :,5' $/6 /2*$5,7+0,6&+(6 f(.5(0(17 J'(&5(0(17 2) '$03,1*N '$03,1* 5$7,2K %(=(,&+1(7\ b 3 %vR 3 b3

S v tBn T R

S T v tk T BJnk()) KP T R ())

JWPSSK

f$6 ,1 '(5 =:(,7(1 |(,/( 921 i/P JWPSSK $1*(*(%(1( x(5+>/71,6 *,%7 (,1( $16&+$8/,&+( f(8781* )@5 '$6 /2*$5,7+0,6&+( f(.5(0(17\ k0 |>+/(5 67(+7 ',( :>+5(1' (,1(5 +$/O %(1 u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( 9(5%5$8&+7( g1(5*,( 81' ,0 p(11(5 ',( =8 d(*,11 ',(6(5 r(5,2'( 925+$1'(1( i(6$07(1(5*,(P h@5 ',( m859(1 ,1 c%%P WPU :85'( b 3 RPV *(O :>+/7P k1 h>//(1 67>5.(5(5 f>03)81* .$11 6% 1$&+ i/P JWPZK 1,&+7 0(+5 '85&+ 6R $1*(1>+(57 :(5'(1P y,5' ',( f>03)81* 62 *52MN '$66 0,7 %#6R ',( r(5,2'( vR 3 T@B6% ,0$*,1>5 :,5'N '$11 ,67 '(5 x25*$1* $3(5,2',6&+ J:,( '(5 NNm5,(&+)$//DD %(,0 i$/9$120(7(5N c%6&+1P UPYKP h@5 % 3 6R (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 NN$3(5,2',6&+( i5(1=O )$//DDN :,( %(, '(1 0(&+$1,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*(1P u&+1(// $8)(,1$1'(5 )2/*(1'( *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1P y(*(1 '(6 819(50(,'/,&+(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1'6 ,1 u38/( 81' n(,781*(1 6,1' $//( )5(,(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1O *81*(1 *('>03)7P o,7 $8)(,1$1'(5 )2/*(1'(1 *('>03)7(1 u&+:,1*81*(1 +$7 0$1 (;3(5,0(17,(57N %(925 (6 7(&+1,6&+ 0?*/,&+ :$5N 81*('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 =8 (5O =(8*(1P |85 6&+1(//(1 Jy,('(5OKc89$'81* '(6 u&+:,1*.5(,6Om21'(16$7256 e %(O 187=7( 0$1 (,1(1 k1'8.725 J,1'8&725,80K] '$6 :$5 (,1 j2&+63$1181*675$16)250$725N '(5 0,7 0(&+$1,6&+ =(5+$&.7(0 r5,0>567520 $5%(,7(7( 81' %(,0 ~51(1 '(6 w1O 7(5%5(&+(56 (,1(1 +2+(1 u(.81'>563$1181*638/6 /,()(57( Jc%%P WPVKP d(,0 ~51(1 *(+7 '(5 r5,0>567520 1,&+7 62)257 $8) 18//N 621'(51 %(, ./(,1(0 m217$.7$%67$1' 71'(7 12&+ u752075$163257 '85&+ ',( n8)7 67$77 Jh81.(1N n,&+7%2*(1N c%6&+1P SRPUKP y,5' =85 w17(5'5@&.81* 921 ~5181*6)81.(1 3$5$//(/ =80 w17(5%5(&+(5 (,1 m21'(16$725 *(6&+$/7(7N '$11 %,/'(7 ',(6(5 0,7 '(5 r5,0>5638/( (,1(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6 81' %(:,5.7 *('>03)7(6 c866&+:,1*(1 921 r5,0>567520 81' u(.81'>563$1181*6O 38/6N $%:(,&+(1' 921 '(5 ,1 c%%P WPV% '$5*(67(//7(1 m859(1)250P |80 g17/$'(1 '(6 0,7 '(5 u(.81'>56(,7( '(6 k1'8.7256 9(5%81'(1(1 m21'(1O 6$7256 e @%(5 ',( u38/( n :85'( (,1( m8*(/)81.(1675(&.( Jc%6&+1P TPSPVK ,1 '(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6 (,1*()@*7 Jc%%P WPV&KP y(11 %(,0 c89$'(1 '(6 m21'(16$7256 ',( f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* J%5($.'2:1 92/7$*(K '(5 h81.(1675(&.( h J63$5. *$3K (55(,&+7 :,5'N '85&+%5,&+7 (,1 h81.(1 '(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 m8*(/1 81' (5=(8*7 '$=:,6&+(1 (,1(1 NNk21,6$7,2166&+/$8&+DDN ,1 '(0 6,&+ k21(1 '(5 n8)702/(.@/( 81' g/(.7521(1 %(71'(1 81' '(5 :,( (,1( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* :,5.7N @%(5 ',( 6,&+ ',( ,0 m21'(16$725 *(63(,&+(57( g1(5*,( '85&+ ',( u38/( '(6 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6 (17/$'(1 .$11P y(*(1 '(6 9(5+>/71,60>M,* +2+(1 y,'(567$1'(6 '(5 h81.(1675(&.( 6,1' ',( u&+:,1*81*(1 67$5. *('>03)7] -('(5 u&+:,1*81*6=8* %(67(+7 185 $86 :(1,*(1

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

TZU

B

U (a)

(b)

Sekundärspannung Primärstrom

Unterbrecher geschlossen

geschlossen

geöffnet

Zeit

Zeit

C (c)

geöffnet

L F

c%%P WPV k1'8.725\ J$K u&+$/781*P d$77(5,( d 81' w17(5%5(&+(5 w ,0 r5,0>5.5(,6 (,1(6 j2&+O 63$1181*675$)26P J%K x(5/$8) 921 r5,0>567520 J/$1*6$0(6 c167(,*(1 :(*(1 u(/%67,1'8.7,21K 81' u(.81'>563$1181*P J&K u(.81'>5638/( />'7 m21'(16$725 $8) %,6 =80 |@1'(1 '(5 h81O .(1675(&.( h] '$1$&+ *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81* ,0 neOm5(,6P

u&+:,1*81*(1P f$1$&+ :,5' ',( n8)7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m8*(/1 :,('(5 =80 k62/$725N 81' 0,7 '(0 1>&+67(1 c167,(* '(5 j2&+63$1181* $0 m21'(16$725 67$57(7 '(5 1>&+6O 7( h81.(1 (,1( 1(8( *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81* '(6 h81.(1,1'8.7256 JjPiP t8+0.255N SZWRKP f85&+ d(75$&+781* (,1(6 62/&+(1 h81.(16 @%(5 (,1(1 527,(5(1'(1 u3,(*(/ +$7 dPyP h(''(56(1 SZXT =80 (567(1 o$/ ',( 26=,//$725,6&+( g17/$'81* (,1(5 n(,O '(1(5 h/$6&+( 0,7 u&+:,1*81*6)5(48(1=(1 921 (7:$ S oj= 1$&+*(:,(6(1P f(5 h81.(1,1'8.725 ',(17 +(87( 185 12&+ =8 +,6725,6&+ ,163,5,(57(1 f(021675$O 7,2169(568&+(1P c%(5 12&+ =8 d(*,11 '(6 TRP l$+5+81'(576 +$77(1 ',(6( i(5>7( *52M( d('(8781*P SZ[Y *(/$1* i8*/,(/02 o$5&21, JSZYVAS[UYN p2%(/35(,6 S[R[K ',( %(5O 75$*81* 921 o256(=(,&+(1 @%(5 *5?M(5( g17)(5181*(1 0,7+,/)( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 t$80:(//(1P u2 (1767$1' ',( '5$+7/26( v(/(*5$3+,( J:,5(/(66 7(/(*5$3+03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 f,( ,0 u&+:,1*.5(,6 ,00(5 925+$1'(1(1 2+06&+(1 x(5/867( (17=,(+(1 (,1(5 (,10$/ $1*(5(*7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81* g1(5*,(] ',( u&+:,1*81* :,5' NN*('>03)7DDP m203(16,(57 0$1 $%(5 '(1 g1(5*,(9(5/867 (,1(5 -('(1 (,1=(/1(1 u&+:,1*81* 62)257 '85&+ (,1( */(,&+ *52M( g1(5*,(=8)8+5 =80 u&+:,1*.5(,6N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( NN81*('>03)7(DD u&+:,1*81*P w0 ,0 r5,1=,3 =8 9(567(+(1N :,( 81*('>03)7( (/(.75,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 (5=(8*7 :(5'(1N 6,1' '5(, d(*5,5( 1?7,*N ',( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 (5/>87(57 :(5'(1N 1>0/,&+ x(5O 67>5.81* J$03/,7&$7,21KN t@&..233/81* J)(('%$&.K 81' u(/%67(55(*81* J6(/)O(;&,7$O 7,21KP r5,1=,3 (,1(6 x(567>5.(56P g,1 x(567>5.(5 J$03/,7(5K 1,007 (,1 g,1*$1*66,*1$/ *(O 5,1*(5 n(,6781* $8) 81' *,%7 (,1 '$=8 3523257,21$/(6N $%(5 9,(/ /(,6781*667>5.(5(6 c86*$1*66,*1$/ $%P f$=8 0866 '(0 x(567>5.(5 (,1( g1(5*,(48(//( =8*>1*/,&+ 6(,1N '(5(1 g1(5*,($%*$%( 0,7 '(0 g,1*$1*66,*1$/ *(67(8(57 :,5' Jc%%P WPW$KP c/6 g1(5O *,(48(//( ',(17 (,1( i/(,&+6752048(//(N =P dP ,1 h250 (,1(5 d$77(5,( 2'(5 (,1(6 i/(,&+O 5,&+7(5Op(7=*(5>7(6P c%(5 ',(6( g1(5*,(48(//( ,67 )@5 x(567>5.(5 62 6(/%679(567>1'/,&+N '$66 6,( ,1 6&+(0$7,6&+(1 f$567(//81*(1 '(6 x(567>5.(56 1,&+7 =8 6(+(1 ,67P i1 Input

Verstärker

Output

u1

i2 Verstärker

u2

(b)

(a)

EnergieVersorgung

(c)

(d)

c%%P WPW x(56&+,('(1( f$567(//81*(1 (,1(6 x(567>5.(56\ J$K 0,7 g1(5*,(48(//(N J%K $/6 x,(532/N J&K 81' J'K u1*(1 %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P WPW%KP l('(6 %(/,(%,*( g,1*$1*66,*O 1$/ .$11 0,7+,/)( '(6 h285,(5Oh250$/,6086 $/6 (,1( %(5/$*(581* 921 u,186O 81' m26,186)81.7,21(1 '$*(67(//7 :(5'(1P y,5 .?11(1 816 '(6+$/% +,(5 $8) '(1 (,1)$O &+(1 h$// (,1(5 6,186)?50,*(1 g,1*$1*663$1181* 8S Jg5(.7,9:(57 w())NSK %(6&+5>1O .(1P |:,6&+(1 '(1 g,1*$1*632/(1 /,(*7 '(5 g,1*$1*6:,'(567$1' tSN '(5 %(, c1/(*(1 '(5 g,1*$1*663$1181* 8S ',( n(,6781*6$8)1$+0( %(67,007\ T rS 3 w())N S BtSP

JWPSTK

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

TZW

f(5 x(567>5.(5 352'8=,(57 '$6 c86*$1*66,*1$/N '$6 ,1 '(5 m859(1)250 '(0 g,1O *$1*66,*1$/ (17635,&+7\ 8T J7K 3 xw 8S J7K]

JWPSUK

xw ,67 '(5 x(567>5.81*6)$.725 )@5 ',( u3$1181*69(567>5.81*P f,( 9(56&+,('(1(1 x(5O 67>5.81*6)$.725(1 817(56&+(,'(1 :,5 '$'85&+N '$66 :,5 '$6 u5.81* 2'(5 u75209(567>5.81*N $%(5 ,00(5 0,7 '(0 x(567>1'1,6N '$66 '(5 $1'(5( h$.725 :(1,*67(16 62 *52M ,67N '$66 (,1( (&+7( n(,6781*69(567>5.81* =867$1'( .2007P y(11 (6 0,7 '(0 ,11(5(1 c8)%$8 '(6 x(567>5.(56 9(575>*/,&+ ,67N .$11 -( (,1 r2/ 921 g,1*$1* 81' c86*$1* *((5'(7 :(5'(1] %(, x(5:(1'81* $%*(6&+,507(5 m$%(/ 6,1' c%6&+,5081* 81' x(567>5.(5*(+>86( ,00(5 *((5'(7P d(, 0$1&+(1 (/(.7521,O 6&+(1 m20321(17(1 J=P dP %(,0 v5$16,6725K ,67 ',( |86$00(1)$6681* '(5 %(,'(1 r2/( 6758.785(// 925*(*(%(1P f2&+ $8&+ )@5 62/&+( NNf5(,32/(DD :,5' )250$/ ',( x,(5O 32/Od(6&+5(,%81* %(925=8*7P y(,/ ',( g5'81* 921 x(567>5.(5*(+>86(N g,1*$1*6O 81' c86*$1*61(7=:(5. 75,9,$/ ,67N .$11 '$6 $//(6 :(**(/$66(1 :(5'(1P u5.(5 '85&+ (,1 25(1(6 f5(,(&. '$5*(67(//7N '$6 0,7 6(,1(5 u3,7=( ,1 t,&+781* '(5 u,*1$/@%(575$*81* =(,*7P q)7 :,5' '$6 x(567>5.(565.(5 J1$5O 52:O%$1' $03/,7(5KP d(, /(7=7(5(0 :85'( '(5 c86*$1*6:,'(567$1' tT (56(7=7 '85&+ (,1(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6N '(66(1 y,'(567$1' )@5 ',( t(621$1=)5(48(1= )R 3

S T@ |ne

JWPTSK

(,1(1 6(+5 *52M(1 y(57 (5+>/7 J9*/P c%6&+1P WPSPVKP o,7 '(0 f5(+.21'(16$725 e .$11 ',( t(621$1=)5(48(1= 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1] '(5 y,'(567$1' tN '(5 $8&+ '(1 81O 9(50(,'/,&+(1 g,*(1:,'(567$1' '(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 n 0,7 (17+>/7N %(67,007 ',( d5(,7( '(5 t(621$1=.859(P f(5 (176&+(,'(1'( u&+5,77 921 '(5 i/(,&+5,&+7(5Of,2'(N ',( (6 6&+21 S[RV *$%N =85 x(567>5.(5Ov5,2'( :$5 ',( g,1)@+581* '(6 i,77(56P g567( x(568&+( '$=8 :85'(1 )$67 */(,&+=(,7,* S[RX 921 t2%(57 921 n,(%(1 JSZYZAS[SUK ,1 ~67(55(,&+ 81' n(( '( h25(67 JSZYUAS[XSK ,1 '(1 wuc '85&+*()@+57P f,( x(567>5.81* 921 j2&+)5(O 48(1= 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(15?+5( *(/$1* S[SS q772 921 d521. JSZYTAS[WSK %(, v(/(O )81.(1P cP o(,661(5 JSZZUAS[WZKN (%(1)$//6 %(, v(/()81.(1N 9(5:,5./,&+7( S[SU t@&.O .233/81* 81' u(/%67(55(*81*] >+1/,&+(N '$921 81$%+>1*,*( g17:,&./81*(1 *$% (6 $8&+ ,1 g1*/$1' 81' '(1 wucP f,( 2%(1 $8)*()@+57(1 '5(, d(',1*81*(1 )@5 (,1(1 5@&.*(.233(/7(1 x(567>5.(5 0,7 u(/%67(55(*81* :(5'(1 920 t?+5(19(567>5.(5 )2/*(1'(50$M(1 (5)@//7\ SP f$6 g,16&+:,1*(1 0,7 (,1(5 925*(*(%(1(1 h5(48(1= ) :,5' '85&+ ',( t(621$1= (,1(6 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6 ,1 x(567>5.(5Oc86*$1* 2'(5 t@&..233/81*66&+$/781* (5O =:81*(1P TP f,( NN5,&+7,*(DD r+$6(1/$*( '(5 5@&.*(.233(/7(1 u3$1181* (5*,%7 6,&+ :,( )2/*7\ k0 t(621$1=)$// ,67 '(5 u&+(,1:,'(567$1' | (,1(6 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6 5((// Jc%6&+1P WPSPVKP g,1 x(567>5.(5 0,7 5(,1 2+06&+(0 c86*$1*6:,'(567$1' 352'8=,(57 (,1 c86*$1*66,*1$/ 8TN '$6 *(*(1@%(5 '(0 g,1*$1*66,*1$/ 8S 80 SZR] 3+$6(19(56&+2O %(1 ,67N :(,/ (,1( |81$+0( '(5 i,77(563$1181* '(1 c12'(167520 $1:$&+6(1 />667N '(5 ,0 c86*$1*6:,'(567$1' (,1(1 c%)$// '(5 c12'(163$1181* +(592558)7P d(, '(5 t@&..233/81*66&+$/781* ,67 $/62 (,1( x25=(,&+(180.(+5 0,7 925=86(+(1P Ju(+5 (,1)$&+ ,67 '$6 %(, '(5 )5(, :>+/%$5(1 r2/81* (,1(5 75$16)250$725,6&+(1 m233/81*KP UP f(5 %(5*$1* 921 tw 6 xw #SN :,( (6 =80 c8)6&+$8.(/1 '(5 u(/%67(55(*81* (5O )25'(5/,&+ ,67N =8 tw 6 xw 3 S )@5 '(1 1250$/(1 d(75,(%6=867$1' :,5' 7(&+1,6&+ *(/?67 '85&+ c86187=81* '(5 c12'(167520%(*5(1=81* ,0 u>77,*81*6%(5(,&+P o$1 $5%(,7(7 $/62 1,&+7 0(+5 ,0 /,1($5(1 m(11/,1,(1%(5(,&+ )@5 1(*$7,9( i,7O

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

T[S

7(563$1181*(1N 621'(51 1,007 x(5=(5581*(1 '(5 m859(1)250 J',( /(,&+7 '85&+ (/(.7521,6&+( h,/7(5 %(6(,7,*7 :(5'(1 .?11(1K 81' (,1( *5?M(5( g,1*$1*6/(,6781* J',( '85&+ ',( t@&..233/81* /(,&+7 $8)*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 .$11K ,1 m$8)P o,7 t?+5(1*(1(5$725(1 /$66(1 6,&+ 81*('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 %,6 =8 (7:$ SRR oj= (5=(8*(1P f,( 2%(5( i5(1=( ,67 '85&+ ',( n$8)=(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 %(67,007N ',( '85&+ 0?*/,&+67 *(5,1*( c%67>1'( =:,6&+(1 '(1 g/(.752'(1 ./(,1 *(+$/7(1 :,5'P |$+/(1%(,63,(/\ f,( h/8*=(,7 921 SRRO(xOg/(.7521(1 @%(5 (,1( u75(&.( 921 X 00 %(75>*7 S 16] '$6 ,67 185 S@ 921 '(5 SROoj=Or(5,2'(N $%(5 6&+21 SR@ 921 '(5 SRROoj=Or(5,2'(P Lu3(=,(//( t?+5(1 )@5 12&+ +?+(5( h5(48(1=(1N ,1 '(1(1 ',( (1'O /,&+( n$8)=(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 1,&+7 67?57N 621'(51 *(=,(/7 $86*(187=7 :,5'N 6,1' =P dP m//)7( ',(6(6 l$+5+81'(576 +$%(1 j$/%/(,7(5 0,7 67(8(5%$5(5 n(,7O )>+,*.(,7 Jv5$16,6725(1N c%6&+1P [PUPTK ',( t?+5(1 )$67 9?//,* 9(5'5>1*7P j$837925O 7(,/( '(5 v5$16,6725(1 6,1' y(*)$// '(5 m$7+2'(1+(,=81* 81' '(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 m@+/81* JCKN d58&+6,&+(5+(,7N m/(,1+(,7 81' 35(,6:(57( o$66(1)(57,*81*P p85 %(, 6(+5 +2+(1 n(,6781*(1 :(5'(1 +(87( 12&+ t?+5(1 (,1*(6(7=7P

WPSPU k1'8.7,9(5 y,'(567$1'N u.,1(5(.7 o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 h5(48(1= 9(5>1'(51 6,&+ 0(+5(5( u&+$/781*63$5$0(7(5\ A f,( .$3$=,7,9(1 n(,7:(57( J6eK :$&+6(1 $1N 81' ',( @%(5 NNu75(8.$3$=,7>7(1DD 9,(M(1'(1 d/,1'675?0( 0@66(1 9(567>5.7 %($&+7(7 :(5'(1P A f,( ,1'8.7,9(1 y,'(567>1'( J6nK :$&+6(1 $1N $8&+ ',( *(5$'(5 n(,7(5N ',( %(, ./(,1(1 h5(48(1=(1 9(51$&+/>66,*7 :(5'(1P A c%(5 $8&+ ',( 2+06&+(1 y,'(567>1'( 921 n(,7(51 1(+0(1 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 h5(O 48(1= =8N :(,/ ,0 f5$+7 (,1( u75209(5'5>1*81* 67$7771'(7N ',( (,1(5 x(50,1'(O 581* '(6 67520/(,7(1'(1 s8(56&+1,776 (17635,&+7N :,( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(6&+5,(%(1 :,5'P u.,1(5(.7P f(5 62 *(1$117( NNj$87(5(.7DDN %(.$117(5 817(5 6(,1(0 (1*/,6&+(1 p$O 0(1N %(58+7 $8) '(5 y,5.81* '(6 ,1'8.7,9(1 y,'(567$1'(6P y>+5(1' ,1 (,1(0 921 i/(,&+67520 '85&+9266(1(1 /,1($5(1 n(,7(5 ',( u7520',&+7( $1 $//(1 u7(//(1 '(6 s8(56&+1,77(6 '(1 */(,&+(1 y(57 +$7N ,67 ',(6 1,&+7 0(+5 '(5 h$//N :(11 '(5 n(,7(5 921 y(&+6(/67520 '85&+9266(1 :,5'P g6 71'(7 9,(/0(+5 (,1( x(5'5>1*81* '(6 u75206 1$&+ $8M(1 67$77N 81' %(, 6(+5 +2&+)5(48(17(1 y(&+6(/675?0(1 ,67 '(5 u7520 35$.7,6&+ $8) (,1( '@11( j$87 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( %(6&+5>1.7] '$6 k11(5( '(6 n(,7(56 ,67 67520/26P f,(6( g56&+(,181* :85'( 6&+21 SZYU 921 lPeP o$;:(// 7+(25(7,6&+ %(+$1'(/7 81' SZZW 921 fPgP j8*+(6 (5670$/,* %(2%$&+7(7P |80 x(567(+(1 '(6 u.,1(5(.7(6 67(//7 0$1 6,&+ 925N '$66 '(5 n(,7(5 $86 (,1(0 d@1'(/ 6(+5 '@11(5 h>'(1N -('(5 h$'(1 0,7 2+06&+(0 y,'(567$1' 81' k1'8.7,9,7>7N %(67(+7P h/,(M7 181 '85&+ '(1 n(,7(5 (,1 y(&+6(/67520N '(5 6,&+ $8) ',( '@11(1 h>'(1 9(57(,/7N 62 %(67(+7 (,1( %(67,007( *(*(16(,7,*( k1'8.7,21 =:,6&+(1 '(1 (,1O =(/1(1 n(,7(5)>'(1P f,( u800( '(5 (,*1(1 81' '(5 *(*(16(,7,*(1 k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 %(67,007 ',( i(6$07,1'8.7,9,7>7 '(6 n(,7(56P p81 ,67 $%(5 ',( *(*(16(,7,*( k1'8.7,21 =:,6&+(1 (,1(0 n(,7(5)$'(1 ,1 '(5 o,77( 81' 6(,1(1 p$&+%$5)>'(1 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6

T[T

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

)@5 (,1(1 h$'(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 n(,7(56N '(5 185 1$&+ ,11(1 +,1 p$&+%$5)>'(1 +$7P k1)2/*('(66(1 6,1' ',( u&+(,1:,'(567>1'( '(5 n(,7(5)>'(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( ./(,1(5 $/6 ,1 '(5 n(,7(50,77(P g,1 '(1 n(,7(5 '85&+9,(M(1'(5 y(&+6(/67520 :,5' '$+(5 1$&+ '(5 q%(59>&+(N '(5 u7(//( ./(,1(5(1 y(&+6(/67520:,'(567$1'(6N 9(5O '5>1*7N 62'$66 ',( u7520',&+7( ,0 n(,7(548(56&+1,77 1,&+7 0(+5 */(,&+)?50,* ,67P f,( h2/*( '$921 ,67N '$66 '(5 2+06&+( y,'(567$1' '(6 n(,7(56 9(5*5?M(57 :,5'N '$ '(0 y(&+6(/67520 35$.7,6&+ 185 12&+ '(5 *(5,1*( s8(56&+1,77 ,1 810,77(/%$5(5 p>+( =85 q%(59>&+( =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+7P c1'(5(56(,76 :,5' '85&+ '(1 u.,1(5(.7 ',( k1O '8.7,9,7>7 '(6 n(,7(56 0,7 :$&+6(1'(5 h5(48(1= ./(,1(5N '$ ',( u7520)>'(1 1$+( '(5 q%(59>&+( (,1( ./(,1(5( k1'8.7,9,7>7 +$%(1 $/6 ',( ,1 '(5 n(,7(50,77(P f,( v+(25,( '(6 u.,1(5(.7(6 /,()(57 )@5 +2+( h5(48(1=(1N )@5 ',( '(5 y,'(567$1' 6&+21 %(75>&+7/,&+ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 i/(,&+67520:,'(567$1'N )2/*(1'( h250(/ )@5 '(1 :,5.6$0(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' (,1(6 )5(, $86*(63$117(1 f5$+7(6\ t jh .

s |,R | )B@P T5

JWPTTK

f$5,1 6,1' s ',( n>1*( 81' 5 * s '(5 t$',86 '(6 f5$+7(6] | ,67 '(5 63(=,76&+( y,'(567$1' '(6 f5$+70$7(5,$/6N 81' ,R ,67 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'.2167$17( J%(, )(5O 520$*1(7,6&+(1 f5>+7(1 .>0( ,5 $/6 h$.725 +,1=8KP h@5 +2+( h5(48(1=(1 ,67 '(5 y(&+6(/67520/(,7:(57 SBtjh 1,&+7 0(+5 '(0 f5$+748(56&+1,77 J@5TKN 621'(51 '(0 f5$+780)$1* JT@5K 3523257,21$/ J9*/P i/P JWPTTKKP f$6 ,67 (,1 |(,&+(1 '$)@5N '$66 '(5 u7520 185 12&+ ,1 (,1(5 '@11(1 j$87 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 f5$+7(6 9,(M7P f(5 y(&+6(/67520:,'(567$1' ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ '(5 h5(48(1= 81' 80*(O .(+57 3523257,21$/ =80 f5$+7'85&+0(66(5 JT5KP p$&+ '(5 v+(25,( 1,007 ',( u7520',&+7( 921 '(5 q%(59>&+( 1$&+ ,11(1 (;32O 1(17,(// $%P f,( u&+,&+7',&.( 'N ,11(5+$/% '(5 ',( u7520',&+7( ,1 (,1(0 n(,7(5 $8) '(1 (O7(1 v(,/ $%6,1.7N :,5' $/6 g,1'5,1*7,()( %(=(,&+1(7 81' ,67 '85&+ )2/*(1'( h25O 0(/ *(*(%(1\ '3

0 1 | @ ,R )

SBT

P

JWPTUK

h@5 m83)(5 J| . RNRSY = / 0K ,67 ',( g,1'5,1*7,()( &$P T 00 %(, S .j=N $%(5 185 T =0 %(, S ij=P y(*(1 '(5 *(5,1*(1 g,1'5,1*7,()( %(187=7 0$1 ,1 '(5 j2&+)5(48(1=7(&+1,. 1,&+7 0$66,9( f5>+7(N 621'(51 '@11:$1',*( t2+5(N '(5(1 q%(59>&+( 0$1 +>87* 12&+ 0,7 (,1(5 %(621'(56 *87 /(,7(1'(1 u&+,&+7 J=P dP u,/%(5K @%(5=,(+7P f(5 u.,1(5(.7 />667 6,&+ 67$5. 817(5'5@&.(1N :(11 0$1 $167(//( (,1(6 0$66,9(1 f5$+7(6 (,1 d@1'(/ )(,1(5 '85&+ g0$,//(/$&. *(*(1(,1$1'(5 ,62/,(57(5 f5>+7( %(187=7N ',( 0$1 0,7(,O 1$1'(5 9(5'5,//7 2'(5 9(59(&+7(7P f$'85&+ (55(,&+7 0$1N '$66 -('(5 f5$+7 675(&.(1O :(,6( (%(1622)7 ,11(1 81' $8M(1 9(5/>8)7 :,( ',( $1'(5(1 f5>+7( '(6 d@1'(/6P f(5 (;3(5,0(17(//( p$&+:(,6 '(6 u.,1(5(.7(6 *(/,1*7 0,7 '(5 ,1 c%%P WPSS '$5O *(67(//7(1 c125'181*P g,1 n(,7(5 c 75>*7 ,0 c%67$1' 921 (7:$ SR &0 =:(, d/(&+O 6&+(,%(1 d 81' eN $1 '(5(1 w0)$1* 6(&+6 :(,7(5( f5>+7( 3$5$//(/ =80 o,77(//(,7(5 $1*(%5$&+7 6,1'P c//( 6,(%(1 f5>+7( 75$*(1 ,1 ,+5(5 o,77( ./(,1( i/@+/$03(1 $/6 u7520$1=(,*(5P u&+$/7(7 0$1 '$6 u+5(1' '(5 o,77(//(,7(5 67520/26 %/(,%7P u&+,&.7 0$1 '$*(*(1 (,1(1 i/(,&+67520 '85&+ ',( c125'181*N 62 /(8&+7(1 6>07/,&+( n$03(1 */(,&+ +(// 81' =(,*(1 62 ',( */(,&+0>M,*( u75209(57(,/81* $1P o$1 .$11 ',( u75209(5'5>1*81* $8&+ ',5(.7 6,&+7%$5 0$&+(1\ j(,=7 0$1 (,1 p,&.(/%$1' 921 RPRT 00 u7>5.( 81' X 00 d5(,7( 0,7 (,1(0 +2&+)5(48(17(1 y(&+O 6(/67520 921 (7:$ SR oj=N 62 */@+(1 ',( t>1'(5 '(6 d$1'(6 %(5(,76 6(+5 67$5.N :>+5(1' ',( d$1'0,77( 12&+ 1,&+7 (,10$/ t27*/87 (55(,&+7 +$7P

WPSPV g5=:81*(1( u&+:,1*81*(1N t(621$1= o,7 '(0 6(/%67(55(*7(1 x(567>5.(5 67(+7 (,1 j2&+)5(48(1=*(1(5$725 =85 x(5)@*81*N '(66(1 h5(48(1= A =P dP 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 f5(+.21'(16$7256 ,0 u&+:,1*.5(,6 A 9(5>1'(57 :(5'(1 .$11P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 0866 '$921 $86*(*$1*(1 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( i(1(5$725O 63$1181* 921 h5(48(1= 81' u752067>5.( $%+>1*,* ,67P i(1(5$725(1N ',( 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 u7520%(/$6781* @%(5 (,1(1 :(,7(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ (,1( NN.2167$17( u3$1O 181*DD /,()(51N 6,1' ,'($/,6,(57( i5(1=)>//(N '(5(1 d(75$&+781* )@5 '$6 $//*(0(,1( x(567>1'1,6 1@7=/,&+ ,67P f$6 */(,&+( *,/7 )@5 i(1(5$725(1N ',( 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 h5(48(1= 81' '(5 k03('$1= '(6 m5(,6(6 (,1(1 NN.2167$17(1 u7520DD /,()(51P o,7 (17635(&+(1'(0 c8):$1' $1 g/(.7521,. /$66(1 6,&+ i(1(5$725(1 %$8(1N ',( ',(6(1 k'($/,6,(581*(1 6(+5 1$+( .200(1P y,5' (,1 (/(.75,6&+(5 u&+:,1*.5(,6 0,7 y(&+6(/63$1181* '(5 h5(48(1= ) X )R $1*(5(*7N '$11 )@+57 (5 (5=:81*(1( u&+:,1*81*(1 $86] %(, ) S )R 75,77 t(621$1= $8)P u&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P VPUPT :$5(1 y(&+6(/67520.5(,6( 0,7 t(,+(1O 81' r$5$//(/O 6&+$/781* 921 n 81' e 0,7 ,+5(0 t(621$1=9(5+$/7(1 .85= %(+$1'(/7 :25'(1] $%(5 )@5 ',(6( neOm5(,6( (5*$% 6,&+N '$66 %(, '(5 t(621$1=J.5(,6K)5(48(1= 6 3 6R 3 JneK2SBTN

JWPTVK

',( u&+:,1*81*6$03/,78'( 81(1'/,&+ *52M :,5'P g567 '85&+ j,1=81$+0( (,1(6 2+0O 6&+(1 y,'(567$1'(6 t .$11 0$1 ',( ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 ,00(5 925+$1'(1( f>03)81* 7+(25(7,6&+ (5)$66(1 81' '$0,7 81(1'/,&+ *52M( c03/,78'(1 9(50(,'(1P

T[V

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 i

i

u

u

(a)

(b)

c%%P WPST tneOu&+:,1*.5(,6(N $1*(6&+/266(1 $1 (,1(1 j2&+)5(48(1=*(1(5$725 9$5,$%/(5 h5(48(1=\ J$K t(,+(16&+:,1*.5(,6N J%K r$5$//(/6&+:,1*.5(,6P

j,(5 %(+$1'(/1 :,5 =8(567 $86)@+5/,&+ '(1 E?6Ot(,+(1.5(,6 J6,(+( c%%P WPST$K 81' 9(5*/(,&+(1 '$0,7 '$6 817(56&+,('/,&+( x(5+$/7(1 '(6 E?6Or$5$//(/.5(,6(6 Jc%%P WPST%KP f,( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( d(+$1'/81* '(6 t(,+(16&+:,1*.5(,6(6P y@5'( 0$1 '(1 j2&+)5(O 48(1=*(1(5$725 $86 '(0 m5(,6 921 c%%P WPST$ +(5$861(+0(1 81' ',( n@&.( .85=O 6&+/,(M(1N '$11 (17635>&+( '(5 m5(,6 '(0 921 c%%P WPS )@5 ',( g17/$'81* '(6 $1O )>1*/,&+ *(/$'(1(1 m21'(16$7256 @%(5 u38/( 81' y,'(567$1' ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781*P h@5 ',(6( m21'(16$725(17/$'81* *,/7 1$&+ '(5 m,5&++25I6&+(1 o$6&+(15(*(/ Ji/P JWPTKKN '$66 ',( u800( '(5 u3$1181*(1 */(,&+ 18// ,67P f$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ 0,7 wn 3 n 'kB'7N wt 3 tkN we 3 sBeN k 3 'sB'7 3 sA 81' 'kB'7 3 sf ',( f,5(5(1O 7,$/*/(,&+81* )@5 ',( m21'(16$725/$'81* s Ji/P JWPVKKP f,5(5(1=,(5(1 1$&+ '(5 |(,7 81' 806&+5(,%(1 'sB'7 3 kN

'TsB'7T 3 kAN

'UsB'7U 3 kfN

JWPTWK

/,()(57 ',( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* )@5 '(1 '85&+ $//( '5(, d$8(/(0(17( 9,(M(1'(1 u7520\ n kf1t kA1e2S k 3 RP

JWPTXK

i/P JWPVK 81' JWPTXK 6,1' h250(1 '(5 +202*(1(1 u&+:,1*81*6*/(,&+81*N ',( )5(,( *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 %(6&+5(,%7 81' '(5(1 n?681* 0,7+,/)( '(5 r$5$0(7(5 %3

S tBn 3 f>03)81*6.2167$17( T

JWPTYK

81' 6R 3 JneK2S 3 g,*(1J.5(,6K)5(48(1= )@5 % 3 R

JWPTZK

'$5*(67(//7 :(5'(1P y,( ,1 '(5 v$%P WPT *(=(,*7 :,5'N *,%7 (6 %(, '(5 )5(,(1 *('>03)7(1 u&+:,1*81* (,1( 675(1*( c1$/2*,( 921 NN(/(.75,6&+(5 u&+:,1*81* '(5 m21'(16$725O /$'81* s ,0 tneOm5(,6DD 81' NN0(&+$1,6&+(5 u&+:,1*81* (,1(5 (/$67,6&+ *(%81'(O 1(1 o$66( 0fP f,( c86*$1*6*/(,&+81* ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h$// +$7 ',( d('(8781* NNu80O 0( $//(5 u3$1181*(1 */(,&+ 18//DD Ji/P JWPTKK] ',( (17635(&+(1'( i/(,&+81* ,0 0(O

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

T[W

&+$1,6&+(1 h$// +$7 ',( d('(8781* NNu800( $//(5 m5>)7( J(,16&+/,(M/,&+ '(5 v5>*O +(,76.5$)7K */(,&+ 18//DDP f,( (5=:81*(1(1 u&+:,1*81*(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( ,1+202*(1( u&+:,1*81*6*/(,O &+81* Jc%6&+1P SWPXK %(6&+5,(%(1N 81' (6 :,5' 2)7 *(6$*7N '$66 $8&+ ,1 ',(6(0 h$// (/(.75,6&+( 81' 0(&+$1,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 9?//,* $1$/2* 6,1'P f$6 ,67 1,&+7 *$1= 5,&+7,*P t,&+7,* ,67N '$66 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h$// (,1( =86>7=/,&+(N '(0 m5(,6 921 $8M(1 $8)*(35>*7( i(1(5$725Oy(&+6(/63$1181* 8 +,1=8.2007N wn 1 wt 1 we 3 8J7K 3 8G ( ,67N

JWPT[K

*(1$862 :,( %(, '(5 (5=:81*(1(1 0(&+$1,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81* (,1( 3(5,2',6&+( NN>8O M(5( m5$)7DD +,1=8.2007P c%(5 :>+5(1' ,0 0(&+$1,6&+(1 h$// ;J7K A ',( n$*(.225O ',1$7( '(5 o$66( $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 |(,7 A ,17(5(66,(57N ,67 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h$// '$6 $1$/2*( sJ7K 9,(/ :(1,*(5 ,17(5(66$17P i(:@16&+7 :,5' +,(5 ',( n?681* )@5 '(1 u7520 k J7KP w0 ',( ,1+202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* )@5 '(1 u7520 =8 (5+$/7(1N :,5' i/P JWPT[K 80*()2507 81' ',5(5(1=,(57\ h@5 ',( /,1.( u(,7( ,67 ',( d(5(&+181* ',( */(,&+( :,( %(, '(5 j(5/(,781* 921 i/P JWPTXKP c8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( (5*,%7 ',( f,)O )(5(1=,(581* (,1(1 h$.725 ,6N :2%(, , 3 J2SKSBT $/6 r+$6(1)$.725 , 3 ( ,@BT =8 ,17(5O 35(7,(5(1 ,67P f$6 g5*(%1,6 ,67 2'(5

nkf1tkA1e2Sk 3 , 6 8G ( ,67 kf1T % kA16TR k 3 J6BnK 8G ( ,J671@BTKP

JWPURK

y(,/ ',( c%/(,781* '(5 $8)*(35>*7(1 u3$1181* (,1*(+7N 1,&+7 ',( u3$1181* 6(/%67N (5*(%(1 6,&+ t(68/7$7(N ',( 920 0(&+$1,6&+(1 c1$/2*,(%(,63,(/ $%:(,&+(1\ u2 ,67 =P dP ',( t(621$1=.5(,6)5(48(1= */(,&+ 6RN 81$%+>1*,* 920 y(57 '(5 f>03)81*6O .2167$17(1 %N :>+5(1' ,0 0(&+$1,6&+(1 h$// 66 3 J6TR 2T% TKSBT *,/7P f$5@%(5 +,1$86 (5*(%(1 6,&+ $1'(5( r+$6(1%(=,(+81*(1] ,0 0(&+$1,6&+(1 t(621$1=)$// (,/7 ',( >8O M(5( m5$)7 '(5 h81.7,21 ;J7K 80 @BT 925$86N :>+5(1' ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 t(621$1=)$// '(5 u7520 kJ7K 0,7 '(5 $8)*(35>*7(1 y(&+6(/63$1181* ,1 r+$6( ,67 L:,( ,0 0(&+$O 1,6&+(1 h$// ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ;AJ7K 0,7 '(5 >8M(5(1 m5$)7bP c%(5 $%*(6(+(1 921 ',(6(1 d(621'(5+(,7(1 *,%7 (6 9,(/( g17635(&+81*(1 921 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0(&+$1,O 6&+(1 (5=:81*(1(1 u&+:,1*81*(1P f,( 92//67>1',*( n?681* '(5 ,1+202*(1(1 i/(,&+81* (17+>/7 $'',7,9 $8&+ ',( 92//67>1',*( n?681* '(5 +202*(1(1 i/(,&+81*] /(7=7(5( +$7 =:(, k17(*5$7,216.21O 67$17(1N ',( $1 ',( c1)$1*6%(',1*81*(1 $1=83$66(1 6,1'P f$0,7 :,5' '(5 %(5*$1* 920 NNg,16&+$/7(1DD %,6 =80 g55(,&+(1 (,1(6 67$7,21>5(1 |867$1'(6 92//67>1',* %(O 6&+5,(%(1P f(5 d(,75$* '(5 +202*(1(1 n?681* ./,1*7 (;321(17,(// $%P f,( '$)@5 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( |(,7 ,67 '(5 m(+5:(57 '(5 f>03)81*6.2167$17( %P r+5( n?681* )@5 |(,7(1 7 + SB% 1$&+ '(0 u&+/,(M(1 '(6 u7520.5(,6(6P g6 9,(M7 181 (,1 67$7,21>5(5 y(&+6(/67520N '(66(1 u&+(,7(/:(57 _G (,1( h81.7,21 '(5 i(1(5$72563$1181* 8GN '(5 h5(48(1= ) J%=:P m5(,6)5(48(1= 6 3 T@) K 81' '(5 y(57( tN n 81' e '(6 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6 ,67P u2/$1*( ',( '(0 u7520.5(,6 $8)*(35>*7( u3$1181* (,1( 675(1* 3(5,2',6&+(N 6,O 186)?50,*( y(&+6(/63$1181* ,67 81' $//(,1 ',( 67$7,21>5( n?681* *(:@16&+7 :,5'N .$11 ',(6( 0,7 '(0 ,1 c%6&+1P VPUPT (17:,&.(/7(1 |(,*(5Oh250$/,6086 *(:211(1 :(5'(1P

T[X

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

h@5 '(1 |(,*(5 '(5 i(1(5$72563$1181* b 81' '(1 |(,*(5 '(6 u75206 V ,0 m5(,6 921 c%%P WPST$ *,/7 '$6 q+0I6&+( i(6(7= ,1 '(5 h250 b 3 M V 0,7

M 3 | ( ,3P

JWPUSK

f,( J.203/(;(K k03('$1= M ,67 $8)*(63$/7(1 ,1 '(1 J5((//(1K u&+(,1:,'(567$1' | 81' '(1 .203/(;(1 r+$6(1)$.725 0,7 '(0 r+$6(1:,1.(/ 3P k17(5(66,(57 $%(5 '(5 u7520 ,1 d(=8* $8) (,1( 925*(*(%(1( u3$1181*N '$11 6&+5(,%7 0$1 0(,67 V 3 JSB|K ( 2,3 bN

JWPUTK

2+1( (;3/,=,7 ',( c'0,77$1= L 3 { (;3J,3{K 0,7 { 3 SB| 81' 3{ 323|

JWPUUK

(,1=8)@+5(1P h@5 '(1 tneOt(,+(16&+:,1*.5(,6 *,/7 2'(5 81'

M 3 t1,6n1J,6eK2S | 3 LtT 1J6n2SB6eKTbSBT 7$1 3 3 J6n2SB6eKBtP

JWPUVK

S d(, x(5:(1'81* '(5 f>03)81*6.2167$17( % 3 tBn 81' '(5 t(621$1=.5(,6O T )5(48(1= 6R 3 JneK2S :,5' '$5$86 81'

| 3 JnB6K LV%T6T 1J6T 26TR KTbSBT 7$1 3 3 J6T 26TR KBJT%6KP

JWPUWK

d(, 925*(*(%(1(5 .2167$17(5 u3$1181* 8G ,67 '(5 u7520 '85&+ '(1 t(,+(1.5(,6 352O 3257,21$/ =8 |2S] _G J6K 3 J8G 6BnKBLJ6T 26TR KT 1V%T6TbSBTP

JWPUXK

f,(6( h81.7,21 %(6&+5(,%7N *(1$862 :,( SB|N (,1( t(621$1=.859(N ',( '$6 o$;,080 J:,( 6&+21 (5:>+17K %(, 6R +$7P f$6 =(,*7 6,&+ 62)257N :(11 0$1 |>+/(5 81' p(11(5 921 i/P JWPUXK '85&+ 6 7(,/7P k0 t(621$1=)$// ,67 1$&+ i/P JWPUWK 7$1 3 3 R 81' '$0,7 3 3 R] 'P +P '(5 u7520 ,67 0,7 '(5 i(1(5$72563$1181* ,1 r+$6(P f$6 o$;,080 '(5 u75205(621$1= ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ _GR 3 8GBJT%nK 3 8GBtP

JWPUYK

d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 t(621$1=.859(P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 :(,7(5+,1 '(1 t(,+(16&+:,1*.5(,6 921 c%%P WPST$P f,( '(0 m5(,6 )@5 ',( c8)5(&+7(5+$/781* '(5 (5=:81*(1(1 u&+:,1O *81* =8*()@+57( y,5./(,6781* ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ r:,5. 3 kwt 6 SB| )@5

8G 3 .2167P

JWPUZK

f,( h5(48(1=%5(,7( '(5 t(621$1= () J%=:P (6K :,5' $8) ',( j$/%:(576%5(,7( '(5 n(,6781*65(621$1= _G T J) K L%=:P _G T J6Kb %(=2*(1P h@5 ',( u75205(621$1=Om859( ,67 ',(

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1= î

T[Y

î0

∆ƒ

î0 / 2

0

ƒ

ƒ0 ƒ1

ƒ2

c%%P WPSU u7520 '(6 t(,+(16&+:,1*.5(,6(6 _GJ ) K %(, .2167$17(5 u3$1181*P d(, )SNT ,67 '(5 u7520 80 '(1 h$.725 SB|T ./(,1(5 $/6 ,0 o$;,080P

h5(48(1=%5(,7( '$6 k17(59$// =:,6&+(1 '(1 h5(48(1=(1 )SNT J6SNTKN )@5 ',( '(5 u7520 '(1 80 '(1 h$.725 S B |T 9(50,1'(57(1 y(57 +$7 Jc%%P WPSUKP y(11 0$1 0,7 '(0 c16$7= _GJ6SNTKB_GR 3 S B |T %(*,117N )@5 _GJ6SNTK ',( i/P JWPUXK 0,7 6 3 6SNT 9(5:(1'(7 81' )@5 _GR '(1 c86'58&. 921 i/P JWPUYK 68%67,78,(57N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 1$&+ w0)25081*(1 6TSNT 26TR 3 u T66SNT 6TSNT 3 6TR JSuT% 6SNTB6TRKN 6SNT . 6R JSu% 6SNTB6TR K . 6R u%P

JWPU[K

f$5$86 )2/*(1 ',( h5(48(1=%5(,7(1 (6 3 T% 3 tBn

81' () 3 (6BT@P

JWPVRK

f,( 5(/$7,9( h5(48(1=%5(,7( />667 6,&+ '85&+ tN n 81' e '$567(//(1P h@5 '(1 t(,O +(1.5(,6 (5*,%7 6,&+ (6B6R 3 T%B6R 3 JtBnK JneKSBT 3 tBJnBeKSBTP

JWPVSK

f$6 ,67 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 2+06&+(0 y,'(567$1' =80 *(20(75,6&+(1 o,77(/ 921 ,1'8.7,9(0 81' .$3$=,7,9(0 y,'(567$1' J6n 6 62Se2SKSBTP f(5 m(+5:(57 '(5 5(/$7,9(1 h5(48(1=%5(,7( ,67 '(71,(57 $/6 i@7( s J$8&+ i@7(O )$.725N 6+$531(66 2) 5(621$1&(K '(6 t(621$1=.5(,6(6\ s 3 )RB()P

JWPVTK

f(5 m(+5:(57 SBsN $/62 ',( 5(/$7,9( h5(48(1=%5(,7(N :,5' $8&+ $/6 x(5/867)$.725 %(=(,&+1(7P h@5 '(1 t(,+(1.5(,6 *,/7 1$&+ 2%,*(5 t(&+181* st 3 JnBeKSBTBtP

JWPVUK

T[Z

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 î

Q = 10

Q =5 Q =1

0

0.5

1

1.5

ƒJƒ0

c%%P WPSV i@7( sP

t(621$1=.859(1 9(56&+,('(1(5

f,6.866,21 '(5 t(,+(15(621$1=P f$6 NNf85&+)$+5(1DD (,1(5 t(621$1=.859( J6,(+( c%%P WPSVK '$5) 1,&+7 =8 6&+1(// (5)2/*(1N '(11 1$&+ -('(5 h5(48(1=>1'(581* *,%7 (6 (51(87 g,16&+:,1*925*>1*(N ',( %(, '(5 c11>+(581* 6 S 6RN )@5 ',( (,1 c1:$&+O 6(1 '(5 67$7,21>5(1 u&+:,1*81* (5:$57(7 :,5'N 8PwP (567 (,10$/ (,1( c%1$+0( '(5 c03/,78'( %(:,5.(1 .?11(1P d,6+(5 :85'( 67,//6&+:(,*(1' $1*(1200(1N '$66 (6 j2&+)5(48(1=Oi(1(5$725(1 *,%7N ',( @%(5 (,1(1 :(,7(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ (,1( .2167$17( c86*$1*663$1181* /,(O )(51P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 6,(+7 '$6 2)7 $1'(56 $86N ,16%(621'(5( ,0 d(5(,&+ 6(+5 +2+(5 h5(48(1=(1P y(11 0$1 $%(5 %('(1.7N '$66 %(, 6&+:$&+(5 f>03)81* '(5 x(5/$8) '(5 t(621$1=.859( ,1 '(5 w0*(%81* '(6 o$;,0806 *$1= @%(5:,(*(1' '85&+ '(1 v(50 J6T 26TR KT %(67,007 :,5'N ,1 '(0 6 81' 6R */(,&+%(5(&+7,*7 $8)75(7(1N '$11 (56&+(,17 (,1( x$5,$7,21 921 6R (%(1)$//6 *((,*1(7 )@5 ',( c860(6681* '(5 t(62O 1$1=.859(P n(7=7(5(6 ,67 0?*/,&+ '85&+ x$5,$7,21 921 |e 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 f5(+.21O '(16$7256 J$%(5 $8&+ ',( x$5,$7,21 921 |n '85&+ }1'(581* '(6 y,&./81*6$%*5,5(6 ,67 '(1.%$5KP d(, .2167$17(5 i(1(5$725)5(48(1= ) :,5' (,1( m859( _GJ|eK $8)*(120O 0(1N ',( :,( ',( m859( _GJ)K %(, .2167$17(0 e 921 c%%P WPSU $866,(+7P f85&+ d(O 67,0081* '(5 m$3$=,7>7(1 eSNTN )@5 ',( _G 3 _GR B |T *(0(66(1 :,5'N (5+>/7 0$1 ',( 5(/$7,9( h5(48(1=%5(,7( J'(1 m(+5:(57 '(5 i@7(K $86 (6B6R . J|eT 2|eS B |eR. ST JeT 2eSKBeR]

JWPVVK

)@5 ',( /(7=7( w0)25081* :85'( 0,7 '(5 p>+(581* ST J|eT 1|eSK B |eR . S 08/O 7,3/,=,(57P k0 t(,+(15(621$1=.5(,6 6,1' ',( u3$1181*(1 $1 m21'(16$725 81' u38/( ,00(5 SZR] 3+$6(19(56(7=7] ,0 t(621$1=)$// $'',(5(1 6,( 6,&+ =8 18//P c%(5 ',( g5(.7,9:(57( ',(6(5 u3$1181*(1 we 81' wn 6,1' '(87/,&+ +?+(5 $/6 ',( g5(.7,963$1181* $0 y,'(567$1' wtP f(6+$/% 635,&+7 0$1 ,1 ',(6(0 h$// 921 (,1(5 u3$1181*65(621$1=N 2%:2+/ (,*(17/,&+ '(5 g5(.7,967520 k J6K J%=:P '(5 u&+(,1/(,7:(57 SB|K %(, 6R '$6 0$5.$17( t(621$1=0$;,080 %(6,7=7 Jc%%P WPSVKP f,( u3$1181*6@%(5+?+81* %(, 6R ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

weBwt 3 wnBwt 3 J6Rn kKBJt kK weBwt 3 JnBeKSBTBt 3 st ]

T[[

JWPVWK

'$6 ,67 (,1( :(,7(5( k17(535(7$7,21 '(5 i@7( '(6 t(,+(1.5(,6(6P h@5 '(1 d(75,(% '(6 tneOt(,+(1.5(,6(6 0,7 .2167$17(0 u7520 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( u3$1181* 1$&+ i/P JWPUSK] 8GJ6K '85&+/>8)7 (,1 t(621$1=0,1,080P d(, g17)(5181* 921 '(5 t(621$1=)5(48(1= 67(,*7 ',( u3$1181* $1N 62/$1*( (6 7(&+1,6&+ 0?*/,&+ ,67N '(1 u7520 '85&+ '(1 t(,+(1.5(,6 .2167$17 =8 +$/7(1P f,( h5(48(1=%5(,7( (6 %(6&+5(,%7 +,(5 '(1 d(5(,&+N ,1 '(0 8G ./(,1(5 $/6 |T 6 8G R ,67P d(, .2167$17(5 u3$1181* *(+7 '(5 u7520 '85&+ (,1 t(621$1=0$;,080P o$1 .$11 ',(6( u&+$/781* '$=8 %(187=(1N 80 '(1 u7520$17(,/ (,1(5 %(67,007(1 h5(48(1= $86=8:>+/(1 81' ',( c17(,/( $1'(5(5 h5(48(1=(1 =8 817(5'5@&.(1P f(6+$/% :,5' (,1( tneOt(,+(16&+$/781* $8&+ $/6 u,(%.(77( J7/7(5 &+$,1K %(=(,&+1(7P f(5 r+$6(1:,1.(/ 3 ,67 ,0 t(621$1=)$// 18//N 'P +P '(5 u&+(,1:,'(567$1' '(6 t(O 621$1=.5(,6(6 | ,67 (,1 5(,1(5 y,5.:,'(567$1' JtKP h@5 6"6R ,67 3 1(*$7,9] )@5 6 S R *,/7 3 S 2@BTP f(5 r+$6(1:,1.(/ '(6 u7520(6 %(=@*/,&+ '(5 u3$1181* ,67 23 Ji/P JWPUTKK 81' '(6+$/% 326,7,9P f$6 %('(87(7 )@5 '(1 t(,+(1.5(,6N '$66 817(5O +$/% '(5 t(621$1= '(5 u7520 '(5 u3$1181* 925$86(,/7N :,( (6 77 Jn . RPT jN t . SR /K 81' (,1(0 n$87635(&+(5 Jt 3 V /KP u752067>5.( 81' h5(48(1= :(5'(1 '85&+ n$8767>5.( 81' v21+?+( '(6 920 n$87635(&+(5 (5=(8*7(1 v216 :,('(5*(*(%(1P f,( k1'8.7,9,7>7 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 u38/( 0,7 SRRR y,1'81*(1 81' (,1(0 67$%)?50,*(1 /$0(//,(57(1 g,6(1.(51 921 V &04V &0 s8(56&+1,77P |8(567 .$11 0$1 0,7 '(0 f5(+.123) '(6 i(1(5$7256 ',( h5(48(1= 9$5,,(5(1 81' ',( t(621$1= 1$+( %(, UWR j= '85&+)$+5(1P d(, (,1(5 +2+(1 h5(48(1= 921 =P dP WRR j=N ',( :(,7 $8M(5+$/% '(5 t(621$1=.859( /,(*7 81' '(6+$/% 185 (,1(1 /(,6(1 n$87635(&+(5721 %,(7(7N .$11 0$1 +$/7(1 81' 181 /$1*6$0 '(1 g,6(167$% $86 '(5 u38/( =,(+(1P f85&+ ',(6(6 0$18(//( x(55,1*(51 '(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 :,5' ',( t(621$1=)5(48(1= '(6 t(,+(1.5(,6(6 @%(5 ',( $0 i(1(O 5$725 (,1*(67(//7(1 WRR j= +,1$86 (5+?+7] 62 .$11 0$1 $8&+ ',( t(621$1= '85&+O )$+5(1P f(5 E?6Or$5$//(/6&+:,1*.5(,6P g,1( i(*(1@%(567(//81* 921 tneOt(,+(1O 81' r$O 5$//(/6&+$/781* *,%7 v$%P WPUP h@5 ',( u&+$/781* 921 c%%P WPST% *,/7 ',( c'',7,21 '(5 u75?0(\ ,t 1,n 1,e 3 ,J7KP

JWPVXK

c1 $//(1 '5(, d$8(/(0(17(1 /,(*7 ',(6(/%( u3$1181* 8J7KP k0 t(621$1=)$// 6,1' ',( u75?0( '85&+ n 81' e (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+N $'',(5(1 6,&+ $/62 =8 18//N 81' '(5 i(6$0767520 ,67 */(,&+ ,tP f,( 703)81* (,1 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1(5 2+06&+(5 y,O '(567$1' *(:@16&+7N ,67 (6 %(,0 r$5$//(/.5(,6 (,1 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1(5 2+06&+(5 n(,7O :(57N $/62 (,1 0?*/,&+67 *52M(5 y(57 )@5 tP f(0(17635(&+(1' ,67 ',( i@7( '(6 r$O 5$//(/.5(,6(6 *(*(%(1 '85&+ '$6 x(5+>/71,6 920 *(20(75,6&+(1 o,77(/ 921 ,1'8.7,9(0 81' .$3$=,7,9(0 n(,7:(57 =80 2+06&+(1 n(,7:(57 SBtN sr 3 LJ6nK2S 6 6ebBt2S s3 3 tBJnBeKSBTN

JWPVYK

5(=,352. =85 i@7( st '(6 t(,+(1.5(,6(6 Ji/P JWPVUKKP h@5 6 3 6R 6,1' ',( g5(.7,9675?0( 921 u38/( JwB6RnK 81' m21'(16$725 Jw6ReK */(,&+ *52MN 81' ,+5 x(5+>/71,6 =80 g5(.7,967520 '(6 y,'(567$1'6 JwBtK :,5' u7520@%(5+?+81* *(1$117 81' $8&+ '85&+ sr %(6&+5,(%(1\ J6RnK2SBt2S 3 tB6Rn 3 tBJnBeKSBT 3 srN 6ReBt2S 3 t6Re 3 tBJnBeKSBT 3 srP

JWPVZK

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

URS

f(6+$/% 635,&+7 0$1 +,(5 $8&+ 921 u75205(621$1=P d(, '(5 t(,+(15(621$1= (5*$% 6,&+ ',( h5(48(1=%5(,7( =8 (6 . T% 3 tBn Ji/P JWPU[KKN $/62 $/6 m(+5:(57 '(5 |(,7 nBtN ',( 816 6&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P VPTPS %(,0 g,1O 81' c866&+$/7(1 (,1(6 u38/(167520(6 %(*(*1(7 :$5P g,1( *$1= >+1/,&+( t(&+181* /,()(57 )@5 ',( r$5$//(/5(621$1= ',( h5(O 48(1=%5(,7( $/6 m(+5:(57 '(5 |(,7 teN ',( 6&+21 %(,0 c8)O 81' g17/$'(1 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 $8)75$7P o,7 JWPV[K

(6 3 JteK2S (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 '(1 r$5$//(/.5(,6 ',( 5(/$7,9( h5(48(1=%5(,7( =8 (6B6R 3 JneKSBTBte 3 JnBeKSBTBt (6B6R 3 SBsrP

JWPWRK

d(, .2167$17(5 u3$1181* $1 '(5 tneOr$5$//(/6&+$/781* :,5' ,0 t(621$1=)$// '(5 u7520 0,1,0$/ J3 wBtK] y(&+6(/67520 '(5 h5(48(1= 6R :,5' %(621'(56 67$5. 817(5'5@&.7P f(6+$/% :,5' ',(6( u&+$/781* $8&+ u3(55.5(,6 J5(-(&725 &,5&8,7K *(1$117P g,1 tneOr$5$//(/.5(,6 0,7 '(5 u&+$/781* 921 c%%P WPST% ,67 ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 6&+:(5(5 =8 $3352;,0,(5(1 $/6 (,1 tneOt(,+(1.5(,6 1$&+ c%%P WPST$ 0,7 '(5 */(,&+(1 i@7(P f$6 /,(*7 '$5$1N '$66 ',( 819(50(,'/,&+(1 x(5/867( Jl28/(I6&+( y>50(K 921 5($/(1 u38/(1 81' 5($/(1 m21'(16$725(1 6,&+ ,0 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' +,15(,&+(1' *87 '85&+ k11(1:,'(567>1'( ,1 t(,+( 0,7 '(0 d$8(/(0(17 %(6&+5(,%(1 /$66(1N $/62 ,0 t '(6 t(,+(1.5(,6(6 =86$00(1*()$667 :(5'(1 .?11(1N $%(5 $//(,1 '85&+ '(1 JSBtKOn(,7O :(57 '(6 r$5$//(/.5(,6(6 1,&+7 %()5,(',*(1' %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P m203/,=,(57(5( g5O 6$7=6&+$/7%,/'(5 0@66(1 +(5$1*(=2*(1 :(5'(1P f,( d(5(&+181* 921 .203/,=,(57(1 u&+$/781*(1 ,67 -('2&+ 0(,67 62 $8):(1',*N '$66 )@5 (,1(1 (567(1 %(5%/,&. @%(5 '$6 h5(48(1=9(5+$/7(1 $//( 2+06&+(1 y,'(5O 67>1'( 81' n(,7:(57(N ',( 1,&+7 $%6,&+7/,&+ ,1 ',( u&+$/781* (,1*()@*7 :85'(1N 621O '(51 185 '$6 1,&+7O,'($/( x(5+$/7(1 921 u38/(1 81' m21'(16$725(1 %(6&+5(,%(1N (,1)$&+ :(**(/$66(1 :(5'(1P g,1,*( neOh,/7(56&+$/781*(1 J2+1( 2+06&+( y,'(5O 67>1'(K =(,*7 c%%P WPSWP L X

i

i X

C

(a)

(c)

C

L

(b) L1

X i X

C

L

C1

C 1 L1 L2

C2

i X i

(d)

L1

L1

C1

C1 L2 C2

c%%P WPSW neOm20%,1$7,21(1 )@5 h5(48(1=7/7(5 81' d/2&.Ou&+$/7=(,&+(1\ J$K v,()3$66N J%K j2&+3$66N J&K d$1'3$66N J'K u3(55%$1'3$66P

URT

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

WPSPW i(.233(/7( u&+:,1*.5(,6( |:(, 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5%81'(1( JNN*(.233(/7(DDK 6&+:,1*81*6)>+,*( u1'( ,1 '(1 %(,'(1 m5(,6(1N $/62 +,(5 2S 2S 2S 2S SBT * 3 e2S . BLJeS 1e. K 6 JeT 1e. Kb SBT * 3 JeS eTK B LJeS 1e.K JeT 1e.KbSBTN

JWPWSK

2'(5 )@5 ,'(17,6&+( u&+:,1*.5(,6( JeS 3 eT 3 eK * 3 eBJe1e.KP

JWPWTK

y,5' '$6 u03)7(1 u&+:,1*81* @%(5/$66(1N '$11 +$%(1 ',( u75?0( kS 81' kT

L1

Ck

C1

I1

Primärsystem

C2 L2 (a)

t

I2 (b)

Sekundärsystem

c%%P WPSX |:(, .$3$=,7,9 *(.233(/7( neOu&+:,1*.5(,6(\ J$K u&+$/781* J2+1( f>03)81*6O :,'(567>1'(KN J%K u75?0( ,1 '(1 %(,'(1 m5(,6(1 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 |(,7P f$6 r+>120(1 '(5 NNu&+:(%81*DD ,67 *87 =8 (5.(11(1P

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

URU

'(1 ,1 c%%P WPSX% *(=(,*7(1 =(,7/,&+(1 x(5/$8)P f,( *('>03)7(1 u&+:,1*81*(1 =(,*(1 (,1( *(*(1/>87*( c03/,78'(102'8/$7,21N ',( ,1 '(5 y(//(1/(+5( Jd'P SK $/6 u&+:(O %81* J%($7 9,%5$7,21N %($76K %(.$117 ,67P f(1 m859(19(5/$8) 921 c%%P WPSX% (5+>/7 0$1N :(11 $0 c1)$1* 185 '$6 r5,0>5O 6561',* $8) '$6 u(.81'>561',*(1 y(&+6(/ 921 (,1(0 m5(,6 Jr(1'(/K =80 $1'(5(1 :$1'(57N :2%(, ',( ,0 u03)81* $//0>+/,&+ $%1,007P h250$/ .$11 0$1 '$6 |867$1'(.200(1 '(5 u&+:(%81* $/6 %(5/$*(581* =:(,(5 y(//(1=@*( */(,&+(5 c03/,78'( 81' )$67 */(,&+(5 h5(48(1= (5./>5(1\ q+1( f>03O )81* (5*,%7 6,&+ c 6,1 6S71c 6,1 6T7 3 Tc &26

6S 26T 6 16T 7 6 6,1 S 7P T T

JWPWUK

c8) '(1 (567(1 d/,&. 6&+(,17 ',( %(6&+5,(%(1( u&+:(%81* .(,1( 3+&+/,&+ 0,7 =:(, 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 h5(O 48(1=(1 6&+:,1*(1 .?11(1N 0866 0$1 '$6 *(.233(/7( u03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 2+1( u&+:(%81* 0,7 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 h5(48(1=(1N ',( 6,&+ :,( )2/*7 %(5(&+1(1 /$66(1\ k1 c%%P WPSY 6,1' ',( u75209(57(,/81*(1 )@5 %(,'( o2'(1 '85&+ r)(,/( *(.(11=(,&+1(7P y(,/ ,0 h$// J$K @%(5+$837 .(,1 u7520 '85&+ '(1 m233O /81*6.21'(16$725 9,(M7N .$11 ',(6(5 |:(,* ,0 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' :(**(/$66(1 :(5'(1] 81' :(,/ ,0 h$// J%K ',( u75209(57(,/81* =80 m233/81*6.21'(16$725O|:(,* 63,(O *(/6/)7( $8) ',( /,1.( *(./$337 :(5'(1P l(7=7 /$66(1 6,&+ ',( %(,'(1 j$837)5(48(1=(1 /(,&+7 %(5(&+1(1] 0$1 %5$8&+7 '$=8 185 ',( 9(5(,1)$&+7(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6( '(5 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/'(5 =8 %(75$&+7(1N ',( 6,&+ '85&+ t(,+(1O %=:P r$5$//(/6&+$/781* 921 m21'(16$725(1 81' u38/(1 817(5O 6&+(,'(1P h@5 ',( SP j$8376&+:,1*81* 1$&+ c%%P WPSY$ (5*,%7 6,&+ nS 3 TnN eS 3

S e T

81' 6S 3 JneK2SBTN

JWPWVK

)@5 ',( TP j$8376&+:,1*81* 1$&+ c%%P WPSY% nT 3 81'

S nN eT 3 Te 6 e.BJTe1e.K T

6T 3 JneK2SBT LJTe1e.KBe.bSBTP

JWPWWK

f,( h5(48(1= '(5 81*(67?57(1 u&+:,1*81* (,1(6 '(5 %(,'(1 m5(,6( Jr(1'(/KN :(11 '(5 =:(,7( m5(,6 817(5%52&+(1 ,67 J'$6 =:(,7( r(1'(/ )(67*(+$/7(1 :,5'KN (5*,%7 6,&+ =8

URV

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 Fundamentalmoden L

Ersatzschaltbilder L C

C Ck

C

C (a)

L

L

L

L C

Ck

L

L 2

L

C (b)

C 2

2L

2C C

Ck

C Ck

c%%P WPSY i(.233(/7( u&+:,1*.5(,6( J2+1( f>03)81*6:,'(567>1'(K 0,7 u75203)(,/(1 )@5 ',( %(,'(1 h81'$0(17$/02'(1 J$K 81' J%KP t(&+76 '$=8 ',( g56$7=6&+$/7%,/'(5P

81'

nR 3 nN eR 3 e 6 e.BJe1e.K 6R 3 JneK2SBT LJe1e.KBe.bSBTP

JWPWXK

y,( /(,&+7 1$&+=85(&+1(1 ,67N .$11 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 h5(48(1=(1 '85&+ '(1 m233/81*6*5$' * 921 i/P JWPWTK %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1\ )TB)R 3 JS1*KSBTN )SB)R 3 JS2*KSBTP

JWPWYK

c//*(0(,1 *,/7\ |:(, ,'(17,6&+( 6&+:,1*81*6)>+,*( u1*,*(0 h5(48(1=$%67$1' ,67 (,1 6(+5 %('(876$0(6 3+120(1N '$6 $8&+ ,1 '(5 o2/(.@/63(.752O 6.23,( $8)75,77P p(%(1 '(5 ',6.87,(57(1 .$3$=,7,9(1 u7520.233/81* *,%7 (6 $8&+ 2+06&+( 81' ,1'8.7,9( u7520.233/81*(1 @%(5 (,1(1 %(,'(1 m5(,6(1 *(0(,16$0(1 2+06&+(1 y,O '(567$1' t 2'(5 ,1'8.7,9(1 u&+(,1:,'(567$1' 6nP c8M(5'(0 *,%7 (6 ',( m233/81*

WPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 j2&+)5(48(1=

URW

I

ƒJƒ0 1% 2% 3% 4%

c%%P WPSZ

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

t(621$1=.859(1 %(, 9(56&+,('(1 *52M(0 m233/81*6*5$' *P

@%(5 (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 h(/'N :,( 6,( =P dP '85&+ ',( u38/(1 (,1(6 v5$16)250$7256 *(*(%(1 ,67] ',(6( 75$16)250$725,6&+( m233/81* :,5' 2)7 $8&+ NN,1'8.7,9(DD m233/81* *(1$117P f$6 o,76&+:,1*(1 (,1(6 $1*(.233(/7(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6 0,7 $86*(35>*7(0 t(62O 1$1=9(5+$/7(1 :85'( 6&+21 SZ[R 921 qPlP n2'*( 817(568&+7 Jc%%P WPS[KP u(,1( =:(, u&+:,1*.5(,6( %(67$1'(1 $86 -( (,1(5 n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+( $/6 m$3$=,7>7 81' -( (,1(0 5(&+7(&.,*(1 f5$+7%@*(/ $/6 k1'8.7,9,7>7P f(5 m5(,6 k (17+>/7 (,1( h81.(1675(&.(N $1 ',( (,1 k1'8.725 Jc%%P WPVK $1*(6&+/266(1 :,5'] />667 0$1 h81.(1 @%(56&+/$*(1N '$11 :(5'(1 ,0 m5(,6 k *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 $1*(5(*7P f(5 ,0 d@*(/ 921 m5(,6 k 9,(M(1'( +2&+)5(48(17( y(&+6(/67520 (5=(8*7 (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 y(&+6(/)(/'N '$6 ,1'8=,(5(1' $8) m5(,6 kk (,1:,5.7 81' ,1 ,+0 (,1( y(&+6(/63$1181* (5=(8*7P f,( u&+:,1*81* ,0 m5(,6 kk .$11 0$1 48$/,7$7,9 1$&+:(,6(1 '85&+ (,1( ./(,1(N 3$5$//(/ =85 n(,'(1(5 h/$6&+( *(6&+$/7(7( h81.(1675(&.(P f85&+ '(1 9(56&+,(%%$5(1 9(57,O .$/(1 v(,/ '(6 f5$+7%@*(/6 .$11 ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7 921 m5(,6 kk 9(5>1'(57 :(5'(1P y(11 ',( %(,'(1 m5(,6( ,1 ,+5(5 g,*(1)5(48(1= @%(5(,167,00(1N :,5' ,0 m5(,6 kk (,1 %(621'(56 /(%+$)7(5 h81.(167520 :$+5*(1200(1] 9(56&+,(%7 0$1 '(1 d@*(/ I

II

Verbindung mit Induktor

c%%P WPS[ t(621$1=9(568&+ 921 qPlP n2'*( JSZWSAS[VRKP

URX

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

1$&+ /,1.6 2'(5 5(&+76N 62 (5/,6&+7 '(5 h81.(167520 $//0>+/,&+P d(, ',(6(0 x(568&+ ,67 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m233/81* '(5 %(,'(1 m5(,6( 62 6&+:$&+N '$66 185 (,1 t(62O 1$1=0$;,080 $8)75,77P k0 x(568&+ 921 n2'*( ,67 6&+21 '$6 r5,1=,3 '(5 o(6681*(1 +2+(5 h5(48(1=(1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 $%*(67,007(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6 =8 (5.(11(1\ f(5 6&+:$&+ *('>03)7( m5(,6 kk .$11 $/6 (,1 NNh5(48(1=0(66(5DD %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1N '(5 /26( $1*(.233(/7 :,5'N 80 (,1( x(5>1'(581* '(6 t(621$1=9(5+$/7(16 921 m5(,6 k '85&+ t@&.:,5.81* =8 9(50(,'(1P f85&+ x(5>1'(581* '(5 k1'8.7,9,7>7 nkk J2'(5 $8&+ '(5 m$3$=,7>7 ekkK 921 m5(,6 kk :,5' '(66(1 g,*(1)5(48(1= ,1 '(71,(57(5 y(,6( 9(5>1'(57N %,6 '$6 t(621$1=0$;,080 %(, 65 3 Jnkk ekkK2SBT )(67*(67(//7 ,67P i(+7 0$1 921 '(5 j2&+63$1181* '(6 n2'*(I6&+(1 x(568&+6 =8 ./(,1(5(1 u3$1O 181*(1N )@5 ',( f5(+.21'(16$725(1 0,7 9$5,$%/(5N %(.$117(5 m$3$=,7>7 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N 81' =8 ./(,1(5(1 h5(48(1=(1N )@5 ',( k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 '85&+ u38/(1 J1,&+7 6&+21 '85&+ ',( g,*(1,1'8.7,9,7>7 '(5 n(,781*6'5>+7(K *(*(%(1 6,1'N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1(1 /(,&+7 +$17,(5%$5(1 h5(48(1=0(66(5N %(, '(0 '(5 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ ,1 u78)(1 '85&+ y(&+6(/ '(6 u38/(1$%*5,56 81' .217,18,(5/,&+ '85&+ x(567(//(1 '(6 f5(+.21'(16$7256 9(5>1'(57 :(5'(1 .$11P |85 h(6767(//81* '(6 t(621$1=0$;,O 0806 6&+$/7(7 0$1 ,1 '(1 m5(,6 (,1(1 u7520O 2'(5 u3$1181*6,1',.$725] 0,7 j2&+O )5(48(1=Oi/(,&+5,&+7(51 Jj$/%/(,7(5',2'(1K 81' (0371'/,&+(1 i/(,&+67520'(7(.72O 5(1 J(/(.7521,6&+( o(669(567>5.(5K %(1?7,*(1 62/&+( h5(48(1=0(66(5 185 (,1( *(O 5,1*( n(,6781*6@%(575$*81*P

WPT g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( f5$+7:(//(1 f,( %,6+(5 ',6.87,(57(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 r+>120(1( 6,1' 9(575>*/,&+ 0,7 '(5 c11$+0(N '$66 6,&+ (/(.75,6&+( u,*1$/( 0,7 J)$67 81(1'/,&+K *52M(5 i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 $86%5(,7(1 81' g5(.7( '(5 (1'/,&+(1 c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 =8 9(5O 1$&+/>66,*(1 6,1'P y,5 +$%(1 '(6+$/% %,6+(5 67,//6&+:(,*(1' $1*(1200(1N '$66 %(,0 u&+/,(M(1 (,1(6 u7520.5(,6(6 '(5 u75209866 ,0 *(6$07(1 m5(,6 62)257 (,16(7=7P y,5 +$%(1 =:$5 NNg,16&+:,1*O 81' c%./,1*925*>1*(DD %(75$&+7(7N ',( 0,7 '(1 |(,7.21O 67$17(1 te 81' nBt 9(5.1@3)7 6,1'N $%(5 ',( n>1*( '(5 n(,781*(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 d$8(/(0(17(1 63,(/7( %,6+(5 .(,1( t2//(P g567 :(11 %(,0 g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 6(+5 +2+(1 h5(48(1=(1 ',( 5>80/,&+( r(5,2',=,7>7 (,1(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*N ',( '85&+ ',( y(//(1/>1*( + %(6&+5,(%(1 :,5'N $8) ',( n,1($5',0(16,21 (,1(6 n$%256 6&+5803)7N .$11 0$1 (5:$57(1N g5(.7( '(5 (1'/,&+(1 u,*1$/$86%5(,781* =8 %(2%$&+O 7(1P h@5 c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 1$+( '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & J. U4SRZ 0B6K 81' h5(48(1=(1 ) ^ SRR oj= :,5' ',( y(//(1/>1*( + ./(,1(5 $/6 U 0 81' *(5>7 '$0,7 ,1 ',( i5?M(125'181* (,1(6 n$%256P

WPTPS n(&+(5On(,781* f(5 ?67(55(,&+,6&+( r+1*( sN 3$5$//(/ =8(,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7

WPT g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( f5$+7:(//(1 K

a

b Ï /2

c Ï /2

d

URY

Ï /4

Ï /2 G

c%%P WPTR c8)%$8 (,1(5 n(&+(5On(,781* J6&+(0$7,6&+K\ m 3 m233/81*66&+/(,)( )@5 c1.233O /81* $1 '(1 jhOi(1(5$725P i 3 i/@+/$03(N ',(N 48(5 @%(5 ',( n(,781* *(/(*7N $1 '(1 u7(//(1 $N %N &N ' +(// $89(8&+7(7P

,0 c%67$1' ' * sP f(5 x257(,/ ',(6(5 c125'181* /,(*7 '$5,1N '$66 '$6 (/(.7520$*O 1(7,6&+( h(/' $8) '(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 f5>+7(1 .21=(175,(57 ,67 81' 0,7 :$&+O 6(1'(0 c%67$1' 921 '(5 f233(//(,781* 9,(/ 6&+1(//(5 $%1,007 $/6 %(,0 g,1=(/'5$+7P g;3(5,0(17(//( u7?581*(1 '85&+ ',( w0*(%81* J=P dP n$%25:>1'(N m?53(5 '(6 g;O 3(5,0(17$7256K 75(7(1 '(6+$/% 35$.7,6&+ 1,&+7 $8)P f,( 6&+67 185 (,1( NN9(5O /867/26(DD n(&+(5On(,781*P f,( c865,&+781* '(5 f5>+7( 6(, 3$5$//(/ =85 =Oc&+6(P c1 (,1(0 g1'( '(5 n(&+(5O n(,781* J/,1.6 ,1 c%%P WPTRK :,5' ',( n(&+(5On(,781* @%(5 ',( m233/81*66&+/(,)( m ,1'8.7,9 J75$16)250$725,6&+K $1 '(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6 (,1(6 j2&+)5(48(1=*(1(5$7256 $1O *(.233(/7P y,5 9(5:(1'(1 ',( h81.7,21 8J7N =KN 80 ',( u3$1181* $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 |(,7 7 81' '(6 q57(6 = (17/$1* '(5 n(&+(5On(,781* =8 %(6&+5(,%(1P i$1= $1$/2* =8 $1'(5(1 (,1',0(16,21$/(1 y(//(1 *,/7 8J7N =K 3 8R 6,1 T@ ) J72=B9KP

JWPWZK

h@5 (,1( ,1 c86%5(,781*65,&+781* 1,&+7 %(*5(1=7( 6,186)?50,*( y(//( .$11 185 ',( h2576&+5(,781* (,1(6 y(//(1381.7(6 %(67,007(5 r+$6(N =P dP (,1(6 o$;,0806N $1O *(*(%(1 :(5'(1] '$6 ,67 ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 cP u2 :,( v 3 SB) ',( =(,7/,&+( r(5,2'( '(5 u&+:,1*81* ,67N />667 6,&+ ',( y(//(1/>1*( + 3 9B)

JWPW[K

$/6 '(5(1 5>80/,&+( r(5,2'( $85$66(1P Lg6 *,%7 62*$5 ',( d(=(,&+181* NNt$80)5(O 48(1= )@5 +2SPb g,1( o(6681* '(5 y(//(1/>1*( .$11 $/62 ',( c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 9 /,()(51N :(11 6,&+ ',( h5(48(1= ) $86 '(1 f$7(1 '(6 i(1(5$725Ou&+:,1*O .5(,6(6 Jk1'8.7,9,7>7 81' m$3$=,7>7K (5*,%7 2'(5 ,5*(1':,( *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 .$11P f,( i/P JWPWZK %(6&+5(,%7 ',( (,1)$//(1'(N 921 /,1.6 1$&+ 5(&+76 /$8)(1'( y(//(P c0 5(&+7(1 g1'( '(5 n(&+(5On(,781* :,5' ',( y(//( 5(9(.7,(57P f,( t(9(;,21 (,1(5 u3$1181*6:(//( $0 25(1(1 2'(5 *(6&+/266(1(1 g1'( (,1(5 r$5$//(/'5$+7/(,781* 67(//7 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( c1$/2*21 =85 t(9(;,21 (,1(5 u(,/:(//( $0 25(1(1 J%(:(*/,&+(1K 2'(5 *(6&+/266(1(1 J)(67*(+$/7(1(1K g1'( '(6 u(,/(6 '$5 J9*/P d'P SKP k67 ',( n(,781* $0 g1'( 25(1N '$11 (5)2/*7 ',( t(9(;,21 2+1( r+$6(163581*] (,1)$//(1'( 81' 5(O 9(.7,(57( y(//( $'',(5(1 6,&+ =8 (,1(0 u3$1181*6%$8&+ J327(17,$/ /223 25 $17,12'(KP k67 ',( n(,781* '257 '85&+ (,1( /(,7(1'( d5@&.( .85=*(6&+/266(1N (5)2/*7 ',( t(9(;,21 '(5 u3$1181*6:(//( 0,7 (,1(0 r+$6(163581* 921 SZR]N 62'$66 6,&+ %(,'( y(//(1 $1 ',(6(0 g1'( -('(5=(,7 =8 18// $'',(5(1 81' (,1(1 u3$1181*6.127(1 J327(17,$/ 12'(K (5*(%(1P

URZ

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

t=0

u0 Ï

t=0

t= T 4 t=

T 2

t = 3T 4

c%%P WPTS u7520O 81' u3$1181*69(57(,/81* $8) (,1(5 /,1.66(,7,* .85=*(6&+/266(1(1 n(&+(5O n(,781* =8 9,(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 |(,7(1N ',( (,1( x,(57(/3(5,2'( $86(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1P

d(,'( y(//(1 $'',(5(1 6,&+ =8 (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 y(//(N '(5(1 c03/,78'( '(1 o$O ;,0$/:(57 921 T8R (55(,&+7N :(11 %(, */(,&+(0 c%6&+/866 %(,'(5 g1'(1 J=P dP u3$1O 181*6.127(1 /,1.6 81' 5(&+76K ',( n>1*( s (,1 *(5$'=$+/,*(6 x,(/)$&+(6 921 +BV ,67N %(, 81*/(,&+(0 c%6&+/866 J=P dP u3$1181*6%$8&+ 5(&+76 81' O.127(1 /,1.6K '$*(*(1 (,1 81*(5$'=$+/,*(6 x,(/)$&+(6 Jc%%P WPTSKP f,( 5>80/,&+ NN67(+(1'(DD y(//( 26=,//,(57N 81' '$%(, :(&+6(/1 ',( u3$1181*6%>8O &+( 67>1',* ,+5 x25=(,&+(1P f$6 +(,M7 $%(5N (6 0@66(1 />1*6 '(5 f5>+7( n$'81*(1 %(:(*7 :(5'(1N (6 9,(M(1 $/62 u75?0(P d(, '(5 67(+(1'(1 y(//( )$//(1 ',( q57( '(5 u3$1181*6.127(1 =86$00(1 0,7 '(1(1 '(5 u7520%>8&+(N 81' 80*(.(+57 Jc%%P WPTSKP q'(5 $1'(56 )2508/,(57\ k1 '(5 o,77( =:,6&+(1 '(1 ,1 c%67>1'(1 921 +BT $8)75(7(1'(1 u3$1181*6%>8&+(1 /,(*(1 ',( u7520%>8&+(N /(7=7(5( 6,1' $/62 80 (,1( x,(57(/:(//(1/>1*( *(*(1 (567(5( 9(56(7=7 J'$66(/%( *,/7 )@5 ',( m127(1KP c%(5 $8&+ =(,7/,&+ /,(*(1 ',( u7520%>8&+( =:,6&+(1 '(1 u3$1181*6%>8&+(1] ',( o$;,O 0$/:(57( 75(7(1 80 (,1( x,(57(/3(5,2'( 9(56&+2%(1 $8)P h@5 (,1( f(021675$7,21 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 (,1( n(&+(5On(,781*N '(5(1 n>1*( :(O 1,*67(16 =:(, %,6 '5(, +BT (17635,&+7N 62'$66 (,1,*( u7520O 81' u3$1181*6%>8&+( $8)75(7(1P f,( n>1*( 62//7( $/62 0,7 d/,&. $8) ',( h5(48(1= '(6 9(5)@*%$5(1 j2&+O )5(48(1=Oi(1(5$7256 *(:>+/7 :(5'(1P h@5 x25/(681*6'(021675$7,21(1 (037(+/7 6,&+ ) . TRR oj= 0,7 +BT . RPYW 0] )@5 u&+8/9(568&+( 6,1' (,1( +?+(5( h5(48(1= 81' (,1( (17635(&+(1' .@5=(5( n(,781* %(48(0(5P g,1 .200(5=,(//(6 f(021675$O 7,21661*( '(5 n(&+(5On(,781* 921 s $8) '(1 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 m233/81*66&+/(,)( 81' f5$+7%5@O &.(P f$0,7 :,5' $0 q57 '(5 f5$+7%5@&.( (,1 u7520%$8&+ Ju3$1181*6.127(1K (5O =:81*(1P w0 ',(-(1,*(1 f5$+7%5@&.(1Oc%67>1'( =8 71'(1N ',( =85 c86%,/'81* (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 y(//( 0,7 0$;,0$/(5 c03/,78'( )@+5(1N 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 (,1( f5$+7O %5@&.( 0,7 (,1*(%$87(5 i/@+/$03( iP f,( q57(N $1 '(1(1 ',( i/@+/$03( +(// $8)O /(8&+7(7N +$%(1 921(,1$1'(5 '(1 c%67$1' +BTP y,5 (56(7=(1 $1 '(0 5(&+76 $8M(1 /,(*(1'(1 u7520%$8&+ ',( i/@+/$03( '85&+ (,1( @%(5 ',( n(&+(5On(,781* *(+>1*7( o(7$//Od5@&.(N '$11 :,5' ',( y(//( :(*(1 '(6 9(56&+:,1'(1'(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1'(6 '(5 r/$77( 12&+ %(66(5 5(9(.7,(57 $/6 '85&+ ',( f5>+7( '(5 i/@+/$03(1%5@&.(P d(, .200(5=,(//(1 u1*(] ',( 5(&+76 25(1( n(,781* =(,*7 $0 g1'( (,1(1 237,0$/(1 u3$1181*6%$8&+N 81' =80 c%6&+/,(M(1 :,5' ',( n(,781* 0,7 (,1(0 m85=6&+/866%@*(/ '(5 n>1*( +BV 9(5/>1*(57P |80 p$&+O :(,6 '(5 gOh(/'67>5.( ,1 '(1 u3$1181*6%>8&+(1 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 (,1( p(215?+5(N ',( 48(5 @%(5 ',( f233(//(,781* *(/(*7 :,5'P g,1 6(+5 (0371'/,&+(5 u3$1181*6%$8&+Ok1',.$725 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 ./(,1(1 i/,00/$03(N ',( $0 g1'( (,1(6 u7$%(6 0,7 p(7=$16&+/866Om$%(/ (,1*(%$87 ,67 81' @%(5 (,1(1 u3$1181*67(,/(5 185 629,(/ y(&+6(/63$1181* (5+>/7N '$66 6,( *(5$'( 12&+ =@1'(7P k0 gOh(/' '(6 u3$1181*6%$8&+(6 /(8&+7(7 ',( i/,00/$03( +(// $8)P A g,1 6(+5 (0371'/,&+(5 u7520%$8&+Ok1',.$725 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 +BTOn(&+(5On(,781*N ',( $0 v$67Og1'( 0,7 (,1(0 d@*(/ .85=*(6&+/266(1 81' $0 $1'(5(1 g1'( $1 (,1( j2&+O )5(48(1=Of,2'( J$/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(5K 0,7 (,1(0 (0371'/,&+(1 u7520Oo(66,167580(17 $1*(6&+/266(1 ,67P f,( d(67,0081* '(5 y(//(1/>1*( $86 '(1 c%67>1'(1 '(5 u7520O 2'(5 u3$1181*6O %>8&+( /,()(57 %(, m(1171,6 '(5 h5(48(1= '(5 $1*(5(*7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81* ',( c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9P d,6 $8) 6(+5 ./(,1( m255(.785(1 :(*(1 '(5 r(50,77,9,O 7>76=$+/ '(5 n8)7 J&5 . SPRRRXK 81' '(5 (1'/,&+(1 u.,1(5(.7Og,1'5,1*7,()( J9*/P c%6&+1P WPSPUKN ,67 ',(6( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 */(,&+ '(5 x$.880On,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7P j(87( *,%7 (6 n(&+(5Ou1*( %(=2*(1(1 i5?M(1 %(6&+5,(%(1\ A />1*(163(=,76&+(5 2+06&+(5 y,'(567$1' JNNy,'(567$1'6%(/$*DDN 5(6,67$1&( 3(5 81,7 /(1*7+K tA JukOg,1+(,7\ /B0KN

USR

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

A />1*(163(=,76&+( k1'8.7,9,7>7 JNNk1'8.7,9,7>76%(/$*DDN ,1'8&7$1&( 3(5 81,7 /(1*7+K nA JjB0KN A />1*(163(=,76&+( m$3$=,7>7 JNNm$3$=,7>76%(/$*DDN &$3$&,7$1&( 3(5 81,7 /(1*7+K eA JhB0KN A />1*(163(=,76&+(5 s8(5/(,7:(57 JNNn(,7:(576%(/$*DD 2'(5 NNc%/(,781*6%(/$*DDN &21O '8&7$1&( 3(5 81,7 /(1*7+K iA JuB0KP f,( i5?M(1 nA 81' eA 6,1' $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 i(20(75,( '(5 f233(//(,781*P f,( i5?M( tA ,67 (,1( g,*(16&+$)7 '(5 f5$+7(6N :>+5(1' iA 920 k62/$7,2160$7(5,$/ =:,O 6&+(1 '(1 f5>+7(1 %(67,007 :,5'P f$6 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' (,1(6 ,171,7(6,0$/(1 n(,O 781*6(/(0(17(6 =(,*7 c%%P WPTTP

i

R' dz u

L' dz G' dz

i+

∂i dz ∂z

C' dz u +

∂u dz ∂z

c%%P WPTT g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' (,1(6 n(,781*6O (/(0(17(6 '(5 n>1*( '=P

c86 '(5 u&+$/781* .?11(1 ',( d(=,(+81*(1 )@5 ',( }1'(581* 921 u3$1181* 81' u7520 />1*6 (,1(6 n>1*(1(/(0(17(6 '= ',5(.7 NN$%*(/(6(1DD :(5'(1\

0 0

1 1

//(1 +$%(1 ',( f233(//(,781*(1 *(5,1*( n(,781*6:,O '(567>1'( 81' ./(,1( k62/$7,216/(,7:(57(N 62'$66 ',( p>+(581*(1 tA * 6nA 81' iA * 6eA *(5(&+7)(57,*7 6,1' 81' 0,7+,/)( 921 i/P JWPXZK 81' i/P JWPXXK %5$8&+%$5( h250(/1 )@5 "N M 81' Mn $/6 h81.7,21(1 921 tAN iAN nAN eA 81' 6 $1*(*(%(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( f>03)81*6.2167$17( " %(6&+5(,%7 ',( u3$1181*6O 2'(5 u75206&+:>&+81* (17/$1* '(5 n(,781*N %(=2*(1 $8) ',( n>1*( '(5 n(,781*P o,7 =T #=S 81' wT #wS (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 " $/6 u3$1181*66&+:>&+81* " 3 /1 LwS J=SKBwT J=TKbBJ=T 2=SKP

JWPYSK

UST

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

j(87( :(5'(1 f>03)81*(1 ,1 f(=,%(/ Jc%6&+1P SYPTPUK 352 o(7(5 $1*(*(%(1N 81' '$)@5 *,/7 "ABJ'd 02SK 3 JTR /2* (K "B02S 3 ZPXZW[ "B02SP

JWPYTK

f(5 r+$6(1.2(5,=,(17 M *,%7 )@5 (,1(1 %(67,007(1 |(,7381.7 ',( }1'(581* '(6 r+$6(1:,1.(/6 3 '(5 u&+:,1*81* (17/$1* '(5 n(,781*\ M 3 L3J=TK23J=SKbBJ=T 2=SKP

JWPYUK

f,( y(//(1/>1*( +n '(5 u&+:,1*81* $8) '(5 n(,781* 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1= ) ,67 ',( n>1*(N @%(5 ',( 6,&+ ',( r+$6( 3 80 T@ >1'(57\ +n 3 9B) 3 T@BMP

JWPYVK

w1' '$0,7 %(67,007 M $8&+ ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 n(,781*6:(//( 9 3 6BMP

JWPYWK

f(5 m(+5:(57 '(5 r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 :,5' $/6 NN/>1*(163(=,76&+( x(5=?*(581*6O =(,7DD J$1*(*(%(1 ,1 6B0K %(=(,&+1(7P c1 -('(0 r81.7 = '(5 f233(//(,781* ,67 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 u3$1181* 81' u7520 *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 .203/(;(1 y(//(1:,'(567$1' 921 i/P JWPXXKP c8) (,1(5 (,16(,7,* 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1 n(,781* :@5'( 6,&+ ',( 920 i(1(5$725 $86*(+(1'( y(//( ,1 =O t,&+781* $86%5(,7(1N 2+1( (,1( 5(9(.7,(57( y(//( =8 9(5856$&+(1P y,5' ',( n(,781* 0,7 (,1(5 x(5%5$8&+(5Ok03('$1= Mx $%*(6&+/266(1N ',( ,1 d(75$* 81' r+$6( */(,&+ Mn ,67N '$11 :,5' ',( y(//( $0 g1'( '(5 n(,781* 92//67>1',* $%625%,(57P f$6 +(,M7N (6 (;,67,(57 185 (,1( 920 i(1(5$725 =80 %(/$67(7(1 n(,781*6(1'( 6,&+ )25739$1=(1'( y(//(N ',( 5@&./>87*( 5(9(.7,(57( y(//( 9(56&+:,1'(7P k67 ',( x(5%5$8&+(5,03('$1= 9(56&+,('(1 920 .203/(;(1 y(//(1:,'(567$1'N '$11 :,5' (,1 v(,/ '(5 y(//( $0 g1'( '(5 n(,781* 5(9(.7,(57P f$6 $1'(5( g;75(0 ,67 (,1( (1'/,&+( n(,781* 2+1( $1*(6&+/266(1(1 x(5%5$8&+(5N ',( $1 ,+5(0 g1'( (17:('(5 25(1 2'(5 .85=*(6&+/26O 6(1 ,67] 921 62/&+ (,1(5 NN9(5%5$8&+(5/26(1DD n(,781* :,5' ',( y(//( 92//67>1',* 5(O 9(.7,(57P f,( 9(5/867)5(,( f233(//(,781*P d(621'(56 (,1)$&+( d(=,(+81*(1 (5+>/7 0$1 )@5 ',(6(1 ,'($/(1 i5(1=)$//P o,7 tA 3 R 81' iA 3 R :,5' " 3 R 81' M 3 6 JnAeAKSBTP c86 i/P JWPYWK )2/*7 ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 y(//( $8) '(5 f233(//(,781*\ 9 3 JnAeAK2SBTP

JWPYXK

f(5 y(//(1:,'(567$1' '(5 n(,781* ,67 |n 3 JnABeAKSBTP

JWPYYK

f,( y(57( )@5 9 81' |n )@5 '(1 i5(1=)$// 9(56&+:,1'(1'(5 x(5/867( 6,1' )@5 9,(/( d(75$&+781*(1 $865(,&+(1'P y(,/ %(5(&+1(7( nAOy(57( ,00(5 '(1 h$.725 ,R 81' %(5(&+1(7( eAOy(57( '(1 h$.725 &R (17+$/7(1N 75(7(1 ',( )2/*(1'(1 )81'$0(17$/(1 i5?M(1 $/6 h$.725(1 $8)\ 2 x$.880On,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & 3 J,R &RK2SBT . U 6 SRZ 0B6

JWPYZK

WPT g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( f5$+7:(//(1

USU

2 y(//(1:,'(567$1' '(6 x$.8806 |R 3 J,RB&RKSBT . UYY /P

JWPY[K

o,7 '(5 r520,//(Oi(1$8,*.(,7N 0,7 '(5 & 3 U4SR 0B6 *(6(7=7 :(5'(1 .$11N ,67 |R 3 JSTR@K /P p(%(1 '(1 %,6+(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 67$7,21>5(1 |867>1'(1 921 f5$+7:(//(1 6,1' ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 $8&+ ',( g,16&+$/7925*>1*( 921 d('(8781*N ',( =8 u3$1181*667?M(1 81' y$1'(5:(//(1 )@+5(1 Jc%%P WPTUKP u&+/>*7 =P dP (,1 d/,7= ,1 (,1( n(,781*N '$11 />8)7 (,1 u3$1181*6672M ,1 '(5 n(,781* 1$&+ %(,'(1 u(,7(1P c8&+ )@5 ',( y$1'(5:(//(1 *,/7N '$66 -('( k1+202*(1,7>7 ,1 '(5 n(,781* ',( y(//( ,1 (,1( '85&+/$8)(1'( 81' (,1( 5(9(.7,(57( $8)63$/7(7P

(a)

Ausbreitung entlang der Leitung (b) (c)

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Zeit t = n · ∆t

Spannung

Z

c%%P WPTU d(,63,(/( 921 y$1'(5:(//(1\ J$K g,16&+$/7(1 (,1(5 i/(,&+63$1181*N J%K u3$1O 181*6672MN J&K g,16&+$/7(1 (,1(5 y(&+6(/63$1181*P

g,1 u3$1181*6672M 0866 1$&+ h285,(5 $/6 %(5/$*(581* (,1(6 %5(,7(1 h5(48(1=O 63(.75806 %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P f85&+ ',( h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 921 r+$6(1*(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' c%62537,216.2(5,=,(17 >1'(57 6,&+ ',( y(//(1)250 (17/$1* '(5 n(,781*P f,( d(/>*( 6,1' ,P c//*P )5(48(1=$%+>1*,*\ '(5 u.,1(5(.7 9(5'5>1*7 '(1 u7520 ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 n(,7(56 81' (5+?+7 tA] '85&+ ',( x(5>1'(581* '(6 u7520',&+7(O 3527/6 '(5 n(,781* :,5' $8&+ nA %((,198667] %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,781*(1N '$11 67(,*(1 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1= ',( ',(/(.75,6&+(1 x(5/867( 81' (5O +?+(1 iA] $8M(5'(0 .$11 %(, n(,781*(1N ',( ,1 (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 (,1*(%(77(7 6,1'N (,1( h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 921 &5 81' '$0,7 921 eA *(*(%(1 6(,1P

WPTPU x(56&+,('(1( f233(//(,781*(1 h@5 $//( 9(5/867)5(,(1 f233(//(,781*(1 A 81$%+>1*,* 921 ,+5(5 d$8)250 A *,/7N '$66 ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 f5$+7:(//( ,0 o(',80 0,7 &5 #S 81' ,5 3 S *(*(%(1 ,67 '85&+ 9 . JnAeAK2SBT 3 J&5&R,RK2SBT 3 & B |&5 P

JWPZRK

USV

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

f,( />1*(163(=,76&+( x(5=?*(581*6=(,7 ,67 SB9 . UPU 16B0 6 |&5 P

JWPZSK

h@5 f233(//(,781*(1N ',( ,1 f,(/(.75,.$ (,1*(%(77(7 6,1'N /,(*(1 ',( 7/71,6 $B' J3 c%67$1'Bf85&+0(66(5K eAN $%O 1,007N :>+5(1' nA =81,007N 81' '$66 '$6 r52'8.7 eA 6 nA 921 $B' 81$%+>1*,* ,67C f(5 y(//(1:,'(567$1' '(5 9(5/867)5(,(1 n(,781* ,67 |n . |R J@ &5K2S /1JT$B'KP

JWPZVK

o,7 $B' *(+7 ',( d$8)250 '(5 f233(//(,781* (,1P d(,63,(/6:(,6( (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 (,1( n(&+(5On(,781* ,1 n8)7 0,7 $B' 3 W 1$&+ i/P JWPZVK (,1 y(//(1:,'(567$1' 921 TYX /P f(021675$7,21\ |8(567 =(,*7 0$1 ',( u3$1181*6%>8&+( (,1(5 ,1 ,+5(5 n>1*( *87 $%*(67,007(1N 5(&+766(,7,* 25(1(1 n(&+(5On(,781*P y(11 '$11 '$6 25(1( g1'( 0,7 (,1(0 y,'(567$1' '(5 i5?M( |n @%(5%5@&.7 :,5'N 9(56&+:,1'(1 ',( u3$1181*6O 81' u7520%>8&+( (17/$1* '(5 *$1=(1 n(,781*N :(,/ ',( 920 i(1(5$725 $86*(+(1'( y(//( ,0 y,'(567$1' 5(9(;,216)5(, $%625%,(57 :,5'P

a

d

(Â r ) (Â r )

(a)

(b)

di

da

c%%P WPTV s8(56&+1,77( '85&+ f233(//(,781*(1\ J$K r$5$//(/'5$+7/(,781*N J%K m2$;,$//(,781*N %(,'(6 ,1 ,62/,(5(1'(0 o(',80 0,7 &5 #SN ,5 3 SP

WPT g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( f5$+7:(//(1

USW

E

B

c%%P WPTW g/(.75,6&+(6 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(6 h(/' )@5 (,1( $86 '(5 r$3,(5(%(1( +(5$8675(O 7(1'(1 y(//( 0,7 1(*$7,9(5 n$'81* $8) '(0 /,1.(1 81' 326,7,9(5 $8) '(0 5(&+7(1 f5$+7 '(5 f233(//(,781*P

c8) '(5 0,7 |n $%*(6&+/266(1(1 r$5$//(/'5$+7On(,781* (;,67,(57 185 ',( 920 i(O 1(5$725 =80 x(5%5$8&+(5 )2576&+5(,7(1'( y(//(P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( 81' '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/' 62/&+(5 y(//(1 ,67 ,1 c%%P WPTW '$5*(67(//7P g6 :85'( $1*(1200(1N '$66 '(5 u752075$163257 185 ',&+7 $1 '(5 n(,7(52%(59>&+( 67$7771'(7P f,( (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 67(+(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8)(,1$1'(5] %(,'( h(/'(5 6,1' 75$169(56$/N $/62 257+2*21$/ =85 h25739$1=81*65,&+781* '(5 y(//(P f,( *(6$07( g1(5*,( 67(&.7 ,1 '(0 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' '(5 f5$+7:(//(P f,( g1(5*,(9866',&+7( '(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 :,5' '85&+ '(1 r287*67(1 9(5O :(1'(7( n(,781*6)250P f(5 j$8379257(,/ ,67 ',( *87( c%6&+,5081* '(6 63$1181*6O )@+5(1'(1 k11(1/(,7(56 '85&+ '(1 $8) g5'327(17,$/ /,(*(1'(1 c8M(1/(,7(5P d(, 9(O ;,%/(1 m$%(/1 %(67(+7 '(5 k11(1/(,7(5 0(,67 $86 m83)(5'5$+7 2'(5 m83)(5/,7=( 0,7 9(56,/%(57(5 q%(59>&+(P f$6 ',(/(.75,6&+( o$7(5,$/ Jx2//0$7(5,$/N u&+$806725N u&+(,%(1 2'(5 y(1'(/K +>/7 '(1 k11(1/(,7(5 ,1 6(,1(5 n$*(P f(5 c8M(1/(,7(5 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 i(9(&+7 921 m83)(5'5>+7(1 2'(5 d>1'(51 81' ,67 921 (,1(0 >8M(5(1 o$17(/ $86 m81676725 80*(%(1P h(67( .2$;,$/( t2+5/(,781*(1 +$%(1 0(,67 9(5*2/O '(7( ,11(5( q%(59>&+(1 $/6 m25526,2166&+87=P j$/%9(;,%/( t2+5/(,781*(1 .?11(1 *(%2*(1 :(5'(1 81' %(+$/7(1 '$11 ,+5( h250P f,( .200(5=,(// 9(5)@*%$5(1 m2$;,$/.$%(/ :(5'(1 817(56&+,('(1 1$&+ y(//(1O :,'(567$1' 81' '(5 u7520O 81' u3$1181*6%(/$6781* J%(575$*81*6/(,6781*KP m2O $;,$/( u7(&.9(5%,1'81*(1 6,1' 62 $86*()@+57N '$66 (,1 :(,7*(+(1' 5(9(;,216)5(,(5 %(5*$1* *(:>+5/(,67(7 ,67P v76O 81' m$3$=,7>76O %(/$* (,1(6 m2$;,$/.$%(/6 6,1' S =jB0 %=:P SRR 3hB0P f(5 y(//(1:,'(567$1' ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ |n . L|RBJT@ |&5Kb /1J'$B',K |n 3 JXR / B |&5K /1J'$B',KP

JWPZXK

USX

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

h@5 '(1 y(//(1:,'(567$1' 921 m2$;,$//(,781*(1 *,%7 (6 p250:(57(P d(621'(56 *(O %5>8&+/,&+ )@5 ',( jhOo(667(&+1,. |n 3 WR /P |$+/(1%(,63,(/\ &5 3 TPS Jv(921KN '$ 3 V 00 81' ', 3 SPT 00 (5*,%7 |n 3 WR /P f,( f>03)81* ,67 62:2+/ 920 f85&+0(66(5 '$ :,( 920 x(5+>/71,6 '$B', $%+>1*,* 81' $8&+ )5(48(1=$%+>1*,* :(*(1 '(5 0,7 |) =81(+0(1'(1 n(,781*69(5/867( '85&+ '(1 u.,1(5(.7 81' '(5 $% &$P SR oj= (,16(7=(1'(1 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 x(5/867(P i52M( m$%(/'85&+0(66(5 (17635(&+(1 *(5,1*(5 f>03)81*P y,( %(, '(5 r$5$//(/'5$+7/(,781* 6,1' $8&+ %(, '(5 m2$;,$//(,781* %(,'( h(/'67>5O .(1 75$169(56$/P d(, 6(+5 +2+(1 h5(48(1=(1 .?11(1 6,&+ $1'(5( h(/')250(1 $86O %,/'(1N ',( ,0 m2$;,$//(,7(5 =8 5$3,'( $167(,*(1'(1 x(5/867(1 )@+5(1P f,(6( $1'(5(1 o2'(1 (17635(&+(1 '(1(1 (,1(6 .5(,6)?50,*(1 j2+//(,7(56 Jc%6&+1P WPVPUK 2+1( o,7O 7(//(,7(5P u75(,)(1/(,781*(1P h@5 ',( v(&+12/2*,( '(5 *('58&.7(1 u&+$/781*(1 :85'( ',( ,17(O *5,(57( u&+$/781*67(&+1,. (17:,&.(/7N ',( ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81*(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 d$87(,/*5833(1 /,()(57 J0,&52675,36KP u75(,)(1/(,781*(1 %(67(+(1 $86 9>&+(1+$)O 7(1 n(,781*(1 $8) 9(5/867$50(1 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 u8%675$7(1 0,7 &5 =:,6&+(1 TPS Jv(921K 81' [R Jv,qTKP j>87* 9(5:(1'(7( d$8)250(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P WPTX *(=(,*7P v(&+1,6&+( o,&52675,3On(,781*(1 +$%(1 y(//(1:,'(567>1'( =:,6&+(1 SR 81' SWR /] ',( f>03O )81* /,(*7 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 S 'dB0 )@5 '(1 817(5(1 ij=Od(5(,&+P

Âr (a)

Âr

c%%P WPTX

(b)

(c)

Âr

u75(,)(1/(,781*(1\ J$K $6//7P o,77( '(6 S[P l$+5+81'(576 :$5 ',( y(//(11$785 '(6 n,&+7(6 '85&+ d(8*81*6O 81' k17(5)(5(1=(;3(5,0(17( %(:,(6(1N $%(5 ',( 3+*7 $0 g1'( (,1(5 ,+5(5 |,1.(1 (,1( m217$.7)('(5 |N ',( %(, '(5 d(:(*81* 1$&+ /,1.6 '(1 m217$.7 mS %(5@+57 81' '$0,7 (,1(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 e $8) ',( u3$1181* w (,1(5 d$77(5,( $89>'7N 80 %(, '(5 '$5$8) )2/*(1'(1 d(:(*81* 1$&+ 5(&+76 '(1 m217$.7 mT =8 %(5@+5(1 81' '$0,7 ',(6(1 m21'(16$725 @%(5 (,1 c0O 3(5(0(7(5 =8 (17/$'(1P w1$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 d(6&+$5(1+(,7 '(6 u75200(66*(5>7(6 81' 6(,1(5 g,&+81* />667 6,&+ 3$86&+$/ 6$*(1N '$66 ',( u75200(6681* $8) ',( 0$*O 1(7,6&+( m5$)7 =85@&.*()@+57 :(5'(1 .$11N ',( ,1 (,1(0 o$*1(7)(/' $8) (,1(1 67520O '85&+9266(1(1 n(,7(5 $86*(@%7 :,5'P f(5 ,1 '(5 c125'181* (5=(8*7( u7520 Jo,7O 7(/:(57 kK :,5' ,5*(1':,( 0,7 (,1(0 t()(5(1=67520 J=P dP 921 S cK 9(5*/,&+(1P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+( m5$)7 ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 ,Rk 81' '(5 '85&+ d(O 81' g17/$'81* (,1(6 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 (5=(8*7( u7520 ,67 @%(5 '(66(1 m$3$=,7>7 3523257,21$/ =8 &RP f$0,7 :,5' '(87/,&+N '$66 ',( NN(/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( o(6681*DD (,1(6 *(0>M c%%P WPTY NN(/(.75267$7,6&+ (5=(8*7(1DD u7520(6 '$6 r52'8.7 &R,R 81' '$0,7 & /,()(57P y(%(5 81' m2+/5$86&+ (5+,(/7(1 0,7 '(5 c125'181* 921 c%%P WPTY '(1 y(57 & 3 UPSS 6 SR2Z 0B6N '(5 921 '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 185 (7:$ V@ $%:,&+N 62'$66 (,1( =8)>//,*( %(5(,167,0081* 921 .5,7,6&+(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' n,&+7*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 921 c1)$1* $1 $/6 6(+5 81:$+56&+(,1/,&+ %(75$&+7(7 :85'(P f85&+ ',(6(6 o(66(5*(%1,6 :85'( lPeP o$;:(// $1*(5(*7N ',( 7+(25(7,6&+(1 o?*/,&+.(,7(1 )@5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//(1 =8 $1$/1*( 67(+(1'(5 f5$+7:(//(1 %(.$117(5 h5(48(1= %(67,007] ',( h5(48(1= (5*$% 6,&+ $86 '(1 nO 81' eOy(57(1 '(6 9(5:(1'(7(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6P Z K1

K2 A

S

c%%P WPTY r5,1=,3 '(5 c125'181* =85 o(6O 681* '(5 .5,7,6&+(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7P g5/>87(O 581*(1 ,0 v(;7P

USZ

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

j(87( 6,1' ',( d$6,6(,1+(,7(1 o(7(5 81' c03(5( 62 '(71,(57N '$66 ',( x$.880O n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & 81' ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m2167$17( ,R 0(66)(+/(5)5(,(N 9(5(,1O %$57( y(57( +$%(1P f$6 >1'(57 $%(5 1,&+76 $1 '(5 )81'$0(17$/(1 d('(8781* '(5 .5,7,6&+(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7P

WPUPT v+(25,( 921 l$0(6 e/(5. o$;:(// l$0(6 e/(5. o$;:(// JSZUSASZY[K ,67 ,1 '(5 3++1/,&+(1 d(=,(+81*N ',( ',( 5>80/,&+(1 c%/(,781*(1 921 5 0,7 '(5 =(,7/,&+(1 c%/(,781* 921 8 9(5.1@3)7N .2007 0$1 @%(5 ',( d(75$&+781* '(6 u$7=(6 921 '(5 g5+$/781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81* Ji/P JUPZ[KK\ '|B'71* 6 W 3 RP

JWP[TK

p81 />667 6,&+ | @%(5 '$6 e28/20%Oi(6(7= Jc%6&+1P TPTPWK 0,7 7 ,1 x(5%,1'81* %5,1*(1\ ggg | 'x 3 gg 7 6 '4 2'(5 | 3 * 6 7P JWP[UK y,5' ',(6( i/(,&+81* 1$&+ '(5 |(,7 ',5(5(1=,(57 81' ,1 i/P JWP[TK (,1*(6(7=7N (5*,%7 6,&+ * 6 L'7B'71Wb 3 RP JWP[VK f(1 c86'58&. ,1 (&.,*(1 m/$00(51 %(75$&+7(7( o$;:(// $/6 (,1( NN9(5$//*(0(,O 1(57( u7520',&+7(DDP f(5 o$;:(//I6&+( NNx(56&+,(%81*667520DD J',63/$&(0(17 &855(17K ko$;:(// 3 gg J'7B'7K 6 '4

JWP[WK

*(+7 ,1 (,1(0 y(&+6(/67520.5(,6 '85&+ (,1(1 m21'(16$725 +,1'85&+N :(,/ =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 ',( =(,7/,&+( }1'(581* '(6 fOh(/'(6 ',( t2//( '(6 n$'81*675$163257O u7520(6 @%(51,007P o$;:(// 35@)7(N 2% (6 0?*/,&+ ,67N '$66 1,&+7 185 ',( NN5,&+7,*(1DD n$'81*675$163257Ou75?0( dOh(/'(5 (5=(8*(1N 621'(51 $8&+ ',( =(,7/,&+ 9(5>1'(5/,O &+(1 fOh(/'(5N '$66 $/62 ',( 9(5$//*(0(,1(57(1 u75?0( ',( y,5%(/ '(6 jOh(/'(6 6,1'P g5 )$1'N '$66 ',(6( c11$+0( 1,&+7 ,0 y,'(56358&+ =85 g5)$+581* 67$1'N :(,/ '(5 1(8 +,1=8.200(1'( v(,/ ,1 y(&+6(/67520.5(,6(1 810(66%$5 ./(,1 ,67N :,( 6,&+ /(,&+7 (,16(+(1 />667N :(11 0$1 '$6 921 (,1(0 y(&+6(/67520 ,1 (,1(0 u7520.5(,6 0,7 m21'(16$725 (5=(8*7( 0$*1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/)(/' 1$&+ d,27Ou$9$57 %(5(&+1(7 81' 181 '(1 c17(,/ 920 =(,7/,&+ 9(5>1'(5/,&+(1 fOh(/' ,11(5+$/% '(6 m21'(16$7256 +,1=8O )@*7P o,7 '(5 o$;:(//I6&+(1 c11$+0( (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( x(5$//*(0(,1(581* '(6 c03(F 5(O i(6(7=(6\ gg 2'(5

0

1

'7 1W '4 3 g ; 6 '` '7

'7 1W 3 * 4 ;P '7

JWP[XK

h@5 '$6 /$'81*6O 81' 67520)5(,( x$.880 0,7 | 3 R 81' W 3 R *(/7(1 181 =:(, i/(,&+81*(1N ',( gO81' dOh(/'(5 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5%,1'(1N 1>0/,&+ * 4 8 32'5B'7 81' 1$&+ i/P JWP[XK 0,7 u8%67,787,21(1 1$&+ i/P JTPSUK 81' JUPTVK * 4 5 3 ,R&R '8B'7]

JWP[YK

'$1(%(1 *,/7 :(,7(5+,1 * 6 8 3 R 81' * 6 5 3 RP

JWP[ZK

UTR

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

o,7 i/P JWP[YK 81' JWP[[K />667 6,&+ 181 (,1( y(//(1*/(,&+81* +(5/(,7(1P f,( c1O :(1'81* '(6 q3(5$7256 * 4 $8) ',( 2%(5( i/P JWP[YK 81' g,16(7=(1 '(5 817(5(1 /,()(57 * 4 J* 4 8K 32'J* 4 5KB'7 3 2 ,R &R 'T8B'7TP

JWP[[K

g,1( k'(17,7>7 '(5 x(.725$1$/&+67(1 c%6&+1,77 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 j(57=I6&+(1 x(568&+( (5670$/,* =(,*7(1N +(87( $%(5 -('(0 '85&+ ',( 02'(51( v(/(.20081,.$7,21 *(/>87* ,67N *,%7 (6 7$76>&+/,&+ ',(6( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//(1P f$0,7 ,67 %(:,(6(1N '$66 ',( o$;:(//I6&+( g5*>1=81* '(6 c03(F 5(Oi(6(7=(6 (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67P f,( c1:(1'81* '(5 o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 $8) 63(=,(//( c125'181*(1 =85 y(//(1(5=(8*81* 81' ',( d(5(&+181* '(5 $86*(6$1'7(1 y(//(1 ,67 0$7+(0$7,6&+ $8):(1',*P c%(5 :,( 0$1 6,&+ A ,0 r5,1=,3 A (,1( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//( 925O =867(//(1 +$7N ,16%(621'(5( :,( ',( h(/'9(.725(1 =8(,1$1'(5 81' =85 c86%5(,781*6O 5,&+781* 25,(17,(57 6,1'N '$6 />667 6,&+ 0$7+(0$7,6&+ 6(+5 (,1)$&+ )@5 (,1( (%(1( y(//( +(5$8671'(1\ k1 g17)(5181*(1N ',( 6(+5 *52M 6,1' ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 y(//(1/>1*( 81' u(1'(5N 6,1' ',( NNh/>&+(1 .2167$17(5 r+$6(DD .21=(175,6&+( m8*(/9>&+(1] c86O 6&+1,77( '$921 *(+(1 $6&+(1 @%(5P f$6 6,1' '$11 ',( (%(1(1 y(//(1N ',( 185 ,1 (,1(5 t,&+781* J=P dP ,1 =Ot,&+781*K 5>80/,&+ 81' =(,7/,&+ 9(5O >1'(5/,&+ 6,1'N ,0 (,1)$&+67(1 h$// NN+$5021,6&+DD 9(5>1'(5/,&+ 0,7 '(5 r(5,2'( v 3 SB) 3 T@B6 81' '(5 y(//(1/>1*( + 3 T@B.] . ,67 ',( m5(,6:(//(1=$+/P w0 +(5$86=871'(1N :(/&+( h250 (,1(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 (%(1(1 y(//( 0,7 '(1 o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 9(575>*/,&+ ,67N .$11 0$1 =P dP $86*(+(1 921 '(0 c16$7=

0,7

g; J7K 3 gR 6,1J672.=KN g< 3 g= 3 RN 6 3 T@)N . 3 T@B+ 81' + 6 ) 3 6B. 3 &P

JWPSRTK

y(11 0$1 ',(6( i/(,&+81*(1 )@5 ',( m20321(17(1 '(6 gOh(/'(6 5>80/,&+ 81' =(,7/,&+ ',5(5(1=,(57 81' ,1 ',( o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 Ji/P JWP[YKN JWP[ZKK A $86O *(6&+5,(%(1 )@5 ',( ;ON 80/,&+(1 c%/(,781*(1 6,1' ,1 '(1 p$%/$Oq3(5$725(1 (17+$/7(1N 81' =85 k17(*5$7,21 :(5'(1 ',( u>7=( 921 i$8M 81' u72.(6 9(5:(1'(7P p85 ',( =(,7/,&+(1 c%/(,781*(1N )@5 ',( :,5 +,(5 1,&+7 ',( 3$57,(//( u&+5(,%81* 9(5:(1'(1N 67(+(1 (;3/,=,7 ,1 '(1 o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1P e28/20%Oi$8MOi(6(7= *673|

JWPSRVK

c03(F 5(Oo$;:(//Oi(6(7= ' 73W '7

*4;2

JWPSRWK

p,&+7(;,67(1= 0$*1(7,6&+(5 n$'81*(1 *653R

JWPSRXK

k1'8.7,216*(6(7= *481

' 53R '7

JWPSRYK

f,( %(,'(1 (567(1 i/(,&+81*(1 9(5.1@3)(1 ',( g55(*81*(1 7 81' ; 0,7 '(1 5>80O /,&+(1 x(57(,/81*(1 921 n$'81*6',&+7( | 81' u7520',&+7( W P u,( 6,1' '(0 u$7= 921 '(5 g5+$/781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81* >48,9$/(17P f$6 ,67 /(,&+7 =8 6(+(1N :(11 ',( f,9(5*(1= 921 %(,'(1 u(,7(1 '(5 i/P JWPSRWK %(75$&+7(7 :,5'\ f,( f,9(5*(1= (,1(5 t27$7,21 ,67 */(,&+ 18//N 81' * 6 7 .$11 0,7+,/)( 921 i/P JWPSRVK 68%67,78,(57 :(5'(1N 62'$66 6,&+ '(5 g5+$/781*66$7= 1$&+ i/P JUPZ[K (5*,%7P f,( %(,'(1 /(7=7(1 i/(,&+81*(1 *(/7(1 )@5 ',( h(/'67>5.(1 8 81' 5N ',( '85&+ ',( n25(17=Oi/(,&+81* Ji/P JUPUVKK @%(5 ',( m5>)7( $8) (,1( 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c %(:(*7(1 r52%(/$'81* 4 '(71,(57 :(5'(1N 9 3 4 J81c45K N

JWPSRZK

81' )@5 '$6 o(',80 NNx$.880DD 0,7 '(1 g55(*81*(1 9(5.1@3)7 6,1' '85&+ 8 3 JSB&RK 7

81' 5 3 ,R ; P

JWPSR[K

f$6 h$5$'$&+( 4N 81' @%(5 ',( t$1'.859( u ',(6(5 h/>&+( (5)2/*7 ',( k17(*5$7,21 921 ; ,1 i/P JWPSSUK] '(5 x(.725 '` ,67 62 *(5,&+7(7N '$66 '(5 w0/$8)66,11 '(5 k17(*5$7,21 81' ',( t,&+781* '(6 h/>&+(19(.7256 4 =86$00(1 (,1(1 t(&+76Ou&+5$8%(16,11 (5*(%(1P g17635(&+(1'(6 *,/7 )@5 ',( t$1'.859(1Ok17(*5$7,21 921 8 ,1 i/P JWSSWK 81' ',( d(5(&+181* 921 I '85&+ k17(*5$7,21 921 5 @%(5 ',( 805$1'(7( h/>&+( 4 Ji/P JWPSSS 5(&+76KKP i(0(,16$0.(,7(1 921 r$$5(1 '(5 9,(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1P |80 9(57,()O 7(1 x(567>1'1,6 .$11 c%%P WPTZ ',(1(1P f,(6( i(0(,16$0.(,7(1 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) 0$7+(0$7,6&+( c63(.7(\ f,( g55(*81*(1 7 81' ; 6,1' ',( x$5,$%/(1 '(5 %(,'(1 ,1+202*(1(1 o$;O :(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 Ji/P JWPSRVASRWKKP

WPU g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1

UTU

n ße grö eld .F

dst

ärk

gn

Fel

H

en

ma

E

Flächen-Integranden

öß gr eF eld sc h ktr i ele

n

grande Linien-Inte

n ge un eg Err

en

D

B

c%%P WPTZ f$6 v(75$('(5 '(6 (/(.7520$*1(O 7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 J1$&+ hPyP j(+/ 81' {PpP q%8.+29KP f,( 9,(5 h(/'*5?M(1 %,/'(1 ',( g&.(1 '(6 v(75$('(56 81' ',( 6(&+6 r$$5%(O =,(+81*(1 ',( m$17(1P

f,( h(/'67>5.(1 8 81' 5 6,1' ',( x$5,$%/(1 '(5 %(,'(1 +202*(1(1 o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 Ji/P JWPSRXASRYKKP f,( (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1 7 81' 8 6,1' 32/$5( x(.725(1P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1 ; 81' 5 6,1' $;,$/( x(.725(1N ',( J:,( '$6 m5(8=O 352'8.7 =:(,(5 x(.725(1K (,1(1 u&+5$8%(16,11 %(,1+$/7(1 81' '(6+$/% %(, u3,(O *(/81* ,+5 x25=(,&+(1 >1'(51P f,( n,1,(1Ok17(*5$1'(1 8 81' ; 75(7(1 ,1 J5>80/,&+O(,1',0(16,21$/(1K n,1,(1,1O 7(*5$/(1 $8) i/P JWPSSWN WPSSUKKP k1 c1$/2*,( =85 (/(.75,6&+(1 u3$1181*N '(0 n,O 1,(1,17(*5$/ @%(5 8N :,5' '$6 n,1,(1,17(*5$/ @%(5 ; $/6 NN0$*1(7,6&+( u3$1181*DD %(=(,&+1(7] '$6 ,67 (,1( :,&+7,*( i5?M( )@5 ',( d(5(&+181* 921 f$8(50$*1(7O u&+(1Ok17(*5$1'(1 7 81' 5 75(7(1 ,1 J5>80/,&+O=:(,',0(16,21$/(1K h/>&+(1O ,17(*5$/(1 $8) $/6 (/(.75,6&+(5 h/866 JN '(66(1 =(,7/,&+( c%/(,781* '(1 o$;O :(//I6&+(1 x(56&+,(%81*667520 (5*,%7N 81' $/6 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866 IN '(66(1 J1(O *$7,9(K =(,7/,&+( c%/(,781* ',( k1'8.7,21663$1181* (5*,%7 Ji/P JWPSSSN WPSSUN WPSSWKKP |85 o(66%$5.(,7 '(5 9,(5 h(/'*5?M(1P k1 '(5 f,6.866,21 @%(5 ',( d('(8781* '(5 h(/'*5?M(1 63,(/7 $8&+ ',( NN',5(.7( o(66%$5.(,7DD (,1( t2//(P g,1( h(/'*5?M( ,67 ',5(.7 0(66%$5N :(11 6,( 6,&+ $86 '(0 o(66(5*(%1,6 %(5(&+1(1 />667N 2+1( '$66 '$%(, ',( (/(.75,6&+( 2'(5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m2167$17( 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P d(,63,(/( )@5 ',( h(/'67>5.(1\ q5(16,&+7/,&+ (5*(%(1 6,&+ ',( h(/'67>5.(1 ',5(.7 $86 '(5 m5$)7 $8) (,1( J%(:(*7(K r52%(/$'81*P c%(5 (,1( ',5(.7( o(6681* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( JxB0K ,67 $8&+ ',( d(67,0081* (,1(5 u3$1181* JxK =:,O 6&+(1 g/(.752'(1 ,1 (,1(0 %(.$117(1 c%67$1' J0K] (,1( ',5(.7( o(6681* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( Jv 3 x6B0TK ,67 $8&+ ',( o(6681* '(6 u3$1181*6672M(6

UTV

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

Jx6KN *(0(66(0 0,7 (,1(5 ,0 h(/' %(:(*7(1 v(67638/( %(.$117(5 y,1'81*69>&+( J0TKN 62 :,( %(,0 NNg5',1'8.725DD Jc%6&+1P SVPVPSKP d(,63,(/( )@5 ',( g55(*81*(1\ f,( (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* Jc6B0TK (5*,%7 6,&+ ',5(.7 $86 '(5 o(6681* 921 n$'81*(1 Jc6K $8) 3/$13$5$//(/(1 g/(.752'(1 0,7 %(.$117(5 h/>&+( J0TKN =P dP 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 f233(/3/$77( Jc%%P TPUUKP f,( 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(O *81* JcB0K ,1 (,1(0 /$1*(1 u2/(12,' (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 o(6681* '(6 u75206 JcK 81' '(5 y,1'81*6=$+/',&+7( J02SKP f$ 6,&+ 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 /(,&+7 @%(5O /$*(51 /$66(1N .$11 0$1 (,1( @%(5 u7520 81' y,1'81*6*(20(75,( %(.$117( 81' 9$5,,(5%$5( 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* 0,7 '(5 (,1(6 81%(.$117(1 h(/'(6 9(5*/(,&+(1 81' '$%(, (,1( '5(+%$5 $8)*(+>1*7( o$*1(71$'(/ $/6 o21,725 9(5:(1'(1\ d(, =8(,1$1'(5 5(&+7:,1./,*(1 h(/'(51 (5*,%7 6,&+ '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 g55(*81*(1 $86 '(0 v$1*(16 '(6 y,1.(/6 '(5 p$'(/Og,167(//81*] %(, $17,3$5$//(/(1 h(/'(51 :,5' m203(16$7,21 '85&+ (,1( NN5,&+781*6/26DD *(:25'(1(1 o$*1(71$'(/ $1*(=(,*7P k1 '(5 35$.7,6&+(1 o(667(&+1,. ,67 (6 %(/$1*/26N 2% ',( g55(*81* 2'(5 ',( h(/'67>5.( ',( NN(,*(17/,&+(DD o(66*5?M( ,67P f,( o$7(5,$/.2167$17(1 ,1 '(5 o$;:(//I6&+(1 v+(25,(P y,( 6&+21 ,1 m$3P T 81' U '$5*(/(*7 :85'(N :(5'(1 ,0 ./$66,6&+(1 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 35,0>5 185 ',( ,'($/(1 m21=(37( 921 J)5(,(1K n$'81*(1 81' J/$'81*6.203(16,(57(1K u75?0(1 ,0 x$.880 9(5:(1'(7] ',( (;3(5,0(17(//(1 p>+(581*(1 '$)@5 6,1' q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 $8) ,62/,(57 $8)*(67(//7(1 o(7$//.?53(51 81' n(,7(5675?0( ,1 o(7$//'5>+7(1N 80*(%(1 921 J752&.(1(5K n8)7P u(.81'>5 :,5' '$6 x(5+$/7(1 921 o$7(5,( ,1 h(/'(51 '85&+ ',( g,1)@+581* '(5 o$7(5,$/.2167$17(1 &5 Jr(50,77,9,7>7KN ,5 Jr(50($%,/,7>7K 81' 1 J(/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>O +,*.(,7K %(6&+5,(%(1P c0 (,1)$&+67(1 ,67 ',( d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* )@5 k62/$725(1 J1 3 RK 0,7 5,&+781*681$%O +>1*,*(1 J,627523(1K 3+1'(5/,&+(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,O 6&+(1 h(/'(51 Ju75$+/81*K ,67 =8 %($&+7(1N '$66 )@5 0$1&+( u8%67$1=(1 ',( NNm21O 67$17(1DD &5 2'(5 ,5 h81.7,21(1 '(5 h5(48(1= 6,1'P f,( d5(&+=$+/ 1 '(5 q37,. ,67 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 x$.880On,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 =8 r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 n,&+7(6 ,0 %(75(5(1'(1 o(',80P h@5 (,1 o(',80 0,7 ,5 3 S *,/7 ',( o$;:(//Od(O =,(+81* 1 . |&5 N

JWPSSXK

:2%(, $//(5',1*6 '(5 &5Oy(57 )@5 ',( 237,6&+(1 h5(48(1=(1 *(0(,17 ,67N ',(6(5 y(57 .$11 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 i/(,&+67520:(57 6(,1P d(,63,(/ y$66(5\ 1 3 SPUU] 1$&+ '(0 i/(,&+67520:(57 &5 3 ZS :>5( '$*(*(1 1 3 [ =8 (5:$57(1P

WPU g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1

UTW

f,( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 9(5.1@3)7 u7520',&+7( W 81' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 8 ,1 (,1(0 /(,7(1'(1 o(',80] ',( d(=,(+81* W31 8

JWPSSYK

0,7 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 ,67 (,1( h250 '(6 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7=(6P f,( u7520',&+7( .$11 $/6 '$6 r52'8.7 921 n$'81*6',&+7( | 81' v5$163257*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c $8)O *()$667 :(5'(1\ W 3 | 6 cP

JWPSSZK

k0 x$.880 :@5'(1 n$'81*(1 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $%(5 %(6&+/(81,*7N 1,&+7 0,7 .2167$17(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 75$163257,(57 :(5'(1P k0 n(,7(5 5(68/7,(57 ',( =8 8 3523257,21$/( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 $86 (,1(0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 =:,6&+(1 '(5 n$'81*6O %(6&+/(81,*81* ,0 gOh(/' 81' n$'81*6$%%5(0681* '85&+ ',66,3$7,9( J(1(5*,(9(5O =(+5(1'(K g5(.7(P f,( %(,0 u75209866 (17:,&.(/7( l28/(I6&+( y>50( 352 |(,7 81' x2/80(1 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ W 6 8 3 1 888TP

JWPSS[K

f,( ./$66,6&+( v+(25,( 9(50,77(/7 .(,1( g,16,&+7(1 @%(5 ',( p$785 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 y,'(567$1'6 81' ',( r52=(66(N ',( =85 w0:$1'/81* 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 g1(5*,( ,1 y>50( )@+5(1P c1,627523(6 3+120(12/2*,6&+ >+1/,&+( h(552(/(.75,=,7>7K *(+?57 @%(5+$837 1,&+7 ,1 ',( ./$66,6&+( v+(25,(P y(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( u8%67$1=(1 /$6O 6(1 6,&+ 185 '85&+ (,1 921 h(/'67>5.( 81' x25*(6&+,&+7( $%+>1*,*(6 ,5 %(6&+5(,%(1] +$570$*1(7,6&+( u8%67$1=(1 Jr(50$1(170$*1(7(K 0@66(1 :,( 67520'85&+9266(1( u38/(1N ',( '$6 */(,&+( h(/' (5=(8*(1N %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P

WPUPU g;3(5,0(17( 921 j(,15,&+ j(57= f,( 0$7+(0$7,6&+ $16358&+692//( o$;:(//I6&+( v+(25,( :85'( .(,1(6:(*6 921 $//(1 =(,7*(1?66,6&+(1 r+)7,*7( (5 6,&+ =8(567 0,7 '(5 g5=(8*81* 921 NN6(+5 6&+1(//(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*(1DD 81' %(2%$&+7(7( '$%(,N '$66 6,&+ ',(6( 920 u&+:,1*.5(,6 $%/?6(1P SZZX .2117( (5 ',( %(575$*81* 921 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 t$80:(//(1 @%(5 (,1(1 c%67$1' 921 SPW 0 1$&+:(,6(1] (6 *(O /$1* ,+0 $8&+N u(1'(5O 81' g03)>1*(5Ou&+:,1*.5(,6 $8)(,1$1'(5 $%=867,00(1P o,7 1$&+)2/*(1'(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 =85 t(9(;,21N d5(&+81* 81' r2/$5,6$7,21 .2117( (5 =(,*(1N '$66 ',(6( y(//(1 6,&+ 185 '85&+ ',( 9,(/ />1*(5( y(//(1/>1*( 921 n,&+7 817(56&+(,'(1P f$0,7 6,(*7( ',( o$;:(//I6&+( v+(25,( @%(5 .21.855,(5(1'( x2567(/O /81*(1N 81' ',( ./$66,6&+( r+1'(581* $0 f,32/K 81' y,5.81* Jh(/'>1'(581* $1 (,1(0 (17O )(517(1 r81.7K $/6 i5(1=*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 *,/7P f$6 ,67 '(5 3+7 81' k1'8.7,9,7>7N '(5 =8 g,*(16&+:,1*81*(1 )>+,* ,67P w0 62/&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 $1=8O 672M(1N 6(7=7( (5 ,1 ',( o,77( '(5 /(,7(1'(1 x(5%,1'81* %(,'(5 m8*(/1 (,1( h81.(1O 675(&.( 81' /8' ',( m8*(/1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 k1'8.7256 $8)P u2%$/' ',( f85&+6&+/$*O 63$1181* '(5 h81.(1675(&.( (55(,&+7 ,67N 75,77 (,1( g17/$'81* (,1N ',( 26=,//$725,6&+(1 e+$5$.7(5 +$7P o,77(/6 (,1(6 $8) ',( g,*(1)5(48(1= '(6 q6=,//$7256 $%*(67,007(1

WPU g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1

UTY

c%%P WPUR j(57=I6&+(5 q6=,//$725 Jf,32/ 0,7 h81.(1675(&.(KP c89$'81* 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 k1'8.O 7256 @%(5 u38/(1 $/6 jhOh,/7(5P g%(1)$//6 *(=(,*7 ,67 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' )@5 326,7,9( n$'81* $8) '(5 /,1.(1 m8*(/P

u&+:,1*.5(,6(6N '(5 (,1( ./(,1( h81.(1675(&.( (17+,(/7N *(/$1* j(57= '(5 p$&+:(,6N '$66 ',( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//(1 7$76>&+/,&+ '85&+ '(1 t$80 *(+(1P y(//(1675$+/81* '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6P f,( 921 jP j(57= '85&+*()@+57( d(5(&+181* '(6 f,32/Oy(//(1)(/'(6 1$&+ '(5 o$;:(//I6&+(1 v+(25,( :,5' ,1 7+(25(7,6&+(1 x25O /(681*(1 81' n(+5%@&+(51 @%(5 g/(.752'03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 0,7 + . Ts] (6 .?11(1 $%(5 $8&+ (5=:81*(1( u&+:,1*81*(1 0,7 s * + 6(,1PK p$&+ '(0 t$',$/O $%67$1' 5 817(56&+(,'(1 :,5 A '$6 p$+)(/' 0,7 A '$6 o,77(/)(/' 0,7 A '$6 h(51)(/' 0,7

s . 5"5 . +N s "5 . +N s " + * 5P

|85 7+(25(7,6&+(1 d(6&+5(,%81* :(5'(1 5(7$5',(57( r27(17,$/( (,1*()@+57N ',( '(0 o20(17$1:(57 '(6 f,32/020(17(6 =85 |(,7 7A 3 725B&

JWPSTTK

(17635(&+(1P y(,/ ,0 p$+)(/'Od(5(,&+ ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 v(,/( '(6 f,32/6 '(87/,&+ 9(56&+,('(1( c%67>1'( 920 %(75$&+7(7(1 h(/'381.7 +$%(1N *,/7 ',( '(5 p>+(581*6O $11$+0( (,1(5 NN0,77/(5(1 n$8)=(,7DD 5B& (17635(&+(1'( |(,7',5(5(1= (567 ,1 (,1,*(5 g17)(5181* 920 f,32/] '(6+$/% :85'( %(, '(5 h(/''$567(//81* ,1 c%%P WPUS ',( f,O 32/80*(%81* ,11(5+$/% '(6 $86*(=2*(1(1 m5(,6(6 :(**(/$66(1P |85 o$M67$%%(85O 7(,/81* ,67 (17/$1* '(5 f,32/$&+6( 1$&+ 817(1 ',( y(//(1/>1*( $8)*(75$*(1P

UTZ

(a)

(c)

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

Ï 4

Ï 4

Ï 2

Ï 2

3Ï 4

(b)

Ï 4

Ï 4

Ï 2

Ï 2

3Ï 4

(d)

Ï 4

3Ï 4

3Ï 4

Ï 4

Ï 2 (e)

3Ï 4

Ï 2 (f)

3Ï 4

WPU g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1

Ï 4

Ï 4

Ï 2

Ï 2

3Ï 4

(g)

UT[

3Ï 4

(h)

c%%P WPUS g/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' 80 (,1(1 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/\ d,/'(5 J$KAJ+K (17635(&+(1 7 3 vBZN vBVN UvBZN vBTN WvBZN UvBVN YvBZ 81' vP

(a)

4

3 1J2

3

2 1J2

2

1 1J2

1

1J2

0

1

1J2

1 1J2

2

2 1J2

3

3 1J2 4 rJÏ

S

(b)

Ï 2

Ï 2

Ï 2

Ï 2

c%%P WPUT h(/'/,1,(1 80 (,1(1 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/\ J$K g/(.75,6&+( h(/'/,1,(1 ,1 '(5 f,32/O (%(1( 2%(5+$/% '(5 }48$725(%(1(N J%K 3(563(.7,9,6&+( u,&+7 $8) ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 ,1 '(5 }48$725(%(1(P

UUR

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

|85 |(,7 7 3 R 6(,(1 %(,'( m8*(/1 81*(/$'(1P |85 |(,7 7 3 vBV +$%(1 '$11 %(,'( m8*(/1 0$;,0$/( c89$'81*N ',( 2%(5( m8*(/ 326,7,9N ',( 817(5( 1(*$7,9P x(5*/(,&+7 0$1 ',( (567(1 %(,'(1 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5N '$11 6,(+7 (6 62 $86N $/6 2% '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' NN$86 '(0 f,32/ +(5$86*(:$1'(57DD :>5(P p$,9 .?117( 0$1 9(5087(1N '$66 6,&+ '$6 gOh(/' :,('(5 NN,1 '(1 f,32/ =85@&.=,(+7DDN :(11 ',( n$'81* '(5 m8*(/1 $%1,007P f$6 ,67 )$/6&+P u7$77 '(66(1 NN6&+1@57 6,&+ '$6 gOh(/' 920 f,32/ $%DD 81' :$1'(57 0,7 ,1 6,&+ *(6&+/266(1(1 gOh(/'/,1,(1 ,1 '(1 t$80 +,1$86P k1 '(5 1>&+67(1 +$/%(1 r(5,2'( JvBT"7"vK .2007 (,1 1(8(6 gOh(/' 0,7 80*(.(+57(5 h(/'5,&+781* NN$86 '(0 f,32/ +(5$86DD 81' NN6&+1@57 6,&+ (%(1)$//6 =8 (,1(0 5,1*)?50,*(1 y8/67 $%DDP f,( c%%P WPUT =(,*7 (,1( o20(17$8)1$+0( 921 '(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 ,1 (,1(0 *5?M(5(1 d(5(,&+P c//( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 6,1' *(6&+/266(1( m5(,6( .21=(175,6&+ =85 f,32/$&+6(] ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 +$%(1 (,1( .203/,O =,(57(5( h250N $%(5 $8&+ 6,( 6,1' *(6&+/266(1P d(,'( h(/'(5 6,1' 48(//(1)5(,( y,5O %(/)(/'(5N ',( 6,&+ 0,7 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 920 u(1'(5 $86 $86%5(,7(1P gOh(/' 81' dOh(/' 67(+(1 ,0 t$80 @%(5$// 6(1.5(&+7 $8)(,1$1'(5P k0 h(51)(/' 6,1' gO 81' dOh(/' 3+$6(1*/(,&+] ,0 +,(5 1,&+7 '$5*(67(//7(1 p$+)(/'N ,1 810,77(/%$5(5 p>+( '(6 f,32/6N 6,1' ',( %(,'(1 h(/'(5 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 80 [R] 3+$6(19(56&+2%(1N 62 :,( (/(.7O 5,6&+(6 m21'(16$725)(/' 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(6 u38/(1)(/' ,1 (,1(0 u&+:,1*.5(,6P

WPUPV u75$+/81* '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 x21 35$.7,6&+(0 k17(5(66( ,67 $//(,1 '$6 h(51)(/'N 'P +P '(5 d(5(,&+ 5 + +P f257 ,67 '$6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( h(/' 185 $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 i5?M( '(6 f,32/020(17(6N $%(5 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 h250 '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6N 'P +P 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(1 x(5O +>/71,66(1 f,32//>1*(Bm8*(/5$',86Bf5$+75$',86P d(,'( h(/'67>5.(1 6,1' 3523257,2O 1$/ =8 SB5 81' */(,&+3+$6,*P f(5 x(.725 8 /,(*7 ,00(5 6(1.5(&+7 =8 _ ,1 (,1(5 g%(1(N ',( $8&+ ',( f,32/$&+6( (17+>/7N 81' :,5' '(6+$/% '85&+ (,1( $8) '(1 r2/$5:,1.(/ b %(=2*(1( m20321(17( %(6&+5,(%(1\ gb 3 88 8 gb 3 JV@ &R & TK2S J6T 3RB5K 6,1 b ( ,6J725B&KP

JWPSTUK

f(5 x(.725 5 /,(*7 ,00(5 $8) (,1(0 m5(,6 ,1 (,1(5 g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 f,32/$&+6( 81' :,5' '(6+$/% '85&+ (,1( $8) '(1 c=,087:,1.(/ 3 %(=2*(1( m20321(17( %(O 6&+5,(%(1\ d3 3 85 8 d3 3 J,RBV@K &2S J6T 3RB5K 6,1 b ( ,6J725B&KP

JWPSTVK

f$ (,1 >+1/,&+(6 m225',1$7(161*(1.5(,6( Jo(5,',$1(KN '$6 dOh(/' ,1 t,&+781* '(5 d5(,7(1.5(,6(] =8 '(1 r2/(1 +,1 1(+0(1 ',( h(/'67>5.(1 $%P f(5 h$.725 6,1 b ,1 %(,'(1 i/(,&+81*(1 %('(87(7N '$66 '(5 j(57=I6&+( f,32/ $0 67>5.67(1 ,1 '(5 NN}48$725(%(1(DD 6(1.5(&+7 =85 f,32/$&+6( 675$+/7 81' @%(5+$837 1,&+7 (17/$1* '(5 f,32/$&+6(P

WPU g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1

UUS

y(*(1 &R ,R 3 SB&T ,67 '(5 (567( m/$00(5Oh$.725 ,1 i/P JWPSTUK 81' i/P JWPSTVK */(,&+ *52MP f$0,7 5('8=,(57 6,&+ '(5 w17(56&+,(' %(,'(5 i/(,&+81*(1 $8) ',( d(O =,(+81* & 3 88 8B85 8N

JWPSTWK

',( *(1(5(// )@5 $//( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 t$80:(//(1 J,1 *52M(0 c%67$1' 920 u(1O '(5K *,/7P f,( %(,'(1 h(/'9(.725(1 67(+(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8)(,1$1'(5] %(,'( 6,1' 75$16O 9(56$/ =80 q5769(.725 _N '(5 $8&+ ',( c86%5(,781*65,&+781* '(5 y(//( $1*,%7\ 8 4 5 '' _P

JWPSTXK

f(5 r2&+(DD 2'(5 ',( g1(5*,(9866',&+7( '(6 u75$+/81*6)(/'(6 ,1 g,1+(,7(1 921 yB0T\ y,( ',( f,0(16,216%(75$&+781* n(,6781*Bh/>&+( 3 g1(5*,(BJh/>&+(4|(,7K 3 Jg1(5*,(Bx2/80(1K4Jy(*B|(,7K 3 g1(5*,(',&+7(4i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 1$+(/(*7N />667 6,&+ '(5 d(75$* '(6 r25.(1 (,1=86(7=(1P f,( g1(5*,(',&+7( ,67 $8&+ =$+/(1O 81' (,1+(,7(1*/(,&+ 0,7 '(0 u75$+/81*6'58&. '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//(N :,( ',( f,0(16,216%(75$&+781* g1(5*,(',&+7( 3 m5$)74y(*Bx2/80(1 3 m5$)7Bh/>&+( 3 f58&. 9(567>1'/,&+ 0$&+7P w1$%+>1*,* '$921N :,(9,(/ 921 '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 u75$+/81* $%O 625%,(57N 5(9(.7,(57 2'(5 75$160,77,(57 :,5'N *,/7N '$66 ,0 =(,7/,&+(1 o,77(/ '(5 u75$+O /81*6'58&. */(,&+ '(5 g1(5*,(',&+7( $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( ,67P d(, 92//67>1',*(5 t(9(;,21 9(5'233(/1 6,&+ f58&. 81' g1(5*,(',&+7(] %(, v5$160,66,21 '85&+ (,1( r/$77( /,()(57

UUT

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

',( f,5(5(1= '(5 g1(5*,(',&+7(1 925 81' +,17(5 '(5 r/$77( ',( $8) ',( r/$77( :,5.(1'( f58&.',5(5(1=P k1 '(5 v(&+1,. :,5' '(5 d(75$* '(5 g1(5*,(9866',&+7( '(6 u75$+/81*6)(/'(6 u 0(,67 '85&+ '(1 d(75$* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( g 81' '(1 y(//(1:,'(567$1' '(6 x$O .8806 |R 3 J,R B&RKSBT Ji/P JWPY[KK $86*('5@&.7\ u3g j u 3 g TBJ& ,RK u 3 g TB|RP

JWPSURK

h$//6 '(5 =(,7/,&+( o,77(/:(57 921 u ,17(5(66,(57N ,67 '(5 =(,7/,&+( o,77(/:(57 921 g T T J3 ST gTR 3 g()) K (,1=86(7=(1P u75$+/81*6/(,6781*P u(7=7 0$1 g T *(0>M i/P JWPSTUK ,1 i/P JWPSURK (,1 A 0,7 3()) $167(//( 921 3 )@5 '$6 =(,7/,&+( o,77(/ A 81' ,17(*5,(57 u @%(5 (,1( 80+@//(1'( m8*(/9>&+(N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( *(6$07( 0,77/(5( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 $/6 h81.7,21 921 m5(,6)5(48(1= 6 81' (5(.7,9(0 f,32/020(17 3()) rj(57= 3 6V 3T()) BJX@ &R &UK rj(57= 3 ,R 6V 3T()) BJX@ &KP

JWPSUSK

f,( g,1)@+581* '(6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m8*(/1 '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 9,(M(1'(1 u7520(6 ,J7K $/6 x$5,$%/( /,()(57 81'

, s 3 'sB'7 s 3 '3B'7 k()) s 3 J'3B'7K()) 3 6 3())]

JWPSUTK

'$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ T sTBJX@ &R &UK rj(57= 3 6T k())

JWPSUUK

6 3 T@ &B+

JWPSUVK

81' 0,7 6&+/,(M/,&+ ',( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* rj(57= 3

01

T@ s U&R & +

T

T k()) P

JWPSUWK

y(11 ',( 2+06&+(1 x(5/867( ,0 j(57=I6&+(1 q6=,//$725 9(51$&+/>66,*7 :(5'(1N '$11 ,67 ',( n(,6781*6$8)1$+0( */(,&+ '(5 $%*(675$+/7(1 n(,6781*P f$6 )@+57 =80 d(*5,5 '(6 u75$+/81*6:,'(567$1'(6 t6N '(5 )@5 '(1 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/ *(*(%(1 ,67 '85&+ 0,7

T rj(57= 3 t6Nj(57= k())

t6Nj(57= 3 LT@BJU&R &Kb JsB+KT t6Nj(57= 3 JT@BUK |R JsB+KT t6Nj(57= 3 YZ[ / 6 JsB+KTP

Jk1 7(&+1,6&+(1 d@&+(51 :,5' 67$77 YZ[ / 2)7 ZRR / *(6&+5,(%(1PK

JWPSUXK

WPU g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1

UUU

u75$+/81*6)(/' (,1(5 %(6&+/(81,*7(1 n$'81*P f,( ,0 f,32/ 26=,//,(5(1'(1 n$'81*(1 6,1' ',( 7(&+1,6&+ (,1)$&+67( h250 %(6&+/(81,*7(5 n$'81*(1P h@5 ',( c%675$+/81* ,67 -('2&+ ',( +$5021,6&+( q6=,//$7,21 1,&+7 127:(1',*P l('( n$'81* ,1 '(5 g17)(5181* 5 920 d(2%$&+781*6257 (0,77,(57 u75$+/81* ,1 ',(6( t,&+781*N :(11 ,+5( d(6&+/(81,*81* (,1( m20321(17( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 d(2%$&+O 781*65,&+781* %(6,7=7P f$6 gOh(/' %(6,7=7 ',( t,&+781* ',(6(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*6.20O 321(17(N '$6 dOh(/' 67(+7 6(1.5(&+7 '$=8N 8 4 5 =(,*7 ,1 g0,66,2165,&+781*P f,( ,1 '(5 g17)(5181* 5 %(2%$&+7(7(1 h(/'67>5.(1 (17635(&+(1 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81* '(5 n$'81* =80 |(,7381.7 ) 3 5B& 925 '(5 d(2%$&+781*P f,( u75$+/81*6)(/'67>5.(1 8 81' 5 $0 d(2%$&+781*6257 6,1' 3523257,21$/ =8 SB5N :>+5(1' '$6 67$7,6&+( gOh(/' Je28/20%Oi(6(7=K 81' '$6 '85&+ d(:(*81* 0,7 .2167$17(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (5=(8*O 7( dOh(/' Jd,27Ou$9$57Oi(6(7=K %(,'( 3253257,21$/ =8 SB5T 6,1'P f$6 +(,M7N ,1 *52M(1 g17)(5181*(1 921 (,1(5 %(6&+/(81,*7(1 n$'81* '20,1,(57 '(5(1 u75$+/81*6)(/'C

WPUPW g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(6 u3(.7580 f,( g;3(5,0(17( 921 j(,15,&+ j(57= %(=2*(1 6,&+ $8) t$80:(//(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(1O 25'181* 921 S 0P f$6 6,&+7%$5( n,&+7 +$7 y(//(1/>1*(1 817(5+$/% 921 S =0P f,( x(5.1@3)81* '(5 j(57=I6&+(1 y(//(1 0,7 '(1 n,&+7:(//(1 '85&+ ',( o$;:(//I6&+( v+(25,( :$5 $/62 (,1( g;75$32/$7,21 0,7 (,1(0 y(//(1/>1*(1O %=:P h5(48(1=)$.725 921 0(+5 $/6 (,1(5 o,//,21C x(567>1'1,66&+:,(5,*.(,7(1 (5*$%(1 6,&+ $86 '(5 '$0$/6 12&+ 1,&+7 9(567$1'(1(1 h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 r(50,77,9,7>7 J%=:P '(5 d5(&+O =$+/K\ f$66 $8&+ ',( )@5 n,&+7 81'85&+/>66,*(1 k62/$725(1 J=P dP j$57*800,N r25O =(//$1N r$5$5,1N r(&+K )@5 ',( j(57=I6&+(1 y(//(1 '85&+/>66,* 6,1'N 635$&+ 1,&+7 )@5 ',( 3+1*( 2'(5 ',( '$=8 5(=,352.( h5(48(1=] %(,'( 10 9

10 6

10 3

10 0

Wellenlänge

Frequenz

LF

10 0

10 3 Tonfrequenz

Niederfrequenz

MF 10 6

HF

VHF

UHF

10--3 SHF

EHF

10--5

10--9

Wärmestrahlung

10--12

m

Gammastrahlung Synchrotronstrahlung

10 9

10 12

Mikrowellen Hochfrequenz

Infrarot

10 15 Ultraviolett

10 18

10 21

Hz

Röntgenstrahlung

sichtbares Licht

c%%P WPUU f$6 u3(.7580 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1P Jf,( v(50,12/2*,( )@5 ',( w17(57(,/81* '(6 j2&+)5(48(1=63(.75806 ,67 ,1 v$%P WPV %(6&+5,(%(1PK

UUV

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

6,1' ,1 c%%P WPUU 0,7 /2*$5,7+0,6&+(1 u.$/(1 $1*(*(%(1P f,( h5(48(1= ,67 (,1'(87,* ',( :,&+7,*(5( x$5,$%/(N +$8376>&+/,&+ $86 '(1 )2/*(1'(1 i5@1'(1\ SP f,( NN7(&+1,6&+( p@7=/,&+.(,7DD .$11 =P dP $1 '(5 o(1*( '(5 @%(575$*%$5(1 k1O )250$7,21 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1P f,(6( ,67 ',5(.7 3523257,21$/ =8 '(0 9(5)@*%$5(1 h5(48(1=%$1' ()N 81$%+>1*,* '$921N :2 $8) '(5 h5(48(1=6.$/$ ',(6(6 d$1' /,(*7P x21 /,1.6 1$&+ 5(&+76 $8) '(5 /2*$5,7+0,6&+(1 h5(48(1=6.$/$ 67(,*7 $/62 ',( p@7=/,&+.(,7 :,( ',( h5(48(1= (;321(17,(// $1N :>+5(1' ',( y(//(1/>1*( (;O 321(17,(// $%1,007P TP o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 h5(48(1= 75,77 '(5 v(,/&+(1&+$5$.7(5 '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//(1 Jc%6&+1P YPTPSK ,00(5 67>5.(5 +(5925P f,( g1(5*,( ',(6(5 NNy(//(13$.(7(DD Jr+2721(1K ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 h5(48(1=P f,( d(5(,&+( )@5 NNv21)5(48(1=(1DD 81' NN6,&+7%$5(6 n,&+7DD %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) ',( 0(16&+/,&+(1 u,11(625*$1( q+5 81' c8*(P NNk1)5$527DD 81' NNw/75$9,2/(77DD +(,M(1 ',( d(5(,&+(N ',( 6,&+ /,1.6 81' 5(&+76 $1 '$6 6,&+7%$5( n,&+7 $16&+/,(M(1 81' 0,7 $%*(:$1'(/7(1 o(7+2'(1 '(5 n,&+7237,. (5)256&+7 :85'(1P y,//.@5/,&+ '(71,(57 :85'(1 ',( i5(1=(1 p,('(5)5(48(1=Bj2&+)5(48(1= %(, UR .j= J+ 3 SR .0K 81' j2&+)5(48(1=Bk1)5$527 %(, URR ij= J+ 3 S 00KN 62:,( ',( w17(57(,/81*(1 '(6 j2&+)5(48(1=%(5(,&+6 %(, URR .j=N U oj=N UR oj=N URR oj=N U ij=N UR ij= J+ 3 S .0N SRR 0N SR 0N S 0N SR &0N S &0KP f,( '5(, 2%(5(1 j2&+O )5(48(1=%(5(,&+( :(5'(1 $/6 o,.52:(//(1 =86$00(1*()$667P f(5 p,('(5)5(48(1=%(5(,&+ ,67 1$&+ 817(1 1,&+7 %(*5(1=7P v(&+1,6&+ %(621'(56 :,&+7,* 6,1' ',( v21)5(48(1=(1 921 (7:$ TR j= %,6 TR .j=P |:,6&+(1 TR .j= 81' UR .j= /,(*(1 ',( w/75$6&+$//)5(48(1=(1N '(5(1 (/(.75,6&+( g5=(8*81* )@5 7(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 '(6 w/75$6&+$//6 Jd'P SK %(1?7,*7 :,5'P k0 2%(5(1 p,('(5)5(48(1=O %(5(,&+ :,5' c%675$+/81* 81' g03)$1* 921 t$80:(//(1 7(&+1,6&+ 0?*/,&+P f$6 6,1' ',( NNn>1*67:(//(1DD 0,7 y(//(1/>1*(1 921 SRR .0 %,6 SR .0 J(1*/P\ 9(5< /2: )5(48(1&,(6N xnhN 921 U .j= %,6 UR .j=KN ',( )@5 9(56&+,('(1( h81.',(167(N p$9,O *$7,21 81' h81.25781*N y(/75$80)256&+81* 62:,( )@5 |(,7=(,&+(1Oh81.',(167 J%(, TR .j= NNp250$/)5(48(1=DDK 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P k1)250$7,21675>&+7,*( p$&+5,&+7(1@%(575$*81* ,1 h250 921 u35$&+(Bo86,. 81' h(516(+%,/'(51 $8) 9(56&+,('(1(1 NNm$1>/(1DD ,67 (567 0?*/,&+N :(11 ',( v5>*(5:(//(1O h5(48(1= *52M ,67 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 d$1'%5(,7(N ',( =85 %(575$*81* '(5 p$&+5,&+7 %(1?7,*7 :,5' Jc%6&+1P WPWPSKP f(5 m$1$/$%67$1' J',( d$1'%5(,7(K %(75>*7 %(,63,(/6O :(,6( )@5 o,77(/:(//(1Ot$',2 [ .j=N )@5 wmy Ju7(5(2K URR .j= 81' )@5 h(516(+O @%(575$*81* Y %=:P Z oj=P f,( w17(57(,/81* '(6 j2&+)5(48(1=%(5(,&+6 ,67 ,1 v$%P WPV *(=(,*7P f,( '(876&+(1 d(5(,&+61$0(1 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) ',( y(//(1/>1*(\ n$1*ON o,77(/ON m85=O 81' w/7O 5$.85=:(//(1 6,1' '85&+ '$6 t$',2 %(.$117P f,( (1*/,6&+(1 p$0(1 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) ',( h5(48(1=N 81' ,+5( c%.@5=81*(1 J$%%5(9,$7,216K :(5'(1N :(,/ ',( h5(48(1= 9,(/ :,&+7,*(5 ,67 $/6 ',( y(//(1/>1*(N $8&+ ,1 '(5 '(876&+(1 h$&+/,7(5$785 9(5:(1'(7P d(,0 (1*/,6&+(1 t$',2 :,5' ',( o,77(/:(//( 0,7 co 81' ',( w/75$.85=:(//( 0,7 ho %(=(,&+1(7] ',(6( c%.@5=81*(1 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) ',( (/(.7521,6&+( o(7+2'( '(5 p$&+5,&+7(1@%(575$*81*N 1>0/,&+ c03/,78'(1O 2'(5 h5(48(1=02'8/$7,21 J$0O 3/,78'( 2'(5 )5(48(1&< 02'8/$7,21KP o,7 '(1 .203$.7(67(1 .219(17,21(//(1 g/(.7521(15?+5(1 Jc%6&+1P WPSPTK .211O 7(1 81*('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*(1 %,6 (7:$ SRR oj= (5=(8*7 :(5'(1P d(, 12&+ +?+(5(1

WPU g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( t$80:(//(1 v$%P WPV

UUW

f(876&+( 81' (1*/,6&+( c8)7(,/81* '(6 j2&+)5(48(1=63(.75806P

d(=(,&+181*

c%.P

y(//(1/>1*(1O d(5(,&+

h5(48(1&< t$1*(

j2&+)5(48(1= JjhK n$1*:(//(1 o,77(/:(//(1 m85=:(//(1 w/75$.85=:(//(1

ny oy my wmy

SRAS .0 SARPS .0 SRRASR 0 SRAS 0

t$',2 h5(48(1&,(6 J5)K URAURR .j= /2: )5(48(1&,(6 RPUAU oj= 0(',80 )P UAUR oj= +,*+ )5(48(1&,(6 URAURR oj= 9(5< +,*+ )P

nh oh jh xjh

SRAS '0 SRAS &0 SRAS 00

o,&52:$9(6 RPUAU ij= UAUR ij= URAURR ij=

wjh ujh gjh

j2&+)5(48(1=Bo,.52:(//(1 f(=,0(7(5:(//(1 '0y |(17,0(7(5:(//(1 &0y o,//,0(7(5:(//(1 00y

p$0(

8/75$ +,*+ )P 683(5 +,*+ )P (;75(0(/< +,*+ )P

c%%5P

h5(48(1=(1 0$&+7(1 6,&+ g/(.7521(1On$8)=(,7(5(.7( 67?5(1' %(0(5.%$5P g567 $/6 0$1 /(517(N ',( n$8)=(,7(5(.7( *(=,(/7 =85 u&+:,1*81*6(5=(8*81* $86=8187=(1N %(O *$11 ',( o,.52:(//(17(&+1,. 0,7 ,+5(1 9,(/)>/7,*(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 c1:(1'81*(1P c1 '(5 2%(5(1 i5(1=( '(6 j2&+)5(48(1=O 81' o,.52:(//(1%(5(,&+6 %(75>*7 ',( y(/O /(1/>1*( 185 12&+ S 00P j2&+)5(48(1=7(&+1,. 81' 7(&+1,6&+( q37,. 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ '85&+ ',( %(187=O 7(1 o(7+2'(1P f,( )@5 ',( j2&+)5(48(1=7(&+1,. (66(17,(//(1N $8) x(567>5.81* 81' t@&..233/81* %$6,(5(1'(1 i(1(5$725(1 =85 g5=(8*81* 81*('>03)7(5 +$5021,O 6&+(5 u&+:,1*81*(1 (,1(5 %(67,007(1 h5(48(1= *$% (6 ,0 237,6&+(1 d(5(,&+ 1,&+7P f$6 +$7 6,&+ *581'6>7=/,&+ *(>1'(57 '85&+ '(1 ,1 '(1 XR(5 l$+5(1 (17:,&.(/7(1 n$6(5P k1=:,6&+(1 *,%7 (6 ',( q372(/(.7521,. 0,7 n,&+7/(,7(51 ,1 h250 921 '@11(1 i/$6)$6(51 J7%(5 237,&6K Jd'P XN m$3P ZKN 62'$66 0$1 921 (,1(5 c86'(+181* '(5 j2&+O )5(48(1=7(&+1,. ,1 '(1 ,1)5$527(1 81' 6,&+7%$5(1 d(5(,&+ +,1(,1 635(&+(1 .$11P f,( ,1 c%%P WPUU $1*(*(%(1(1 d(5(,&+( %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) *$1= 817(56&+,('/,&+( u75$+/81*6$57(1] m217,18,(5/,&+( u3(.75(1 /,()(51 ',( y>50(675$+/81* Jd'P UN m$3P WKN ',( u50(675$+/81* 0,7 7+(50,6&+ 26=,//,(5(1'(1 c720Og/(.7521(1 ,1 x(5%,1'81* %5,1*(1] ',( .217,18,(5/,&+( t?17*(1675$+/81* :,5' (0,77,(57N :(11 )5(,( g/(.7521(1 +2+(5 g1(5*,( %(,0 c8)75(5(1 $8) o(7$// 3/?7=/,&+ $%*(%5(067 :(5'(1] ',( u1'(581*(1 ,1 '(5 g/(.752O 1(1+@//( 921 c720(1 )@+5(1 =8 '(1 )@5 -('(6 g/(0(17 71*( +BV 925\ f$6 n(8&+7(1 (,1(5 i/@+/$03( ,0 c%6&+/866%@*(/ /,1.6 J,1 '(0 $8&+ ',( y(//( (,1*(.233(/7 :,5'K 9(5$16&+$8/,&+7 '(1 u7520%$8&+] $0 5(&+7(1 g1'( /,(*7 (,1 u3$1O 181*6%$8&+P y(11 0$1 ',( r$5$//(/'5$+7/(,781* :,( ,1 c%%P WPUV$ *(=(,*7 $8)%,(*7

(a)

(b)

u

u

i

i

(c)

(d)

c%%P WPUV j$/%:(//(1Of,32/\ J$K c8)%,(*(1 (,1(5 x,(57(/:(//(1On(&+(5On(,781*N J%K x(57(,O /81* 921 u7520 81' u3$1181*N J&K i/@+/$03(1 =80 u75201$&+:(,6N J'K i$6(17/$'81* =80 u3$1181*61$&+:(,6P

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UUY

81' :(,7(5+,1 ,1 '(5 o,77( ',( j2&+)5(48(1= (,163(,67N '$11 +$%(1 ',( 67(+(1'(1 y(//(1 ',( ,1 c%%P WPUV% *(=(,*7( u7520O 81' u3$1181*69(57(,/81*P f,( u75209(57(,/81* ,0 /,1($5(1 q6=,//$725N '(5 =8 6(,1(5 i581'6&+:,1*81* $1O *(5(*7 ,67N />667 6,&+ '(021675,(5(1N :(11 0$1 ,1 '(1 u7$% '(5 n>1*( +BT (7:$ 6,(%(1 i/@+/>03&+(1 (,1)@*7\ f(5(1 n(8&+7.5$)7 1,007 =8 '(1 g1'(1 +,1 '(87/,&+ $% Jc%%P WPUV&KP f,( u3$1181*69(57(,/81* />667 6,&+ '85&+ '(1 g,1%$8 '(6 q6=,//$7256 ,1 (,1 0,7 9(5'@117(0 p(21*$6 *()@//7(6 i/$652+5 %(621'(56 6&+?1 =(,*(1 Jc%%P WPUV'K] :,5' '(5 q6=,//$725 =8 i581'6&+:,1*81*(1 $1*(5(*7N '$11 %,/'(7 6,&+ $8) '(1 g1'(1 (,1( i/,00(17/$'81* $86N ',( =85 o,77( +,1 $%1,007P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 (5)2/*7 ',( g,163(,681* '(5 j2&+)5(48(1= ,1 ',( u(1'($17(11( J2'(5 ',( u,*1$/$%O 1$+0( 921 (,1(5 g03)$1*6$17(11(K 0(,67 @%(5 (,1 m2$;,$/.$%(/P f,( g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 j$/%:(//(1',32/6P f(5 26=,//,(5(1'( j$/%:(//(1',32/ +$7 (,1( @%(5 ',( u7$%/>1*( 9(57(,/7( n$'81*6%(/(*81*N :>+5(1' %(,0 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/ ',( n$'81*(1 185 $8) '(1 m8*(/1 $1 %(,'(1 g1'(1 6,7=(1P f(6+$/% +$7 '(5 u7520 %(,0 j$/%:(//(1',32/ '$6 ,1 c%%P WPUV% *(=(,*7( r527/ 0,7 (,1(0 d$8&+ ,1 '(5 o,77( 81' m127(1 $1 '(1 g1'(1N :>+5(1' %(,0 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/ '(5 u7520 $8) '(5 /(,7(1'(1 x(5%,1'81* %(,'(5 m8*(/1 @%(5$// '(1 */(,&+(1 y(57 +$7P g6 ,67 @%/,&+N )@5 u7$%$17(11(1 (,1( (5(.7,9( n>1*( s()) $1=8*(%(1N ',( ',(6( u75209$5,$7,21 (17O /$1* '(6 u7$%(6 '(5 n>1*( s %(5@&.6,&+7,*7\ s()) 3 s k0,77(/Bk0$;P

JWPSUYK

h@5 '(1 j$/%:(//(1',32/ (17635,&+7 '$6 u75203527/ (,1(5 u,186.859( =:,6&+(1 R 81' @] '(5 0,77/(5( y(57 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 h/>&+(1,17(*5$/N '$6 '(1 y(57 T +$7N *(7(,/7 '85&+ ',( k17(*5$7,216/>1*( @P g,1 j$/%:(//(1',32/ 0,7 '(5 *(20(75,6&+(1 n>1*( s 3 +BT +$7 $/62 (,1( (5(.7,9( n>1*( 921 s()) 3 JTB@K s s()) 3 JTB@KJ+BTK s()) 3 +B@P

JWPSUZK

|85 d(5(&+181* '(6 h(51)(/'(6 (,1(5 u(1'($17(11( .$11 0$1 '(1 j$/%:(//(1',32/ $/6 (,1( |86$00(16(7=81* 921 9,(/(1 ./(,1(1 j(57=I6&+(1 g/(0(17$5',32/(1 0,7 (17O 635(&+(1'(1 u&+:,1*81*6$03/,78'(1 %(75$&+7(1P s8(5 =85 f,32/$&+6( @%(5/$*(51 6,&+ ',( d(,75>*( '(5 g/(0(17$5',32/( 3+$6(1*(5(&+7] )@5 r2/$5:,1.(/ b X [R] (5O *(%(1 6,&+ $%(5 *(20(75,6&+( r+$6(1817(56&+,('( =:,6&+(1 '(1 y(//(1 921 '(5 f,O 32/0,77( 81' '(1 925O %=:P 1$&+(,/(1'(1 y(//(1 921 '(1 g1'%(5(,&+(1P c//(5',1*6 6,1' ',( c%:(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 y,1.(/$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 ./(,1N :(,/ '(5 u7520 =8 '(1 f,32/Og1'(1 +,1 *(*(1 18// *(+7 81' :(,/ )@5 32/1$+( g0,6O 6,2165,&+781*(1 '(5 h$.725 6,1b ,1 i/P JWPSTUK 6(+5 ./(,1 ,67P f,( u75$+/81*6&+$5$.7(5,67,. (,1(5 u(1'($17(11( %(6&+5(,%7 ',( t,&+781*6$%+>1O *,*.(,7 '(5 h(51)(/'67>5.( ,1 (,1(0 %(67,007(1 t$',$/$%67$1' 5P c/6 o$M )@5 ',( gOh(/'67>5.( :,5' ',( u3$1181* w $1*(*(%(1N ',( 0,7 (,1(5 =85 /2.$/(1 h(/'5,&+781* 237,0$/ $86*(5,&+7(7(1 g03)$1*6$17(11( ,0 c%67$1' 5 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 .$11P |85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 '5(,',0(16,21$/(1 u75$+/81*6&+$5$.7(5,67,. $8) r$3,(5 %(187=7 0$1 t,&+7',$*5$00(P f$6 6,1' u&+1,77( '85&+ ',( u75$+/81*6&+$5$.7(5,67,.N ',( ',( t,&+781* 0$;,0$/(5 g0,66,21 (17+$/7(1P f(5 o(5,',$16&+1,77N '(5 ',( f,32/$&+6( (17+>/7 81' ,1 '(0 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( h(/'9(.725 /,(*7N :,5' $/6 gOf,$*5$00 %(=(,&+1(7N

UUZ

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

330°

Öffnungswinkel 0° ı 360° 1.0 30°

3 dB

0.8 0.71 0.6 0.5 0.4

300°

Halbwertsbreite

60°

27°

0.2

270°

Nebenzipfel

90°

20 10 8 6 4 3 2 dB

Nullstellen 240°

(a)

120° 210°

180°

150° (b)

c%%P WPUW gOf,$*5$00(\ J$K j$/%:(//(1Of,32/ J$86*(=2*(1K 81' j(57=I6&+(5 f,32/ J*(675,O &+(/7KN ',( f,32/( /,(*(1 $8) '(5 y$$*5(&+7(1] J%K n$1*O{$*,Oc17(11( J1$&+ mP t27+$00(/N c17(11(1%8&+N h5$1&.+Om26026N u7877*$57KP

'(5 }48$725,$/6&+1,77 6(1.5(&+7 =80 f,32/N '(5 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'9(.725 (17O +>/7N $/6 jOf,$*5$00P f,(6( v(50,12/2*,( 9(50(,'(7 021675?6( y257%,/'81*(1 :,( =P dP NNj25,=217$/',$*5$00 '(6 x(57,.$/',32/6DD )@5 '$6 jOf,$*5$00P f,( 0$;,0$/( u3$1181* :,5' */(,&+ (,16 *(6(7=7P f,( c%%P WPUW$ =(,*7 gOf,$*5$00( )@5 '(1 j$/%O :(//(1',32/ 81' '(1 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/P f,( '$=8*(+?5(1'(1 jOf,$*5$00( 6,1' .21=(175,6&+( m5(,6( 80 ',( f,32/$&+6(P f,( c%%P WPUW% =(,*7 '$6 gOf,$*5$00 (,1(5 c17(11( 0,7 *5?M(5(5 t,&+7:,5.81*P f(5 ~5181*6:,1.(/ %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) ',( t,&+781*(1N )@5 ',( ',( u3$1181* 81' '$0,7 ',( gOh(/'67>5.( $8) RPYS J3 S B |TK $%*()$//(1 ,67P f,( n(,6781*6',&+7( u '(6 u75$+/81*6)(/'(6N ',( 3523257,21$/ =8 gT ,67N +$7 '257 185 12&+ '(1 +$/%(1 o$;,O 0$/:(57] '$6 (17635,&+7 (,1(5 f>03)81* 921 2U 'd J:(*(1 SR /2* SBT 32UPRS"KP h@5 '(1 u75$+/81*6:,'(567$1' '(6 j$/%:(//(1Of,32/6 :,5' 2)7 (,1( h250(/ $1*(O *(%(1N ',( $86 '(0 c86'58&. )@5 '(1 u75$+/81*6:,'(567$1' '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 Ji/P JWPSUXKK 81' '(0 %(5*$1* 1$&+ i/P JWPSUZK sB+ S s())B+ 3 SB@

JWPSU[K

*(:211(1 :(5'(1 .$11P f$1$&+ (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 y(57 JYZ[B@ K / 3 ZR /N '(5 =:$5 =85 5,&+7,*(1 n(,6781*6',&+7( u ,1 '(5 }48$725(%(1( )@+57N $%(5 1,&+7 (;$.7 ,67N :(,/ ',( '85&+ k17(5)(5(1= 9(50,1'(57( c86675$+/81* $8M(5+$/% '(5 }48$725(%(1( 1,&+7 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 :,5'P g,1( *(1$8(5( d(75$&+781* /,()(57 '(1 ./(,1(5(1 y(57 921 YUPT /N '(5 (,1 7+(25(7,6&+(5 k'($/:(57 ,67 81' 185 )@5 (,1( '@11( c17(11( ,0 )5(,(1 t$80 *,/7P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 0$1 c%:(,&+81*(1 920 k'($/)$//N =P dP ,1O )2/*( 921 u7$%',&.(N d()(67,*81*6(/(0(17(1N (1'/,&+(0 c%67$1' =85 g5'2%(59>&+( 81' =8 $1'(5(1 q%-(.7(1N '85&+ (,1( NN0(&+$1,6&+( f,32//>1*(DD sAN ',( ./(,1(5 $/6 T

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UU[

',( NN(/(.75,6&+( f,32//>1*(DD s 3 +BT ,67P f$'85&+ :,5' $8&+ '(5 u75$+/81*6:,'(5O 67$1' '(6 5($/(1 j$/%:(//(1',32/6 ./(,1(5] (5 /,(*7 0(,67 ,1 '(5 p>+( 921 XR /P u&+/,7=$17(11(P g,1 u&+/,7= '(5 n>1*( +BT ,1 (,1(5 o(7$//3/$77(N (55(*7 ,1 '(5 o,77( 6(,1(5 n>1*66(,7(1N +$7 ',(6(/%(1 u75$+/81*6(,*(16&+$)7(1 :,( (,1 j$/%:(//(1',32/N 185 ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(5 6,1' +,(5 80*(.(+57 9(57(,/7\ f,( gO g%(1( /,(*7 6(1.5(&+7 =80 u&+/,7=P f(5 u&+/,7=675$+/(5 (,*1(7 6,&+ *87 )@5 $(52'&+(N %,6 185 12&+ (,1( 6&+0$/( w05$1'81* '(6 u&+/,7=(6 @%5,* ,67N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 '(1 u.(/(776&+/,7=N '(5 ,1 6(,1(1 u75$+/81*6(,*(16&+$)7(1 '(0 (%(1(1 u&+/,7=675$+/(5 ,00(5 12&+ >+1/,&+ ,67P u&+/(,)(1',32/P c86 '(5 r$5$//(/6&+$/781* =:(,(5 j$/%:(//(1On(,7(567@&.( ,1 ./(,1(0 c%67$1' =8(,1$1'(5 (1767(+7 '(5 u&+/(,)(1',32/ J*()$/7(7(5 f,32/N h$/7',32/N )2/'(' ',32/( $17(11$KP f85&+ ',( x(57(,/81* '(6 c17(11(1675206 $8) =:(, f,32/>67( ,67 '(5 u7520 ,0 h8M381.7 185 12&+ +$/% 62 *52M :,( %(,0 *(675(&.7(1 f,32/P f$ ',( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* ',(6(/%( :,( %(,0 *(675(&.7(1 f,32/ ,67N )2/*7 $86 T r6 3 t6 k()) N

JWPSVRK

'$66 =8 '(0 +$/%,(57(1 u7520 (,1 9(59,(5)$&+7(5 u75$+/81*6:,'(567$1' *(+?57P o$1 .$11 '(6+$/% 0,7 (,1(0 h8M381.7:,'(567$1' 921 TVR %,6 TZR / 5(&+1(1P f(5 u&+/(,O )(1',32/ :,5' 2)7 :(*(1 6(,1(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 u7$%,/,7>7N ',( ',( c17(11(10217$*( (5/(,&+7(57N *(*(1@%(5 '(0 *(675(&.7(1 j$/%:(//(1',32/ %(925=8*7P Reflektor Dipol Direktoren

$240ø (a)

c%%P WPUX 0$11KP

Leitung (b)

Empfangsrichtung

J$K u&+/(,)(1',32/N J%K {$*,Og03)$1*6$17(11( 0,7 V g/(0(17(1 J1$&+ fP p@+5O

u(.81'>5675$+/(5 J6(&21'$5< 5$',$725KP d5,1*7 0$1 (,1(1 ,62/,(57(1 o(7$//67$% 921 81*()>+5 '(5 n>1*( +BT ,1 '$6 u75$+/81*6)(/' (,1(6 u(1'(56 81' 25,(17,(57 ,+1 62N '$66 ',( u7$%5,&+781* 3$5$//(/ =80 gOh(/' /,(*7N '$11 :,5.7 '(5 u7$% $/6 t(621$725N 'P +P (5 1,007 :,( (,1( g03)$1*6$17(11( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* $8) 81' 675$+/7 ',(6( :,( (,1( u(1'($17(11( :,('(5 $%P f,( h(/'(5 921 u(1'(5 81' t(621$725 @%(5/$*(51 6,&+ 81'N -( 1$&+ '(0 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 %(,'(1 81' '(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 t,&+781*N (5*,%7 6,&+ '$'85&+ (,1( x(567>5.81* 2'(5 c%6&+:>&+81* '(5 u75$+/81*P w1*(63(,6O 7( g/(0(17(N ',( 185 '85&+ '$6 u75$+/81*6)(/' 0,7 '(0 *(63(,67(1 g/(0(17 9(5.233(/7 6,1'N :(5'(1 $8&+ NNr$5$6,7>5(/(0(17(DDN 2'(5 $8&+ 1$&+ ,+5(5 h81.7,21 NNf,5(.72O

UVR

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

5(1DD 2'(5 NNt(9(.725(1DD *(1$117P c17(11(1 0,7 0(+5(5(1 u(.81'>5675$+/(51 :85O '(1 S[TX (5670$/,* 921 uP w'$ J,1 -$3$1,6&+(5 u35$&+(K 81' .85= '$5$8) 921 jP {$*, 81' uP w'$ J$8) (1*/,6&+K %(6&+5,(%(1P f,( u(.81'>5675$+/(5 :,5.(1 $8) '(1 *(63(,O 67(1 j$/%:(//(1',32/ =85@&. 81' 9(55,1*(51 '(66(1 h8M381.7:,'(567$1'] '(6+$/% +$%(1 {$*,Oc17(11(1 0(,67 (,1(1 u&+/(,)(1',32/ $/6 *(63(,67(6 g/(0(17 Jc%%P WPUX%KP d(621'(56 )@5 '(1 c0$7(85)81. :85'(1 62 *(1$117( n$1*O{$*,Oc17(11(1 0,7 TR 81' 0(+5 g/(0(17(1 (17:,&.(/7N ',( 6,&+ '85&+ +2+( t,&+7:,5.81* $86=(,&+1(1 Jc%%P WPUW%KP t$+0(1O 81' h(55,7$17(11(P g,1( *$1= $1'(5( c57 921 c17(11( ,67 ',( t$+0(1$1O 7(11( Jc%%P WPUY$KN ',( :(*(1 ,+5(5 *87(1 t,&+7:,5.81* 2)7 $/6 r(,/$17(11( (,1*(6(7=7 :,5'P f,( t$+0(1$17(11( 635,&+7 $8) '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( u75$+/81*6)(/' $1P f$6 26O =,//,(5(1'( dOh(/'N 6(1.5(&+7 =85 u38/(1(%(1(N ,1'8=,(57 ,1 '(5 u38/( (,1( y(&+6(/O 63$1181*P f,( 0,7 '(5 t$+0(1$17(11( 3+5.(1'(1 y,5.81* '(6 h(55,767$%(6 Jc%6&+1P SVPTPYK 0,7 (,1(5 ./(,1(5(1 y,1'81*69>&+( $86] 6,( ,67 2)7 ,1 t$',26 (,1O *(%$87P Richtung zum Sender

E -Feld y Spule

Ferritstab x

Richtung zum Sender : ± z

C (a)

(b)

E-Feld

z

c%%P WPUY J$K t$+0(1$17(11( A u,*1$/ 3523257,21$/ =80 806&+/266(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866] J%K h(55,7Oc17(11(P f,( u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( '(6 gOh(/'(6 '(5 920 u(1'(5 .200(1'(1 y(//( ,67 0$5.,(57P

j$/%:(//(1Of,32/ $/6 g03)$1*6$17(11(P f,( u75$+/81*6&+$5$.7(5,67,. ,67 ',( */(,&+( :,( )@5 ',( u(1'($17(11(P y,5.6$0 ,67 185 ',( gOh(/'Om20321(17( ,1 f,32/5,&+O 781*P g,1( 237,0$/ ,0 u75$+/81*6)(/' $86*(5,&+7(7( g03)$1*6$17(11( 0866 $/62 3$O 5$//(/ =80 gOh(/' /,(*(1P f,( $8)*(1200(1( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* :,5' $1*(*(%(1 ,1 '(5 h250 r$ 3 u c:N

JWPSVSK

'(0 r52'8.7 921 n(,6781*6',&+7( u 81' '(5 c17(11(1Oy,5.9>&+( c:P h@5 237,0$/( n(,6781*6$13$6681* (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( y,5.9>&+( $1*(1>+(57 =8 c: . +TBZ 3 J+BTK 6 J+BVKP

JWPSVTK

f$6 (17635,&+7 (,1(0 t(&+7(&.N '$6 62 /$1* :,( '(5 j$/%:(//(1',32/ 81' +$/% 62 %5(,7 ,67P

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UVS

c%%P WPUZ VUVOoj=Oi(1(5$725 Jn(667 6,&+ ',( t$80:(//( 185 ,1 810,77(/%$5(5 w0*(O %81* '(6 u(1'(56 1$&+:(,6(1P g,1( 9,(/ (0371'/,&+(5( g03)$1*6$125'181* (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 (,1(0 ,1 '(5 o,77( 817(5%52&+(1(1 f,32/ ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 (,1(5 jhOf,2'( Jj$/%/(,7(5Of,2'( )@5 i/(,&+5,&+781* 921 j2&+)5(48(1=675?0(1K 81' (,1(0 (03O 71'/,&+(1 u75200(66,167580(17P u2 />667 6,&+ $8&+ ',( 6,*1$/9(5>1'(51'( y,5.81* 3$5$6,7>5(5 g/(0(17( '(021675,(5(1 Jc%%P WPUZKP f(5 t(621$725 62//7( $%(5 1,&+7N :,( ,0 d,/' *(=(,*7N 0,7 '(5 j$1' ,1 '$6 u75$+/81*6)(/' *(+$/7(1N 621'(51 %(66(5 0,7 m/(%(%$1' $1 (,1(1 1,&+7/(,7(1'(1 j$/7(67$% %()(67,*7 81' 0,7 (7:$6 c%67$1' '(6 g;3(5,0(17$7256 ,1 '$6 h(/' *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1N :(,/ '(5 0(16&+/,&+( m?53(5 '$6 u75$+/81*6)(/' %((,198667P y(11 (,1 (0371'/,&+(5 u75201$&+:(,6 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'N '$11 ,67 (6 1,&+7 81%(O ',1*7 (5)25'(5/,&+N '$66 '(5 g03)>1*(5',32/ ',( n>1*( +BT +$7 81' 6,&+ NN,1 t(62O 1$1=DD %(71'(7] 0,7 (,1(0 :(6(17/,&+ .@5=(5(1 f,32/ (5+>/7 0$1 =:$5 (,1( (17635(O &+(1' ./(,1(5( u3$1181*N $%(5 '(5 g03)>1*(5',32/ 675$+/7 $8&+ :(1,*(5P u2 .$11 0$1 t@&.:,5.81*(1 $8) '$6 $86=80(66(1'( y(//(1)(/' 9(50(,'(1 81' =P dP ',( t,&+7&+$5$.7(5,67,. '(6 u(1'(5Oj$/%:(//(1',32/6 $860(66(1P c//(5',1*6 ,67 '$5$8) =8 $&+7(1N '$66 .(,1( u7?581*(1 '85&+ 1$+( i(*(167>1'( 2'(5 ',( r(5621 '(6 g;O 3(5,0(17$7256 $8)75(7(1P

UVT

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

WPVPT y(//(1$86%5(,781* t(9(;,21 $1 o(7$//9>&+(1P g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//(1 :(5'(1 921 (,1(5 o(7$//9>O &+( (%(162 5(9(.7,(57 :,( n,&+7:(//(1 921 (,1(0 u3,(*(/P f$6 9(5$1/$667( %(5(,76 j(,15,&+ j(57= =80 d$8 921 (,1)$&+O*(.5@007(1 r$5$%2/63,(*(/1 $86 o(7$//%/(O &+(1P f$0,7 /,(M(1 6,&+ ',( 921 (,1(0 u(1'(5',32/ $86*(+(1'(1 y(//(1 ,1 '(5 g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 f,32/ )2.866,(5(1 %=:P $1.200(1'( y(//(1 ,1 (,1(5 d5(11/,1,( .21O =(175,(5(1P k1 '(5 g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 f,32/ ,67 ',( s8(//( 1$+(=8 NN381.7)?50,*DDN 62'$66 '(5 r$5$%2/63,(*(/ ',( 921 '(5 s8(//( $86*(+(1'(1 u75$+/(1 J,1 c86%5(,781*6O 5,&+781*N 6(1.5(&+7 =85 y(//(1)5217K =8 (,1(0 $11>+(51' 3$5$//(/(1 d@1'(/ 80O )2507P k1 '(5 g%(1( '(6 j$/%:(//(1',32/6 ,67 ',( s8(//( $86*('(+17] '(6+$/% :@5'( '(5 r$5$%2/63,(*(/ ,1 ',(6(5 g%(1( .(,1 3$5$//(/(6 u75$+/(1%@1'(/ (5*(%(1P A h2O .866,(581* ,1 =:(, g%(1(1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 '233(/7 *(.5@007(1 r$5$%2/63,(*(/6 J0,7 '(5 h/>&+( (,1(5 t27$7,2163$5$%(/K /2+17 6,&+ '$11N :(11 u3,(*(/Of85&+0(66(5 81' Od5(11:(,7( 9,(/ *5?M(5 6,1' $/6 u(1'(5O 81' g03)>1*(5',32/P u7(//7 0$1 ',( %(,'(1 r$5$%2/63,(*(/ 1$&+ c%%P WPU[$ 0,7 ,+5(5 u75$+/5,&+781* 6&+5>* =8 (,1(5 (%(1(1 o(7$//:$1'N 62 .$11 0$1 ',( u3,(*(/81* '(5 y(//(1 $1 '(5 y$1' 81' ',( i@/7,*.(,7 '(6 t(9(;,216*(6(7=(6 Jg,1)$//6:,1.(/ 3 c86)$//6:,1.(/K =(,*(1P |85 g5/>87(581* '(5 3(5)(.7(1 t(9(;,21 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( (,1(6 n(,7(56 0,7 81O (1'/,&+ +2+(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 6(1.5(&+7(1 g,1)$//\ f85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( y(&+6(/)(/' '(5 y(//( :(5'(1 ,0 n(,7(5N ',&+7 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+(N y(&+6(/675?0( +(5925*(58)(1P k1 '(1 n(,7(5 .$11 ',( y(//( $%(5 1,&+7 (,1'5,1*(1N :(,/ ,0 k11(5(1 '$6 gOh(/' NN.85=*(6&+/266(1DD :,5'] '$6 +(,M7N (6 75(7(1 n$'81*69(56&+,(%81*(1 $8)N ',( (,1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+(6 gOh(/' 352'8=,(5(1 81' 62 ,0 k11(5(1 8 3 R (5=:,1*(1P A o$1 .$11 $8&+ '$6 j8&+(1675?0( $/6 c86*$1*6381.7( 1(8(5 g/(0(17$5:(//(1 %(O 75$&+7(7P f,(6( 6(7=(1 6,&+ =8 (,1(5 (%(1(1 5(9(.7,(57(1 y(//( =86$00(1N ',( 6,&+ '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//( @%(5/$*(57P f,( %(5/$*(581* 921 (,1)$//(1'(5 81' 5(9(.7,(57(5 y(//( (5*,%7 (,1( 67(+(1'( y(//( 0,7 (,1(0 m127(1 '(5 gOh(/'67>5.( $1 '(5 q%(59>&+(P f,( d>8&+( '(5 gO h(/'67>5.( /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7 (,1(0 (0371'/,&+(1 f,32/Og03)>1*(5 1$&+:(,6(1] 62 />667 6,&+ $8&+ =(,*(1N '$66 =85 q%(59>&+( +,1 ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( *(*(1 18// *(+7P

S

E

S (a)

Metallwand

E

(b)

c%%P WPU[ x(568&+6$125'181*(1 921 jP j(57= 0,7 r$5$%2/63,(*(/ $0 u(1'(5 JuK 81' $0 g03)>1*(5 JgK\ J$K t(9(;,21 $1 o(7$//:$1'N J%K d5(&+81* '85&+ (,1 r5,60$ $86 r$5$5,1 2'(5 r(&+P

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UVU

E

B

c%%P WPVR x(5/$8) '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//( 925 (,1(5 o(7$//:$1'P d(, '(5 67(+(1'(1 y(//( 6,1' (/(.75,6&+( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 1,&+7 3+$6(1*/(,&+P

f$ 35$.7,6&+ $//( y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 y(//(1 0,7 o$7(5,( '85&+ '$6 gOh(/' %(:,5.7 :(5'(1N :,5' ',( r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( $8) ',( u&+:,1*81*6O (%(1( '(6 gOx(.7256 %(=2*(1] ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 81' ,+5( u&+:,1*81*6O (%(1( :(5'(1 9,(/ 6(/7(1(5 (5:>+17P g6 ,67 $%(5 7527='(0 %(0(5.(16:(57N '$66 ',( i/(,&+3+$6,*.(,7 921 8 81' 5 185 )@5 )2576&+5(,7(1'( y(//(1 *,/7P d(, (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 y(//(N :,( 6,( '85&+ t(9(;,21 $1 (,1(5 o(7$//:$1' (1767(+7 Jc%%P WPVRKN ,67 ',( 0$*O 1(7,6&+( y(//( %(=@*/,&+ '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 80 [R] 3+$6(19(56&+2%(1 81' +$7 $1 '(5 5(9(.7,(5(1'(1 q%(59>&+( (,1(1 d$8&+P f$6 ,67 :,( )2/*7 =8 9(567(+(1\ h@5 (,1)$/O /(1'( 81' 5(9(.7,(57( y(//( *,/7N '$66 8 4 5 ,1 ',( c86%5(,781*65,&+781* =(,*7P f$ 6,&+ -('2&+ %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 62:2+/ 8 $/6 $8&+ ',( c86%5(,781*65,&+781* 80.(+5(1N %/(,%7 5 819(5>1'(57N 81' '$6 +(,M7N ',( t(9(;,21 (5)2/*7 2+1( r+$6(163581* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( Jc%%P WPVRKP r2/$5,6$7,21P f,( v5$169(56$/,7>7 '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//( +$7 j(57= 0,7 (,1(0 i,77(5 1$&+*(:,(6(1N '$6 $86 '@11(1N ,1 ./(,1(0 c%67$1' 921(,1$1'(5 *(63$117(1 o(7$//'5>+7(1 %(67$1'P y,5' '$6 i,77(5 62 ,1 '(1 u75$+/(1*$1* *(%5$&+7N '$66 6(,1( g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 x(5%,1'81*6/,1,( u(1'(5Og03)>1*(5 ,67N 81' 62 25,(17,(57N '$66 ',( i,77(5'5>+7( 3$5$//(/ =80 u(1'(5O 81' g03)>1*(5Of,32/ /,(*(1N 62 (5:(,67 (6 6,&+ $/6 81'85&+/>66,*N *(1$8 :,( (,1( 0$66,9( o(7$//:$1'P y,5' '$*(*(1 '$6 i,77(5 ,1 6(,1(5 g%(1( *('5(+7N '$66 ',( f5>+7( 6(1.5(&+7 =8 u(1'(5O 81' g03)>1*(5',32/ 67(+(1N 62 ,67 (6 9?//,* '85&+/>66,* )@5 ',( u75$+/81*P f(5 x(568&+ =(,*7 $/62 ',( v5$169(56$/,7>7 JNNu(,7/,&+.(,7DDK '(5 y(//(1 81' ,+5( r2/$5,6$7,21P j(87( :,5' ',( g%(1(N ,1 '(5 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( h(/'9(.725 /,(*7N $/6 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( %(=(,&+1(7P f$6 j(57=I6&+( i,77(5 ,67 $/62 '85&+/>66,* )@5 u75$+/81*N '(5(1 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( 6(1.O 5(&+7 =8 '(1 i,77(5'5>+7(1 /,(*7C y(11 ',( r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( '(5 y(//( 81' ',( f85&+/$66(%(1( '(6 i,77(56 80 '(1 y,1.(/ 3 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(5'5(+7 6,1'N '$11 :,5' ',( (,1)$//(1'( y(//( 7(,/:(,6( '85&+*(/$66(1P f,( k17(16,7>7 J3 u75$+/81*6/(,6781*Bh/>&+(K +,17(5 '(0 i,77(5 ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 &26T3P c%(5 ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(5 '85&+*(/$66(1(1 y(//( ,67 1,&+7 0(+5 ',( '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1N 621'(51 ',( r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( ,67 181 */(,&+ '(5 f85&+O /$66(%(1( '(6 i,77(56P f,( c%%P WPVS =(,*7 (,1(1 ,16758.7,9(1 x(568&+\ q+1( '$6 i,77(5

UVV

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 Empfänger

Es

Es

E

Sender Ep

c%%P WPVS r2/$5,6$7,21 '(5 y(//( 925 81' +,17(5 (,1(0 o(7$//'5$+7*,77(5P q%:2+/ u(1'(5O 81' g03)>1*(5Of,32/ *(.5(8=7 6,1'N :,5' 0,7 '(0 i,77(5 ,1 u&+5>*67(//81* (,1 u,*1$/ (5+$/7(1P

=(,*7 '(5 g03)>1*(5Of,32/ .(,1 u,*1$/N :(,/ (5 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//( 67(+7] 1$&+ g,1)@*(1 '(6 i,77(56 0,7 R"3"[R] :,5' (,1 u,*1$/ (03)$1*(1P f,( y,5.81* '(6 j(57=I6&+(1 i,77(56 $8) ',( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//( ,67 :,( )2/*7 =8 9(567(+(1\ f(5 gOx(.725 '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//( .$11 ,1 =:(, m20321(17(1 =(5/(*7 :(5'(1N g3 3$5$//(/ 81' g6 6(1.5(&+7 =8 '(1 i,77(5'5>+7(1P f,( m20321(17( g3 ,1'8=,(57 ,1 '(1 o(7$//'5>+7(1 u75?0(N ',( A *(1$8 :,( %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 $1 (,1(5 o(7$//(%(1( A '$)@5 625*(1N '$66 ',( y(//( +,17(5 '(0 i,77(5 =8 18// :,5'P f,( m20321(17( g6 .$11 '$*(*(1 .(,1( y,5%(/675?0( ,1'8=,(5(1N :(,/ '$6 f5$+7O *,77(5 ,1 ',(6(5 t,&+781* 1,&+7 /(,7(1' ,67P f,(6( m20321(17( :,5' '(6+$/% '85&+O *(/$66(1P f$ ',( k17(16,7>7 '(5 y(//( k 3523257,21$/ =8 g T ,67N (5*,%7 6,&+ 81'

g6 3 gR &26 3 k6 3 kR &26T3P

JWPSVUK

f$ ',( '85&+*(/$66(1( y(//( 181 (,1( m20321(17( '(6 gOh(/'(6 3$5$//(/ =80 g03O )>1*(5Of,32/ %(6,7=7N :,5' (,1 u,*1$/ (5+$/7(1P o$1&+0$/ :,5' J,55()@+5(1'K 921 (,1(5 NNf5(+81* '(5 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( '85&+ '$6 i,77(5DD *(6352&+(1P g6 +$1'(/7 6,&+ $%(5 80 .(,1( (&+7( f5(+81*N 621'(51 80 (,1( h2/*( '(5 5,&+781*6$%+>1*,*(1 f85&+/>66,*.(,7 '(6 i,77(56] ',(6( c57 '(5 NNf5(+81*DD ,67 ,00(5 0,7 k17(16,7>769(5/867 9(5%81'(1P f85&+ =:(, +,17(5(,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7( i,77(5N '(5(1 x(5'5(+81*6:,1O .(/ 3S 81' 3T =86$00(1 [R] (5*(%(1N />667 6,&+ 62*$5 (55(,&+(1N '$66 ',( y(//( +,17(5 '(0 =:(,7(1 i,77(5 6(1.5(&+7 =8 '(5 $0 (567(1 i,77(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//( 32O /$5,6,(57 ,67P g,1 f5$+71(7= 0,7 (,1(5 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 y(//(1/>1*( 6(+5 ./(,1(1 o$6&+(1:(,7( (17635,&+7 '(5 %(5/$*(581* =:(,(5 *(.5(8=7(5 j(57=I6&+(5 i,77(5P u2 (,1 p(7= 5(O 9(.7,(57 y(//(1 -('(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P f(6+$/% .?11(1 $8&+ u3,(*(/ )@5 (/(.7520$*O 1(7,6&+( y(//(1 (,1( p(7=6758.785 +$%(1 J9*/P t$',27(/(6.23(N c%6&+1P WPWPTKP |85 c%6&+,5081* (,1(6 x2/80(16 *(*(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//(1 *(1@*7 (,1( w0O 6&+/,(M81* '85&+ o(7$//1(7=(P

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UVW

p(%(1 '(5 %(6352&+(1(1 /,1($5(1 r2/$5,6$7,21 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 y(//(1N 0,7 '(5 6,( 921 f,32/$17(11(1 (0,77,(57 :(5'(1N *,%7 (6 A :,( %(, n,&+7 J9*/P c%6&+1P XPSPVK A $8&+ =,5.8/$5( J$//*(0(,1\ (//,37,6&+(K r2/$5,6$7,21P d5(&+81*P f,( d5(&+=$+/ 1N 2)7 12&+ 0,669(567>1'/,&+ $/6 NNd5(&+81*6,1'(;DD %(=(,&+O 1(7N :,5' ,1 '(5 q37,. %(,0 u1(//,86I6&+(1 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= (,1*()@+57 81' %(6&+5(,%7 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 '(5 x$.880On,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & =85 r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 n,&+7(6 93+ ,1 (,1(0 %(75$&+7(7(1 NNo(',80DD] ,0 p250$/)$// ,67 1 # S 81' 93+ " &P f,( o$;:(//I6&+( v+(25,( /,()(57 )@5 ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 (/(.7520$*O 1(7,6&+(1 y(//(1 ,1 (,1(0 o(',80 0,7 '(1 o$7(5,$/.2167$17(1 &5 81' ,5 ',( h250(/ 93+ 3 J&R &5 ,R ,5K2SBT 93+ 3 &BJ&5 ,5KSBTP

JWPSVVK

h@+57 0$1 181 $8&+ )@5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//(1 ',( d5(&+=$+/ 1 (,1 81' %('(1.7N '$66 )@5 $//( 1,&+7O)(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 o(',(1 ,5 6(+5 :(1,* 921 (,16 9(56&+,('(1 ,67N '$11 *(1@*7 ',( d(75$&+781* 921 f,(/(.75,.$ 0,7 &5 #S 81' ,5 . SP g6 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( $/6 o$;:(//I6&+( t(/$7,21 :,&+7,*( x(5.1@3)81* 1 3 &B93+ 3 |&5 P

JWPSVWK

y(11 0$1 =8(567 $1 '$6 o(',80 NNy$66(5DD '(1.7N )@5 '$6 $86 '(5 n,&+7237,. ',( d5(&+=$+/ 1y$66(5 3 SPUU 81' $86 '(5 g/(.75267$7,. ',( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ &5Ny$66(5 3 ZRPZ . [T %(.$117 ,67N '$11 0866 0$1 $1 '(5 t,&+7,*.(,7 '(5 o$;O :(//I6&+(1 v+(25,( =:(,)(/1P f(5 y,'(56358&+ /?67 6,&+ $8)N :(11 0$1 ',( 67$5.( h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 921 &5N ',( )@5 y$66(5 %(621'(56 $86*(35>*7 ,67N ,1 t(&+181* 67(//7P f,(6( h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 ,67 (567 ,0 t$+0(1 '(6 $720$5(1 g/(.7520$*O 1(7,6086 Jm$3P SUK =8 9(567(+(1P h@5 ',( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 t$80:(//(1 816(5(5 f(021675$7,2169(568&+( (5:$57(1 :,5 (,1( d5(&+=$+/ =:,6&+(1 [ J(/(.75267$7,6&+K 81' SPUU Jn,&+7KP d(,0 %(5*$1* 921 x$.880 J1>+(581*6:(,6( $8&+ n8)7K ,1 (,1 o(',80 0,7 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ 1#S 9(5./(,1(57 6,&+ ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 y(//( 921 & $8) '(1 y(57 &B1N $%(5 ',( h5(48(1= %/(,%7 819(5>1'(57P f(6+$/% 0866 6,&+ $8&+ ',( y(/O

c%%P WPVT x(568&+ =85 f(021675$7,21N '$66 y$66(5 )@5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//(1 (,1( d5(&+=$+/ 921 81*()>+5 W %(6,7=7 Jh$P n(1*( 921 '(0 x$.880Oy(57 +R $8) '(1 y(57 + 3 +RB1 9(5./(,1(51P f,( c%%P WPVT =(,*7 '$=8 (,1(1 f(021675$7,2169(568&+ 0,7 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1 /$1*(1 g03)>1*(5O f,32/(1 ,1 (,1(0 '85&+6,&+7,*(1 v$1.] '(5 &$P US &0 /$1*( f,32/ +$7 ',(6(/%( n>1*( :,( '(5 u(1'(5Of,32/N '(5 ./(,1( f,32/ ,67 185 &$P X &0 /$1*P |8(567 /(8&+7(7 ',( i/@+/$03( '(6 /$1*(1 g03)>1*(5Of,32/6 $8)P h@//7 0$1 '(67,//,(57(6 y$66(5 ,1 '(1 v$1.N '$11 (5/,6&+7 ',( i/@+/$03( '(6 /$1*(1 f,32/6 81' ',( '(6 .85=(1 /(8&+7(7 $8)P f,( i@/7,*.(,7 '(6 d5(&+81*6*(6(7=(6 )@5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//(1 (50?*/,&+7 '(1 d$8 921 n,16(1 81' r5,60(1P i((,*1(7( k62/$725(1 0,7 '(87/,&+ 921 (,16 9(5O 6&+,('(1(5 d5(&+=$+/ *,%7 (6 ,1 )(67(5 :,( 9@66,*(5 h250P j(57= %(187=7( (,1 *52M(6 r(&+35,60$ Jc%%P WPU[%K] +(87( :,5' )@5 f(021675$7,216=:(&.( (,1 r$5$5,1O 2'(5 m8167672535,60$ 2'(5 (,1( 0,7 s8$5=6$1' *()@//7( h250 9(5:(1'(7P c%62537,21P q+1( c%62537,21 1,007 ',( k17(16,7>7 (,1(5 m8*(/:(//( 3523257,21$/ =8 52T J5 3 g17)(5181* 921 '(5 s8(//(K $%N ',( k17(16,7>7 (,1(5 (%(1(1 y(//( %/(,%7 .2167$17P o,7 c%62537,21 75,77 =86>7=/,&+ (,1( (;321(17,(//( k17(16,7>769(50,1'(581* $8)P y(11 ',( y(//( (/(.75,6&+( u75?0( ,1'8=,(57N ',( ,+5(56(,76 l28/(I6&+( y>50( (5O =(8*(1N '$11 :,5' '(5 y(//( n(,6781* (17=2*(1P f,( l28/(I6&+( n(,6781* r 352 x2O /80(1 x ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( 2+06&+( u7520',&+7( W 81' ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 8\ JWPSVXK 'rB'x 3 W 6 8 3 1 888TP d(, (,1(0 81(1'/,&+ *87(1 n(,7(5 0866 =85 n$'81*69(56&+,(%81* .(,1( c5%(,7 *(O /(,67(7 :(5'(1P c%(5 :(11 y(//(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( (,1(6 n(,7(56 0,7 (1'/,&+(5 n(,7O )>+,*.(,7 5(9(.7,(57 :(5'(1N '$11 '5,1*7 ',( y(//( (7:$6 ,1 '(1 n(,7(5 (,1 81' (5=(8*7 $8&+ l28/(I6&+( y>50(P p$&+ '(5 o$;:(//I6&+(1 v+(25,( /$66(1 6,&+ g,1'5,1*7,()( '(5 y(//( 81' ',( h/>&+(1,03('$1= '(5 5(9(.7,(5(1'(1 i5(1=6&+,&+7 %(5(&+1(1P h@5 k62/$725(1 :>5( :(*(1 '(5 )(+/(1'(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1$&+ '(0 2%(1 *(6$*7(1 .(,1( c%62537,21 =8 (5:$57(1P c%(5 )@5 +2+( h5(48(1=(1 ,67 1(%(1 '(5 2+06&+(1 u7520',&+7( W $8&+ 12&+ ',( o$;:(//I6&+( x(56&+,(%81*667520',&+7( &R &5 *+(,76/26 )2/*7P d(, 9@66,*(0 y$66(5 =P dP :,5' ',( 6(+5 +2+( p,('(5)5(48(1=Or(50,77,9,7>7 '85&+ c865,&+781* '(5 3(50$1(17(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 f,32/( '(5 o2/(.@/( %(:,5.7P k1)2/*( '(5(1 v5>*+(,7 %/(,%7 ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 h5(48(1= +,17(5 '(5 h(/'67>5.( =85@&.] (6 75,77 c%62537,21 $8)N 81' ',( r(50,77,9,7>7 J%=:P d5(&+=$+/K 1,007 0,7 :$&+6(1'(5 h5(48(1= $%P h@5 ',( )250$/( d(6&+5(,%81* 921 y(//(1$%62537,21N =P dP '85&+ (,1( )5(48(1=$%+>1*,*( .203/(;( r(50,77,9,7>7N 9(5:(,6(1 :,5 $8) 7+(25(7,6&+( n(+5%@O &+(5P d(8*81* 81' k17(5)(5(1=P h@5 62/&+( x(568&+( 6,1' |(17,0(7(5:(//(1 %(66(5 *((,*1(7 $/6 f(=,0(7(5:(//(1N :(,/ ',( u&+,506758.785(1 Ju3$/7%5(,7(N u3$/7$%67>1'(N n2&+O '85&+0(66(5K *5?M(5 6(,1 0@66(1 $/6 ',( y(//(1/>1*(P g6 *,%7 .200(5=,(//( u(1'(5 Jj251675$+/(5 0,7 [PUW ij=N UPT &0 y(//(1/>1*(K 81' f,2'(1(03)>1*(5 0,7 o(66O 9(567>5.(51N ',( 63(=,(// )@5 f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17( (17:,&.(/7 :85'(1P f$0,7 />667 6,&+ %(48(0 '$6 (567( p(%(10$;,080 %(, '(5 d(8*81* $0 f233(/63$/7 1$&+O

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UVY

:(,6(1P d(, '(5 d(8*81* $1 (,1(5 m$17( .$11 ',( 921 18// 9(56&+,('(1( k17(16,7>7 ,0 u&+$77(15$80 %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1N $%(5 1,&+7 ',( 6&+:$&+( k17(5)(5(1= ,0 n,&+7O 5$80P

WPVPU j2+//(,7(5 f,( ,1 j2+//(,7(51 J:$9(*8,'(6K 75$163257,(57(1 y(//(1 6,1' NN*()@+57( t$80:(//(1DD] 6,( 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ '(87/,&+ 921 '(1 ,1 c%6&+1P WPT %(6352&+(1(1 f5$+7:(//(1P y(//(175$163257 ,67 )@5 -('( s8(56&+1,776)250 0?*/,&+P v(&+1,6&+( d('(8781* +$O %(1 185 j2+//(,7(5 0,7 5(&+7(&.,*(0 s8(56&+1,77 Jc%%P WPVUKP u,( +$%(1 */$77( k1O 1(19>&+(1 $86 m83)(5 2'(5 o(66,1*P h@5 h5(48(1=(1 2%(5+$/% TR ij= 6,1' 6,( 0(,67 ,11(1 9(56,/%(57 2'(5 J:(,/ u,/%(5 =85 u8/7'%,/'81* 1(,*7 81' 6&+:$5= :,5'K 9(5*2/'(7] :(*(1 '(6 u.,1(5(.7(6 *(1@*7 (,1( '@11(N *87 /(,7(1'( u&+,&+7P

b a

y z

x

c%%P WPVU t(&+7(&.,*(5 y(//(1/(,7(5 0,7 k1O 1(10$M(1 $ 81' %N $ # %N 81' '$6 @%/,&+( m225',1$7(168&+/,&+ 6,1' j2+//(,7(5 0,7 $ =:,6&+(1 SXW 81' T 00 )@5 h5(48(1=(1 921 (7:$ S %,6 SYR ij=P h@5 ',(6(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ 6,1' ',( j2+//(,7(5 (,1 6(+5 1@7=O /,&+(5 g56$7= )@5 ',( m2$;,$/.$%(/N ',( 185 +,1$8) %,6 =8 (,1,*(1 ij= 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N :(,/ '$11 ',( x(5/867( ,1 '(1 =85 u7@7=81* '(6 |(175$//(,7(56 81' =85 g5+?+81* '(5 f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* 9(5:(1'(7(1 f,(/(.75,.$ =8 *52M :(5'(1P d(, %(56&+5(,781* (,1(5 .$%(/71*,*(1 i5(1=)5(48(1= .?11(1 6,&+ $8&+ ',( )@5 =,5.8/$5( j2+//(,7(5 7&+(1On$'81*6',&+7(P f,( 6(+5 +2+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 '(6 y$1'0$7(5,$/6 (50?*/,&+7 819(5=?*(57( n$'81*69(56&+,(%81*(1N ',( %(:,5.(1N '$66 '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( gOh(/' ,1 '(5 y$1' 9(56&+:,1'(7 81' ',( h(/'.20321(17( 3$5$//(/ J7$1*(17,$/K =85 q%(5O 9>&+(N goN ',5(.7 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( */(,&+ 18// ,67P w0 ',( y,5.81*6:(,6( (,1(6 j2+//(,7(56 =8 9(567(+(1N *(1@*7 (6N '$6 gOh(/' =8 %(75$&+7(1P k0 h2/*(1'(1 %(+$1'(/1 :,5 185 5(&+7(&.,*( j2+//(,7(5P |8(567 62// '$6 |867$1O '(.200(1 (,1(5 vgSROy(//( (5/>87(57 :(5'(1P f$)@5 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 ',( %(5/$*(O 581* =:(,(5 )2576&+5(,7(1'(5 (%(1(5 y(//(1 */(,&+(5 y(//(1/>1*( 81' c03/,78'(N $%(5 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 c86%5(,781*65,&+781*P f,( c86%5(,781*69(.725(1N ',( 6(1.O 5(&+7 =8 '(1 y(//(1)5217(1 67(+(1N %,/'(1 '(1 y,1.(/ T)P k1 c%%P WPVV 6,1' ',( y(//(1%(5*( 0,7 ',&.(1 n,1,(1N ',( y(//(17>/(5 0,7 '@11(1 n,1,(1 *(.(11=(,&+1(7P f85&+ ',( %(5/$*(581* '(5 =8(,1$1'(5 *(1(,*7(1 y(//(1 (1767(+7 (,1 k17(5)(5(1=O 0867(5P g17/$1* '(5 n,1,(1 ccA 81' eeA ,1 c%%P WPVV 6,1' ',( %(,'(1 y(//(1 $1 -('(0 r81.7 */(,&+3+$6,*P g17/$1* ',(6(5 n,1,( (5*,%7 ',( c'',7,21 d(5*( 81' v>/(5N ',( '233(/7 62 *52M 6,1' :,( ',( '(5 g,1=(/:(//(1P y(11 6,&+ ',( g,1=(/:(//(1 ,0 d,/' 6&+5>* 1$&+ 5(&+76 %(:(*(1N '$11 %(:(*(1 6,&+ ',( '85&+ c'',7,21 (1767$1O '(1(1 d(5*( 81' v>/(5 (17/$1* '(5 n,1,(1 1$&+ 5(&+76P g17/$1* '(5 n,1,(1 ddA 81' ffA 6,1' '$*(*(1 ',( %(,'(1 g,1=(/:(//(1 ,00(5 *(*(13+$6,*N 'P +P 6,( $'',(5(1 6,&+ $1 -('(0 r81.7 =8 18//P f,(6( n,1,(1 6,1' r52-(.7,21(1 921 m127(1(%(1(1 '(5 y(//(1@%(5/$*(581*P w0 181 921 '(1 81%(*5(1=7(1 (%(1(1 y(//(1 '(5 c%%P WPVV $8) ',( %(*5(1=7( y(//( ,0 j2+//(,7(5 @%(5=8*(+(1N 187=(1 :,5 ',( m127(1(%(1(1N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r$3,(5(%(1( $8) '(1 n,1,(1 ddA 81' ffA 67(+(1N 80 '257 *('$1./,&+ =:(, /(,7(1'(

A

A´

B

B´

Ï

ı

C a 2 D

ı

C´

ı D´

c%%P WPVV %(5/$*(581* 921 =:(, 6&+5>* =8(,1$1'(5 /$8)(1'(1 (%(1(1 y(//(1 */(,&+(5 h5(O 48(1= 81' c03/,78'(P f,( n,1,(1 ddA 81' ffA 0$5.,(5(1 m127(1(%(1(1 '(5 y(//(1@%(5O /$*(581*P

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UV[

y>1'( $8)=867(//(1P f$ ,1 '(5 m127(1(%(1( '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( gOh(/' 62:,(62 18// ,67N >1'(57 ',( c1:(6(1+(,7 '(5 /(,7(1'(1 y$1' 1,&+76 $0 h(/'P i(>1'(57 +$7 6,&+ 185 '(5 NNp$&+6&+8%DD '(5 y(//(1\ k1 '(0 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 y>1'(1 ddA 81' ffA :(5'(1 ',( %(,'(1 -(7=7 6(,7/,&+ %(*5(1=7(1 y(//(1 $1 '(1 y>1'(1 5(9(.7,(57P f,( J+,(5 $/6 3(5)(.7 $1*(1200(1(1K t(9(;,21(1 >1'(51 1,&+76 $1 '(0 5(68/7,(O 5(1'(1 y(//(1)(/' =:,6&+(1 '(1 y>1'(1P y,( 6&+21 2%(1 %(, '(5 6(1.5(&+7(1 t(O 9(;,21 $1 (,1(0 o(7$//63,(*(/ %(6352&+(1N (5)>+57 '(5 gOx(.725 %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 (,1(1 SZR]Or+$6(163581*P d(, '(5 *5$3+,6&+(1 f$567(//81* 921 c%%P WPVV :,5' $1 '(5 y$1' $86 '(0 y(//(1%(5* '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//( (,1 v$/ '(5 5(9(.7,(57(1 y(//( 81' 80*(.(+57P l(7=7 1(+0(1 :,5 12&+ $1N '$66 ',( gOh(/'(5 '(5 %(,'(1 y(//(1 921 c%%P WPVV 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r$3,(5(%(1( *(5,&+7(7 6,1'P f$0,7 +$7 $8&+ ',( 5(68/7,(5(1'( y(//( =:,6&+(1 '(1 *('$1./,&+ 6&+21 $8)*(67(//7(1 y>1'(1 (,1 =85 r$3,(5(%(1( 6(1.5(&+O 7(6 gOh(/'N '$6 (17/$1* ddA 81' ffA 9(56&+:,1'(7 81' (17/$1* eeA 0,7 0$;,0$/(5 c03/,78'( 3(5,2',6&+ ',( t,&+781* :(&+6(/7P f(1 c%67$1' '(5 y$1'/,1,(1 ddA 81' ffA 1(11(1 :,5 $P |80 %(5*$1* 921 '(1 %(,'(1 3/$13$5$//(/(1 y>1'(1 =80 5(&+7(&.,*(1 j2+//(,7(5 %(1?7,*(1 :,5 12&+ =:(, y>1'(N ',( 3$5$//(/ =85 r$3,(5(%(1( /,(*(1 81' '(1 c%67$1' % +$%(1P f,( c8)67(//81* ',(6(5 y>1'( ,67 $%(5 3+57,*(1\ o$1 67(//7 6,&+ 925N '$66 (,1( )@5 ',( ;=O 2'(5 5.(>1'(581*(1 '(6 *(=(,&+1(7(1 h(/'(6 $0 *5?M7(1 6,1'N /,(*(1 ',( y,5%(/ '(6 $1'(5(1 h(/'(6P f$6 )2/*7 $86 '(1 o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 )@5 '$6 x$.880N ',( $8&+ ,11(5+$/% '(6 j2+//(,7(56 *(/7(1P c86 '(1 ,1 c%%P WPVV (,1*(=(,&+1(7(1 f5(,(&.(1 0,7 '(0 63,7=(1 y,1.(/ ) />667 6,&+ (,1( :,&+7,*( d(=,(+81* *(:,11(1\ c86 2%(5(0 81' 817(5(0 f5(,(&. (5*,%7 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 j,/)6*5?M( ; J3 c%67$1' =:(,(5 y(//(17>/(5 (17/$1* '(5 n,1,( eeAK 81'

&26 ) 3 +B; 7$1 ) 3 J;BVKBJ$BTK

81' 620,7 6,1 ) 3

+ "SP T$

JWPSVYK

f$1$&+ *,%7 (6 )@5 ',( ,1 '(1 j2+//(,7(5 (,1*(63(,67(1 y(//(1 (,1(1 2%(5(1 i5(1=:(57 '(5 y(//(1/>1*( 81' (,1(1 817(5(1 i5(1=:(57 '(5 h5(48(1=N ',( %(,'( 0,7 '(0 k1'(; NN&DD J)@5 &8725 K *(.(11=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1\ +"+& 3 T$N )#)& 3 &BJT$KP

JWPSVZK

h@5 (,1( 925*(*(%(1( j2+//(,7(5Od5(,7( $ 81' p(,*81*6:,1.(/ '(5 g,1=(/:(//(1 *(O *(1 ',( j2+//(,7(5Oc&+6( ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 R]")"[R] ,67 y(//(175$163257 ,0 j2+/O /(,7(5 0,7 h5(48(1=(1 )#)& 0?*/,&+P c//(5',1*6 :,5' '(5 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ 1$&+ 2%(1

WPV g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 o,.52:(//(1

UWS

+,1 0(,67 '$'85&+ %(*5(1=7N '$66 0$1 ',( c15(*81* +?+(5(5 y(//(102'(1 9(50(,O '(1 0?&+7(P f,( 5(68/7,(5(1'( y(//( ,0 j2+//(,7(5 %(:(*7 6,&+ (17/$1* '(5 =Ot,&+781*P f,( h5(48(1= ) ',(6(5 y(//(N $/62 ',( |$+/ '(5 gOr(5,2'(1N ',( $1 (,1(0 %(75$&+7(7(1 r81.7 ,0 j2+//(,7(5 352 u(.81'( 925@%(5=,(+(1N ,67 ',(6(/%( :,( ',( '(5 6&+5>*/$8O )(1'(1 g,1=(/:(//(1P c%(5 ',( y(//(1/>1*( J3 5>80/,&+( r(5,2'(K '(5 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 j2+//(,7(5Oy(//( +j ,67 *5?M(5 $/6 ',( '(5 (,1*$1*6 %(75$&+7(7(1 6&+5>*/$8)(1'(1 g,1=(/:(//(1 '(5 y(//(1/>1*( +P h@5 /(7=7(5( *,/7 ,0 x$.880 J81' 1>+(581*6:(,6( $8&+ ,1 n8)7K + ) 3 &P

JWPSV[K

y(11 -('2&+ +j *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 +N ',( h5(48(1= 6,&+ $%(5 1,&+7 >1'(57N '$11 0866 ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 y(//( ,0 y(//(1/(,7(5 *5?M(5 $/6 ',( x$.880On,&+7O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & 6(,1C f$6 ,67 .(,1 x(5672M *(*(1 ',( 63(=,(//( t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,(N '$ & 185 )@5 u,*1$/@%(575$*81* (,1( 2%(5( i5(1=*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67P h@5 u,*1$/( ,67 185 ',( i5833(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 0$M*(%(1'N :,( ,1 '(5 y(//(1/(+5( Jd'P SK '$5O *(/(*7 :,5'P w0 =8 =(,*(1N :,( (,1( *52M( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 =867$1'( .2007N %(75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1(1 u7$%N '(5 6(1.5(&+7 =85 6(,1(5 c&+6( 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 %(:(*7 :,5'] ,1 c%%P WPVY$ *(6&+,(+7 ',( d(:(*81* 921 /,1.6 2%(1 1$&+ 5(&+76 817(1P f,( u7$%381.7( S 81' T %(:(*(1 6,&+ '$%(, (17/$1* '(5 *(675,&+(/7(1 n,1,(1 1$&+ SA %=:P TAP y(11 $%(5 ',( u7$%%(:(*81* '85&+ (,1( =8 u7$%$&+6( 81' 9 *(1(,*7( u&+/,7=%/(1'(N ,1 c%%P WPVY% +25,=217$/ *(/(*(1N %(2%$&+7(7 :,5'N '$11 ,67 =85 |(,7 7 *(5$'( '(5 u7$%381.7 S 81' =85 |(,7 7A '(5 u7$%381.7 TA =8 6(+(1] '(5 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 S 81' TA ,67 *5?M(5 $/6 '(5 =:,6&+(1 S 81' SA 2'(5 T 81' TAP f85&+ ',( u&+/,7=%/(1'( 6,(+7 0$1 $/62 (,1( 6&+(,1%$5 6&+1(//(5( d(:(*81*N :(,/ 0$1 1,&+7 (,1(1 %(67,007(1 u7$%381.7 ,1 6(,1(5 3+ v ∆t

v = ∆s ∆t (b)

c%%P WPVY |85 r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7\ J$K g,1 u7$% :,5' 0,7 .2167$17(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 6(1.5(&+7 =85 u7$%$&+6( %(:(*7] J%K d(2%$&+781* '(5 d(:(*81* '85&+ (,1( u&+/,7=%/(1'(N ',( 6&+5>* =85 u7$%%(:(*81* $1*(25'1(7 ,67P

UWT

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

d(,0 j2+//(,7(5 ,67 (6 >+1/,&+P f,( )@5 '(1 u7$% *(6&+,/'(57(1 x(5+>/71,66( *(/7(1 )@5 -('( '(5 %(,'(1 6&+5>* =80 j2+//(,7(5 /$8)(1'(1 g,1=(/:(//(1P f,( %(5/$*(581* %(,'(5 y(//(1 (5*,%7 ',( m127(1/,1,(1 ddA 81' ffA ,1 c%%P WPVV 81' ',( n,1,( eeA '$=:,6&+(1N :2 ',( y(//(1%(5*( 81' O7>/(5 g;75(0:(57( +$%(1 81' 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 93+ (17/$1* ',(6(5 n,1,( %(:(*(1] :(11N :,( 2%(1 %(6&+5,(O %(1N ',( n,1,(1 ddA 81' ffA '(1 j2+//(,7(5:>1'(1 (17635(&+(1N '$11 (17635,&+7 eeA '(5 j2+//(,7(5$&+6(P g,1( d(2%$&+781* (17/$1* '(5 n,1,( eeA />667 185 y(/O /(13+$6(1 J=P dP d(5*(K (5.(11(1N ',( 6,&+ 0,7 93+ # & )25739$1=(1P |85 48$17,7$7,9(1 d(75$&+781* *5(,)(1 :,5 =85@&. $8) i/P JWPSUZK\ f,( '257 $/6 + %(=(,&+1(7( i5?M( ,67 ',( y(//(1/>1*( '(5 j2+//(,7(5Oy(//(N :,( $86 c%%P WPVV =8 (56(+(1 ,67P c86 '(1 d(=,(+81*(1 )@5 6,1 ) 81' &26)N '(5 k'(17,7>7 6,1T)1&26T) 3 S 81' c89?681* 1$&+ +j )2/*7 +j 3 +BLS2+TBJT$KTbSBTP

JWPSWRK

f,( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,0 y(//(1/(,7(5 ,67 93+ 3 +j ) 3 J+jB+K & 93+ 3 &BLS2+TBJT$KTbSBT #&P

JWPSWSK

h@5 + 3 T$ :,5' ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81(1'/,&+ *52MP h@5 '(1 d(75,(% (,1(6 y(//(1/(,7(56 ,0 vgSROo2'86 *,/7 $/62 ',( d(',1*81* 921 i/P JWPSVZK\ 2'(5

+"+& JvgSRK 3 T$ )#)& JvgSRK 3

& P T$

JWPSWTK

f,( %,6+(5,*(1 d(75$&+781*(1 %(=2*(1 6,&+ $8) ',( vgSROy(//( Ji581':(//(K] '$6 ,67 '(5 '20,1,(5(1'( o2'(N :(,/ (5 921 $//(1 o2'(1 ',( 1,('5,*67( i5(1=)5(48(1= %(6,7=7P f,( %(,'(1 k1',=(6 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) ',( |$+/ '(5 j$/%:(//(1 '(6 J185K 75$16O 9(56$/(1 h(/'(6 ,1 ;O 81' 80/,&+(1 r(5,2'(1 '(5 h(/'.217*85$7,21P f,( =8 '(1 +?+(5(1 o2'(1 *(+?5(1'(1 i5(1=)5(48(1=(1 6,1' *(*(%(1 '85&+ )&N01 3

S & J0TB$T 11TB%TKSBT 0,7 0 3 RN SN T " T 81' 1 3 RN SN T "

JWPSWUK

h@5 (,1,*( o2'(1N ',( ,1 (,1(0 5(&+7(&.,*(1 y(//(1/(,7(5 0?*/,&+ 6,1'N =(,*7 c%%P WPVZ %(,'( h(/'(5 ,0 s8(56&+1,77P y,&+7,* ,67N '$66 (6 .(,1( voOy(//(1 0,7 (,1(0 p8//Ok1'(; Jvo1R 2'(5 voR1N 1 3 SN T "K *,%7] '(11 '$6 48(//(1)5(,( dOh(/' '$5) $1 '(1 y>1'(1 .(,1( 6(1.5(&+7( m20321(17( +$%(1N 81' '$6 %(',1*7 x$5,$O 7,21(1 ,1 ;O 81' 1*( +& JvgSRK ,67 ,1 '(5 v$%(//( 1,&+7 $1*(*(%(1N :(,/ ',(6( i5?M( */(,&+ T$ ,67P

vgSROd(5(,&+ Jij=K

)& JvgSRKBij=

$B00

%B00

SPSVASPYU " [PZVASWPR " [TPTRASVRPR

RP[S " YPZY " YWPR

SXWPS " S[PRW " TPR

ZTPW " [PWU " SPR

f(5 6&+21 (,1*$1*6 %(7217( w17(56&+,(' =:,6&+(1 j2&+)5(48(1=On(,781*(1 81' *()@+57(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//(1 :,5' %(621'(56 '(87/,&+ %(, '(5 j251$17(11(

UWV

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

Jc%%P WPV[KN ',( (,1 $0 g1'( $8)*(:(,7(7(5 j2+//(,7(5 ,67P f,( ,0 j2+//(,7(5 *()@+57( y(//( :,5' ,1 '(1 )5(,(1 t$80 (17/$66(1P j251$17(11(1 :(5'(1 2)7 0,7 r$5$%2/O 63,(*(/1 Jt27$7,2163$5$%2/2,'Oh/>&+(1K =8 r$5$%2/$17(11(1 .20%,1,(57 Jc%%P WPWRKP

Feldstärke

E - Feld Hornöffnung

c%%P WPV[ ~5181* (,1(5 j251$17(11( 0,7 gOh(/'/,1,(1P f$5@%(5 ,67 ',( x$5,$7,21 '(5 gO h(/'67>5.( @%(5 '(5 j251%5(,7( '$5*(67(//7P

(a)

(b)

c%%P WPWR r$5$%2/$17(11(1\ J$K j251$17(11( 6,7=7 ,0 d5(11381.7 '(6 r$5$%2/63,(*(/6] J%K j251$17(11( 6,7=7 ,0 u&+(,7(/381.7N ,1 '(5 p>+( '(6 d5(11381.7(6 6,7=7 (,1 t(9(.725 Jt2O 7$7,216+1'(57P f,( 921 u&+$//:(//(1 %(:,5.7(1 n8)7'58&.6&+:$1.81*(1 /$66(1 6,&+ '85&+ (/(.752$.867,6&+( y$1'/(5 Jo,.523+21(K ,1 1,('(5)5(48(17( (/(.75,6&+( u&+:,1*81O *(1 80:$1'(/1] 0,7 ,0 r5,1=,3 */(,&+(1 y$1'/(51 Jn$87635(&+(51K (5)2/*7 ',( w0O :$1'/81* ,1 80*(.(+57(5 t,&+781*P g567 '85&+ ',(6( 7(&+1,6&+( x(5.1@3)81* 921 u&+$// 0,7 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*(1 :,5' u35$&+( 81' o86,. A 9(567>5.%$5 Jo(*$3+21N g/(.752*8,7$55(KN A 63(,&+(5O 81' .23,(5%$5 Jv21%$1'N efKN A 0$1,38/,(5%$5 Ju78',2Og5(.7(K 81' 925 $//(0 A @%(575$*%$5 Jv(/()21N t81')81.KP p$&+5,&+7(1 921 $//(1 v(,/(1 '(5 y(/7 (55(,&+(1 816 352037P f$6 @%(5 u$7(//,7(1 /,9( @%(575$*(1( h(516(+(1 *,%7 816 '$6 i()@+/N @%(5$// NN'$%(, =8 6(,1DDP f,( m20O 081,.$7,2160(',(1 +$%(1 '$6 d(:86676(,1 '(6 02'(51(1 o(16&+(1 (176&+(,'(1' *(35>*7P c/6 (567(6 c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/ :,5' '(6+$/% ',( t81')81.Ov(&+1,. %(O 6&+5,(%(1P f,( t$',2$6752120,(N 816(5 =:(,7(6 c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/N (1767$1' $86 '(5 t$'$5O g17:,&./81* ,0 TP y(/7.5,(*P k1 '(1 f(.$'(1 '$1$&+ %(6&+(57( 816 ',(6(5 |:(,* '(5 c6752120,( 9,(/( 6(16$7,21(//( g17'(&.81*(1P c8&+ ',( t$',2$6752120,( +$7 816(5 d(:86676(,1 9(5>1'(57\ w16(5( +(87,*(1N =,(0/,&+ '(7$,//,(57(1 x2567(//81*(1 921 '(5 g17:,&./81* '(6 w1,9(56806 Jm2602/2*,(N d'P ZN m$3P XK %$6,(5(1 *$1= :(6(17/,&+ $8) 5$',2$6752120,6&+(1 d(2%$&+781*(1 Js8$6$5(N j,17(5*581'675$+/81*KP

WPWPS t81')81. f,( v21)5(48(1=(1P f(5 j?5%(5(,&+ '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 q+5(6 (5675(&.7 6,&+ 81*()>+5 921 TR j= %,6 TR .j=P f,( 2%(5( i5(1=)5(48(1= 6,1.7 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 c/7(5P f,( q5*(/ ,67 '$6 k167580(17 0,7 '(0 *5?M7(1 v2180)$1*P f,( i581'6&+:,1*81*(1 '(5 q5*(/7?1( 80)$66(1 '(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ 921 SXPUWT j= JeTK %,6 VRZX j= J&WKP j?+(5( h5(48(1=(1 75(7(1 %(, '(1 q%(57?1(1 $8) 81' 6,1' A 62:(,7 6,( 920 q+5 '(6 j?5(56 @%(5+$837 :$+5*(1200(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1 A :,&+7,* )@5 (,1( *87( y,(O '(5*$%( '(5 1$7@5/,&+(1 m/$1*)$5%(P y,( 6(+5 ',( i@7( '(5 y,('(5*$%( 920 9(5)@*%$5(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ $%+>1*7N />667 6,&+ /(,&+7 (5.(11(1N :(11 0$1 =P dP o86,.N ',( @%(5 v(/()21 JURRAUVRR j=K 0,7*(+?57 :,5'N 9(5*/(,&+7 0,7 o86,. (,1(5 wmyO%(575$*81* JURASWRRR j=KN :,(O '(5*(*(%(1 '85&+ (,1 +,15(,&+(1' *87(6 x(567>5.(5On$87635(&+(5Ou1'/,&+DDP d(,0 v(/()21 6,1' (6 UPV .j=N 81' '$6 ,67 $865(,&+(1' )@5 ',( m20081,.$7,21P d(, d(6&+5>1.81* $8) T .j= :,5' u35$&+( 6&+:(5 9(567>1'O /,&+P

UWX

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

g/(.752$.867,6&+( y$1'/(5P o,.523+21 81' n$87635(&+(5 6,1' y$1'/(5N ',( u&+$// ,1 (/(.75,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 %=:P (/(.75,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 ,1 u&+$// 80:$1'(/1P l('(5 g5(.7N '(5 '(1 u&+$//Oy(&+6(/'58&. J%=:P ',( '$'85&+ 9(5856$&+7( u&+:,1O *81* (,1(5 o(0%5$1K 0,7 (,1(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 i5?M( Jy,'(567$1'N m$3$=,7>7N u3$1O 181*N u7520 8P$PK 9(5.1@3)7N .$11 =80 d$8 921 o,.523+21(1N n$87635(&+(51 81' (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+$//Oo(66*(5>7(1 $86*(187=7 :(5'(1P f,( 9(56&+,('(1(1 y$1'/(571*,*.(,7 '(6 y,5.81*6*5$'(6N 62:,( ,1 g0371'/,&+.(,7 81' d(/$67%$5.(,7P o,.523+21(P d(,0 m2+/(0,.523+21 :,5' m2+/(*5,(M '85&+ u&+$//'58&. .2035,0,(57 81' 6(,1 y,'(567$1' '$'85&+ 9(50,1'(57P d(,0 m21'(16$7250,.523+21 ,67 ',( 6&+:,1*(1'( o(0%5$1 (,1( m21'(16$7253/$77( 81' 9(5856$&+7 (17635(&+(1'( m$O 3$=,7>766&+:$1.81*(1P d(,0 g/(.75(70,.523+21N (,1(5 c%:$1'/81* '(6 m21'(16$O 7250,.523+216N ,67 0(,67 ',( o(0%5$1N 6(/7(1 ',( i(*(1(/(.752'( $/6 g/(.75(7 Jc%6&+1P SUPVK $86*(%,/'(7P d(,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o,.523+21 :,5' '85&+ ',( 6&+:,1O *(1'( o(0%5$1N $1 '(5 (,1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(6 v(,/ %()(67,*7 ,67N '(5 h/866 ,1 (,1(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5(,6 9(5>1'(57 81' '$0,7 ,1 (,1(5 '(1 h/866 806&+/,(M(1'(1 u38/( (,1 u7520 ,1'8=,(57P d(,0 (/(.752'*7 ',( o(0%5$1 (,1( v$8&+638/(N ',( 6,&+ ,0 dOh(/' (,1(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 %(:(*7 81' 62 (,1( k1O '8.7,21663$1181* (5+>/7P g,1( 6(+5 (0371'/,&+( x$5,$17( ,67 '$6 d>1'&+(10,.52O 3+21N ,1 '(0 (,1 $/6 o(0%5$1 :,5.(1'(6N (/(.75,6&+ ,62/,(57(6 o(7$//Od>1'&+(1 ,0 h(/' (,1(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 6&+:,1*7 81' (,1( k1'8.7,21663$1181* /,()(57P d(,0 m5,67$//0,.523+21 '5@&.7 ',( o(0%5$1 $8) (,1(1 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$// Jc%6&+1P SUPUPTKN :2'85&+ $1 '(66(1 u(,7(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8)75(7(1N ',( $/6 (/(.75,6&+( u3$1181* (5)$667 :(5'(1P m2+/(O 81' m21'(16$7250,.523+21 %(1?7,*(1 (,1( j,/)663$1181*P f$6 v$8&+O 638/0,.523+21 +$7 (,1( ./(,1( k03('$1=N '$6 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( (,1( 6(+5 *52M(P m21O '(16$725O 81' g/(.75(70,.523+21 +$%(1 (,1(1 6(+5 *87(1 NNh5(48(1=*$1*DDN 'P +P ,+5( g0371'/,&+.(,7 J3 y(&+6(/63$1181*Bu&+$//:(&+6(/'58&.K ,67 @%(5 (,1(1 *52O M(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ $11>+(51' .2167$17P n$87635(&+(5P f,( $0 0(,67(1 9(5:(1'(7(1 v&+/,&+ =85 c%675$+/81* +?+(5(5 h5(48(1=(1 9(5:(1'(7] 6(,1( k03('$1= /,(*7 %(, 0(+5(5(1 ./P f$ -('(6 6&+:,1*(1'( u+( ',(6(5 h5(48(1=(1 t(621$1=9(5+$/7(1 =(,*7N $/62 )@5 (/(.75,6&+( u,*1$/( .2167$17(5 c03O /,78'( 0,7 (,1(5 67$5. )5(48(1=$%+>1*,*(1 0(&+$1,6&+(1 c03/,78'( 5($*,(57N 0866 '85&+ =86>7=/,&+( o$M1$+0(1 A :,( g,16$7= (/(.75,6&+(5 2'(5 0(&+$1,6&+(5 h,/7(5 A )@5 (,1(1 NN*87(1DD h5(48(1=*$1* *(625*7 :(5'(1P h@5 $16358&+692//( y,('(5*$%(1 :(5'(1 )@5 ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 v21)5(48(1=Od(5(,&+( =:(, 2'(5 '5(, n$87635(&+(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 d$8$57 9(5:(1'(7\ v,()721ON o,77(/721O 81' j2&+721On$87635(&+(5P d5(,7%$1'9(567>5.81*P d(, '(5 d(6&+5(,%81* 921 j2&+)5(48(1=*(1(5$725(1N ',( x(5O 67>5.81* 81' t@&..233/81* $86187=(1 Jc%6&+1P WPSPTKN :$5 (,1( 67$5.( h5(48(1=O $%+>1*,*.(,7 *(:@16&+7N 81' '$)@5 :85'(1 neOt(621$1=.5(,6( ,1 ',( i(1(5$725O u&+$/781* (,1*(%$87P j,(5 .2007 (6 '$*(*(1 $8) (,1( 0?*/,&+67 .2167$17( x(567>5O .81* @%(5 (,1(1 6(+5 *52M(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ $1P f$)@5 (17+$/7(1 ',( u&+$/781*(1 925=8*6:(,6( 2+06&+( y,'(567>1'(P c%(5 -('( u&+$/781* (17+>/7 u75(8.$3$=,7>7(1 81' n(,781*6,1'8.7,9,7>7(1P c8M(5'(0 .$11 0$1 $8) m21'(16$725(1 81' f5266(/1 1,&+7 9?//,* 9(5=,&+7(1 J6,( :(5'(1 =P dP =85 v5(1181* 921 i/(,&+67520 81' v21O )5(48(1=Oy(&+6(/675?0(1 %(1?7,*7KP f$6 +(,M7N '(1 ,'($/(1 d5(,7%$1'9(567>5.(5 2+O 1( h5(48(1=*$1* *,%7 (6 *$5 1,&+7P f,( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 x(567>5.81* 921 '(5 h5(48(1=N ',( ',( d5(,7%$1'9(567>5O .81* %((,175>&+7,*7N />667 6,&+ 67$5. 9(55,1*(51 '85&+ '$6 r5,1=,3 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 t@&.O .233/81* 2'(5 i(*(1.233/81* J1(*$7,9(N 5(9(56( 25 ,19(56( )(('%$&.KN '$6 S[TY 921 j$52/' uP d/$&. (5)81'(1 81' '$1$&+ 921 j$55< p5.81* (5)$+5(1 +$%(1N :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( i(*(1.233/81* $0 g,1*$1* (17635(&+(1' 67$5. 5('8=,(57P f$6 t(68/7$7 ,67 (,1( (1250( x(5%(66(581* '(6 h5(48(1=*$1*(6P g,1 $1'(5(6 r52%/(0 ,67 ',( /,1($5( x(567>5.81* $//(5 c03/,78'(1N '(5 6(+5 ./(,1(1 :,( '(5 6(+5 *52M(1N '$0,7 ',( f5.(5 $5%(,7(1 1$&+ '(0 */(,&+(1 r5,1=,3 Jc%%P WPWTK\ u&+$/781*67(&+1,6&+ :,5' (,1 c5%(,76381.7 $8) (,1(5 m(11/,1,( )(67*(/(*7P f,( c86*$1*6:(&+6(/63$1181* (5*,%7 6,&+ $/6 u3,(*(/81* '(5 g,1*$1*6:(&+6(/63$1181* $1 '(5 m(11/,1,( ,1 '(5 p$&+%$56&+$)7 '(6 c5%(,76381.7(6P t($/( x(567>5.(5 +$%(1 m(11/,1,(1N ',( 185 ,1 (,1(0 %(*5(1=7(1 d(5(,&+ '(5 g,1*$1*6:(&+6(/63$1181* /,1($5 6,1'P c03/,78'(1N ',( '$5@%(5 +,1$86*(+(1N (5)$+5(1 %(, '(5 x(567>5.81* (,1( x(5=(5581*] $86 (,1(5 u,1866&+:,1*81* $0 g,1*$1* :,5' (,1( c86*$1*66&+:,1*81*N ',( =:$5 ',(6(/%( i581')5(48(1= %(6,7=7N $%(5 $8&+ h285,(5Om20321(17(1 0,7 *$1==$+/,*(1 x,(/)$O &+(1 '(5 i581')5(48(1= (17+>/7P j2+( 9(5=(5581*6)5(,( x(567>5.81* ,67 185 0(+5O 6787* =8 (55(,&+(1P f,( 67(,*(1'(1 c1635@&+( $1 ',( s8$/,7>7 '(5 v21:,('(5*$%( %(, ,00(5 +?+(5(1 n$87635(&+(5On(,6781*(1 .2117(1 185 '85&+ c8)7(,/81* '(5 v21)5(48(1=(1 ,1 '5(, d(5(,&+( 81' g,16$7= 63(=,(//(5 n$87635(&+(5 )@5 7,()(N 0,77/(5( 81' +2+( v?1( (5)@//7 :(5'(1P f,( %(5*$1*6)5(48(1= 921 v,()721O 81' o,77(/721Od(5(,&+ /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 STR 81' URR j=] ',( %(5*$1*6)5(48(1= 921 o,77(/721O 81' j2&+721Od(5(,&+ ,1 '(5 p>+( 921 U .j=P f,( c%%P WPWU$ =(,*7 '(1 w17(56&+,(' =:,6&+(1 (,1(5 ,'($/(1N 6&+$5) %(*5(1=7(1 d(5(,&+6$8)7(,/81* 81' '(5 5($/(1 c8)7(,/81*N ',( %(5/$3381*(1 $8):(,67P k1 c%%P WPWU% ,67 0,7 u&+$/781*665.(5N ',( ',( *(:@16&+7( h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*O .(,7 %(6,7=(1N $%(5 $8&+ p(7=$16&+/866 %(1?7,*(1P U Tiefpass

Bandpass

Hochpass ideal

U

Überlappungsbereiche

i

real (a)

f g1

f g2 f

X i X

X

f

(b)

Tiefton

i X

Mittelton

Hochton

c%%P WPWU J$K k'($/( 81' 5($/( c8)7(,/81* '(5 v21)5(48(1=(1 ,1 '5(, d(5(,&+(] J%K u3(,681* '(5 '5(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 n$87635(&+(5 @%(5 ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 h5(48(1=7/7(5P

p$&+5,&+7(1O%(575$*81*P f$66 0$1 ,1 (,1( $86 o,.523+21N x(567>5.(5 81' n$87O 635(&+(5 %(67(+(1'( (/(.752O$.867,6&+( %(575$*81*6.(77( $8&+ (,1( /$1*( f233(/O /(,781* 81' %(, d('$5) 0(+5(5( x(567>5.(5 '$=:,6&+(16&+$/7(1 .$11N ,67 75,9,$/P x,(/ ,17(5(66$17(5 ,67 ',( h5$*(N :,( 0$1 0,7 (,1(5 Jf233(/OKn(,781* 0(+5(5( u35$&+(B o86,.Or52*5$00( */(,&+=(,7,* @%(575$*(1 81' $8) '(5 g03)>1*(56(,7( 6(/(.7,(5(1 .$11 Jv5>*(5675207(&+1,.KP f$0,7 9(5:$1'7 ,67 ',( h5$*(N :,( 0$1 ,1 (,1(0 u(1O '(%(5(,&+ */(,&+=(,7,* 0(+5(5( t81')81.352*5$00( $86675$+/(1 .$11N 2+1( '$66 6,( 6,&+ $8) '(5 g03)>1*(56(,7( *(*(16(,7,* 67?5(1 Jv5>*(5:(//(17(&+1,.KP f$6 x(5O )$+5(1N 0,7 '(0 '(5 c%6(1'(5 6(,1( p$&+5,&+7 $8) '(1 v5>*(5 $8)%5,1*7N :,5' o2O '8/$7,21 *(1$117] '$6 x(5)$+5(1N 0,7 '(0 '(5 g03)>1*(5 ',( p$&+5,&+7 920 v5>*(5 $%1,007N +(,M7 f(02'8/$7,21P

WPW c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/( Tonfrequenz Eingangssignal

Tonfrequenz

Hochfrequenz Sender

Trägerwelle

UW[

Empfänger

Ausgangssignal + Störung

Störungen

c%%P WPWV u&+(0$ (,1(5 v21O%(575$*81* 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 +2&+)5(48(17(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,O 6&+(1 v5>*(5:(//(P

y,5 :2//(1 816 +,(5 $8) ',( %(575$*81* 921 v21)5(48(1=(1 .21=(175,(5(1 81' %(575$*81*66*(5)5(48(1= J&$55,(5 )5(48(1&*(5)5(48(1=P f(5 h5(48(1=$%67$1' '(5 =8*(7(,/7(1 v5>*(5)5(48(1=(1 ),1S 2 ), Jm$1$/$%67$1'N m$1$/5$67(5K 0866 0,1'(67(16 62 *52M 6(,1 :,( ',( d$1'%5(,7( () '(5 @%(575$*(1(1 r52*5$00(P u,( %(67,007 ',( $.867,6&+( s8$/,7>7 Jv21)5(48(1=O %5(,7(N u7?581*6)5(,+(,7K '(5 %(575$*81*P c03/,78'(102'8/$7,21P f$6 ,67 ',( $0 /(,&+7(67(1 =8 9(567(+(1'( 81' =8(567 $1*(O :$1'7( o(7+2'(P u,( :,5' )@5 nyON oyO 81' myO%(575$*81*(1 9(5:(1'(7P g,1( +2&+)5(48(17( v5>*(56&+:,1*81* 0,7 '(5 c03/,78'( c 81' '(5 m5(,6)5(O 48(1= \N 02'8/,(57 ,0 v$.7 (,1(5 1,('(5)5(48(17(1 u&+:,1*81* 0,7 '(5 c03/,78'( $ 81' '(5 m5(,6)5(48(1= 6N (5*,%7 )2/*(1'(6 jhOu,*1$/N +,(5 =P dP $/6 u7520 k J7K '$5*(67(//7\ k J7K 3 Jc1$ 6,1 67K 6,1 /7 k J7K 3 c LS10 6,1 67K 6,1 /7N 0 3 $Bc

JWPSWVK

0,7 0]S $/6 o2'8/$7,216*5$'P v5,*2120(75,6&+( w0)25081* 921 i/P JWPSWVK /,()(57 S 0c &26 J\26K 7 T S k J7K 3 c 6,1 672 0c &26 J\16K 7P T k J7K 3 c 6,1 \71

JWPSWWK

f,(6( i/(,&+81* 6$*7 $86N '$66 $8M(5 '(5 v5>*(5)5(48(1= 12&+ =:(, u(,7(1)5(48(1=(1 $8)75(7(1N ',( '85&+ ',( u800( 81' f,5(5(1= 921 v5>*(5O 81' o2'8/$7,216)5(48(1= *(*(%(1 6,1'P f,( $1*(675(%7( o2'8/$7,21 ,1 '(5 h250 921 i/P JWPSWWK :,5' 1,&+7 '85&+ (,1( $'',7,9( %(5/$*(581* 921 v21O81' v5>*(56&+:,1*81* (55(,&+7] (6 *(1@*7 1,&+7N %(,'( y(&+6(/63$1181*(1 $1 '(1 g,1*$1* (,1(6 x(567>5.(56 =8 /(*(1N :(11 '(5 x(567>5.(5 ,0 /,1($5(1 d(5(,&+ 6(,1(5 m(11/,1,( $5%(,7(7 Jc%%P WPWWKP p85 '85&+ 1,&+7/,1($5( x(567>5.81* (1767(+(1 $8&+ u,*1$/$17(,/(N ',( 3523257,21$/ =8 L0 6 6,1 6716,1/7bT 6,1' 81' J:,( c8608/7,3/,=,(5(1 (5*,%7K $8&+ v(50( 0,7 6,1 67 6 6,1 /7 (17+$/7(1N ',( 6,&+ '85&+ u800$1'(1 0,7 '(1 u(,7(1)5(48(1=(1

UXR

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 ua

i uT + uM + u0

uT

u

ua

u0 t

t

uM

t

u0

i

t

u AM

ua

uT + uM + u0

ua u

X i X

t

t

c%%P WPWW u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* =85 c03/,78'(102'8/$7,21\ 2%(1 A /,1($5( m(11/,1,( *(1@*7 1,&+7] 817(1 A 1,&+7O/,1($5( f,2'(1Om(11/,1,( *(1@*7P

J\u6K '$567(//(1 /$66(1P f,( *(:@16&+7(1 u(,7(1)5(48(1=(1 /,(*(1 %(,'( 1$+( %(, \] ',( $1'(5(1N $1 '(5 1,&+7O/,1($5(1 m(11/,1,( $8&+ (1767(+(1'(1 h5(48(1=(1 /,(*(1 %(, T\ 2'(5 +?+(5N $/62 :(,7 2%(5+$/% \N 2'(5 %(, 6N T6 "N :(,7 817(5+$/% \P f(6+$/% *(1@*7 (,1 d$1'7/7(5 )@5 (,1(1 6&+0$/(1 f85&+/$66%(5(,&+ %(, '(5 v5>*(5O )5(48(1= \ Jc%%P WPWWN 817(1KN 80 ',( 02'8/,(57( v5>*(56&+:,1*81* +(5$86=87/7(51P

u

(a)

t

u

(b)

t

c%%P WPWX |85 c03/,78'(1Of(02'8/$7,21\ J$K $03/,78'(102'8/,(57( v5>*(56&+:,1*81* 0,7 j@//.859(1] J%K g5*(%1,6 '(5 g,1:(*Oi/(,&+5,&+781*P f,( *(675,&+(/7( n,1,( 67(//7 '(1 o,77(/O :(57 '(6 38/6,(5(1'(1 i/(,&+675206 '$5P

WPW c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/(

UXS

d(, '(5 %(575$*81* 921 u35$&+( 81' o86,. (1767(+7 )@5 -('( m20321(17( '(6 v21Oh5(48(1=63(.75806 (,1( 817(5( 81' (,1( 2%(5( u(,7(1)5(48(1=P c//( (5)$667(1 v21)5(48(1=(1 =86$00(1 (5*(%(1 =:(, u(,7(1%>1'(5P f,( 2%(5( i5(1=)5(48(1= )@5 '$6 1,('(5)5(48(17( o2'8/$7,2166,*1$/ :85'( )@5 ',( coOu(1'(5 $8) VPW .j= )(67O *(/(*7P f$0,7 (5*(%(1 ',( %(,'(1 6*(5)5(48(1= /,(*(1'(1 u(,7(1O %>1'(5 (,1( m$1$/%5(,7( 921 [ .j=] 62 *52M ,67 $8&+ '(5 m$1$/$%67$1' J'$6 m$O 1$/5$67(5K '(5 coOu(1'(5 $8) '(5 h5(48(1=6.$/$P f,( f(02'8/$7,21 *(6&+,(+7 '85&+ i/(,&+5,&+781* Jc%%P WPWXKN i/>7781* '(5 +2&+)5(48(17(1 u758.785 81' c%75(1181* '(5 i/(,&+67520.20321(17(P d(, '(5 i/>7781* 0866 ',( teO|(,7.2167$17( *5?M(5 6(,1 $/6 ',( r(5,2'( '(5 v5>*(56&+:,1O *81*N $%(5 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( '(5 +?&+67(1 @%(575$*(1(1 v216&+:,1*81*P j(7(52'5.(5P x25 '(5 f(02'8/$7,21 0866 921 '(1 $8) 9(56&+,('(1(1 v5>O *(5)5(48(1=(1 $1.200(1'(1 r52*5$00(1 (,1 r52*5$00 $86*(:>+/7 :(5'(1P f$=8 ',(17 (,1 $8) ',( '$=8*(+?5,*( v5>*(5)5(48(1= (,1*(67(//7(5 u&+0$/%$1'Ox(567>5.(5P g6 ,67 $%(5 6&+:,(5,*N ',( c5%(,76)5(48(1= (,1(6 u&+0$/%$1'Ox(567>5.(56 @%(5 (,1(1 *5?M(5(1 h5(48(1=Oy$+/%(5(,&+ =8 9$5,,(5(1 81' '$%(, @%(5$// *87( x(567>5.81* =8 (5+$/7(1P f$6 r52%/(0 :85'( 6(+5 (/(*$17 *(/?67 '85&+ ',( g571'81* '(6 j(7(52'5.(56N '(5 1$&+ (,1(0 %(5/$*(581*635,1=,3 $5%(,7(7\ f,( 921 '(5 c17(11( (03O )$1*(1(1 +2&+)5(48(17(1 u,*1$/( :(5'(1 0,7 (,1(5 ,0 g03)>1*(5 352'8=,(57(1 9$O 5,$%/(1 q6=,//$725)5(48(1= @%(5/$*(57 JNN*(0,6&+7DDKP f$%(, (1767(+(1 9,(/( f,5(5(1=O 81' u800(1)5(48(1=(1N 921 '(1(1 $%(5 185 (,1( %(67,007(N 1,&+7O9$5,$%/( |:,O 6&+(1)5(48(1= J',( %(, c03/,78'(102'8/$7,21 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 VWRAVYR .j= /,(*7K ,0 1$&+)2/*(1'(1 u&+0$/%$1'9(567>5.(5 9(567>5.7 :,5'P c167(//( '(5 c5%(,76)5(O 48(1= '(6 u&+0$/%$1'Ox(567>5.(56 :,5' ',( q6=,//$725)5(48(1= 9(5>1'(57P f$0,7 :,5' '(5 g03)>1*(5 $8) ',( v5>*(5)5(48(1= (,1*(67(//7N ',( */(,&+ '(5 u800( 921 q6=,//$725O 81' |:,6&+(1)5(48(1= ,67P |:,6&+(1 c17(11( 81' o,6&+678)( :,5' 6&+21 (,1( x256(/(.7,21 925*(1200(1N 35$.7,6&+(5:(,6( 62N '$66 '(56(/%( d(',(181*6O .123) 62:2+/ ',( q6=,//$725)5(48(1= $/6 $8&+ ',( u(/(.7,216)5(48(1= '(5 c%67,00O (,15,&+781* 9$5,,(57 Jc%%P WPWYKP Hochfrequenzsignal verschiedener des gewünschten Sender Senders

konstante Zwischenfrequenz

Modulationssignal des gewünschten Senders

Mischstufe von der Antenne

fE Abstimmeinrichtung

fZF fOSZ

ZF -Verstärker

Demodulator

NF -Verstärker

Lautsprecher

G

i i i

Oszillator

c%%P WPWY r5,1=,3 (,1(6 j(7(52'1*(56 J1$&+ wP h5(1'(51 .?117(1N 6,1' '$*(*(1 1,&+7 %(.$117P d(, '(5 h5(48(1=02'8/$7,21 :,5' '$6 1,('(5)5(48(17( u,*1$/ =85 x(5>1'(581* '(5 m$3$=,7>7 (,1(6 u&+:,1*.5(,6(6 9(5:(1'(7N 81' '$'85&+ >1'(57 6,&+ ',( h5(48(1= '(6 q6=,//$7256N '(5 ',( v5>*(56&+:,1*81* (5=(8*7P Lj$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17(N ',( $/6 67(8(5%$5( m$3$=,7>7(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N 6,1' ',( ,1 c%6&+1P [PUPS %(+$1O '(/7(1 m$3$=,7>76',2'(1 Jx$5$.725(1KPb f,( c03/,78'( '(6 o2'8/$7,2166,*1$/6 co :,5' ,1 '(1 h5(48(1=+8% ()v '(5 v5>O *(5)5(48(1= 80*(6(7=7\ h@5 (,1( (,1=(/1( 02'8/,(5(1'( p,('(5)5(48(1= )o +$7 '$6 jhOu,*1$/ ',( h250 0,7

k J7K 3 cv 6,1 LT@ )J7K 6 7b ) J7K 3 )v 1 ()v 6 6,1 JT@ )o7KP

JWPSWXK

f,( i5?M( o 3 ()vB)o ,67 '(5 o2'8/$7,216,1'(;P g,1( h285,(5Oc1$/7 =8 (55(,&+(1P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 ,67 '$6 o2'8/$7,2166,*1$/ (,1( %(5/$*(581* 921 u&+:,1*81*(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 h5(48(1= 81' c03/,78'(P f(5 h5(48(1=+8% ()vN '(5 '(5 o$;,0$/O $03/,78'( (17635,&+7N 81' ',( *5?M7( ,0 o2'8/$7,2166,*1$/ (17+$/7(1( h5(48(1= )o %(67,00(1 =86$00(1 ',( (5)25'(5/,&+( hoOd$1'%5(,7(\ ()ho . T J()v 1 )oKP

JWPSWYK

d(, '(5 wmyOu7(5(2O%(575$*81* %(67$1' 921 c1)$1* $1 ',( h25'(581* 1$&+ m203$7,%,/,7>7 0,7 o212Og03)>1*(51P f(6+$/% :(5'(1 1,&+7 ',( %(,'(1 u7(5(2O

WPW c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/(

UXU

m$1>/( n J3 /,1.6K 81' t J3 5(&+76K @%(575$*(1N 621'(51 '(5(1 u800( 81' f,)O )(5(1=N 81' =:$5 62N '$66 o212Og03)>1*(5 2+1( |86$7=*(5>7 '$6 Jn1tKOu,*1$/ 9(5$5%(,7(1 .?11(1P h@5 ',( u7(5(2O%(575$*81* :,5' $86 '(0 1,('(5)5(48(17(1 Jn1tKOu,*1$/ 81' '(0 0,7 UZ .j= $03/,78'(102'8/,(57(1 Jn2tKOu,*1$/ (,1 o8/O 7,3/(;Ou,*1$/ (5=(8*7N '$6 =85 h5(48(1=02'8/$7,21 '(5 v5>*(5:(//( 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P c8) '(5 g03)>1*(56(,7( :,5' '$6 hoOu,*1$/ 9(567>5.7N :2%(, (,1( |:,6&+(1)5(O 48(1= 921 SRPY oj= u7$1'$5' ,67P f$1$&+ (5)2/*7 (,1( c03/,78'(1%(*5(1=81* Jc%%P WPWZKN :(,/ ',( c03/,78'( '(6 (03)$1*(1(1 hoOu,*1$/6 67?581*6%(',1*7( u&+:$1.81*(1 $8):(,67P u

u

u

t

ungestörtes FM-Signal

t

gestörtes FM-Signal

t

FM-Signal nach Amplitudenbegrenzung

c%%P WPWZ %(575$*81* 0,7 h5(48(1=02'8/$7,21P c03/,78'(1%(*5(1=81* '(6 (03)$1*(1(1 hoOu,*1$/6P

f,( h5(48(1=Of(02'8/$7,21 *(6&+,(+7 =P dP 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 h/$1.(1',6.5,0,1$7256\ f$6 ,67 (,1 t(621$1=.5(,6N )@5 '(1 '(5 '85&+ ',( hoOv5>*(5)5(48(1= )(67*(/(*7( c5%(,76381.7 ,1 (,1(0 /,1($5(1 v(,/ '(5 t(621$1=.859(1Oh/$1.( /,(*7P k0 u7(5(2O (03)>1*(5 :(5'(1 $86 '(1 ,0 o8/7,3/(;Ox(5)$+5(1 @%(575$*(1(1 Jn1tKO 81' Jn2tKOu,*1$/(1 ',( u7(5(2.>1$/( n 81' t (/(.7521,6&+ 5(*(1(5,(57P u(1'(7(&+1,. 81' y(//(1$86%5(,781*P g567( x(568&+( =85 '5$+7/26(1 %(575$*81* 921 u35$&+( 81' o86,. :85'(1 6&+21 0,7+,/)( '(5 jhOh81.(17(&+1,. '85&+*(O )@+57P f,( 5$3,'( g17:,&./81* '(6 t81')81.6 %(*$11 $%(5 (567 80 S[TR 0,7 '(0 g,16$7= 921 g/(.7521(15?+5(1 ,1 x(567>5.(51 81' jhOi(1(5$725(1 J9*/P c%O 6&+1P WPSPTKP n$1*( y(//(1 39$1=(1 6,&+ 920 u(1'(5 $86 +$8376>&+/,&+ $/6 d2'(1:(//(1 )257P u,( :(5'(1 $1 '(5 /(,7(1'(1 g5'2%(59>&+( ,1 >+1/,&+(5 y(,6( *()@+57 :,( ',( f5$+7O :(//(1 $1 (,1(0 f5$+7P f,( (1'/,&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 '(6 g5'%2'(16 81' u((:$66(56 %(',1*7N '$66 ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 1,&+7 6(1.5(&+7 =85 q%(59>&+( 67(+(1N 621O '(51 /(,&+7 *(1(,*7 6,1'P f,( h(/'.20321(17( 3$5$//(/ =85 q%(59>&+( '5,1*7 (7:$6 ,1 ',( g5'( (,1 81' )@+57 =8 c%62537,21N ',( 0,7 $%1(+0(1'(5 y(//(1/>1*( *5?M(5 :,5'P f,( t(,&+:(,7( (,1(5 u(1'(67$7,21 ,67 $/62 8062 *5?M(5N -( *5?M(5 ',( y(/O /(1/>1*( + ,67P f(6+$/% :>+/7( 0$1 $1)$1*6 )@5 '(1 %(56((9(5.(+5 6(+5 *52M( y(/O /(1/>1*(1N =P dP + 3 SZ .0 )@5 ',( x(5%,1'81* =:,6&+(1 p$8(1 J%(, d(5/,1K 81' d8(O 126 c,5(6 81' 67(,*(57( ',( u(1'(/(,6781* $8) (,1,*( SRR .yP g,1( )@5 n$1*O 81' o,77(/:(//(1 *((,*1(7( u(1'($17(11( ,67 ',( o$5&21,Oc17(11( J'(5 NNo21232/DDKP f$6 ,67 (,1 9(57,.$/(5 u7$% '(5 n>1*( +BVN '(5 A ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 (,1(5 *87 /(,7(1'(1 g5'2%(59>&+( A :,( ',( 2%(5( j>/)7( (,1(6 9(57,.$/(1 j$/%O

UXV

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

:(//(1Of,32/6 :,5.7P w0 ',( c17(11( *87 0,7 '(5 /(,7(1'(1 g5'( =8 9(5%,1'(1N :,5' (,1 q%(59>&+(1Og5'1(7= 9(5/(*7] 0?*/,&+67 9,(/( 81' /$1*( o(7$//'5>+7( :(5'(1N 920 c17(11(1)8M381.7 $86*(+(1'N 67$+/(1)?50,* 1$&+ $8M(1 9(5/(*7 Jt$',$//(,7(5N 5$',$/6KP d(, g03)$1*6$17(11(1 )@5 n$1*O 81' o,77(/:(//(1N 62:,( %(, u(1'($17(1O 1(1 )@5 n$1*O 81' n>1*67:(//(1 ,67 (6 7(&+1,6&+ 0(,67 1,&+7 0?*/,&+N c17(11(1 '(5 n>1*( +BV =8 (55,&+7(1P o$1 %(187=7 '(6+$/% x(57,.$/67>%(N ',( :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 6,1' 81' (17635(&+(1' :(1,*(5 n(,6781* $%675$+/(1 2'(5 (03)$1*(1P g,1( .@5=(5( c17(11( :,5.7 1,&+7 :,( (,1 $%*(67,007(5 t(621$725 Jg56$7=6&+$/7%,/'\ t(,+(15(O 621$1=.5(,6KN 621'(51 .$3$=,7,9P f$6 ,67 ,1 '(5 u&+$/781* '(6 c17(11(1.5(,6(6 =8 %(5@&.6,&+7,*(1P S[TV 0$&+7(1 $0(5,.$1,6&+( c0$7(85( ',( $8)6(+(1(55(*(1'( g17'(&.81*N '$66 0$1 0,7 y(//(1/>1*(1 ./(,1(5 $/6 SRR 0 Jm85=:(//(1K ',( */(,&+(1 g17)(5181*(1 0,7 80 i5?M(125'181*(1 ./(,1(5(1 u(1'(/(,6781*(1 JSR %,6 SRR y 817(5 *@167,*(1 x(5+>/71,66(1K @%(5%5@&.(1 .$11P f,( m85=:(//(1 6,1' .(,1( d2'(1:(//(1N 621'(51 t$80:(//(1N ',( ,1 '(5 2%(5(1 g5'$70263+>5( $1 ,21,6,(57(1 u&+,&+7(1 =80 g5'O %2'(1 +,1 $%*(/(1.7 :(5'(1P o,7 0(+5(5(1 t(9(;,21(1 .?11(1 ',(6( y(//(1 80 ',( *$1=( g5'( *(/$1*(1P gP m(11(//< 81' qP j($9,6,'( +$77(1 6&+21 S[RT 81$%O +>1*,* 921(,1$1'(5 '$5$8) +,1*(:,(6(1N '$66 6,&+ ,1 '(5 2%(5(1 c70263+>5( (,1( u&+,&+7 %(71'(7N ,1 '(5 6,&+ 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(5 .85=:(//,*(1 81' .25386.8/$5(1 u211(1675$+/81* )5(,( k21(1 81' g/(.7521(1 %,/'(1P f,( m(11(//5( %(=(,&+1(7 81' ,1 0(+5(5( u&+,&+7(1 JfN gN hSN hTK =:,6&+(1 ZR 81' WRR .0 j?+( 817(57(,/7 :,5'N +$7 )@5 ',( m85=:(//(1 (,1( ./(,1(5( d5(&+=$+/ $/6 ',( 1,&+7,21,6,(57( c70263+>5(P f,( y(//(1 :(5'(1 '(6+$/% =80 237,6&+O',&+O 7(5(1 o(',80 +,1 *(%52&+(1P c%%P WPW[ =(,*7 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 m5@0081* 920 c86675$+/81*6:,1.(/P k1 '(5 w0*(%81* '(6 u(1'(56 (;,67,(57 (,1( 727( |21( J=:,O 6&+(1 '(1 u75$+/(1 S 81' XK] 81' u75$+/(1 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(5 y(*/>1*( .?11(1 8PwP $8&+ 0,7(,1$1'(5 ,17(5)(5,(5(1 Ju75$+/(1 Z 81' V 62:,( [ 81' TK 81' u&+:81'(5(.7( J)$',1*K +(592558)(1P f,( *5?M7( t(,&+:(,7( 0,7 (,1(5 t(9(;,21 :,5' %(, )$67 +25,O

maximale Ionisation untere Grenze der Schicht

987 6

5 4 3

Erdoberfläche Sender

t ote

2

F-Schicht 1

Zon e

67

5

8

4 3

E-Schicht

2 9 1

c%%P WPW[

|85 c86%5(,781* .85=(5 y(//(1 80 ',( g5'(P

WPW c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/(

UXW

=217$/(5 c86675$+/81* Ju75$+/ SK (55(,&+7P y(11 6,&+ d2'(1O 81' t$80:(//(1*(%,(7( @%(56&+1(,'(1N :$6 =:,6&+(1 WR 81' SWR .0 925.200(1 .$11N *,%7 (6 %(621'(56 81$1*(1(+0( u&+:81'(56&+(,181*(1P f,( ,21,6,(5(1'(1 u&+,&+7(1 6,1' ,1 j?+(N f,&.( 81' k21,6$7,216*5$' 921 '(5 v$*(6=(,7 81' $8&+ 921 '(5 u211(1$.7,9,7>7 Ju211(19(&.(1N g5837,21(1 $1 '(5 u211(12%(59>&+(K $%+>1*,*P p(%(1 '(5 d5(O &+81* 71'(7 $8&+ c%62537,21 '(5 y(//(1 67$77P f,( 817(567( fOu&+,&+7 ,67 $0 *(O 5,1*67(1 ,21,6,(57 81' :,5.7 +$8376>&+/,&+ $%625%,(5(1'P d5(&+81* %=:P t(9(;,21 81' c%62537,21 ,1 '(5 k21263+>5( 6,1' 67$5. $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 y(//(1/>1*(P f,( '5(, c86%5(,781*602'(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P WPXR 6&+(0$7,6&+ =86$00(1*()$667P A n$1*:(//(1 0,7 y(//(1/>1*(1 921 S .0 81' *5?M(5 :(5'(1 185 '85&+ d2'(1:(//(1 $86*(%5(,7(7P A o,77(/:(//(1 :(5'(1 7$*6@%(5 185 $/6 d2'(1:(/O /(1 0,7 *(5,1*(5 t(,&+:(,7(N ',( $%(5 12&+ '(87/,&+ *5?M(5 $/6 ',( u,&+7:(,7( ,67N $86*(%5(,7(7] ',( t$80:(//(1 :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 fOu&+,&+7 $%625%,(57P f,( fOu&+,&+7 :,5' 1$&+ u211(1817(5*$1* 5$6&+ $%*(%$87N 62'$66 ',( o,77(/:(//(1 1$&+76 =8 '(1 +?+(5(1 u&+,&+7(1 *(/$1*(1 81' '257 5(9(.7,(57 :(5'(1 .?11(1] '$6 )@+57 =8 %(5O 5(,&+:(,7(1 81' 8PwP $8&+ =8 %(5/$3381* 921 u(1'(%(5(,&+(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 u(1O '(5N ',( ',(6(/%( v5>*(5)5(48(1= %(187=(1P A m85=:(//(1 921 (7:$ SR %,6 SRR 0 y(/O /(1/>1*( 6,1' ',( 77 6,1' 6(+5 67$5. 921 v$*(6=(,7 81' $70263+>5,6&+(1N 6211(1%(',1*7(1 u7?O 581*(1 $%+>1*,*P A y(//(1/>1*(1 921 (,1,*(1 o(7(51 81' :(1,*(5 :(5'(1 921 '(1 ,21,6,(57(1 $70263+>5,6&+(1 u&+,&+7(1 1,&+7 0(+5 5(9(.7,(57] ,+5 g03)$1*6%(5(,&+ ,67 */(,&+ '(5 u,&+7:(,7( 920 u(1'(5P f,( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(5 u75$+/81* 921 n$1*O 81' o,77(/:(//(16(1'(51 ,67 9(57,.$/N ',( '(5 m85=:(//(16(1'(5 +25,=217$/N ',( '(5 wmyOu(1'(5 @%(5:,(*(1' +25,=217$/P f,( c865,&+781* '(5 g03)$1*6$17(11(1 0866 '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 $1*(3$667 6(,1P f,( 67$%)?50,*(1 c872$17(11(1 (03)$1*(1 9(57,.$/( r2/$5,6$7,21 9,(/ %(66(5 $/6 +25,O =217$/(P g6 *,%7 $8&+ wmyOu(1'(5N ',( =,5.8/$5 32/$5,6,(57( y(//(1 $86675$+/(1N 80 921 9(57,.$/(1 81' +25,=217$/(1 g03)$1*6$17(11(1 */(,&+ *87N $//(5',1*6 0,7 185 YR @ '(6 u3$1181*66,*1$/6 J+$/%,(57(5 n(,6781*N 2U 'dKN (03)$1*(1 =8 :(5'(1P f,( m20%,1$7,216Og03)$1*6$17(11(1 )@5 $//( t$',2O 81' h(516(+Od(5(,&+( 9(5O 6&+:,1'(1 1$&+ 81' 1$&+ 921 '(1 j$86'>&+(51P k00(5 0(+5 j$86+$/7( (5+$/7(1

ll e

Ionosphäre

Ra um

we

Sichtlinienwelle we Boden

ll e

Troposphäre

Sender Erdoberfläche

c%%P WPXR

Empfänger

f,( '5(, c86%5(,781*6$57(1 '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//(1 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP

UXX

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

(,1(1 m$%(/$16&+/866P y(5 $%(5 ,1 (,1(5 '@11%(6,('(/7(1 i(*(1' /(%7 81' '(6+$/% ,1 $%6(+%$5(5 |(,7 1,&+7 0,7 x(5.$%(/81* 5(&+1(1 .$11N 2'(5 u(1'(5 (03)$1*(1 0?&+7(N ',( 1,&+7 ,16 m$%(/ (,1*(63(,67 :(5'(1N '(5 :(,&+7 $86 $8) u$7(//,7(1(03)$1*P f(5 *(267$7,21>5( u$7(//,7 (03)>1*7 ',( c8):>576675$+/81* J83/,1.K 921 '(5 d2'(1O 67$7,21 81' 187=7 ',( 0,7 u2/$5=(//(1 *(:211(1( (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* =85 x(567>5.81* 81' =85 6&+$5) *(%@1'(/7(1 c%675$+/81* $8) ',( g5'2%(59>&+( J'2:1/,1.K] (,1 %(5O 75$*81*6.$1$/ $0 u$7(//,7(1N %(67(+(1' $86 g03)>1*(5N w06(7=(5 81' u(1'(5N :,5' v5$16321'(5 *(1$117P j(87( *,%7 (6 9,(/( u$7(//,7(1 0,77/(5(5 n(,6781* J(7:$ WR y 352 v5$16321'(5N :,( ',( c675$Ou$7(//,7(1KN ',( )@5 '(1 35,9$7(1 g03)$1* *((,*1(7 6,1'P

WPWPT t$',2$6752120,( S[US (17'(&.7( '(5 g/(.752,1*(1,(85 m$5/ iP l$16.< 921 '(5 d(// v(/(3+21( e20O 3$1< ',( (567( (;75$7(55(675,6&+( t$',2675$+/81*N (,1 t$86&+(1 $86 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 |(175806 '(5 o,/&+675$M(P f$6 :(&.7( $%(5 1,&+7 '$6 k17(5(66( '(5 c67523++5(1' '(6 TP y(/7.5,(*6 (17:,&.(/7(1 t$'$57(&+1,.P d(,0 t$'$5 6,1' u(1'(5 81' g03)>1*(5 ,'(17,6&+P g17:('(5 :,5' ',( n$8)=(,7 (,1(6 $1 (,1(0 q%-(.7 5(9(.7,(57(1 o,.52:(//(1Or8/6(6 *(0(66(1 81' '$5$86 ',( g17)(5181* '(6 q%-(.7(6 %(67,007 Jp$9,*$7,21K] 2'(5 (6 :,5' ',( f233O /(59(56&+,(%81* (,1(5 $1 (,1(0 %(:(*7(1 q%-(.7 5(9(.7,(57(1 o,.52:(//( *(0(66(1 81' '$5$86 ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 q%-(.7(6 %(67,007 Jx(5.(+56.21752//(KP f,( t$'$57(&+1,. ,67 $8&+ )@5 ',( g5)256&+81* 921 o21' 81' r/$1(7(1 *(187=7 :25'(1P d(,63,(/6:(,6( :85'( '85&+ f233/(5Ot$'$5 )(67*(67(//7N '$66 ',( x(186N '(5(1 q%(5O 9>&+( 817(5 (,1(5 ',&.(1 y2/.(1'(&.( 9(5%25*(1 ,67N /$1*6$0(5 80 ,+5( c&+6( 527,(57 $/6 6,( 80 ',( u211( 80/>8)7P f,( t$',2$6752120,( %(187=7 921 '(5 t$'$57(&+1,. 185 ',( g03)$1*6$17(11(1 )@5 y(//(1 $86 '(0 y(/7$// J3$66,9(5 h81.',(167KP f$6 t$',2)(167(5 '(5 g5'$7026O 3+>5( %(*,117 0,7 y(//(1/>1*(1 921 ./(,1(5 $/6 TR 0 J )#SW oj=KN )@5 ',( ',( k2O 1263+>5( '85&+/>66,* ,67N 81' (1'(7 %(, y(//(1/>1*(1 921 (7:$ X 00 J) 3 WR ij=KN :(,/ =8 .@5=(5(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 ',( c%62537,21 '85&+ u$8(56725 81' y$66(5'$03) 67$5. =81,007P p85 $8) +2+(1 d(5*(1 81' ,1 :$66(5'$0355(,(5 n8)7 ,67 7(55(675,6&+( u8%0,//,0(7(5Ot$',2$6752120,( %,6 RPUW 00 J ) 3 ZWY ij=K 0?*/,&+P k0 u8%0,//,O 0(7(5%(5(,&+ @%(5/$337 ',( t$',2$6752120,( 0,7 '(5 k1)5$527$6752120,(P t$',27(/(6.23(P f,( k167$//$7,21 921 t$',27(/(6.23(1 (5)2/*7 %(925=8*7 ,1 $%*(/(O *(1(1 i(*(1'(1N 0?*/,&+67 $%*(6&+,507 *(*(1 '(1 h81.9(5.(+5P c%(5 ',( u7?581O *(1 '85&+ '(1 7(55(675,6&+(1 h81. 81' '(1 u$7(//,7(1)81. 1(+0(1 =8P p85 (,1( c1=$+/ ./(,1(5 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+( A %(*,11(1' %(, TWPWRATWPXY oj= 81' (1'(1' %(, TWRATWT ij= A 6,1' $//(,1 )@5 3$66,9( h81.',(167( 5(6(59,(57P c//( t$',27(/(6.23( %(67(+(1 $86 (,1(0 )2.866,(5(1'(1 u3,(*(/ 81' (,1(5 g03O )$1*6$17(11( ,0 d5(11381.7P f$6 t,&+7',$*5$00 %(6,7=7 (,1( *52M( j$837.(8/(

WPW c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/(

UXY

81' 81%('(87(1'( p(%(1.(8/(1P f$6 c89?681*69(50?*(1 '(6 t$',27(/(6.236 :,5' '85&+ ',( m(8/(1%5(,7( )SBT %(6&+5,(%(1] '$6 ,67 '(5 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 '(1 t,&+781*(1N )@5 ',( ',( n(,6781* '(6 (03)$1*(1(1 u,*1$/6 185 12&+ +$/% 62 *52M ,67 :,( ,0 o$;,080P f(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(6 v(/(6.236 f 81' ',( y(//(1/>1*( + %(67,00(1 ',( m(8/(1%5(,7( 1$&+ )SBT . +BfP

JWPSWZK

f,(6( h250(/ *,/7 )@5 $//( v(/(6.23(N 185 '$66 '(5 d(*5,5 '(5 m(8/(1%5(,7(N '(5 $86 '(5 t$'$57(&+1,. .2007N ,1 '(5 n,&+7237,. 1,&+7 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P c6752120,O 6&+( v(/(6.23( ,0 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ +$%(1 f85&+0(66(5 921 (,1,*(1 o(O 7(51 81' y(//(1/>1*(1 921 (,1,*(1 SRR 10N 'P +P +Bf /,(*7 %(, SR2YP v7 '(6 g03)>1*(56,*1$/6 (17635,&+7 '(5 d,/'+(//,*.(,7 '(6 (,1(1 d,/'381.O 7(6P g,1 6&+:(1.%$5(6 t$',27(/(6.23 +$7 0(,67 (,1(1 )(67 ,0 d5(11381.7 0217,(57(1 g03)>1*(5 81' (,1(1 3$5$%2/,6&+(1 u3,(*(/N '(5 (,1 $&+6(13$5$//(/ (,1)$//(1'(6 u75$+/(1%@1'(/ 2+1( ~5181*6)(+/(5 ,0 d5(11381.7 )2.866,(57P g,1 1,&+76&+:(1.O %$5(6 t$',27(/(6.23 +$7 0(,67 (,1(1 ,1 '(5 w0*(%81* '(6 d5(11381.7(6 %(:(*%$5(1 g03)>1*(5N 0,7 '(0 ',( |,(/5,&+781* 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1 .$11] '$)@5 6,1' r$5$%2/63,(*(/ 1,&+7 62 *87 *((,*1(7 :,( m8*(/63,(*(/N :(,/ /(7=7(5( )@5 6&+5>* (,1)$//(1'( d@1'(/ *(5,1*(5( c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5 +$%(1P f$6 %,6 +(87( *5?M7( t$',27(/(6.23 :85'( S[XU 921 '(5 e251(// w1,9(56,7< ,1 (,1(0 v$/.(66(/ %(, c5(&,%2 Jr8(572 t,&2K (55,&+7(7P f,(6(6 v(/(6.23 +$7 (,1(1 81O %(:(*/,&+(1N +25,=217$/ /,(*(1'(1 m8*(/63,(*(/ 0,7 URW 0 f85&+0(66(5N *((,*1(7 )@5 y(//(1/>1*(1 +#UR &0P k1 '(5 d5(11(%(1( '$5@%(5N *(+$/7(1 '85&+ v5$*6(,/(N %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1 6(,7/,&+ %(:(*/,&+(5 g03)>1*(5P o,7 9$5,$%/(5 g03)>1*(5326,7,21 .$11 ',( c17(11(1.(8/( %,6 =8 TW] *(*(1 ',( x(57,.$/( *(1(,*7 81' 62 (,1 j,0O 0(/6$866&+1,77 ,1 '(5 w0*(%81* '(6 |(1,76 921 WR] y,1.(/'85&+0(66(5 (5)$667 :(5O '(1P f,( 6@'/,&+( n$*( 921 c5(&,%2 JSZ] 1PdPK 81' ',( g5'527$7,21 625*(1 '$)@5N '$66 '(5 =8*>1*/,&+( j,00(/6$866&+1,77 ,0 n$8)( (,1(6 v$*(6 (,1(1 *52M(1 d(5(,&+ '(5 j,00(/6.8*(/ @%(5675(,&+7P f,( p$&+.5,(*6Ot$',2$6752120,( (17:,&.(/7( 6,&+ =8(567 ,1 '(1 wuc 81' ,1 g1*O /$1'N :2 +2&+(17:,&.(/7( t$'$57(&+1,. 81' (5)$+5(1( o,.52:(//(1Or+1*(51 (5)$66(1 81' '$1$&+ =85 k17(5)(5(1= %5,1*(1N ,1'(0 0$1 6,( (/(.7521,6&+ 3+$6(1*(5(&+7 $'',(57 Jc%%P WPXTKP f85&+ ',(6( k17(5)(5(1= 9(5%(66(57 6,&+ ',( y,1.(/$89?681* ,1 '(5 g%(1(N ,1 '(5 ',( %(,'(1 c17(11(1 /,(*(1P

ı

Ï

Ï/2

Ï

Ï/2

ı

I

0

ı

c%%P WPXT u&+:(1.%$5(6 |:(,Oc17(11(1Ok17(5)(520(7(5 J6&+(0$7,6&+K\ q%(1 A 9(56&+,('(1( *(20(75,6&+( r+$6(1817(56&+,('(N 817(1 A k17(16,7>7 '(6 t$',26,*1$/6 $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 r26,O 7,216:,1.(/6P

h@+57 0$1 %(,'( $1 '(5 g5'527$7,21 7(,/1(+0(1'(1 u3,(*(/ 62N '$66 6,( (,1(5 t$',248(//( ,1 ,+5(5 6&+(,1%$5(1 d$+1 48(5 @%(5 '(1 j,00(/ )2/*(1N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 '$6 ,1 c%%P WPXT 817(1 *(=(,*7( k17(5)(5(1=Ou,*1$/ $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 r26,7,216O :,1.(/6 %=:P '(5 |(,7P p,007 0$1 $/6 o$M )@5 ',( '85&+ k17(5)(5(1= 9(5%(66(57( y,1.(/$89?681* '(1 y,1.(/$%67$1' =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 p8//Oo,1,0$ /,1.6 81' 5(&+76 920 j$8370$;,080 J3 y,1.(/$%67$1' =:,6&+(1 =:(, %(1$&+%$57(1 o$O ;,0$KN '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 () 3 T J+BTKB' 3 +B'N

JWPSW[K

:2%(, ' '(5 c%67$1' '(5 %(,'(1 c17(11(1 ,67P c1 u7(//( '(6 u3,(*(/'85&+0(66(56 fN '(5 1$&+ i/P JWPSV[K '(1 $89?6%$5(1 y,1.(/ )@5 '$6 (,1=(/1( v(/(6.23 %(67,007N 75,77 181 ',( ,17(5)(520(75,6&+( d$6,6/>1*( 'P

UYR

W g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1

i(1$8 :,( ,1 '(5 q37,. ',( k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 6&+>5)(5 :(5'(1N :(11 0$1 920 f233(/63$/7 =80 u75,&+*,77(5 @%(5*(+7N (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 0(+5(5(1 >48,',67$17(1 c1O 7(11(1 (17/$1* (,1(5 n,1,( J$55$1'(1 921 0(+5 $/6 SRRR .0 0?*/,&+P u2*$5 ,0 t$80 67$7,21,(57( c17(11(1 .?11(1 (,1%(=2*(1 :(5'(1P g6 *,%7 xndkO p(7=( ,1 g8523$ Jg5(/6%(5*N =86$00(1 0,7 v(/(6.23(1 ,1 i52M%5,7$11,(1N k7$/,(1N '(1 p,('(5/$1'(1N u&+:('(1N h5$1.5(,&+N r2/(1 81' t866/$1'K 81' ,1 '(1 wuc J=(+1 TWO0Ou3,(*(/N 9(57(,/7 921 j$:$,, @%(5 p(8 g1*/$1' %,6 =8 '(1 x,5*,1 k6/$1'6 ,1 '(5 m$5,%,.KN ',( $8&+ 6&+21 )@5 %(621'(5( o(6681*(1 =86$00(1*(6&+$/7(7 :85O '(1P o,7 |(17,0(7(5:(//(1 /$66(1 6,&+ 62 y,1.(/$89?681*(1 (55(,&+(1N ',( ',( 23O 7,6&+(5 v(/(6.23( @%(575(5(1P

WPX k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ W WPXPS u,*1$/@%(575$*81* $8) n(,781*(1 y(//(1/(,7(5P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. WAS y$1'(5:(//(1P w1,9(56,7>7 g5/$1*(1Op@51%(5*\ +773\BB:::P81,O(5/$1*(1P'(B 0 g,1O 5,&+781*(1 0 v(&+1,6&+( h$.8/7>7 0 k167,787 )@5 g/(.7527(&+1,.N g/(.7521,. 81' k1)250$7,2167(&+1,. 0 n(+5678+/ )@5 g/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,(9(5625*81* Jr52)P f5P j(O 52/'K 0 h256&+81* $0 n(+5678+/ NNc5%(,76*(%,(7(DD 0 y$1'(5:(//(16&+87= $8) d$6,6 '(5 y$9(/(7Ov5$16)250$7,21 3 n,1. WAT m2$;,$/.$%(/P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN e2$;,$/ &$%/(\ n,1. WAU j2+//(,7(5P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN y$9(*8,'(\ n,1. WAV

WPX k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ W

UYS

g/(.75,6&+( v(/(*5$7(P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN v(/(*5$7( 0 TP g/(.75,6&+( v(/(*5$7( 3 n,1. WAW g/(.752$.867,.P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN m$7(*25,(\ g/(.752$.8O 67,.\ n,1. WAX c/3+$%(7,6&+( n,67( 921 TRR w17(5.$7(*25,(1P g5*>1=81*\ k167,787 )@5 u,*1$/O 81' k1)250$7,2169(5$5%(,781* JkukK '(5 gvj |@5,&+N f(3$57(0(17 )@5 k1)250$7,2167(&+12/2*,( 81' g/(.7527(&+1,.\ +773\BB :::P,6,P((P(7+=P&+B 0 h@5 u78'(17(1 0 x25/(681*(1 0 c.867,. kk 0 c872*5$3+,( B d8&+\ u.5,37 NNf,9DD 0 g5*>1=81*(1 =80 u.5,37\ NN i(6&+,&+7( '(5 g/(.752$.867,.N j03)7(1 y(//(1P c0 SP h(%58$5 S[[[ (1'(7( ',( }5$ '(5 '5$+7/26(1 v(/(*5$7( ,0 u(()81. '85&+ ',( (1'*@/7,*( g,1)@+581* '(6 1(8(1 :(/7:(,7(1 u((127O 81' u,&+(5+(,76)81.61=81*\ c86 kggg A x,578$/ o86(80 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ 0 g;+,%,76 0 o,&52:$9(6\ h520 {285 m,7&+(1 72 7+( g'*(6 2) 7+( w1,9(56( 3 n,1. WASW i581'/$*(1 '(5 t$'$57(&+1,.P f,3/POk1*P JhjK e+5,67,$1 y2/5N SYRUX p(8%5$1'(1O %85*P c//*(0(,19(567>1'/,&+( f$567(//81* '(5 3+7( f233/(5Ot$'$5P e+5,67,$1 f233/(5 h256&+81*6O 81' i('(1.67>77(N cOWRTR u$/=%85*\ +773\BB:::P&+5,67,$1O'233/(5P'( 3 n,1. WASY y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 x(5.(+565$'$5N 2'(5 0 n8)7)$+57 i(6&+,&+7( '(6 t$'$5P y(%6,7( '(6,*1(' %< o$57,1 j2//0$11N c,5&5$)7 f(6,*16N k1&PN uP o217(5(1*(N d5(,7( d,/':(,7( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 SPN TP u75$+/81*6.2167$17( f85&+0(66(5 f,67$1=N c%67$1' (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( Jd(75$*K d(675$+/81*67>5.( v(,/&+(1(1(5*,(N 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( i(6$07(1(5*,( r+2721(1(1(5*,( m5$)7 o,7)@+581*6.2(5,=,(17 d5(11:(,7( u&+$//)5(48(1= i(*(167$1'6*5?M( i(*(167$1'6:(,7( r/$1&.Om2167$17( k17(16,7>7 J(,1(5 y(//(K y(//(1Oc86%5(,781*69(.725 3 8X8N m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ d2/7=0$11Om2167$17( J,1 n,7(5$785 0(,67 .K u75$+/',&+7( n>1*(N u75(&.( J*(5,&+7(7(K n>1*(N f,5(5(17,$/ 'T n>1*( 63(=,76&+( c86675$+/81*

UYX

X n,&+7

i5?M(161*( N xy,1.(/ " 8 c 7 : z ;N 1'(57( u7(//81* '(5 q37,. ,0 n(+5352*5$00 +$7 $8&+ '(1 d(5*0$11O u&+$()(5 *(35>*7\ f(5 d$1' U Jq37,.K :$5 921 n8':,* d(5*0$11 81' e/(0(16 u&+$()(5 $/6 n(+5%8&+ '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 q37,. )@5 c1)>1*(5 *(6&+5,(%(1 :25'(1P f,( (567(1 c89$*(1 921 S[WWBW[BXT +$77(1 &$P VRR u(,7(1P f,( SRP c89$*( 921 TRRV +$7

UYZ

X n,&+7

SVUR u(,7(1N :85'( 921 SZ c8725(1 *(6&+5,(%(1 81' ,67 (,1 n(+5%8&+ )@5 '$6 r+767+(25,( (50?*/,&+7P f,( u3(=,(//( t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,(N ',( $86 7+(25(O 7,6&+(1 %(5/(*81*(1 NN|85 g/(.752'1*(1%(5(,&+ 817(5 g,1%(=,(+81* (,1(6 v(,/6 '(6 w/75$9,2/(77(1 JwxK 81' k1)5$527(1 JktK :,( )2/*7\ RPV =0ARPY =0 u75$+/81* 6,&+7%$5 RPUW =0ATPY =0 9(56&+,('(1( i/>6(5 187=%$5 RPS[ =0AUPW =0 s8$5=*/$6 187=%$5P d,6 ,16 TRP l$+5+81'(57 :$5(1 ',( $720$5(1 r52=(66(N ',( )@5 ',( g0,66,21 81' c%O 62537,21 921 n,&+7 9(5$17:257/,&+ 6,1'N 9?//,* 81%(.$117P f(6+$/% 08667(1 ',( u7$1O '$5'6 $8) ',( v+(502'&+( c 6(1.5(&+7 =85 g0,6O 6,2165,&+781* /,(*7 Jc%%P XPS$K] :,5' ',( g0,66,21 1,&+7 6(1.5(&+7 =85 h/>&+( %(O

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7 A

UY[

ø

(a)

Projektion von A

ø (b)

(c)

c%%P XPS |85 u75$+/',&+7(\ J$K t$80:,1.(/ 6(1.5(&+7 =85 (0,77,(5(1'(1 h/>&+(N J%K d(=8* $8) r52-(.7,21 '(5 h/>&+( ,1 ',( g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 g0,66,2165,&+781*N J&K e+$5$.7(5,67,. (,1(6 m26,186Ou75$+/(56P

2%$&+7(7N '$11 ,67 c '85&+ ',( r52-(.7,21 '(5 (0,77,(5(1'(1 h/>&+( $8) ',( g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 d(2%$&+781*65,&+781* =8 (56(7=(1P f,( r52-(.7,21 921 cN ',( 6&+(,1O %$5( g0,77(59>&+( Jc%%P XPS%KN ,67 80 '(1 h$.725 &26 ) ./(,1(5 $/6 cN :(11 ',( g0,66,2165,&+781* 80 '(1 y,1.(/ ) *(*(1 ',( h/>&+(11250$/( *(1(,*7 ,67P f(6+$/% .$11 0$1 '$6 c%675$+/81*69(5+$/7(1 $8&+ '85&+ (,1 J&26 )KOr2/$5',$*5$00 %(O 6&+5(,%(1 Jc%%P XPS&KP u2/&+( NN1250$/(1DD s8(//(1 :(5'(1 m26,186Ou75$+/(5 2'(5 n$0%(57I6&+( u75$+/(5 Jn$0%(57 6285&(6K *(1$117P k17(*5,(57 0$1 ',( u75$+/',&+7( @%(5 $//( t,&+781*(1 '(6 j$/%5$806N ,1 '(1 ',( h/>&+( c (0,77,(57N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( 63(=,76&+( c86675$+/81* o J98; '(16,7/)7( '(6 j$/%5$80Ot$80:,1.(/6 T@P f(5 h$.725 @ J65K *,%7 ',( x(5.1@3)81* 921 u75$+/',&+7( 81' 63(=,76&+(5 c86675$+/81*\ o 3 @ 6 nP

JXPVK

y,5' ',( h/>&+( c %(675$+/7N '$11 :,5' ',( NNu75$+/81*6/(,6781* 352 h/>&+(DDN *(0(66(1 ,1 y 02TN '85&+ ',( d(675$+/81*667>5.( g J,55$',$1&(K %(6&+5,(%(1N 81O $%+>1*,* '$921N $86 :(/&+(5 t,&+781* ',( u75$+/81* (,1)>//7P c//( 2%(1 '(71,(57(1 i5?M(1 %(=,(+(1 6,&+ $8) u75$+/81* %(/,(%,*(5 y(//(1/>1*(P d(, '(5 f$567(//81* '(5 63(.75$/(1 x(57(,/81* (,1(5 u75$+/81* :,5' ,1 '(5 q37,. ',(

UZR

X n,&+7

y(//(1/>1*( + $/6 u3(.75$/9$5,$%/( %(925=8*7N :(,/ ',( y(//(1/>1*( ,17(5)(520(75,6&+ ',5(.7 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 .$11 J6,(+( c%6&+1P XPSPUKP f,( y(//(1/>1*( %/,(% ',( %(O 925=8*7( u3(.75$/9$5,$%/( $8&+ 1$&+'(0 ./$5 :$5N '$66 ',( h5(48(1= 3+1*(P p85 :(11 (6 )@5 ',( d(75$&+781* (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67N :,5' ',( h5(48(1= A ,1 '(5 q37,. ,00(5 0,7 - J1,&+7 )K 61*( + $1*(*(%(1P k1 (,1(0 62/&+(1 f,$*5$00 6,1' ',( h/>&+(1 817(5 m859(167@&.(1 1,&+7 0(+5 J:,( 921 /,1($5(1 f$567(//81*(1 *(:2+17K 0,7(,1O $1'(5 9(5*/(,&+%$5N :(,/ =:(, */(,&+ *52M( k17(59$//( (+ $1 9(56&+,('(1(1 u7(//(1 '(5 /2*$5,7+0,6&+(1 u.$/$ 9(56&+,('(1( n>1*( +$%(1P j(//,*.(,7 81' h$5%(P f,( d(675$+/81*667>5.( g (,1(5 921 '(5 u211( 6(1.5(&+7 %(O 675$+/7(1 h/>&+( 2%(5+$/% '(5 g5'$70263+>5( :,5' u2/$5.2167$17( *(1$117 81' +$7 '(1 y(57 SPUY .yB0TP f,( '$=8 *(+?5(1'( 63(.75$/( d(675$+/81*667>5.( ,67 ',( 2%(5( g+Om859( ,1 c%%P XPT] g+Npp =(,*7N :$6 %(, 6(1.5(&+7(0 g,1)$// 81' '85&+6&+1,77/,&+(1 $70263+>5,6&+(1 d(',1*81*(1 $8) '(5 g5'2%(59>&+( ,1 o((5(663,(*(/+?+( Jpp 3 p250$/ p8//K *(0(66(1 :,5'P c0 t$1' '(5 m859( 6,1' ',( o2/(.@/( $1O *(*(%(1N ',( )@5 ',( c%62537,21 ,1 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+(1 +$8376>&+/,&+

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

UZS

EÏ (über Atmosphäre)

2

EÏ (NN) EÏ (NN) · V(Ï)

EÏ JkWm --2 Ìm --1

O3

1

H 2O O 2 , H 2O H 2O H 2O, CO2

O3

0

0.5 Ï JÌm

1.0

1.5

c%%P XPT u2/$5( 63(.75$/( d(675$+/81*667>5O .( %(, 6(1.5(&+7(0 g,1)$// @%(5 '(5 g5'$7O 0263+>5( 81' $8) o((5(663,(*(/+?+( JppKN 62:,( J6&+5$5,(57K ',( 920 c8*( :$+5*(120O 0(1( 63(.75$/( j(//,*.(,7P c%625%,(5(1'( o2/(.@/(\ u$8(56725 JqTKN q=21 JqUKN y$66(5 JjTqKN m2+/(1',2;,' JeqTKP

9(5$17:257/,&+ 6,1'P f,( 6&+5$5,(57( 6&+0$/( m859( 5(35>6(17,(57 g+Npp 6 xJ+K] '$5,1 ,67 xJ+K ',( j(//(0371'/,&+.(,7 J67$1'$5' 9,6,%,/,7< )81&7,21K '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 c8*(6 )@5 '$6 v$*(66(+(1N (,1( h81.7,21N ',( ',( 0,7 9,(/(1 v(673(5621(1 *(:211(1(1 o,77(/:(57( $0 %(67(1 %(6&+5(,%7 81' 181 $/6 p250 )(67*(/(*7 ,67 Jd'P UN c%6&+1P SPZKP f(5 6,&+7%$5( u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ +$7 .(,1( 6&+$5)(1 i5(1=(1P c8M(5'(0 ,67 ',( m859( xAJ+K )@5 '$6 p$&+76(+(1 (7:$6 =8 .@5=(5(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 9(56&+2%(1P u(7=7 0$1 ',( i5(1=(1 *$1= :(,7 1$&+ $8M(1N :2 n,&+7 *(5$'( 12&+ :$+51(+0%$5 ,67N '$11 /,(*7 '(5 6,&+7%$5( d(5(,&+ =:,6&+(1 UZR 81' YZR 10P c86*('5@&.7 '85&+ ',( j(/O /,*.(,76(0371'/,&+.(,7(1 %('(87(7 '$6 h2/*(1'(6\ y(//(1/>1*(

x Jv$*(66(+(1K

xA Jp$&+76(+(1K

UZR 10 VRR 10 WRW 10 WWW 10 YRR 10 YZR 10

RPRRRR RPRRRV RPVW S RPRRV RPRRRRT

RPRRRX RPRR[ S RPVT RPRRRRT RPRRRRRRS

f$6 c8*( +$7 =:(, $1$720,6&+ 817(56&+(,'%$5( v667 6,&+ 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 r5,60$6 ,1 (,1 %817(6 d$1' 921 u3(.75$/)$5%(1 Jt(*(1%2*(1)$5O %(1K =(5/(*(1P k1 '(5 c%%P XPU 6,1' 2%(1 ',( p$0(1 '(5 h$5%(1 $1*(*(%(1N ',( 0,7 n,&+7 ,1 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+(1 $662=,,(57 :(5'(1P f$6 )$5%,*( v$*(66(+(1 :,5' '85&+ '5(, 9(56&+,('(1( c57(1 =$3)(1)?50,*(5 u(+O =(//(1 (50?*/,&+7 Jv5,&+520$6,(KN ',( 817(56&+,('/,&+( 63(.75$/( g0371'/,&+.(,76O .859(1 %(6,7=(1 Jc%%P XPUKP f,(6( '5(, i581'63(.75$/:(57Om859(1 .2117(1 '85&+ w1O 7(568&+81*(1 $1 h$5%)(+/6,&+7,*(1N '(1(1 (,1( ',(6(5 |$3)(1Oc57(1 )(+/7 Jf,&+52O 0$6,(KN (50,77(/7 :(5'(1P h@5 -('( y(//(1/>1*( J)@5 -('(1 h$5%5(,=K *,%7 (6 (,1( 7567$1'$5'6P f,( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* 921 $%O 625%,(57(0 n,&+7 />667 6,&+ 0,7 (,1(0 7+(50,6&+(1 f(7(.725 $/6 y>50(=8)8+5 $%62/87 J,1 y$77K 0(66(1P f(5 ,'($/( f(7(.725 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 6&+:$5=(1 c%625%(5N ,1 '(0 n,&+7 $//(5 y(//(1/>1*(1 92//67>1',* ,1 y>50( 80*(:$1'(/7 :,5'P d(, .21O 67$17(5 g,1675$+/81* (5:>507 6,&+ '(5 c%625%(5 %,6 ',( y>50($%*$%( '85&+ n(,O 781*N m219(.7,21 81' u75$+/81* */(,&+ '(5 y>50(=8)8+5 :,5'P f,( *(0(66(1( v(0O 3(5$785(5+?+81* ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 ',( u75$+/81*6/(,6781*P w0 (,1( .85=( c1635(&+=(,7 =8 (5=,(/(1N 0@66(1 c%625%(5 81' v(03(5$7850(66$125'181* =86$00(1 (,1( 0?*O /,&+67 ./(,1( y>50(.$3$=,7>7 %(6,7=(1P f,( '85&+ g,1675$+/81* %(:,5.7( v(03(5$O 785>1'(581* .$11 $8) 9(56&+,('(1( y(,6( *(0(66(1 :(5'(1P k0 d2/20(7(5Of(7(.725 :,5' ',( y,'(567$1'6>1'(581* (,1(6 o(7$//6 2'(5 j$/%/(,7(56 Jv+(50,67256KN 0(,67 ,1 (,1(5 d5@&.(16&+$/781* 0,7 (,1(0 */(,&+(1 81%(675$+/7(1 d2/20(7(5N *(0(66(1P g,1 v+(502(/(0(17Of(7(.725 /,()(57 (,1( v+(50263$1181* Jc%6&+1P ZPUPTKN ',( '(5 v(03(5$785',5(5(1= =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 m217$.7(1 '(5 o(7$//( c 81' d 352325O 7,21$/ ,67P f,( $86 (,1(5 j,17(5(,1$1'(56&+$/781* 0(+5(5(5 v+(502(/(0(17( %(67(O +(1'( v+(5026>8/( Jc%%P XPVK />667 6,&+ *87 $1 '(1 c86*$1*663$/7 (,1(6 u3(.752O 0(7(56 $13$66(1P

c%%P XPV v+(5026>8/( $/6 u75$+/81*6'(7(.725P d(675$+/7 :(5'(1 ',( *(6&+:>5=7(1 m217$.7O 67(//(1 ,1 '(5 o,77(P f,( $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 6,1' $%*('(&.7 81' J(/(.75,6&+ ,62/,(57K 0,7 (,1(5 y>50(6(1.( 9(5%81'(1P

h@5 ',( o(6681* 6(+5 ./(,1(5 u75$+/81*6/(,6781*(1 ,67 1,&+7 185 ',( i5?M( '(6 f(7(.7256,*1$/6N 621'(51 $8&+ '$6 u,*1$/O=8Ot$86&+Ox(5+>/71,6 :,&+7,*P d(621'(56 (0371'/,&+ 81' 5$86&+$50 ,67 =P dP (,1 0,7 9@66,*(0 j(/,80 *(.@+/7(6 m2+/(16725O d2/20(7(5N :(,/ m2+/(16725 %(, ',(6(1 v(03(5$785(1 (,1( 67$5.( v(03(5$785$%+>1O *,*.(,7 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 y,'(567$1'(6 %(6,7=7P v+(502(/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( 6,1' '$*(O *(1 %(, 7,()(1 v(03(5$785(1 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1P p,&+77+(50,6&+( f(7(.725(1N :,( r+272+$/%/(,7(5 Jc%6&+1P [PVPTK )@5 /$1*:(//,*( 81' r+27208/7,3/,(5 Jc%6&+1P SSPTPVK )@5 .85=:(//,*( u75$+/81*N +$%(1 67$5. :(/O /(1/>1*(1$%+>1*,*( g0371'/,&+.(,7(1P u,( 6,1' )@5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1 *@167,*(5 $/6 7+(50,6&+( f(7(.725(1N 0@66(1 $%(5 *((,&+7 :(5'(1P c%625%(5P f,( $8) ',( q%(59>&+( (,1(6 81'85&+6,&+7,*(1 m?53(56 )$//(1'( u75$+/81* :,5' (17:('(5 5(9(.7,(57 2'(5 $%625%,(57P h@5 ',( :(//(1/>1*(1$%+>1*,*(1 i5?M(1 c%62537,216*5$' J$%62537,9,71*(1P y(11 ',( (,*(1( n,&+7Oc86675$+/81* '(6 ,'($/(1 c%625%(56 =8 9(51$&+/>66,*(1 ,67N '$11 6,(+7 (5 NN6&+:$5=DD $86P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 :(5'(1 6&+:$5=( q%(59>&+(1 $0 %(67(1 '85&+ d('(&.81* 0,7 325?6(0 o$7(5,$/ +(5*(67(//7P u(/%67 :(11 '(5 c%62537,216*5$' '(87O /,&+ 817(5+$/% 921 (,16 /,(*7N :,5' '85&+ o(+5)$&+675(881* ,1 '(1 r25(1 (,1( 1$+(=8 .203/(77( c%62537,21 (55(,&+7P x,(/ 9(5:(1'(7 :,5' i5$3+,7 Jm(5=(158MN " . [UA [W@ ,0 u,&+7%$5(1KP c%(5 12&+ %(66(5 6,1' &/867(5)?50,*( p,('(56&+/>*( 921 o(7$//N ,16%(621'(5( i2/' J*2/' %/$&.N " . [[@ ,0 u,&+7%$5(1KN $8&+ :(,/ 6,( (,1( *(5,1*(5( y>50(.$3$=,7>7 %(6,7=(1 $/6 (,1( >48,9$/(17( i5$3+,76&+,&+7P d(,0 x(5O '$03)(1 921 i2/' ,1 (,1(0 ,1(57(1 r85(5*$6 :,5' '85&+ *((,*1(7( m20%,1$7,21 921 r85(5*$6'58&.N x(5'$03)81*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' c%67$1' =85 u8%675$7O q%(59>&+( (55(,&+7N '$66 ',( i2/'$720( :>+5(1' '(5 f,586,21 ,0 r85(5*$6 .21O '(16,(5(1 81' 6,&+ $/6 (7:$ SR 10 *52M( e/867(5 1,('(56&+/$*(1P u&+21 %(, v(03(O 5$785(1 921 YR ]e 6,17(51 62/&+( u&+,&+7(1 81' 9(5/,(5(1 '$%(, '(1 +2+(1 c%6253O 7,216*5$'P o,7 $%1(+0(1'(5 y(//(1/>1*( 1,007 '(5 63(.75$/( c%62537,216*5$' =8] (,1 *87(5 c%625%(5 ,0 u,&+7%$5(1 ,67 $/62 0,1'(67(16 (%(162*87 ,0 wx] ,0 )(51(1 kt 6,1' '$*(*(1 NN6&+:$5=(DD q%(59>&+(1 .(,1( *87(1 c%625%(5 0(+5P j2+/5$80 J&$9,7667 6,&+ $8&+ ,0 )(51(1 kt ',( )@5 c%62/870(6681*(1 (5)25'(5/,&+( 1$+(=8 92//67>1',*( c%62537,21 (55(,&+(1P u&+:$5=(5 u75$+/(5P f$6 ,67 '(5 (,1=,*( u75$+/(5N '(66(1 d(75,(%6(,*(16&+$)7(1 62 *(1$8 %(.$117 6,1'N '$66 (5 $/6 (,1 $8) )81'$0(17$/( v+(25,( 81' p$785.2167$17(1 %(=2*(1(5 r5,0>567$1'$5' %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .$11P g5 ,67 5($/,6,(5%$5 $/6 j2+/5$80O 675$+/(5 J&$9,7< 5$',$725K )@5 v(03(5$785(1N %(, '(1(1 '$6 d$80$7(5,$/ 12&+ 1,&+7 6&+0,/=7P c86 '(0 x(5+$/7(1 =:(,(5 675$+/(1'(5 m?53(5 ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 )2/*7N '$66 '(5 67>5.(5 $%625%,(5(1'( m?53(5 $8&+ 67>5.(5 675$+/(1 0866P c1'(5(1)$//6 :@5'( y>50( $8) ,+1 @%(575$*(1 81' '$'85&+ 6(,1( v(03(5$785 (5+?+7 :(5'(1N 'P +P (6 :@5'( ,1 x(5/(7=81* '(6 TP j$8376$7=(6 '(5 v+(502'50( 921 6(/%67 NN921 .$/7 1$&+ +(,MDD 9,(M(1C f$5$86 )2/*7N '$66 (,1 3(5)(.7 6&+:$5=(5 m?53(5 J" 3 SN 5($/,6,(57 '85&+ ',( ~5181* (,1(6 j2+/5$806K 67>5.(5 675$+/(1 0866 $/6 $//( 1,&+7O6&+:$5=(1 m?53(5 '(56(/%(1 v(03(5$785P f,( $8) h/>&+( 81' t$80:,1.(/ %(=2*(1( 63(.75$/( u75$+/',&+7( n+JvK ,67 )@5 '(1 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(5 J%/$&. %2'1*(1O$%+>1*,*(1K g0,66,216*5$' J(0,66,9,7&+( $/6 x(5+>/71,6 921 63(.75$/(5 u75$+/',&+7( ',(6(5 q%(59>&+( =8 '(5 '(6 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(56 JuK $8) */(,&+(5 v(03(5$785\ & J+K 3 n+Bnu+ 7 J+K 3 " J+KB"u J+K 3 " J+K P

JXP[K

y(,/ "u '(71,7,216*(0>M */(,&+ (,16 ,67N +$%(1 g0,66,216O 81' c%62537,216*5$' )@5 $//( y(//(1/>1*(1 '(1 */(,&+(1 y(57P c10(5.81* =85 f(021675$7,21 0,7 '(0 u&+8+.$5721\ f$6 ,0 u211(1/,&+7 6&+:$5= (56&+(,1(1'( n2&+ ,67 1,&+7 ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7P f(5 m$5721 +$7 |,00(57(03(5$785 JURR mK 81' ',( u211( ,67 1>+(581*6:(,6( (,1 u&+:$5=(5 m?53(5 921 XRRR mP Jn(8&+75?+5(1 (0,77,(5(1 (,1 6211(1>+1/,&+(6 u3(.7580N 6,1' $%(5 .(,O 1( y>50(675$+/(5PK y@5'( 0$1 '(1 m$5721 '85&+ (,1(1 %,6 =80 i/@+(1 $8)*(O +(,=7(1 j2+/5$80 0,7 n2&+ (56(7=(1 81' ,0 '81./(1 |,00(5 %(75$&+7(1N '$11 :>5( )(67=867(//(1N '$66 '$6 n2&+ +(//(5 /(8&+7(7 $/6 ',( j2+/5$80Oc8M(1:$1'C g,1 u&+:$5=(5 m?53(5N '(5 +(,M(5 ,67 $/6 6(,1( w0*(%81*N ,67 $/62 1,&+7 NN6&+:$5=DDN 621'(51 +(//(5 $/6 $//( 1,&+7O6&+:$5=(1 m?53(5 $8) '(5 */(,&+(1 v(03(5$785P o,7 '(0 *(1,$/(1 m21=(37 '(6 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(56 $/6 ,'($/(5 7+(50,6&+(5 u75$+/(5 81' '(0 j2+/5$80 $/6 '(66(1 x(5:,5./,&+81* :$5 (,1( u75$+/81*648(//( 921 )81O '$0(17$/(5 d('(8781* A ',5(.7 9(5.1@3)7 0,7 '(5 v+(502'1*( 81' v(03(5$785 ,1 %(5(,1O 67,0081* 0,7 $//(1 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 f$7(1 %(6&+5(,%7P d(, '(5 7+(25(7,6&+(1 d(*5@1O '81* ',(6(5 )@5 ',( f$7(1%(6&+5(,%81* +?&+67 (5)2/*5(,&+(1 h250(/ 08667( (5 -('2&+ ',( ,+0 6(+5 811$7@5/,&+ (56&+(,1(1'( c11$+0( 0$&+(1N '$66 ,0 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(5 ',( (0,77,(5(1'(1 81' $%625%,(5(1'(1 NNq6=,//$725(1DD '(5 h5(48(1= - u75$+/81*6O (1(5*,( 185 ,1 NNs8$17(1DD + 6 - $%*(%(1 81' $8)1(+0(1 .?11(1N :2%(, + (,1( 81,O 9(56(//( m2167$17(N ',( r/$1&.Om2167$17(N ,67P u75$+/81*6*(6(7=(P f$6 )81'$0(17$/( r/$1&.I6&+( u75$+/81*6*(6(7= %(6&+5(,%7 ',( 63(.75$/( u75$+/',&+7( '(6 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(56\ n+u J120(12/2*,6&+( k17(532/$7,216)250(/ %(,1+$/7(7( '$6 r/$1&.I6&+( i(6(7= =:(, (03,5,6&+ =8 %(67,00(1'( m2167$17(1N ',( 63>7(5 7+(25(7,6&+ 0,7 )81'$0(1O 7$/(1 p$785.2167$17(1 9(5.1@3)7 :(5'(1 .2117(1\ f,( SP u75$+/81*6.2167$17( &S 3 T@ + &T

JXPSSK

(17635,&+7 '(0 0,7 @ 08/7,3/,=,(57(1 r523257,21$/,7>76)$.725 921 i/P JXPSRKP u,( ,67 6&+:,(5,* =8 %(67,00(1N :(,/ '$)@5 c%62/870(6681*(1 (5)25'(5/,&+ 6,1'P f(5 ./(,1(

UZX

X n,&+7

h(+/(5 '(6 +(87,*(1 d(67:(57(6 921 uRPX 330 %$6,(57 $8) d(67,0081*(1 921 + 81' & $8) $1'(5( y(,6(P f,( TP u75$+/81*6.2167$17( &T 3 + &B.d

JXPSTK

67(+7 $/6 h$.725 925 J+vK ,0 g;321(17(1 '(5 (Oh81.7,21P u,( .$11 $86 5(/$7,9(1 o(6681*(1 0,7 9$5,$%/(5 y(//(1/>1*( 81'B2'(5 v(03(5$785 9,(/ *(1$8(5 $/6 &S %(O 67,007 :(5'(1P f,( r/$1&.Oh81.7,21 +$7 (,1 o$;,080 %(, +3($.N '$6 6,&+ 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 v(0O 3(5$785 =8 .@5=(5(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 9(56&+,(%7 Jy,(1I6&+(6 x(56&+,(%81*6*(6(7=K\ 2S

+3($. 6 v 3 .2167P 3 TPZ[YX 6 SR2U 0 mP

JXPSUK

o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 v(03(5$785 1,007 ',( 63(.75$/( u75$+/',&+7( )@5 $//( y(//(1O />1*(1 62 67$5. =8N '$66 ',( m859( nu+ JvSK %(, $//(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 2%(5+$/% '(5 m859(1 nu+ JvTK 0,7 vT "vS /,(*7 Jc%%P XPWKP W cm2 Ìm sr 12 10 2000 K

8 LÏ

6 1500 K

4 2 0

1000 K 1

2 3 ÏJÌm

4

5

6

c%%P XPW u3(.75$/( u75$+/',&+7( '(6 u&+:$5O =(1 m?53(56 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 y(//(1/>1*( )@5 9(56&+,('(1( v(03(5$785(1P

f,( u75$+/',&+7( '(6 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(56 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 i/P JXPSRK '85&+ k17(*5$O 7,21 @%(5 '+\ nu JvK 3 J1udB@K v VP

JXPSVK

f$6 ,67 (,1( h250 '(6 u7()$1Od2/7=0$11Oi(6(7=(6 0,7 '(5 u7()$1Od2/7=0$11Om21O 67$17( 1ud 3 WPXYRW 6 SR2Z y 02T m2VP f,(6(6 :,&+7,*( u75$+/81*6*(6(7= :85'( =8O (567 )@5 ',( 63(=,76&+( c86675$+/81* ou (,1(6 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(56 0,7 '(5 y,1.(/O 9(57(,/81* (,1(6 n$0%(57I6&+(1 u75$+/(56 )2508/,(57P c86 i/P JXPSVK )2/*7 1$&+ o8/O 7,3/,.$7,21 0,7 '(0 t$80:,1.(/ @ 65 ouJv K 3 1ud v VP

JXPSWK

f$ (,1 u&+:$5=(5 m?53(5 ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 0,7 6(,1(5 w0*(%81* 1(772 .(,1( n(,6781* $%*,%7N ,67 ,0 p,&+7Oi/(,&+*(:,&+76)$// ',( $8) ',( h/>&+( %(O =2*(1( p(772Oc%675$+/81* *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( f,5(5(1= 921 63(=,76&+(5 c86675$+O /81* ou '(6 u&+:$5=(1 m?53(56 $8) '(5 v(03(5$785 v 81' '(5 $86 '(5 w0*(%81*

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

UZY

$8) '(5 v(03(5$785 vR (5+$/7(1(1 d(675$+/81*667>5.( gN ',( '(5 u&+:$5=( m?53(5 92//67>1',* $%625%,(57 J"u 3 SK\ ou Jv K2g JvRK 3 1ud Jv V 2vRV KP

JXPSXK

y(,/ ',( v(03(5$785 '(5 j2+/5$80675$+/(5 '85&+ '(1 u&+0(/=381.7 '(6 d$80$O 7(5,$/6 %(*5(1=7 ,67N 6,1' 6,( $/6 r5,0>567$1'$5'6 185 )@5 '$6 kt 81' /$1*:(//,*( u,&+7%$5( *((,*1(7P u75$+/(5 0,7 (,1(0 $11>+(51' :(//(1/>1*(1O81$%+>1*,*(1 63(.75$/(1 g0,66,216O *5$' 921 &"S :(5'(1 *5$8( u75$+/(5 *(1$117P d(,63,(/6:(,6( +$7 y2/)5$0 %(, TZRR m (,1(1 g0,66,216*5$'N '(5 ,0 u,&+7%$5(1 =:,6&+(1 RPVT 81' RPVX /,(*7 81' '85&+ x(5*/(,&+60(6681*(1 0,7 (,1(0 j2+/5$80675$+/(5 )@5 (,1(1 *52M(1 v(03(5$785O 81' y(//(1/>1*(1%(5(,&+ *(1$8 %(.$117 ,67P g,1( *((,&+7( y2/)5$0%$1'On$03( .$11 $/6 %(48(0(5 u(.81'>567$1'$5' 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P u75$+/(5 )@5 .@5=(5( y(/O /(1/>1*(1 0@66(1 $8) $1'(5( y(,6(N =P dP 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 7+(50,6&+(1 f(7(.7256N *(O (,&+7 :(5'(1P y(,7(5)@+5(1'( f$567(//81*(1\ d$1' U Jq37,.KN m$3,7(/ W Jq37,6&+( u75$+/81* 81' ,+5( o(6681*K 81' m$3,7(/ X Jh$50(75,.KP

XPSPT u75$+/(1237,. y(11 ',( c%0(6681*(1 '(5 675$+/%(*5(1=(1'(1 d/(1'(1 *52M 6,1' *(*(1 ',( y(/O /(1/>1*(N .$11 ',( n,&+7$86%5(,781* :,( %(, )5(,9,(*(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 '85&+ *(5$'/,1,*( v5$-(.725,(1 Ju75$+/(1K %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P y(*(1 '(5 m/(,1+(,7 '(5 n,&+7:(//(1O />1*(1 J&$P RPW =0K %(6&+5(,%7 ',( u75$+/(1237,. 6(+5 *87 ',( n,&+7O81'Ou&+$77(1O g5)$+581*(1 '(6 7>*/,&+(1 n(%(16P u75$+/(1 6,1' f(1.+,/)60,77(/ '(5 u75$+/(1237,. 81' +$%(1 (%(162:(1,* 3+7 :,( ',( h(/'/,1,(1 '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086P c%(5 *$1= >+1/,&+ :,( 0$1 */$8%(1 .$11N (&+7( h(/'/,1,(1 ,1 '(1 62 *(1$117(1 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(51 NN*(6(+(1DD =8 +$%(1N *(%(1 6&+0$/( d@1'(/ 921 u211(1O 2'(5 n$6(5/,&+7N ',( '85&+ n,&+7O 675(881* $1 u7$8%7(,/&+(1 ,1 '(5 n8)7 =8 6(+(1 6,1' 81' $//*(0(,1 $/6 n,&+7675$+/(1 %(=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1N '(1 u75$+/(1 '(5 u75$+/(1237,. '(1 c16&+(,1 '(5 t($/,7>7P g,1 7&+(1 t,&+781*6>1'(581*(1 81' (1'(7 (17:('(5 $1 (,1(5 %(*5(1O =(1'(1 d/(1'( 2'(5 ,1 '(5 p$&+:(,6(%(1( '(6 237,6&+(1 u&+( (,1(6 /,&+7O 81'85&+/>66,*(1 m?53(56 )$//(1'( n,&+7 .$11 $%625%,(57 2'(5 5(9(.7,(57 :(5'(1P j,(5 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 '(1 h$//N '$66 '(5 c%62537,216*5$' " 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1 ,67 Jt(O 9(;,216*5$' | . SKP y(11 ',( q%(59>&+( (%(1 81' */$77 ,67N :2%(, ',( t$8+,*.(,7(1 '(87/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( y(//(1/>1*( 6(,1 0@66(1N '$11 :,5' '$6 n,&+7 63(.8/$5 5(O

UZZ

X n,&+7

9(.7,(57N 'P +P '(5 5(9(.7,(57( u75$+/ 9(5/>8)7 ,1 '(5 '85&+ (,1)$//(1'(1 u75$+/ 81' q%(59>&+(11250$/( *(%,/'(7(1 g,1)$//6(%(1( 81' ',( y,1.(/ %(,'(5 u75$+/(1 =85 h/>&+(11250$/(1 6,1' */(,&+\ g,1)$//6:,1.(/ ) 3 t(9(;,216:,1.(/ )A Jc%%P XPX$KP f$6 t(9(;,216*(6(7= (5./>57 ',( g1767(+81* '(6 NNu3,(*(/%,/'(6DDN (,1 9,578(//(6 d,/'N '$6 6,&+ +,17(5 '(0 u3,(*(/ =8 %(71'(1 6&+(,17N ,0 */(,&+(1 c%67$1' :,( '$6 q%-(.7 925 '(0 u3,(*(/ Jc%%P XPYKP c1 (,1(5 5$8+(1 q%(59>&+( Jc%%P XPX%K :,5' '$6 n,&+7 ',586 ,1 $//( t,&+781*(1 5(9(.7,(57P f$6 :,5' =P dP %(, (,1(0 r52-(.7,2166&+,50 $86*(187=7\ (,1 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(1 u&+,50 352-,=,(57(6 d,/' .$11 $8&+ 6&+5>* 921 '(5 u(,7( %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1P Einfallswinkel £

(a)

Reflexionswinkel =

£´

spekulare Reflexion

(b)

diffuse Reflexion

c%%P XPX t(9(;,21\ J$K 63(.8/$5N $1 (,1(5 */$77(1 81' (%(1(1 q%(59>&+(N J%K ',586N $1 (,1(5 5$8+(1 q%(59>&+(P

Objekt

Bild

s

s´ Spiegel

c%%P XPY d,/'(1767(+81* %(, '(5 u3,(*(/81*P f$6 9,578(//( d,/' +,17(5 '(0 u3,(*(/ +$7 921 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(1 */(,&+(1 c%67$1' :,( '(5 i(*(167$1' 925 '(0 u3,(*(/P

d5(&+81*P k0 h2/*(1'(1 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 ',( (%(1( i5(1=9>&+( =:,6&+(1 =:(, /,&+7O '85&+/>66,*(1 NNo(',(1DD J=P dP n8)7 81' i/$6K 81' 9(51$&+/>66,*(1 '$%(, ',( c%O 62537,21 81' ',( ',586( t(9(;,21P f(5 921 '(5 n8)76(,7( +(5 6&+5>* 817(5 '(0 g,1)$//6:,1.(/ )S =85 u(1.5(&+7(1 (,1)$//(1'( u75$+/ :,5' 7(,/:(,6( 5(9(.7,(57 81' 7(,/:(,6( 75$160,77,(57P f(5 ,1 '$6 i/$6 +,1(,1*(+(1'( u75$+/ (5)>+57 (,1( t,&+781*6O >1'(581*\ (5 %/(,%7 ,1 '(5 g,1)$//6(%(1(N $%(5 6(,1 y,1.(/ 0,7 '(5 u(1.5(&+7(1 :,5' ./(,1(5P o$1 6$*7N '(5 u75$+/ :,5' NN=80 ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 *(%52&+(1DD Jc%%P XPZKP f,( y,1.(/>1'(581* J)S S )TK %(6&+5(,%7 '$6 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= LyP u1(//J,86K 9$1 t2,*(1N SXTSb\ 6,1 )SB6,1 )T 3 1#SP

JXPSYK

UZ[

£ 1´

ier te rS tra h

£1

re fle kt

hl tra rS de len al nf ei

l

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

Luft Glas

£2

gebrochener Strahl

c%%P XPZ i/$6P

d5(&+81* $1 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( n8)7B

j,(5 ,67 1 ',( d5(&+=$+/ '(6 i/$6(6N :(11 )@5 '$6 '@11(5( o(',80 NNx$.880DD $1O *(1200(1 :,5'P d(,0 %(5*$1* n8)7 S i/$6 0@667(N *(1$8 %(75$&+7(7N $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 921 i/P JXPSYK '$6 d5(&+=$+/Ox(5+>/71,6 1Ji/$6KB1Jn8)7K 67(+(1N $%(5 ',( d5(&+=$+/ 921 n8)7 JS $70PK ,67 6(+5 1$+( %(, (,16 J. SPRRRUKP f$6 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= *,/7 $8&+N :(11 80*(.(+57 '$6 n,&+7 920 ',&+7(1 o(',80 +(5 817(5 '(0 y,1.(/ )T =85 u(1.5(&+7(1 $8) ',( (%(1( i5(1=9>&+( )>//7P k1 '(0 h$// (5)2/*7 ',( d5(&+81* '(6 u75$+/6 921 '(5 u(1.5(&+7(1 :(*] '(5 y,1.(/ )S ,0 '@11(5(1 o(',80 :,5' *5?M(5N .$11 $%(5 1,&+7 *5?M(5 :(5'(1 $/6 [R]P f(5 y,1.(/ )TN )@5 '(1 6,&+ )S 3 [R] (5*,%7N +(,M7 i5(1=:,1.(/ '(5 v27$/5(9(;,21 J&5,7,&$/ $1*/( 2) 727$/ 5(9(&7,21K )*P g6 *,/7 6,1 )* 3 SB1P

JXPSZK

y(11 )T #)*N '$11 :,5' '$6 n,&+7 92//67>1',* 5(9(.7,(57 Jc%%P XP[KP |80 f(0216O 75,(5(1 ,67 $0 %(67(1 (,1 i/$67$1. 0,7 y$66(5 81' 9(56(1.7(5 n,&+748(//( *((,*1(7P h@5 y$66(5 ,67 1 3 SPUU 81' )* 3 VZPZ]P i(1$862 :,( n,&+7 '85&+ v27$/5(9(;,21 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 y$66(5675$+/(6 *()@+57 :(5'(1 .$11 Jf(021675$7,2169(568&+N c%%P XPSRKN )81.7,21,(57 $8&+ (,1 $86 i/$6)$6(51 %(67(+(1'(5 n,&+7/(,7(5 J7%(5 237,&6KP

Luft Glas

£g

Totalreflexion L

c%%P XP[ |85 v27$/5(9(;,21P j,(5 :,5' $1*(1200(1N '$66 6,&+ ',( n,&+748(//( n ,0 ',&+7(1 o(',80 NNi/$6DD J2'(5 y$66(5K %(71'(7P

U[R

X n,&+7 H 2O

Licht Fenster freier Wasserstrahl

c%%P XPSR

v27$/5(9(;,21 921 n,&+7 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 y$66(5675$+/6P

f$6 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= Ji/P JXPSYKK *,%7 185 ',( y,1.(/>1'(581* $1N 1,&+7 ',( c17(,/( '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 u75$+/81*6/(,6781*N ',( 5(9(.7,(57 %=:P 75$160,77,(57 :(5'(1P f(5 t(9(;,216*5$' | 81' '(5 v5$160,66,216*5$' J75$160,66,9,7O *(1 f85&+*$1* (,1(6 u75$+/6 '85&+ (,1( 3/$13$5$//(/( r/$77( 81' '85&+ (,1 r5,60$P f,( r/$77( %(:,5.7 185 (,1( 6(,7/,&+( x(56(7=81* '(6 u75$+/6] ',( u75$+/(1 925 81' +,17(5 '(5 r/$77( 6,1' 3$5$//(/N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( y,5.81* '(5 %(,'(1 d5(&+81*(1 *(*(1O 6(,7,* $8)+(%7P d(,0 f85&+*$1* '85&+ (,1 r5,60$ .?11(1 6,&+ ',( y,1.(/>1'(581*(1 '85&+ ',( d5(&+81* %(,0 g,175,77 81' c8675,77 $'',(5(1N 62'$66 '(5 '85&+*(+(1'( u75$+/ (,1( t,&+781*6>1'(581* A :(* 921 '(5 u&+1(,'( '(6 r5,60$6 A (5)>+57P y(11 0$1 -('(1 u75$+/ (,1(6 d@1'(/6 $&+6(13$5$//(/(5 u75$+/(1 '85&+ (,1 (17O 635(&+(1' *()2507(6 r5,60$ 6&+,&.7N '$11 .$11 0$1 (55(,&+(1N '$66 6,&+ $//( u75$+O /(1 ,1 (,1(0 d5(11381.7 Jh2.86 hK 75(5(1 Jc%%P XPSVKP u2 )81.7,21,(57 (,1( u$0O 0(//,16(P

F

c%%P XPSV g,1( c125'181* 921 i/$635,6O 0(1N ',( (,1 d@1'(/ $&+6(13$5$//(/(5 u75$+/(1 ,1 '(1 d5(11381.7 h NN)2.866,(5(1DDP f$6 ,67 (,1 o2'(// )@5 ',( y,5.81* (,1(5 i/$6/,16(P

U[T

X n,&+7

f,63(56,21 J',63(56,21KP f,( d5(&+=$+/ ,67 (,1( o$7(5,$/.2167$17(N ',( (,1( h81.7,21 '(5 n,&+7:(//(1/>1*( ,67] ',(6( c%+>1*,*.(,7 +(,M7 f,63(56,21P h@5 /,&+7'85&+/>66,*( i/>6(5 81' ',( 0(,67(1 h/@66,*.(,7(1 1,007 ',( d5(&+=$+/ 0,7 $%1(+0(1'(5 y(/O /(1/>1*( =8\ '$6 :,5' $/6 1250$/( f,63(56,21 %(=(,&+1(7 Jc%%P XPSWKP 1480 1475 1470 1465 n

1460 1455 1450 300

ß wei

400

500 ÏJÌm

600

700

800

rot orange gelb grün blau violett

c%%P XPSW d5(&+=$+/ 921 s8$5=*/$6 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 n,&+7:(//(1/>1*( Jd(,63,(/ )@5 NN1250$/(DD f,63(56,21KP

c%%P XPSX f,( c8)63$/781* '(6 :(,M(1 n,&+O 7(6 ,1 (,1 d$1' 921 u3(.75$/)$5%(1 J6&+(0$O 7,6&+KP

c/6 m216(48(1= '$921 :,5' .85=:(//,*(6 n,&+7 ,0 r5,60$ 67>5.(5 *(%52&+(1 $/6 /$1*:(//,*(6P k67 '$6 (,1)$//(1'( n,&+7 :(,M(6 u211(1/,&+7N '$11 (1767(+7 +,17(5 '(0 r5,60$ (,1 d$1' 0,7 '(1 u3(.75$/)$5%(1 JkP p(:721N SXXXK :,( ,1 c%%P XPSX '$5*(O 67(//7 ,67P f(5 t(*(1%2*(1 (1767(+7 '85&+ ',( d5(&+81* 81' t(9(;,21 '(6 u211(1O /,&+7(6 ,1 t(*(17523)(1 Jc%%P XPSY$KP y,5' ',( t(*(1:2/.( 921 '(5 ,0 t@&.(1 '(6 d(75$&+7(56 67(+(1'(1 u211( %(675$+/7N '$11 (56&+(,17 '(5 j$8375(*(1%2*(1 '(0 d(75$&+7(5 817(5 (,1(0 j25,=217:,1.(/ 921 (7:$ VT]N :(11 '(5 u75$+/ 921 u211( =8 y2/.( :,( ,1 c%%P XPSY $1*(1200(1 :$$*5(&+7 9(5/>8)7P h@5 ',( h$5%( NN527DD ,67 '(5 y,1.(/ *5?M(5N )@5 NN%/$8DD ./(,1(5N NN527DD /,(*7 $/62 ,0 j$837%2*(1 $8M(1N NN%/$8DD ,11(1P c%(5 u211(1/,&+7 .$11 =80 6(/%(1 d(75$&+7(5 $8&+ '85&+ =:(,0$/,*( t(9(;,21 ,1 '(1 t(*(17523)(1 *(/$1*(1N $//(5',1*6 185 NN$1'(56+(580DD 0,7 u75$+/O $%/(1.81*(1 921 ,16*(6$07 0(+5 $/6 SZR]P f(5 p(%(15(*(1%2*(1 Jc%%P XPSY%K /,(*7 2%(5+$/% '(6 j$837%2*(16 81' ,67 /,&+76&+:>&+(5] 6(,1( h$5%)2/*( ,67 80*(.(+57P k1 9,(/(1 h>//(1 ,67 ',( f,63(56,21 81(5:@16&+7P d(, '(5 f,6.866,21 237,6&+(5 u75$+/(1*>1*( :,5' 0(,67 67,//6&+:(,*(1' 925$86*(6(7=7N '$66 '$6 %(187=7( n,&+7 $8) (,1 6(+5 6&+0$/(6 y(//(1/>1*(1,17(59$// .21=(175,(57 ,67] 62/&+(6 n,&+7 :,5' $/6 02O 12&+520$7,6&+ J(,1)$5%,*K %(=(,&+1(7P f,( f,63(56,21N ',( %(, '(5 x(5:(1'81* 921 1,&+7O0212&+520$7,6&+(0 n,&+7 =8 NNh$5%)(+/(51DD )@+57N :,5' %(, d('$5) *(621'(57

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

U[U

rot

blau

blau

rot

42°

52°

(a)

(b)

c%%P XPSY J$K j$8375(*(1%2*(1 A (,10$/,*( t(9(;,21N i(6$07$%/(1.81* JSZR2VTK]] J%K p(%(15(*(1%2*(1 A =:(,0$/,*( t(9(;,21N i(6$07$%/(1.81* JSZR1WTK]P

%(75$&+7(7P w0 0212&+520$7,6&+(6 n,&+7 =8 (5+$/7(1N .$11 0$1 $86 '(0 .217,O 18,(5/,&+(1 u3(.7580 (,1(5 67$5.(1 n,&+748(//( 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 NNo212&+520$7256DD (,1 ./(,1(6 y(//(1/>1*(1,17(59$// $86:>+/(1N 2'(5 0$1 .$11 $86 '(0 n,1,(163(.7O 580 (,1(5 u3(.75$//$03( 0,7+,/)( 921 h,/7(51 $//( n,1,(1 %,6 $8) (,1( 817(5'5@&.(1P c0 %(48(067(1 ,67 ',( x(5:(1'81* (,1(6 n$6(56] )@5 f(021675$7,2169(568&+( (03O 7(+/7 6,&+ (,1 +$1'/,&+(5 j(/,80Op(21On$6(5P c%%,/'81* 0,7 n,16(1P f,( m8*(/9>&+( ,67 ',( (,1)$&+67( h250 (,1(5 *(.5@007(1 h/>&+(P f85&+6,&+7,*( 63+>5,6&+ *(.5@007( i/$6/,16(1 /$66(1 6,&+ 6&+21 0,7 (,1O )$&+(1 y(5.=(8*(1 '85&+ u&+/(,)(1 81' 1$&+)2/*(1'(0 r2/,(5(1 +(567(//(1] ',(6( v(&+1,. :$5 6&+21 ,0 SXP l$+5+81'(57 %(.$117P

M

M

c%%P XPSZ |:(, 527,(5(1'( m?53(5 0,7 *(O *(1(,1$1'(5 *(1(,*7(1 t27$7,216$&+6(1N ',( 6,&+ ,0 r81.7 o 6&+1(,'(1N 6&+/(,)(1 6,&+ *(O *(16(,7,* $%P J$K h250 '(5 m?53(5 925 '(0 u&+/(,)(1N J%K 1$&+ '(0 u&+/(,)(1P

|80 u&+/(,)(1 921 m8*(/9>&+(1 ,67 (6 1,&+7 127:(1',*N '$66 '$6 u&+/(,):(5.=(8* 6&+21 (;$.7 ',( *(:@16&+7( h250 %(6,7=7P f$6 ,67 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P XPSZ (5./>57\ |:(, %(/,(%,* *()2507( J+,(5 =87* (,1( 63+>5,6&+ *(.5@007( m21O 7$.79>&+( 0,7 '(0 u&+1,77381.7 '(5 t27$7,216$&+6(1 o $/6 m5@0081*60,77(/O 381.7N :(,/ '$6 ',( (,1=,*( 0,7 %(,'(1 t27$7,21(1 .203$7,%/( h/>&+( ,67P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 ',$0$17(1%(6(7=7( 5,1*)?50,*( u&+/(,):(5.=(8*(N ',( 6,&+ 9,(/ :(1,*(5 $%6&+/(,)(1 $/6 '$6 %($5%(,7(7( i/$6 Jc%%P XPS[KP y(,/ (,1 .5(,6O )?50,*(5 t,1* 0,7 t$',86 5 $8) -('(5 m8*(/9>&+( 0,7 m5@0081*65$',86 5m #5 (1*

U[V

X n,&+7 Schleifwerkzeug M

M

(a)

c%%P XPS[ u&+(0$ (,1(5 n,16(16&+/(,)0$O 6&+,1( J$K )@5 m219(;/,16(1N J%K )@5 m21.$9O /,16(1P f$6 u&+/(,):(5.=(8* 0866 t$1' 81' o,77( '(5 n,16( @%(5'(&.(1P

(b)

$1/,(*7N /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7 (,1(0 NNm5@0081*6*(1(5$725DD 1$&+ c%%P XPS[ m8*(/9>&+(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 m5@0081* +(567(//(1] '(5 m5@0081*65$',86 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 c%67$1' '(6 u&+/(,)5,1*(6 920 u&+1,77381.7 '(5 t27$7,216$&+6(1P g,1( .219(; *()2507( n,16( NN6$00(/7DD $&+6(13$5$//(/ (,1)$//(1'( u75$+/(1 ,1 (,O 1(0 r81.7 h Jc%%P XPTR$K +,17(5 '(5 n,16(] 0,7 d(=8* $8) ',( y,5.81* (,1(6 NNd5(11O */$6(6DD +(,M7 ',(6(5 r81.7 d5(11381.7P g,1( .21.$9 *()2507( n,16( NN=(5675(87DD $&+O 6(13$5$//(/ (,1)$//(1'( u75$+/(1 62N $/6 2% 6,( 921 (,1(0 925 '(5 n,16( /,(*(1'(1 d5(11381.7 h .>0(1 Jc%%P XPTR%KP

F

F (a)

c%%P XPTR /,16(P

(b)

|85 f(71,7,21 '(6 d5(11381.7(6 Jh2.86K h\ J$K u$00(//,16(N J%K |(5675(881*6O

d(621'(56 (,1)$&+ ,67 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* '@11(5 n,16(1N '(5(1 f,&.( 6(+5 ./(,1 ,67 *(*(1 ',( m5@0081*65$',(1 %(,'(5 q%(59>&+(1P |80 35,1=,3,(//(1 x(567>1'1,6 $//(5 237,6&+(1 u75$+/(1*>1*( *(1@*7 ',(6( f@11(On,16(1Op>+(581*P w0 925(567 $8&+ ',( n,16(1)(+/(5 9(51$&+/>66,*(1 =8 .?11(1N 6(7=(1 :,5 0212&+520$7,6&+(6 n,&+7 925$86 81' %(75$&+7(1 185 :(1,* *(*(1 ',( 237,6&+( c&+6( *(1(,*7( u75$+/(1N )@5 '(5(1 p(,*81*6:,1.(/ ) ',( m/(,1(Oy,1.(/Op>+(581* 6,1 ) . 7$1 ) . )

JXPTRK

*,/7 Ji$8MOq37,.N i$866,$1 237,&6KP f(5 c%67$1' '(6 d5(11381.7(6 h 920 o,77(/381.7 '(5 n,16( J3 NNj$837381.7DD jK ,67 ',( d5(11:(,7( J)2&$/ /(1*7+K )N '(5 m(+5:(57 SB) ,67 ',( d5(&+.5$)7 J5()5$&7,9( ,1'(;K '(5 n,16( J/(16 32:(5K Lg,1+(,7\ f,2375,( J',237(56KN '37 3 02SbP f,( d5(&+O .5$)7 (,1(5 '@11(1 n,16( :,5' '85&+ ',( d5(&+=$+/ 1 81' ',( m5@0081*65$',(1 5S 81' 5T '(5 %(,'(1 n,16(12%(59>&+(1 %(67,007P |85 j(5/(,781* %(75$&+7(7 0$1 '(1 n,16(1%(5(,&+N '85&+ '(1 '(5 u75$+/ +,1'85&+75,77N :,( (,1 r5,60$ J>+1/,&+ :,( ,1 c%%P XPSV *(=(,&+1(7KP k1 '(5 m/(,1(Oy,1.(/Op>+(581* :,5' )@5 '@11( n,16(1 )2/O *(1'( d(=,(+81* (5+$/7(1\

0

1

S S S 3 J12SK 1 5S 5T )

JXPTSK

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

U[W

k1 ',(6( h250 '(5 n,16(10$&+(5*/(,&+81* J/(16 0$.(5I6 (48$7,21K :(5'(1 ',( t$',(1 .219(;(5 n,16(19>&+(1 $/6 326,7,9( y(57(N ',( .21.$9(5 n,16(19>&+(1 $/6 1(*$7,9( y(57( (,1*(6(7=7] %(, |(5675(881*6/,16(1 6,1' $/62 ',( NN'()2.866,(5(1'(DD d5(&+.5$)7 81' ',( NN$8) '(5 )$/6&+(1 u(,7( '(5 n,16( /,(*(1'(DD d5(11:(,7( 1(*$7,9( i5?M(1P Lg6 *,%7 $8&+ (,1( $1'(5( x25=(,&+(1.219(17,21N 1$&+ '(5 925 '(0 v(50 SB5T ,1 i/P JXPTSK (,1 o,186=(,&+(1 67(+7 81' '(5 t$',86 5T (,1(5 u$00(//,16( $/6 1(*$7,9( i5?M( %(+$1'(/7 :,5'N :(,/ '(5 m5@0081*60,77(/381.7 /,1.6 921 '(5 n,16( /,(*7Pb g5:>+17 6(, 12&+N '$66 ',( m20%,1$7,21 =:(,(5 n,16(1 0,7 '(1 d5(11:(,7(1 )S 3 ) 81' )T 3 2) (,1 n,16(1687*(5 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 $/6 |(5675(881*6/,16(1N .21O =(175,(5(1 :,5 816 ,0 h2/*(1'(1 $8) (567(5(P f,( y,5.81* (,1(5 J'@11(1K n,16( ,67 '85&+ ',( r26,7,21 '(5 n,16( Jj$837381.7 jK 81' ,+5( %(,'(1 6&+O /,&+(1 d5(&+81*(1 $1 %(,'(1 i5(1=9>&+(1 1,&+7 %(75$&+7(7] 67$77 '(66(1 :(5'(1 ',( u75$+/(1 *(5$'/,1,* %,6 =85 j$837(%(1( *()@+57 81' '257 185 (,10$/ *(%52&+(1 Jc%%P XPTSKP f,( y,5.81* '(5 n,16( $8) u75$+/(1 ,67 80.(+5%$5\ c//( 920 /,1.66(,O 7,*(1 d5(11381.7 $86*(+(1'(1 81' ',( n,16( '85&+6(7=(1'(1 u75$+/(1 :(5'(1 5(&+76 921 '(5 n,16( =8 (,1(0 d@1'(/ $&+6(13$5$//(/(5 u75$+/(1P Brennebene

Hauptebene

F

F

optische Achse

H

f Gegenstandsraum

f Bildraum

c%%P XPTS i581'%(*5,5( '(5 *(20(75,6&+(1 q37,.P j 3 j$837381.7N h 3 d5(11381.7N ) 3 d5(11:(,7(P f(5 u75$+/ :,5' )250$/ 185 (,10$/ ,1 '(5 j$837(%(1( *(%52&+(1P

y,&+7,* )@5 u75$+/(1*$1*6.216758.7,21(1\ g,1 6&+5>* (,1)$//(1'(5 u75$+/N '(5 '85&+ '(1 n,16(10,77(/381.7 Jj$837381.7 jK *(+7N :,5' @%(5+$837 1,&+7 *(%52&+(1] )@5 ,+1 :,5.7 ',( n,16( :,( (,1( 3/$13$5$//(/( r/$77(N ',( 185 (,1( 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1( u75$+/9(56(7=81* +(592558)7P o,7 '(1 '5(, j$837675$+/(1 '(5 *(20(75,6&+(1 q37,.N '(0 925 '(5 j$837(%(1( '85&+ '(1 d5(11381.7 *(+(1'(1 d5(11381.7675$+/N '(0 =85 c&+6( 3$5$//(/(1 r$O

U[X

X n,&+7

5$//(/675$+/ 81' '(0 '85&+ '(1 r81.7 j *(+(1'(1 o,77(/381.7675$+/ /$66(1 6,&+ 181 $//( u75$+/(1*>1*( %(+$1'(/1P o(,67 *(1@*(1 =:(, '(5 '5(, j$837675$+/(1P u75$+/9(5/$8)\ 925 '(5 j$837(%(1(

+,17(5 '(5 j$837(%(1(

d5(11381.7675$+/ r$5$//(/675$+/ o,77(/381.7675$+/

r$5$//(/675$+/ d5(11381.7675$+/ o,77(/381.7675$+/ J2+1( m1,&. ,1 '(5 j$837(%(1(K

y(11 $//( u75$+/(1N ',( 921 (,1(0 ,0 i(*(167$1'65$80 *(/(*(1(1 i(*(167$1'6381.7 i =85 n,16( *(+(1N '85&+ ',( n,16(1:,5.81* ,1 (,1(0 ,0 d,/'5$80 *(/(*(1(1 d,/'O 381.7 d 9(5(,1,*7 :(5'(1N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 (,1(5 c%%,/'81* J,0$*( )250$7,21KP f,( c%67>1'( 921 i(*(167$1' 81' d,/' =85 j$837(%(1( :(5'(1 $/6 i(*(167$1'6O :(,7( * 81' d,/':(,7( % %(=(,&+1(7P x,(5 48$/,7$7,9 817(56&+,('/,&+( c%%,/'81*6)>//( 6,1' ,1 c%%P XPTT '$5*(67(//7\ g,1 :(,7 925 '(5 n,16( J*#T)K /,(*(1'(5 i(*(167$1' iS :,5' ,0 d,/'5$80 =:,6&+(1 ) 81' T) 9(5./(,1(57 $%*(%,/'(7P f(5 i(*(167$1' iT ,1 '(5 i(*(167$1'6:(,7( * 3 T) :,5' S\S ,1 % 3 T) $%*(%,/'(7P f(5 ,0 i(*(167$1'65$80 =:,6&+(1 T) 81' ) /,(*(1'( i(*(167$1' iU :,5' :(,7 +,17(5 '(5 n,16( J%#T)K 9(5*5?M(57 $%*(%,/'(7P p,&+7 (,1O *(=(,&+1(7 :85'( (,1 ,1 '(5 d5(11(%(1( /,(*(1'(5 i(*(167$1'P f(66(1 d,/' /,(*7 81(1'/,&+ :(,7 +,17(5 '(5 n,16(] ',( 921 (,1(0 i(*(167$1'6381.7 ,1 '(5 /,1.(1 d5(11(%(1( $86*(+(1'(1 u75$+/(1 9(5/$8)(1 +,17(5 '(5 n,16( =8(,1$1'(5 3$5$//(/ 81' +$%(1 ',(6(/%( p(,*81* :,( '(5 o,77(/381.7675$+/P

B4

G1

G2

G3

G4 B1

f 2f

B2

B3

f 2f

c%%P XPTT c%%,/'81*(1 0,7 (,1(5 u$00(//,16(\ SP x(5./(,1(581*N TP c%%,/'81* S \ SN UP x(5O *5?M(581*N VP g5=(8*81* (,1(6 9(5*5?M(57(1 9,578(//(1 d,/'(6P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

U[Y

f,( c%%,/'81* '(5 i(*(167>1'( iS %,6 iU )@+57 =8 '(1 d,/'(51 dS %,6 dUN ',( NN$8) '(0 m23) 67(+(1DDC f,(6( 0$5.$17( x(5>1'(581* :,5' 2)7 $/6 NNu(,7(19(5.(+O 581*DD %(=(,&+1(7N ,67 $%(5 (7:$6 *581'6>7=/,&+ $1'(5(6 $/6 ',( t(&+76Bn,1.6Ou(,7(1O 9(5.(+581* %(,0 $8)5(&+7 67(+(1'(1 u3,(*(/%,/'P f,( d,/'(5 dS %,6 dU :(5'(1 $/6 5((//( d,/'(5 J5($/ ,0$*(6K %(=(,&+1(7N :(,/ 0$1 6,( 6(+(1 .$11N :(11 0$1 ,1 ',( d,/'(%(1( (,1(1 ',586 /,&+7675(8(1'(1 u&+,50 %5,1*7P f(5 ,11(5+$/% '(5 (,1)$&+(1 d5(11:(,7( /,(*(1'( i(*(167$1' iVN )@5 '(1 r$5$/O /(/675$+/ 81' o,77(/381.7675$+/ +,17(5 '(5 n,16( ',9(5*,(5(1N %(6,7=7 .(,1 5((//(6 d,/' ,0 d,/'5$80P f,( 5@&.:>57,*( x(5/>1*(581* '(5 %(,'(1 j$837675$+/(1 (5*,%7 '$6 NN$8)5(&+7 67(+(1'(DD 9(5*5?M(57( 9,578(//( d,/' J9,578$/ ,0$*(K dV ,0 i(*(167$1'6O 5$80N '$6 0$1 1,&+7 '85&+ g,1%5,1*(1 (,1(6 u&+,506 $1 ',(6(5 u7(//( 6,&+7%$5 0$&+(1 .$11P y,( /(,&+7 $86 c%%P XPTT $%*(/(6(1 :(5'(1 .$11N ,67 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 d,/'*5?M( d =8 i(*(167$1'6*5?M( iN '$6 $/6 n>1*(19(5*5?M(581* J$8&+ 75$169(56$/( 2'(5 /$O 7(5$/( x(5*5?M(581*N /$7(5$/ 0$*1,7&$7,21K %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'N *(*(%(1 '85&+ xn>1*( 3 dBi xn>1*( 3 %B*P

JXPTTK

f,( n>1*(19(5*5?M(581* (5*,%7 48$'5,(57 ',( h/>&+(19(5*5?M(581* xh/>&+( 3 c%Bc*P u7$77 u75$+/(1*>1*( *5$76&+ =8 .216758,(5(1N .$11 0$1 $8&+ 0,7 '(5 n,1O 6(1)250(/ Jc%%,/'81*6*/(,&+81*N /(16 (48$7,21K 5(&+1(1\ S S S 1 3 P ) * %

JXPTUK

f,(6( i/(,&+81* )2/*7 810,77(/%$5 $86 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 >+1/,&+(1 f5(,(&.(1N ',( 921 '(1 '5(, j$837675$+/(1N '(5 237,6&+(1 c&+6(N '(0 i(*(167$1' i 81' '(0 d,/' d *(%,/'(7 :(5'(1 81' =8 '(1 )2/*(1'(1 t(/$7,21(1 )@+5(1\ dBi 3 %B* dBi 3 )BJ*2)K dBi 3 J%2)KB)P

JXPTVK

g/,0,1,(581* 921 dBi ,1 i/P JXPTVK (5*,%7 1$&+ (,1)$&+(5 w0)25081* ',( n,16(1O )250(/P k1 9,(/(1 h>//(1 '(71,(57 ',( ~5181* '(5 n,16(1)$6681* $8&+ '(1 y,1.(/%(5(,&+ )@5 921 '(5 n,16( (5)$66%$5( u75$+/(1N ',( 920 %(75$&+7(7(1 i(*(167$1'6381.7 $86O

G1

£G

£B

f g

B1

f b

c%%P XPTU d(75$&+781* '(5 y,1.(/N 817(5 '(0 ',( c3(5785%/(1'( J+,(5 n,16(1)$6681*K (5O 6&+(,17N :(11 6,( 920 i(*(167$1'6O %=:P d,/'257 $86 %(75$&+7(7 :,5'P

U[Z

X n,&+7

*(+(1P f,( h$6681* ,67 */(,&+=(,7,* c3(5785%/(1'( J$3(5785( 6723KP h@5 '(1 c&+6(1O 381.7 '(6 i(*(167$1'(6 iS ,67 '(5 +$/%( ~5181*6:,1.(/ '(6 u75$+/(1.(*(/6 *(*(%(1 '85&+ )iN $8) '(5 d,/'6(,7( '85&+ )d Jc%%P XPTUKP y,( 0$1 ',5(.7 6(+(1 .$11N ,67 0,7 '(5 9(5./(,1(57(1 c%%,/'81* iS S dS (,1( u75$+/(1.(*(/Oy,1.(/9(5*5?M(581* )i S )d 9(5%81'(1P k1 '(5 m/(,1(Oy,1.(/Op>+(581* *,/7 )@5 ',( y,1.(/9(5*5?M(581* 2S P xy,1.(/ 3 *B% 3 xn>1*(

JXPTWK

f(5 921 '(5 n,16( (5)$667( t$80:,1.(/ \ ,67 ,1 '(5 m/(,1(Oy,1.(/Op>+(581* 0,7 '(0 y,1.(/ ) '85&+ \ 3 @ )T

JXPTXK

9(5.1@3)7P f(6+$/% (5*,%7 '$6 s8$'5$7 '(5 y,1.(/9(5*5?M(581* ',( t$80:,1.(/O 9(5*5?M(581* xt$80:,1.(/ 3 \%B\*P c86 xn>1*( 6 xy,1.(/ 3 S )2/*7 xh/>&+( 6 xt$80:,1.(/ 3 SN 81' '$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( d(O =,(+81* c* \* 3 c% \%N

JXPTYK

',( $//*(0(,1 J1,&+7 185 ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 +,(5 9(5:(1'(7(1 m/(,1(Oy,1.(/Op>+(581*K *,/7 81' (,1( )81'$0(17$/( d('(8781* +$7P w0 '$6 =8 =(,*(1N )@+5(1 :,5 (,1(1 i('$1.(19(568&+ '85&+\ f(5 i(*(167$1' iS 6(, (,1 u&+:$5=(5 u75$+/(5N 7+(50,6&+ ,62/,(57 0217,(57 ,1 (,1(0 3(5)(.7 63,(*(/1O '(1 i(+>86(N '$6 6,&+ %,6 =85 j$837(%(1( '(5 n,16( (5675(&.7 81' 185 )@5 ',( n,16( (,1( ~5181* %(6,7=7P c1 '(5 u7(//( '(6 d,/'(6 dS %(71'(7 6,&+ $/6 i(*(167$1' iT (,1 =:(,7(5 u&+:$5=(5 m?53(5N (%(1)$//6 7+(50,6&+ ,62/,(57 0217,(57 ,1 (,1(0 63,(O *(/1'(1 i(+>86(N '$6 6,&+ (%(1)$//6 %,6 =85 n,16(1?5181* (5675(&.7P f,( %(,'(1 m?53(5 6,1' 185 @%(5 ',( u75$+/81* '85&+ ',( n,16( 0,7(,1$1'(5 ,1 7+(50,6&+(0 m217$.7 81' %(71'(1 6,&+ $1)$1*6 $8) '(5 */(,&+(1 v(03(5$785N 62'$66 )@5 %(,'( ',( J63(.75$/(K u75$+/',&+7( */(,&+ *52M ,67P f,( 921 iS 1$&+ iT *(+(1'( u75$+/81*6O /(,6781* ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 h/>&+( '(6 (0,77,(5(1'(1 m?53(56 81' =80 t$80:,1O .(/N 817(5 '(0 ',( n,16(1?5181* $0 q57 921 iS (56&+(,17P f,( 921 iT 1$&+ iS *(+(1'( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 '(5 )@5 iT ./(,1(5(1 675$+/(1'(1 h/>O &+( 81' '(0 )@5 iT *5?M(5(1 t$80:,1.(/P y@5'( '$6 r52'8.7 921 h/>&+(1O 81' t$80:,1.(/9(5*5?M(581* 1,&+7 */(,&+ (,16 6(,1N '$11 )>1'( .(,1( m203(16$7,21 '(5 u75$+/81*6/(,6781*(1 67$77P f(5 m?53(5N '(5 1(772 n(,6781* *(:?11(N :@5'( :>5O 0(5 :(5'(1P u&+/,(M/,&+ 9?66( y>50( 921 .$/7 1$&+ +(,M ,0 y,'(56358&+ =80 TP j$8376$7=P f$6 g5*(%1,6 ',(6(6 i('$1.(19(568&+(6 />667 6,&+N :,( 6&+21 gP c%%( 81' jP 9P j(/0+2/7= (5.$117 +$77(1N )2/*(1'(50$M(1 )2508/,(5(1\ f,( u75$+/',&+7( .$11 '85&+ 237,6&+( c%%,/'81*(1 1,&+7 (5+?+7 :(5'(1N 62/$1*( ',( d5(&+=$+/ '(6 o(',806 6,&+ 1,&+7 (5+?+7P q+1( d(:(,6 6(, (5:>+17N '$66 6,&+ %(,0 %(5*$1* ,1 (,1 o(',80 0,7 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ 1 ',( u75$+/',&+7( 80 '(1 h$.725 1T (5+?+7P i5@1'( )@5 0?*/,&+( x(5./(,1(581*(1 '(5 u75$+/',&+7( 6,1' c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5N t(9(;,216O 81' c%6253O 7,2169(5/867(P f,&.( n,16(1P w0 $8&+ )@5 ',&.( n,16(1 ',( m216758.7,21 0,7 '(1 j$837675$+/(1 81' d(5(&+181*(1 1$&+ '(5 n,16(1)250(/ %(,%(+$/7(1 =8 .?11(1N :(5'(1 =:(, j$837(%(1(1 0,7 '(1 j$837381.7(1 j 81' jA (,1*()@+57P f,( d5(11:(,7(1 $8)

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

U[[

%(,'(1 u(,7(1 6,1' */(,&+ *52M J ) 3 ) AK 81' %(6&+5(,%(1 ',( c%67>1'( '(5 d5(11O 381.7( h 81' hA 921 '(1 '$=8*(+?5(1'(1 j$837381.7(1 j 81' jAP f,( u75$+/(1O .216758.7,21 :,5' :,( )2/*7 '85&+*()@+57\ f(5 920 i(*(167$1'6381.7 i .200(1'( r$5$//(/675$+/ :,5' $1 '(5 '85&+ jA *(+(1'(1 j$837(%(1( =80 d5(11381.7 hA *(O %52&+(1P f(5 d5(11381.7675$+/ /,1.6 *(+7 '85&+ h 81' :,5' $1 '(5 '85&+ j *(O +(1'(1 j$837(%(1( =80 r$5$//(/675$+/ 80*()2507P f(5 o,77(/381.7675$+/ *(+7 920 i(*(167$1'6381.7 i =80 j$837381.7 j 81' :,5' '$11 921 j 1$&+ jA 3$5$//(/ 9(56(7=7P f,( *(20(75,6&+( q37,. /,()(57 h250(/1N ',( )@5 925*(*(%(1( n,16(1',&.( 81' m5@0081*(1 %(,'(5 h/>&+(1 ',( m$5',1$/(/(0(17( Jj$837381.7(N d5(11381.7(K =8 %(5(&+1(1 *(67$77(1 Jd'P UN m$3P SK] ',( (,1)$&+( h250(/ )@5 ',( d5(&+.5$)7 '@11(5 n,16(1 Ji/P JXPTSKK *,/7 1,&+7 0(+5P n,16(1 ,1 $1'(5(1 o(',(1 $/6 n8)7P c//(6 %,6+(5 i(6$*7( *,/7 )@5 n,16(1 ,1 n8)7P y(11 6,&+ $%(5 i(*(167$1'6O 81' d,/'5$80 ,1 /,&+7'85&+/>66,*(1 o(',(1 0,7 '(1 d5(&+=$+/(1 1S 81' 1T %(71'(1N *(/7(1 02',7=,(57( d(=,(+81*(1P y,&+7,*( u3(=,O $/)>//( 6,1'\ SP i5?M(5( d5(&+=$+/ ,0 i(*(167$1'65$80 %(,0 k00(56,2160,.526.23\ |:,6&+(1 q%-(.775>*(5 81' n,16( %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1 v523)(1 (,1(5 67$5. %5(&+(1'(1 h/@6O 6,*.(,7N ,1 '(5 '$6 q%-(.7 NN(,1*(7$8&+7DD ,67P TP i5?M(5( d5(&+=$+/ ,0 d,/'5$80 %(,0 0(16&+/,&+(1 c8*( J6,(+( 817(1KP c//*(0(,1 *,/7 1,&+7 NNd5(&+.5$)7 3 m(+5:(57 '(5 d5(11:(,7(DDN 621'(51 ',( d5(&+O .5$)7 3 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ 1B )N :2%(, 1 ',( d5(&+=$+/ '(6 o(',806 ,67N ,1 '(0 ',( d5(11:(,7( ) /,(*7\ 33

1 1S 3 TP )S )T

JXPTZK

f,( d5(&+.5$)7 ,67 $/62 )@5 ',( n,16( (,1( m2167$17(P u7$77 '(5 n,16(1)250(/ 921 i/P JXPTUK *,/7 ',( $//*(0(,1( c%%,/'81*6*/(,&+81* )S ) T 1 3SN * %

JXPT[K

',( 6,&+ )@5 )S 3 )T $8) ',( (,1)$&+( n,16(1)250(/ 5('8=,(57P c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5P f,( '85&+ u&+/(,)(1 81' r2/,(5(1 /(,&+7 +(567(//%$5(1 63+>5,6&+(1 n,16(1 )@+5(1 ,0 c//*(0(,1(1 1,&+7 =8 3(5)(.7(1 c%%,/'81*(1P x(56&+,('(1( c%O %,/'81*6)(+/(5 Jn,16(1)(+/(5N /(16 $%(55$7,216K 75(7(1 $8)P f,( %(,'(1 :,&+7,*67(1 h(+O /(5 6,1' ,1 c%%P XPTV '$5*(67(//7P f(5 ~5181*6)(+/(5 2'(5 ',( 63+>5,6&+( c%(55$7,21 J63+(5,&$/ $%(55$7,21K ,67 '$'85&+ %(*5@1'(7N '$66 r$5$;,$/675$+/(1 (,1( 920 c&+O 6(1$%67$1' $%+>1*,*( d5(11:(,7( %(6,7=(1] $&+6(1)(51( u75$+/(1 :(5'(1 67>5.(5 *(O %52&+(1 $/6 $&+6(11$+( Jc%%P XPTV$KP n,16(1 */(,&+(5 d5(11:(,7(N $%(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 h250 +$%(1 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 ~5181*6)(+/(5\ d(, (,1(5 3/$1.219(;(1 n,16( ,67 '(5 h(+/(5 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5N :(11 ',( .219(;( u(,7( '(0 $11>+(51' 3$5$//(/(1 n,&+7 =8*(.(+57 ,67] $//*(0(,1(5 )2508/,(57\ 237,0$/ ,67 (6N :(11 ',( t$1'675$+/(1 $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 $1 '(5 n,16(12%(59>&+( (7:$ '(1 */(,&+(1 y,1.(/ +$%(1P u&+:$&+( m5@0081*(1 6,1' 9257(,/+$)7] 'P +PN ',( =:(, 6&+:$&+ *(.5@007(1 h/>&+(1 (,1(5

VRR

X n,&+7

lett vio

F

(a)

rot

(b)

c%%P XPTV

f,( :,&+7,*67(1 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5\ J$K ~5181*6)(+/(5N J%K h$5%)(+/(5P

d,.219(;/,16( 6,1' *@167,*(5 $/6 ',( 67>5.(5 *(.5@007( h/>&+( (,1(5 r/$1.219(;O /,16(] ',( m20%,1$7,21 921 +2+(5 d5(&+=$+/ 0,7 6&+:$&+(5 m5@0081* ,67 *@167,*(5 $/6 ',( 80*(.(+57(P f(5 h$5%)(+/(5 J',( &+520$7,6&+( c%(55$7,21N &+520$7,& $%(55$7,21 c%%P XPTV%K ,67 '$'85&+ %(',1*7N '$66 $//( i/>6(5 (,1( 0,7 $%1(+0(1'(5 y(//(1/>1*( =81(+0(1'( d5(&+=$+/ %(6,7=(1 J1250$/( f,63(56,21KN :2'85&+ 9,2/(77(6 n,&+7 67>5.(5 *(%52&+(1 :,5' $/6 527(6P h@5 ',( f,6.866,21 '(5 $1'(5(1 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5 Jm20$N c67,*0$7,6086N d,/'O )(/':?/%81*K 9(5:(,6(1 :,5 $8) d'P UN m$3P SP f85&+ ',( x(5:(1'81* 921 i/>6(51 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 y(57(1 )@5 d5(&+=$+/ 1 81' d5(&+=$+/O}1'(581* '1B'+ ,1 =8O 6$00(1*(6(7=7(1 ',&.(1 n,16(16+1/,&+ Jc%%P XPTWKP d(,'( +$%(1 $/6 :(6(17/,&+( 237,6&+( m20321(17( (,1( d,.219(;Ou$00(//,16(P f,( r83,//( ,1 '(5 k5,6 '(6 c8*(6 Iris mit Pupille G

Linse

Netzhaut

Ê

g

b

Blende

Linse

Film

c%%P XPTW x(5*/(,&+ 921 0(16&+/,&+(0 c8O *( J67$5. 9(5(,1)$&+7K 81' m$0(5$P p,&+7 (,1O *(=(,&+1(7 :85'(1 '$6 c8*(1/,' 81' '(5 m$O 0(5$9(56&+/866P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VRS

(17635,&+7 '(5 k5,6Od/(1'( '(5 m$0(5$P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 d/(1'(1'85&+0(66(5 =8 d5(11:(,7( :,5' ~5181*69(5+>/71,6 J5(/$7,9( $3(5785(K *(1$117] '(5 t(=,352.:(57 :,5' %(, '(5 m$0(5$ $/6 d/(1'(1=$+/ J)O180%(5N )2&$/ 5$7,2K %(=(,&+1(7 2'(5 .85= NNd/(1'(DD LNN63(('DD J2) &$0(5$ /(16Kb *(1$117P f,( p(7=+$87 0,7 ,+5(1 u(+=(//(1 (17O 635,&+7 '(0 /,&+7(0371'/,&+(1 h,/0P c8*( 81' m$0(5$ .?11(1 $8) 9(56&+,('(1( i(*(167$1'6(17)(5181*(1 (,1*(67(//7 :(5'(1] '(5 g17)(5181*6%(5(,&+ '(6 1250$/O 6,&+7,*(1 c8*(6 J(00(7523,& (*7 6,( '$*(*(1 185 d58&+7(,/( (,1(5 u(.81'(P d(, '(5 m$0(5$ /,(*7 '(5 d,/'5$80 ,1 n8)7] %(,0 c8*( %(71'(7 6,&+ =:,6&+(1 n,16( 81' p(7=+$87 '(5 i/$6.?53(5 J9,75(286 %2'1'(57KP d(,0 c8*( ,67 ',( d,/':(,7( .2167$17 81' ',( u&+$5)67(//81* *(6&+,(+7 @%(5 ',( }1'(581* '(5 d5(&+.5$)7P f,( d5(&+.5$)7 '(6 c8*(6 ,67 $/62 (,1( h81.7,21 '(5 i(*(167$1'6:(,7(P f(1 :(6(17/,&+(1 d(,75$* =85 c%%,/'81* ,0 c8*( 0$&+7 1,&+7 ',( n,16(N 621'(51 ',( 9251 /,(*(1'( *(.5@007( j251+$87P f(5(1 d5(&+.5$)7 :,5' 9(5>1'(57 '85&+ h250>1'(581* '(5 n,16(P f,( u&+$5)67(//81* '(6 c8*(6 $8) (,1( %(67,007( (1'/,&+( i(*(167$1'6(17)(5181* :,5' c..2002'$7,21 J$&&2002'$7,21K *(1$117P d(,0 125O 0$/6,&+7,*(1 c8*( /,(*7 '(5 h(51381.7 ,0 w1(1'/,&+(1N 'P +P 2+1( c..200'$7,21 '85&+ ',( n,16( :(5'(1 81(1'/,&+ :(,7 (17)(517 /,(*(1'( i(*(167>1'( $8) '(5 p(7=O +$87 6&+$5) $%*(%,/'(7P |85 u&+$5)(,167(//81* 1>+(5 /,(*(1'(5 i(*(167>1'( 0866 ',( d5(&+.5$)7 '(6 c8*(6 (5+?+7 :(5'(1N :$6 '$'85&+ *(6&+,(+7N '$66 ',( n,16( ',&.(5 :,5'P f(5 p$+381.7 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 0$;,0$/(1 c..2002'$7,21P f,( c..2002'$7,216)>+,*.(,7 9(56&+:,1'(7 0,7 =81(+0(1'(1 c/7(5P y(11 '(5 p$+O 381.7 :(,7(5 :(* 5@&.7 $/6 ',( '(87/,&+( u(+:(,7( J',67$1&( 2) ',67,1&7 9,6,21K 921 TW &0N %(*,117 ',( c/7(566,&+7,*.(,7 J35(6%1*,*( h(+/6,&+7,*.(,7(1 .?11(1 '85&+ d5,//(1 2'(5 m21O 7$.7/,16(1 .255,*,(57 :(5'(1] ',( %(.$117(67(1 6,1' m85=6,&+7,*.(,7 J0+(5 $1 ',( p$6( *(5@&.7P f,( m255(.785 (5)2/*7 '85&+ (,1( (17635(&+(1'( |(5O 675(881*6/,16(P d(, %(56,&+7,*.(,7 +$7 '$6 c8*( ,0 (1763$117(1 |867$1' (,1( =8 *(5,1*( d5(&+.5$)7N 80 81(1'/,&+ :(,7 (17)(517( i(*(167>1'( 6&+$5) $%=8%,/'(1] '$6 .$11 '85&+ (,1( (17635(&+(1'( u$00(//,16( .203(16,(57 :(5'(1P m,1'(5 .?1O 1(1 %(56,&+7,*.(,7 $8&+ 2+1( d5,//( '85&+ c..202'$7,21 .203(16,(5(1N $%(5 %(,0 }/7(5:(5'(1 (55(,&+(1 6,( '$11 '(1 d(*,11 '(5 c/7(56,&+7,*.(,7 )5@+(5 $/6 p250$/O 6,&+7,*(P f,( x(5*5?M(581* (,1(6 i(*(167$1'(6 %(, '(5 y$+51(+081* 0,7 '(0 c8*(N 81O 7(567@7=7 '85&+ (,1 237,6&+(6 k167580(17N :,5' '85&+ ',( u(+:,1.(/Ox(5*5?M(581* %(6&+5,(%(1N ',( $/6 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 NNu(+:,1.(/ 3d 0,7 k167580(17DD Jd,/' d ,1 c%%P XPTX%K 81' NNu(+:,1.(/ 3i 2+1( k167580(17DD Ji(*(167$1' iS ,1 c%%P XPTX$K '(71,(57 ,67P f,(6( u(+:,1.(/Ox(5*5?M(581* ,67 .21=(37,21(// 9(56&+,('(1 921 '(5 2%(1 (5:>+17(1 u75$+/(1.(*(/Oy,1.(/9(5*5?M(581* %(, (,1(5 /$7(5$/ 9(5./(,1(51'(1 237,6&+(1 c%%,/'81*P f,( n83( J0$*1,)+(581*(1 '(5 i/P JXPURK ,67 ',( (567( ',( m/(,1(Oy,1.(/Op>+(581* J7$1 3 . 3K 81' ',( =:(,7( ,67 ',( c11$+0(N '$66 * 185 *(5,1*)@*,* ./(,1(5 $/6 ) ,67P f,( i(*(167$1'6(17)(5181* * :,5' (;$.7 */(,&+ '(5 d5(11:(,7( )N :(11 0$1 %(,0 d(75$&+7(1 '(6 i(*(167$1'(6 '85&+ ',( n83( '$6 c8*( $8) NN81(1'/,&+DD $..202O ',(57 Jc%%P XPTX&KN :$6 )@5 p250$/6,&+7,*( 2+1( c1675(1*81* 0?*/,&+ ,67P f,( c1O 1$+0( (,1(6 $8) 81(1'/,&+ (,1*(67(//7(1 c8*(6 9(5(,1)$&+7 ',( f,6.866,21 $//(5 %,6 =80 c8*( )@+5(1'(1 u75$+/(1*>1*(P k1 '(1 9,(/(1 237,6&+(1 k167580(17(1 :,5' (,1 5((//(6 NN|:,6&+(1%,/'DD (5=(8*7 81' '85&+ (,1( n83( %(75$&+7(7P u7$77 (,1(5 g,1=(//,16(1On83( :,5' 0(,67 (,1 q.8/$5 J(/71,6 '(5 u(+:,1.(/ 0,7 81' 2+1( k16O 7580(17 %(, */(,&+(5 i(*(167$1'6(17)(5181* J81' (,1(0 $8) 81(1'/,&+ (,1*(67(//7(1 c8*(K '(71,(57P j,(5 ',6.87,(5(1 :,5 185 '(1 i5(1=)$// '(6 $6752120,6&+(1 h(51O 52+56 )@5 ',( d(75$&+781* 921 J)$67K 81(1'/,&+ :(,7 (17)(517(1 h,;67(51(1P f$ ',(6( u7(51( 7527= ,+5(5 :,5./,&+(1 i5?M( $/6 J1$+(=8K 381.7)?50,*( q%-(.7( %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N ',( $8&+ 1$&+ x(5*5?M(581* 12&+ 381.7)?50,* :,5.(1N %(=,(+7 0$1 '(1 u(+:,1.(/ $8) '(1 y,1.(/$%67$1' =:(,(5 %(1$&+%$57(5 u7(51(P k1 c%%P XPTY :,5' $1*(1200(1N '$66 '(5 (,1( u7(51 $8) '(5 237,6&+(1 c&+6( /,(*7] (,1*(=(,&+1(7 6,1' 185 ',( u75$+/(1 921 '(0 6&+5>* =85 c&+6( /,(*(1'(1 =:(,7(1 u7(51P

VRV

X n,&+7 f1

f2

ÊB

ÊG

f2

c%%P XPTY q%(1\ d(75$&+781* =:(,(5 u7(51( ,0 $6752120,6&+(1 h(5152+5 J+,(5 185 ',( u75$+O /(1 920 6&+5>* =85 c&+6( /,(*(1'(1 u7(51KP w17(1\ o,7 |(5675(881*6/,16( $/6 q.8/$5 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1 $8)5(&+7(6 d,/'P

f$6 q%-(.7,9 '(6 h(5152+56 ,67 (,1( u$00(//,16( 0,7 '(5 0?*/,&+67 *52M(1 d5(11O :(,7( )SN ',( 921 '(1 %(,'(1 u7(51(1 (,1 d,/' ,1 '(5 +,17(5(1 d5(11(%(1( (5=(8*7P f,( =:(,7( u$00(//,16( J'$6 q.8/$5K +$7 (,1( 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1( d5(11:(,7( )T 81' ,67 62 $1*(25'1(7N '$66 +,17(5( d5(11(%(1( '(5 n,16( S 81' 925'(5( d5(11(%(1( '(5 n,16( T =86$00(1)$//(1P f(5 d(2%$&+7(5 %(187=7 ',( =:(,7( n,16( $/6 n83( Jc%%P XPTY 2%(1KP f,( %(,'(1 u7(51( (56&+(,1(1 ,0 h(5152+5 817(5 '(0 u(+:,1.(/ 3d 3 J)SB)TK 6 3i P f,( y,1.(/9(5*5?M(581* '(6 h(5152+5(6 ,67 $/62 */(,&+ '(0 x(5O +>/71,6 '(5 d5(11:(,7(1 )SB)TP y>+5(1' '$6 m(3/(5I6&+( h(5152+5 (,1 NN$8) '(0 m23) 67(+(1'(6DD d,/' /,()(57 Jc%%P XPTY 2%(1KN :$6 ',( c6752120(1 0(,67 1,&+7 67?57N :,5' ,0 i$//,/(,I6&+(1 h(5152+5 0,7 (,1(5 |(5675(881*6/,16( Jc%%P XPTY 817(1K (,1 $8)O 5(&+7(6 d,/' (5=(8*7N :,( (6 )@5 7(55(675,6&+( |:(&.( %(1?7,*7 :,5'P g,1 $1'(5(5N 6(+5 :,&+7,*(5 x257(,/ '(6 $6752120,6&+(1 h(5152+5(6 ,67 ',( n,&+767520Og5+?+81* 80 '(1 h$.725 JfSBfTKTN :(11 '(5 f85&+0(66(5 fT '(5 =:(,7(1 n,16( */(,&+ '(0 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 :(,7 *(?51(7(1 r83,//( J2'(5 '(5 m$0(5$%/(1'(K ,67P f$6 ~5181*6O 9(5+>/71,6 fB) ,67 )@5 %(,'( n,16(1 */(,&+P h(5152+5 81' o,.526.23 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ $8&+ ,1 '(5 c57 '(5 (5)$667(1 n,&+7O 675$+/81*\ c6752120,6&+( q%-(.7( 6,1' 6(/%67/(8&+7(1'N 7(55(675,6&+( h(5152+5Oq%O -(.7( 5(9(.7,(5(1 '$6 v$*(6/,&+7P o,.526.23Oq%-(.7( 0@66(1 %(/(8&+7(7 :(5'(1] 0(,67 6,1' n$03( 81' d(/(8&+781*6237,. JNNm21'(1625/,16(DDK ,1 '$6 o,.526.23 ,17(*5,(57P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VRW

F

c%%P XPTZ ~5181*6)(+/(5 (,1(6 m8*(/63,(O *(/6P h@5 ',( $&+6(1)(51(1 r$5$//(/675$+/(1 /,(*7 '(5 d5(11381.7 1>+(5 $0 u&+(,7(/381.7 $/6 )@5 ',( $&+6(11$+(1P

u3,(*(/237,.P g,1( .21.$9( 63,(*(/1'( m8*(/9>&+(N 527$7,2166&+( ,1 h250 (,1(5 t27$7,2163$5$%(/ (55(,&+7P c%(5 )@5 ',( h2.866,(581* 6&+5>* (,1)$//(1'(5 r$5$//(/675$+/(1%@1'(/ 6,1' ',( h(+/(5 '(6 r$5$O %2/63,(*(/6 Jc67,*0$7,6086 8P $PK *5?M(5 $/6 ',( '(6 m8*(/63,(*(/6] '(6+$/% 6,1' r$O 5$%2/63,(*(/ 185 )@5 c%%,/'81*(1 0,7 6(+5 ./(,1(0 i(6,&+76)(/' *((,*1(7P f,( j,17(5(,1$1'(56&+$/781* 0(+5(5(5 237,6&+(5 g/(0(17( ,67 0,7 u3,(*(/237,. 9,(/ 6&+:,(5,*(5 $/6 0,7 n,16(1237,.N 81' '(6+$/% +$%(1 6,&+ u3,(*(/ 185 )@5 (,1,*( u3(=,$/$1:(1'81*(1 '85&+*(6(7=7P |80 d(,63,(/ :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 c6752120,( )@5 0$O ;,0$/( d,/'+(//,*.(,7 u3,(*(/7(/(6.23( 0,7 f85&+0(66(51 %,6 =8 X 0 (,1*(6(7=7P Li/$6O /,16(1 /$66(1 6,&+ 185 %,6 (7:$ S 0 f85&+0(66(5 +(567(//(1N :(,/ (6 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 i5?M( ,00(5 6&+:,(5,*(5 :,5'N '(1 i/$6%/2&. $86 '(5 u&+0(/=( 63$1181*6)5(, $%O =8.@+/(1Pb f$6 q.8/$5 .$11 $8) 9(56&+,('(1( y(,6(1 0,7 '(0 u3,(*(/ 237,6&+ 9(5O %81'(1 :(5'(1N =P dP @%(5 (,1(1 VW]Ou3,(*(/ Jc%%P XPT[KP y(,7(5)@+5(1'( f$567(//81*(1\ d$1' U Jq37,.KN g g,1)@+581* Jx21 '(1 o$;O :(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 =85 i(20(75,6&+(1 q37,.KN m$3,7(/ S Jq37,6&+( c%%,/'81O *(1K 81' m$3,7(/ T Jf,63(56,21 81' c%62537,21 '(6 n,&+7(6KP

S1 S2

c%%P XPT[ u75$+/(1*$1* ,0 p(:721I6&+(1 u3,(*(/7(/(6.23P uS\ 63+>5,6&+(5 u3,(*(/N uT\ r/$163,(*(/P

VRX

X n,&+7

XPSPU y(//(1237,. k6$$& p(:721 JSXVTASYTYN j$837:(5. @%(5 NNq37,.DD SYRVK '(87(7( '$6 n,&+7 $/6 v(,/&+(1675$+/81*N 81' 6(,1( c16,&+7 '20,1,(57( 0(+5 $/6 (,1 l$+5+81'(57 /$1* @%(5 ',( y(//(192567(//81*(1 921 t2%(57 j22.(N e+5,67,$$1 j857N '$66 ',( v(,/O &+(1 =80 ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 +,1 %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1N 1$&+ '(5 y(//(17+(25,( '$O '85&+N '$66 6,&+ ',( y(//(1)5217(1 ,0 ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 /$1*6$0(5 $86%5(,7(1P f,( h28&$8/7I6&+( o(7+2'( '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,760(6681* JSZXTK :$5 ',( (567(N ',( 6,&+ $8&+ )@5 o(6681*(1 ,1 y$66(5 (,*1(7(] ',(6(5 v(67 %(67>7,*7( ',( y(//(17+(25,(N ',( 6,&+ $%(5 ,1 '(5 |:,6&+(1=(,7 6&+21 '85&+*(6(7=7 +$77(P f,( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 n,&+7(6 ,1 (,1(0 o(',80 0,7 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ 1 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ &J1K 3 &B1

JXPUSK

0,7 & 3 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,0 x$.880P c/6 237,6&+( y(*/>1*( J237,&$/ 3$7+ /(1*7+K %(=(,&+1(7 0$1 '$6 y(*,17(*5$/ s237 3 g 1 6 'sP

JXPUTK

y(,/ ',( y(//(1Oc86%5(,781*6=(,7 3523257,21$/ =8 1 =81,007N (17635(&+(1 */(,&+( 237,6&+( y(*/>1*(1 $8&+ */(,&+(1 c86%5(,781*6=(,7(1P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VRY

c%%P XPUS f85&+ ',( =85 d5(&+=$+/ 352325O 7,21$/( 237,6&+( y(*/>1*( :,5' ',( y(//(1O $86%5(,781* ,1 '(5 n,16(10,77( 9(5=?*(57] '$O '85&+ .2007 ',( m5@0081* '(5 y(//(1O )5217(1 =80 d5(11381.7 +,1 =867$1'(P

y(//(19>&+(1P f$6 6,1' h/>&+(1 */(,&+(5 r+$6(P o(,67 %(75$&+7(7 0$1 h/>&+(1 0$O ;,0$/(5 c03/,78'(N ',( '$11 ,1 '(5 |(,&+(1(%(1( =8 n,1,(1 (17$57(1P f,( u75$+/(1 '(5 u75$+/(1237,. 67(+(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(1 y(//(19>&+(1P y,5' ,1 (,1(0 237,6&+(1 u75$+/(1*$1* '(5 u75$+/ *(%52&+(1N '$11 >1'(57 6,&+ ',( y(//(19>&+( (17635(&+(1'P g,1 d(,63,(/ =(,*7 c%%P XPUSP f,( ,'($/( y(//( ,67 (,1( =(,7/,&+ 81' ?57/,&+ 81%(*5(1=7( +$5021,6&+( y(//(N =P dP ,1 '(5 h250N (,1(5 ,1 =Ot,&+781* /$8)(1'(1 (%(1(1 y(//( 0,7 '(5 c03/,78'( c J=N 7K 3 cR (;3J672.=KN

JXPUUK

'(5 m5(,6)5(48(1= 6 3 T@-N '(5 m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ . 81' '(5 r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & 3 6B. 3 + 6 -P k17(16,7>7P c//( ,1 c%6&+1P XPSPS '(71,(57(1 /(,6781*6%(=2*(1(1 u75$+/81*60(66*5?O M(1 6,1' 3523257,21$/ =80 s8$'5$7 '(5 c03/,78'( cN *(0,77(/7 @%(5 (,1( 92//( u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'(P g6 ,67 ,1 '(5 n,&+7237,. :(,79(5%5(,7(7N )@5 $//( ',(6( i5?M(1 81',5(5(1=,(57 ',( d(=(,&+181* NNk17(16,7>7DD =8 9(5:(1'(1 81' k 3 cT =8 6&+5(,%(1P m2+>5(1=P %(5/$*(57 0$1 y(//(1N =:,6&+(1 '(1(1 (,1( )(67( r+$6(1%(=,(+81* %(O 67(+7N '$11 $'',(5(1 6,&+ '(5(1 c03/,78'(1 925=(,&+(1*(5(&+7 81' )@5 ',( 5(68/7,(O 5(1'( k17(16,7>7 k (5*,%7 6,&+ k.2+>5(17 3 JcS 1cTKT 3 cTS 1T cS cT 1cTT P

JXPUVK

f$6 1(117 0$1 (,1( .2+>5(17( %(5/$*(581* J&2+(5(17 683(5326,7,21KP f$%(, *,%7 (6 ',( 75(1= 185 3$57,(// 2'(5 *$5 1,&+7 925+$1'(1P g567 0,7 '(0 n$6(5 :85'( (,1( n,&+748(//( +2+(5 m2+>5(1= 9(5)@*%$5P c//( $1'(5(1 n,&+748(//(1 (0,7O 7,(5(1 u75$+/81* 0,7 6(+5 *(5,1*(5 m2+>5(1=P c1'(56 $/6 %(, 0(&+$1,6&+(1 81' $.86O 7,6&+(1 y(//(1 6,1' %(, n,&+7 63(=,(//( (;3(5,0(17(//( o$M1$+0(1 (5)25'(5/,&+N %(O

VRZ

X n,&+7

925 @%(5+$837 y(//(13+>120(1( %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f$6 ,67 '(5 i581'N :$580 6,&+ ',( m25386.8/$57+(25,( 62 /$1*( +$/7(1 .2117(P c//( n,&+748(//(1 6,1' 5>80/,&+ $86*('(+17P y(11 ',( y(*( 921 9(56&+,('(1(1 r81.7(1 '(5 n,&+748(//( =80 %(75$&+7(7(1 t$80381.7 r w17(56&+,('( 921 (,1,*(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 $8):(,6(1N '$11 75(7(1 $//( 0?*/,&+(1 r+$6(1',5(5(1=(1 921 R %,6 T@ $8)N 81' (6 71'(7 .(,1( .2+>5(17( %(5/$*(581* 67$77P ~57/,&+( m2+>5(1= 9(5/$1*7N '$66 ',( *(20(75,6&+(1 y(*817(56&+,('( 920 d(2%$&+7(5 =8 '(1 r81.7(1 '(5 n,&+7O 48(//( 6(+5 ./(,1 6,1' ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 y(//(1/>1*( +P f,( =85 n,&+7(0,66,21 )@+5(1'(1 $720$5(1 r52=(66( 6,1' 921 .85=(5 f$8(5P f(6O +$/% +$%(1 n,&+7:(//(1N ',( =8 9(56&+,('(1(1 |(,7(1 920 6(/%(1 r81.7 '(5 n,&+7O 48(//( $86*(+(1N 0(,67 .(,1( )(67( r+$6(1%(=,(+81* Jn$6(5 $86*(1200(1KP f,( =(,7O /,&+( m2+>5(1= (5675(&.7 6,&+ 185 @%(5 ',( .85=( m2+>5(1==(,7 J&2+(5(1&( 7,0(K 7.P f,( :>+5(1' ',(6(5 |(,7 (0,77,(57( y(//( ,67 (,1 y(//(1=8* '(5 n>1*( s. 3 & 7.N 81' s. :,5' $/6 m2+>5(1=/>1*( J&2+(5(1&( /(1*7+K %(=(,&+1(7P f,( ,'($/( y(//( +$7 (,1( (;$.7 '(71,(57( y(//(1/>1*( Jh5(48(1=KN :>+5(1' $//( 5($/(1 n,&+748(//(1 (,1( 63(.75$/( x(57(,/81* +$%(1P u(/%67 %(, x(5:(1'81* 921 NNo212&+520$725(1DD +$7 '$6 n,&+7 12&+ (,1( (1'/,&+( u3(.75$/%5(,7( (+P f$0,7 ',( 7120(1( 1,&+7 '85&+ o,77(/81* @%(5 9(56&+,('(1( y(//(1O />1*(1 =(567?57 :(5'(1N 0866 (17:('(5 (+B+ * S *(/7(1N 2'(5 '(5 x(568&+ 0866 ',( f,63(56,21 '(5$57 (,1%(=,(+(1N '$66 ',( y(//(13+>120(1( )@5 ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 u3(.75$/)$5%(1 5>80/,&+ *(75(117N $/62 NN1(%(1(,1$1'(5DD =8 6(+(1 6,1'P y(//(13$.(7 J:$9( 3$&.(7KP o212&+520$6,( Jh$5%5(,1+(,7K 81' m2+>5(1=/>1*( %=:P m2+>5(1==(,7 6,1' 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5.1@3)7\ g,1 =(,7/,&+ $8) '$6 k17(59$// (7 %(*5(1=7(5 y(//(1=8* '(5 h5(48(1= - ,67 .(,1( 0212&+520$7,6&+( y(//(N 621'(51 (,1 y(//(1O 3$.(7 0,7 (,1(0 h5(48(1=63(.7580 '(5 d5(,7( (-P f(5 0$7+(0$7,6&+( |86$00(1O +$1* :,5' '85&+ ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 0,7 (- (7 . S

JXPUXK

*(*(%(1P }+1/,&+ )@+57 $8&+ ',( u83(5326,7,21 921 y(//(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 y(//(1/>1*(1 ,1O 1(5+$/% '(6 k17(59$//6 (+ =8 (,1(0 y(//(13$.(7 '(5 n>1*( (sP h250$/ 5(&+1(7 0$1 1,&+7 0,7 '(5 y(//(1/>1*(1%5(,7( (+N 621'(51 0,7 '(5 y(//(1=$+/%5(,7( (J+2SK 3 (+B +TN '(11 '$11 (5*,%7 ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 ',( =8 i/P JXPUXK $1$/2*( d(=,(+81* (J+2SK (s . S]

JXPUYK

(s ,67 ',( m2+>5(1=/>1*(N (7 3 (sB& ',( m2+>5(1==(,7 Jc%%P XPUTKP q% ,1 i/P JXPUXK 81' i/P JXPUYK 5(&+76 ',( |$+/ (,16 2'(5 (,1( $1'(5( |$+/ '(56(/%(1 i5?M(125'181* 67(+7N +>1*7 '$921 $%N 1$&+ :(/&+(5 x256&+5,)7 ',( d5(,7(1 (7 81' (- %=:P (s 81' (J+2SK %(, 925*(*(%(1(1 h81.7,21(1 %(67,007 :(5'(1P f(6+$/% 67(+7 ,1 '(1 i/(,&+81*(1 185 (,1 w1*()>+5O|(,&+(1P y(11 ',( g,1+@//(1'( '(6 y(/O /(1=8*(6 (,1( i$8MI6&+( i/2&.(1.859( ,67N '$11 ,67 $8&+ ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( (,1( i/2&.(1.859(P p,007 0$1 ',( '233(/7(1 i$8MOd5(,7(1 :,( ,1 c%%P XPUTN '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 )@5 ',( 5(&+7( u(,7( 921 i/P JXPUYK '(1 y(57 VBT@P f(5 h$.725 T@ 75,77 $8) :(,/ ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 n>1*( 81' m5(,6:(//(1=$+/N %=:P |(,7 81' m5(,6)5(48(1= 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5.1@3)7P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7 2Û

f(x)

2Û --1

g(k)

Gauß-Kurve

Gauß-Kurve

k0

x

Ï = 2Jk 0

(a)

VR[

k

(b)

c%%P XPUT J$K y(//(13$.(7 0,7 '(5 j$837:(//(1/>1*( + 81' '(5 r$.(7/>1*( T1] J%K ',( h285,(5O v5$16)250$7,21 '(6 y(//(13$.(7(6 /,()(57 ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( '(5 3$.(7O(,1+@//(1'(1 i$8MOm859( '(5 NNd5(,7(DD T12SN =(175,(57 $8) '(5 m5(,6:(//(1=$+/Ou.$/$ %(, .RP

d(, y(//(1Og;3(5,0(17(1 0,7 n,&+7 921 NN1250$/(1DD n,&+748(//(1 Jn$6(5 $86*(O 1200(1K 0866 0$1 '$921 $86*(+(1N '$66 -('(5 $720$5( g0,66,216$.7 =85 c86O 6(1'81* (,1(6 y(//(13$.(7(6 )@+57N '$6 0,7 $1'(5(1 y(//(13$.(7(1 1,&+7 .2+>5(17 ,67P w0 @%(5+$837 y(//(13+>120(1( %(2%$&+7(1 =8 .?11(1N 0866 0$1 -('(6 921 '(5 n,&+748(//( .200(1'( y(//(13$.(7 =P dP 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 $%*(:,1.(/7(1 r/$163,(O *(/6 2'(5 (,1(6 d,35,60$6 ,1 .2+>5(17( v(,/:(//(1 =(5/(*(1 Jc%%P XPUUK] 0?*/,&+ ,67 $8&+ (,1( u75$+/7(,/81* '85&+ x(5:(1'81* (,1(5 '@11 0,7 o(7$// %('$03)7(1 i/$6O 3/$77( $/6 NN+$/%'85&+/>66,*(1DD u3,(*(/P w1' 0$1 0866 '$5$8) $&+7(1N '$66 ',( 23O 7,6&+(1 y(*/>1*(1 '(5 v(,/:(//(1 =:,6&+(1 '(5 v(,/81* '(6 y(//(13$.(7(6 81' '(5 %(5/$*(581* '(5 v(,/:(//(1 (7:$ */(,&+ *52M 6,1'] ',( w17(56&+,('( 0@66(1 ./(,1 6(,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 m2+>5(1=/>1*( '(6 y(//(13$.(7(6P f,( x2567(//81*N '$66 (,*(17/,&+ -('(6 y(//(13$.(7 185 0,7 6(,1(1 (,*(1(1 v(,/O :(//(1 A 62=86$*(1 NN185 0,7 6,&+ 6(/%67DD A .2+>5(17 ,67N :,5' *(67@7=7 '85&+ ',( h(6767(//81*N '$66 3+272*5$3+,6&+ 5(*,675,(57( d(8*81*6O 81' k17(5)(5(1=(5(.7(N %(, '(1(1 (,1( ./(,1(5( d(675$+/81*667>5.( '85&+ (,1( (17635(&+(1' />1*(5( d(/,&+781*6O =(,7 $86*(*/,&+(1 :(5'(1 .$11N 9?//,* 81$%+>1*,* 6,1' 921 '(5 d(675$+/81*667>5.(P f,( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7N '$66 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( y(//(13$.(7( $8)(,1$1'(5 75(5(1N ,67 '$*(*(1 3523257,21$/ =80 s8$'5$7 '(5 n,&+7,17(16,7>7P *L S2

L´2

L´2 L L´1 (a)

S1

L´1 (b)

c%%P XPUU x,578(//( .2+>5(17( n,&+748(//(1\ J$K %(,0 {281*I6&+(1 u3,(*(/9(568&+N J%K %(,0 h5(61(/I6&+(1 d,35,60$P

VSR

X n,&+7 ¢ l JÏ

2 3J2

1 1J2

0 --1J2

--1 --3J2

--2

c%%P XPUV f,( 921 '(1 %(,'(1 n,&+748(//(1 $86*(+(1'(1 y(//(1 Jc%67$1' '(5 '85&+*(O =2*(1(1 m5(,6%?*(1 3 y(//(1/>1*(K @%(5/$O *(51 6,&+ (17/$1* '(5 *(5$'(1 n,1,(1 0,7 '(0 $1*(*(%(1(1 i$1*817(56&+,('P

k17(5)(5(1=P f,( %(5/$*(581* 921 =:(, .2+>5(17(1 y(//(1 Jc%%P XPUVK )@+57 =8 (,O 1(0 NN67(+(1'(1 y(//(1)(/'DD\ g17/$1* '(5 n,1,(1 0,7 '(0 *$1==$+/,*(1 i$1*81O 7(56&+,(' (s 3 RN u+N uT+ " ,67 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=7(50 921 i/P JXPUVK ,00(5 326,7,9 81' '(6+$/% k 0$;,0$/] %(,0 +$/%=$+/,*(1 i$1*817(56&+,(' ,67 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=7(50 ,00(5 1(*$7,9 81' k 0,1,0$/N )@5 */(,&+*52M( c03/,78'(1 '(5 %(,'(1 y(//(1 62*$5 18//P k1 '(5 d(2%$&+781*6(%(1( J6(1.5(&+7 =85 |(,&+(1(%(1( 921 c%%P XPUVK (5*(%(1 ',( q57( 0$;,0$/(5 k17(16,7>7 (,1 u1*(P k0 t$5( .2+>5(17( n,&+748(//(1N ',( 185 '85&+ ,+5( o,77(/675$+/(1 $1*('(87(7(1 y(//(1 :(5'(1 0,7+,/)( '(5 n,16(1 *(75(117 '85&+ ',( t?+5(1 JtK *()@+57 81' '$1$&+ 9(5(,1,*7P f85&+ '$6 q.8/$5 ,67 (,1 k1O 7(5)(5(1=675(,)(1Ou66,*(1 u3,(*(/ JjKN :,5' 920 u3,(*(/ uS 5(9(.7,(57 81' '$11 $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( '(6 +$/%'85&+/>66,*(1 u3,(*(/6 j 80 [R] =80 c8*( +,1 J,1 c%%P XPUX 1$&+ 817(1K $%*(/(1.7N '(5 $1'(5( u75$+/ :,5' '85&+ j 80 [R] ,1 (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7( t,&+781* $%*(/(1.7 81' 920 u3,(*(/ uT ,1 t,&+781* c8*( 5(9(.7,(57P f(5 6(1.5(&+7 *(=(,&+1(7( u75$+/ '85&+6(7=7 =:(, r/$77(1 r 81' rAN 80 '(1 237,6&+(1 y(* $1 '(1 '(6 :$$*5(&+7 *(=(,&+1(7(1 u75$+/(6 $1=8*/(,&+(1P l( 1$&+ c57 81' c125'181* '(5 237,6&+(1 m20321(17(1 .?11(1 ',( k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 *(5$'( 2'(5 *(.5@007 6(,1P o,7 '(0 o,&+(/621Ok17(5)(520(7(5 ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N x(5>1'(581*(1 '(5 r26,7,21 (,1(6 u3,(*(/6 ,1 u75$+/5,&+781* 80 d58&+7(,/( (,1(5 y(//(1/>1*( 1$&+O =8:(,6(1P S2 2 P'

2

*

P

H

L

1 1 S 1 S'2

2 1 F

c%%P XPUX k17(5)(520(7(5 1$&+ o,&+(/621 J6&+(0$7,6&+K\ f(5 +$/%'85&+/>66,*( u3,(*(/ j ',(17 =85 u75$+/7(,/81* 81' y,('(59(5O (,1,*81* '(5 v(,/675$+/(1P

d(8*81* J',55$&7,21KP y,( ,1 '(5 $//*(0(,1(1 y(//(1/(+5( Jd'P SK *(=(,*7 :,5'N /$66(1 6,&+ y(//(19>&+(1 1$&+ '(0 j85(17 g/(0(17$5:(//(1 ,1 '(1 t$80 +,1$86N '(5(1 c03/,78'(1 6,&+ @%(5/$*(51P f,( >8M(5( g,1+@//(1'( ',(6(5 g/(0(1O 7$5:(//(1 (5*,%7 ',( 7$76>&+/,&+ %(2%$&+7%$5( y(//(P y(11 ',( c%0(6681*(1 '(5 %(675$+/7(1 q%-(.7( 1,&+7 0(+5 *52M 6,1' ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 n,&+7:(//(1/>1*(N '$11 (5*,%7 ',( y(//(19>&+(1Om216758.7,21 1$&+ '(0 j866,*(1 NNu&+,50DD 0,7 (,1(5 (1*(1 ~5181*N '(5 921 /,1.6 0,7 .2+>5(17(0 n,&+7 %(675$+/7 :,5' Jc%%P XPUY$KP h@5 (,1(1 r81.7 r ,0 u&+$77(15$80 5(&+76 920 u&+,50 .$11 ',( NNn,&+7(55(*81*DDN 'P +P ',( c03/,78'( crJ7K 1>+(581*6:(,6( %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1N 2+1( ',( o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 )@5 ',(6(6 t$1':(57352%/(0 /?6(1 =8 0@66(1\ iP m,5&++25 JSZTVA SZZYK (17:,&.(/7( 6(,1( d(8*81*67+(25,( $8) '(5 d$6,6 '(6 j8&+( %(.$117 ,67P k1 '(0 h$// 921 c%%P XPUY$ *(1@*7 ',( m(1171,6 '(5 g55(*81* ,1 '(5 J%,6 ,16 w1(1'/,&+( $86*('(+17(1K q%-(.7(%(1(P c8) '(5 '(0 u&+$77(15$80 =8*(.(+57(1 u&+,502%(59>&+( 1$+0 m,5&++25 @%(5$// c 3 R $1N 81' ,1 '(5 u&+,50?5181* %(187=7( (5 ',( g55(*81* '(5 n,&+7:(//(N ',( 2+1( x25+$1'(16(,1 '(6 u&+,506 '257 (;,67,(5(1 :@5'(P y,( $86 '(5 u.,==( =8 6(+(1 ,67N :,5' ',( 3+$6(1*(5(&+7( %(5/$*(581* $//(5 j8/71,66( ,0 h$// '(5 h5$81+2)(5I6&+(1 d(8*81* Jc%%P XPUY%K\ f,( n,16( 925 '(0 u&+,50 0$&+7 $86 '(5 n,&+7Om8*(/:(//( (,1( (%(1( y(//(] $1'(56 )2508/,(57\ '85&+ ',( n,16( :,5' ',( ,0 d5(11381.7 %(71'/,&+( n,&+7O 48(//( 1$&+ /,1.6 ,16 w1(1'/,&+( 9(5/(*7P f,( n,16( +,17(5 '(0 u&+,50 )2.866,(57 $//( r$5$//(/675$+/%@1'(/ ,1 r81.7( '(5 d5(11(%(1(] $1'(56 )2508/,(57\ ',( ,1 (,1(5 81(1'/,&+ )(51(1 d(8*81*6(%(1( %(2%$&+7%$5( d(8*81*67*85 :,5' '85&+ ',( 5(&+7( n,16( ,1 '(5(1 +,17(5( d5(11(%(1( 9(5/(*7P d(,'(6 9(5(,1)$&+7 ',( v+(25,(P k0 h2/O *(1'(1 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 185 ',( (/(*$17 %(6&+5(,%%$5( h5$81+2)(5I6&+( d(8*81*P |85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 h5$81+2)(5I6&+(1 d(8*81* $0 u3$/7 1(+0(1 :,5 $1N '$66 ',( (,1)$//(1'( (%(1( y(//( 6,&+ ,1 =Ot,&+781* $86%5(,7(7 81' '$66 '(5 ,1 '(5 ;1*,*( NNq%-(.7)81.7,21DD '$5*(67(//7 :,5'N 1>0/,&+ '85&+ )J;K 3 S )@5 8;8"%BT 3 R )@5 8;8#%BT N

JXPU[K

*

£

*

P

Objekt (a)

c%%P XPUY *81*P

Beugungsebene

P

(b)

f2

f2

n,&+7%(8*81* $1 (,1(5 (1*(1 ~5181*\ J$K h5(61(/I6&+( J%K h5$81+2)(5I6&+( d(8O

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VSU

0,7 % $/6 d5(,7( '(6 u3$/7(6P k1 '(5 u&+,50?5181* ,67 ',( g55(*81* $1 $//(1 r81.7(1 */(,&+ cuP g,1( *((,*1(7( x$5,$%/( =85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 h5$81+2)(5I6&+(1 d(8*81*6O %,/'(6 ,67 '(5 d(8*81*6:,1.(/ )P f,( (,1)$//(1'( y(//( :,5' '85&+ '(1 c86%5(,781*69(.725 X %(6&+5,(%(1N '(66(1 d(75$* ',( m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ . ,67P h@5 ',( 80 '(1 y,1.(/ ) *(%(8*7( y(//( )@+5(1 :,5 '(1 c86%5(,781*69(.725 X) 0,7 8X) 8 3 . (,1P f,( ;Om20321(17( 921 X) ',(17 $8&+ $/6 d(8*81*69$5,$%/(\ .; 3 . 6,1 ) . . )P

JXPVRK

f(5 c%67$1' '(6 h2.866,(581*6381.7(6 '(5 *(%(8*7(1 y(//( 920 d5(11381.7 ,1 '(5 d5(11(%(1( Jc%%P XPUZ$KN . 3 ) 7$1 ) . ) )N

JXPVSK

:,5' (%(1)$//6 $/6 d(8*81*69$5,$%/( 9(5:(1'(7P y,5 9(5:(1'(1 ,0 h2/*(1'(1 .;N :(,/ ',( q%-(.7)81.7,21 )q%-(.7J;K 81' '$6 h5$81O +2)(5I6&+( d(8*81*6%,/'N %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ ',( g55(*81* Jn,&+7$03/,78'(K 8J.;KN @%(5 (,1( h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 Jc%6&+1P SWPYK 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5.1@3)7 6,1'N :,( )@5 ',(6(6 (,1)$&+( d(,63,(/ /(,&+7 *(=(,*7 :(5'(1 .$11 Jc%%P XPUZ%K\ f,( u&+,50(%(1( J2+1( u&+,50K ,67 (,1( y(//(19>&+( '(5 921 /,1.6 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//(P w0 ',( g55(O *81* ,0 d(8*81*6%,/' =8 %(5(&+1(1N :,5' ',( =85 5(&+7(1 u(,7( ,0 y,1.(/ ) (0,77,(57( u75$+/81* 1$&+ m,5&++25 @%(5 ',( u&+,509>&+( 6800,(57 J%=:P ,17(*5,(57KP h@5 '(1 +,(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 (,1',0(16,21$/(1 h$// (5*,%7 6,&+ )2/*(1'(6 k17(*5$/\ Z

8 J.;K 3 g )q%-(.7J;K (2,.6(s ';P

JXPVTK

2Z

k0 k17(*5$1' 67(+(1 ',( q%-(.7)81.7,21 )q%-(.7J;K 81' '(5 r+$6(1)$.725 0,7 (s 3 ; 6 6,1 ) Jc%%P XPUZ%KP o,7 . 6,1 ) 3 .; :,5' ',( d(8*81*6)81.7,21 8J.;K 921 i/P JXPVTK 3523257,21$/ =85 h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 '(5 q%-(.7)81.7,21 )q%-(.7J;K\ Z

8J.;K 6 g )q%-(.7J;K (;3J2, .; ;K '; 2Z

8J.;K 6 S L)q%-(.7J;KbP

JXPVUK

x

ξ kx

(a)

k£ £ kz

£

x

£ 0

f

∆l

(b)

c%%P XPUZ J$K |85 f(71,7,21 '(5 x$5,$%/(1N 9(5:(1'(7 %(, '(5 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 h5$81+2O )(5I6&+(1 d(8*81*P J%K |85 d(5(&+181* '(5 h5$81+2)(5I6&+(1 d(8*81*P

VSV

X n,&+7 (u) 2

u

(a)

0



2

3 4

k xbJ2

(b)

0



2

3

k xbJ2

c%%P XPU[ h5$81+2)(5I6&+(6 d(8*81*6%,/' (,1(6 u3$/7(6 '(5 d5(,7( %\ J$K g55(*81* Jc03/,O 78'(KN J%K k17(16,7>7 $/6 h81.7,21 921 .; %BTP

f,( %(, '(5 h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 $8)75(7(1'(1 |$+/(1)$.725(1 :(5'(1 %(, '(5 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 d(8*81*6%,/'(6 :(**(/$66(1P o(,67 :,5' ',( h81.7,21 62 1250,(57N '$66 '$6 j$8370$;,080 */(,&+ (,16 ,67P f,( h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 '(5 q%-(.7)81.7,21 '(6 u3$/7(6 Ji/P JXPU[KKN 1250,(57 $8) '$6 g55(*81*60$;,080 %(, .; 3 RN /,()(57 $/62 ',( g55(*81* Jc03/,78'(K '(6 h5$81+2)(5I6&+(1 d(8*81*6%,/'(6 Jc%%P XPU[$K\ 1%BT

8u3$/7J.;K 6 g (2,.;; '; 2%BT

6

6,1J.; %BTK P .; %BT

JXPVVK

f,( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* ,0 d(8*81*6%,/' ,67 3523257,21$/ =80 s8$'5$7 921 8u3$/7J.;K Jc%%P XPU[%KP d,6+(5 :$5(1 :,5 '$921 $86*(*$1*(1N '$66 ',( u3$/70,77( $8) '(5 237,6&+(1 c&+6( %(, ; 3 R /,(*7P p81 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1(1 (;=(175,6&+(1 u3$/7 0,7 '(5 u3$/70,77( %(, ;R %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ ',( q%-(.7)81.7,21 )u3$/7J;2;RK\ Z

8(;=(175Pu3PJ.;K 6 g )u3$/7J;2;RK (;3L2, .; ;b ';P 2Z

JXPVWK

f,( u8%67,787,21 ;AN 3 ;2;RN ';A 3 '; (5*,%7 Z

8(;=(175Pu3PJ.;K 6 g )u3$/7J;AK (;3L2, .;J;A1;RKb ';A 2Z

Z

3 (;3J2, .; ;RK g )u3$/7J;AK (;3J2, .; ;AK ';A 2Z

3 (;3J2, .; ;RK 8u3$/7J.;KP

JXPVXK

f,( g55(*81*6)81.7,21 '(6 (;=(175,6&+(1 u3$/7(6 817(56&+(,'(7 6,&+ 921 '(5 '(6 =(17O 5,(57(1 u3$/7(6 185 '85&+ '(1 +,1=8.200(1'(1 r+$6(1)$.725 (;3J2, .;;RKN '(66(1 c%62/8748$'5$7 */(,&+ (,16 ,67P c//*(0(,1 *,/7 )@5 ',( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81*\ f$6 h5$81+2)(5I6&+( d(8*81*6%,/' (,1(6 q%-(.7(6 ,67 81$%+>1*,* 920 q57 '(6 q%-(.7(6P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VSW

f$6 ,67 /(,&+7 (,1=86(+(1N :(,/ $//( 817(5 '(0 y,1.(/ ) (0,77,(57(1 u75$+/(1N 81$%O +>1*,* 920 g0,66,216257N ,0 6(/%(1 r81.7 )2.866,(57 :(5'(1N 62/$1*( ',( n,16( *52M *(18* ,67N 80 6,( =8 (5)$66(1P n2&+%/(1'( J&,5&8/$5 $3(5785(KP f(5 h285,(5Oh250$/,6086 .$11 $8&+ $8) =:(,',0(1O 6,21$/( d(8*81*62%-(.7( (5:(,7(57 :(5'(1P d(621'(56 :,&+7,* ,67 ',( d(8*81* $1 (,1(5 n2&+%/(1'(N :(,/ 6,( ',( 35,1=,3,(//( d(*5(1=81* )@5 ',( c89?681* 237,6&+(5 k167580(17( /,()(57P d(, '(5 t(&+181* )@5 (,1( 581'( n2&+%/(1'( 0,7 t$',86 5 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1 =(175$/(6 o$;,080 81' .21=(175,6&+( p(%(10$;,0$ 1$&+ (,1(5 h250(/N ',( 67$77 '(0 u,186 ',( d(66(/Oh81.7,21 SP q5'181* (17+>/7P f,( g55(*81*69(57(,/81* 81' ',( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* =(,*7 c%%P XPVRP f$6 %5(,7( k17(16,7>760$;,080 :,5' $8&+ c,5769(57(,/81* 921 c%%P XPVR (55(,&+7 '(1 +$/%(1 o$;,0$/:(57 %(, 5. 6,1 ) 3 SPXTP f$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( 92//( j$/%:(576%5(,7( '(6 j$8370$;,0806 =8 )SBT 6 T 6 SPXT BJ5.K 3 UPTVBLJfBTKJT@B+Kb 3 SPRU +Bf . +BfP

JXPVZK

f,(6( /(,&+7 0(5.%$5(N 185 (7:$ TR@ 920 t$87* )@5 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 c89?681* 921 v(/(6.23(1 9(5:(1'(7P k1 '(5 t$',2$6752120,( %(925=8*7 0$1 ',( f$567(//81* ,0 r2/$5',$*5$00N ,1 '(0 '$6 j$8370$;,080 '(5 k17(16,7>7 %(, ) 3 R =85 NNj$837.(8/(DD 81' )SBT =85 m(8O /(1%5(,7( :,5'P i/P JXPVZK $1*(:$1'7 $8) '$6 0(16&+/,&+( c8*( (5*,%7 0,7 '(5 0,77/(5(1 n,&+7O :(//(1/>1*( + . RPX =0 81' '(0 7&+(1',&+7( ,67 62 *52MN '$66 ',( '85&+ d(8*81* $1 '(5 r83,//( %(*5(1=7( c89?681* $86*(187=7 :(5'(1 .$11N $%(5 1,&+7 *5?M(5P c89?681*69(50?*(1 '(6 o,.526.236P h@5 '$6 o,.526.23 :,5' '(5 y,1.(/ )SBT 80O *(5(&+1(7 ,1 '(1 *(5$'( 12&+ $89?6%$5(1 c%67$1' =:(,(5 q%-(.7381.7( '0,1P y(,/ '$6 q%-(.7 1$+( $0 d5(11381.7 '(6 q%-(.7,96 /,(*7N *(1@*7 (6N :(11 0$1 '(1 y,1.(/ 0,7 '(5 d5(11:(,7( ) 08/7,3/,=,(57\ ) )SBT . ) +BfP

JXPV[K

y(,/ )@5 '$6 n,&+70,.526.23 '$6 0$;,0$/( ~5181*69(5+>/71,6 fB) 81*()>+5 */(,&+ (,16 ,67N (5*,%7 6,&+N '$66 '(5 *(5$'( 12&+ $89?6%$5( c%67$1' =:(,(5 r81.7( %(, (,1(5 n,&+7:(//(1/>1*( /,(*7\ '0,1 . +P

JXPWRK

c1=80(5.(1 ,67 $%(5N '$66 '$6 t$5(17(1 %(5O /$*(581* '(5 d(8*81*66&+(,%&+(1Od,/'(5 $86*(+7N :,( 6,( )@5 ',( d,/'(5 =:(,(5 u7(51( ,0 h(5152+5 *(*(%(1 ,67P f,(6( /,()(57 ,1 '(5 o,77( =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 k17(16,7>76O

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VSY

0$;,0$ '(5 i5?M( k0$; (,1 k17(16,7>760,1,080 921 RPY 6 k0$;P d(,0 o,.526.23 ,67 -('2&+ '$921 $86=8*(+(1N '$66 ',( d(/(8&+781* =:(,(5 ',&+7 %(1$&+%$57(5 q%-(.7O 381.7( .2+>5(17 (5)2/*7P f$'85&+ :,5' ',( k17(16,7>7 ,1 '(5 o,77( *5?M(5P w0 =:(, *(75(117( o$;,0$ =8 (5+$/7(1N 0866 '(5 y,1.(/$%67$1' '(5 d(8*81*6%,/'(5 '(6+$/% (7:$6 *5?M(5 6(,1 $/6 '$6 t$*(5 81' q%-(.7,9 (,1 h/@66,*.(,767523)(1 *(%5$&+7N '$6 q%-(.7 :,5' '$'85&+ 62=86$*(1 ,1 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 0,7 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ 1 (,1*(7$8&+7P k1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 ,67 ',( n,&+7:(/O /(1/>1*( 81' '$0,7 $8&+ ',( 12&+ $89?6%$5( g17)(5181* =:(,(5 r81.7( 80 '(1 h$.725 12S ./(,1(5P d(8*81* 81' k17(5)(5(1=P f$6 r$5$'(%(,63,(/ ,67 '(5 f233(/63$/7N =P dP *(*(%(1 '85&+ =:(, u3$/7( '(5 d5(,7( % ,0 o,77(1$%67$1' $#% 921(,1$1'(5P |85 d(5(&+181* '(5 g55(*81* ,0 d(8*81*6%,/' '(6 f233(/63$/7(6 .$11 0$1 ',( )@5 =:(, (;=(175,6&+( u3$/7( 0,7 ;R 3 u$BT %(5(&+1(7(1 g55(*81*6)81.7,21(1 @%(5/$*(51\

2'(5

8f233(/63$/7 J.;K 3 L(;3J, .; $BTK1(;3J2, .; $BTKb 6 8u3$/7J.;K 6 &26 J.; $BTK 6 8u3$/7J.;K 8 f233(/63$/7 J.;K 6 &26 J.; $BTK

6,1J.;%BTK P .;%BT

JXPWSK JXPWTK

f,( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* 88f233(/63$/7 J.;K8T ,67 ,1 c%%P XPVT '$5*(67(//7P f$6 d(8O *81*6%,/' '(6 f233(/63$/7(6 :,5' @%/,&+(5:(,6( $/6 k17(5)(5(1= =:(,(5 63$/7)?50,*(5 .2+>5(17(5 n,&+748(//(1 ,17(535(7,(57 J7:2O6/,7 ,17(5)(5(1&(KP f,( k17(5)(5(1= %(:,5.7 ',( &26TOk17(16,7>7602'8/$7,21 ,0 g,1=(/63$/7Od(8*81*6%,/'P f,( o$;,0$/,17(16,7>7 ,67 9,(50$/ 62 *52M :,( %(,0 d(8*81*6%,/' '(6 g,1=(/63$/7(6 Jc'',7,21 =:(,(5 */(,&+O *52M(5 c03/,78'(1N s8$'5,(581* '(5 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 c03/,78'(KP f85&+ ',( &26TO o2'8/$7,21 :,5' ',( i(6$07,17(16,7>7 80 ',( j>/)7( 5('8=,(57N 62'$66 6,( )@5 '(1 f233(/63$/7N %(67(+(1' $86 =:(, u3$/7(1 '(5 d5(,7( %N '233(/7 62 *52M ,67 :,( )@5 (,1(1 g,1=(/63$/7 '(5 d5(,7( %P u(/%679(567>1'/,&+ *,/7 $8&+ )@5 '(1 f233(/63$/7N '$66 ',( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* ,0 h5$81+2)(5Od(8*81*6%,/' 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 n$O *( '(6 f233(/63$/7(6 ,1 '(5 q%-(.7(%(1( ,67N 62/$1*( ',( n,16( '$6 *(%(8*7( n,&+7 $11>+(51' 92//67>1',* (5)$66(1 .$11P

-

0



k xb/2

c%%P XPVT k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* )@5 ',( h5$81+2)(5Od(8*81* $0 f233(/63$/7\ u3$/7%5(,7( %N u3$/7$%67$1' $ 3 W%P

VSZ

X n,&+7

d(8*81*6*,77(5P f,( %(6352&+(1(1 d(8*81*6%,/'(5 +$%(1 y(//(1/>1*(1$%+>1*,*.(,O 7(1N ',( ',( o(6681* '(5 n,&+7:(//(1/>1*( 0,7 '(5 i(1$8,*.(,7 921 (,1,*(1 r52=(17 *(67$77(1P x,(/ %(66(5( d(2%$&+781*6%(',1*81*(1 (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 9,(/(1 >48,',67$17 $1*(25'1(7(1 6(+5 6&+0$/(1 JNN675,&+)?50,*(1DDK u3$/7(1N ',( $/6 NNu75,&+*,77(5DD Jd(8O *81*6*,77(5N ',55$&7,21 *5$7,1*6K %(=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1P f,( g571'81* '(6 u75,&+*,77(56 '85&+ l26(3+ h5$81+2)(5 SZTS :$5 '(5 d(*,11 '(5 +2&+$89?6(1'(1 237,6&+(1 u3(.7O 526.23,( 0,7 $%62/87(1 y(//(1/>1*(1Oo(6681*(1 +2+(5 r5>=,6,21P p$&+ x259(568O &+(1 0,7 f5$+7*,77(51 67(//7( (5 $8) i/$6 *(5,7=7( i,77(5 +(5N 6&+21 '$0$/6 0,7 URR n,1,(1 352 o,//,0(7(5C w0 =8 =(,*(1N :,( (,1 d(8*81*6*,77(5 :,5.7N %(75$&+7(1 :,5 p u3$/7( '(5 d5(,7( % 0,7 '(0 c%67$1' $ =:,6&+(1 %(1$&+%$57(1 u3$/7(1 J$ 3 i,77(5.2167$17(KN :2%(, '(5 (567( u3$/7 %(, ; 3 RN '(5 /(7=7( %(, ; 3 $Jp 2 SK /,(*(1 62//P f,( d(8*81*6)81.O 7,21(1 Jg55(*81*K '(6 g,1=(/63$/7(6 Ji/P JXPVVKKN 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 u800( '(5 r+$6(1)$.725(1 )@5 $//( p u3$/7(N (5*,%7 ',( g55(*81* '(6 i,77(56\ 0,7

8i,77(5J.;K 3 8u3$/7J.;K )k17J.;K p2S

)k17 J.;K 3 s (;3J2, .;$ -K P -3R

JXPWUK

f,( k17(5)(5(1=)81.7,21 )k17 ,67 (,1( (1'/,&+( *(20(75,6&+( t(,+(N '(5(1 i/,('(5 0,7 '(0 h$.725 (;3J2, .;$K =81(+0(1P f,( u800$7,216)250(/ )@5 62/&+( t(,+(1 /,()(57 )k17J.;K 3 LS2(;3J2, .;p $Kb B LS2(;3J2, .;$KbP

JXPWVK

f85&+ c%75(1181* '(6 h$.7256 (;3J2, .;p$BTK ,0 |>+/(5 81' '(6 h$.7256 (;3J2, .;$BTK ,0 p(11(5 />667 6,&+ ',( k17(5)(5(1=)81.7,21 :,( )2/*7 6&+5(,%(1\ )k17J.;K 3 (;3L2, .;$Jp 2 SKBTb 6,1J.;p$BTK B 6,1J.;$BTKP

JXPWWK

f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 ',( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* '(6 i,77(5Od(8*81*6%,/'(6 1$&+ i/P JXPWUK 81' i/P JXPWWK 88i,77(5J.;K8T 6 88u3$/7J.;K8T 6,1TJ.;p $BTK B 6,1TJ.;$BTKP

JXPWXK

y>+/7 0$1 181 6(+5 ./(,1( u3$/7%5(,7(1 % * +N '$11 /,(*7 35$.7,6&+ ',( *(6$07( k17(5)(5(1= '(6 NNu75,&+*,77(56DD ,0 j$8370$;,080 '(6 u3$/7Od(8*81*6%,/'(6N 'P +P ',( k17(5)(5(1=/,1,(1 +$%(1 $//( (7:$ ',( */(,&+( k17(16,7>7\ 88i,77(5J.;K8T . 8)k17J.;K83 6,1TJ.;p $BTK B 6,1TJ.;$BTKP

JXPWYK

f,(6( h81.7,21 ,67 )@5 p 3 X ,1 c%%P XPVU '$5*(67(//7P f,( p(%(10$;,0$ /,(*(1 '257N :2 ',( 6&+1(// 26=,//,(5(1'( h81.7,21 ,0 |>+/(5 o$;,0$ +$7 81' ',( h81.7,21 ,0 p(11(5 *5?M(5 18// ,67P f,( d(',1*81* )@5 k17(5)(5(1=Oj$8370$;,0$ /$87(7 6,1 ) 3 1 +B$ J1 3 SN TN U "KN

JXPWZK

2'(5N 817(5 x(5:(1'81* 921 .; 3 JT@B+K 6,1 )N .;$BT 3 1 @

J1 3 SN TN U "KP

JXPW[K

f,( k17(5)(5(1=/,1,(1 6,1' ',( j$8370$;,0$P u,( /,(*(1 '257N :2 ',( h81.7,21(1 ,0 |>+/(5 81' p(11(5 921 i/P JXPWYK p8//67(//(1 +$%(1 81' ',( h81.7,21 8)k17J.;K8T '(1 i5(1=:(57 pT %(6,7=7P k1 '(1 h/$1.(1 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=/,1,( /,(*(1 =:(, o$;,0$

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

0

J6

J3

J2

2J3

5J6

kx aJ2



VS[

c%%P XPVU f$6 s8$'5$7 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=O )81.7,21 )@5 p 3 XP d(, '(1 j$8370$;,0$ 6,1' |>+/(5 81' p(11(5 */(,&+ 18//] '(5 i5(1=:(57 ,67 pTP

'(5 |>+/(5)81.7,21P f,( j$/%:(576%5(,7( '(5 k17(5)(5(1=/,1,(1 ,67 (7:$ ',( j>/)7( 920 c%67$1' '(5 p8//67(//(1 $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1N 81' '$6 (17635,&+7 '(0 c%67$1' '(5 k17(5)(5(1=/,1,(1 *(7(,/7 '85&+ pN :,( )@5 p 3 X ,1 c%%P XPVU /(,&+7 =8 (5.(11(1 ,67P y(,/ %(1$&+%$57( k17(5)(5(1=/,1,(1 (,1(0 NNi$1*817(56&+,('DD 921 + (17635(&+(1 Ji/P JXPWZKK 81' ',( n,1,(1%5(,7( '(1 12&+ $89?6%$5(1 y(//(1817(56&+,(' (+ %(O 67,007N *,/7 )@5 '$6 '$=8 5(=,352.( c89?681*69(50?*(1 J5(62/9,1* 32:(5K (,1(6 d(8O *81*6*,77(56 +B(+ 3 pN

JXPXRK

:(11 ',( k17(5)(5(1= ,1 SP q5'181* %(2%$&+7(7 :,5'P f$ -('2&+ %(, d(2%$&+781* ,1 1O7(5 q5'181* (,1 ./(,1(5 y(//(1/>1*(1817(56&+,(' 1O)$&+ ,1 '(1 i$1*817(56&+,(' (,1*(+7N (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 '$6 c89?681*69(50?*(1 '(6 ,1 1O7(5 q5'181* 9(5:(1'(7(1 i,77(56 +B(+ 3 p 6 1 J1 3 q5'181*6=$+/KP

JXPXSK

f,( d(8*81* $0 i,77(5 81' ',( d5(&+81* $0 r5,60$ 6,1' %(,'( $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 y(//(1/>1*(P g6 %(67(+(1 $%(5 :(6(17/,&+( w17(56&+,('(\

y,1.(/>1'(581* q5'181*(1 +Oo(6681*(1 c89?681*

i,77(5

r5,60$

)527 #)%/$8 SPN TP " q5'181* $%62/87 6(+5 +2&+

)527 ")%/$8 .(,1( +?+(5(1 q5'181*(1 185 5(/$7,9 *(5,1*(5

h@5 (,1 i,77(563(.7520(7(5 0,7 SRR RRR ,17(5)(5,(5(1'(1 u75,&+(1 ,1 UP q5'181* (5*,%7 6,&+ $/62 (,1 c89?681*69(50?*(1 921 U 6 SRWP d(,0 r5,60(163(.7520(7(5 (5O *,%7 6,&+ '$6 c89?681*69(50?*(1 $86 '(0 r52'8.7 921 f,63(56,21 J'1B'+N 1 3 d5(&+=$+/K 81' r5,60(1Od$6,6/>1*( Jd'P UN m$3P TK 81' ,67 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5] )@5 r5,60(1 921 (,1,*(1 |(17,0(7(51 d$6,6/>1*( /,(*7 (6 (7:$ %(, SRVP f(5 :,&+7,*67( r81.7 %(, '(5 i,77(5+(567(//81* ,67 ',( x(5%,1'81* 921 h(,10(O &+$1,. 81' q37,.\ o,7 (,1(0 f,$0$17(1 :(5'(1 u75,&+( ,1 (,1( i/$63/$77( *(5,7=7N 81' ',( 6(,7/,&+( x(56(7=81* '(6 f,$0$17(1 :,5' '85&+ (,1( r5>=,6,21663,1'(/ .21O 752//,(57P d(,0 g,15,7=(1 921 n,1,(1 ,1 63,(*(/1'( h/>&+(1 /$66(1 6,&+ 0(+5 $/6 SRRR u75,&+( 352 o,//,0(7(5 81' (,1( i(6$07675,&+=$+/ 921 @%(5 SRR RRR (55(,&+(1P p,&+7 -('(6 ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 9(5:(1'(7( i,77(5 0866 62 $8):(1',* +(5*(67(//7 :(5'(1P x21

VTR

X n,&+7

(,1(0 0(&+$1,6&+ +(5*(67(//7(1 i,77(5 /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7 m2//2',807/0(1 c%'5@&.( +(567(//(1N ',( A *(+$/7(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, i/$63/$77(1 A )@5 i,77(5Ou3(.7520(7(5 Jf,)O )5$.720(7(5K (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P g5*>1=7 6(, 12&+N '$66 $8&+ NNr+$6(1*,77(5DD )@5 ',( u3(.7526.23,( *((,*1(7 6,1'P r+$6(1*,77(5 +$%(1 q%-(.7)81.7,21(1N ,1 '(1(1 1,&+7 '(5 v5$160,66,216*5$'N 621O '(51 ',( 237,6&+( f,&.( '(6 i,77(56 3(5,2',6&+ 9$5,,(57P g,1 m2//2',80Oi,77(5$%O '58&. ,67 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( (,1 r+$6(1*,77(5 Jd'P UN m$3P UKP o(+5675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1=(1P u2/$1*( 6,&+ 185 ',( y(//(1)(/'(5 921 =:(, .2+>5(17(1 n,&+748(//(1 @%(5/$*(51N ,67 '$6 (1767(+(1'( k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 )@5 237,6&+( r5>=,O 6,2160(6681*(1 :(1,* *((,*1(7P y,( ',( n,1,(16&+>5)( 81' '$0,7 '$6 c89?681*6O 9(50?*(1 0,7 '(5 |$+/ '(5 ,17(5)(5,(5(1'(1 s8(//(1 *(67(,*(57 :(5'(1 .$11N ,67 2%(1 )@5 '$6 u75,&+*,77(5 A 0,7 '(1 u75,&+(1 $/6 6(.81'>5( .2+>5(17( s8(//(1 A *(=(,*7 :25'(1P u&+21 %(,0 i,77(5 +$%(1 :,5 1,&+7 0(+5 ',( (,*(17/,&+ ,17(5)(5,(5(1'(1 y(//(1)(/'(5N 621'(51 185 12&+ ',( 921 '(1 u75,&+(1 $86*(+(1'(1 :(6(17/,&+(1 u75$+/(1 81' '(5(1 r+$6(1',5(5(1=(1 Ji$1*817(56&+,('(K %(75$&+7(7P f,(6( d(O 75$&+781*6:(,6( :,5' ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(,%(+$/7(1P f$6 r5,1=,3 '(5 o(+5675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1= ,67 ,1 c%%P XPVV '$5*(67(//7P d(, '(1 $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 '(5 '@11(1 r/$77( $8675(7(1'(1 3$5$//(/(1 u75$+/(1 $N %N &" %=:P $AN %AN &A" +$%(1 %(1$&+%$57( u75$+/(1 i$1*817(56&+,('(N ',( :,( )2/*7 =867$1'( .20O 0(1 Jc%%P XPVV$K\ c0 r81.7 c :(5'(1 ',( u75$+/(1 *(75(117P f,( x(5*/(,&+6381.7( e 81' f /,(*(1 6(1.5(&+7 =85 c86%5(,781*65,&+781*P f(5 (,1( u75$+/ />8)7 921 c 1$&+ f '85&+ n8)7N :>+5(1' '(5 $1'(5( ,1 '(5 r/$77( 0,7 d5(&+=$+/ 1 J3 6,1 )RB6,1 )K '(1 y(* cd1de '85&+/>8)7P f(5 i$1*817(56&+,(' (s %(,'(5 u75$+/(1 %(5(&+1(7 6,&+ :,( )2/*7\ (s 3 1 Jcd1deK2cf 3 T1 cd2cf] cd 3 cgB6,1 )N cf 3 ce 6,1 )R 3 T cg 6,1 )R 3 T cd 6,1 ) 6,1 )R 3 T 1 cd 6,1T)] (s 3 T 1 cd JS26,1T)K 3 T 1 Jcd &26 :K &26 : 3 T 1 ' &26 )P

D £o

E

A

£o

JXPXTK

a

b

c

C d

£ B (a)

(b)

a´

b´

c´

c%%P XPVV |85 o(+5675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1= $1 (,1(5 '@11(1 r/$77(\ J$K f,5(5(1= '(5 237,6&+(1 y(*/>1*(1 %(1$&+%$57(5 u75$+/(1N J%K 1$&+ %(,'(1 u(,7(1 $8675(7(1'( 0(+5)$&+ 5(9(.7,(57( u75$+/(1P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VTS

f(5 )@5 ',( k17(5)(5(1= (176&+(,'(1'( r+$6(1817(56&+,(' (3 (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ (3 3

T@ (s u @N +

JXPXUK

:2%(, '(5 r+$6(163581* 921 @ %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 $0 237,6&+ ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 =867$1'( .2007N $/62 )@5 (,1( r/$77( 0,7 1#S ,1 n8)7 %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 ,0 r81.7 c Jc%%P XPVV$K] +$7 '$6 >8M(5( o(',80 ',( +?+(5( d5(&+=$+/N 75,77 '(5 r+$6(163581* ,0 r81.7 d $8)P y(*(1 '(5 r(5,2',=,7>7 921 T@ ,67 '$6 x25=(,&+(1 '(6 =:(,7(1 v(506 921 i/P JXPXUK %(/$1*/26N '(6+$/% :,5' 0(,67 185 1@ *(6&+5,(%(1P y,// 0$1 185 '(1 c%67$1' '(5 k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 %(5(&+1(1N 'P +P ',( g,1)$//6:,1.(/O}1'(581* ()RN ',( (,1( }1'(581* '(6 i$1*817(56&+,('(6 921 + %(:,5.7N '$11 *(+7 '(5 r+$6(1O 63581* 1,&+7 (,1] '$6 ,67 9(5087/,&+ '(5 i581'N :(6+$/% '(5 @Ov(50 ,1 i/P JXPXUK 2)7 :(**(/$66(1 :,5'P f,( o(+5675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1= 1$&+ c%%P XPVV% (5./>57 =80 d(,63,(/ '$6 c8)75(7(1 )$5%,*(5 u75(,)(1 $1 '@11(1N 6(,7/,&+ %(/(8&+7(7(1 ~/7/0(1P j$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ %(, c%%P XPVV% 80 (,1(1 /,&+7'85&+/>66,*(1 h,/0 2'(5 (,1( 81O 9(563,(*(/7( i/$63/$77( 81' 80 1,&+7 =8 6&+5>*(1 g,1)$//N '$11 ,67 '(5 t(9(;,216*5$' ./(,1N 78M(5( :,( ,11(5( t(9(;,21(1P f$6 %('(87(7N ,0 5(9(.7,(57(1 n,&+7 75$*(1 185 ',( (7:$ */(,&+ ,17(16,9(1 u75$+/(1 $ 81' %N ',( %(,'( 185 (,10$/ Ju75$+/ & '$*(*(1 '5(,0$/K 5(9(.7,(57 :85'(1N =85 k17(5)(5(1= %(,P k0 75$160,77,(57(1 n,&+7 6,1' ',( k17(5)(5(1=(1 '$*(*(1 .$80 =8 %(2%$&+7(1N :(,/ ',( u75$+/(1 *52M( k17(16,7>76817(56&+,('( $8):(,6(1\ f(5 u75$+/ $A :85'( *$5 1,&+7N '(5 u75$+/ %A =:(,0$/ 81' '(5 u75$+/ &A 9,(50$/ 5(9(.7,(57P g,1( c1:(1'81* '(5 |:(,675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1= '(6 5(9(.7,(57(1 n,&+7(6 ,67 ',( NNg17O 63,(*(/81*DD 921 i/>6(51\ y>+5(1' ',( 3$5$//(/( r/$77( J2'(5 '@11( u&+,&+7K 921 c%%P XPVV 2%(1 81' 817(1 $1 n8)7 *5(1=7N %(75$&+7(1 :,5 181 (,1( '@11( u&+,&+7 0,7 d5(&+=$+/ 1uN ',( 2%(1 $1 n8)7 81' 817(1 $1 i/$6 0,7 d5(&+=$+/ 1#1u *5(1=7 Jc%%P XPVWN ',( 5(9(.7,(57(1 u75$+/(1 6,1' ',( u75$+/(1 $ 81' % 921 c%%P XPVV%KP

£

Luft Schicht Glas

c%%P XPVW r5,1=,3 '(5 g1763,(*(/81* 921 i/$6 '85&+ c8)%5,1*(1 (,1(5 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 u&+,&+7 0,7 '(5 237,6&+(1 f,&.( (,1(5 x,(57(/:(//(1/>1*(P f(5 g,1)$//6:,1.(/ ) ,67 +,(5 67$5. 9(5*5?M(57P

VTT

X n,&+7

k1 ',(6(0 h$// :(5'(1 %(,'( u75$+/(1 $ 81' % $0 ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 5(9(.7,(57N 81' %(,'( (5/(,'(1 '(1 r+$6(163581* @P h@5 1$+(=8 6(1.5(&+7(1 g,1)$// J$/62 ) 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 ,1 c%%P XPVW '$5*(67(//7 :(5'(1 .2117(K 0866 ',( u&+,&+7 ',( 237,6&+( f,&.( +BV +$%(1N '$0,7 ',( u75$+/(1 $ 81' % '(1 i$1*817(56&+,(' +BT $8):(,6(1 81' '(6758.7,9 ,17(5)(5,(5(1P w0 )@5 %(,'( t(9(;,21(1 */(,&+*52M( t(9(;,216*5$'( =8 (5+$/7(1N 0@667( 1u 3 |1 6(,1N $/62 )@5 1i/$6 3 SPW PP SPX 81*()>+5 1u 3 SPTWP c86 $1'(5(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 Jj>57(N u7$%,/,7>7N j$)781* $8) i/$6K 0866 0$1 u8%6O 7$1=(1 0,7 +?+(5(1 d5(&+=$+/(1 :,( o$*1(6,809825,' J1u 3 SPUZK 9(5:(1'(1P v527= ',(6(6 m203520,66(6 81' '(5 v$76$&+(N '$66 c86/?6&+81* 185 )@5 (,1( 0,77/(5( y(/O /(1/>1*( (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 .$11N ,67 ',( )@5 v$*(6/,&+7 5(68/7,(5(1'( t(9(;,2169(50,1O '(581* %($&+7/,&+P g&+7( o(+5675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1=(1 1$&+ ',(6(0 r5,1=,3 (5+>/7 0$1N :(11 0$1 %(,'( q%(59>&+(1 '85&+ d('$03)(1 0,7 u,/%(5 ,1 *(5$'( 12&+ /,&+7'85&+/>66,*( u3,(*(/ 0,7 +2+(0 t(9(;,216*5$' 921 71'1,6 921 k17(5)(520(7(51P B L

£o

Q A

c%%P XPVX o(+5675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1= $1 (,1(5 %(,'6(,7,* 9(563,(*(/7(1 3/$13$5$//(/(1 r/$77(P f,( n,1,( cd /,(*7 6(1.5(&+7 =85 c86%5(,781*65,&+781*P

d(, '(5 |(,&+181* 921 c%%P XPVX :85'(1 ',( y,1.(/>1'(581*(1 '85&+ d5(&+81* 9(51$&+/>66,*7P y(11 ',( u75$+/(1 (17/$1* '(5 n,1,( cd */(,&+( r+$6( +$%(1N '$11 :,5' $0 q57 s ,1 '(5 d5(11(%(1( '(5 n,16( n (,1 6&+$5)(5 k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 $%O *(%,/'(7P u7$77 '(5 n,16( .$11 $8&+ '$6 $8) 81(1'/,&+ (,1*(67(//7( c8*( 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P y,5' .219(5*(17(6 0212&+520$7,6&+(6 n,&+7 (,1*(675$+/7N '$11 75(7(1 .5(,6)?50,*( k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 $8)P u7$77 (,1(5 %(,'6(,7,* 9(563,(*(/7(1 3/$13$5$//(/(1 i/$63/$77( .?11(1 $8&+ =:(, (,16(,7,* 9(563,(*(/7(N =8(,1$1'(5 3$5$//(/ $86*(5,&+7(7( i/$63/$77(1 9(5:(1'(7 :(5O '(1N '(5(1 9(563,(*(/7( u(,7(1 (,1$1'(5 =8*(.(+57 6,1'P f,( o(+5)$&+5(9(;,21(1 71'(1 '$11 ,0 n8)75$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 67$77P w0 u7?581*(1 '85&+ t(9(;,21 $1 '(1 819(563,(*(/7(1 >8M(5(1 q%(59>&+(1 $86=86&+$/7(1N .?11(1 $8&+ /(,&+7 .(,/O )?50,*( r/$77(1 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P k1 62/&+(1 c125'181*(1 ,67 (,1( r/$77( )(67021O 7,(57N ',( $1'(5( -867,(5%$5 Jc%%P XPVYKP f$6 ,67 '$6 r5,1=,3 '(6 921 cP h$%5< 81' eP r(E 527 SZ[Y 925*(67(//7(1 k17(5)(520(7(56 Jd'P UN m$3P UKP

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VTU

c%%P XPVY o(+5675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1=(1 =:,O 6&+(1 =:(, 3$5$//(/(1 r/$77(1N '(5(1 (,1$1'(5 =8*(.(+57( u(,7(1 9(563,(*(/7 6,1'P f,( d5(O &+81* ,1 '(1 r/$77(1 :85'( 9(51$&+/>66,*7P

|80 k17(5)(5(1=7/7(5 *(/$1*7 0$1N :(11 '(5 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 '(1 3$5$//(/(1 u3,(*(/9>&+(1 921 '(5 i5?M(125'181* (,1(5 y(//(1/>1*( :,5'P f$11 /$87(7 ',( d(',1*81* )@5 .216758.7,9( k17(5)(5(1= ,0 h$// 921 1 3 S Jn8)7K 81' 6(1.5(&+7(0 g,1)$// T ' 3 - +- J - 3 SN TN "KP

JXPXVK

g,1,*( h>//( 6,1' ,1 '(5 v$%(//( $1*(*(%(1] 185 ',( )(77*('58&.7(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 /,(*(1 ,0 u,&+7%$5(1P f,&.( '

+S

+T

+U

+V

+W

TWR 10 WRR 10 YWR 10 SRRR 10

WRR 10 SRRR 10 SWRR 10 TRRR 10

TWR 10 WRR 10 YWR 10 SRRR 10

SZ[ 10 UUU 10 WRR 10 XXY 10

TWR 10 UYW 10 WRR 10

VRR 10

d(, 6&+5>*(0 g,1)$// :,5' ',( =8 &26 ) 3523257,21$/( i$1*',5(5(1= Ji/P JXPXTKK ./(,O 1(5N (17635(&+(1' .@5=(5 :(5'(1 $8&+ ',( '85&+*(/$66(1(1 y(//(1/>1*(1P u7$77 '(5 x,(/)$&+Ot(9(;,21(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, r/$163,(*(/1 .$11 0$1 $8&+ ',( t(9(;,21(1 ,1 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 x,(/)$&+Ou&+,&+7(1 =85 g5=(8*81* 6&+$5)(5 k17(5)(O 5(1=675(,)(1 $86187=(1N :,( (6 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P XPVZ$ '$5*(67(//7 ,67P f,( d(=(,&+O 181* NN',(/(.75,6&+DD 62// $1=(,*(1N '$66 +,(5 ',( d5(&+=$+/ '(5 (176&+(,'(1'( r$5$O 0(7(5 ,67P f,(6( x,(/)$&+Ou&+,&+7(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ $%:(&+6(/1'(6 c8)'$03)(1 =:(,(5 u8%67$1=(1 0,7 '(87/,&+ 9(56&+,('(1(5 d5(&+=$+/ +(5*(67(//7N :2%(, ',( @%(5(,1$1O '(5/,(*(1'(1 u&+,&+7(1 $//( ',( */(,&+( 237,6&+( f,&.( 921 +BVN $/62 817(56&+,('/,&+( u&+,&+7',&.(1 921 'SNT 3 J1SNTK2S +BV +$%(1 Jc%%P XPVZ%KP o$1 9(5:(1'(7 =P dP $%:(&+6(/1' m566,*%$5 ./(,1( n,&+7$%62537,21P y(,/ J)$67K $//(6 1,&+75(9(.7,(57( n,&+7 75$160,77,(57 :,5'N (,*1(1 6,( 6,&+ $8&+ *87 $/6 u75$+/7(,/(5 )@5 n$6(5(;3(5,0(17( 2'(5 h$5%)(516(+O m$0(5$6P

VTV

X n,&+7 a

b

c

d n = 1 (Luft)

n1 n2 > n1

n1 > 1 n2 > n1 n1 n2

(a)

(b)

c%%P XPVZ t(9(;,21(1 ,1 x,(/)$&+6&+,&+7(1\ J$K 6&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* J2+1( d5(&+81*KN J%K 7$76>&+/,&+( f,&.(19(5+>/71,66( %(, $/7(51,(5(1'(1 u&+,&+7(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 d5(&+=$+/ 81' */(,&+(5 237,6&+(5 f,&.(P

|85 g5/>87(581* '(6 r5,1=,36 (,1(6 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 u3,(*(/6 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 c%%P XPVZ$ 81' 1(+0(1 $1N '$66 '(5 7$76>&+/,&+( g,1)$//6:,1.(/ ) 9,(/ ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 *(=(,&+1(7(N $/62 &26 ) . SP u75$+/ $ :,5' $1 '(0 ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 T 0,7 (,1(0 r+$6(163581* 921 @ 5(9(.7,(57 81' '85&+/>8)7 =:(,0$/ ',( 2%(567( +BVOu&+,&+7N 62O '$66 6,&+ ,16*(6$07 (,1 r+$6(1817(56&+,(' 921 T@ 3 UXR] (5*,%7P f(5 u75$+/ % '85&+O />8)7 =:(,0$/ =:(, +BVOu&+,&+7(1 81' (5/(,'(7 .(,1(1 r+$6(163581*N :2'85&+ 6,&+ (%(1)$//6 (,1( r+$6(1',5(5(1= 921 T@ (5*,%7P c1$/2* (5*(%(1 6,&+ )@5 ',( u75$+/(1 & 81' ' r+$6(1',5(5(1=(1 921 V@P c//( $1 '(1 ,11(5(1 i5(1=9>&+(1 5(9(.7,(57(1 u75$+/(1 +$%(1 ,11(5+$/% '(5 x,(/)$&+Ou&+,&+7 r+$6(1>1'(581*(1 (5)$+5(1N ',( (,1 *$1==$+/,*(6 x,(/)$&+(6 921 UXR] 6,1'] 6,( ,17(5)(5,(5(1 $/62 $//( .216758.7,9P f$6 *,/7 $8&+ )@5 u75$+/(1N ',( ,1 '(5 x,(/)$&+Ou&+,&+7 0(+5)$&+ 5(9(.7,(57 :(5'(1P Jp85 '(5 $1 '(5 $//(52%(567(1 u&+,&+7 5(9(.7,(57( u75$+/ A ,1 c%%P XPVZ$ *(675,&+(/7 *(O =(,&+1(7 A (5/(,'(7 (,1(1 r+$6(163581* 921 @ 81' ,17(5)(5,(57 0,7 '(1 $1'(5(1 u75$+O /(1 '(6758.7,9PK o,7 (7:$ TR 62/&+(5 u&+,&+7(1 @%(5(,1$1'(5 /$66(1 6,&+ u3,(*(/ 0,7 (,1(0 t(9(;,216*5$' 921 [[P[@ Jc%62537,216*5$' RPRS@K +(567(//(1P y(,7(5)@+5(1'( f$567(//81*\ d$1' U Jq37,.KN m$3,7(/ U Jk17(5)(5(1=N d(8*81* 81' y(//(1/(,781*KP

XPSPV r2/$5,6$7,216237,. f,( r2/$5,6$7,216237,. ,67 (1* 9(5.1@3)7 0,7 237,6&+ $1,627523(1 m5,67$//(1N ',( ',( m20321(17(1 =85 g5=(8*81* 81' c1$/120(12/2*,6&+ 6(+5 .203/,=,(57 ,67 81' )@5 '$6 35,1=,3,(//( x(567>1'1,6 '(5 r2/$5,6$7,216237,. 1,&+7 81%(',1*7 %(1?7,*7 :,5'N :(5'(1 :,5 ,1 ',(6(5 .1$33(1 g,1)@+581* ',( m5,67$//237,. :(,7*(+(1' $86./$00(51 81' '$)@5 $8) d$1' U Jq37,.KN m$3,7(/ V Jr2/$5,6$7,21 81' f233(/%5(&+81* '(6 n,&+7(6K 81' d$1' W Ji$6(N p$126*/,&+ 0,7 '(5 c11$+0( 921 n21*,78',1$/:(//(1N ',( 0$1 6,&+ '$0$/6 )@5 n,&+7 $8&+ /(,&+7(5 925O 67(//(1 .2117( $/6 v5$169(56$/:(//(1P f(11 0$1 :$5 '$921 @%(5=(8*7N '$66 -('( c57 921 y(//(1 =85 c86%5(,781* (,1 NNo(',80DD %(1?7,*7N 62 :,( '(5 u&+$// 6,&+ ,1 n8)7 $86%5(,7(7N $%(5 1,&+7 ,0 x$.880P h@5 '$6 n,&+7N '$6 6,&+ $8&+ ,0 x$.880 $86%5(,7(7N :85'( '(5 '(1 *$1=(1 t$80 $86)@//(1'( NN}7+(5DD $/6 o(',80 .21=,3,(57P y(,/ $%(5 ',(6(5 }7+(5 62167 1,&+7 ,1 g56&+(,181* 75$7N 08667( (5 6(+5 81*(:?+1/,&+( 3+7 =8*(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1 0866P f(6+$/% :85'( 1,&+7 %(:8667 1$&+ 75$169(56$/(1 g5(.7(1 *(68&+7 81' ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(6 n,&+7(6 =8)>//,* (17'(&.7P i581'%(*5,5(P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 =:(, J+,(5 =8(567 $/6 ,'($/ $1*(1200(1(K 32/$5,6$O 7,216237,6&+( m20321(17(1\ r2/$5,6$7,2167/7(5 81' n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77&+(1 J+BVO r/>77&+(1N 48$57(5O:$9( 3/$7(KP d(,'( m20321(17(1 +$%(1 (,1( 75$169(56$/( x25=8*6O (%(1(N ',( 2)7 NNx25=8*65,&+781*DD *(1$117 :,5'N :$6 -('2&+ ,55()@+5(1' ,67N :(,/ =:,6&+(1 t,&+781* 81' i(*(15,&+781* .(,1 w17(56&+,(' %(67(+7P f$6 $86 (,1(0 r2/$5,6$7,2167/7(5 $8675(7(1'( n,&+7 ,67 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57P f,( r2O /$5,6$7,216(%(1(N ,1 '(5 '(5 gOx(.725 '(6 $8675(7(1'(1 n,&+7(6 6&+:,1*7N ,67 ',( x25O =8*6(%(1( '(6 h,/7(56P g,1)$//(1'(6 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 0,7 '(0 gOx(.725 8R 81' '(5 k17(16,7>7 kR 6 gRT N '(66(1 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( 0,7 '(5 x25=8*6(%(1( '(6 h,/O 7(56 '(1 y,1.(/ 3 %,/'(7N :,5' ,1 =:(, .2+>5(17( v(,/675$+/(1 0,7 gOx(.725(1 3$5$//(/ 81' 6(1.5(&+7 =85 x25=8*6(%(1( =(5/(*7\ g88 3 gR &26 3N gi 3 gR 6,13

JXPXWK

81' '(5 3$5$//(/ 32/$5,6,(57( v(,/675$+/ 0,7 '(5 k17(16,7>7 k 3 kR &26T3

JXPXXK

'85&+*(/$66(1] '(5 $1'(5( v(,/675$+/ :,5' $%625%,(57P f(6+$/% :,5' ',( x25=8*6(%(1( '(6 h,/7(56 $8&+ NNf85&+/$66(%(1(DD 81' ',( '$=8 6(1.5(&+7( g%(1( NNu3(55(%(1(DD *(1$117P f$6 n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77&+(1 ,67 /,&+7'85&+/>66,*P g,1)$//(1'(6 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(5O 7(6 n,&+7 +$7 ,1 '(0 r/>77&+(1 (,1( 921 '(5 n$*( '(5 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( $%+>1*,*( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7P f,( x25=8*6(%(1( '(6 r/>77&+(16 ,67 ',( r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( )@5 0$;,0$/( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' :,5' '(6+$/% 0,7 NN6&+1(//DD J) 3 )$67K %(O =(,&+1(7] ',( '$=8 6(1.5(&+7( g%(1( ,67 ',( r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( )@5 0,1,0$/( r+$O 6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' :,5' 0,7 NN/$1*6$0DD J6 3 6/2:K %(=(,&+1(7P g,1)$//(1'(6 /,O 1($5 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7N '(66(1 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( 0,7 '(5 )Og%(1( '(1 y,1.(/ # %,/'(7N :,5' ,1 =:(, .2+>5(17( v(,/675$+/(1 0,7 r2/$5,6$7,21 ,1 )O %=:P 6Og%(1( 81' '(1 k17(16,7>7(1 k) 3 kR &26T#

81' k6 3 kR 6,1T#

JXPXYK

=(5/(*7P f,( f,&.( '(6 n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77&+(16 ,67 62 *(:>+/7N '$66 %(,0 n,&+7O $8675,77 =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 v(,/675$+/(1 (,1 r+$6(1817(56&+,(' 921 *(1$8 [R] %(O

VTX

X n,&+7

67(+7] '$6 (17635,&+7 (,1(5 n,&+7:(*',5(5(1= 921 +BVP d(, '(5 .2+>5(17(1 %(5/$O *(581* '(5 $8675(7(1'(1 v(,/675$+/(1 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( y(//(N '(5(1 gOx(.725 181 1,&+7 0(+5 (17/$1* (,1(5 n,1,( 26=,//,(57N 621'(51 (,1( g//,36( %(6&+5(,%7P o$1 635,&+7 $//*(0(,1 921 (//,37,6&+(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P h@5 y,1.(/ 2VW] ] # ] VW] /,(*(1 *52M( 81' ./(,1( j$/%$&+6( '(5 g//,36( $ %=:P % 3$5$//(/ =85 )O %=:P 6Og%(1(] '$6 j$/%$&+6(19(5+>/71,6 (17635,&+7 '(0 x(5O +>/71,6 '(5 gOx(.725(1 '(5 v(,/:(//(1\ %B$ 3 g6Bg) 3 6,18# 8B&26 # 3 7$18#8P

JXPXZK

k0 u3(=,$/)$// % 3 $ J# 3uVW]K 635,&+7 0$1 921 =,5.8/$5(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P r26,7,9( y,1.(/ # (17635(&+(1 (,1(0 ,0 i(*(18+5=(,*(56,11 80/$8)(1'(1 gOx(.725P Ly,1.(/ 8# 8#VW] :(5'(1 1,&+7 %(75$&+7(7N :(,/ 6,( .(,1( 1(8(1 r2/$5,6$7,216)250(1 (5*(%(1Pb w0 ',( n$*( '(5 *52M(1 j$/%$&+6( ,1 '(5 g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 n,&+7675$+/ =8 %(6&+5(,%(1N )@+5(1 :,5 '(1 y,1.(/ " =:,6&+(1 '(5 )Og%(1( '(6 n$0%'$Ox,(57(/O r/>77&+(16 81' '(5 j25,=217$/(%(1( (,1P o,7 '(0 x$5,$7,216%(5(,&+ R ] " ] SZR] :(5'(1 $//( 3+1',*(1 e+$5$.7(5,6,(581* (//,3O 7,6&+(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 %(1?7,*7 0$1 '5(, c1*$%(1\ SP f,( n$*( '(5 *52M(1 j$/%$&+6( J'(5 )Og%(1( '(6 n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77&+(16KN *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 y,1.(/ " %(=@*/,&+ '(5 +25,=217$/(1 ;Oc&+6( 0,7 R] ] " " SZR]P TP f$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 ./(,1(5 81' *52M(5 j$/%$&+6(N %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ '(1 y,1.(/ # 0,7 7$1 8# 8 3 %B$ 81' R ] 8# 8 ] VW]P UP f,( |,5.8/$5,7>7 '(6 gOx(.725Ow0/$8)6N %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ '$6 x25=(,&+(1 921 #\ f(5 w0/$8) :,5' ,1 '(5 n,&+7237,. $8) (,1(1 d(75$&+7(5 %(=2*(1N '(5 '(0 n,&+7 (17*(*(1%/,&.7] w0/$8) ,0 i(*(18+5=(,*(56,11 :,5' $/6 /,1.6=,5.8/$5 %(O =(,&+1(7 81' 0,7 ##R %(6&+5,(%(1P f(5 f5(+6,11 921 /,1.6=,5.8/$5 32/$5,6,(57(0 n,&+7 %,/'(7 0,7 '(5 c86%5(,781*65,&+781* (,1( t(&+766&+5$8%(P p$&+ '(5 NNu&+5$8%(16,11Om219(17,21DD :,5' t(&+766&+5$8%(1 326,7,9(5 u&+5$8%(16,11 J326,7,9( j(/,=,7>7K =8*(25'1(7P f,( (/(*$17(67( f$567(//81* '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 r2/$5,6$7,216=867>1'( :85'( 921 jP r2,1&$5(E JSZ[TK *(*(%(1\ l('(5 r81.7 $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( (,1(5 m8*(/ :,5' 0,7 (,1(0 r2/$5,6$7,216=867$1' ,'(17,7=,(57 81' '85&+ ',( y,1.(/.225',1$7(1 T" 81' T# %(6&+5,(%(1N :2%(, " 81' # ',( 2%(1 (5/>87(57(1 d('(8781*(1 +$%(1P d(621'(56 $16&+$8/,&+ ,67 ',(6( f$567(//81*N :(11 0$1 ',( r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/ Jc%%P XPV[$K 0,7 '(5 g5'.8*(/ $662=,,(57P A f(5 y,1.(/ T" (17635,&+7 '(5 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 n>1*( 81' 1,007 NN1$&+ q67(1DD =8P A f(5 y,1.(/ T# (17635,&+7 '(5 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 d5(,7(N :2%(, /,1.6=,5.8/$5( r2/$O 5,6$7,21(1 $8) '(5 p25'+$/%.8*(/ /,(*(1N 5(&+76=,5.8/$5( $8) '(5 u@'+$/%.8*(/P A c//( /,1($5(1 r2/$5,6$7,21(1 /,(*(1 $8) '(0 }48$725P f(5 p8//0(5,',$1 (17635,&+7 +25,=217$/(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 JjK] ',$0(75$/ *(*(1@%(5 /,(*7 ',( 9(57,.$/( r2/$5,6$7,21 JxKP f$=:,6&+(1N 0,7 (,1(0 n>1*(1817(56&+,(' 921 DJT"K 3 u[R] /,(*(1 ',( /,O 1($5(1 r2/$5,6$7,216=867>1'(N ',( 80 " 3 VW] %=:P SUW] *(*(1 ',( j25,=217$/( 9(5'5(+7 6,1'P

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VTY

(3) L

P

P P3

V 2‚

· = 135°

· = 45°

P1

2· H

2‚ P2

(2)

2· (1)

(a)

R

(b)

c%%P XPV[ J$K f$567(//81* (,1(6 r2/$5,6$7,216=867$1'(6 $8) '(5 r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/P J%K g5/>8O 7(581* '(5 u72.(6Or$5$0(7(5 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/P

A y(11 ',( u&+:,1*81*6(//,36( =8 (,1(0 m5(,6 (17$57(7N '$11 :,5' T" 81%(67,007N *(1$8 :,( ',( *(2*5$3+,6&+( n>1*( $1 '(1 g5'32/(1P f(5 p25'32/ (17635,&+7 /,1.6=,5.8/$5(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 JnKN '(5 u@'32/ 5(&+76=,5.8/$5(5 JtKP g,1 r2/$5,6$7,216=867$1' (17635,&+7 (,1(0 r81.7 $8) '(5 m8*(/2%(59>&+(P h@5 :(,7(5( d(75$&+781*(1 )@+5(1 :,5 '(1 r2,1&$5(E Ox(.725 C J,0 r2,1&$5(E Ot$80K (,1N '(5 920 m8*(/Oo,77(/381.7 5$',$/ =8 ',(6(0 q%(59>&+(1Or81.7 =(,*7 81' )@5 92//O 67>1',*( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(1 d(75$* 8C 8 3 S +$7P g17*(*(1*(6(7=7( r2/$5,6$7,216=867>1O '( :(5'(1 '85&+ (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( r2,1&$5(E Ox(.725(1 5(35>6(17,(57P f,( r2,1&$5(E O m8*(/ 9(5'(87/,&+7N '$66 (6 %(/,(%,* 9,(/( NN(17*(*(1*(6(7=7( r2/$5,6$7,216=867>1'(DD *,%7N 1,&+7 185 /,1($5( r2/$5,6$7,21(1 0,7 =8(,1$1'(5 6(1.5(&+7(1 u&+:,1*81*6(%(O 1(1 81' 5(&+76B/,1.6O=,5.8/$5( r2/$5,6$7,21N 621'(51 $8&+ -('( (//,37,6&+( r2/$5,6$O 7,21 +$7 (,1(1 NNc17,32'(1O|867$1'DD 0,7 T"A 3 T"1SZR] 81' T#A 3 2T# %=:P CA 32CP w132/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7P y,( :,5 +(87( :,66(1N *,%7 (6 185 75$169(56$/( n,&+7:(//(1P c%(5 1,&+7 -('(6 n,&+7 ,67 32/$5,6,(57P f$6 62 *(1$117( NN1$7@5/,&+(DD n,&+7N :,( (6 921 7+(50,6&+(1 u75$+/(51 (0,77,(57 :,5'N ,67 8132/$5,6,(57P g6 %(67(+7 $86 9,(/(1 ,1.2+>5(17 @%(5/$*(57(1 y(//(13$.(7(1N 921 '(1(1 -('(6 (,1=(/1( ,5*(1':,( 32/$O 5,6,(57 ,67P c%(5 ,0 o,77(/ (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( t27$7,2166769$5,$7,21(1P f$6 *,/7 $8&+ )@5 '(1 h$//N '$66 '$6 (,1)$//(1'( n,&+7

VTZ

X n,&+7

=,5.8/$5 32/$5,6,(57 ,67P f(5 w17(56&+,(' =:,6&+(1 8132/$5,6,(57(0 81' =,5.8/$5 32O /$5,6,(57(0 n,&+7 %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 /(7=7(5(6 J0,7+,/)( (,1(6 n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77O &+(16K 92//67>1',*N (567(5(6 $%(5 35,1=,3,(// 185 =8 WR@ ,1 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 80*(:$1'(/7 :(5'(1 .$11P r$57,(// 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7P r2,1&$5(E Ox(.725(1 )@5 92//67>1',*( r2/$5,6$7,21 6,1' g,1O +(,769(.725(1P r$57,(// J7(,/:(,6(K 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 .$11 $1$/2* '85&+ (,1(1 r2,1O &$5(E Ox(.725 0,7 8C 8 3 r"S %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1] r ,67 '(5 r2/$5,6$7,216*5$'P g,1 7(,/:(,6( 32/$5,6,(57(5 u75$+/ '(5 k17(16,7>7 k 81' '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 r"S ,67 $8)=8O )$66(1 $/6 (,1( ,1.2+>5(17( %(5/$*(581* (,1(6 92//67>1',* 32/$5,6,(57(1 u75$+/6 '(5 k17(16,7>7 k 6 r 81' (,1(6 8132/$5,6,(57(1 u75$+/6 '(5 k17(16,7>7 k 6 JS 2 rKP g,1( $1'(5(N %(621'(56 )@5 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* 3$57,(//(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 1@7=/,&+( f$5O 67(//81* :85'( 921 ePiP u72.(6 JSZWTK (,1*()@+57P f,( u72.(6Or$5$0(7(5 6,1' 0,7 '(5 r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/ :,( )2/*7 9(5.1@3)7\ h@5 n,&+7 '(5 k17(16,7>7 k 81' '(5 r2/$5,O 6$7,21 r 0,7 r 3 8C 8"S :,5' (,1( r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/ 0,7 '(0 t$',86 r *(=(,&+1(7 Jc%%P XPV[%KP c8M(5'(0 :,5' (,1 5(&+7:,1./,*(6 m225',1$7(1677&+(1 ,'($/( J$%6253O

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VT[

7,216)5(,(K 32/$5,6$7,216237,6&+( m20321(17(1 6,1'N (5*(%(1 6,&+ ',( u72.(6Or$5$O 0(7(5 $86 '(1 o(6681*(1 :,( )2/*7\ uR 3 k JR]K1k J[R]K u2 3 k JVW]K1k JSUW]K u2 3 k JnK1k JtKP uS 3 k JR]K2k J[R]KN uT 3 k JVW]K2k JSUW]KN uU 3 k JnK2k JtKP

JXPYTK

k1 '(5 r2,1&$5(E I6&+(1 f$567(//81* +$%(1 NN(17*(*(1*(6(7=7(DD r2/$5,6$7,216=867>1'( ',$0(75$/ (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( r81.7( $8) '(5 m8*(/P f,( c8)63$/781* 921 32/$5,6,(57(0 n,&+7 ,1 =:(, v(,/675$+/(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/$5,6$7,21N :2)@5 257+2*21$/( g%(1(1 /,1($5(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 185 (,1 u3(=,$/%(,63,(/ 6,1'N .$11 -(7=7 0,7+,/)( '(5 r2,1&$5(E O m8*(/ 9(5$//*(0(,1(57 :(5'(1P n,&+7 '(5 k17(16,7>7 kN 92//67>1',* 32/$5,6,(57 ,1 (,1(0 %(/,(%,*(1 r2/$5,6$7,216O =867$1' C .$11 )250$/ ,1 =:(, .2+>5(17(N (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 32/$5,6,(57( u75$+/(1 =(5O /(*7 :(5'(1N '(5(1 |867>1'( CS 81' CT 32CS ',$0(75$/ (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 r81.7(1 ,5*(1':2 $8) '(5 r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/ (17635(&+(1 Jc%%P XPWRKP f,( k17(16,7>7 k 9(57(,/7 6,&+ :,( )2/*7 $8) ',( %(,'(1 v(,/675$+/(1\ kSBk 3 81'

S JS1&26 3SK 3 &26TJ3SBTK T

S JS1&26 3TK T S 3 JS2&26 3SK 3 6,1TJ3SBTKP T

JXPYUK

kTBk 3

JXPYVK

c8&+ (,1 c1$/77&+(1 81' 1$&+)2/*(1'(0 r2/$5,6$7,2167/7(5N '(5 )@5 *(*(%(1( c=,087:,1.(/ '(5 %(,'(1 m20321(17(1 185 n,&+7 (,1(5 %(67,007(1 J,P cP (//,37,6&+(1K r2/$5,6$7,21 '85&+/>667N .$11 '85&+ (,1(1 r2,1&$5(E Ox(.725 %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P c1*(1200(1N n,&+7 ,0 r2/$5,6$7,216=867$1' C )>//7 $8) (,1(1 c1$/667\ '$11

P1 P

Ê1 Ê2

P2

c%%P XPWR r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/\ g,1 u75$+/ 0,7 '(0 r2/$5,6$7,216=867$1' C .$11 $8)*(63$/O 7(1 :(5'(1 ,1 =:(, .2+>5(17( v(,/675$+/(1 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 r2/$5,6$7,216=867>1'(1P

VUR

X n,&+7

%(6&+5(,%7 i/P JXPYUK ',( '85&+*(/$66(1( k17(16,7>7 kS $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 y,1.(/6 3S =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 r2,1&$5(E Ox(.725(1N ,1 %(5(,167,0081* 0,7 i/P JXPXXPKP p85 :(11 (,1( |(5/(*81* ,1 =:(, v(,/675$+/(1 */(,&+(5 k17(16,7>7 *()25'(57 ,67N 0@66(1 '(5(1 |867>1'( $8) '(0 i52M.5(,6 6(1.5(&+7 =8 C /,(*(1] (,1 d(,63,(/ ,67 ',( c8)63$/781* 921 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(0 n,&+7 0,7 80 VW] *(1(,*7(5 u&+:,1*81*6O (%(1( JT" 3 [R]N T# 3 RK ,1 ',( /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(1 m20321(17(1 j JT" 3 RN T# 3 RK 81' x JT" 3 SZR]N T# 3 RK 2'(5 ,1 ',( =,5.8/$5 32/$5,6,(57(1 m20321(17(1 n JT# 3 1[R]K 81' t JT# 3 2[R]KN ',( $//( 9,(5 $8) '(0 i52M.5(,6 6(1.5(&+7 =8 C /,(*(1P f,( r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/ *(67$77(7 $8&+ (,1( (/(*$17( f$567(//81* '(5 y,5.81* (,1(6 n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77&+(16 $/6 r2/$5,6$7,216:$1'/(5\ f,( w0:$1'/81* 921 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(0 n,&+7 ,1 =,5.8/$5 32/$5,6,(57(6 (17635,&+7 (,1(5 [R]Of5(+81* '(6 r2,1O &$5(E Ox(.7256N $86*(+(1' 921 (,1(0 r81.7 $8) '(0 }48$725 (17/$1* (,1(0 o(5,',$1 %,6 =8 (,1(0 r2/ '(5 r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/P f,( f5(+$&+6( ,67 '(5 x(.725N '(5 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(0 o(5,',$1.5(,6 67(+7P k0 @%(56,&+7/,&+67(1 h$// /,(*7 ',( )Og%(1( '(6 n$0%'$O x,(57(/Or/>77&+(16 ,1 '(5 j25,=217$/(1N '(5 f5(+9(.725 =(,*7 =80 r81.7 jN 81' '$6 (,1)$//(1'( /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57( n,&+7 (1735,&+7 '(1 r2,1&$5(E Oy,1.(/1 T" 3 [R] 2'(5 TYR] 81' T# 3 RP k67 '$6 (,1)$//(1'( n,&+7 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57 0,7 T" X [R] 2'(5 TYR]N '$11 (5=(8*7 '$6 n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77&+(1 (//,37,6&+(6 n,&+7N 81' $8&+ '$)@5 (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 1(8( r2/$5,6$7,216=867$1' $86 (,1(5 [R]Of5(+81* '(6 r2,1&$5(E Ox(.O 7256 80 ',( x25=8*6$&+6( '(6 y$1'/(56 J+,(5 t,&+781* jKP f,( f5(+81* (5)2/*7 ,1 '(5 =8 j 6(1.5(&+7(1 g%(1(N ,1 '(5 ',( u3,7=( '(6 x(.7256 C /,(*7N ',( $%(5 ,1 ',(6(0 h$// .(,1 i52M.5(,6 ,67P g,1 n$0%'$Oj$/%(Or/>77&+(1 :,5.7 :,( =:(, +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7(N */(,&+ 25,(17,(57( n$0%'$Ox,(57(/Or/>77&+(1N .$11 $/62 '85&+ (,1( SZR]Of5(+81* '(6 rO x(.7256 $8) '(5 r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/ %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P u3,(*(/81* 81' d5(&+81*P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 +,(5 185 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7P f,( c86%5(,781* '(6 n,&+7(6 ,1 (,1(0 '85&+6,&+7,*(1 o(',80 Ji/$6N y$66(5N"K :,5' ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 o$;:(//I6&+(1 v+(25,( 81' '(6 $16&+$8/,&+(1 c720,6086 '$'85&+ (5./>57N '$66 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( ',( ,1 c720(1 *(%81O '(1(1 g/(.7521(1 =8 (5=:81*(1(1 u&+:,1*81*(1 $15(*7N '$66 ',( 26=,//,(5(1'(1 n$'81*(1 675$+/(1 :,( j(57=I6&+( f,32/( 81' '$66 ',( %(5/$*(581* '(5 9,(/(1 g/(0(17$5:(//(1 1$&+ '(0 j8*7 0$1 ',( u75$+/81*6&+$5$.7(5,67,. '(6 j(57=6&+(1 f,32/6 $8) ',( g/(0(1O 7$5:(//(1N '$11 )2/*7 '$5$86N '$66 3$5$//(/ =85 f,32/$&+6( .(,1( u75$+/81* (0,77,(57 :,5'P f$0,7 9(567(+7 0$1 '$6 921 fP d5(:67(5 SZSU )2508/,(57( i(6(7= Jc%%P XPWSK\ y(11 '(5 5(9(.7,(57( u75$+/ 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(0 *(%52&+(1(1 67(+7N '$11 :,5' 185 n,&+7 5(9(.7,(57N '(66(1 u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 g,1)$//6(%(1( 67(+7P f(5 d5(:67(5Oy,1.(/ )d ,67 '(5 g,1)$//6:,1.(/N )@5 '(1 ',(6( d(',1*81* (5)@//7 ,67\ c86 SZR]2)S 2)T 3 [R] 81' 6,1 )SB6,1 )T 3 1 )2/*7 7$1 )d 3 1P

JXPYWK

y>+5(1' '(5 t(9(;,216*5$' | 88 )@5 n,&+7N '$6 3$5$//(/ =85 g,1)$//65,&+781* 6&+:,1*7N 0,7 '(0 g,1)$//6:,1.(/ )S 0212721 921 &$P V@ )@5 6(1.5(&+7(1 g,1)$// J)S 3 RK %,6 SRR@ )@5 675(,)(1'(1 g,1)$// J)S 3 [R]K =81,007N ,67 '(5 t(9(;,216*5$' |i )@5 '$6 '$=8 6(1.5(&+7 6&+:,1*(1'( n,&+7 %(, )S 3 )d */(,&+ 18//N (5 ,67 6(+5 ./(,1

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VUS

£B n=1 n>1

(a)

Dipolcharakteristik

(b)

Dipolcharakteristik

c%%P XPWS i(%52&+(1(5 81' 5(9(.7,(57(5 u75$+/ %,/'(1 (,1(1 y,1.(/ 921 [R i5$'P J$K u&+:,1O *81*6(%(1( 3 g,1)$//6(%(1(N J%K u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( i g,1)$//6(%(1(P f,( f,32/Oe+$5$.7(5,6O 7,. %(67,007 ',( g0,66,21P

,1 '(5 p$&+%$56&+$)7 921 )d 81' /,(*7 )@5 $//( g,1)$//6:,1.(/ R")S "[R] 817(5+$/% | 88P p85 %(, )S 3 R] 81' [R] 6,1' %(,'( t(9(;,216*5$'( */(,&+ *52MP g,1( 35$.7,6&+( c1:(1'81* '(6 d5(:67(5I6&+(1 i(6(7=(6 ,67 '$6 d5(:67(5Oh(167(5N '$6 62 *(*(1 ',( 237,6&+( c&+6( *(1(,*7 ,67N '$66 (,1 $;,$/ (,1)$//(1'(5N 3$5$//(/ =85 g,1)$//6(%(1( /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(5 u75$+/ @%(5+$837 .(,1( t(9(;,21 (5)>+57P c/6 r2/$5,6$725 ,67 ',( t(9(;,21 $1 (,1(5 i/$63/$77( .$80 *((,*1(7N :(,/ '$6 5(O 9(.7,(57( n,&+7 =:$5 92//67>1',* 32/$5,6,(57 ,67N $%(5 185 (,1(1 *(5,1*(1 v(,/ '(5 *(O 6$07(1 n,&+7,17(16,7>7 %(,1+$/7(7] '$6 *(%52&+(1( n,&+7 ,67 =:$5 ,17(16,9N $%(5 185 *(5,1* 32/$5,6,(57P d(66(5( t(68/7$7( (5=,(/7 0$1 0,7 (,1(0 i/$63/$77(16$7= Jc%%P XPWTKP f,(6(6 r5,1=,3 .$11 $8&+ $8) ',(/(.75,6&+( x,(/)$&+6&+,&+7(1 @%(575$*(1 81' ,1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+(1 $1*(:(1'(7 :(5'(1N ,1 '(1(1 .(,1( 675$+/81*6'85&+/>66,*( r2/$5,6$7,2167/7(5 9(5)@*%$5 6,1'P h@5 ',( r2/$5,6$7,216(5(.7( %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 $1 o(7$//(1 81' $1'(5(1 $%625O %,(5(1'(1 o(',(1 9(5:(,6(1 :,5 $8) d'P UN c%6&+1P VPVP k0 c//*(0(,1(1 75(7(1 %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 )@5 ',( %(,'(1 3$5$//(/ 81' 6(1.5(&+7 =85 g,1)$//6(%(1( 6&+:,1*(1'(1 m20321(17(1 r+$6(1635@1*( $8)N ',( 921 R 81' SZR] 9(56&+,('(1 6,1'P w0 =8

£B

c%%P XPWT i/$63/$77(1Or2/$5,6$725\ y(11 8132/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 817(5 '(0 d5(:67(5Oy,1.(/ (,1)>//7N '$11 ,67 '$6 5(9(.7,(57( n,&+7 92//67>1',*N '$6 *(%52&+(1( n,&+7 185 7(,/:(,6( 32/$O 5,6,(57P

VUT

X n,&+7

9(5+,1'(51N '$66 %(, '(5 t(9(;,21 (,1(6 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(1 u75$+/6 $1 (,1(0 o(O 7$//63,(*(/ ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 (//,37,6&+ :,5'N 62//7( 0$1 ',( u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( 6(1.O 5(&+7 J2'(5N 0,7 *(5,1*(5(0 t(9(;,216*5$'N 3$5$//(/K =85 g,1)$//6(%(1( /(*(1P r2/$5,6$7,216(5(.7( ,1 '(5 n,&+7675(881*P f,( %(5/(*81*N ',( 921 '(5 u75$+/81*6O &+$5$.7(5,67,. (,1(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 =80 d5(:67(5I6&+(1 i(6(7= )@+57(N 9(50$* $8&+ ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(6 ,1 '(5 c70263+>5( *(675(87(1 u211(1/,&+7(6 =8 (5./>5(1P f,( 6&+:,1*(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 '(5 n8)702/(.@/( 675$+/(1 1,&+7 3$5$//(/ =85 f,32/O $&+6(P y(11 $/62 8132/$5,6,(57(6 u211(1/,&+7 @%(5 [R]Ou75(881* =80 d(2%$&+7(5 *(/$1*7N '$11 0866 ',( u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 u75(8(%(1( /,(*(1 J9*/P c%%P XPWUKP streuende Luftmoleküle

Sonne

vollständig polarisiertes Licht partiell polarisiertes Licht Beobachter

c%%P XPWU

g5/>87(581* =85 r2/$5,6$7,21 '(6 ,1 '(5 c70263+>5( *(675(87(1 u211(1/,&+7(6P

f233(/%5(&+81* 81' f,&+52,6086P w17(5 f233(/%5(&+81* J'28%/( 5()5$&7,21K 9(567(+7 0$1 ,1 '(5 m5,67$//237,. (,1 $1,627523(6 x(5+$/7(1 %(=@*/,&+ /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(0 n,&+7\ f,( d5(&+=$+/ ,67 $%+>1*,* 920 c=,087:,1.(/ '(5 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( %(=@*O /,&+ (,1(5 x25=8*6(%(1( '(6 m5,67$//6P g,1)$//(1'(6 8132/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 :,5' 920 m5,67$// ,1 =:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 32/$5,6,(57( m20321(17(1 0,7 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1(1 3$5$//(/ 81' 6(1.5(&+7 =85 x25=8*6(%(1( =(5/(*7] %(, 6&+5>*(0 g,1)$// )@+5(1 ',( 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 d5(&+=$+/(1 =8 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 d5(&+81*6:,1.(/1 81' **)P $8&+ =8 =:(, *(75(117 $8675(7(1'(1 u75$+/(1P f,( f,63(56,2167+(25,( Jd'P UN m$3P TK *,%7 (,1(1 |86$00(1+$1* 921 y(//(1/>1O *(1$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ J3 f,63(56,21K 81' c%62537,21 '(6 n,&+7(6P f,( /,&+7'85&+/>66,*(1 u725( $%625%,(5(1 n,&+7 ,0 k1)5$527(1 81' w/75$9,2/(77(1P g,1 '233(/%5(&+(1'(5 /,&+7'85&+/>66,*(5 m5,67$// +$7 )@5 ',( %(,'(1 $86*(=(,&+1(7(1 r2O /$5,6$7,216(%(1(1 817(56&+,('/,&+( y(//(1/>1*(1$%+>1*,*.(,7(1 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ 81' 9(56&+,('(1( c%62537,216%(5(,&+( $8M(5+$/% '(6 u,&+7%$5(1P g6 *,%7 $%(5 $8&+ '23O 3(/%5(&+(1'( m5,67$//(N ',( ,+5( c%62537,21667(//(1 ,0 u,&+7%$5(1 +$%(1P f$6 )@+57 =8 32/$5,6$7,216$%+>1*,*(1 h$5%(5(.7(1N ',( $/6 f,&+52,6086 J',&+52,60K %(=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1 81' ,00(5 0,7 '(0 $//*(0(,1(5(1 r+>120(1 '(5 f233(/%5(&+81* 9(5O .1@3)7 6,1'P n,1($5( f233(/%5(&+81*P q+1( $1'(5( u3(=,7=,(581* :,5' f233(/%5(&+81* ,00(5 $/6 NN/,1($5(DD f233(/%5(&+81* 9(567$1'(1N ',( 0,7 /,1($5(1 r2/$5,6$7,216=867>1'(1

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VUU

'(6 n,&+7(6 ,1 |86$00(1+$1* 67(+7P f(5 m$/.63$7Om5,67$// Je$/&,7N e$eqUK ,67 /,&+7O '85&+/>66,* 81' 67$5. '233(/%5(&+(1'P x21 '(1 %(,'(1 6(1.5(&+7 =8(,1$1'(5 32/$O 5,6,(57(1 v(,/675$+/(1 ,0 m5,67$// .$11 (,1(5 '85&+ v27$/5(9(;,21 (/,0,1,(57 :(5'(1P c8) ',(6( y(,6( /$66(1 6,&+ $86 m$/.63$7 +2&+:(57,*( r2/$5,6$725(1 +(567(//(1N ',( 8132/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 =8 1$+(=8 WR@ ,1 92//67>1',* /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(6 80:$1'(/1 J=P dP i/$1Ov+203621Or5,60$N d'P UN m$3P VKP v850$/,1 J(,1 d256,/,&$7K .$11 $/6 (,1 $8) f,&+52,6086 %(58+(1'(5 r2/$5,6$725 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1] '$6 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57( $8675(7(1'( n,&+7 ,67 *5@1 *()>5%7P f,( %(, *(5,1*(1 c1635@&+(1 9,(/ 9(5:(1'(7(1 35(,6:(57(1 r2/$5,6$7,216)2/,(1 6,1' =P dP m81676725Oh2/,(1N ,1 '(1(1 .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+ $86*(5,&+7(7( m5,67>//&+(1 (,1O *(%(77(7 6,1'N ',( n,&+7 (,1(5 u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( $%625%,(5(1P o,7 ',(6(1 h2/,(1 /$6O 6(1 6,&+ r2/$5,6$7,216*5$'( 921 [[@ (55(,&+(1] 0,7 =:(, *(.5(8=7(1 h2/,(1 :,5' ',( k17(16,7>7 %,6 $8) S@ 5('8=,(57P f(5 j$8371$&+7(,/ '(5 h2/,(1 %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 6,( $8&+ n,&+7 0,7 '(5 %(925=8*7 '85&+*(/$66(1(1 u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( 0(5./,&+ $%625%,(5(1P g,1( $1'(5( c1:(1'81* '(5 /,1($5(1 f233(/%5(&+81* %(67(+7 ,1 '(5 j(567(//81* 921 r+$6(19(5=?*(581*6Or/$77(1 J5(7$5'$7,21 3/$7(6KP x21 35$.7,6&+(5 d('(8781* 6,1' 185 r/$77(1N ',( r+$6(1',5(5(1=(1 921 [R] 2'(5 SZR] (5=(8*(1P f$)@5 1,007 0$1 /(,&+7 63$/7%$5( m5,67$//( :,( i/,00(5N '(5 ,1 (,1(5 f,&.( 921 XW =0 $/6 +BTO r/>77&+(1 )@5 n,&+7 0,77/(5(5 y(//(1/>1*( JWWR 10K :,5.7P f,( g,*(16&+$)7(1 $//(5 32/$5,6$7,216237,6&+(1 m20321(17(1 6,1' 0(+5 2'(5 :(O 1,*(5 :(//(1/>1*(1$%+>1*,*N :(,/ 6,&+ ',( d5(&+=$+/(1 0,7 '(5 y(//(1/>1*( 9(5>1O '(51] ',( r+$6(19(5=?*(581*6Or/$77(1 +$%(1 $%(5 '$=8 12&+ (,1( ',5(.7( y(//(1O />1*(1$%+>1*,*.(,7N :(,/ ',( r+$6(1',5(5(1= '(0 x(5+>/71,6 921 237,6&+(5 f,&.( =8 y(//(1/>1*( 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,( f233(/%5(&+81* :85'( 6&+21 SXX[ 921 g5$6086 d$57+2/,1,86 $0 ,6/>1',O 6&+(1 m$/.63$7 (17'(&.7N .2117( $%(5 /$1*( 1,&+7 *('(87(7 :(5'(1P c1 (,1(0 621O 1,*(1 v$* 921 SZRZ %/,&.7( g7,(11(On28,6 o$/86 $86 6(,1(5 r$5,6(5 y2+181* '85&+ (,1(1 m$/.63$7Om5,67$// +,1'85&+ $8) (,1 '$6 u211(1/,&+7 5(9(.7,(5(1'(6 h(167(5 '(6 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 i(%>8'(6 81' '5(+7( '$%(, '(1 m5,67$//P g5 67(//7( )(67N '$66 6,&+ ',(6(6 n,&+7 %(,0 f85&+*$1* '85&+ '(1 m5,67$// 1,&+7 527$7,21665.( J(/(.752237,6&+(5 m(55Og5(.7KP f,( '85&+ 0(&+$1,6&+( u3$1181*(1 ,1'8=,(57( f233(/%5(&+81* ,1 /,&+7'85&+/>6O 6,*(0 o$7(5,$/ ,67 32/$5,6$7,216237,6&+ 6(+5 (0371'/,&+ 1$&+=8:(,6(1P f(5 )@5 ',(O 6(1 g5(.7 @%/,&+( d(*5,5 NNu3$1181*6'233(/%5(&+81*DD .$11 0,669(567>1'/,&+ 0,7

VUV

X n,&+7

(/(.75,6&+(5 u3$1181* $662=,,(57 :(5'(1N (,1'(87,*(5 $%(5 :(1,*(5 *(%5>8&+/,&+ 6,1' ',( p$0(1 NNr+272(/$67,=,7>7DD 81' NNg/$672237,.DDP f$6 817(568&+7( q%-(.7 %(71'(7 6,&+ =:,6&+(1 *(.5(8=7(1 r2/$5,6$7,2167/7(51N 0,7 x25=8*6(%(1(1 (7:$ uVW] =85 ,1'8=,(57(1 237,6&+(1 c&+6(N 62'$66 ',( f233(/%5(&+81* =8 (//,37,6&+(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 81' '$0,7 =8 %(2%$&+7%$5(5 c8)+(//81* )@+57P w17(568&+81*6(5*(%1,66( $1 r/(;,O */$602'(//(1 817(5 d(/$6781* .?11(1 8PwP $8) 81'85&+6,&+7,*( y(5.6725( @%(5O 75$*(1 :(5'(1P SZYW (17'(&.7( lP m(55N '$66 '85&+ (,1 $1*(/(*7(6 75$19(56$/(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' /,1($5( f233(/%5(&+81* ,1'8=,(57 :,5'P f(5 d5(&+=$+/817(56&+,(' ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 u&+,&+7',&.( '(5 '85&+675$+/7(1 u8%67$1=N =85 n,&+7:(//(1/>1*( 81' =80 s8$'O 5$7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(P f,(6(5 (/(.752237,6&+( m(55Og5(.7 ,67 %(, (,1,*(1 h/@66,*.(,7(1 6(+5 *52MN %(621'(56 %(, p,752%(1=2/P f(5 g5(.7 %(58+7 $8) (,1(5 c865,&+781* '(5 o2/(.@/( ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'N ',( )$67 75>*+(,76/26 J%(, p,752%(1=2/ 0,7 (,1(5 |(,7.2167$17( 921 VR 36K (5)2/*7P f$'85&+ (,*1(7 6,&+ '(5 g5(.7 )@5 ',( 6&+1(//( u&+$/781* 921 n,&+7675$+/(1\ f,( m(55O|(//( /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 *(.5(8=7(1 r2O /$5,6$7,2167/7(51 0,7 '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' ,1 f,$*21$/67(//81* 81' 63(557 '(1 n,&+7O 675$+/N 62/$1*( .(,1( u3$1181* $1*(/(*7 :,5'P |,5.8/$5( f233(/%5(&+81*P c1*(1200(1N (,1( /,&+7'85&+/>66,*( u8%67$1= %(6,7=7 $86 12&+ 81%(.$117(1 i5@1'(1 817(56&+,('/,&+( d5(&+=$+/(1 )@5 /,1.6O 81' 5(&+76=,5O .8/$5 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7P f$6 +$7 )2/*(1'( m216(48(1=\ g,1 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(5 u75$+/N '(5 ',( u8%67$1= *(5$'/,1,* '85&+6(7=7N .$11 $/6 (,1( .2+>5(17( %(5/$*(581* (,1(5 nO 81' (,1(5 tOm20321(17( */(,&+(5 k17(16,7>7 $8)*()$667 :(5'(1N ',( 6,&+ ,1 ',(6(5 u8%67$1= 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 $86%5(,7(1P p$&+ '(0 f85&+*$1* (1767(+7 '85&+ ',( .2+>5(17( %(5/$*(581* %(,'(5 m20321(17(1 :,('(5 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7N $%(5 ',( (1767$1'(1( r+$6(1',5(5(1= (3 )@+57 '$=8N '$66 '$6 $8675(7(1'( n,&+7 (,1( *(*(1@%(5 '(0 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+7 80 '(1 y,1.(/ (3BT *('5(+7( u&+:,1*81*6(%(1( %(6,7=7P g,1( 62/&+( u8%67$1= ,67 )250$/ (,1 r2/$5,6$7,216:$1'/(5N '(66(1 x25=8*65,&+781* $8) '(5 r2,1&$5(E Om8*(/ '85&+ '(1 t$',86 =80 r81.7 n J)@5 1n "1tK 2'(5 t J)@5 1n #1tK 5(635>6(17,(57 :,5'P f,( r+$6(1',5(5(1= (3 ,67 */(,&+ '(0 y,1.(/N 80 '(1 '(5 r2,1&$5(E Ox(.725 '(6 n,&+7(6 80 ',( x25=8*65,&+781* *('5(+7 :,5'P f,( =,5.8/$5( f233(/%5(&+81* :85'( SZSS 921 hP c5$*2 $0 s8$5= Ju,qTK (17O '(&.7P d(,0 s8$5= ,67 ',( /,1($5( f233(/%5(&+81* &$P SRRO0$/ *5?M(5 $/6 ',( =,5.8/$O 5(N %(,'( 6,1' :(//(1/>1*(1$%+>1*,*P f(6+$/% .$11 ',( =,5.8/$5( f233(/%5(&+81* 185 (17/$1* '(5 237,6&+(1 c&+6( %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1N :2 ',( /,1($5( f233(/%5(&+81* 9(56&+:,1'(7P m5,67$//,1(5 s8$5= 75,77 ,1 =:(, h250(1 $8)N 5(&+76O 2'(5 /,1.6'5(+(1'P f,( f5(+81* %(75>*7 uTSPY]B00P r26,7,9( f5(+:,1.(/ *(/7(1 )@5 t(&+76'5(+81*N ',( 6,&+ (5*,%7N :(11 1n #1t ,67N $/62 ',( tOm20321(17( ',( +?+(5( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 %(6,7=7P i(6&+02/=(1(5 s8$5= Js8$5=*/$6K %(6,7=7 .(,1 f5(+9(50?*(1P f(5 i581' )@5 ',( =,5.8/$5( f233(/%5(&+81* ,67 %(,0 s8$5= '(5 NN6&+5$8%(1)?5O 0,*(DD m5,67$//%$8P k1 c%%P XPWV :85'(1 ',( u,Oc720( ,0 i(*(18+5=(,*(56,11 JNN/,1.6 +(580DDK 180(5,(57N '$6 c720 T /,(*7 +,17(5 '(0 c720 SN c720 U +,17(5 TP k0 $%*(%,/'(7(1 /,1.6'5(+(1'(1 s8$5= %,/'(1 ',( u,Oc720( (,1( n,1.66&+5$8%(P f,( n,1.6'5(+81* %('(87(7N '$66 '$6 /,1.6=,5.8/$5( nOn,&+7 ',( *5?M(5( r+$6(1*(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 %(6,7=7P y(*(1 '(5 +,6725,6&+ %(',1*7(1 81*/@&./,&+(1 f(71,7,21 '(5 |,5.8/$5,7>7 %(6,7=7 nOn,&+7 326,7,9( j(/,=,7>7N (17635,&+7 $/62 (,1(5 t(&+766&+5$8%(

XPS g;3(5,0(17,(5(1 0,7 n,&+7

VUW

3

1

2

c%%P XPWV u758.785=(//( '(6 /,1.6'5(+(1'(1 s8$5=(6 Jd/,&. 6(1.5(&+7 =85 237,6&+(1 c&+O 6(KP f,( 0,7 SN T 81' U *(.(11=(,&+1(7(1 u,O c720( %,/'(1 (,1( n,1.66&+5$8%(P

'(6 gOx(.7256P f,( *5?M(5( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 J./(,1(5( d5(&+=$+/K *,/7 25(1%$5 )@5 '(1 h$//N '$66 m5,67$// 81' n,&+7:(//( 9(56&+,('(1( u&+5$8%(16,11( %(6,7=(1P q'(5 $1'(56 )2508/,(57\ y(11 n,&+7 81' m5,67$//%$8 */(,&+(1 u&+5$8%(16,11 +$%(1N '$11 ,67 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 67>5.(5 81' $/6 h2/*( '$921 ,67 ',( d5(&+=$+/ *5?M(5 %(, 81*/(,&+(0 u&+5$8%(16,11P h@5 ',( d(2%$&+781* '(5 =,5.8/$5(1 f233(/%5(&+81* 0866 %(,0 s8$5= '(5 m5,6O 7$// =80 n,&+7675$+/ (,1( %(67,007( c865,&+781* +$%(1N '$0,7 ',( 9,(/ 67>5.(5( /,O 1($5( f233(/%5(&+81* 9(50,('(1 :,5'P k0 r5,1=,3 75,77 =,5.8/$5( f233(/%5(&+81* $%(5 $8&+ $8)N :(11 ',( NNu&+5$8%(1DDN ',( )@5 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 9(5$17:257/,&+ 6,1'N 67$7,67,6&+ ,627523 9(57(,/7( c&+6(15,&+781*(1 +$%(1P x,(/( h/@66,*.(,7(1 J=P dP v(53(17,1K 81' :>665,*( n?681*(1 J921 t2+5=8&.(5N y(,16>85( (7&PK =(,*(1 f5(+O 9(50?*(1N 9(5856$&+7 '85&+ u&+5$8%(16,11 ,0 o2/(.@/%$8N '(5 +,(5 e+,5$/,7>7 J&+,5O $/,77DDN '(5 $8&+ $/6 u1*,* ,67 921 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 n,&+7675$+/6N :(&+6(/7 '(5 h$5$'$5.( 2'(5 n,&+7:(* 80*(.(+57 :,5'P f$6 +$7 (,1( ,17(5(66$17(N 6&+21 921 h$5$'$< (5.$117( m216(48(1=\ y(,/ 6,&+ %(, t@&.63,(*(/81* '(6 n,&+7(6 $8) '(0 t@&.:(* 1,&+7 185 ',( f5(+5,&+781* '(6 h$O 5$'$7 '(6 n,&+7(6 J'(5 f5(+6,11 %/(,%7 (5+$/7(1N ',( t,&+781* .(+57 6,&+ 80KN />667 6,&+ '85&+ 0(+5)$&+( u3,(*(/81* ',( %(2%$&+7%$5( f5(+81* 9(5*5?M(51P f,( f5(+81* '(5 r2/$5,6$7,216(%(1( +$7 '(1 */(,&+(1 f5(+6,11 :,( '(5 u75209866 J%(=2*(1 $8) 326,7,9( n$'81*675>*(5K ,1 '(5 )(/'(5=(8*(1'(1 u38/(P h@5 )(5520$*1(7,6&+( u8%67$1=(1 ,67 '(5 h$5$'$66,*P f,( o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781* /,(*7 %(, '@11(1 u&+,&+7(1 81' 1,&+7 =8 67$5.(0 >8M(5(1 dOh(/' ,1 '(5 u&+,&+7(%(1(P w0 (,1( m20O 321(17( 921 5 3$5$//(/ =80 n,&+7:(* =8 (5+$/7(1N :,5' ',( u&+,&+7 6&+5>* '85&+O 675$+/7P d(,0 h$5$'$1*( /,(*7N 0,7 '(5 u8%67$1= ,1 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 75(7(1 81' 62=86$*(1 %(,0 g,1'5,1*(1 81' %(,0 c86O 75(7(1 (,1(1 h$5$'$//(1 127:(1',* ,67N 80 (,1( dOm20321(17( 3$5$//(/ =80 n,&+7:(* =8 (5+$/7(1N 6,1' ',( x(5+>/71,66( .203/,=,(57] (6 (1767(+7 (,1( dO$%+>1*,*( (//,37,6&+( r2/$5,6$7,21P f$6 ,67 '(5 0$*1(72237,6&+( m(55Og5(.7 JSZYYKP

M

Polarisator (a)

Objekt

Analysator

Bild (b) Wall

Wall

c%%P XPWW h$5$'$7:(5. />667 (5 u$*5('2 J)@5 ,+1 6(/%67 635(&+(1'K '(1 u,03/,&,2 '$5@%(5 %(/(+5(1N '$66 '$6 u(+(1 '(6 o@1'81*6)(8(56 (,1(5 (17)(517(1 m$121(N /$1*( %(925 '(5 m1$// '$6 q+5 (55(,&+7N 185 =(,*7N '$66 6,&+ '(5 u&+$// 9,(/ /$1*6$0(5 $86%5(,7(7 $/6 '$6 n,&+7N $%(5 1,&+7 (176&+(,'(7N 2% '$6 n,&+7 81(1'/,&+ 6&+1(// '$6 c8*( (55(,&+7 2'(5 '$)@5 (,1( .85=(N $%(5 (1'/,&+( |(,7 %(1?7,*7P f,( (567(1 (5)2/*5(,&+(1 o(7+2'(1 =85 d(67,0081* '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 :$O 5(1 $6752120,6&+( o(7+2'(1] 6,( %(187=7(1 ',( m(1171,6 921 g5'%$+1Of85&+0(66(5 J02'(51(5 y(57 &$P URR o,2P .0 . & 6 SRU 6K %=:P g5'%$+1Oi(6&+:,1',*.(,7 J&$P UR .0B6 . SR2V &KP f,( (567( d(67,0081* (,1(6 (1'/,&+(1 y(57(6 )@5 ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 *(/$1* q/( t2(0(5 SXYXP g5 $5%(,7(7( $1 '(5 r$5,6(5 c&$'(E 0,( t21*(1 %(O )$667(P y(,/ (6 12&+ .(,1( 6(()(67(1 e+52120(7(5 *$%N 62//7(1 ',( w0/>8)( '(5 l83,O 7(5021'( $/6 |(,70$M *(187=7 :(5'(1P d(621'(56 '$)@5 *((,*1(7 ,67 '(5 $0 6&+1(//6O 7(1 80/$8)(1'( ,11(567( '(5 921 i$/,/(, (17'(&.7(1 o21'(N k2N '(5 (,1( w0/$8)6=(,7 921 VT +N TZ 0,1N UX 6 %(6,7=7P f$6 g,17$8&+(1 921 k2 ,1 '(1 u&+$77(1 '(6 l83,7(56 :$5 0,7 '(1 '$0$/6 6&+21 9(5)@*%$5(1 h(5152+5(1 *87 =8 %(2%$&+7(1P k11(5+$/% '(5 k2Or(5,2'( 921 .1$33 =:(, v$*(1 %/(,%7 '(5 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 l83,7(5 81' g5'( 1$+(=8 .2167$17P f$ l83,7(5 )@5 (,1(1 w0/$8) 80 ',( u211( SSPZXO0$/ />1*(5( |(,7 %(1?7,*7 $/6 ',( g5'(N ,67 ',( |(,7 =:,6&+(1 $8)(,1$1'(5 )2/*(1'(1 *5?M7(1 c1O 1>+(581*(1 %(,'(5 r/$1(7(1 J$6752120,6&+\ 61*(5 $/6 (,1 l$+5N 1>0/,&+ S $N UV 'P p$&+ '(5 +$/%(1 |(,7 +$7 ',( g17O )(5181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 r/$1(7(1 ,+5(1 o$;,0$/:(57 (55(,&+7N '(5 80 '(1 g5'O %$+1'85&+0(66(5 *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 o,1,0$/:(57P t2(0(5 (5.$117( $86 '(1 925O /,(*(1'(1 d(2%$&+781*(1N '$66 ',( %(2%$&+7(7(1 x(57167(581*(1 '(6 k2 0,7 '(1 925$86%(5(&+1(7(1 1,&+7 @%(5(,167,007(1N :(11 6,&+ ',( g17)(5181* l83,7(5Og5'( ,1 '(5 @%(5%5@&.7(1 |(,7 :(6(17/,&+ >1'(57(P c86 '(1 c%:(,&+81*(1 81' '(0 $86 $6752120,6&+(1 o(6681*(1 %(.$117(1 g5'%$+1'85&+0(66(5 %(67,007( (5 ',( n,&+7O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 =8 TSV RRR .0B6P g567 $/6 (6 l$0(6 d5$'/(< SYT[ *(/$1*N (,1(1 9(5*/(,&+%$5 *52M(1 y(57 )@5 & 0,7 (,1(5 9?//,* $1'(5(1 o(7+2'( =8 %(67,00(1N :85'( ',( g1'/,&+.(,7 '(5 n,&+7*(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 $//0>+/,&+ $.=(37,(57P A d5$'/(< 68&+7( 1$&+ r26,7,216>1'(581*(1 921

VUZ

X n,&+7 Sternenlicht Sternenlicht Fernrohr

scheinbare Winkeländerung der Sternposition

Sonne (a)

(b)

Erdbahn

Beobachter auf der Erde

c%%P XPWX |85 $6752120,6&+(1 c%(55$7,21\ J$K d(2%$&+781* (,1(6 u7(516N '(5 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 g5'%$+1(%(1( Jg./,37,.K 67(+7] J%K o$;,0$/( r26,7,2169(5>1'(581* ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 l$+5(6P

u7(51(1N ',( $/6 r$5$//$;(1 =8 (5:$57(1 6,1'N :(11 6,&+ ',( u7(51( ,1 g17)(5181*(1 %(71'(1N ',( ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 g5'%$+1'85&+0(66(5 1,&+7 81(1'/,&+ *52M 6,1'P d5$'/(< )$1' >+1/,&+( g5*(%1,66( )@5 $//( 817(568&+7(1 h,;67(51(N 1>0/,&+ (,1( ->+5O /,&+( r26,7,2166&+:$1.81* 921 u TRf Jy,1.(/6(.81'(1KP f,( c%:(,&+81* ,67 0$O ;,0$/N :(11 ',( g5'%$+1Oi(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c 6(1.5(&+7 =85 d(2%$&+781*65,&+781*N $/62 6(1.5(&+7 =85 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 P '(6 u7(51(1/,&+7(6 67(+7P d5$'/(< (5./>57( ',(6(1 $6752120,6&+( c%(55$7,21 *(1$117(1 g5(.7 '85&+ ',( (1'/,&+( n,&+7*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 81' (50,77(/7( '$5$86 (,1(1 y(57 )@5 & 921 &$P URR RRR .0B6P Ly,( :,5 +(87(

R o nei egen ptima gun sch ler gsw irm ink el

(a)

Geschwindigkeit des Tropfens

(b)

(c) Geschwindigkeit der Person

c%%P XPWY c1$/2*,(%(,63,(/ =85 c%(55$7,21\ J$K +25,=217$/( d(:(*81* 81' 6(1.5(&+7 )$//(1'(5 t(*(1N J%K 237,0$/( p(,*81* '(6 u&+,50(6N J&K t(*(1Oc%(55$7,21 J1$&+ gPoP t2*(56N NNr+1=81* =85 t(*(1Oc%(55$7,21 921 c%%P XPWY\ h@5 '(1 y,1.(/ ,67 ',( t(/$7,9O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (176&+(,'(1'P j,(5 %/>67 '(5 y,1' '(1 t(*(1 ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(6 67(+(1'(1 u&+,5075>*(56P

:,66(1N .2117( d5$'/(< ',( :$+5(1 r$5$//$;(1 '(5 h,;67(51( '$0$/6 12&+ *$5 1,&+7 0(66(1N :(,/ 6,( $//( ./(,1(5 $/6 Sf 6,1'Pb |8 d5$'/(1'(581*C o$1 %5$8&+7 *$5 1,&+7 ',( t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,( =8 %(0@+(1N 80 '$6 t(68/7$7 921 c,5< 81' j2(. 5,&+7,* =8 '(87(1\ f(5 0,7 '(5 g5'%$+1Oi(6&+:,1',*.(,7 %(:(*7( d(2%$&+7(5 %(71'(7 6,&+ ,1 '(0 %(:(*7(1 d(=8*661'(57(1 t,&+781* =80 h(5152+5N 62 :,( ',( 920 y,1' ,1 t,&+781* '(6 u&+,5075>*(56 *(%/$6(1(1 t(*(1O 7523)(1 Jc%%P XPWZKP h@5 ',( d(2%$&+781* '(6 6&+5>* (,1)$//(1'(1 u7(51(1/,&+7(6 0866 '$6 v(/(6.23 '(1 5,&+7,*(1 p(,*81*6:,1.(/ +$%(1N $%(5 (6 ,67 %(/$1*/26N :,( *52M ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,0 h(5152+5 ,67P f,( (567(1 7(55(675,6&+(1 d(67,0081*60(7+2'(1 )@5 & :$5(1 ',( |$+15$'Oo(7+2'( 921 cPjP h,=($8 JSZV[K 81' ',( f5(+63,(*(/Oo(7+2'( 921 nP h28&$8/7 JSZXTKP d(,'( %(187=(1 (,1( c125'181*N ,1 '(5 '$6 n,&+7 (,1( %(67,007( u75(&.( n +,1O 81' =8O 5@&./>8)7N *(1$8 :,( ,0 x(568&+ 921 i$/,/(,P y(,/ 181 %(66(5( n,&+7675$+/(1 =85

VVR

X n,&+7

(a)

(b)

c%%P XPW[ v(55(675,6&+( o(7+2'(1 =85 d(67,0081* '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7\ J$K |$+15$'O o(7+2'(N J%K f5(+63,(*(/Oo(7+2'(P k0 c%67$1' n /,1.6 920 u75$+/817(5%5(&+(5 J1,&+7 *(O =(,*7K :,5' '(5 u75$+/ 5(9(.7,(57P

x(5)@*81* 67$1'(1N .2117( '(5 c66,67(17 0,7 6(,1(5 =:(,7(1 n$7(51( '85&+ (,1(1 5(9(.7,(5(1'(1 u3,(*(/ (56(7=7 :(5'(1P |85 |(,70(6681* :85'(1 527,(5(1'( u75$+/O 817(5%5(&+(5 (,1*(6(7=7 Jc%%P XPW[KP k1 '(5 n,&+7/$8)=(,7 7 3 TnB& 0866 6,&+ %(, '(5 h,=($8I6&+(1 o(7+2'( '$6 |$+15$' 921 (,1(5 '(1 u75$+/ '85&+/$66(1'(1 |$+1/@&.( =85 1>&+67(1 %(:(*7 +$%(1N %(, '(5 h28&$8/7I6&+(1 o(7+2'( 0866 6,&+ (,1 f5(+63,(*(/ 0,7 Z u3,(*(/9>&+(1 80 UXR]BZ 3 VW] *('5(+7 +$%(1P k1 ',( (55(,&+%$5( o(66*(1$8,*.(,7 *(+7 1,&+7 185 ',( n>1*( n 81' ',( i(1$8,*.(,7 ,+5(5 x(50(6681* (,1N 621'(51 925 $//(0 $8&+ ',( t27$7,216*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 u75$+/817(5%5(&+(56N 62:,( ,+5( m2167$17+$/781* 81' o(6681*P f,( h,=($8I6&+( o(O 7+2'( J=8(567 0,7 n 3 ZPX .0K (50?*/,&+7( ',( $//(5(567( 7(55(675,6&+( d(67,0081* 921 &] ,1 r5>=,6,2160(6681*(1 ZRASRR l$+5( 63>7(5 :85'( '$6 |$+15$' '85&+ (,1( 0,7 +2&+)5(48(17(5 j2&+63$1181* *(67(8(57( m(55O|(//( (56(7=7P f,( h28&$8/7I6&+( o(7+2'( J,0 (567(1 g;3(5,0(17 0,7 n 3 TR 0K :$5 '(5 h,O =($8I6&+(1 @%(5/(*(1P o,7 (,1(0 ./(,1(1 n 921 (,1,*(1 o(7(51 /,()(57( ',(6( o(7+2'( *(1@*(1' i(1$8,*.(,7 )@5 ',( d($17:25781* '(5 h5$*(N 2% n,&+7 6,&+ ,1 o(',(1 0,7 1#S /$1*6$0(5 2'(5 6&+1(//(5 $/6 ,1 x$.880 Jn8)7K $86%5(,7(7P o,7 9,(/(1 x(5O %(66(581*(1 '(5 v(&+1,. 81' (,1(0 6(+5 *52M(1 n 921 UW .0 (5=,(/7( cP o,&+(/621 S[TZ ',( 3+$17$67,6&+( i(1$8,*.(,7 921 (& 3 uV .0B6P f(5 o,&+(/621I6&+( o(66O :(57 :85'( 63>7(5 */>1=(1' %(67>7,*7\ k11(5+$/% '(6 ./(,1(1 h(+/(5,17(59$//6 /,(*7 $8&+ '(5 02'(51( d(67:(57 921 T[[ Y[T VWZ .0B6N '(5 ,0 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(5 p(8'(71,7,21 '(6 o(7(56 =85 h(67/(*81* 921 & %(187=7 :85'(P

XPTPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,1 %(:(*7(1 o(',(1 j,(5 *(+7 (6 1,&+7 '$580N ,1 (,1(0 o(',80 NN;DD ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 &; 3 &B1;

JXPYYK

=8 0(66(1N 621'(51 80 ',( m/>581* '(5 h5$*(N 2% 6,&+ ',( c86%5(,781*6*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 '(6 n,&+7(6 ,0 o(',80 >1'(57N :(11 '$6 o(',80 0,7 (,1(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 * & 3$5$//(/ 2'(5 $17,3$5$//(/ =85 c86%5(,781*65,&+781* '(6 n,&+7(6 %(:(*7 :,5'P

XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

VVS

u(/%67 ./(,1( i(6&+:,1',*.(,76>1'(581*(1N ',( =8 ./(,1(1 x(5>1'(581*(1 '(5 n,&+7/$8)=(,7 )@+5(1N /$66(1 6,&+ 6(+5 *(1$8 ,17(5)(520(75,6&+ %(67,00(1\ |:(, .2O +>5(17( v(,/675$+/(1N '(5(1 n$8)=(,7',5(5(1= (,1( 12&+ ,11(5+$/% '(5 m2+>5(1==(,7 /,(*(1'( }1'(581* (5)>+57N :(5'(1 @%(5/$*(57 81' %,/'(1 (,1 k17(5)(5(1=Ou75(,)(1O 0867(5P f,( n$8)=(,7>1'(581* (17635,&+7 (,1(5 }1'(581* '(5 r+$6(1',5(5(1=N ',( 6,&+ $/6 (,1( x(5/$*(581* '(5 k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 $86:,5.7P y(,/ ',( %(,'(1 v(,/675$+O /(1 =:,6&+(1 u75$+/7(,/81* 81' %(5/$*(581* 1,( (;$.7 ',( */(,&+( 237,6&+( y(*/>1*( %(6,7=(1N />667 6,&+ (,1( (,10$/,*( x(5/$*(581* 1,&+7 0(66(1P x(56&+,(%81*(1 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=7*85N ',( 0,7 x(5>1'(581*(1 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 Jg,1O 81' c866&+$/O 7(1N w0.(+5(1K 9(5.1@3)7 6,1'N /$66(1 6,&+ 6(+5 *(1$8 %(67,00(1] '(5 5(/$7,9( o(66O )(+/(5 (&B& ,67 '$%(, ./(,1(5 $/6 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 +Bs 0,7 s 3 y(*/>1*( ,0 o(',80P f$6 }7+(5352%/(0P f,( :,66(16&+$)7/,&+( d('(8781* 62/&+(5 o(6681*(1 (5*$% 6,&+ $86 '(0 }7+(5352%/(0 '(6 S[P l$+5+81'(576\ f(5 $/6 o(',80 )@5 ',( n,&+7$86%5(,O 781* $1*(1200(1( }7+(5 08667( '(1 *$1=(1 t$80 (5)@//(1N 1,&+7 185 x$.880 81' n8)7N 621'(51 $8&+ /,&+7O'85&+/>66,*( h/@66,*.(,7(1 81' h(67.?53(5P g,1 '(1 *$1=(1 t$80 (5)@//(1'(5 58+(1'(5 }7+(5 :@5'( (,1 3+67 0,7 '(5 t(/$7,9*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 29 '85&+ '$6 %(:(*7( o(',80 JNN}7+(5:,1'DDKP h 3 S +(,M7 NN92//( o,7)@+581*DDN '(5 0,7*()@+57( }7+(5 58+7 ,0 %(:(*7(1 o(',80P u&+21 SZSZ +$77( cPlP h5(61(/ $8) '(5 d$6,6 6(,1(5 J,0 o2'(//$16$7= )$/6&+(1K NN(/$67,6&+(1DD n,&+77+(25,( )@5 ',( o,7)@+581* ',( h250(/ h 3 S2SB1T

JXPYZK

+(5*(/(,7(7P h@5 y$66(5 0,7 1 3 SPUU )2/*7 '$5$86 h 3 RPVUP f(5 y(57 '(6 o,7)@+581*6.2(5,=,(17(1 .$11 ',5(.7 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1N =P dP )@5 675?0(1'(6 y$66(5P f$=8 ',(17(1 c125'181*(1 1$&+ '(0 u&+(0$ 921 c%%P XPXR JjP h,=($8N SZWSN SZWU] cPcP o,&+(/621 81' gPyP o25/(O 581* '$)@5 :,5' ,1 c%6&+1P XPUPS *(*(%(1P

XPTPU o,&+(/621Oo25/(1*( 921 SS 0 =8 .200(1N :85'(1 ',( u75$+/(1 0(+5)$&+ +,1 81' +(5 5(9(.7,(57 Jc%%P XPXTKP w0 w16,&+(5+(,7(1 '85&+ 817(56&+,('/,&+ /$1*( y(*( ,1 o$7(5,( $86=86&+$/7(1N :85'( (,1( m255(.7853/$77( (,1*()@*7P f,( =85 o(6681* (5)25'(5/,&+( f5(+81* '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 80 [R] 08667( %(, '(5 $1*(675(%7(1 ,17(5O )(520(75,6&+(1 i(1$8,*.(,7 6(+5 6$1)7 (5)2/*(1\ f$=8 :85'( '$6 $8) (,1(5 48$'5$O 7,6&+(1 u7(,13/$77( Jf,$*21$//>1*( T 0K $8)*(%$87( g;3(5,0(17N '$6 $8) (,1(0 +?/O =(51(1 NNh/2MDD ,1 (,1(0 s8(&.6,/%(5Od(&.(1 6&+:$00 81' 80 (,1(1 u7,)7 ,1 '(5 o,77( /(,&+7 '5(+%$5 :$5N /$1*6$0 81' */(,&+0>M,* @%(5 u781'(1 527,(57P f(5 d(O 2%$&+7(5 /,() '$1(%(1 ,0 m5(,6 80+(5P f$6 o,&+(/621Oo25/(7,*7( 0,7 +(59255$*(1'(5 r5>=,6,21 '$6 6&+21 SZZS ,1 r276'$0 (5+$/7(1( p8//Ot(68/7$7P w0 $86=86&+/,(M(1N '$66 =85 |(,7

c%%P XPXT u75$+/(1*$1* '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6N '(5 ',( o(+5)$&+5(9(;,21(1 =(,*7 J1$&+ cPcP o,&+(/621KP

XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

VVW

'(5 o(6681* ',( c%62/87*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g5'( *(5$'( =8)>//,* ',&+7 %(, 18// /$*N :85'(1 ',( o(6681*(1 ,1 c%67>1'(1 921 (,1,*(1 o21$7(1 :,('(5+2/7P p,( .2117( (,1( 5,&+781*6$%+>1*,*( x(56(7=81* '(5 k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 )(67*(67(//7 :(5'(1P j>77( '$6 o,&+(/621Oo25/(5( '$6 6,&+(5 921 6(+5 *52M(0 $67523+1O =(1' %(67>7,*7 :85'(1N (5./>57(1 '$6 n,&+7 $/6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//(N ',( 6,&+ ,0 x$.880 $86%5(,7(1 .$11P g,1 o(',80 0,7 %(621'(5(1 3+77(N :>5( '$0,7 '(5 y,'(56358&+ =85 ./$66,6&+(1 r+*/,&+N '$66 ',( x$.880O n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,1 $//(1 d(=8*66767+(25,( 6,1' (,1,*( 81*(:?+1/,&+( p(8(581*(1 9(5O %81'(1N ',( =8 +()7,*(1 m217529(56(1 )@+57(1N %(925 ',( v+(25,( 6,&+ $//*(0(,1 '85&+6(7=(1 .2117(\ A f,( x$.880On,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 & ,67 '(5 2%(5( i5(1=:(57 )@5 $//( u,*1$/*(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7(1P A g6 *,%7 .(,1( $%62/87( |(,7P A f85&+ ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 |(,7 920 d(:(*81*6=867$1' '(6 d(=8*661=81* =85 ./$66,6&+(1 o(&+$1,. *(%5$&+7] ',( 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( m,1(0$7,. :,5' ,1 d$1' V Jd(O 67$1'7(,/( '(5 o$7(5,(KN m$3,7(/ W Jg/(0(17$57(,/&+(1K ,0 c1+$1* %(+$1'(/7P k1 d$1' U Jq37,.KN m$3,7(/ SW Ju75$+/81*6352=(66( 81' q37,. ,1 '(5 t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,(K ,67 '(5 (567( c%6&+1,77 '(5 u3(=,(//(1 t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,( *(:,'0(7P j,(5 62// 185 '$6 (5:>+17 :(5'(1N :$6 =80 x(567>1'1,6 '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 u75$+/81* 81%(',1*7 (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67P

XPUPS n25(17=Ov5$16)250$7,21 y,5 %(75$&+7(1 =:(, d(=8*66&+/,&+ '(0 c16$7= 921 i/P JXPZYK (17635(O &+(1N .$11 '85&+ g,16(7=(1 %(67>7,*7 :(5'(1P d(, '(5 n25(17=Ov5$16)250$7,21 9(5>1'(51 6,&+ |(,7,17(59$//( 81' 5>80/,&+( c%O 67>1'(P f$66 (6 35,1=,3,(// 0?*/,&+ ,67N w+5(1 81' o$M67>%( ,1 =:(, *(*(1(,1$1'(5 %(:(*7(1 d(=8*66767+(25,( /,()(57 )@5 ',( n,&+7)5(48(1= |S2J9B&KT S09B& 3 - LSu9B&1 ST J9B&KT u"bP

-A 3 -

JXPSRTK

j,(5 ,67 & ',( x$.880On,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' 9 ',( t(/$7,9*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 s8(//( 81' d(2%$&+7(5 J2%(5(6 x25=(,&+(1 )@5 c11>+(581*KP y,( ',( t(,+(1(17O :,&./81* 9(5'(87/,&+7N /,(*7 ',( i5?M( '(6 237,6&+(1 f233/(5Og5(.7(6N $86*('5@&.7 '85&+ '$6 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(5+>/71,6 9B&N =:,6&+(1 '(1 y(57(1 )@5 ',( %(,'(1 x$O 5,$17(1 '(6 $.867,6&+(1 f233/(5Og5(.7(6 1$&+ i/P JXPSRRK 81' i/P JXPSRSKP v5$169(56$/(5 237,6&+(5 f233/(5Og5(.7P p(%(1 '(0 )@5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1 :,&+7,*(1 /21*,78',1$/(1 f233/(5Og5(.7 *,%7 (6 $8&+ 12&+ '(1 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5(1 75$169(5O 6$/(1N '(5 =8 %(2%$&+7(1 ,67N :(11 ',( t(/$7,9%(:(*81* 921 s8(//( 81' d(2%$&+7(5 6(1.5(&+7 =8 ,+5(5 x(5%,1'81*6/,1,( 67$7771'(7P f,( %(2%$&+7(7( h5(48(1= ,67 ,00(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( (0,77,(57(P g6 *,/7 -A 3 - |S2J9B&KT P

JXPSRUK

VWR

X n,&+7

u&+5(,%7 0$1 ',(6( d(=,(+81* 80 )@5 ',( r(5,2'(1/>1*(1 vA 81' vN '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ 0,7 9B& 3 # vA 3 v B LS2#TbSBT 3 $ vP

JXPSRVK

f$6 ,67 $%(5 $8&+ ',( h250(/ )@5 ',( 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( |(,7',/$7$7,21N ',( $86 '(5 n25(17=Ov5$16)250$7,21 )2/*7P h@5 '(1 J58+(1'(1K d(2%$&+7(5 6&+(,17 ',( |(,7 ,0 t8+(61'(581* '(6 p(11(56 921 i/P JXPSRTKN 0$6.,(57P

XPUPU v5$16)250$7,21 '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(5 w17(5=,(+7 0$1 ',( o$;:(//I6&+(1 i/(,&+81*(1 '(5 n25(17=Ov5$16)250$7,21N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 1$&+ />1*(5(5 t(&+181* Jd'P UN c%6&+1P SWPSPUK ',( v5$16)250$7,216O */(,&+81*(1 )@5 ',( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(5P y,5 9(5:(1'(1 :,('(5 ',( @%/,&+(1 c%.@5=81*(1 # 3 9B&

81' $ 3 JS2#TK2SBT

JXPSRWK

0,7 9 3 d(75$* '(5 t(/$7,9*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 %(:(*7(1 u1'(51 6,&+ 1,&+7P gA; 3 g;N

dA; 3 d;P

JXPSRXK

TP f,( h(/'67>5.(.20321(17(1 ,1 +(581* $ . S J$%(5 ,00(5 12&+ ##RK .?11(1 i/P JXPSRXK 81' i/P JXPSRYK 9(.725,(// :,( )2/*7 =86$00(1*()$667 :(5'(1N 8A 3 L81c45bN

5A 3 L52&2TJc48KbN

JXPSRZK

XPU t(/$7,9,67,6&+( q37,.

VWS

'$ ',( ;Om20321(17(1 '(5 c (17+$/7(1'(1 m5(8=352'8.7( 9(56&+:,1'(1P f,( %(,'(1 i/(,&+81*(1 :(5'(1 9?//,* 65.( J,1 xB0K 0,7 '(5 gOh(/'67>5.( 9(5*/(,&+7 81' '(1 1250,(57(1 i(6&+:,1',*O .(,769(.725 ^ 3 cB& %(187=7\ 8A 3 L81^4J&5KbN &5A 3 L&52^48bP

JXPSR[K

f,( /,1.( i/(,&+81*N 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 n$'81* 4N %(6&+5(,%7 ',( m5$)7 9 3 48AN ',( ,0 t8+(6667 6,&+ :,( )2/*7 9(567(+(1\ k0 t8+(65.( g< N ',( 80 '(1 h$.725 $ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 gA< N :>+5(1' ',( h(/'67>5.( 3$5$//(/ =85 d(:(*81*65,&+781* 819(5>1O '(57 %/(,%7 Jg; 3 gA; KP d(, '(5 v5$16)250$7,21 '(5 c%67>1'( %/(,%7 '(5 =8 c 6(1.5(&+7( c%67$1' 819(5>1'(57N :>+5(1' ; :(*(1 '(5 n>1*(1.2175$.7,21 80 '(1 h$.725 $2S ./(,1(5 $/6 ;A ,67P f(6+$/% *,/7 ,0 n$%2561'(57 81' '85&+ ,1(/$67,6&+( r52=(66( J925O :,(*(1' u72M,21,6$7,21K :,5' (6 $%*(%5(067P f,( 0,7 ',(6(1 r52=(66(1 9(5%81'(1( u75$+/81* :,5' 3$86&+$/ $/6 d5(06675$+/81* %(=(,&+1(7P v6&+(5(1.2:Ou75$+/81*P f,(6( u75$+/81* 75,77 $8)N :(11 6,&+ (,1 *(/$'(1(6 v(,/&+(1 0,7 (,1(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9"& '85&+ (,1 '85&+6,&+7,*(6 o(',80 %(:(*7N ,1 '(0 ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 &J1K 3 &B1 ./(,1(5 $/6 9 ,67P f$6 r+>120(1 ,67 >+1/,&+ '(0 '(5 f58&.:(//(1N $86*(/?67 '85&+ %(56&+$//O i(6&+266(N 2'(5 '(0 '(5 d8*:(//(1N (5=(8*7 921 u&+,5(1N '(5(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( r+$6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 q%(59>&+(1Oy$66(5:(//(1 J9*/P d'P SKP g6 %,/'(7 6,&+ (,1( m23):(//( 0,7 '(0 71*,* ,67N :,5' 185 ,1 %(67,00O 7(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+(1 ',( '85&+ i/P JXPSSRK *(*(%(1( d(',1*81* 1#&B9 3 #2S

JXPSSSK

(5)@//7] 185 %(, ',(6(1 h5(48(1=(1 :,5' u75$+/81* (0,77,(57P c1'(56 +(580 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 (,1(5 )@5 '(1 (5)$667(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ *(*(%(1(1 d5(&+=$+/ 1 (,1 u&+:(/O /(1:(57 )@5 ',( v(,/&+(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 2'(5 ',( v(,/&+(1(1(5*,( gP p$&+ '(5 t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,( ,67 ',( i(6$07(1(5*,( (,1(6 v(,/&+(16 '(5 o$66( 0 *(*(%(1 '85&+ g 3 $0& TP c8M(5'(0 *(+?57 =8 -('(5 o$66( 0 ',( 62 *(1$117( t8O +((1(5*,( gR 3 0& TP d(,63,(/\ gR 3 RPWSS o(x )@5 g/(.7521(1N RP[UZ i(x )@5 r52O 721(1P f(5 n25(17=Oh$.725 $ *,%7 $/62 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 i(6$07(1(5*,( =85 t8O +((1(5*,( (,1(6 v(,/&+(16] ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( ,67 5(/$7,9,67,6&+ */(,&+ '(5 f,5(5(1= 921 i(6$07O 81' t8+((1(5*,( J81' :,5' 185 )@5 '(1 i5(1=)$// # S R '85&+ ST 09T %(6&+5,(%(1KPS c86 i/P JXPSSRK )2/*7 ',( u&+:(//(1%(',1*81* $ 3 gBgR #JS2SB1TK2SBTP

JXPSSTK

|$+/(1%(,63,(/(\ $ 3 SPWT )@5 jTq J1 3 SPUUK] $ 3 STU )@5 j(/,80 921 S $70 J1 3 SPRRRRUUKP f(5 g5(.7 :85'( S[UV 921 rP v6&+(5(1.2: 81' uPkP y$:,/2: (17'(&.7 81' S[UY 921 kPlP v$00 81' kPpP h5$1. 7+(25(7,6&+ (5./>57P f,( u75$+/81* ,67 /,1($5 32/$O 5,6,(57] '(5 gOx(.725 /,(*7 ,1 '(5 g%(1(N ',( ',( d(2%$&+781*65,&+781* 81' '(1 v(,/O &+(1675$+/ (17+>/7P h@5 y$66(5 $/6 t$',$725 81' (,1)$&+ *(/$'(1( +2&+(1(5*(7,6&+( v(,/&+(1 :(5'(1 ,0 6,&+7%$5(1 v(,/ '(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 u3(.75806 (,1,*( +81O '(57 r+2721(1 $8) -('(1 |(17,0(7(5 d$+1/>1*( (0,77,(57P f,( g1(5*,(9(5/867( '85&+ g0,66,21 921 v6&+(5(1.2:Ou75$+/81* 6,1' 6(+5 ./(,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 $1'(5(1 0,7 '(0 f85&+*$1* '85&+ '$6 o(',80 9(5%81'(1(1 g1(5*,(9(5/867(1P k1 '(5 j2&+(1(5*,(3+1*,*] %(, 0(+5)$&+ *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 :>&+67 ',( n,&+7$86%(87( 3523257,21$/ =80 s8$'5$7 '(5 n$'81*P h@5 j2&+(1(5*,(Og;3(5,0(17( :(5'(1 t$',$725(1 0,7 817(56&+,('/,O &+(1 d5(&+=$+/(1 %(1?7,*7] '(5 d(5(,&+ SPU"1"SPY .$11 0,7 h/@66,*.(,7(1 81' i/>6(51 (5)$667 :(5'(1N )@5 ./(,1(5( 1 :(5'(1 c(52*(/6 81' i$6( 817(5 9(56&+,(O '(1(0 f58&. 9(5:(1'(7P d(6&+/(81,*7( n$'81*(1P p$&+ '(5 o$;:(//I6&+(1 v+(25,( ,67 ',( 921 (,1(5 %(6&+/(8O 1,*7(1 n$'81* (0,77,(57( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* '(0 s8$'5$7 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81* 352O S

k1 9,(/(1 (,1)@+5(1'(1 d@&+(51 81' ,1 3238/>5:,66(16&+$)7/,&+(1 f$567(//81*(1 :,5' 67$77 '(5 +,(5 9(5:(1'(7(1 .2167$17(1 o$66( 0 (,1( *(6&+:,1',*.(,76$%+>1*,*( NN.,1(7,6&+( o$66(DD 0 3 $0R (,1*()@+57 81' 0R $/6 NNt8+(0$66(DD %(=(,&+1(7P u2 ,67 $8&+ ',( %(5@+07( h250(/ g 3 0&T =8 9(567(+(1P t(/$7,9,7>767+(25(7,.(5 %(925=8*(1 ',( .2167$17( o$66( 0 81' 6&+5(,%(1 g 3 $0&T 81' gR 3 0&TP

VWV

X n,&+7

£

Teilchenstrahl

Strahlblende

PhotonenDetektor

Radiator zylindrischer Reflektor

c%%P XPXW u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* (,1(6 v6&+(5(1.2:Of(7(.7256P f,( (,1*(=(,&+1(7(1 n,&+7675$+/(1 67(+(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 y(//(1)5217 921 c%%P XPXV%P

3257,21$/P h@5 (,1( 0,7 '(5 m5(,6)5(48(1= 6 26=,//,(5(1'( f,32/On$'81* ,67 ',( i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 6 6N ',( d(6&+/(81,*81* 6 6T 81' '(5(1 s8$'5$7 6 6V J9*/P i/P JWPSUSKKP f,( y,1.(/9(57(,/81* '(5 u75$+/81*6/(,6781* ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 6,1TKN :2%(, b '(5 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 d(2%$&+781*65,&+781* 81' d(6&+/(81,*81* N ,67P f$ ',( c86675$+/81* 1,&+7 920 x25=(,&+(1 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81* $%+>1*7N ,67 '$6 g5*(%1,6 )@5 (,1( */(,&+)?50,* %(6&+/(81,*7( n$'81* 81' )@5 (,1( 26=,//,(5(1'( n$'81* 0,7 '(06(/%(1 =(,7/,&+(1 o,77(/:(57 921 8N8T */(,&+P y(,/ $%(5 '(5 j2&+)5(48(1=Of,32/ '(5 7(&+1,6&+ :,&+7,*67( h$// 921 u75$+/81*6(0,66,21 ,67N :,5' ',( u75$+/81* (,1(5 %(6&+/(81,*7(1 n$'81* 0(,67 817(5 '(0 p$0(1 f,32/675$+/81* ',6.87,(57P A p81 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 n$'81*(1N ',( %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1 81' 6,&+ '$%(, 0,7 6(+5 *52M(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 %(:(*(1P f,( $86 o$;:(//I6&+(5 v+(25,( 81' 63(=,(//(5 t(/$7,O 9,7>767+(25,( )2/*(1'(1 g5*(%1,66( :(5'(1 +,(5 185 .85= %(6&+5,(%(1P c8&+ +,(5%(, ,67 ',( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* 3523257,21$/ =8 8N8TN $%(5 u75$+/81*6/(,6781* 81' y,1O .(/9(57(,/81* 6,1' 181 6(+5 67$5. $%+>1*,* 921 d(75$* 81' t,&+781* '(5 n$'81*6O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 cP g6 ,67 +,(5 @%/,&+N ',( y,1.(/9(57(,/81* '(5 u75$+/81*6/(,6781* $/6 NNt,&+7O 2'(5 u75$+/81*6&+$5$.7(5,67,.DD =8 %(=(,&+1(1N ,0 i(*(16$7= =85 c1O 7(11(17+(25,(N ,1 '(5 ',( y,1.(/9(57(,/81* '(5 h(51)(/'67>5.( 62 %(=(,&+1(7 :,5' Jc%6&+1P WPVPSKP n(7=7(5( ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ $86 '(5 u75$+/81*6/(,6781*P u1.(1 816 +,(5 $8) ',( g%(1(N ,1 '(5 N 81' c /,(*(1P f,( t,&+781* '(5 020(17$1(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c 6(, ',( ;Ot,&+781*N $8) ',( $8&+ '(5 y,1.(/ 3 =85 d(2%$&+781*65,&+781* %(=2*(1 :,5'P h@5 '(1 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+(1 i5(1=)$// (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1 y,1.(/)$.725 921 6,1TK 3 6,1TJ[R]23K 3 &26T3N '(5 ,0 /,1.(1 f,$O *5$00 921 c%%P XPXX '$5*(67(//7 ,67P f,( e+$5$.7(5,67,. ,67 527$7,2166/7 0$1 (//,37,6&+ 32/$5,6,(57( u75$+/81* 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 =,5.8/$5(1 c17(,/P f,( 925:>576 *(5,&+7(7( g0,66,216.(8/( )@5 ',( 71=81*\ h$&+67(//( )@5 x(5.(+567(&+1,.(1 J)97K '(5 y$66(5O 81' u&+,5)$+5769(5O :$/781* J:69K\ +773\BB:::P:69P'(B)97B,1'(;P+70/ 0 n(8&+7)(8(57(&+1,. 0 j,672O 5,6&+( c63(.7( 0 c8*867,1 l($1 h5(61(/ 3 n,1. XASU c50$1' j,332/5.( Jd(75$*K v(,/&+(1(1(5*,( 0,7B2+1( t8+((1(5*,( t8+((1(5*,( d,1'81*6(1(5*,( h(50,Og1(5*,( k21,6$7,216(1(5*,( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( r+2721(1(1(5*,( g/(0(17$5/$'81* m5$)7 m5$)7 Jd(75$*K h$5$'$1'( g5'%(6&+/(81,*81* *Oh$.725N */71,6 |$+/ '(5 =85 g1(5*,( g, *(+?5(1'(1 |867>1'( u7520 r/$1&.Om2167$17( n25(1=Om2(5,=,(17 Jy,('(0$11Oh5$1=Oi(6(7=K Jm5(,6OKy(//(19(.725 3 8.8N m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ d2/7=0$11Om2167$17( f5(+,038/6 n>1*( d$+1'5(+,038/6Os8$17(1=$+/

Bh1454M-PressProofs.QX5

17/1/08

1:51 PM

Page 275

Bookhouse

This page intentionally left blank

Bh1454M-PressProofs.QX5

17/1/08

1:51 PM

Page 275

Bookhouse

This page intentionally left blank

VXT

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+7DD 81' $8) ',( g/(0(17$5/$'81* d(=8* *(1200(1P f,(6(6 m21=(37 %(,1+$/7(7 (,1( v(,/81* '(5 )5@+(5 $/6 NN817(,/%$5DD $1O *(1200(1(1N (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/(1 c720(\ c720( .?11(1 (,1 2'(5 0(+5(5( g/(.7O 521(1 $%*(%(1N ',( '(0 c720 -( (,1( 1(*$7,9( g/(0(17$5/$'81* (17=,(+(1] '(5 9(5O %/(,%(1'( NNc7205803)DD 75>*7 (,1( 2'(5 0(+5(5( 326,7,9( g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 81' :,5' J326,7,9(6K k21 *(1$117P f$6 )5(,( g/(.7521 :85'( =80 g1'( '(6 S[P l$+5+81'(576 (17'(&.7P k1 i$6(17O /$'81*6(;3(5,0(17(1 75$7(1 NNm$7+2'(1675$+/(1DD $8)N @%(5 '(5(1 p$785 (6 =81>&+67 817(56&+,('/,&+( c85$6681*(1 *$%P f85&+ x(5*/(,&+ ,+5(5 c%/(1.81* ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 0,7 '(5 921 k21(1675$+/(1 JNNm$1$/675$+/(1DDKN =(,*7( lPlP v+20621 SZ[YN '$66 ',( m$7+2'(1675$+/(1 $86 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 %(67(+(1N ',( (7:$ SRRRO0$/ /(,&+7(5 $/6 y$66(56725,21(1 6,1' J'(5 *(1$8( y(57 )@5 0j1B0( ,67 SZUXPSWK] SZ[[ %(:,(6 (5N '$66 ',( 63(=,76&+( n$'81* (B0 '(5 m$7+2'(1675$+/O v(,/&+(1 $8&+ )@5 ',( '85&+ i/@+(0,66,21 81' r+272(0,66,21 (5=(8*7(1 v(,/&+(1 *,/7N ',( %$/' $//( =86$00(1 g/(.7521(1 *(1$117 :85'(1P f(5 SZ[X (17'(&.7( |((O 0$1Og5(.7 Jd'P VN m$3P SKN '(5 6,&+ $8) ',( c8)63$/781* $720$5(5 u3(.75$//,1,(1 ,1 (,1(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' %(=,(+7N .2117( 921 jPcP n25(17= SZ[Y 0,7+,/)( 921 $72O 0$5(1 q6=,//$725(1 0,7 '(56(/%(1 63(=,76&+(1 n$'81* (B0 (5./>57 :(5'(1P f$0,7 :85'( (5.(11%$5N '$66 ',( g/(.7521(1 81,9(56(//( d$867(,1( '(5 o$7(5,( 6,1'P f,( d(=,(+81* =:,6&+(1 '(5 $0 g/(.7521 *(/(,67(7(1 d(6&+/(81,*81*6$5%(,7 ( 6 w Jw 3 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181*K 81' '(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( g. ( w 3 g. 3

S 0 9T T

JYPSK

*(67$77(7 (,1( d(67,0081* '(5 63(=,76&+(1 n$'81* (B0N :(11 ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 '(5 g/(.7521(1 ',5(.7 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 .$11P f,(6 *(/$1* =8(567 gP y,(&+(57 JSZ[[KN ,1'(0 (5 ',( |(,7N ',( ',( v(,/&+(1 =80 f85&+/$8)(1 (,1(5 u75(&.( %(1?7,*(1N 0,7 '(5 u&+:,1*81*6'$8(5 (,1(6 j(57=I6&+(1 q6=,//$7256 9(5*/,&+P d(, *(1$8(5(1 o(6681*(1N ',( yP m$8)0$11 S[RS %,6 S[RX '85&+)@+57(N (5*$% 6,&+N '$66 0,7 67(,O *(1'(1 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181*(1 J(7:$ $% w^SRRR xK ',( *(0(66(1(1 i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1 ,00(5 0(+5 +,17(5 '(1 1$&+ i/P JYPSK %(5(&+1(7(1 y(57(1 =85@&.%/(,%(1P f(5 i581' '$)@5 ,67 ',( t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,(N 1$&+ '(5 )@5 v(,/&+(1 0,7 '(5 o$66( 0 81' '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 '(5 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( g1(5*,(6$7= *,/7N '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,( gN k038/6 3 81' t8+((1(5*,( gR :,( )2/*7 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5O .1@3)7\ g T 3 J 3 &KT 1gRT ]

JYPTK

& ,67 ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7P c8M(5'(0 *,/7

81'

g 3 $0& TN 3 3 $0&N gR 3 0& TP

JYPUK

YPS c16&+$8/,&+(5 c720,6086

VXW

f(5 n25(17=Oh$.725 $ ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ $ 3 LS2J9B&KTb2SBTP

JYPVK

t(/$7,9,67,6&+ (5*,%7 6,&+ 67$77 i/P JYPSK ',( d(=,(+81* ( w 3 g. 3 g2gR 3 0 & TJ$2SKP

JYPWK

f,( i/P JYPSK )2/*7 '$5$86 $/6 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+( p>+(581* )@5 '(1 i5(1=)$// 9 * &P h$'(1675$+/52+5P |85 f(021675$7,21 )5(,(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 ,67 '$6 h$'(1675$+/O 52+5 %(621'(56 *((,*1(7P f,( g/(.7521(148(//( Jm$7+2'(KN ',( h2.866,(581*6(/(.7O 52'( Jy(+1(/7O|+57( o(7+2'( =85 9(567>5.7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 c89$'81* '(5 v5?3)&+(1 %(67(+7 '$5,1N ',( v5?3)&+(1 $86 '(0 |(5O 67>8%(5 '85&+ (,1( h/$00( ,1 '(1 m21'(16$725 =8 %/$6(1P c8) '$6 ~/75?3)&+(1 :,5.7 ',( 80 '(1 c8)75,(% 9(50,1'(57( i5$9,7$7,216.5$)7 JYPZK 9*5 3 JV@BUK 5 U J|~/ 2|n8)7K T J5 3 v5?3)&+(15$',86N | 3 f,&+7(N T 3 g5'%(6&+/(81,*81*KP f85&+ g,16&+$/7(1 (,O 1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 :,5.7 $8) (,1 v5?3)&+(1N '$6 ',( n$'81* s 75>*7N $8M(5'(0 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 JYP[K 9(/ 3 s 6 8 0,7 88 8 3 wB'

YPS c16&+$8/,&+(5 c720,6086

VXY

Jw 3 m21'(16$72563$1181*N ' 3 r/$77(1$%67$1'KP o,7 '(5 5,&+7,*(1 r/$77(163$1O 181* .$11 (,1 *(/$'(1(6 ~/75?3)&+(1 ,1 '(5 u&+:(%( *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1P c86 '(5 m203(16$7,21 '(5 %(,'(1 m5>)7( ,0 67$7,6&+(1 h$// />667 6,&+ ',( n$'81* s -('2&+ 12&+ 1,&+7 %(67,00(1N :(,/ ',( v5?3)&+(1*5?M( 1,&+7 %(.$117 ,67P f,( v5?3)&+(1 6,1' =8 ./(,1 )@5 (,1( o(6681* '(6 t$',86 5 ,0 o,.526.23P o,//,.$1 /?67( '$6 r52%O /(0 '85&+ d(2%$&+781* '(5 v5?3)&+(1 ,1 */(,&+)?50,*(5 c8):>576O 81' c%:>576O %(:(*81*P y(*(1 '(5 x,6.26,7>7 '(5 n8)7 J(K :,5' (,1( $1)$1*6 %(6&+/(81,*7( d(O :(*81* 6&+1(// =8 (,1(5 */(,&+)?50,*(1N :(,/ ',( t(,%81*6.5$)7 1$&+ '(0 u72O .(6I6&+(1 i(6(7= Jd'P SK 9t 3 2 X@ 5 ( c

JYPSRK

3523257,21$/ =85 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 $167(,*7 %,6 $//( '5(, m5>)7( 6,&+ =8 18// $'',(5(1P c86 '(1 0,7 .2167$17(5 u3$1181* w $%(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 r2/81* *(0(66(1(1 h$//O 81' u7(,**(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 9& 81' 9' />667 6,&+ 181 %(, %(.$117(5 n8)79,6.26,7>7 ( ',( n$'81* s (50,77(/1\ s3

[@ ' ( UBT J9&19'K J9&29'KSBT P Tw * SBTJ|~/ 2|n8)7KSBT

JYPSSK

k0 n$8)( ',(6(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 :85'( (5.$117N '$66 '(5 ,1 i/P JYPSRK (,1*(+(1'( y(57 '(5 n8)79,6.26,7>7 '85&+ (,1(1 .255,*,(57(1 y(57 (e (56(7=7 :(5'(1 0866N :(,/ '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 v5?3)&+(1 921 '(56(/%(1 i5?M(125'181* :,( ',( 0,77/(5( )5(,( y(*/>1*( msn ,1 n8)7 ,67P p$&+ e811,1*+$0 JS[SRK ,67 ',( m255(.785 *(*(%(1 '85&+ (e 3 ( JS1ce msnB5K2SN

JYPSTK

:2%(, )@5 ',( m2167$17( ce (03,5,6&+ '(5 y(57 RPZXV *()81'(1 :85'(P f$6 6,*1,7.$17( g5*(%1,6 '(6 o,//,.$1I6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(6 :$5 ',( d(2%$&+781*N '$66 ',( %(2%$&+7(7(1 v5?3)&+(1/$'81*(1 $//( *$1==$+/,*( x,(/)$&+( (,1(5 g/(0(1O 7$5/$'81* ( :$5(1N ',( $8) ',(6( y(,6( *(1$8 %(67,007 :(5'(1 .2117(P f$6 h$5$'$1*65,&+O 781* %(6&+/(81,*7N '$11 0866 (6 $0 925'(5(1 g1'( '(6 u7$%(6 =8 (,1(5 x(5$5O 081*N $0 +,17(5(1 g1'( =8 (,1(5 c15(,&+(581* 921 g/(.7521(1 .200(1P f$6 +(,M7N ',( g1'(1 '(6 o(7$//67$%(6 /$'(1 6,&+ 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(1 $8)N %,6 '$6 '$%(, ,0 k11(5(1 (1767(+(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' (,1( :(,7(5( x(56&+,(O %81* '(5 n$'81*(1 ,0 n(,7(5 9(5+,1'(57P d(, c%%5(0681* '(6 u7$%(6 (5)2/*7 (,1( 80*(.(+57( c89$'81*P d(, '(5 c86)@+581* '(6 x(568&+(6 :85'( (,1( u38/( 0,7 9,(/(1 y,1'81*(1 (,1(6 '@11(1 f5$+7(6 80 ,+5( 9(57,.$/( o,77(/$&+6( ,1 6&+1(//( f5(+81* 9(56(7=7 81' '$11 3/?7=/,&+ $1*(+$/7(1P w0 r52%/(0( 0,7 u&+/(,)5,1*(1 =8 9(50(,'(1N :85'(1 ',( u38/(1(1'(1 @%(5 (,1( /$1*( 9(5'5,//7( n(,781* 0,7 (,1(0 %$//,67,6&+(1 i$/9$120(7(5 9(5%81'(1P f,( 9(57,.$/( g5')(/'.20321(17( :85'( .203(16,(57N 80 67?5(1'( k1'8.7,21663$1181*(1 ./(,1 =8 +$/7(1P f$6 x25O =(,&+(1 '(5 k1'8.7,21663$1181* >1'(57 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 f5(+5,&+781*N '(5 *(68&+7( g5(.7 ,67 '$921 81$%+>1*,*P k67 9 ',( J0,77/(5(K w0/$8)*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 ,0 u38/(1'5$+7 81' 7 ',( |(,7N ',( ',( c%%5(0681* =80 u7,//67$1' %(1?7,*7N '$11 ,67 9B7 ',( $8) ',( g/(.7O 521(1 :,5.(1'( J0,77/(5(K d(6&+/(81,*81*P f$6 ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 f5$+7(6 (1767(+(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ wBsN :2%(, w ',( u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 u38O /(1(1'(1 81' s ',( n>1*( '(6 u38/(1'5$+7(6 ,67P k0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 921 v5>*+(,76.5$)7 81' (/(.75,6&+(5 m5$)7 *,/7 ( wBs 3 0 9B7

2'(5

(B0 3 9 sBJw 7KP

JYPSVK

o,7 %(.$117(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 81' f5$+7/>1*( s 81' '(0 %$//,67,6&+ *(0(66(1(1 u3$1181*6672M w 6 7 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( 63(=,76&+( n$'81* '(5 )@5 ',( 0(7$//,6&+( n(,7O )>+,*.(,7 9(5$17:257/,&+(1 n$'81*675>*(5P v+,*.(,7 Jy,'(567$1' 1,007 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 =8CK 81' (,1(1 |86$00(1+$1* =:,6&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 81' y>50(/(,7)>+,*.(,7 +N '(5 ',( (03,5,6&+ *()81'(1( d(=,(+81*N %(.$117 $/6 y,('(0$11Oh5$1=Oi(6(7=N *87 (5./>57P k1 '(5 h2508/,(581* 921 nPxP n25(1= JSZYTK /$87(7 '$6 i(6(7= +B1 3 mn v

JYPSWK

YPS c16&+$8/,&+(5 c720,6086

VX[

Jv 3 v(03(5$785KN :2%(, '(5 n25(1=Om2(5,=,(17 mn @%(5 (,1(1 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+ 921 0(+5(5(1 +81'(57 i5$' $11>+(51' .2167$17 ,67 81' )@5 9(56&+,('(1( o(7$//( :(1,*(5 $/6 (,1(1 h$.725 =:(, ',5(5,(57P v+(50,6&+(6 t$86&+(1 J7+(50$/ 12,6(KP i(/$'(1( g/(.7521(1 .?11(1 '85&+ ,+5( 7+(5O 0,6&+( d(:(*81* 0(&+$1,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 (/(.75,6&+( 806(7=(1P cP g,167(,1 @%(5758* S[RY '(1 i/(,&+9(57(,/81*66$7= $8) '(1 g1(5*,(,1+$/7 (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 m21'(16$O 7256N '(5 $1 (,1(1 y,'(567$1' ,0 7+(502'120(16 0,7 '(5 d52:1I6&+(1 d(:(*81* 81' +,(/7 (6 7527= 6(,1(5 m/(,1+(,7 )@5 35,1=,3,(// 0(66%$5P j(87( +$7 ',(6(6 t$86&+(1 ,1 '(5 g/(.752$.867,. 81' '(5 p$&+5,&+7(1@%(575$*81* *52M( d('(8781*P i$1= $//*(0(,1 *(6352&+(1 )2/*7 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( t$86&+(1 $86 '(5 67$7,67,6&+(1 i/(,&+9(57(,/81* '(5 7+(50,6&+(1 g1(5*,( $8) $//( h5(,+(,76*5$'(P l('(5 2+06&+( y,'(567$1' $8) (,1(5 v(03(5$785 v # R ,67 (,1 t$86&+*(1(5$725P u75205$86&+(1P f(5 u,*1$/67520 6(/%67 ,67 ',( s8(//( ',(6(6 t$86&+(16N :(,/ '(5 u7520 1,&+7 .217,18,(5/,&+ 9,(M7N 621'(51 '85&+ 75$163257,(57( g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 '(5 i5?M( ( . SPX 6 SR2S[ c6 =867$1'( .2007P f85&+ ',( n$'81*648$17,6,(581* 0866 '(5 u7520 80 6(,1(1 o,77(/:(57 k 67$7,67,6&+ 6&+:$1.(1P yP u&+277.< JS[SZK 1$117( ',(6(6 t$86&+(1 u&+527Ot$86&+(1 J6+27 12,6(K ,1 c1$/2*,( =8 '(0 *(48$1O 7(/7(1 o$66(175$163257 ,1 h250 921 u&+527.8*(/1P Jo(+5 @%(5 t$86&+(1 ,1 c%6&+1P ZPSPUPK

YPSPV q5(1( h5$*(1 u&+21 %(, '(5 h5$*(N :,( ',( n$'81*(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 x25=(,&+(16 ,0 1(875$/(1 c720 *(%81'(1 6,1'N +?57 '(5 $16&+$8/,&+( c720,6086 $8)\ f$6 6(+5 $16&+$8/,&+( t87+(5)25'I6&+( NNr/$1(7(102'(//DD JS[SSK 0,7 (,1(0 |O0$/ 326,7,9 *(/$'(1(1 c720O .(51 $/6 NNu211(DD 81' | 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 g/(.7521(1 $/6 NNr/$1(7(1DDN '$6 ',( %(O 2%$&+7(7( y(,7:,1.(/675(881* 921 3Ov(,/&+(1 $1 i2/'$720(1 JgP o$56'(1N jP i(,O *(5 S[R[K *87 (5./>5(1 .2117(N :,'(5635,&+7 '(1 i(6(7=(1 '(6 ./$66,6&+(1 g/(.752O 0$*1(7,6086C f,( g/(.7521(1 :@5'(1 $8) ,+5(1 m5(,6O 2'(5 g//,36(1%$+1(1 5$',$/ %(6&+/(81,*7 81' 0@667(1 '(6+$/% (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u75$+/81* $866(1'(1N '$%(, g1(5*,( 9(5/,(5(1 81' %$/' ,1 '(1 c720.(51 67@5=(1P f$5@%(5+,1$86 (17+>/7 ',( m21=(37,21 921 NNg/(0(17$57(,/&+(1DD A +,(5 g/(.7521(1 81' c720.(51( A (,1( *581'6>7=/,&+( r52%/(0$7,.N ',( 62)257 (5.(11%$5 :,5'N :(11 0$1 ',( h5$*( 1$&+ '(5 NNu758.785DD ',(6(5 v(,/&+(1 67(//7\ g17:('(5N ',( v(,/&+(1 +$%(1 (,1( u758.785 J(1'/,&+(6 x2/80(1N 5>80/,&+( o$66(1O 81' n$'81*69(57(,O /81*KN '$11 .$11 0$1 9(5087(1N '$66 ,+5( u758.785Og/(0(17( 12&+ (/(0(17$5(5 6,1'P q'(5 ',( v(,/&+(1 6,1' 381.7)?50,*N '$11 +$%(1 6,( 81(1'/,&+ *52M( o$66(1O 81' n$'81*6',&+7(N :$6 ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+)7( %,1'(1 ',( c720( ,0 o2/(.@/a y$580 %(67(+7 '$6 n,&+7N '$6 921 p,('(5'58&.Oi$6(17/$'81*(1 $86*(6$1'7 :,5'N 1,&+7 $86 (,1(0 .217,18,(5/,&+(1 u3(.7580N 621'(51 (,1(0 )@5 ',( i$6$720( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 n,O 1,(163(.7580a y2'85&+ :(5'(1 ',( y(//(1/>1*(1 ',(6(5 u3(.75$//,1,(1 )(67*(/(*7a y,( .2007 '(5 ,1 c%6&+1P UPX %(6&+5,(%(1( h(5520$*1(7,6086 =867$1'(N '(5 %(,0 g,6(1 1$+(=8 7(03(5$78581$%+>1*,* %,6 (7:$ SRRR m (5+$/7(1 %/(,%7a y2 9,(M(1 ',( 921 c03(F 5( +50(1 '(5 o(7$//( $8)O 75(7(1N 1$+(=8 %(/$1*/26\ p$&+ '(5 f8/21*Or(7,7I6&+(1 t(*(/ +$%(1 h(67.?53(5 (,1( S 02/$5( 63(=,76&+( y>50( 921 e 3 Ut 3 X 6 tN ,0 g,1./$1* 0,7 '(5 c11$+0( T 921 X h5(,+(,76*5$'(1 )@5 ',( q6=,//$7,21(1 '(5 m5,67$//$720( J,1 ;ON 7=/,&+(1 '5(, v5$16/$7,216)5(,+(,76O *5$'( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 *(+(1 (567$81/,&+(5:(,6( 1,&+7 ,1 ',( 63(=,76&+( y>5O 0( '(5 o(7$//( (,1C

YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 YPTPS v(,/&+(1&+$5$.7(5 '(6 n,&+7(6 r+272(/(.75,6&+(5 g5(.7 Jr+272(5(.7KP f,( c86/?681* 921 g/(.7521(1 $86 (,1(5 0,7 8/75$9,2/(77(0 n,&+7 %(675$+/7(1 o(7$//2%(59>&+( :85'( SZZY 921 jP j(57= )@5 9(5O 67>5.7( h81.(1%,/'81* 9(5$17:257/,&+ *(0$&+7] ,1 '(1 )2/*(1'(1 l$+5(1 :85'( ',(O 6(5 g5(.7 921 yP j$//:$&+6 JS[ZZBZ[K 81' rP n(1$5' JS[RTK 1>+(5 817(568&+7 Jc%%P YPUKP f,( :,&+7,*67(1 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 h$.7(1 =80 r+272(5(.7 6,1' )2/*(1'(\ A p85 :(11 ',( h5(48(1= '(6 %(187=7(1 n,&+7(6 (,1(1 u&+:(//(1:(57 -0,1 @%(56&+5(,O 7(7N :(5'(1 @%(5+$837 g/(.7521(1 $86*(/?67P ultraviolettes Licht

K

A G

c%%P YPU w17(568&+81* '(6 3+272(/(.75,6&+(1 g5(.7(6P |85 d(67,0081* ,+5(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( :(5'(1 ',( r+272(/(.7521(1 ,1 (,1(0 i(*(1)(/' =:,6&+(1 m$7+2'( m 81' c12'( c $%*(%5(067] '$=8 :,5' (,1( 9$5,$%/( u3$1181* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/$5,7>7 $1*(/(*7P

YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086

VYS

A h@5 -#-0,1 ,67 '(5 $86*(/?67( g/(.7521(167520 3523257,21$/ =85 n,&+7,17(16,7>7P A f,( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( '(5 $86*(/?67(1 g/(.7521(1 67(,*7 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 h5(O 48(1=P f,(6( e+$5$.7(5,67,.(1 '(6 r+272(5(.7(6 )@+57(1 cP g,167(,1 S[RW =8 '(0 u&+/866N '$66 ',( g1(5*,( '(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 u75$+/81* *(%@1'(/7 ,67 ,1 n,&+748$17(1 920 d(75$* + 6 -N :2%(, - ',( h5(48(1= '(5 u75$+/81* 81' + ',( r/$1&.Om2167$17( ,67N ',( r/$1&. S[RR 6&+21 %(, 6(,1(0 u75$+/81*6*(6(7= ,1 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(5 s8$17(/81* '(5 g1(5*,(N ',( q6=,//$725(1 $%*(%(1 2'(5 $8)1(+0(1 .?11(1N (,1*(O )@+57 +$77(P f,(6( f(8781* :85'( =81>&+67 $/6 NN=8 5$',.$/DD $%*(/(+17] ',( c1(5O .(1181* .$0 (567 63>7(5 ,0 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(0 (%(1)$//6 48$17,6,(57(1 d2+5I6&+(1 c72002'(// 81' '(1 y(//(1(,*(16&+$)7(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1P c/6 g1(5*,(%,/$1= )@5 ',( c86/?681* (,1(6 g/(.75216 '85&+ (,1 n,&+748$17 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( d(=,(+81* +6-3

S 0 9 T 13 T

JYPSXK

0,7 0 3 g/(.7521(10$66(N 9 3 g/(.7521(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' '(5 $/6 c8675,776$5O %(,7 J:25. )81&7,21K %(=(,&+1(7(1 g1(5*,( 3N ',( (,1(0 o(7$//(/(.7521 =8*()@+57 :(5'(1 0866N '$0,7 (6 '$6 o(7$// @%(5+$837 9(5/$66(1 .$11P f(5 y(57 '(5 c86O 75,776$5%(,7 ,67 $%+>1*,* 920 o(7$// 81' '(5 m5,67$//2%(59>&+(P Jd(, 32/&+(1 %(67,007 ',( ./(,167( c8675,776$5%(,7 ',( u&+:(//( '(6 r+272(5(.76PK f,( 0$;,0$/( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( '(5 r+272(/(.7521(1 />667 6,&+ $0 /(,&+7(67(1 '$O '85&+ %(67,00(1N '$66 0$1 ',( g/(.7521(1 ,1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 i(*(1)(/' $%O %5(067 81' )(6767(//7N %(, :(/&+(5 u3$1181*6',5(5(1= w ',( g/(.7521(1 *(5$'( 1,&+7 0(+5 =85 c85$1*(/(.752'( *(/$1*(1 .?11(1P o,7 (w */(,&+ '(5 g1(5*,( '(5 g/(.7O 521(1 81' +-0,1 */(,&+ '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 3 :,5' $86 i/P JYPSXK + J-2-0,1K 3 ( wP

JYPSYK

u2 />667 6,&+ %(, %(.$117(5 h5(48(1= '(6 (,1*(675$+/7(1 n,&+7(6 $86 (,1(5 i(*(1O 63$1181*60(6681* '$6 p$785.2167$17(1Ox(5+>/71,6 +B( %(67,00(1 Jc%%P YPVKP f,( g,167(,1I6&+(1 n,&+748$17(1 :85'(1 63>7(5 r+2721(1 *(1$117P f,( g1(5*,( (,1(6 r+27216 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ g3+ 3 + - 3 @ 6N

JYPSZK

Elektronenenergie E /eV

:2%(, @ J*(6352&+(1\ NN+$O48(5DDK 3 +BJT@K (%(1)$//6 $/6 r/$1&.Om2167$17( %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'P d(,'( m2167$17(1 A + 81' @ A :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 s8$17(13+667P f$ 6,&+ %(, y(/O /(1'$567(//81*(1 ',( m5(,6)5(48(1= 6 *(*(1@%(5 h5(48(1= - '85&+*(6(7=7 +$7N :,5' '(5 c86'58&. @6 )@5 ',( r+2721(1(1(5*,( +>87*(5 9(5:(1'(7 $/6 '(5 +,6725,6&+( c86'58&. +-P

YPTPT y(//(1&+$5$.7(5 '(5 g/(.7521(1 nP xP '( d52*/,( 9(5)2/*7( ,1 6(,1(5 f2.725$5%(,7 Jr$5,6 S[TVK '(1 .@+1(1 i('$1.(1N ,1 80*(.(+57(5 c1$/2*,( =85 g,167(,1I6&+(1 k'(( 920 v(,/&+(1&+$5$.7(5 '(5 n,&+7O :(//(1N '(1 g/(.7521(1 y(//(1&+$5$.7(5 =8=825'1(1P |81>&+67 :$5 ',( )250$/( h5$O *( =8 ./>5(1N :,( ',( )@5 r+2721(1 25(1%$5 *@/7,*( d(=,(+81* g 3 +> $8) v(,/&+(1 0,7 o$66( 0 $86=8'(+1(1 ,67P g5 .$0 =8 '(0 u&+/866N '$66 ',( t(/$7,9,7>767+(25,( '$=8 =:,1*7N '(0 v(,/&+(1 1,&+7 185 (,1( '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,( 3523257,21$/( h5(48(1= -N 621'(51 $8&+ (,1( '(5 t8+((1(5*,( 3523257,21$/( NNt8+()5(48(1=DD -R =8=825'1(1\ 0,7

g 3 $ 0&T 3 +- 3 @6 $ 3 LS2J9B&KTb2SBT 81' gR 3 0&T 3 +-R 3 @6RP

JYPS[K

g5 %(75$&+7(7( (,1 58+(1'(6 v(,/&+(1 81' ',( ,+0 =8*(25'1(7( y(//( 0,7 t8+()5(O 48(1= 81' )@+57( )@5 '$6 y(//(1)(/' (,1( n25(17=Ov5$16)250$7,21 ,1 (,1 %(:(*7(6 u1*( + )@+57 =8 + 3 +BJ$09K 2'(5 )@5 =8

9*& + 3 +BJ09KP

JYPTYK

f$6 ,67 ',( %(5@+07( h250(/ )@5 ',( '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( J'( d52*/,( :$9(/(1*7+KP f,( h250(/ *,/7 $8&+ )@5 $1'(5( v(,/&+(1 0,7 o$66(] '(6+$/% 635,&+7 0$1 $//*(0(,1 921 NNo$7(5,(:(//(1DDP p85 :(,/ '$6 g/(.7521 ',( 0,7 c%67$1' ./(,167( o$66( %(6,7=7N 6,1' o$7(5,(:(//(1Or+>120(1( =8(567 %(,0 g/(.7521 *(68&+7 81' *()81'(1 :25'(1P k1 '(5 c7203++17P h@5 g/(.7521(1 0,7 (,1(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( gN ',( :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ',( t8+((1(5*,( 921 WSS .(xN 6,1' i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 81' '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( + *(O *(%(1 '85&+ ',( 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+(1 d(=,(+81*(1 81'

9B& . TPR 6 SR2UJgB(xKSBT + . SPT 10 JgB(xK2SBTP

JYPT[K

h@5 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SRR (x 81' 0(+5 (5+>/7 0$1 y(//(1/>1*(1N ',( ./(,1(5 6,1' $/6 ',( 71'( ,1 m5,6O 7$//*,77(51 921 (,1,*(1 |(+17(/ p$120(7(5P d(8*81* $1 .5,67$//,1(5 o$7(5,( :$5 '(6+$/% (,1( 1$+(/,(*(1'( o?*/,&+.(,7N ',( y(//(11$785 '(5 g/(.7521(1 1$&+=8:(,O 6(1P f$6 6&+:,(5,*( g;3(5,0(17N g/(.7521(1 921 WRAVRR x $0 c720*,77(5 (,1(5 g,1O .5,67$//2%(59>&+( =8 %(8*(1N *(/$1* ePlP f$9,6621 81' nP i(50(5 S[TY] .85= '$5$8) JS[TYBTZK '85&+675$+/7( iPrP v+20621 J'(5 u2+1 921 lP lPK (,1 32/M ggg

*(6$07(5 t$80

55" '; '< '= 3 SN

JYPURK

YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086

VYW

:$6 )@5 '(1 ,'($/(1 i5(1=)$// (,1(5 81(1'/,&+ $86*('(+17(1 (%(1(1 y(//( $//(5',1*6 1,&+7 0?*/,&+ ,67N '$11 %(6&+5(,%7 55" ',( c8)(17+$/76:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,76',&+7( '(6 v(,/&+(16 JukOg,1+(,7\ 02UKP o8/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(10$66( 0 (5*,%7 55" '(1 g5:$5781*6:(57 )@5 ',( o$66(1',&+7( |oN 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1/$'81* 2( (5*,%7 55" '(1 g5:$5781*6:(57 )@5 ',( n$'81*6',&+7( |sP g6 ,67 925 $//(0 ',(6( 67$7,67,6&+( f(8781*N '85&+ ',( 6,&+ ',( 02'(51( s8$17(1O 7+(25,( 921 '(5 '(7(50,1,67,6&+(1 ./$66,6&+(1 r+7635,1=,36 $1*()@+57P h@5 ',( 62 *(1$117(1 NN0$.O 526.23,6&+(1DD r+>120(1( >1'(57 6,&+ 1,&+76\ d(, '(5 d(2%$&+781* 9,(/(5 g/(0(1O 7$5352=(66(N )@5 ',( ',( v+(25,( '(1 */(,&+(1 g5:$5781*6:(57 /,()(57N :,5' ',(6(5 =80 0(66%$5(1 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 o,77(/:(57N )@5 '(1 ',( g5+$/781*66>7=( '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+5)(%(=,(+81*DD J81&(57$,17< 35,1&,3/(K *(1$117N :85'( S[TY 921 y(51(5 j(,6(1%(5* ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 02'(51(1 s8$17(10(&+$1,. )2508O /,(57] 6,( 0$&+7 '(1 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 =:$5 1,&+7 9(567>1'/,&+N $%(5 %()5(,7 ,+1 921 y,'(5635@&+(1P f(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 ,67 0,7 816(5(0 x2567(//81*69(50?*(1N '$6 6,&+ $86 c//7$*6(5)$+581*(1 81' '(5 '$)@5 *@/7,*(1 ./$66,6&+(1 r+769(57(,/81* ,0 d(8*81*6%,/' kJ)K ,67 81$%O +>1*,* 921 '(5 k17(16,7>7 '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 y(//(P o,7 $..808/,(5(1'(1 f(7(.725(1 J=P dP r+2723/$77(1K ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N d(8*81*6%,/'(5 0,7 62 6&+:$&+(1 k17(16,7>7(1 =8 (5+$/7(1N '$66 35$.7,6&+ 1,( 0(+5 $/6 (,1 r+2721 2'(5 g/(.7521 817(5:(*6 ,67P h@5 (,1 (,1=(/1(6 v(,/&+(1 %(6&+5(,%7 kJ)K ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1O /,&+.(,7 ,1 '(5 d(8*81*6(%(1(P c1'(5(56(,76 .$11 '$6 v(,/&+(1 185 '85&+ '(1 (,1(1 2'(5 '(1 $1'(5(1 '(5 %(,'(1 u3$/7( +,1'85&+*(+(1P k0 d(8*81*6%,/' '(6 g,1=(/O 63$/7(6 )(+/(1 ',( k17(5)(5(1=0,1,0$P y,( .$11 '(5 =:(,7( u3$/7N '85&+ '(1 '$6 r+2721 Jg/(.7521K 1,&+7 +,1'85&+*(+7N 0,7%(67,00(1N :2 '$6 r+2721 Jg/(.7521K ,1 '(5 d(8*81*6(%(1( $8)75(5(1 %=:P 1,&+7 $8)75(5(1 '$5)a f(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 )@+57 =8 %(/,(%,* 9,(/(1 f(1.352%/(0(1 ',(6(5 c57P g,1( j,/)692567(//81*N ',( =8 5,&+7,*(1 g5*(%1,66(1 )@+57N ,67 ',( c11$+0(N '$66 '$6 r+2721 2'(5 g/(.7521 (,1( NNh@+581*6:(//(DD %(6,7=7N ',( 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 i(6(7=(1 '(5 y(//(1237,. $86%5(,7(7 81' **)P $8&+N $8)*(63$/7(1 ,1 .2+>5(17(1 v(,/:(//(1N

VYX

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+7 '(5 h@+581*6:(//( 3523257,21$/P y(11 ,1 (,1(0 g;3(5,0(17 6(+5 9,(/( v(,/&+(1 0,7 */(,&+(1 h@+581*6:(//(1 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :85'(1N '$11 (17635,&+7 ',( *(0(66(1( v(,/O &+(1',&+7( '(5 k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* '(5 y(//(P g7:$6 $16&+$8/,&+(5 :,5' '(5 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086N :(11 0$1 67$77 '(5 %(,O '(1 i5(1=)>//( NN/2.$/,6,(57(6 v(,/&+(1DD 81' NN81(1'/,&+ $86*('(+17( 0212&+520$O 7,6&+( y(//(DD 185 '(1 '$=:,6&+(1/,(*(1'(1 h$// '(6 y(//(13$.(7(6 Jc%6&+1P XPSPUK %(75$&+7(7\ f$6 y(//(13$.(7 ,67 .(,1 3(5)(.7(6 v(,/&+(1N :(,/ (6 185 NN81*()>+5DD 5>80O /,&+ 81' =(,7/,&+ /2.$/,6,(57 ,67] '$6 y(//(13$.(7 ,67 $%(5 $8&+ .(,1( 3(5)(.7( 0212O &+520$7,6&+( y(//(N :(,/ (6 .(,1( :2+/'(71,(57( h5(48(1= 81' y(//(1=$+/ %(6,7=7P y,( 6&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P XPSPU (5:>+17 :85'(N 6,1' ',( 5>80/,&+( x(57(,/81* (,1(6 y(//(13$.(7(6 (17/$1* '(5 c86%5(,781*65,&+781* = 81' 6(,1( 63(.75$/( x(57(,/81* $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 y(//(1=$+/ +2S J%=:P m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ .K '85&+ ',( h285,(5Ov5$16O )250$7,21 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5.1@3)7] (,1( (17635(&+(1'( x(5.1@3)81* *,%7 (6 )@5 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 921 '(5 |(,7 7 81' ',( 63(.75$/( x(57(,/81* $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 h5(48(1= - J%=:P m5(,6)5(48(1= 6KP g6 *,/7\ 81'

(= 6 (J+2SK . S %=:P (= 6 (.= . T@

JYPUSK

(7 6 (- . S %=:P (7 6 (6 . T@P

JYPUTK

|85 i(:,1181* (,1(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 d(=,(+81* )@5 ',( $1'(5(1 t$80.225',O 1$7(1 9(5:(,6(1 :,5 $8) ',( )@5 ',( h5$81+2)(5I6&+( d(8*81* +(5*(/(,7(7( d(=,(+81* =:,6&+(1 '(0 q%-(.7 ,1 '(5 ;5)(DD\ g17:('(5 0$1 :(,M =,(0/,&+ *(1$8N :2 6,&+ '$6 r$.(7 =(,7/,&+ 81' 5>80/,&+ %(71'(7N '$11 6,1' Jm5(,6OKh5(48(1= 81' Jm5(,6OKy(//(19(.725 @%(5 (,1(1 :(,7(1 d(5(,&+ (6 %=:P (X NN9(56&+0,(57DDN A 2'(5 h5(48(1= 81' y(//(19(.725 +$%(1 =,(0/,&+ 6&+$5) (,1*(*5(1=O 7( y(57(N '$11 6,1' ',( NNw16&+>5)(1DD 921 |(,7 81' q57N (7 %=:P (_ (17635(&+(1' *52MN ,0 i5(1=)$// '(5 =(,7/,&+ 81' 5>80/,&+ 81%(*5(1=7(1 NN0212&+520$7,6&+(1DD y(//( 62*$5 81(1'/,&+ *52MP l(7=7 .$11 0$1 ',( y(//(13$.(7Ow16&+>5)( .20%,1,(5(1 0,7 '(1 x(5.1@3)81*(1 921 y(//(1O 81' v(,/&+(1*5?M(1 1$&+ '( d52*/,( 81' g,167(,1\ ] 3 @ X 81' g 3 @ 6P

JYPUWK

YPT y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086

VYY

c86 i/P JYPUVK 81' i/P JYPUWK (5*,%7 6,&+ 181 ',( NNw16&+>5)(DD )@5 ',( x$5,$%/(1O 3$$5( q57 81' k038/6 62:,( |(,7 81' g1(5*,(\ (5 6 (3 . +N

(7 6 (g . +P

JYPUXK

y(11 0$1 ,1 t(&+181* 67(//7N '$66 ',( w16&+>5)(%(5(,&+( 12&+ '85&+ 62167,*( u7?5(,19@66( 9(5*5?M(57 :(5'(1 .?11(1N '$11 ,67 (6 %(, '(5 d(75$&+781* 921 o(6O 681*(1$8,*.(,7(1 *(5(&+7)(57,*7N 67$77 '(6 NN81*()>+5 */(,&+DD ,1 i/P JYPUXK ',( t(/$7,21 NN*5?M(5 $/6DD =8 9(5:(1'(1P f$0,7 (5+>/7 ',( w16&+>5)(5(/$7,21 ',( h250 (5 6 (3#+N (7 6 (g#+P

JYPUYK

y(11 0$1 $//(5',1*6 %(, *(*(%(1(1 v(,/&+(13$5$0(7(51 $%6&+>7=(1 0?&+7(N :,( 1$+( 0$1 '(1 d(',1*81*(1 ,67N )@5 ',( 1$&+ '(0 y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086 c%O :(,&+81*(1 920 NN1250$/(1DD v(,/&+(19(5+$/7(1 =8 (5:$57(1 6,1'N '$11 ,67 ',( t(O /$7,21 NN81*()>+5 */(,&+DD =8 9(5:(1'(1P k1 n(+5%@&+(51 '(5 s8$17(10(&+$1,. 71'(7 0$1 $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( '(5 t(O /$7,21 0(,67 1,&+7 ',( m2167$17( +N 621'(51N %(',1*7 '85&+ (,1( $1'(5( f(71,7,21 '(5 d5(,7( 921 x(57(,/81*(1N @BT Jd'P VN m$3P SKP d(,63,(/( =85 w1%(67,007+(,765(/$7,21P f$6 r$5$'(%(,63,(/ )@5 ',( q576Ok038/6Ow1O %(67,007+(,7 ,67 ',( d(8*81* $0 u3$/7N ',( 6&+21 2%(1 ',6.87,(57 :85'(\ f,( n2O .$/,6,(581* (,1(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 (%(1(1 y(//( $8) ',( u3$/7%5(,7( (; )@+57 )@5 r+2721(1 :,( g/(.7521(1 =85 w1%(67,007+(,7 ,1 '(5 k038/6.20321(17( 3;N ',( '85&+ d(8*81* ,0 y,1.(/%(5(,&+ () =867$1'( .2007P c86 w1%(67,007+(,765(/$7,21 81' '(Od52*O /,(Oy(//(1/>1*( (5*,%7 6,&+ () . (3B3 . +BJ(; 3K 3 +B(;P

JYPUZK

f$6 ,67 '(5 y,1.(/ '(6 (567(1 d(8*81*60,1,0806P h@5 ',( |(,7Og1(5*,(Ow1%(67,007+(,7 62// +,(5 '(5 v811(/(5(.7 $1*()@+57 :(5'(1\ c%%P YPX =(,*7 (,1 g/(.7521 0,7 '(5 n$'81* 2( 81' '(5 o$66( 0N '$6 0,7 '(5 i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 ,1 ;Ot,&+781* 9,(*7P g6 75,57 $8) (,1( $/6 5(&+7(&.,* $1*(1200(1( S r27(17,$/%$55,(5( Jr27(17,$/ 2wK '(5 f,&.( (;P h@5 '(1 h$// 09 T " (w 75,77 1$&+ T '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 v(,/&+(192567(//81* (,1( t(9(;,21 $1 '(5 x25'(56(,7( '(5 d$55,(5( $8)P v$76>&+/,&+ .$11 '$6 g/(.7521 -('2&+ ',( d$55,(5( 0,7 (,1(5 *(:,66(1 y$+5O ∆E v

1 mv 2 2 x

∆x = v · ∆t

c%%P YPX |80 v811(/(5(.7\ g,1 g/(.7521 NN'85&+7811(/7DD (,1( r27(17,$/%$55,(5(N =8 '(5(1 %(5:,1'81* ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( 1,&+7 $865(,&+(1 :@5'(P

VYZ

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+1*( '$5*(67(//7 ,67P |8 (5.(11(1 6,1' 9(56&+,('(1( u3(.75$/6(5,(1N 921 '(1(1 $1)$1*6 185 ',( ,0 u,&+7%$5(1 /,(*(1'(1 (567(1 n,1,(1 '(5 d$/0(5Ou(5,( %(.$117 :$5(1 JlP d$/0(5 SZZWKP f,( o(6681*(1 921 vP n1=81* '(5 f$7(1%$6,6P h@5 '$6 x(567>1'1,6 '(5 n,1,(163(.75(1 (5:,(6 6,&+ ',( =8 SB+ 3523257,21$/( u3(.7O 5$/9$5,$%/( NNh5(48(1=DD *((,*1(7(5 $/6 ',( y(//(1/>1*( +P w0 ',( l$+5+81'(57:(1'( :85'( (,1 q5'181*635,1=,3 (5.$117N '$6 yP t,7= S[RZ (;$.7 )2508/,(57(P i(6&+5,(O %(1 )@5 (17635(&+(1'( r+2721(1(1(5*,(1N +$7 (6 ',( h250 +-01 3 +-0$; J12T 202TKN 1N 0 3 SN TN U " 0,7 0#1N

JYPU[K

:2%(, 1 3 T 81' 0 3 UN VN WN X ',( 6,&+7%$5(1 d$/0(5On,1,(1 %(6&+5(,%7P f,( 0$;,O 0$/( r+2721(1(1(5*,( (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ i/P JYPU[K )@5 1 3 S 81' 0 3 Z Ji5(1=( '(5 Lyman-Serie

0

c%%P YPY

Balmer-Serie

0.2

0.4

0.6

Paschen-Serie

0.8

1.0 1.2 Wellenlänge Ï/Ìm

1.4

1.6

1.8

f$6 n,1,(163(.7580 '(6 y$66(567256 ,1 c%+>1*,*.(,7 921 '(5 y(//(1/>1*(P

2.0

YPU u758.785 '(5 c720(

VY[

n1'(DD A %(O 6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ 9(56&+,('(1( s8$17(1=$+/(1 1 A %(6,7=7N ',( '85&+ 817(56&+,('/,&+( d,1'81*6(1(5*,(1 )@5 ',( d,1'81* '(6 g/(.75216 $1 '(1 c720.(51 &+$5$.7(5,6,(57 :(5'(1P u7$77 '(5 J326,7,9(1K d,1'81*6(1(5*,( '(6 1O7(1 |867$1'(6 gdJ1K :,5' 0(,67 ',( =80 *(%81'(1(1 |867$1' *(+?5(1'( 1(*$7,9( g1(5*,( gJ1K 32gdJ1K $1*(*(O %(1P h@5 '$6 jOc720 (5*,%7 6,&+ gJ1K 32gkB1T 0,7 gk 3 gdJ1 3 SK 3 SUPX (xP

JYPVRK

y(11 6,&+ '$6 c720 ,1 (,1(0 ',(6(5 |867>1'( %(71'(7N '$11 A 62 32678/,(57( d2+5 A 675$+/7 (6 1,&+7] u75$+/81* :,5' '$*(*(1 (0,77,(57 2'(5 $%625%,(57N :(11 '$6 c720 6(,1(1 |867$1' >1'(57P f(5 %(5*$1* 921 (,1(0 |867$1' +2+(5 =8 (,1(0 1,('5,*(5 g1(5*,( ,67 0,7 '(5 g0,66,21 (,1(6 r+27216 0,7 '(5 '85&+ i/P JYPU[K %(O 6&+5,(%(1(1 g1(5*,( 9(5%81'(1N '(5 80*(.(+57( %(5*$1* 0,7 '(5 c%62537,21 (,1(6 (17635(&+(1'(1 r+27216P gk ,67 ',( k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,(N ',( 127:(1',* ,67N 80 (,1 g/(.7521 $86 '(0 i581'=867$1' J1 3 SK 920 c720 $%=8/?6(1 J1 S ZKP p$&+ i/P JYPVRK (5+>/7 0$1 (,1 NN',6.5(7(6DD u3(.7580 921 |867$1'6(1(5*,(1P |8 ./(,1(1 g1(5*,(1 J*52M(1 1Oy(57(1K :,5' '$6 |867$1'663(.7580 ,00(5 ',&+7(5 81' %(, g 3 R J1 3 ZK 6&+/,(M7 6,&+ '$5$1 (,1 m217,1880 )@5 g#R $1P f,( 326,7,9(1 g1(5O *,(1 '(6 m217,18806 (17635(&+(1 '(1 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,(1N ',( (,1 920 c720 $%O *(/?67(6 g/(.7521 +$%(1 .$11N :(11 ',( r+2721(1(1(5*,( *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( k21,6,(O 581*6(1(5*,(P k1 '(5 *5$3+,6&+(1 f$567(//81*N '(0 v(506&+(0$ J(1(5*667P f,( d2+5I6&+(1 s8$17(192567(//81*(1 (5)8+5(1 12&+ S[SV (,1( d(67>7,*81* '85&+ '$6 g;3(5,0(17 921 l$0(6 h5$1&. 81' i867$9 j(57=\ f,( g1(5*,($1$/+( '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 & .200(1N '$11 0866 0$1 5(/$7,9,67,6&+ 5(&+1(1P y(11 ',( f5(+,038/6( 62 ./(,1 :(5'(1N '$66 6,( ,1 ',( p>+( 921 @ .200(1N '$11 0866 0$1 48$17(10(O &+$1,6&+ 5(&+1(1P

YPU u758.785 '(5 c720(

VZS

t,&+781*648$17(/81*P |85 g5./>581* '(6 |((0$1Og5(.7(6 J3 c8)63$/781* 921 u3(.75$//,1,(1 %(, c1/(*(1 (,1(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6K :85'( $1*(1200(1N '$66 1,&+7 185 ',( i5?M( '(6 d$+1'5(+,038/6(6 ,1 g,1+(,7(1 921 @ 48$17,6,(57 ,67N 621'(51 $8&+ 185 %(67,007( 5>80/,&+( n$*(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1%$+1(1 %(=@*/,&+ (,1(6 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'(6 5 (5/$8%7 6,1'P f,( x256&+5,)7 )@5 ',(6( t,&+781*648$17(/81* J63$&(N 63$7,$/ 25 ',5(&7,21$/ 48$17,=$7,21K %(6$*7(1N '$66 ',( r52-(.7,21(1 '(5 (5/$8%7(1 q5,(17,(581*(1 '(6 d$+1'5(+,038/6(6 ? $8) ',( '85&+ 5 *(*(%(1( s8$17,6,(581*6O $&+6( J$;,6 2) 48$17,=$7,21K 80 @ ',5(5,(5(1 62//7(1P h@5 (,1(1 d$+1'5(+,038/6 0,7 d(75$* .@ J. 3 SN TN U "K 62//7(1 $/62 ',( r52-(.7,216:(57( 1.@N 1J. 2 SK@N " 2J. 2 SK@N 2.@ (5/$8%7 6(,1P f,( 5>80/,&+( q5,(17,(581* 921 $720$5(1 f5(+,038/6(1 ,67 ,0 r5,1=,3 %(2%$&+7O %$5N :(,/ 0,7 '(1 f5(+,038/6(1 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17( 9(5.1@3)7 6,1'N $8) ',( '85&+ >8M(5( J,1+202*(1(K o$*1(7)(/'(5 f5(+020(17( J81' m5>)7(K $86*(@%7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,(6( x(5%,1'81* 921 0(&+$1,6&+(1 f5(+,038/6(1 Jm5(,6(/N i/71,6 '(5 d(75>*( ,67 8,Bn8 3

S (B0P T

JYPVXK

VZT

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+8M(5(6DD x$/(1=(/(.7521N '$6 6,&+ :,( '$6 g/(.7521 920 y$66(56725 9(5+>/7P j(87( .$11 '$6 u7(51Oi(5/$&+Og;3(5,O 0(17 $8&+ 0,7 jOc720(1 '85&+*()@+57 :(5'(1] )@5 ',( f,6.866,21 .?11(1 :,5 816 '(6+$/% +,(5 $8) '$6 jOc720 %(6&+5>1.(1P c%%P YPSR =(,*7 6&+(0$7,6&+ ',( x(568&+6$125'181*P f(5 g/(.7520$*1(7 0,7 '(1 =:(, 81*/(,&+ *()2507(1 r2/6&+8+(1 (5=(8*7 (,1 67$5. ,1+202*(1(6 o$*1(7)(/'N %(, '(0 ,1 '(5 o,77( A 817(5+$/% '(5 u&+1(,'( '(6 2%(5(1 r2/6&+8+6 A '$6 dOh(/' 81' '(5 h(/'*5$',(17 ,1 =Ot,&+781* =(,*(1P m/$66,6&+ :,5.7 ',( d2+5I6&+( g/(.7521(1%$+1 ,0 jOc720 :,( (,1 m5(,6(/ 0,7 '(0 f5(+,038/6 @ 81' '(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17 2,dP f(1 y,1.(/ ) =85 t,&+781* '(6 dOh(/'(6N '(1 '(5 f5(+,038/6 %(,0 g,175,77 ,1 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' =8)>//,* +$7N :,5' %(,%(+$/7(1P f,( =Om20321(17( '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(6 ,67 ,= 32* ,d &26 )

JYPWSK

81' ',( '85&+ '$6 ,1+202*(1( o$*1(7)(/' $8) ,= $86*(@%7( m5$)7 ,67 h= 3 ,= 6 5=81*(1 (5=(8*7(1N )@+57(1 %(,0 g;3(O 5,0(17 921 u7(51 81' i(5/$&+ =8 $86:(57%$5(1 d,/'(51 '(5 u75$+/6385P d(, (,1*(6&+$/7(7(0 o$*1(7(1 ,67 ',( u75$+/$%/(1.81* 3523257,21$/ =8 &26 )P f$ '(5 g,175,776:,1.(/ ) )@5 ',( c720( '(6 u75$+/6 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 ) 3 R 81' SZR] 67$7,67,6&+ 9(57(,/7 ,67N :>5( 1$&+ '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+&+67(5 c%6&+1,77K %(6,7=7 '(5 i581'=867$1' '(6 jOc7206 :('(5 (,1(1 d$+1'5(+,038/6 12&+ (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17C f$1$&+ +>77( '$6 u7(51Oi(5/$&+Og;3(5,0(17 %(, (,1*(6&+$/7(7(0 o$*1(O 7(1 (,*(17/,&+ '$66(/%( d,/' :,( %(, $86*(6&+$/7(7(0 o$*1(7(1 (5*(%(1 0@66(1P y2O +(5 .2007 ',( %(2%$&+7(7( c8)63$/781* ,1 =:(, m20321(17(1a c/6 w56$&+( '$)@5 S :85'( 6&+/,(M/,&+ '(5 g,*(1'5(+,038/6 Ju3,1K '(6 g/(.75216 921 @ 81' (,1 '$0,7 T 9(5.1@3)7(6 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 921 2,d ,'(17,7=,(57P p$&+ i/P JYPWRK +$7 '$6 NN63,11(1'( g/(.7521DDN ,0 w17(56&+,(' =80 NN80/$8)(1'(1 g/(.7521DDN '$6 */71,6 * 3 TP f,( g,1)@+581* '(6 NN+$/%=$+/,*(1DD g/(.7521(163,16 ,1 ',( c7203+*/,&+ (,1*(%$87 :(5'(1P f,( '$5@%(5 +,1$86*(+(1'( 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( s8$17(17+(25,( 921 rPcPoP f,5$& JS[URK /,()(57 %(,'(6 $/6 g5*(%1,6P f,( r52-(.7,21(1 '(6 u3,16 $8) ',( o$*1(7)(/'5,&+781* :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( 0$*O 1(7,6&+( u3,148$17(1=$+/ 06 %(6&+5,(%(1\ 0,7

n=Nu3,1 3 06 @N 06 3 uSBTP

JYPWUK

f,( )@5 d$+1'5(+,038/6( *@/7,*( t(*(/N '$66 6,&+ ',( r52-(.7,21(1 $8) ',( s8$1O 7,6,(581*6$&+6( 80 @ 817(56&+(,'(1N *,/7 $8&+ )@5 '(1 +$/%=$+/,*(1 g/(.7521(163,1P u3,1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 '(6 g/(.75216 .?11(1 @%(5+$837 1,&+7 $16&+$8O /,&+ %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1N '(11 (6 *,%7 .(,1( j,1:(,6( $8) (,1( 5>80/,&+( c86'(+181* '(6 g/(.75216] (6 9(5+>/7 6,&+ ,00(5 :,( (,1 381.7)?50,*(6 v(,/&+(1P f(5 62 *(1$117( NN./$66,6&+( g/(.7521(15$',86DD 5( . TPZ 6 SR2SW 0 +$7 .(,1( 3+1*(DD ,1 h250(/1 =85 g/(.7521(1675(881* 9(5:(1O '(7P

YPUPU s8$17(10(&+$1,6&+( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 y$66(56725$7206 s8$17(10(&+$1,. J48$1780 0(&+$1,&6KP f,(6( %$+1%5(&+(1'( 81' $8M(525'(17/,&+ (5)2/*5(,&+( v+(25,(N '$6 m(5167@&. '(5 02'(51(1 r+1'( '(6 jOc7206 ,1 x(5%,1'81* =8 %5,1*(1 0,7 '(1 ',6.5(7(1 g,*(1:(57Ou3(.75(1 921 q3(5$725*/(,O &+81*(1 '(5 c/*(%5$P NNs8$17,6,(581* $/6 g,*(1:(57352%/(0DD ,67 '(5 v,7(/ '(5 (567(1 u&+5?',1*(5I6&+(1 c5%(,7 =8 ',(6(0 v+(0$P

YPU u758.785 '(5 c720(

VZW

|85 0$7+(0$7,6&+(1 v(50,12/2*,( )2/*(1'( c10(5.81*(1\ c 6(, (,1 $/*(%5$,O 6&+(5 q3(5$725N '(5 $8) ',( h81.7,21 )J;K (,1:,5.7P i(68&+7 :(5'(1 $//( h81.7,21(1 )1 J;KN ',( 62 %(6&+$5(1 6,1'N '$66 '(5 q3(5$725 cN $1*(:(1'(7 $8) (,1( 62/&+( h81.O 7,21 (,1( 1(8( h81.7,21 (5=(8*7N ',( 6,&+ 185 '85&+ (,1(1 .2167$17(1 h$.725 c1 921 '(5 c86*$1*6)81.7,21 )1 J;K 817(56&+(,'(7P f,( i/(,&+81*

c )1 J;K 3 c1 6 )1 J;K

JYPWVK

+(,M7 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( i/(,&+81* '(6 q3(5$7256 c] )1 J1 3 SN T "K 6,1' ',( g,*(1O )81.7,21(1 81' c1 J1 3 SN T "K ',( =8 '(1 (17635(&+(1'(1 g,*(1)81.7,21(1 *(+?O 5(1'(1 g,*(1:(57( J(,*(1 9$/8(6K '(6 q3(5$7256P h$//6 0(+5(5( g,*(1)81.7,21(1 '(1O 6(/%(1 g,*(1:(57 +$%(1N 635,&+7 0$1 921 g17$5781* J'(*(1(5$&7 %('(87(7\ Jc 1 dK ) 3 c )1 d )P

JYPWWK

c8M(5'(0 0@66(1 ',( '$=8*(+?5(1'(1 g,*(1)81.7,21(1 1250$/,6,(5%$5 6(,1P f$6 +(,M7N '$6 k17(*5$/ @%(5 '$6 c%62/8748$'5$7N (5675(&.7 @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1 t$80N 0866 (,1(1 (1'/,&+(1 y(57 (5*(%(1P g6 *(/$1* u&+5?',1*(5N (,1( q3(5$725(1*/(,&+81* =8 71'(1 J81' 0,7 (5+(%/,&+(0 0$7+(0$7,6&+(1 c8):$1' =8 /?6(1CKN ',( (,1 g,*(1:(5763(.7580 %(6,7=7N '$6 '(0 y$66(56725Og1(5*,(63(.7580 gJ1K 921 i/P JYPVRK (17635,&+7P c86*(+(1' 921 '(5 i/(,&+81*N ',( ',(6(6 )81'$0(17$/( g5*(%1,6 /,()(57N :85'(1 181 $//( 0?*/,&+(1 o(7+2'(1 =85 d(5(&+181* $1'(5(5 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 jOc7206 $86352%,(57 81' 0,7 63(.7526.23,6&+(1 o(66(5*(%1,66(1 9(5*/,&+(1] $86 '(1 (5)2/*5(,&+(1 o(7+2'(1 (1767$1'(1 1(8( 7+(25(7,6&+( m21=(37( 81' 1(8$57,*( 3+1'( '(6 jOc7206N =8 '(1(1 817(56&+,('/,&+( y(//(1)81.7,21(1 *(+?5(1N /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7+,/)( 921 '5(, s8$17(1=$+/(1 25'1(1 81' ./$66,7=,(5(1\ 1 3 SN TN UN " Z s 3 RN SN " J12SK 0 3 2sN " 1sP

VZX

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+1'( (17$57(7N 'P +P ',( |867$1'6(1(5*,( +>1*7 $//(,1 921 '(5 62 *(1$117(1 j$83748$17(1=$+/ J35,1&,3$/ 48$1780 180%(5K 1 $%P f,( |$+/ '(5 =8 (,1(0 1Oy(57 *(+?5(1'(1 |867>1'( (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ )2/*(1'(0 u&+(0$\ 1

T

0

|$+/ '(5 |867>1'(

S

R

R

S

T

R S

R 2SN RN 1S

V

U

R S T

R 2SN RN 1S 2TN 2SN RN 1SN 1T

[

R " 12S

R " 2J12SK"1J12SK

1T

1

g5:>+17 6(, 6&+21 +,(5N '$66 ',( sOg17$5781* $8)*(+2%(1 :,5'N :(11 '$6 $720$5( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'N ,1 '(0 6,&+ '$6 %(75$&+7(7( g/(.7521 %(71'(7N 920 e28/20%Oh(/' $%:(,&+7N :$6 %(, o(+5(/(.7521(1Oc720(1 '85&+ '(1 g,19866 '(5 $1'(5(1 g/(.7O 521(1 *(*(%(1 ,67P f,( 0Og17$5781* :,5' '85&+ (,1 >8M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/' $8)*(+2%(1P f,( d('(8781* '(5 s8$17(1=$+/(1 s 81' 0P f,( j(,6(1%(5*I6&+( w1%(67,007+(,76O 5(/$7,21 *,/7 1,&+7 185 )@5 ',( i5?M(13$$5( q57Bk038/6 81' |(,7Bg1(5*,(P g,1( >+1O /,&+( t(/$7,21 /,()(57 ',( s8$17(10(&+$1,. $8&+ )@5 ',( m20321(17(1 '(6 f5(+,0O 38/6(6 n;N n< 81' n=P i/(,&+=(,7,* (;$.7 0(66%$5 ,67 185 (,1( ',(6(5 m20321(17(1N ',( @%/,&+(5:(,6( n= *(1$117 :,5'N 62:,( '$6 s8$'5$7 '(6 f5(+,038/6(6N nTP f,(6(5 u$&+9(5+$/7 ,67 12&+ :(1,*(5 $16&+$8/,&+ $/6 ',( 2%(1 %(+$1'(/7(1 w1%(67,007+(,O 7(1 921 k038/6 81' g1(5*,(N ',( :(1,*67(16 0,7 '(0 m21=(37 '(6 =80 v(,/&+(1 *(+?5(1'(1 y(//(13$.(7(6 3/$86,%(/ *(0$&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( p(%(148$17(1=$+/ s %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) ',( s8$17,6,(581* 921 nTN '(0 s8$'5$7 '(6 d$+1'5(+,038/6(6N 81' :,5' '(6+$/% $8&+ f5(+,038/6Os8$17(1=$+/ J$1*8/$5O 020(1780 48$1780 180%(5K *(1$117P o$1 635,&+7 920 NNf5(+,038/6 '(5 i5?M( s 6 @DDN 2%:2+/ 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 x256&+5,)7(1 '(5 s8$17(10(&+$1,. '(5 d(75$* '(6 f5(+O ,038/6(6 =8 LsJs1SKbSBT 6 @ (5*,%7P y(11 ',( =Ot,&+781* 3+M n= 3 0 @N

0 3 RN uSN uTN " us ]

JYPWXK

0 :,5' 0$*1(7,6&+( s8$17(1=$+/ J0$*1(7,& 48$1780 180%(5K *(1$117N :(,/ ',( 3+1'( %(71'(1P f(5 63217$1( %(5*$1* ,1 (,1(1 (1(5O *(7,6&+ 7,()(5(1 |867$1' (5)2/*7 817(5 c866(1'81* (,1(6 r+27216P f,(6( 63217$1( g0,66,21 J63217$1(286 (0,66,21K] ',( =80 n,1,(163(.7580 (,1(5 NNu3(.75$//$03(DD )@+57N ,67 ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 s8$17(10(&+$1,. 1,&+7 %(6&+5(,%%$5 J0(+5 '$=8 ,1 c%6&+1P YPVPTKP d(6&+5(,%$5 6,1' ',( |867$1'6>1'(581*(1 817(5 '(0 g,19866 (,1(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 jhOh(/'(6 J,1'8&(' 75$16,7,216KN :(11 ',( h5(48(1= - '(5 t(O 621$1=%(',1*81* + - 3 (g 3 8g J1SK2g J1TK8

JYPWYK

*(1@*7P u2/$1*( '$6 jhOh(/' $8) '$6 c720 $/6 NNu7?581*DD (,1:,5.7N %(71'(7 (6 6,&+ ,1 (,1(0 NN*(0,6&+7(1DD |867$1'N '(66(1 y(//(1)81.7,21 (,1( n,1($5.20%,1$7,21 '(5 h81.7,21(1 )@5 c1)$1*6O 81' g1'=867$1' ,67P f,( 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( u7?581*6O 5(&+181* /,()(57 (,1( %(5*$1*6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 J75$16,7,21 352%$%,/,7+(581* +(5$1*(=2*(1 81' *(*(%(1(1)$//6 '85&+ m255(.O 785(1N ',( '(1 g,19866 '(5 $1'(5(1 g/(.7521(1 %(5@&.6,&+7,*(1 62//(1N (5*>1=7P s8$O /,7$7,9( %(5/(*81*(1 =80 &+(0,6&+(1 x(5+$/7(1 '(5 c720( *(+(1 ,00(5 921 '(1 y(//(1)81.7,21(1 '(6 jOc7206 $86P h@5 -('(1 g1(5*,(Og,*(1:(57 g J1K /,()(57 ',( u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* )@5 '$6 81O *(67?57( jOc720 0(+5(5( J(1(5*(7,6&+ (17$57(7(K |867>1'(N &+$5$.7(5,6,(57 '85&+ ',( s8$17(1=$+/(1 1N s 81' 0] ',( '$=8*(+?5(1'(1 y(//(1)81.7,21(1 %(6&+5(,%(1 67(+(1'( '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1 '(6 c720(/(.75216P d(, (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 y(//( .$11 ',( y(//(1)81.7,21 ,1 (,1(1 185 =(,7$%+>1*,*(1 81' (,1(1 185 2576$%+>1*,*(1 h$.725

VZZ

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+1*,*( v(,/N '(5 6,&+ :,('(580 ,1 =:(, h$.725(1N (,1( t$',$/)81.7,21 81' (,1( y,1.(/)81.7,21N =(5/(*(1 />667\ * J5N bN 3K 3 t1NT J5K {T0 JbN 3K P

JYPWZK

f,( y,1.(/)81.7,21 {T0 JbN 3K ,67 62 1250,(57N '$66 '$6 k17(*5$/ 921 8{T0 8 @%(5 $//( t,&+781*(1 '(5 x2//.8*(/ */(,&+ (,16 ,67P f$6 s8$'5$7 '(5 J5((//(1K t$',$/)81.O 7,21N Lt1NT J5KbTN ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 c8)(17+$/76:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 '(6 c720(/(.7O 5216 ,0 x2/80(1(/(0(17 J'; '< '=K ,0 c%67$1' 5 920 w563581*P f,( y$+56&+(,1O /,&+.(,7N '$6 g/(.7521 ,0 t$',$/,17(59$// '5 ,0 c%67$1' 5 =8 71'(1N ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( 5$',$/( f,&+7()81.7,21 T

fJ5K 3 5 T Lt1NT J5KbTP

JYPW[K

f(5 h$.725 V@N '(1 0$1 ,1 i/P JYPW[K (5:$57(1 :@5'(N 67(&.7 ,03/,=,7 ,1 '(5 @%/,&+(1 p250,(581* '(5 t$',$/)81.7,21(1 *(0>M Z

g 5 T tT1NT '5 3 SP R

JYPXRK

w0 %(,63,(/+$)7 =8 =(,*(1N :,( )@5 :$66(56725O>+1/,&+( u80/,&+( x(57(,/81* '(6 g/(.75216 80 '(1 c720.(51 6&+5803)7 $8) (,1 ./(,1(5(6 x2/80(1P f,( t,&+781*6$%+>1*,*.(,7 Jc1,627523,(K '(5 Jc8)(17+$/76OKy$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,76O ',&+7( '(6 y$66(56725Og/(.75216 :,5' A ,00(5 %(=2*(1 $8) (,1( 0,7 = %(=(,&+1(7( s8$17,6,(581*65,&+781* A '85&+ '$6 c%62/8748$'5$7 '(5 y,1.(/)81.7,21 8{T0 8T %(O 6&+5,(%(1P f,( 5>80/,&+( x(57(,/81* '(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,76',&+7( (5*,%7 08/7,3/,O =,(57 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1/$'81* 2( '(1 g5:$5781*6:(57 '(5 n$'81*6',&+7( |sN '(5 )@5 o(6681*(1 $1 9,(/(1 v(,/&+(1 ,1 ,'(17,6&+(1 |867>1'(1 '(1 o,77(/:(57 m|sn (5*,%7P f(6+$/% ,'(17,7=,(57 0$1 ',(6( x(57(,/81* 0,7 (,1(5 NN5>80/,&+ 9(56&+0,(57(1DD g/(.7521(1/$'81* 81' 635,&+7 921 NNn$'81*6O 2'(5 g/(.7521(1:2/.(1DDP o,7 =81(+O 0(1'(1 s8$17(1=$+/(1 :(5'(1 ',( t$',$/O 81' ',( y,1.(/)81.7,21(1 ,00(5 .20O 3/,=,(57(5] ',( u758.785(1 '(5 |867>1'( '(6 jOc7206N ',( h250(1 ,+5(5 NNg/(.752O 1(1:2/.(1DD :(5'(1 ,00(5 %,=$55(5P

YPUPV c8)%$8 '(5 o(+5(/(.7521(1Oc720( r$8/,Or5,1=,3P f,( g5)2/*( %(,0 jOc720 )@+57(1 %$/' =8 d(0@+81*(1N o(+5(/(.7O 521(1Oc720( $8) >+1/,&+( y(,6( :(1,*67(16 48$/,7$7,9 5,&+7,* =8 %(6&+5(,%(1P p,007 0$1 $1N '$66 ',( ',6.5(7(1 |867>1'( (,1(6 c7206 0,7 | g/(.7521(1 '(1(1 '(6 jO c7206 81*()>+5 >+1/,&+ 81' '85&+ ',( */(,&+(1 s8$17(1=$+/(1 %(6&+5(,%%$5 6,1'N '$11 (5+(%7 6,&+ ',( )2/*(1'( h5$*(\ m?11(1 $//( g/(.7521(1 (,1(6 c7206 6,&+ */(,&+O =(,7,* ,0 (1(5*(7,6&+ 7,()67(1 |867$1' J1 3 SN s 3 RK %(71'(1a y(11 -$N :,( />667 6,&+ '$0,7 ',( x,(/)$/7 ,0 &+(0,6&+(1 x(5+$/7(1 '(5 c720( 81' ,1 ,+5(1 n,1,(1O

YPU u758.785 '(5 c720(

VZ[

63(.75(1 (5./>5(1a y(11 1(,1N :,(9,(/( g/(.7521(1 .?11(1 6,&+ ,0 6(/%(1 |867$1' %(71'(1a f,( 7+(25(7,6&+(1 d(0@+81*(1 =80 x(567>1'1,6 '(6 r(5,2'(161'( '$11 0$;0,$/ 0,7 185 (,1(0 g/(.7521 %(6(7=7 :(5'(1P p$&+ g,1)@+581* '(6 g/(.7521(163,16 .2117( ',( 9,(57( s8$17(1=$+/ =:$1*/26 $/6 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( s8$17(1=$+/ '(6 u3,16 J63,1 0$*1(7,& 48$1780 180%(5K 06 *('(87(7 :(5'(1P r(5,2'(161'(51 6,&+ ',( &+(0,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1N %(621'(56 67$5. %(, '(1 j$837*5833(1(/(0(17(1N :(1,*(5 67$5. %(, '(1 %(5*$1*60(7$//(1 81' .$80 %(, '(1 ,11(5(1 %(5*$1*60(7$//(1P f,( 817(5O (,1$1'(567(+(1'(1 g/(0(17( 9(56&+,('(1(5 |(,/(1 6,1' ,0 &+(0,6&+(1 x(5+$/7(1 >+1/,&+P d(,63,(/(\ f,( &+(0,6&+ $**5(66,9(1 c/.$/,0(7$//( 81' y$66(56725 ,1 '(5 (567(1 u3$/7( Ji5833( kc ,1 c%%P YPSSK 81' ',( &+(0,6&+ ,1(57(1 g'(/*$6( ,1 '(5 /(7=7(1 u3$/7( Ji5833( RKP g,1 c720 0,7 | g/(.7521(1 0@667( (,*(17/,&+ $/6 (,1 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(6 i(O 6$07666,*7N /,()(57 :(1,*67(16 (,1 48$/,7$7,9(6 x(567>1'1,6] 6,( :,5' $/6 w1$%+>1*,*(Ov(,/&+(1Op>+(581* J,1'(3(1'(17O 3$57,&/( $3352;,0$7,21K %(=(,&+1(7P g6 ,67 @%/,&+N ',( |867>1'( 0,7 */(,&+(0 1 =8 NNu&+$/(1DD '(5 g/(.7521(1+@//( =8O 6$00(1=8)$66(1 81' 6,( '$11 (17635(&+(1' '(5 sOy(57( ,1 NNw17(56&+$/(1DD =8 81O 7(57(,/(1P |85 m(11=(,&+181* '(5 u&+$/(1 0,7 1 3 SN TN UN VN W " 6,1' ',( u1'( '(5 i$67(,/&+(1 ,0 r+$6(15$80 $1*(3$667P h@5 i$6( ,0 )5(,(1 t$80 *(1@*7 (6N ',( x(57(,/81* ,0 k038/65$80 =8 %(75$&+7(1P f$=8 :(5'(1 )2/*(1'( w0)25081*(1 925*(1200(1\ U

p, S 'pN *, S *3 '3N S g, S g 3 3TB0 )@5 0#RN 9 * &N T 3 & 3 )@5 0 3 RP

JYPXWK

f,( |$+/ '(5 |867>1'( ,0 k038/6,17(59$// '3 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ *3 '3 3 V@ 3T '3 x )B+UP

JYPXXK

f$6 ',5(5(17,(//( x2/80(1 ,0 k038/65$80N V@ 3 '3N (17635,&+7 (,1(5 m8*(/6&+$/( 0,7 '(0 t$',86 3 81' '(5 f,&.( '3] x ,67 '$6 '(0 i$6 =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+(1'( x2/80(1 ,0 q5765$80N ) ,67 (,1 h$.725 )@5 ',( d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* 921 u3,1 2'(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P f$6 )@+57 =80 x(57(,/81*6*(6(7= )@5 i$6( ,1 )2/*(1'(5 h250\ T

'p 3

V@ x ) 3 T '3 P + U b(;3L31gBJ.vKb16c

JYPXYK

WRR

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+&+( Jy 02T j=2SK =8 .200(1P u&+/,(M/,&+ 0866 0$1 0,7 - 3 &B+ 81' '- 3 J2KJ&B+TK'+ ',( u3(.75$/9$5,$%/( :(&+6(/1P c720( 81' r+2721(1 ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 (,1 $720$5(6 i$6N '(66(1 g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '85&+ ',( d2/7=0$11Ou7$7,67,. %(6&+5,(%(1 :,5'N :(,/ (6 6(/%67 %(, +2+(1 i$6',&+7(1 (,1 +,15(,&+(1' 9(5'@117(6 u1'(K *S 81' *T 67(+(1 1$&+ i/P JYPXTK J0,7 6 3 RK ,0 x(5+>/71,6 0,7

pTBpS 3 J*TB*SK (;3L2(gBJ.vKb (g 3 gT 2gS #RP

JYPYSK

k0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 0@66(1 6,&+ c%62537,216O 81' g0,66,216925*>1*( .203(16,(5(1P f,( c%62537,2165$7( ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 J'&B'-KpSP u(7=7 0$1 )@5 ',( g0,66,21 185 ',( 63217$1( g0,66,21 0,7 (,1(5 g0,66,2165$7( 3523257,21$/ =8 pT $1N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1 y,'(56358&+ =80 u75$+/81*6*(6(7= 921 i/P JYPYRKC S[SY =(,*7( cP g,167(,1N '$66 (567 '85&+ ',( j,1=81$+0( '(5 '$0$/6 12&+ 81%(O .$117(1 ,1'8=,(57(1 g0,66,21 Jc%%P YPSUK %(5(,167,0081* 0,7 '(0 u75$+/81*6O *(6(7= (5+$/7(1 :,5'P h@5 ',( =85 63(.75$/(1 g1(5*,(',&+7( 3523257,21$/(1 %(5*>1*( )@+57( (5 ',( m2(5,=,(17(1 dST Jc%62537,21K 81' dTS J,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21K (,1N )@5 ',( 63217$1( g0,66,21 '(1 m2(5,=,(17(1 cTSP f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 '$6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 '(5 %(5*$1*65$7(1 ',( d(=,(+81* dST J'&B'-K pS 3 cTS pT 1dTS J'&B'-K pTN

JYPYTK

81' 0,7 '(0 d2/7=0$11Oh$.725 )@5 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 d(6(7=81*6=$+/(1 ,0 7+(5O 0,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 )2/*7 '&B'- 3 cTS BLdST J*SB*TK ( (gB.v 2dTSbP

JYPYUK

g,1 x(5*/(,&+ 0,7 i/P JYPYRK (5*,%7 6&+/,(M/,&+ 81'

*S dST 3 *T dTS

JYPYVK

cTSBdTS 3 JZ@ +B& UK -UP

JYPYWK

f,( m2(5,=,(17(1 dTS 81' dST 6,1' 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 h5(48(1=P f(5 m2(5,=,(17 cTS ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 '5,77(1 r27(1= '(5 h5(48(1= - %=:P '(5 g1(5*,(',5(5(1= (gP c8) ',(6( y(,6( :,(6 g,167(,1 6&+21 S[SY 1$&+N '$66 (6 '(1 r52=(66 '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 g0,66,21 *(%(1 0866P h@5 6(,1( c5%(,7(1 =85 s8$17(17+(25,( '(6 n,&+7(6 :85'(

E1

E2

spontane Emission

Absorption

induzierte Emission

Photon

Atom

c%%P YPSU %(5*>1*( =:,6&+(1 =:(, g1(5*,(1,9($86 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP f,( 63217$1( g0,66,21 (5)2/*7 ,1 $//( t,&+781*(1] %(, '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 g0,66,21 +$%(1 ,1'8=,(5(1'(6 81' (0,77,(57(6 r+2721 ',(6(/%( t,&+781*P

WRT

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+5.7 ',( (,1)$//(1'( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//( .2+>5(17 J9*/P c%6&+1P XPSPUK\ ',( y(//( '(6 (0,77,(57(1 r+27216 +$7 ',( */(,&+( c86%5(,781*65,&+781*N r+$6( 81' r2/$5,6$7,21 :,( ',( (,1O )$//(1'(P c%(5 185 )@5 '(1 h$//N '$66 ,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21 +>87*(5 ,67 $/6 c%62537,21N 71'(7 1(772 (,1( u75$+/81*69(567>5.81* 67$77P f,( d(',1*81* '$)@5 /$87(7\ 2'(5

dTS pT #dST pS 3 dTS J*TB*SK pS pTB*T #pSB*SP

JYPYXK

u2/&+ (,1( d(6(7=81*6,19(56,21 J3238/$7,21 ,19(56,21K ,67 $%(5 1,(0$/6 ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 =8 (5+$/7(1P p$&+ i/P JYPYSK ,67 pTB*T 3 R )@5 v 3 R 81' 67(,*7 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 $1N 80 )@5 v S Z '(0 i5(1=:(57 pTB*T 3 pSB*S =8=8675(%(1P d(O 6(7=81*6,19(56,21(1 /$66(1 6,&+ 185 0,7+,/)( 7(&+1,6&+(5 v5,&.6 81' w0*(+81* '(6 7+(50,6&+(1 u75$+/81*6*/(,&+*(:,&+7(6 (55(,&+(1P f$6 ,67 ',( i581','(( 921 o$6(5 J3 0,&52:$9( $03/,7&$7,21 %< 67,08/$7(' (0,66,21 2) 5$',$7,21K 81' n$6(5 J3 /,*+7 Energie-Transfer in He-Ne-Stößen Laser 632.8 nm

spontane Emission

Anregung durch Elektronenstoß in Gasentladung

Abregung durch Wandstöße He

Ne Energieniveaus

c%%P YPSV j(Op(On$6(5\ u72M$15(*81* '(6 j( ,1 (,1(1 /$1*/(%,*(1 JNN0(7$67$%,/(1DDK |867$1' 81' g1(5*,(Ov5$16)(5 ,1 c72067?M(1 (5*(%(1 d(6(7=81*6,19(56,21 ,0 2%(5(1 n$6(5Op,9($8P u3217$1( g0,66,21 81' y$1'67?M( (17/((5(1 '$6 817(5( n$6(5Op,9($8P

YPV s8$17(167$7,67,.

WRU

$03/,7&$7,21 %< 67,08/$7(' (0,66,21 2) 5$',$7,21KP f,( c%%P YPSV %(6&+5(,%7 6&+(0$O 7,6&+ ',( r52=(66(N ',( ,0 %(.$117(1 j(/,80Op(21On$6(5 J527(6 n,&+7N + 3 XUTPZ 10K 0,7:,5.(1P h@5 r,21,(5$5%(,7(1 =80 o$6(5 81' n$6(5 (5+,(/7 ePjP v2:1(6 S[XV '(1 p2%(/35(,6] )@5 :(6(17/,&+( d(,75>*( =85 n$6(5Ou3(.7526.23,( :85'(1 p2%(/O 35(,6( S[ZS $1 cPnP u&+$:/2: 81' pP d/2(0%(5*(1 81' TRRW $1 lPnP j$// 81' vPyP j>16&+ 9(5/,(+(1P y,( i/P JYPYWK =(,*7N 67(,*7 ',( 63217$1( g0,66,21N ',( '(5 j(567(//81* 921 d(6(7O =81*6,19(56,21(1 (17*(*(1:,5.7N 0,7 -U $1P f(6+$/% %(*$11 ',( 7(&+1,6&+( g17:,&.O /81* '(5 .2+>5(17(1 u75$+/81*69(567>5.(5 81' u75$+/81*648(//(1 %(,0 o$6(5P f,( n$6(5(17:,&./81* %(*$11 ,0 k1)5$527(1 81' (56&+/266 '$11 $//0>+/,&+ '(1 6,&+7O %$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+P |8 12&+ +?+(5(1 h5(48(1=(1 *(/$1*7 0$1 @%(5 h5(48(1=O x(5'233/81* %=:P x(59,(/)$&+81* 0,7+,/)( 921 1,&+7/,1($5(1 237,6&+(1 m20321(1O 7(1P y(,7(5)@+5(1'( f$567(//81*(1\ d$1' U Jq37,.KN m$3,7(/ Z Jg5=(8*81* 921 .2+>O 5(17(0 n,&+7 A ncugtK 81' m$3,7(/ [ Jp,&+7/,1($5( q37,.KP

YPVPU d26(Og,167(,1Om21'(16$7,21 p$&+'(0 uPpP d26( S[TV ',( s8$17(167$7,67,. 2+1( v(,/&+(1=$+/Og5+$/781* (5)2/*O 5(,&+ $8) ',( r+2721(1 '(5 7+(50,6&+(1 u75$+/81* $1*(:(1'(7 +$77(N (5:(,7(57( g,1O 67(,1 S[TVBTW ',( u7$7,67,. $8) (,1 d2621(1*$6 0,7 v(,/&+(1=$+/Og5+$/781*P g5 )$1' (,1( 0$5.$17( c%:(,&+81* 920 x(5+$/7(1 (,1(6 ,'($/(1 i$6(6 1$&+ '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 d2/7=0$11Ou7$7,67,.\ o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 v(,/&+(1',&+7( 81' $%1(+0(1'(5 v(03(5$O 785 %(6(7=(1 ,00(5 0(+5 v(,/&+(1 '(1 (1(5*(7,6&+ 7,()67(1 |867$1'P f$6 ,67 '(5 |8O 67$1' 0,7 '(5 g1(5*,( g 3 3TBJT0K 3 RP h@5 ',( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 i$6(6 ,0 r+$O 6(15$80 %('(87(7 ',(6( g17$5781*N '$66 6,&+ ,00(5 0(+5 v(,/&+(1 %(, 3; 3 3< 3 3= 3 R 9(56$00(/1P f(6+$/% 635,&+7 0$1 $8&+ 921 (,1(5 m21'(16$7,21 ,0 k038/65$80P o$1 .$11 9(5087(1N '$66 (,1 g16(0%/( 921 9,(/(1 i$67(,/&+(1N ',( 6,&+ $//( ,0 6(/%(1 s8$17(1=867$1' 0,7 '(5 g1(5*,( 18// %(71'(1N (,1 '(87/,&+ $1'(5(6 3+7 (,1 s8$17(13+>120(1 ,67 81' $/6 d26(Og,167(,1Om21'(16$7,21 A @%(5/$*(57N $%(5 1,&+7 817(5'5@&.7 921 ,17(5$720$5(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 ,1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 A %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .$11P

WRV

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+7(5 .2117( yP m(77(5/( $0 okv 0,7 =:(, p$75,80OdgOm21'(16$7(1 k17(5)(5(1= (5=(8*(1 81' dgO.21'(16,(57( o$7(5,( (;75$+,(5(1P

YPVPV n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 '(5 o(7$//( o(7$//( 6,1' h(67.?53(5 $86 c720(1 (,1(6 g/(0(17(6 921 '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7( '(6 r(O 5,2'(167 81' +,1O '(57 ',( g/(.7521(1 $0 c8675,77 $1 '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+(P j,(5 62// 185 '(5 k'($/)$//N '$66 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,0 o(7$// 9?//,* )5(, %(O :(*/,&+ 6,1'N %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1P y,5 %(+$1'(/1 ',( g/(.7521(1 :,( (,1 h(50,21(1*$6 ,1 (,1(0 '85&+ '$6 o(7$//92/80(1 x *(*(%(1(1 d(+>/7(5P c86*(+(1' 921 i/P JYPXTK 1(+0(1 :,5 )2/*(1'( w0)25081*(1 925\ 6 31S

0

h(50,Ou7$7,67,. :(*(1 u3,1

3 32ghBJ.vK Jgh 3 h(50,Og1(5*,(KP

S T

1

f$6 (5*,%7 ',( x(57(,/81*6)81.7,21 S p, 3 N *, (;3LJg, 2ghKBJ.vKb1S

JYPYYK

',( )@5 gh + .v )$67 (,1( v5(33(1)81.7,21 ,67] ,0 d(5(,&+ R"g, "gh ,67 6,( */(,&+ (,16 81' )@5 g, #gh */(,&+ 18//P f,( h(50,Og1(5*,( @%(51,007 ',( t2//( '(5 v(,/O &+(1=$+/Op250,(581*6.2167$17( "N (5+>/7 $%(5 '$5@%(5 +,1$86 (,1( 6(+5 $16&+$8O /,&+( d('(8781* $/6 i5(1=( '(5 %(6(7=7(1 |867>1'( Jc%%P YPSWKP y(11 0$1 67$77 '(5 h(50,Og1(5*,( ',( h(50,Ov(03(5$785 )h 3 ghB. %(75$&+7(7N (5.(117 0$1N '$66 ',(6( v(03(5$785 )@5 $//( o(7$//( %(, (,1,*(1 SR RRR m /,(*7P f$6 +(,M7N 817(5+$/% '(5 u&+0(/=7(03(5$785 *,/7 )@5 -('(6 o(7$// v * )hN 81' ',( c%:(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 h(50,Ox(57(,/81* )@5 v 3 R 6,1' *(5,1*P p81 6&+/,(M(1 :,5 $1 ',( h81.7,21 )@5 i$O 67(,/&+(1 Ji/P JYPXYKK $1 81' 68%67,78,(5(1 h2/*(1'(6\

YPV s8$17(167$7,67,.

WRW

N i Jg i Fermi-Kante T=0 T = 0.005TF T = 0.05TF

1.0

0.5

0

0.5

1.0

1.5 EJE F

c%%P YPSW d(6(7=81*6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 '(5 =85 g1(5*,( g, *(+?5(1'(1 |867>1'( 1$&+ '(5 h(50,Ou7$7,67,. )@5 9(56&+,('(1( x(5+>/71,66( 921 v(03(5$785 =8 h(50,Ov(03(5$785P

) 3 T =85 d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* '(5 %(,'(1 u3,15,&+781*(1N 3 3 JT0 gKSBT J0 3 g/(.7521(10$66(N g 3 g/(.7521(1(1(5*,(KN '3 3 0 JT0 gK2SBT 'gP f(5 %(5*$1* 921 '(5 v(,/&+(1=$+/ p =85 g/(.7521(1=$+/Of,&+7( 1( (5)25'(57 ',( w0)25081* '1( 3 'pBxP c/6 g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '(5 g/(.7521(1=$+/Of,&+7( :,5' ',( h81.7,21 '1(B'g '(O 71,(57N ',( 6,&+ $86 i/P JYPXYK 81' '(1 2%,*(1 w0)25081*(1 :,( )2/*7 (5*,%7\ Z|T @ 0 UBT g SBT '1( 3 P 'g +U (;3LJg2ghKBJ.vKb1S

JYPYZK

f,(6( h81.7,21 817(56&+(,'(7 6,&+ 921 '(5 x(57(,/81*6)81.7,21 Ji/P JYPYYKK 925 $//(0 '85&+ ',( =86>7=/,&+( g1(5*,($%+>1*,*.(,7N ',( '85&+ '(1 h$.725 g SBT +,1=8.2007P h@5 '(1 h$// v 3 R />667 6,&+ i/P JYPYZK /(,&+7 ,17(*5,(5(1 81' '$0,7 ',( h(50,O g1(5*,( ,1 d(=,(+81* 6(7=(1 =85 g/(.7521(1=$+/Of,&+7( 1(P g6 (5*,%7 6,&+ ghJv 3 RK 3 J+TBZ0K JU1(B@KTBUP

JYPY[K

f,( h(50,Og1(5*,( :,5' @%/,&+(5:(,6( ,1 (x $1*(*(%(1P h@5 '$6 (,1:(57,*( m83)(5N '$6 352 c720 (,1 g/(.7521 $1 '$6 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1*$6 $%*,%7N ,67 gh 3 YPR (x] ',( h(50,Ov(03(5$785 )h 3 ghB. ,67 )@5 m83)(5 ZT RRR mP g,1( *(1$8(5( t(&+181* =(,*7N '$66 ',( (;3/,=,7( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 h(5O 0,Og1(5*,( )@5 v * )h 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 ,67P v$76>&+/,&+ :,5' (,1( 9,(/ *5?M(5( }1'(581* 921 gh '$'85&+ %(:,5.7N '$66 6,&+ ',( g/(.7521(1',&+7( 1( :(*(1 '(5 7+(50,6&+(1 c86'(+81* '(6 o(7$//*,77(56 9(55,1*(57P u2/$1*( v * )h ,67N (5+?+7 6,&+ ',( g1(5*,(',&+7( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 185 *$1= :(1,* 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 v(03(5$785P f$6 ,67 '(5 i581'N :(6+$/% ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 (,1(1 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1(1 d(,75$* =85 63(=,76&+(1 y>50( '(5 o(7$//( /(,67(1P u7$77 (,1(5 o2/:>50( 921 ex 3 UtBT Jt 3 i$6.2167$17(KN :,( (6 (,1(0 ./$66,6&+(1 ,'($/(1 i$6 %(, .2167$17(0 x2/80(1 (17635,&+7N (5*,%7 ',( h(50,Ou7$7,67,. )@5 ',( m83)(5On(,781*6(/(.7521(1 %(, |,00(57(03(5$785 185 (7:$ S@ '(6 ./$66,6&+(1 y(57(6P

WRX

Y g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( c7203+5(/(.7521(1Oc86%(87( h(50,Og1(5*,( k21,6$7,216(1(5*,( g/(0(17$5/$'81* m5$)7 p250$/.5$)7 h5(48(1= n(,7:(57 s8$17(1On(,7:(57 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* 3 8j 8 j>57( .5,7,6&+( 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* r/$1&.Om2167$17( u7520 u7520',&+7(

WSR

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

i5?M(161*(1.225',1$7(1 c86%(87( Ju(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,21K (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( f(%5.(N , 3 8c'5 8B888P

JZPSK

f,( n$'81*675>*(5Od(:(*/,&+.(,7 :,5' ,00(5 $/6 326,7,9( i5?M( $1*(*(%(1P d(, 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*675>*(51 :,( '(1 g/(.7521(1 ,67 ',( f5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c'5 $17,O 3$5$//(/ =85 h(/'67>5.( 8P f$6 :,5' .203(16,(57 '85&+ '(1 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1%(O :(*81* 9(5%81'(1(1 v5$163257 1(*$7,9(5 n$'81*N '(5 )250$/ '(0 v5$163257 921 326,7,9(5 n$'81* ,1 h(/'5,&+781* (17635,&+7P f,( u7520',&+7( W ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( 8\ W 3 1 8P

JZPTK

f,(6( i/(,&+81* '(71,(57 ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 J&21'8&7,9,7+,*.(,7 1 .$11 ',5(.7 $86 u7520O 81' u3$1181*60(6681*(1 %(67,007 :(5'(1P f(5 ,1 c%6&+1P ZPSPT %(6&+5,(%(1( j$//Og5(.7 /,()(57 o(66:(57( )@5 ',( n$O '81*675>*(5',&+7( 1N ',( )@5 m83)(5 35$.7,6&+ */(,&+ '(5 c720',&+7( ,67P c86 n(,7O )>+,*.(,76O 81' j$//Og5(.7Oo(6681*(1 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 '(5 n(,781*6O (/(.7521(1 ,P f,( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 )@5 *87 /(,7(1'( o(7$//( :,( m83)(5 81' u,/%(5 /,(*7 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 W 6 SR2U 0TBJx6K 3 WR J&0B6KBJxB&0KP g/(.7521(1/(,781*P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ',( 6,&+ ,0 /$'81*61(875$/,6,(5(1'(1 k21(1*,77(5 )5(, %(:(*/,&+(1 g/(.7521(1 :,( i$6Or$57,.(/N ',( 67$7,67,6&+ 81*(25'1(7( d(:(*81* 0,7 '(5 0,77/(5(1 7+(50,6&+(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 97+ $86)@+5(1 81' '$%(, +>87* 0,7 '(0 i,77(5 =86$00(1672M(1P c86 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 '(0 i,77(5 (5*,%7 6,&+

WST

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

(,1( 0,77/(5( )5(,( y(*/>1*( sN $86 '(5 0,7 97+ (,1( 0,77/(5( u72M=(,7 2 3 sB97+ )2/*7P f$6 t(&+1(1 0,7 ',(6(1 NN0,77/(5(1DD i5?M(1 ,67 (,1( 6(+5 1@7=/,&+( p>+(581*] $86 d(48(0/,&+.(,7 :,5' ',( m(11=(,&+181* '(5 o,77(/:(57( '85&+ 63,7=( m/$00(51 mn :(**(/$66(1P y(11 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $1*(/(*7 :,5'N '$11 :(5'(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 '85&+ ',( (/(.75,6&+( m5$)7 %(6&+/(81,*7P o,7 '(5 c11$+0(N '$66 -('(6 g/(.7521 1$&+ -('(0 u72M :,('(5 (,1( 81*(25'1(7( 7+(50,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 %(6,7=7N ,67 ',( (5(.7,9( d(6&+/(81,*81*6=(,7 ,0 gOh(/' */(,&+ '(5 u72M=(,7 2P f,( m5$)7 2(8 %(6&+/(81,*7 '$6 g/(.7521 921 9 3 R %,6 =85 g1'*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 2J(B0Kg 6 2P f,( 0,77/(5( f5,)7O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' +$7 '(1 +$/%(1 y(57\ S J(B0K 8g8 2 T S 3 J(B0K 8g8 sB97+P T

9'5 3

JZPXK

h@5 ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 (5*(%(1 6,&+ ',( $1$/2*(1 d(=,(+81*(1 S J(B0K 2 T S 3 J(B0K sB97+P T

,3

JZPYK

d(, '(5 f5,)7 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 0@66(1 6,&+ ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 '85&+ '$6 ,0 t$80 )(67/,(*(1'( i,77(5 '(5 326,7,9(1 o(7$//Ok21(1 +,1'85&+%(:(*(1N :2%(, 6,( '85&+ ',( h(/'.5>)7( '(5 k21(1 921 ,+5(5 t,&+781* 0(+5 2'(5 :(1,*(5 67$5. $%*(/(1.7 :(5'(1P c8&+ .$11 (,1 g/(.7521 921 (,1(0 o(7$//Ok21 (,1*()$1*(1 :(5O '(1N :>+5(1' $1 6(,1(5 u7(//( (,1 $1'(5(6 g/(.7521 '(1 y(* )2576(7=7P y(,/ %(, /2.$/(5 x(5/(7=81* '(5 n$'81*61(875$/,7>7 6(+5 67$5.( 5@&.75(,%(1'( (/(.75,6&+( m5>)7( :,5.O 6$0 :(5'(1N ,67 ',( g/(.7521(1',&+7( ,0 o(7$// 6(+5 +202*(1P f85&+ ',( ,00(5 :,('(5 (5)2/*(1'( c%%5(0681* %=:P c%/(1.81* '(5 g/(.7521(1 '85&+ $1'(5( g/(.7521(1 2'(5 '85&+ ',( ,0 i,77(5 *(%81'(1(1 k21(1 :,5' ',( ,0 h(/' $8)*(1200(1( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 81*(25'1(7( d(:(*81*N 'P +P ,1 y>50( 9(5:$1'(/7P u2 .2007 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' =867$1'(P g,1(1 ',5(.7(1 d(:(,6 )@5 ',( t(,%81* '(5 ,1 (,1(0 o(7$// %(:(*7(1 g/(.7521(1 67(//7 '$6 d$5/2:I6&+( t$' Jc%6&+1P UPXPTK '$5P f,( 921 '(5 o,77( '(5 '5(+%$5(1 u&+(,%( 1$&+ '(5 u7520O $%/(,781* $0 t$1'( 9,(M(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 (5)$+5(1 ,1 (,1(0 o$*1(7)(/' (,1( s8(5O $%/(1.81*] '$%(, 1(+0(1 6,( ,1)2/*( '(5 t(,%81* ',( o(7$//6&+(,%( 0,7N 62'$66 ',(6( ,1 '5(+(1'( d(:(*81* 9(56(7=7 :,5'P v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7P f$ ',( g/(.7521(1',&+7( 35$.7,6&+ 921 '(5 v(03(5$785 81$%+>1*,* ,67N *,/7 )@5 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1N *(1$8 :,( )@5 ',( d(O :(*/,&+.(,7 , 81' ',( f5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9'5N (,1( r523257,21$/,7>7 =85 0,77/(5(1 )5(,(1 y(*/>1*( s 81' =85 5(=,352.(1 7+(50,6&+(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 97+P p,007 0$1 1$&+ '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 d2/7=0$11Ou7$7,67,. ',( 0,77/(5( 7+(50,6&+( i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 352327,21$/ =8 v SBT $1N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 2%,*(1 d(75$&+781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 6 v 2SBTP }+1/,&+( *$6.,1(7,6&+( %(5/(*81*(1 =85 y>50(/(,7)>+,*.(,7 + *(%(1 (,1( ',5(.7( r52325,7,21$/,7>7 =85 7+(50,6&+(1 i(O

ZPS n(,781*6(/(.7521(1

WSU

6&+:,1',*.(,7N $/62 + 6 v SBTP f$5$86 )2/*7 +B1 6 v P f$6 :$5 />1*(5( |(,7 ',( $.O =(37,(57( f(8781* '(6 y,('(0$11Oh5$1=Oi(6(7=(6 Jc%6&+1P YPSPUKP f$ 62:2+/ + :,( $8&+ 1 =85 0,77/(5(1 )5(,(1 y(*/>1*( 3523257,21$/ 6,1'N *(+7 ',(6( ,1 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 +B1 1,&+7 (,1P p$&+'(0 (5.$117 :25'(1 :$5N '$66 )@5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,1 o(7$//(1 ',( h(50,O u7$7,67,. *,/7N 08667( '$6 y,('(0$11Oh5$1=Oi(6(7= 1(8 ,17(535(7,(57 :(5'(1\ f,( 7+(50,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 o(7$//(/(.7521(1 ,67 ,1 *87(5 p>+(581* */(,&+ '(5 h(50,Oi(6&+:,1',*.(,7N $/62 1,&+7 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*P c%(5 921 '(1 o(7$//(/(.7O 521(1 .$11 $86 g1(5*,(O 81' k038/6*5@1'(1 185 (,1 6(+5 ./(,1(5 c17(,/ 0,7 '(0 i,77(5 ,1 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 75(7(1 81' 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,( 75$163257,(5(1P f,( y>5O 0(.$3$=,7>7N $/6 h$.725 ,1 '(5 y>50(/(,7)>+,*.(,7 (17+$/7(1 81' %(, '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 d(75$&+781* $/6 .2167$17 $1*(1200(1N 08667( 181 )@5 '(1 c17(,/ '(5 n(,781*6O (/(.7521(1N ',( 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,( 75$163257,(5(1 .?11(1N %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1 81' (5*$% 6,&+ $/6 3523257,21$/ =8 v ,0 g,1./$1* 0,7 '(0 y,('(0$11Oh5$1=Oi(6(7=P f,( r523257,21$/,7>76.2167$17(N '(5 n25(1=Om2(5,=,(17N ,67 1$&+ '(5 48$17(10(&+$O 1,6&+(1 d(5(&+181* */(,&+ J@ .B(KTBUP h@5 ',( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 ,67 ',( 0,77/(5( )5(,( y(*/>1*( 9(5$17:257/,&+N ',( '85&+ ',( 7+(50,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*(1 '(5 i,77(5O k21(1 %(*5(1=7 :,5' J$%*(6(+(1 920 d(5(,&+ 6(+5 7,()(5 v(03(5$785(1N ,1 '(0 i,7O 7(5)(+/(5 %(*5(1=(1' :,5.(1KP h@5 '(1 %(, 0(7$//,6&+(1 n(,7(51 7(&+1,6&+ :,&+7,*(1 4 Li Au Pb Au

3 Cu Rh Pb

W Ni

W

2 RJRD

W

Cu

Li

Au

Cu Au

Cu Pb Pb Li W Cu Au 1 Ni Li Pb Cu Rh Li W Cu Ni Au W Au Pb W Li Ni 0 Li Au 1 TJıD

2

3

c%%P ZPS c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 5('8=,(57(1 y,'(567$1'(6 tBtf 921 '(5 5('8=,(57(1 v(03(5$785 vB)f] )f ,67 ',( f(%+(581* 3523257,21$/ =8 SBvN '$6 +(,M7N '(5 J63(O =,76&+(K (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' 1,007 /,1($5 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 =8P f$ '(5 63(=,76&+( y,'(567$1' ,0 o(7$// '85&+ ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 '(0 m5,6O 7$//*,77(5 =867$1'( .2007N %(67(+7 (,1( 3+1*,*.(,7 '(6 y,'(567$1'(6 t 921 '(5 v(03(5$785 :,5' '85&+ c1*$%( '(5 v(03(5$785.2(5,=,(17(1 %(6&+5,(%(1N ',( )@5 5(,1( o(7$//( 326,7,9N $%(5 921 9(56&+,('(1(5 i5?M( 6,1'P g,1( @%(5(,167,00(1'( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 (5+>/7 0$1 1$&+ gP i5@1(,6(1 JS[SZK '85&+ c8)75$*(1 '(6 5('8=,(57(1 y,'(567$1'(6 tBtf @%(5 '(5 5('8=,(57(1 v(03(5$785 vB)f] tf ,67 '(5 %(, '(5 f(%+,*.(,7N 81' =:$5 *,/7 $/6 h$8675(*(/N '$66 6,&+ '(5 63(=,76&+( y,'(567$1' %(,0 g567$55(1 '(6 o(7$//6 +$/%,(57P

ZPSPT j$//Og5(.7 f,(6(5 921 gPjP j$// SZY[ (17'(&.7( g5(.7 ,67 %(621'(56 :,&+7,* ,1 '(5 j$/%/(,O 7(53+M,* @%(5 ,+5(1 s8(56&+1,77 9(57(,/7(1 u7520 k '85&+9266(1N 62 ,67 =:,6&+(1 =:(, r81.7(1 c 81' dN ',( $0 t$1'( '(5 r/$77( =8 %(,'(1 u(,7(1 */(,&+ :(,7 921 '(5 u7520=8/(,781* (17)(517 /,(*(1N .(,1( r27(17,$/',5(5(1= 925+$1'(1P y,5.7 $%(5 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r/$77( B B

I

I A

c%%P ZPT |85 g5/>87(581* '(6 j$//Og5(.7(6P f,( u.,==( =(,*7 '(1 1(*$7,9(1 j$//Og5(.7N :,( (5 %(, o(7$//(1 $8)75,77P

ZPS n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 v$%P ZPT

WSW

g5*(%1,66( (,1,*(5 j$//Oo(6681*(1 $1 o(7$//(1P

j$//Om2(5,=,(17 cj ,1 &0UBc6 63(=Py,'(567$1' | ,1 / &0 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 , ,1 &0TBx6 g/(.7521(1',&+7( 1(/ ,1 &02U c720',&+7( 1$720 ,1 &02U

m83)(5

u,/%(5

i2/'

d,6087

2XPR[ 6 SR2W

2[PVV 6 SR2W

2YPUX 6 SR2W

2[PRZ 6 SR2S

SPWW 6 SR2X

SPV[ 6 SR2X

TPRV 6 SR2X

SPT 6 SR2V

U[

XV

UX

YXRR

SRPU 6 SRTT

XPX 6 SRTT

ZPW 6 SRTT

XP[ 6 SRSZ

ZPV 6 SRTT

WPZ 6 SRTT

WP[ 6 SRTT

TPZ 6 SRTT

(,1 o$*1(7)(/' 920 d(75$* dN 62 75,77 =:,6&+(1 c 81' d (,1( u3$1181*N ',( j$//O u3$1181*N $8)P f,( w56$&+( +,(5)@5 /,(*7 ,1 (,1(5 x(5%,(*81* '(5 85635@1*/,&+ 3$O 5$//(/(1 g/(.7521(1%$+1(1 ,1 '(5 r/$77( r '85&+ '$6 o$*1(7)(/'\ f,( }48,327(1O 7,$//,1,(1 (5)$+5(1 '$'85&+ (,1( f5(+81* *(*(1 ,+5( 85635@1*/,&+( n$*(P h@5 ',( j$//Ou3$1181* wj =:,6&+(1 '(1 r81.7(1 c 81' dN ',( 85635@1*/,&+ */(,O &+(6 r27(17,$/ +$77(1N (5*,%7 6,&+ (;3(5,0(17(// )2/*(1'( d(=,(+81*\ wj 3 tj k 3 cj d kB' ]

JZPZK

tj ,67 '(5 j$//Oy,'(567$1'N ' ,67 ',( f,&.( '(5 r/$77(P f(5 r523257,21$/,7>76)$.725 cj :,5' j$//Om2(5,=,(17 Jj$// &2167$17K *(1$117P g5 +$7 ',( f,0(16,21 NNx2/80(1B n$'81*DD 81' :,5' @%/,&+(5:(,6( ,1 '(5 g,1+(,7 &0UBc6 *(0(66(1P f(5 j$//Om2()O 7=,(17 cj .$11 326,7,9 2'(5 1(*$7,9 6(,1P g;3(5,0(17(// :,5' '$6 x25=(,&+(1 '(6 j$//Og5(.7(6 1$&+ (,1(5 x256&+5,)7 %(67,007N 1$&+ '(5 6,&+ )@5 ',( ,1 c%%P ZPT (,1O *(75$*(1(1 t,&+781*(1 81' x25=(,&+(1 (,1 1(*$7,9(5 j$//Og5(.7 (5*,%7N 62 :,( ,+1 ',( ./$66,6&+( v+(25,( )@5 ',( 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 /,()(57P f,( o(6681*(1 '(6 j$//Om2(5,=,(17(1 +>1*(1 6(+5 67$5. 921 '(5 t(,1+(,7 '(5 u725( $%] *(5,1*( d(,0(1*81*(1 .?11(1 ',( y(57( 9(5>1'(51P k1 '(5 v$%P ZPT 6,1' ',( y(57( )@5 (,1,*( u725( $8)*()@+57P u(+5 *52M ,67 '(5 j$//Om2(5,=,(17 )@5 d,6087N 1>0/,&+ cj 32RP[ &0UBc6N )(51(5 )@5 ',( J1,&+7 ,1 '(5 v$%(//( $8)*()@+57(1K j$/%O /(,7(5 k1',80$17,021,' 81' k1',80$56(1,'P f,(6( u725( :(5'(1 '$+(5 )@5 ',( j(5O 67(//81* 921 j$//Oi(1(5$725(1 )@5 ',( c860(6681* 921 o$*1(7)(/'(51 %(925=8*7 Jj$// (5(&7 0$*1(720(7(5KP v+(25,( '(6 j$//Og5(.7(6P |8 i/P JZPZKN 0,7 '(5 '(5 j$//Om2(5,=,(17 cj ,03/,=,7 '(O 71,(57 :,5'N )@+57 )2/*(1'( 7+(25(7,6&+( %(5/(*81*\ f(5 d(75$* '(5 u7520',&+7( ,1 '(5 n>1*65,&+781* '(5 r/$77( ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ - 3 kBJ% 'K 3 1 J2(K 9'5N

JZP[K

:(11 % ',( d5(,7( '(5 n(,7(53/$77(N 1 ',( v(,/&+(1',&+7( '(5 g/(.7521(1N 2( ',( g/(.7O 521(1/$'81* 81' 9'5 ',( )(/',1'8=,(57( f5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 J$17,O

WSX

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

3$5$//(/ =80 h(/' 8K %('(87(1P f$6 o$*1(7)(/' 5 @%7 $8) ',( g/(.7521(1 48(5 =8 ,+5(5 d(:(*81*65,&+781*N $/62 48(5 =85 r/$77(N (,1( $%/(1.(1'( m5$)7 921 '(5 i5?M( J2(K 9'5 d $86P u,( %(:,5.7 62/$1*( (,1( s8(59(56&+,(%81* '(5 g/(.7521(1N %,6 ,+5 ',( m5$)7 2( wjB% '$6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 +>/7P f,(6( m5$)7 5@+57 921 '(5 48(5 =85 r/$77( :,5.(1'(1 v5$169(56$/)(/'67>5.( g7 +(5P f$11 *,/7 $/62 J2(K wjB% 3 J2(K 9'5 d wj 3 9'5 d %N

JZPSRK

:25$86 817(5 d(187=81* 921 i/P JZP[K wj 3 L -BJ2( 1Kb d %

JZPSSK

)2/*7P h@5 '(1 j$//Om2(5,=,(17(1 (5*,%7 6,&+ 0,7+,/)( 921 i/P JZPZK 81' JZP[K ',( *(68&+7( d(=,(+81* cj 3 SBJ2( 1KP

JZPSTK

i/P JZPSTK =(,*7 '(87/,&+N '$66 :(*(1 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 g/(.7521(1/$'81* 2( $8&+ cj "R 6(,1 0866P u(7=7 0$1 i/P JZPSTK ,1 i/P JZPZK (,1 81' %(187=7 i/P JZP[K =85 u8%67,787,21 921 kN '$11 .@5=7 6,&+ ',( ,1 k ',5(.7 81' ,1 cj 5(=,352. (17+$/7(1( n$'81*675>*(5',&+7( 1 +(5$86N 81' (6 (5*,%7 6,&+N '$66 ',( i5?M( '(5 j$//Ou3$1181* 3523257,21$/ =85 )(/',1'8=,(57(1 g/(.7521(1Of5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9'5 81' '$0,7 $8&+ =85 d(:(*/,&+O .(,7 , ,67\ c86 i/P JZPSTK 81' i/P JZPWK )2/*7 8cj 8 1 3 ,P

JZPSUK

c86 o(6681*(1 '(6 j$//Og5(.7(6 .$11 0$1 *(0>M i/P JZPSTK ',( g/(.7521(1',&+O 7( 1 %(67,00(1N 81' $86 o(66:(57(1 )@5 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 (5*,%7 6,&+ 0,7 i/P JZPSUK ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 ,P c86 '(1 ,1 v$%P ZPT $1*(*(%(1(1 y(57(1 (56,(+7 0$1N '$66 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1',&+7( J$8M(5 %(, d,6087K 7$76>&+/,&+ ',&+7 %(, '(5 c720',&+7( /,(*7P o$1 (5.(117 )(51(5N '$66 ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1 $8M(525'(17/,&+ ./(,1 6,1' Jd,6087 ,67 $8&+ +,(5%(, (,1( c861$+0(KP d(, h(/'(51 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'O 181* 921 RPRRS xB&0N ',( %(, m83)(5 %(5(,76 ',( 6(+5 +2+( u7520%(/$6781* 921 X cB00T (5*(%(1N (55(,&+(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 185 f5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 921 (,1,*(1 |(+17(/0,//,0(7(51 352 u(.81'(P s8$17(1Oj$//Og5(.7P S[ZR (17'(&.7( m/$86 921 m/,7=,1* (,1(1 s8$17(1(5(.7 %(,0 u78',80 '(6 j$//Og5(.7(6 $1 oquhgv6 J3 o(7$/Oq;,'(Ou(0,&21'8&725 h,(/'Og)O )(&7 v5$16,6725N 6P c%6&+1P [PUPTK %(, 7,()(1 v(03(5$785(1 ,1 +2+(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51P f,( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,1 '(5 k19(56,2166&+,&+7 (,1(6 oquhgv .?11(1 $/6 =:(,O ',0(16,21$/(6 g/(.7521(1*$6 $8)*()$667 :(5'(1P d(, 7,()(1 v(03(5$785(1 6,1' u7?O 581*(1 '85&+ g/(.7521Og/(.7521Ou7?M( :(,7*(+(1' 817(5'5@&.7P k1 +2+(1 o$*1(7O )(/'(51 :(5'(1 '$11 s8$17(1(5(.7( Jn$1'$8Os8$17,6,(581* '(5 d(:(*81* 3$5$//(/ =85 q%(59>&+(K %(2%$&+7%$5\ f(5 n(,7:(57N *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 s827,(17(1 921 r52O %(167520 81' j$//Ou3$1181*N 75,77 $/6 *$1==$+/,*(6 x,(/)$&+(6 '(6 s8$17(1Oj$//O n(,7:(576 $8)N '(5 '85&+ ( TB+ *(*(%(1 ,67P f(5 m(+5:(57 :,5' $/6 921Om/,7=,1*Om21O 67$17( tm %(=(,&+1(7P f,(6(5 g5(.7 :,5' 921 '(5 r+1'(5 $/6 t()(5(1= %(, m$/,%O 5,(581*(1 %(187=7P

ZPS n(,781*6(/(.7521(1

WSY

i$/9$120$*1(7,6&+( g5(.7(P d(, (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 ,0 75$169(56$/(1 o$*O 1(7)(/' 75,77 1(%(1 '(5 75$169(56$/(1 u3$1181* Jj$//Og5(.7N gPjP j$// SZY[K $8&+ (,1 /21*,78',1$/(5 u3$1181*6$%)$// $8) J*$/9$120$*1(7,6&+(5 v+20621Og5(.7N yP v+20621 SZWXKN '(5 3523257,21$/ =8 d T ,67P h@5 d,6087+N '$6 '(1 67>5.67(1 j$//O g5(.7 $//(5 o(7$//( %(6,7=7N ,67 $8&+ ',(6(5 g5(.7 %(621'(56 *52MP c8M(5'(0 75(7(1 12&+ (,1( 75$169(56$/( 81' (,1( /21*,78',1$/( v(03(5$785',5(5(1= $8)P f$6 6,1' =86$00(1 9,(5 *$/9$120$*1(7,6&+( g5(.7(P Lc0 t$1'( 6(, $1*(0(5.7N '$66 (6 9,(5 $1$/2*( 7+(5020$*1(7,6&+( g5(.7( *,%7N ',( $8)75(7(1N :(11 ,0 75$169(56$/(1 o$*O 1(7)(/' '85&+ '(1 0(7$//,6&+(1 n(,7(5 (,1 y>50(67520 $167(//( '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 u75206 9,(M7Pb w1' (6 *,%7 (,1(1 7+(502*$/9$1,6&+(1 g5(.7 JyP v+20621 SZWVK\ y(11 6,&+ ,1 (,1(0 o(7$//'5$+7 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520 81' (,1 y>50(67520 @%(5/$*(51N '$11 ,67 ',( 6,&+ (,167(//(1'( v(03(5$7859(57(,/81* )@5 */(,&+O 81' (17*(*(1*(5,&+7(7( u75?O 0( 9(56&+,('(1P

ZPSPU t$86&+(1 c//*(0(,1 ,67 ',( '(5 i/(,&+63$1181* w @%(5/$*(57( t$86&+63$1181* J12,6( 92/7$*(K '(71,(57 $/6 wt 3 mLwJ7K2wbTnSBT]

JZPSVK

7 ,67 ',( |(,7N @%(5 ',( +,15(,&+(1' /$1*( =8 0,77(/1 ,67P f(5 $.867,6&+( d(*5,5 NNt$86&+(1DD J=P dP ,1 o((5(65$86&+(1K %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) (,1 67>1',* 925+$1'(1(6 w17(5*581'Oi(5>86&+N '$6 ./(,1( u,*1$/( 0$6.,(5(1 .$11N )$//6 '$6 u,*1$/O=8Ot$86&+Ox(5+>/71,6 J6,*1$/O72O12,6( 5$7,2K 1,&+7 +,15(,&+(1' *52M ,67P t$86&+(1 +?57 0$1 ,0 t$',2N :(11 '(5 (,1*(67(//7( u(1'(5 u(1'(3$86( +$7 81' ',( x(567>5.81* 92// $8)*('5(+7 ,67] $8&+ (,1( 1,&+7%(63,(/7( m$66(77( 5$86&+7 %(,0 c%+?5(1P f(5 d(*5,5 NNt$86&+(1DD />667 6,&+ $8) (/(.75,6&+( u3$1181*(1 ,0 v21O )5(48(1=%(5(,&+ ',5(.7 @%(575$*(1 81' $8) $//( $1'(5(1 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+( 6,11*(0>M (5:(,7(51P g,1( $//*(0(,1( 7+(502'1.81* $8) ) * X vj=P k1 ',(6(5 p>+(581* ,67 ',( t$86&+/(,6781* 352 h5(48(1=,17(59$// @%(5 ',( *(6$07( d$1'%5(,7( () 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 h5(48(1= )P k1 c1$/2*,( =85 k17(1O 6,7>769(57(,/81* '(6 NN:(,M(1 n,&+7(6DD @%(5 $//( u3(.75$/)$5%(1 Jn,&+7)5(48(1=(1K 635,&+7 0$1 921 NN:(,M(0 t$86&+(1DDP u75205$86&+(1 Ju&+277.=,6( c86'58&.6:(,6(\ NNf$6 m217$.7327(17,$/ ,67 */(,&+ '(5 f,5(5(1= '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7(1PDD k1 *5$3+,6&+(1 f$567(//81*(1 =85 q576$%+>1*,*.(,7 :,5' ',( g/(.7521(1(1(5*,( J,1 (xK 0(,67 1$&+ 2%(1 $8)*(75$*(1] r27(17,$/.859(1 J,1 x2/7K :(5'(1 0(,67 925O =(,&+(1*/(,&+ 0,7 '(5 327(17,(//(1 g1(5*,( '(5 g/(.7521(1 *(=(,&+1(7N 62 $/6 2% ',( g/(.7521(1 (,1( 326,7,9( n$'81* +>77(1P

WTR

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

ZPTPS c8675,776$5%(,7 v+(25,( '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7P o,7 '(5 x2567(//81*N '$66 6,&+ ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,0 o(7$// :,( (,1 )5(,(6 i$6 %(:(*(1 .?11(1N 6,1' ,'($/,6,(5(1'( c11$+0(1 9(5O .1@3)7\ y,( ,1 c%%P ZPV 6&+(0$7,6&+ '$5*(67(//7 ,67N :(5'(1 ',( 7,(9,(*(1'(1 g1(5O *,(=867>1'( '(5 m5,67$//$720( '85&+ /2.$/,6,(57( g1(5*,(1,9($86 %(6&+5,(%(1] ',( +?+(5/,(*(1'(1 |867>1'( :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( p$&+%$5$720( *(67?57 81' '$'85&+ =8 NNd>1'(51DD (1(5*(7,6&+ 9(5%5(,7(57P p85 '(5 |867$1'N ,1 '(0 6,&+ %(,0 m83)(5$720 '$6 $0 6&+:>&+67(1 *(%81'(1( V6Og/(.7521 %(71'(7N ,67 ,0 m83)(5.5,67$// =8 (,1(0 (1(5*(7,6&+ %5(,7(1N 1,&+7O/2.$/,6,(57(1 d$1' *(:25'(1P f(5 d2'(1 ',(6(6 n(,781*6O %$1'(6 :,5' $/6 p8//381.7 '(5 g1(5*,(6.$/$ *(:>+/7P E

Vakuumniveau

Fermi-Energie

Ê 0

0

Atomkerne Metall

EF

EV

Boden des Leitungsbandes Ortskoordinate senkrecht zur Oberfläche

x

Vakuum

c%%P ZPV g1(5*,(',$*5$00 )@5 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $1 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bx$.880 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP g5/>87(581*(1 ,0 v(;7P

c1 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bx$.880 %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1( r27(17,$/6&+:(//(N ',( 9(5O +,1'(57N '$66 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 '$6 o(7$// 9(5/$66(1P f$6 i$6 '(5 n(,781*6O (/(.7521(1 %(71'(7 6,&+ $/62 ,1 (,1(5 r27(17,$/:$11( 0,7 (,1(0 1>+(581*6:(,6( $/6 (%(1 $1*(1200(1(1 d2'(1 J'257 ,67 ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 g 3 RKN 805$1'(7 921 (,1(5 r27(17,$/6&+:(//(N ',( 185 0,7 g#gx J3 x$.880(1(5O *,(K @%(5:81'(1 :(5'(1 .$11P h@5 ',( v(03(5$785 v 3 R /,()(57 ',( h(50,Ou7$7,67,. Jc%6&+1P YPVPVK (,1( d(6(7O =81* $//(5 g1(5*,(=867>1'( ,0 d(5(,&+ R ] g ] gh] gh ,67 ',( h(50,Og1(5*,(P f,( f,5(5(1= gx 2 gh 3 3 :,5' c8675,776$5%(,7 J:25. )81.7,21K *(1$117] '$6 ,67 ',( g1(5O *,(N ',( (,1(0 g/(.7521 NN$1 '(5 h(50,Om$17(DD J'P +P 0,7 g 3 ghK 0,1'(67(16 =8*(O )@+57 :(5'(1 0866N '$0,7 (6 '$6 o(7$// 9(5/$66(1 .$11P y(57( ',(6(5 '5(, g1(5*,(1 )@5 (,1,*( o(7$//( *,%7 ',( )2/*(1'( v$%(//(P f,( y(57( )@5 gh .?11(1 $86 '(5 0,77(/6 j$//Og5(.7 0(66%$5(1 f,&+7( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 1 %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P f,( c86O 75,776$5%(,7 3 ,67 $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 m5,67$//6758.785 '(5 q%(59>&+(] ',( ,1 v$%P ZPU $1*(*(%(1(1 y(57( 6,1' o(66:(57( )@5 32/87(581*(1 ,0 v(;7P

)@5 ',( .vN ',( 0,77/(5( 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,( 1$&+ '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 u7$7,67,.N 9,(/ ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ghP f$6 ,67 '(5 p250$/)$//N '(11 )@5 |,00(57(03(5$785 ,67 .v . TW 0(xN A )@5 URRR m *(5$'( =(+10$/ 62 *52MN $/62 RPTW (xP c/7(51$7,9 .$11 0$1 $8&+ v(0O 3(5$785(1 9(5*/(,&+(1\ ',( h(50,Ov(03(5$785(1 )h 3 ghB. 6,1' 6(+5 +2&+N 6,( /,(*(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 SRV %,6 SRW mP f$ ',( h(50,Ox(57(,/81* 2%(5+$/% gh 6&+1(// $%)>//7 81'N :,( ',( 2%,*( v$%(//( =(,*7N ',( c8675,776$5%(,7(1 (,1,*( (x %(75$*(1N $/62 $8&+ 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6 .v 6,1'N *,%7 (6 %(, |,00(57(03(5$785 35$.7,6&+ .(,1( g/(.7521(1N ',( '$6 o(7$// $8)*581' ,+5(5 7+(50,6&+(1 g1(5*,( 9(5/$66(1 .?11(1P f,( r27(17,$/6&+:(//(N ',( 185 g/(.7521(1 0,7 g#gx '$6 o(7$// 9(5/$66(1 />667N +$7 ,0 y(6(17/,&+(1 =:(, 3+&+( =89,(*(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 :(5'(1 =:$5 '85&+ (/(.75267$7,6&+( m5>)7( '$5$1 *(+,1'(57N '(1 m5,67$// =8 9(5/$66(1N 6,( *(/$1*(1 $%(5 925 ,+5(5 t,&+781*680.(+5 (7:$6 @%(5 ',( >8M(567(1 k21(1 +,1$86P f,( +(5$869,(*(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 )(+/(1 =85 n$'81*61(875$/,6$7,21 $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( '(5 i5(1=9>&+(P f(5 %(56&+866 326,7,9(5 n$'81*(1 $1 '(5 k1O 1(16(,7( '(5 i5(1=9>&+( 81' ',( 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*(1 $1 '(5 c8M(16(,7( %,/'(1 =86$00(1 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( f233(/6&+,&+7 0,7 81*()>+5 '(5 f,&.( (,1(6 i,77(5O $%67$1'(6P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,11(5+$/% '(5 f,32/6&+,&+7 ,67 62 *(5,&+7(7 J921 ,11(1 1$&+ $8M(1KN '$66 ',( 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 g/(.7521(1 %(,0 j(5$8675(7(1 $86 '(0 o(7$// $%*(%5(067 :(5'(1] (6 0866 ',( c5%(,7 yf,32/ *(/(,67(7 :(5'(1P TP c5%(,7 *(*(1 ',( d,/'.5$)7P h@5 '(1 k'($/)$// (,1(5 3(5)(.7 (%(1(1 i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bx$.880 81' (,1(6 3(5)(.7 /(,7(1'(1 o(7$//6 *,/7 1$&+ '(1 i(6(7=(1 '(5 g/(.75267$7,.N '$66 (,1( n$'81* sN ',( 6,&+ ,0 c%67$1' ; $8) '(5 x$.8806(,7( '(5 q%(59>&+( %(71'(7N '85&+ k198(1= n$'81*69(56&+,(%81*(1 $8) '(5 n(,7(5O 2%(59>&+( %(:,5.7P f,(6 +$7 =85 h2/*(N '$66 '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( gOh(/' =:,6&+(1 '(5 n$'81* s 81' '(5 q%(59>&+( *(1$8 ',( h250 +$7 :,( (,1 h(/' =:,6&+(1 '(5 n$'81* s $0 q57 ; 925 '(5 q%(59>&+( 81' (,1(5 d,/'/$'81* 2s $0 q57 2; +,17(5 '(5 q%(59>&+(P |:,6&+(1 n$'81* 81' d,/'/$'81* :,5.7 $/62 (,1( c1O =,(+81*6.5$)7N ',( d,/'.5$)7 J0,5525O,0$*( )25&(KP h@5 '$6 g/(.7521 0,7 s 32(N '$6 921 '(5 /(,7(1'(1 q%(59>&+( (17)(517 :(5'(1 62//N (5*,%7 6,&+ '$5$86 (,1( =8 /(,67(1'( c5%(,7 921 (T '; T ' V@ &R JT;K (T yd,/' 3 N SX@ &R' Z

yd,/' 3 g

JZPTWK

',( 81(1'/,&+ *52M :,5'N :(11 0$1 ',( k17(*5$7,21 ',5(.7 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+(N 'P +P 0,7 ' 3 RN %(*,117P y(*(1 '(5 .5,67$//,1(1 u758.785 .$11 $%(5 (,1( o(7$//2%(59>&+( 1,&+7 %,6 ,1 ./(,167( g17)(5181*(1 $/6 3(5)(.7 (%(1 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1P g6 (56&+(,17 '(6+$/% 6,1192//N ',( k17(*5$7,21 0,7 (,1(0 (1'/,&+ *52M(1 'N '$6 (7:$ (,1(0 i,7O 7(5$%67$1' (17635,&+7N '85&+=8)@+5(1P h@5 ' 3 SRR 30 . T $R J$R 3 d2+5Ot$',86K (5*,%7 6,&+ yd,/' 3 UPX (xN $/62 (,1( c5%(,7 921 '(5 NN5,&+7,*(1DD i5?M(125'181*P d(,'( g5(.7(N ',( ,1 ',( c8675,776$5%(,7 (,1*(+(1N 6,1' 921 '(5 d(6&+$5(1+(,7 '(5 q%(59>&+( $%+>1*,*P f(6+$/% +$7 -('(6 o(7$// 81' -('( m5,67$//9>&+( (,1(6 o(7$//6 (,1( $1'(5( c8675,776$5%(,7P d(,63,(/\ y2/)5$0 JyK h/>&+(

3B(x

yJSRRK yJSSRK yJSSSK yJSSUK yJSSXK

VPXU WPTW VPVY VPSZ VPUR

ZPT i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bx$.880

WTU

f,( m(11=,5(51 )@5 ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 h/>&+(1 '(6 y2/)5$0Om5,67$//6 6,1' ',( 62 *(1$117(1 o,//(5Ok1',=(6 Jd'P XN m$3P TKP h@5 .8%,6&+( i,77(5 ,67 JSRRK ',( g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 y@5)(/.$17(N JSSRK ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 h/>&+(1',$*21$/(1 81' JSSSK ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 t$80',$*21$/(1P c//*(0(,1 *,/7\ f(5 x(.725N '(5 ',( r52-(.7,21(1 J/N 0N 1K $8) '5(, =8(,1$1'(5 6(1.5(&+7( y@5)(/.$17(1 %(6,7=7N 67(+7 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 &+$5$.7(5,6,(57(1 g%(1(P q%(59>&+(1%(/(*81*(1 0,7 h5(0'$720(1N *(:2//7 2'(5 81*(:2//7N .?11(1 ',( c8675,776$5%(,7 67$5. 9(5>1'(51P u2 .$11 ,16%(621'(5( e$(6,80N '$6 6(/%67 (,1( 6(+5 ./(,1( c8675,776$5%(,7 +$7N $/6 '@11(5 h,/0 $8) (,1(0 $1'(5(1 o(7$// ',( c8675,776O $5%(,7 67$5. 9(55,1*(51\ y\ 3 3 VPW (x v+ $8) y\ 3 3 TPX (x e6 $8) y\ 3 3 SPUX (x f$6 i(6$*7( />667 6,&+ =86$00(1)$66(1 ,1 '(5 d(=,(+81* gx 3 gh 13 3 yf,32/ 1yd,/']

JZPTXK

',( u800$1'(1N gh 81' 3 62:,( yf,32/ 81' yd,/'N 6,1' $//( 326,7,9 81' 921 '(56(/%(1 i5?M(125'181* J(,1,*( (xKP o(6681*(1 921 c8675,776$5%(,7(1P c0 *(1$8(67(1N $//(5',1*6 1,&+7 $%62/87N 621'(51 $/6 f,5(5(1= =85 c8675,776$5%(,7 (,1(6 t()(5(1=Oo(7$//6N ,67 '$6 0,7 '(5 u&+:,1*O .21'(16$725Oo(7+2'( Jc%6&+1P ZPUPSK 0?*/,&+P f,(6( o(7+2'( /,()(57 )@5 32/&+( *(:,&+7(7 :(5'(1P f,( ,0 1>&+67(1 c%6&+1,77 '$5*(67(//7(1 g/(.7521(1Og0,66,216352=(66( +>1*(1 $//( 67$5. 921 '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 $% 81' /$66(1 6,&+ ,0 r5,1=,3 (%(1)$//6 =85 o(6681* 921 3 9(5:(1'(1N $//(5',1*6 *(+(1 %(, 32/&+( (17635,&+7P

ZPTPT g/(.7521(1Og0,66,216352=(66( r+272(0,66,21 J3+272(/(&75,& (0,66,21N 3+272(5(&7KP f(5 NNr+272(5(.7DD :85'( 6&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P YPTPS :(*(1 6(,1(5 d('(8781* )@5 ',( g17:,&./81* '(5 02'(51(1 r+&+( (,1(1 v(,/ ,+5(5 g1(5*,( 9(5/,(5(1P f$5$86 5(68/7,(57 (,1( g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '(5 r+272(/(.7521(1N ',( $0 +2&+(1(5*(7,6&+(1 g1'( 67(,/ $%)>//7P f85&+ d(67,0O 081* '(5 0$;,0$/(1 r+272(/(.7521(1Og1(5*,( .$11 ',( c8675,776$5%(,7 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1P

WTV

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1 Photoelektron hÓ

Ê

E

Metall

Vakuum

x

c%%P ZPX r27(17,$/9(5/$8) $1 '(5 i5(1=9>O &+( o(7$//Bx$.880P u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(/O /81* '(5 r+272(0,66,21P

v+(502(0,66,21 Ji/@+(0,66,21N 7+(50,21,& (0,66,21KP g5)25'(5/,&+ 6,1' 62 +2+( o(O 7$//7(03(5$785(1N '$66 ',( g/(.7521(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 921 g#gx 1$&+ '(5 h(50,O x(57(,/81* +,15(,&+(1' =$+/5(,&+ :(5'(1 Jc%%P ZPY$KP y(11 0$1 1,&+7 '$)@5 625*7N '$66 ',( $86*(75(7(1(1 g/(.7521(1 '85&+ (,1 (/(.7O 5,6&+(6 h(/' NN$%*(6$8*7DD :(5'(1N '$11 %,/'(7 6,&+ 925 '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+( (,1( NNg/(.7521(1:2/.(DDN (,1( 1(*$7,9( t$80/$'81*N ',( $8675(7(1'( g/(.7521(1 ,1 '$6 o(7$// =85@&.75(,%7P o,7 (,1(0 *(1@*(1' 67$5.(1 c%6$8*)(/' />667 6,&+ '(5 )@5 c86O 75,776$5%(,7 3 81' o(7$//7(03(5$785 v &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( g0,66,21667520 0(66(1N '(5 $8&+ $/6 NNu>77,*81*667520DD %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'N :(,/ (5 %(, :(,7(5(5 g5+?+81* '(5 c%O 6$8*Oh(/'67>5.( 1,&+7 :(,7(5 $167(,*7P h@5 ',( u7520',&+7( - (5*,%7 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 h(50,O u7$7,67,. ',( t,&+$5'621Of86+0$1Oi/(,&+81*\ - 3 etf v T (;3J23B.vKP

JZPTYK

f,( =8(567 921 qPyP t,&+$5'621 JS[STK $8) '(5 i581'/$*( '(5 d2/7=0$11Ou7$7,67,. +(5*(/(,7(7( i/(,&+81* +$77( (,1( (03,5,6&+ =8 %(67,00(1'( r523257,21$/,7>76.21O 67$17( 81' '(1 v(03(5$785)$.725 v SBT] (567 ',( h(50,Ou7$7,67,. )@+57 =8 '(0 h$.725 v TP uP f86+0$1 =(,*7( S[TU ',( x(5%,1'81* '(5 m2167$17(1 etf 0,7 p$785.2167$1O 7(1\ etf 3 V@ ( 0 .TB+U . STR c &02T m2TP

JZPTZK

o(6681*(1 /,()(51 )@5 ',( m2167$17( etf $//(5',1*6 ./(,1(5( y(57( ,0 d(5(,&+ TRAXR c &02Tm2TP f(5 )@5 d2/7=0$11O 81' h(50,Ou7$7,67,. 817(56&+,('/,&+( v(0O 3(5$785)$.725 ,1 i/P JZPTYK ,67 1,&+7 *87 *((,*1(7N 80 (;3(5,0(17(// =8 7(67(1N :(/&+( u7$7,67,. +,(5 ',( $1*(0(66(1( ,67N '(11 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 u>77,*81*6675206 921 '(5 v(03(5$785 :,5' 920 g;321(17,$/*/,(' '20,1,(57P %(5 o(6681*(1 921 - JvK .$11 (%(1)$//6 ',( c8675,776$5%(,7 %(67,007 :(5'(1N $//(5',1*6 185 )@5 +2&+6&+0(/O =(1'( o(7$//(P g5+?+7 0$1 '$6 %(6&+/(81,*(1'( gOh(/' :(6(17/,&+ 0(+5 $/6 (6 =85 o(6681* '(6 u>77,*81*667520(6 127:(1',* ,67N :,5' %(, h(/'67>5.(1 2%(5+$/% 921 SRW xB0 '(5 u&+277.&+( o(7$//Bx$.880 '85&+ ',( q576$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 *(*(1 ',( d,/'.5$)7 9(55,&+7(7(1 c5%(,7 $%*(581'(7

ZPT i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bx$.880

WTW ∆Ê

Ê E

(a)

Metall

Vakuum

x

(b)

Metall

Vakuum

x

c%%P ZPY r27(17,$/9(5/$8) $1 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bx$.880P u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* 921 J$K v+(502(0,66,21N J%K u&+277.5.( =8 (,1(5 r27(17,$/$%6(1.81* Jc%%P ZPY %KN ',( (,1(5 x(55,1*(581* '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 80 (3 (17635,&+7 JyP u&+277.7=81* 2'(5

(3B( . L(gBJV@ &RKbSBT (3 B (x . UPZ 6 SR2W JgBx02SKSBTP

JZPT[K

d(, (,1(5 h(/'67>5.( 921 SR xB0 3 S .xB00N %(,63,(/6:(,6(N ,67 (3 . RPRUZ (xP d(, 12&+ +?+(5(1 h(/'67>5.(1 921 (7:$ SR[ xB0 75,77 (,1 1(8(5 g0,66,216352=(66 $8)\ ',( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(+$1'(/7( h(/'(0,66,21P X

h(/'(0,66,21 J7(/' (0,66,21KP y,( c%%P ZPZ =(,*7N :,5' %(, 6(+5 67$5.(5 h(/'67>5.( $86 '(5 r27(17,$/6&+:(//( (,1( r27(17,$/%$55,(5(P w0 '$6 o(7$// =8 9(5/$66(1N %(O 1?7,*(1 g/(.7521(1 $1 '(5 h(50,Om$17( 1$&+ '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+7=/,&+( g1(5*,( (gN 80 ',( d$55,(5(N ',( $1 '(5 h(50,Om$17( ',( f,&.( (; +$7N =8 @%(5:,1'(1P f(5 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( v811(/(5(.7 Jc%6&+1P YPTPUK

Ê ∆E

E

∆x

Metall

Vakuum

x

c%%P ZPZ r27(17,$/9(5/$8) $1 '(5 i5(1=9>O &+( o(7$//Bx$.880P u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(/O /81* '(5 h(/'(0,66,21P

WTX

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

/,()(57 (,1( 0(5./,&+( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 )@5 '$6 f85&+7811(/1 ',(6(5 d$55,(5(N :(11 ',( h/8*=(,7 (7N ',( ',( g/(.7521(1 )@5 ',( u75(&.( (; %(1?7,*(1N 81' ',( )(+/(1'( g1(5*,( (g %(,'( 62 ./(,1 :(5'(1N '$66 ,+5 r52'8.7 1,&+7 0(+5 *52M ,67 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 r/$1&.Om2167$17( +P p$&+ '(5 v+(25,( (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 - JgK (,1( d(=,(+81* Jh2:/(5Op25'+(,0Oi/(,O &+81*KN ',( ',( */(,&+( )81.7,21(//( c%+>1*,*.(,7 =(,*7 :,( - JvK )@5 ',( v+(502O (0,66,21 Ji/P ZPTYK\ gT 75,77 $/6 h$.725 $8)N 81' g 67(+7 ,0 p(11(5 (,1(6 1(*$7,9(1 g;321(17(1P u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1(0,66,21 J6(&21'$5< (/(&7521 (0,66,21KP f85&+ d(6&+866 (,1(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+( 0,7 (1(5*,(5(,&+(1 g/(.7521(1 2'(5 $1'(5(1 v(,/&+(1 .?11(1 (%(1O )$//6 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $86*(/?67 :(5'(1P q%:2+/ ',( r5,0>57(,/&+(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 921 75(/(.7521 .$80 0(+5 $/6 (,1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521 $86*(/?67P f(5 i581' '$)@5 ,67 '(5 .203/,=,(57( r52=(66 '(5 k038/6@%(575$*81* $8) ',( $86=8/?6(1'(1 g/(.752O 1(1N ,16%(621'(5( %(, 1$+(=8 6(1.5(&+7(0 g,1)$//P h@5 ',( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1(0,6O 6,21 *,%7 (6 .(,1( (/(*$17( v+(25,(P f,( NN(,*(17/,&+(1DD u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 +$%(1 g1(5*,(1 =:,6&+(1 R 81' (7:$ UR (x 0,7 (,1(0 o$;,080 ,1 '(5 p>+( 921 W (xP d(, '(5 r5,0>5(1(5*,( gR :,5' (,1 6&+0$/(5 r($. 921 (/$67,6&+ 5(9(.7,(57(1 r5,0>5O (/(.7521(1 %(2%$&+7(7P f$=:,6&+(1 /,(*7 (,1 9$&+(5 w17(5*581' 921 r5,0>5(/(.752O 1(1N ',( ,0 v$5*(7 $%*(%5(067 81' =85@&.*(675(87 :85'(1P f(5 c17(,/ '(5 t@&.O 675(881* 67(,*7 0,7 '(5 q5'181*6=$+/ '(6 v$5*(70$7(5,$/6P f,( c8)7(,/81* '(6 u3(.7O 5806 ,1 NNu(.81'>5(/(.7521(1DD 81' NN5@&.*(675(87( r5,0>5(/(.7521(1DD ,67 :,//.@5O /,&+P f(5 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,216.2(5,=,(17 J',( c86%(87(N 5(/(.7521(1 :,( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 %(+$1'(/7P f,( c86%(87( % $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 r5,0>5(1(5*,( gR +$7 ',( ,1 c%%P ZP[ *(=(,*7( h250 0,7 (,1(0 67(,/(1 c167,(* %(, ./(,1(1 g1(5*,(1N (,1(0 r($. ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 (,1,*(1 SRR (x 81' (,1(0 *5$'8(//(1 c%)$// =8 +?+(5(1 g1(5*,(1P f,(6(5 x(5/$8) 1.4 1.2 1.0 ‰

0.8 0.6 0.4 0 EI

1 E II

2

3

4

5

EJkeV

c%%P ZP[ v1*,*.(,7 '(6 m2(5,=,(17(1 '(5 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,21 921 '(5 g1(5*,( '(5 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1N +,(5 )@5 (,1 i(50$1,80Ov$5*(7P

ZPT i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bx$.880

WTY

,67 =8 (5:$57(1N :(,/ 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 g1(5*,( '$6 r5,0>5(/(.7521 7,()(5 ,1 '$6 v$5O *(70$7(5,$/ (,1'5,1*7 81' ',( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 '$)@5N '$66 (,1 g/(.7521 0,7 +,1O 5(,&+(1'(5 g1(5*,( $1 ',( q%(59>&+( *(/$1*7 81' $8675(7(1 .$11N '$'85&+ ./(,1(5 :,5'P p(%(1 g0$;N '(5 g1(5*,( '(6 o$;,0806N 6,1' ',( g1(5*,(1 gk 81' gkk J# gkK 921 d('(8781*N %(, '(1(1 % */(,&+ (,16 ,67 Jc%%P ZP[KP g,1 921 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1 '(5 g1(5*,( gR %(6&+266(1(6 o(7$//67@&.N '$6 (/(.75,6&+ ,62/,(57 ,67N />'7 6,&+ 1(*$7,9 2'(5 326,7,9 $8)N -( 1$&+'(0 2% % ./(,1(5 2'(5 *5?M(5 $/6 (,16 ,67P k0 (567(5(1 h$// J%"SK :(5'(1 ',( $1.200(1'(1 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1 925 '(5 q%(59>&+( $%*(%5(067N ,0 /(7=7(5(1 h$// J%#SK %(6&+/(81,*7P k0 67$7,21>5(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 ,67 ',( (5(.7,9( r5,0>5(1(5*,( gRN())N 0,7 '(5 6,( $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( $8)75(5(1N 1$+(=8 18//N :(11 gR "gk ,67P f(5 h$// gR 3 gk 67(//7 (,1 /$%,/(6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 '$5P h@5 gk " gR " Z /,(*7 '$6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 %(, gRN()) 3 gkkP d(, 6&+5>*(0 g,1)$// '(5 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1 (5+?+7 6,&+ %] )@5 (,1(1 g,1)$//6:,1.(/ 921 XR] *(*(1 ',( p250$/( ,67 % (7:$ '233(/7 62 *52M :,( %(, R]P h@5 9,(/( 35$.7,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 ,67 (6 :,&+7,* =8 :,66(1N :(/&+( q%(59>&+(1 %(621'(56 ./(,1( 2'(5 %(621'(56 *52M( %Oy(57( +$%(1P |85 g5=,(/81* 921 ./(,1(1 c86%(87(1 (,*1(1 6,&+ %(621'(56 5$8+( 2'(5 325?6( q%(59>&+(1N ',( $8&+ n,&+7 .$80 5(9(.7,(5(1 81' '(6+$/% 6&+:$5= (56&+(,1(1P u2/O &+( u758.785(1 (50?*/,&+(1 (6N ',( ,1 *5?M(5(5 v,()( $86*(/?67(1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 :,('(5 (,1=8)$1*(1P h@5 t8M /,(*7 %0$; %(, RPVWP o(7$//( +$%(1 ,P c//*P ./(,1( c86O %(87(1] ',( o(7$//2;,'( *(%(1 9,(/ 0(+5 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 $%P f(6+$/% 62//7(1 o(7$//9>&+(1 6$8%(5 81' 2;,')5(, *(+$/7(1 81' **)P NN%(58M7DD :(5'(1P |85 g5=,(/81* 921 *52M(1 c86%(87(1 (,*1(1 6,&+ %(621'(56 ',( o(7$//2;,'(] (,1( %(621'(56 +2+( c86%(87( +$7 o*q 0,7 %0$; . TWP w0 (,1(56(,76 ',( +2+( c86%(87( =8 187=(1N $1'(5(56(,76 $%(5 (/(.75,6&+( c89$'81*(1 $8) '(5 o(7$//2;,'Oq%(59>&+( =8 9(50(,'(1N 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 6(+5 '@11( q;,'6&+,&+7(1N ',( (,1( +,15(,&+(1' *52M( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(6,7=(1N '$0,7 '$6 r27(17,$/ '(5 q%(59>&+( 1,&+7 9,(/ 921 '(0 '(5 o(7$//817(5/$*( ',5(5,(57P j>87* 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 u,/%(5Oo$*1(6,80O 2'(5 m83)(5Od(55( (5+,7=7 :(5'(1N %,6 6,&+ (,1 '@11(5 h,/0 921 o*q %=:P d(q *(%,/'(7 +$7P c8) ',(6( y(,6( :(5'(1 %0$;Oy(57( 921 (7:$ SW (55(,&+7P h@5 6(1.5(&+7 $85$//(1'( k21(1 :(5'(1 c86%(87(1 *5?M(5 (,16 185 %(, +?+(5(1 g1(5*,(1 921 (,1,*(1 .(x (55(,&+7] )@5 6&+:(5(5( k21(1 0,7 '(5 */(,&+(1 n$'81* 6,1' ',( c86%(87(1 ./(,1(5P f$6 ,67 9(567>1'/,&+N :(,/ k21(1 0,7 *5?M(5(5 o$66( ./(,1(5( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 +$%(1 81' ',( g1(5*,(@%(575$*81* $8) o(7$//(/(.7521(1 '$'85&+ 6&+:,(5,*(5 :,5'P u&+,&.7 0$1 k21(1 +2+(5 g1(5*,( '85&+ (,1 i$6 2'(5 (,1( '@11( h2/,(N '$11 71'(1 w0/$'81*667?M( 67$77P g,1,*( k21(1 9(5/,(5(1 '$%(, :(,7(5( g/(.7521(1N $1O '(5( 1(+0(1 (,1 g/(.7521 $8) 81' :(5'(1 =8 1(875$/(1 c720(1N ',( :(,7(5+,1 (,1( +2+( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( %(6,7=(1P u2/&+( c720( /?6(1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 $86 0,7 81*()>+5 '(1 c86%(87(1 :,( ',( $57O 81' (1(5*,(*/(,&+(1 k21(1P f,( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,21 :,5' *(187=7 ,1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(19(59,(/)$O &+(51 JugxN 08/7,3/,(5N 6P c%6&+1P SSPTPVK 81' ,0 t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23 J6&$1O 1,1* (/(&7521 0,&526&23(N ugoN 6P c%6&+1P SSPUPVKP

WTZ

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

ZPU i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bo(7$// ZPUPS m217$.763$1181* y(11 =:(, o(7$//( c 81' d 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 c8675,776$5%(,7(1 ,1 m217$.7 .20O 0(1N '$11 67(//(1 6,&+ ,+5( h(50,Om$17(1 $8) */(,&+( (1(5*(7,6&+( j?+( (,1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 '85&+ g/(.7521(1@%(5*$1* 920 o(7$// c 0,7 '(5 ./(,1(5(1 c8675,776$5%(,7 =80 o(7$// d 0,7 '(5 *5?M(5(1 c8675,776$5%(,7P f$'85&+ />'7 6,&+ c 326,7,9 81' d 1(*$7,9 $8)P g6 (1767(+7 ',( ,1 c%%P ZPSS '$5*(67(//7( g1(5*,(',5(5(1= (wm] wm ,67 ',( m217$.763$1181*N $8&+ NNm217$.7327(17,$/DD J&217$&7 327(17,$/K 2'(5 NNx2/7$O u3$1181*DD *(1$117P eU K ÊA

ÊB

E EF

EF Metall B Metall A

c%%P ZPSR g1(5*,(',$*5$00 )@5 '(1 m217$.7 =:(,(5 o(7$//( 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 c8675,776$5O %(,7(1P f85&+ n$'81*6@%(5*$1* (1767(+7 (,1 r27(17,$/63581*N '85&+ '(1 6,&+ ',( h(50,Og1(5O *,(1 (1(5*(7,6&+ $1*/(,&+(1P

f,( m217$.763$1181* ,67 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+ )@5 ',( %(,'(1 ,1 NNm217$.7DD %(71'/,O &+(1 o(7$//(P |85 c86%,/'81* '(5 f,32/6&+,&+7 0866 185 (,1( 6(+5 *(5,1*( n$'81*6O 0(1*( 921 (,1(0 =80 $1'(5(1 o(7$// @%(575(7(1] :,( *87 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( m217$.7 ,67N 63,(/7 )@5 ',( g,167(//81* '(6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7(6 .(,1( t2//(P y(11 -('2&+ (,1 67$O 7,21>5(5 u7520 9,(M7 81' '(5 m217$.7 (,1(1 (1'/,&+(1 %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' Jc%6&+1P ZPUPUK %(6,7=7N (1767(+7 $0 m217$.7 1$&+ '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= (,1 u3$1O 181*6$%)$//N '(5 6,&+ '(5 +,(5 ',6.87,(57(1 m217$.763$1181* @%(5/$*(57P f(8781* '(5 m217$.763$1181*P |:(, o(7$//67@&.( $86 9(56&+,('(1(0 o$7(5,$/N ',( .(,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 m217$.7 +$%(1 81' %(,'( 1,&+7 $8)*(/$'(1 6,1'N +$%(1 NNx$.8O 801,9($86DD $8) */(,&+(5 j?+(] ,0 x$.880 =:,6&+(1 '(1 o(7$//(1 (;,67,(57 .(,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/'P h@5 ',( 0(,67(1 d(75$&+781*(1 *(1@*7 (6N ',( g/(.7521(1=867>1'( %,6 =85 h(50,O m$17( $/6 %(6(7=7 81' ',( +?+(5/,(*(1'(1 $/6 81%(6(7=7 $1=81(+0(1N :,( (6 )@5 v 3 R '(5 h$// ,67P f,( %(, |,00(57(03(5$785 6(+5 ./(,1(1 7+(50,6&+(1 x(5>1'(581*(1 '(5 g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* 6,1' )@5 '$6 c8)75(7(1 '(5 m217$.763$1181* 81(5+(%/,&+P y(11 ',( %(,'(1 o(7$//( ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 m217$.7 *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1N 67(//7 6,&+ (,1 7+(502'&+( o(7$//Bo(7$//

WT[

(,1(1 r27(17,$/63581*P f,( x$.8801,9($86 '(5 %(,'(1 o(7$//( /,(*(1 181 $8) 9(5O 6&+,('(1(5 j?+(P f(5 r27(17,$/63581* $1 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( A ',( m217$.763$1181* A ,67 */(,&+ '(5 f,5(5(1= '(5 '85&+ ( ',9,',(57(1 c8675,776$5%(,7(1P o(6681* '(5 m217$.763$1181*P k1 (,1(0 n(,7(5.5(,6 0,7 u3$1181*60(66,167580(17 /$66(1 6,&+ m217$.763$1181*(1 (,1=(/1(5 m217$.7( @%(5+$837 1,&+7 0(66(1N :(,/ 6,&+ %(,63,(/6:(,6( %(, (,1(0 m5(,6 $86 '(1 +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7(1 o(7$//(1 cN d 81' e ',( r27(17,$/',5(5(1=(1 $1 '(1 m217$.7(1 cdN de 81' ec =8 18// $'',(5(1P f$6 0866 62 6(,1N '(11 $1'(5(1)$//6 :@5'( ,1 (,1(0 u7520.5(,6 0,7 '(0 i(6$07O :,'(567$1' t 3(50$1(17 '(5 u7520 * wmBt 9,(M(1 81' (,1 r(53(7880 o2%,/( SP c57 (5*(%(1C f,( m217$.763$1181* )@+57 %(,0 m217$.7 =:(,(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 o(7$//( =8 (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7(5 c89$'81*N =P dP c 326,7,9N d 1(*$7,9P y(5'(1 ',( %(,'(1 o(7$//.?53(5 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117N '$11 9,(M(1 ',( %(56&+866(/(.7521(1 *5?M7(17(,/6 921 d :,('(5 =85@&. 1$&+ cP f$6 ,67 /(,&+7 =8 9(567(+(1N :(11 ',( o(7$//3/$77(1 817(5 d(,O %(+$/781* (,1(6 /(7=7(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 m217$.7(6 $1 (,1(0 t$1' '85&+ c8)./$33(1 *(75(117 :(5'(1P f85&+ '$6 c8)./$33(1 :,5' ',( m$3$=,7>7 ',(6(6 NNr/$77(1.21'(1O 6$7256DD ./(,1(5N $%(5 ',( u3$1181* 67(,*7 1,&+7 $1N 621'(51 '(5 12&+ 9(5%/(,%(1'( (/(.75,6&+( m217$.7 625*7 '$)@5N '$66 '85&+ n$'81*6$86*/(,&+ ',( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( m217$.763$1181* wm (5+$/7(1 %/(,%7P i(1(5(// ,67 1$&+ '(5 92//67>1',*(1 v5(1181* '(5 %(,'(1 o(7$//( (,1( 5(67/,&+( c89$'81* 921 s 3 wm e ;

JZPURK

=8 (5:$57(1N :2%(, e; ',( 81%(.$117( m$3$=,7>7 '(5 c125'181* %(,0 c%5(,M(1 '(6 m217$.7(6 ,67P o(6681*(1 0,7 6(+5 */$77(1 e+520.8*(/1N ',( 0,7 m8*(/1 $86 $1'(5(1 o(7$//(1 ,1 m217$.7 *(%5$&+7 :25'(1 :$5(1N (5*$%(1 n$'81*(1N ',( =:$5 '(5 m217$.763$1181* 81*()>+5 3523257,21$/ :$5(1N $%(5 $8&+ =(,*7(1N '$66 '(5 c%67$1'N %(, '(0 '(5 m217$.7 $%%5,&+7N '(87/,&+ *5?M(5 $/6 S 10 ,67P f$6 />667 6,&+ '85&+ ',( 819(50(,'/,&+(1 0,.526.23,6&+(1 w1(%(1+(,7(1 921 0$.526.23,6&+ */$7O 7(1 h/>&+(1 (5./>5(1\ f(5 h(/'(0,66,21667520 921 '(5 /(7=7(1 g5+(%81* $8) '(0 g/(.7521(1@%(56&+866Oo(7$// %5,&+7 (567 $%N :(11 '(5 0,77/(5( c%67$1' 6&+21 *5?M(5 $/6 S 10 81' ',( m$3$=,7>7 e; (17635(&+(1' ./(,1 ,67P d(, '(5 v5(1181* =:(,(5 o(7$//( .$11 $8&+ (,1 p$12'5$+7 *(=2*(1 :(5'(1N '(5 '$11 $%5(,M7 J9*/P c%6&+1P ZPUPUN c%%P ZPSXKP f,( *(1$8(67( 81' =8*/(,&+ (,1)$&+67( o(7+2'( =85 o(6681* '(5 m217$.763$1O 181* %(67(+7 ,1 )2/*(1'(5 x(568&+6$125'181*\ |:(, r/$77(1 $86 9(56&+,('(1(0 o$O

U\

U

c%%P ZPSS u&+:,1*.21'(16$725Oo(7+2'(\ f85&+ m217$.763$1181* 81' 6&+:,1*(1'( r/$77( (1767(+7 (,1( y(&+6(/63$1181*N ',( =8 18// :,5'N :(11 ',( i/(,&+63$1181* '$6 m21O 7$.7327(17,$/ .203(16,(57P

WUR

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

7(5,$/ 0,7 */$77 *(6&+/,5(1(1 q%(59>&+(1 67(+(1 6,&+ ',&+7 *(*(1@%(5 81' 6,1' @%(5 (,1( 9$5,$%/( i/(,&+63$1181*648(//( 81' (,1 y(&+6(/63$1181*60(66*(5>7 0,7(,1$1O '(5 9(5%81'(1 Jc%%P ZPSSKP f,( (,1( r/$77( )@+57 +2&+)5(48(17( u&+:,1*81*(1 $86N =P dP 0,7 WRR j=N ',( '(1 r/$77(1$%67$1' 81' '$0,7 ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 r/$77(1.21O '(16$7256 3(5,2',6&+ 9(5>1'(51P g6 (1767(+7 (,1( +2&+)5(48(17( y(&+6(/63$1181*N ',( 9(56&+:,1'(7N :(11 i/(,&+O 81' m217$.763$1181* 6,&+ .203(16,(5(1P h@5 ',(6( p8//0(7+2'( *(1@*7 (,1( (0371'/,&+( 5(/$7,9( o(6681* '(5 y(&+6(/63$1181*N =P dP 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 x(567>5.(56 81' m23)+?5(56P d(, '(5 1$&+ ',(6(0 r5,1=,3 $5%(,7(1'(1 m(/9,1Ou21'( @%(51,007 ',( =8 817(568&+(1'( o(7$//2%(59>&+( ',( t2//( '(5 )(67O 67(+(1'(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(] ',( 6&+:,1*(1'( r/$77( ,67 (,1( ./(,1( NNu21'(DD $86 '(0 t()(5(1=0(7$//P

ZPUPT v+(502(/(.75,=,7>7 u((%(&.Og5(.7P k0 u200(5 SZTSN (,1 l$+5 1$&+ '(5 g17'(&.81* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y,5.81* 921 u75?0(1 '85&+ jPeP q(567('N %(2%$&+7(7( '(5 r5,9$7*(/(+57( l2+$11 v+20$6 u((%(&. JSYYR2SZUSK %(, 6(,1(1 w17(568&+81*(1 =80 NNo$*1(7,6086 '(5 *$/9$1,6&+(1 m(77(DD u75209866 ,1 u7520.5(,6(1 $86 =:(, o(7$//(1N '(5 2+1( o,7O :,5.81* (,1(6 )(8&+7(1 n(,7(56 =867$1'( .$0C d$/' )$1' (5 +(5$86N '$66 )@5 ',(6(1 g5(.7 ',( g5:>5081* (,1(5 m217$.767(//( '85&+ 6(,1( h,1*(5 9(5$17:257/,&+ :$5P f,( p$&+5,&+7 921 '(5 @%(55$6&+(1'(1 g17'(&.81* '(6 NNv+(5020$*1(7,6086DD :85'( '85&+ q(567(' 81' $1'(5( 6&+1(// 9(5%5(,7(7P d,/'(7 0$1 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520.5(,6 $86 f5>+7(1 =:(,(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 o(7$/O /( c 81' dN '$11 9,(M7 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520N :(11 6,&+ ',( =:(, d(5@+581*667(//(1 '(5 o(7$//(N cd 81' dcN $8) 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 v(03(5$785 %(71'(1P j(87( 1(117 0$1 (,1(1 62/&+(1N 185 '85&+ y>50(:,5.81* +(5925*(58)(1(1 u7520 (,1(1 7+(5O 02(/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 2'(5 .85= v+(50267520P f$6 '(1 u7520 /,()(51'( o(7$//3$$5 +(,M7 v+(502(/(0(17P f(5 g5(.7 />667 6,&+ '(021675,(5(1N ,1'(0 0$1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, 0,7 '(1 m/(00(1 (,1(6 (0371'/,&+(1 o(66,167580(17(6 Ji$/9$120(7(56K 9(5%81'(1( m83)(5'5>+7( (,1(1 m2167$17$1'5$+7 2'(5 %(66(5 12&+ (,1 d,608767>%&+(1 /?7(7 81' (,1( '(5 %(,O '(1 n?767(//(1 0,7 '(5 j$1' 2'(5 (,1(5 h/$00( (5:>507 Jc%%P ZPSTKP f$11 =(,*7 '$6 i$/9$120(7(5 (,1(1 u7520 $1N '(66(1 t,&+781* 6,&+ 80.(+57N :(11 0$1 ',( %(75(5(1'( n?767(//( $%.@+/7 2'(5 :(11 0$1 $1 ,+5(5 u7(//( ',( $1'(5( n?767(//( (5:>507P h@5 ',( g1767(+81* '(6 v+(50267520(6 6,1' $/62 1,&+7 ',( c%62/87:(57(

G Cu

Cu Konstantan

1

2

c%%P ZPST m83)(5Om2167$17$1Ov+(502(/(O 0(17 81' u75200(66*(5>7 Ji$/9$120(7(5K iP f(5 v+(50267520 :>&+67 0,7 '(5 v(03(O 5$785',5(5(1= =:,6&+(1 '(1 x(5%,1'81*667(/O /(1 JNNn?767(//(1DDK S 81' TP

ZPU i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bo(7$//

WUS

'(5 v(03(5$785(1 $1 '(1 %(,'(1 n?767(//(1N 621'(51 ',( f,5(5(1= =:,6&+(1 ',(6(1 %(,'(1 v(03(5$785(1 9(5$17:257/,&+P f,( g1(5*,(N ',( )@5 '(1 u75209866 ,0 m5(,6 0,7 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' t # R %(1?7,*7 :,5'N 67$007 $86 '(5 $1 '(5 +(,M(1 n?7O 67(//( =8*()@+57(1 y>50(P v+(50263$1181*(1 81' v+(502675?0(P f,( v+(50263$1181*N +,6725,6&+ $/6 NNv+(5O 02.5$)7DD J7+(502(/(&75,& 32:(5K %(=(,&+1(7N ,67 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+ )@5 ',( m20%,1$7,21 '(5 o(7$//( c 81' d 81' ',( =:,6&+(1 '(1 =:(, n?767(//(1 %(67(+(1'( v(03(5$785O ',5(5(1= (v\ wv 3 ucd (vP

JZPUSK

f,( i5?M( ucd 3 'wmB'v

JZPUTK

:,5' ',5(5(17,(//( v+(50263$1181* JNN',5(5(17,(//( v+(502.5$)7DDK 2'(5 u((%(&.O m2(5,=,(17 *(1$117P f(5 v+(50267520 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 y,'(567$1' '(6 u7520.5(,6(6 t 1$&+ '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= $/6 wvBtP f,( 921 v+(502(/(0(17(1 *(/,()(57(1 u3$1181*(1 6,1' 6(+5 ./(,1] 6,( /,(*(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 0(x )@5 v(03(5$785',5(5(1=(1 921 SRR i5$'P j,6725,6&+ :85'(1 62/&+( ./(,1(1 u3$1181*(1 0,7 NN63$1181*6(03O 71'/,&+(1 i$/9$120(7(51DD *(0(66(1N ',( (,1(1 ./(,1(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' +$77(1 81' 5(/$7,9 *52M( u75?0( )@5 ',( c1=(,*( %(1?7,*7(1P v+(502(/(0(17( :85'(1 $8&+ $/6 %(621'(56 .2167$17( u752048(//(1 9(5:(1'(7] iP uP q+0 +$7 '$0,7 '$6 q+0I6&+( i(6(7= (17'(&.7P y(11 *5?M(5( u75?0( 9,(M(1 ,67 (6 :,&+7,*N '$)@5 =8 625*(1N '$66 '(5 %(5*$1*6O :,'(567$1' Jc%6&+1P ZPUPUK $1 $//(1 x(5%,1'81*667(//(1 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ,67P c1'(51O )$//6 75,77 '(5 675203523257,21$/( u3$1181*6$%)$// 67?5(1' ,1 g56&+(,181*P n?767(//(1P k1 '(5 n,7(5$785 @%(5 v+(502(/(.75,=,7>7 /,(67 0$1 ,00(5 921 NNn?767(/O /(1DDN *(0(,17 6,1' $%(5 185 *87O/(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81*(1 %(,'(5 o(7$//(N ',( :(,&+O 2'(5 +$57*(/?7(7 2'(5 $8&+ 381.7*(6&+:(,M7 6(,1 .?11(1P y(11 0$1 v+(50263$1O 181*(1 0,7 02'(51(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 o(66*(5>7(1 35$.7,6&+ NN67520/26DD 0,667N 63,(/7 '(5 %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' .(,1( t2//(N 81' m/(00.217$.7( =85 x(5%,1'81* %(,'(5 o(7$//( *(1@*(1P f(021675$7,21 *52M(5 v+(502675?0(P q%:2+/ (,1 (,1=(/1(6 v+(502(/(0(17 185 (,1( 6(+5 ./(,1( v+(50263$1181* /,()(57N .$11 0$1 0,7 6(,1(5 j,/)( '2&+ 9(5+>/71,60>M,* 67$5.( u75?0( (5=(8*(1N :(11 0$1 '(1 y,'(567$1' '(6 *$1=(1 m5(,6(6 185 ./(,1 *(18* 0$&+7P d,(*7 0$1 =P dP (,1(1 SR 00 67$5.(1 m83)(5'5$+7 c Jc%%P ZPSUK =8 (,1(5 u&+/(,)( 81' 6&+/,(M7 6,( '85&+ =:(, .85=( (,1*(/?7(7( m2167$17$1Ou7@&.( dN 62 9,(M7 ,1 ',(6(0 m5(,6 (,1 u7520 921 (7:$ VR c03(5(N :(11 0$1 '85&+ g,17$8&+(1 '(6 5(&+7:,1./,* 80*(%2*(1(1 f5$+7(1'(6 ,1 (,1 i/$6 0,7 g,6:$66(5 ',( (,1( n?7O 67(//( $8) (7:$ R@e $%.@+/7 81' */(,&+=(,7,* ',( $1'(5( n?767(//( $8) (7:$ SRR@e (5+,7=7N ,1'(0 0$1 '$6 )5(,( $1'(5( g1'( '(6 m83)(5'5$+7(6 ,1 (,1( d816(19$00( %5,1*7P f,( v+(50263$1181* %(75>*7 (,1,*( 0xN '(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 *$1=(1 m5(,6(6 /,(*7 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR2V /P f(5 v+(50267520 />667 6,&+ '85&+ 6(,1( 0$*1(7,6&+( y,5.81* 1$&+:(,6(1P |8 ',(6(0 |:(&. /(*7 0$1 ',( m83)(56&+/(,)(

WUT

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1 B

A

C1 C2

c%%P ZPSU x(568&+ =80 p$&+:(,6 *52M(5 v+(502675?0(P

=:,6&+(1 =:(, 0,7 (17635(&+(1'(1 t,//(1 9(56(+(1( 81' *87 $8)(,1$1'(5 3$66(1'( g,6(167@&.( eS 81' eTN ',( '$11 '85&+ '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/' '(5 (,1(1 u7520:,1O '81* 62 )(67 =86$00(1*(+$/7(1 :(5'(1N '$66 0$1 $1 eT (,1( o$66( 921 0(+5(5(1 .* $1+>1*(1 .$11P x(56&+,('(1( 7+(502(/(.75,6&+( m5(,6(P f,( c%%P ZPST =(,*7 (,1 v+(502(/(0(17 '(5 (,1)$&+(1 d$8)250 e8Om2167$17$1Oe8P f(5 g,1)$&++(,7 +$/%(5 .$11 $1*(1200(1 :(5'(1N '$66 $8&+ '(5 n(,7(5:(* '85&+ '$6 i$/9$120(7(5 $86 m83)(5 %(67(+7P g6 *,%7 $/62 +,(5 :,5./,&+ 185 =:(, NNn?767(//(1DDN e8Bm2167$17$1 81' m2167$17$1Be8N '(5(1 v(03(5$785',5(5(1= ',( v+(50263$1181* %(67,007P g7:$6 .203/,=,(57(5 :,5' (6N :(11 0$1 =P dP (,1 p,Bp,e5Og/(0(17 0,7 '(1 =80 o(66,167580(17 )@+5(1'(1 m83)(5/(,781*(1 9(5%,1'(7P f$11 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( d$8O )250 e8Op,Op,e5Op,Oe8P f,(6(6 g/(0(17 0,667 ',( v(03(5$785',5(5(1= =:,6&+(1 '(1 n?767(//(1 p,Bp,e5 81' p,e5Bp,N 925$86*(6(7=7N '$66 6,&+ ',( x(5%,1'81*667(//(1 e8Bp, 81' p,Be8 $8) */(,&+(5 v(03(5$785 %(71'(1C f(11 62167 $'',(57 2'(5 68%O 75$+,(57 6,&+ ',( v+(50263$1181* '(6 g/(0(17(6 p,Oe8Op,P d(, v(03(5$785*/(,&+O +(,7 '(5 x(5%,1'81*667(//(1 :,5' '$6 m83)(5 7+(502(/(.75,6&+ 1,&+7 :,5.6$0P f$6 */(,&+( *,/7 )@5 '$6 n?70$7(5,$/ ,1 '(1 n?767(//(1P f,( d$8)250 0,7 7+(502(/(.75,6&+ 1,&+7O:,5.6$0(1 |8/(,781*(1 :,5' ,P c//*P )@5 35>=,6( v(03(5$7850(6681*(1 9(5:(1O '(7] ',( (,1( n?767(//( ,67 ',( NNo(66621'(DDN ',( $1'(5( :,5' J=P dP ,1 (,1(0 g,6Oy$66(5O i(0,6&+K $8) (,1(5 :2+/'(71,(57(1 t()(5(1=7(03(5$785 *(+$/7(1P f,( x(5%,1'81*667(//(1 =8 '(1 |8/(,781*(1N ',( $8) */(,&+(5 v(03(5$785 J=P dP n$%257(03(5$785K *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1 0@66(1N .?11(1 ,0 r5,1=,3 $8&+ ',( h81.7,21 '(5 =:(,7(1 n?767(//( @%(51(+0(1P f$6 (5*,%7 ',( 9(5(,1)$&+7( d$8)250 e8Op,Op,e5O e8P j,(5 6,1' ',( $8) */(,&+(5 v(03(5$785 %(71'/,&+(1 81' ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7(1 x(5%,1'81*667(//(1 p,e5Be8 81' e8Bp, 7+(502(/(.75,6&+ >48,9$/(17 =8 (,1(5 p,e5B p,On?767(//(P f,(6( 9(5(,1)$&+7( d$8)250 .$11 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1N :(11 ',( n$%25O 7(03(5$785 $/6 t()(5(1=7(03(5$785 *(1@*7P v+(502(/(.75,6&+( u3$1181*65(,+(P o$1 .$11 6>07/,&+( o(7$//( 81' n(*,(581*(1 J81' $8&+ j$/%/(,7(5K ,1 (,1( 7+(502(/(.75,6&+( u3$1181*65(,+( 62 (,125'1(1N '$66 $1 '(5 (5:>507(1 n?767(//( '(5 u7520 $86 '(0 ,1 '(5 t(,+( )2/*(1'(1 o(7$// =8 '(0 925$167(+(1'(1 @%(5*(+7\ d,6087 Jd,KN m2167$17$1N e2%$/7 Je2KN p,&.(/ Jp,KN m$/,80 JmKN r$//$',80 Jr'KN p$75,80 Jp$KN r/$7,1 Jr7K 81' s8(&.6,/%(5 Jj*KN v$17$/ Jv$KN c/80,1,80 Jc/KN o$*1(6,80 Jo*KN |,11 Ju1K 81' d/(, Jr%KN e$(6,80 Je6KN

ZPU i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bo(7$//

WUU

o$1*$1,1 Jo1KN k5,',80 Jk5K 81' t+2',80 Jt+KN |,1. J|1K 81' u,/%(5 Jc*KN i2/' Jc8KN m83)(5 Je8KN y2/)5$0 JyKN e$'0,80 Je'KN o2/&+(1 2)7 %(75>&+7/,&+( 7+(502(/(.75,O 6&+( y,5.81*(1P v+(502(/(.75,6&+( o(66*(5>7(P h@5 v(03(5$7850(6681*(1 ,0 n$%25 81' ,1 '(5 k1O '8675,( (,*1(1 6,&+ ',( v+(502(/(0(17( 925=@*/,&+P o$1 %($&+7( -('2&+N '$66 ',( v+(50263$1181*(1 1,&+7 *(1$8 3523257,21$/ =85 v(03(5$785',5(5(1= 6,1'P f(6O +$/% %5$8&+7 0$1 =8 -('(0 v+(502(/(0(17 %(, *(1$8(1 o(6681*(1 (,1( g,&+7$%(//(P f,( )2/*(1'(1 m20%,1$7,21(1 +$%(1 6,&+ %(:>+57] 6,( 6,1' $8&+ ,0 j$1'(/ (5+>/7O /,&+P f,( $1*(*(%(1( u3$1181* %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) ',( n?767(//(17(03(5$785(1 921 R 81' SRR@e\ A A A A

m83)(5Bm2167$17$1 JWW@ e8N VW@ p,K g,6(1Bm2167$17$1 p,&.(/Oe+520 JSR@KBp,&.(/ r/$7,1Ot+2',80 JSR@KBr/$7,1

VPTW 0x WPUY 0x VPRV 0x RPXV 0x

f,( +,(5 $1*(*(%(1(1 v+(50263$1181*(1 62//(1 185 c1+$/76:(57( 6(,1P f$6 j$1'O %22. 2) e+(0,675< $1' r+8&+/,&+P w0 (,1( d(5@+581* %(,'(5 f5>+7( =8 9(50(,'(1N )@+57 0$1 '(1 (,1(1 f5$+7 '85&+ (,1 '@11(6 s8$5=O 2'(5 r25=(//$152+5P f(5 x257(,/ '(5 v+(502(/(0(17( /,(*7 ,1 ,+5(5 m/(,1+(,7 81' '(5 '$'85&+ %(',1*7(1 *(5,1*(1 y>50(.$3$=,7>7N 62:,( ,1 '(5 o?*/,&+.(,7N '$6 c1=(,*(,167580(17 $1 (,1(0 $1'(5(1 q57 $8)=867(//(1P f$'85&+ ,67 =P dP (,1( %(5:$&+81* 921 v(03(5$785(1 $1 6&+:(5 =8*>1*/,&+(1 u7(//(1 0?*O /,&+P h@5 0(',=,1,6&+( 81' %,2/2*,6&+( |:(&.( :(5'(1 v+(502(/(0(17( $/6 1$'(/O )?50,*( u21'(1 +(5*(67(//7N ',( '(1 v(03(5$7859(5/$8) ,0 /(%(1'(1 q5*$1,6086 =8 9(5)2/*(1 *(67$77(1P |85 u75$+/81*60(6681* %(187=7( 0$1 )5@+(5 *(51 (,1( *5?M(5( c1=$+/ +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7(5 v+(502(/(0(17(N (,1( 62*P v+(5026>8/( J9*/P c%%P XPVKP u7$77 '(66(1 :,5' +(87( 0(,67 (,1 (,1=(/1(6N 6(+5 ./(,1(6 v+(502(/(0(17 :(*(1 6(,1(5 *(5,1*(5(1 y>50(.$3$=,7>7 %(925=8*7P f,( $85$//(1'( u75$+/81* :,5'

WUV

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

'85&+ (,1( 527,(5(1'( d/(1'( 3(5,2',6&+ (7:$ SR 0$/ 352 u(.81'( 817(5%52&+(1] '(5 7+(502(/(.75,6&+( y(&+6(/67520 :,5' (/(.7521,6&+ 9(567>5.7P v+(502.5(8=P m/(,1(N ,16%(621'(5( $8&+ +2&+)5(48(17( y(&+6(/675?0( .?11(1 @%(5 ',( l28/(I6&+( u7520:>50( $/6 /2.$/( v(03(5$785(5+?+81* 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1\ f$=8 *(1@*7 =P dP (,1 $1 (,1(1 67520'85&+9266(1(1 '@11(1 r/$7,1'5$+7 $1*(/?7(7(6 v+(502(/(0(17P d(,0 v+(502.5(8= 6,1' (,1 '@11(5 g,6(1O 81' (,1 m2167$17$1O '5$+7 .5(8=:(,6( 80(,1$1'(5 *(6&+/81*(1 81' 9(5/?7(7] ,+5( g1'(1 6,1' =8 9,(5 c16&+/@66(1 *()@+57P o$1 )@+57 '(1 =8 0(66(1'(1 u7520 @%(5 (,1 g,6(1O 81' (,1 m2167$17$1Of5$+7(1'( =8P f(5 u7520 9,(M7 @%(5 ',( n?767(//( 81' (5:>507 6,(P f,( '$'85&+ $8)75(7(1'( v+(50263$1181* />667 6,&+ $1 '(1 $1'(5(1 %(,'(1 f5$+7O (1'(1 $%1(+0(1P v+(502(/(.75,6&+( i(1(5$725(1P y>+5(1' t$80)$+5=(8*( )@5 '$6 ,11(5( r/$1(7(1O 68M(5( r/$1(7(1650((1(5*,( :,5' '85&+ c%62537,21 '(5 3Ou75$+/(1 (,1(5 5$',2$.7,9(1 s8(//( *(/,()(57P r(/7,(5Og5(.7P SU l$+5( 1$&+ '(5 g17'(&.81* '(6 u((%(&.Og5(.76 :85'( SZUV 921 '(0 )5$1=?6,6&+(1 w+50$&+(5 81' r+5081* '(5 n?767(//(P d(,0 u((%(&.Og5(.7 .$11 0$1 ,0 r5,1=,3 ',( v+(50263$1181* NN67520/26DD 0(6O 6(1] %(,0 r(/7,(5Og5(.7 :,5' '$*(*(1 ,00(5 (,1 u7520 %(1?7,*7P f(6+$/% 0866 '(5 %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' Jc%6&+1P ZPUPUK $1 '(1 x(5%,1'81*667(//(1 +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1 6(,1P c8&+ '(5 2+06&+( y,'(567$1' '(5 n(,7(567@&.( (56&+:(57 '(1 p$&+:(,6 '(6 r(/O 7,(5Og5(.7(6N :(,/ '85&+ '(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520N '(5 '85&+ '$6 v+(5023$$5 9,(M7N l28/(I6&+( y>50( (5=(8*7 :,5'P n(7=7(5( ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 k TN '(5 r(/7,(5Og5(.7 '$*(*(1 3523257,21$/ =8 k] )@5 *(1$8( o(6681*(1 0866 '(6+$/% ',( g;75$32/$7,21 k S R 925*(1200(1 :(5'(1P f(021675$7,21 '(6 r(/7,(5Og5(.7(6P i(:@16&+7 :,5' (,1( o(7+2'(N ',( 185 ',( g5O :>5081* 81' c%.@+/81* '85&+ '(1 r(/7,(5Og5(.7 =(,*7N 1,&+7 $%(5 ',( c8)+(,=81* '85&+ ',( l28/(I6&+( y>50(P d(, '(5 c125'181* '(5 c%%P ZPSV ,67 (,1 c17,021O

ZPU i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bo(7$// Th 1

WUW

Th 2

B1

B2 A

F

c%%P ZPSV c125'181* =80 p$&+:(,6 '(6 r(/7,(5Og5(.7(6P

67>%&+(1 c =:,6&+(1 =:(, d,608767>%&+(1 dS 81' dT *(/?7(7P f,( %(,'(1 n?767(//(1 6,1' /8)7',&+7 ,1 =:(, v+(5026.23Oi()>M(1 v+S 81' v+T (,1*(6&+/266(1N ',( '85&+ (,1( wO)?50,*( i/$65?+5( 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5%81'(1 6,1'P k0 817(5(1 +25,=217$/(1 v(,/ ',(6(5 x(5%,1'81* %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1 h/@66,*.(,767523)(1 hP u&+,&.7 0$1 (,1(1 u7520 921 dS @%(5 c 1$&+ dTN 62 9(56&+,(%7 6,&+ '(5 v523)(1 921 5(&+76 1$&+ /,1.6N '$ $1 '(5 n?767(//( ,1 v+S (,1( c%.@+/81* 81' $1 '(5 n?767(//( ,1 v+T (,1( g5:>5O 081* $8)75,77P d(, u752080.(+5 .(+57 6,&+ '(5 %(2%$&+7(7( g5(.7 80P f,( ,0 u7520O .5(,6 */(,&+=(,7,* (5=(8*7( l28/(6&+( y>50( 67?57 1,&+7N '$ 6,( (,1(56(,76 ,1 %(,'(1 i/$6.8*(/1 */(,&+ *52M ,67N 81' 6,( $1'(5(56(,76 '85&+ ',( y$+/ ',&.(5 c17,021O 81' d,608767>%( 0,1,0,(57 :(5'(1 .$11P r(/7,(5Og/(0(17(P c86 0(+5(5(1 g/(0(17(1 =86$00(1*()@*7( r(/7,(5Od/2&.6 :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 m>/7(Oo(667(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7P o,7 j(,=Ov+(50267$7(1 .?11(1 185 v(03(O 5$785(1 '(87/,&+ 2%(5+$/% '(5 n$%257(03(5$785 67$%,/,6,(57 :(5'(1P r(/7,(5Ov+(5026O 7$7( (5/$8%(1 =P dP ',( u7$%,/,6,(581* $8) '(1 g,6381.7P o,7 (/(.7521,6&+(5 t(*(/81* 81' *((,&+7(1 v(03(5$785)@+/(51 %(1?7,*7 62 (,1 g,6Or81.7Ov+(50267$7 :('(5 g,6 12&+ y$66(5$16&+/866] n8)7.@+/81* *(1@*7P h@5 r(/7,(5Om@+/81* %(, |,00(57(0O 3(5$785 +$%(1 6,&+ 925 $//(0 d,Tv(UBu%Tv(UOn(*,(581*(1 %(:>+57P w0 %(, *(*(%(1(0 r(/7,(5Om2(5,=,(17(1 $1 '(5 :>50($%625%,(5(1'(1 n?767(//( (,1( 0?*/,&+67 67$5.( v(03(5$7856(1.81* =8 (55(,&+(1N 62//7(1 62:2+/ ',( j(,=81* '85&+ l28/(I6&+( y>50( 81' $/6 $8&+ ',( y>50(=8)8+5 '85&+ y>50(/(,781* ,1 '(1 n(,7(51 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1 6(,1P y(,/ '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 J+,(5 0?*/,&+67 *52MK 81' y>50(/(,7)>+,*.(,7 J+,(5 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1K 1$&+ '(0 y,(O '(0$11Oh5$1=Oi(6(7= 185 921 '(5 v(03(5$785 $%+>1*7 Jc%6&+1P YPSPUKN 6,1' '(5 q37,0,(581* i5(1=(1 *(6(7=7P c%62/87( r(/7,(5O 81' u((%(&.Om2(5,=,(17(1P f(5 r(/7,(5Om2(5,=,(17 Gcd :,5' $/6 f,5(5(1= =:(,(5 NN$%62/87(5 r(/7,(5Om2(5,=,(17(1DD '(5 o(7$//( c 81' d $8)*()$667\ 'yB'7 3 JGc 2GdK kP

JZPUVK

g,1( *52%( x2567(//81* 921 '(5 i5?M( '(6 $%62/87(1 r(/7,(5Om2(5,=,(17(1 *,%7 ',( 7)7( 1$&+ 18//P f(5 r(/7,(5Om2(5,=,(17 Gc ,67 (,1( )@5 '$6 o(7$// c &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( u3$1181*] 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 75$163257,(57(1 n$'81* s (5*,%7 6,&+ sGc 3 yN :2%(, y ',( 5(9(56,%(/ )5(,*(6(7=7( J2'(5 $%625%,(57(K y>50( ,67P p81 .$11 i/P JZPUYK :,( )2/*7 *(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1\ y 3 sGc 3 s uc vP

JZPU[K

f,( 0,7 '(0 v5$163257 '(5 n$'81* s 5(9(56,%(/ 80*(6(7=7( r(/7,(5:>50( y (5*,%7 6,&+ $/6 r52'8.7 '(5 v(03(5$785 v 81' '(5 i5?M( Js ucKN ',( 7+(502'7(5 $/6 '(5 u((%(&.Og5(.7 (17'(&.7 :85'(N $%(5 /(,&+7(5 =8 9(567(+(1 ,67P y(11 $//( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 */(,&+(50$M(1 $0 u752075$163257 7(,/1(+0(1N '$11 :(5'(1 ',( $%:$1'(51'(1 g/(.7521(1 '85&+ (1(5*(7,6&+ */(,&+:(57,*( 1$&+O 9,(M(1'( g/(.7521(1 (56(7=7 81' 7+(50,6&+ 9(5>1'(57 6,&+ 1,&+76P y(11 -('2&+ ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 (,1( 921 '(5 g1(5*,( $%+>1*,*( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 J1$&+ '(5 .,1(7,O 6&+(1 v+(25,( 9(5.1@3)7 0,7 '(5 0,77/(5(1 )5(,(1 y(*/>1*(K %(6,7=(1N '$11 1(+0(1 1,&+7 $//( g/(.7521(1 ,1 */(,&+(5 y(,6( $0 u752075$13257 7(,/P y(11 %(,63,(/6:(,6( g/(.7521(1 0,7 (,1(5 @%(5 gh /,(*(1'(1 g1(5*,( g (,1( +?+(5( u75?081*6*(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 (5+$/7(1 $/6 ',( 0,7 g " ghN '$11 ,67 0,7 '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 u75209866 (,1 :(*(1 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 g/(.7521(1/$'81* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 y>50(67520 9(5%81'(1P y(11 ,1 '(1 o(7$//(1 c 81' d %(, */(,&+(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 u75209866 817(56&+,('O /,&+ *52M( y>50(675?0( 9,(M(1N '$11 (1767(+7 $1 '(5 (,1(1 m217$.767(//( (,1( y>5O 0(48(//(N $1 '(5 $1'(5(1 (,1( y>50(6(1.(P v+(25(7,6&+( f(8781* '(6 u((%(&.Og5(.7(6P p81 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 '(1 u7520.5(,6 cOdO c )@5 '(1 h$//N '$66 ',( n?767(//(1 cd 81' dc $8) 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 v(03(5$785 /,(*(1N $%(5 .(,1( 62167,*( u752048(//( ,0 m5(,6 925+$1'(1 ,67P f,( $1 '(5 +(,M(1 n?767(//( cd =8*()@+57( y>50( :,5' '85&+ y>50(/(,781* ,1 '(1 f5>+7(1 c 81' d $%*()@+57P k1 o(7$//(1 1(+0(1 $8&+ ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $1 '(5 y>50(/(,781*

ZPU i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bo(7$//

WUY

7(,/ 81' .?11(1 '$)@5 :,( i$6Oo2/(.@/( ,1 '(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 v+(25,( %(75$&+7(7 :(5O '(1\ f,( (17*(*(1 '(0 v(03(5$785*5$',(17(1 9,(*(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 75$163257,(5(1 0(+5 .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( $/6 ',( ,1 t,&+781* '(6 i5$',(17(1 9,(*(1'(1P y(11 $%(5 =P dP ',( g/(.7521(1 +2+(5 g1(5*,( (,1( *5?M(5( 0,77/(5( )5(,( y(*/>1*( %(6,7=(1 $/6 ',( 0,7 ./(,1(5 g1(5*,(N '$11 5(68/7,(57 '$5$86 (,1( 921 18// 9(56&+,('(1( 0,77/(5( u75?081*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 =80 v(03(5$785*5$',(17(1P f$6 ,67 ',( v+(502',586,21C f,( v+(502',586,21 75$163257,(57 g/(.7521(1N 62:(,7 '$6 %(, g,1+$/781* '(5 n$O '81*61(875$/,7>7 ,1 '(1 n(,7(51 0?*/,&+ ,67P l( 1$&+'(0N ,1 :(/&+(0 '(5 %(,'(1 f5>+7( Jc 2'(5 dK ',( 921 '(5 +(,M(1 n?767(//( :(**(5,&+7(7( v+(502',586,21 67>5O .(5 ,67N 9,(M7 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520 Jv+(50267520K '85&+ ',( n?767(//( 921 c 1$&+ d 2'(5 80*(.(+57P w17(5%5,&+7 0$1 '(1 v+(50267520 '85&+ (,1 ,1 '(1 u7520.5(,6 (,1*()@*7(6 NN67520/26DD 0(66(1'(6 x2/70(7(5N '$11 *(6&+,(+7 3+&+(1 81' n(,7(52%(59>&+(1 75(7(1 J6(+5 *(5,1*(K (/(.75,6&+( n$'81*(1 $8)N ',( ,0 n(,7(5 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' (5=(8*(1P f,(6(6 gOh(/' 9(5856$&+7 (,1( g/(.7O 521(1Of5,)7%(:(*81*N ',( '(1 v+(50267520 *(5$'( .203(16,(57P o$1&+( n(+5%@&+(5 '(87(1 ',( v+(50263$1181* $/6 (,1( h2/*( '(5 817(56&+,('O /,&+(1 v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 9(56&+,('(1(5 o(7$//(N ',( =8 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*(1 m217$.763$1181*(1 )@+57P f$6 ,67 )$/6&+C |85 y,'(5/(*81* ',(6(5 c85$6681* %(75$&+7(1 :,5 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 h$// =:(,(5 6&+$5)O%(*5(1=7(5 v(0O 3(5$785%(5(,&+( NN+(,MDD 81' NN.$/7DD 81' 1(+0(1 $1N '$66 '(5 +(,M( d(5(,&+ ',( n?7O 67(//( cd 81' -( (,1 u7@&. '(5 %(,'(1 f5>+7( c 81' d 80)$667P f(5 u7520.5(,6 0,7 i$/9$120(7(5 +$7 '$11 ',( )2/*(1'( o$7(5,$/O 81' v(03(5$7859(57(,/81*\ i$/9P c A c .$/7 .$/7

c A cd A d +(,M +(,M +(,M

d A dc A c i$/9P .$/7 .$/7 .$/7

p(%(1 '(1 (,*(17/,&+(1 n?767(//(1 cd 81' dc %(71'(1 6,&+ ,0 m5(,6 12&+ =:(, $1'(5( %(5*>1*(N 1>0/,&+ ',( '85&+ 6(1.5(&+7( u75,&+( *(.(11=(,&+1(7(1 v(03(O 5$785*5(1=(1N :2 */(,&+( o(7$//( $8) 9(56&+,('(1(5 v(03(5$785 =86$00(175(5(1P f85&+ 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*( c8675,776$5%(,7(1 (1767(+(1 $1 ',(6(1 u7(//(1 m217$.7O 63$1181*(1P f,( u800( '(5 (17/$1* '(6 v+(502(/(0(17(6 $8)75(7(1'(1 m217$.7O 63$118*(1 ,67 A 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1/$'81* A *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( u800( )2/*(1'(5 c8675,776$5%(,76Of,5(5(1=(1\ J3cN.$/7 23cN+(,MK1J3cN+(,M 23dN+(,MK J3cN.$/7 1 J3dN+(,M 23dN.$/7K1J3dN.$/7 23cN.$/7K 3 RP

JZPVRK

c//( c8675,776$5%(,7(1 75(7(1 =:(,0$/ 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 x25=(,&+(1 $8)] ',( u80O 0( ,67 18//P d(, :(1,*(5 6&+$5) %(*5(1=7(1 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+(1 0@667(1 ',( f5>+7( ,1 6(+5 9,(/( u7@&.( 0,7 6(+5 ./(,1(1 v(03(5$785817(56&+,('(1 $8)*(7(,/7 :(5'(1] $0 t(68/$7 NN18//DD :@5'( 6,&+ 1,&+76 >1'(51P f$6 =(,*7\ c//(,1 '85&+ 7(03(5$785O $%+>1*,*( c8675,776$5%(,7(1 A 2+1( ',( o,7:,5.81* '(5 v+(502',586,21 A .$11 .(,1( v+(50263$1181* (1767(+(1P

WUZ

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

ZPUPU %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' p,&+7 -('( x(5%,1'81* 0(7$//,6&+(5 n(,7(5 ,1 (,1(0 u7520.5(,6 .$11 $/6 *87 /(,7(1'( NNn?767(//(DD $86*()@+57 :(5'(1P f$6 *,/7 925 $//(0 )@5 u&+$/7.217$.7( $//(5 c57N $%(5 $8&+ )@5 ',( 9,(/(1 6&+1(// (567(//7(1 m/(00O 81' u7(&.9(5%,1'81*(1 ,1 3+&+(1P f,( r+&+( c 81' ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 NNp250$/.5$)7DD hp J(/(.7527(&+1,6&+ NNn$67DDKN ',( ',( %(,'(1 m?53(5 $8)(,1$1'(5 35(667N $%(5 81O $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 i5?M( '(5 c89$*(9>&+( cP d(, (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+$/7(5.217$.7(1 ,67 '$6 (,1( o(7$//67@&. )(67 0217,(57 81' '$6 $1'(5( ,67 v(,/ (,1(5 d,(*(O 2'(5 m,339255,&+781*N :,5' $/62 ,1 6(,1(5 d(:(*81* *()@+57N %,6 (6 ,1 (,1(0 r81.7 =85 d(5@+581* .2007P g17635(&+(1' '(5 :,5.6$0(1 p250$/.5$)7 hp 9(5)250(1 6,&+ %(,'( o(7$//67@&.( $0 d(5@+581*6381.7P f,( i5?M( '(5 m217$.79>&+( cm 1,007 =8 81' '(5 :,5.6$0( f58&. hpBcm 9(5./(,1(57 6,&+N %,6 '$6 o$7(5,$/ '(0 9(5%/(,%(1'(1 f58&. 2+1( :(,7(5( x(5)25081* 67$1'+$/7(1 .$11P f(5 %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' .2007 '$'85&+ =867$1'(N '$66 '(5 u75209866 $8) ',( ./(,1( h/>&+( cm J&217$&7 5(*,21K NN9(5(1*7DD ,67P o$1 635,&+7 ,1 ',(6(0 |86$00(1O +$1* $8&+ 921 NNu7520Og1*(DD 81' NNg1*(Ou3$1181*DDP c1*(1200(1N =:(, u7@&.( '(6 */(,&+(1 o(7$//6 J0,7 63(=,76&+(0 y,'(567$1' |K 6,1' ,1 (,1(5 ./(,1(1 .5(,6)?5O 0,*(1 m217$.79>&+( 0,7 f85&+0(66(5 f 62 *87 :,( NN9(56&+:(,M7DDN $%(5 $8M(5+$/% ',(6(5 m217$.79>&+( ,67 '(5 c%67$1' 62 *52MN '$66 '257 .(,1 n$'81*675$163257 67$77O 71'(1 .$11P x25 81' +,17(5 '(0 m217$.7 62//(1 ',( n(,7(548(56&+1,77( 6(+5 *52M ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 cm 6(,1P f(5 x(5/$8) '(5 u7520)>'(1 ,67 ,1 c%%P ZPSW 6&+(0$7,6&+ )@5 '(1 h$// =:(,(5 =+(51 81' 1$&+ '(0 m217$.7 $//0>+/,&+ $86(,1$1'(5 675(%(1P k1 (,1(5 p>+(581*6%(5(&+181* '(6 %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1'(6 t JtP j2/0 S[WYK :85'(1 ',( =8 '(1 u7520)>'(1 6(1.5(&+7 67(+(1'(1 }48,327(17,$/9>&+(1 02'(//+$)7 $1*(1>+(57 81' '$5$86 '(5 u3$1181*6O $%)$// ,1 '(5 w0*(%81* '(6 m217$.7(6 $%*(6&+>7=7P h@5 '(1 %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' (5*$% 6,&+ ',( p>+(581*6)250(/ t . |BfP

JZPVSK

d(,63,(/\ u,/%(5 +$7 '(1 63(=,76&+(1 y,'(567$1' |c* 3 SPW 6 SR2Z /0P h@5 (,1( .5(,6O )?50,*( m217$.79>&+( 0,7 f85&+0(66(5 f . RPRS 00 3 SR2W 0 )2/*7 t . SPW 0/P y,( *52M ,67 181 ',( m217$.79>&+( :,5./,&+a f$6 +>1*7 921 '(5 :,5.(1'(1 p25O 0$/.5$)7 hp 81' '(5 j>57( J+$5'1(66K '(6 m217$.70$7(5,$/6 $%P g6 *,%7 9(56&+,('(1( j>57(0$M(N ',( ,1 o(669256&+5,)7(1 81' o$M(,1+(,7(1 921(,1$1'(5 $%:(,&+(1P u,( %$6,(5(1 $%(5 $//( $8) '(0 x(5+>/71,6 921 m5$)7 hp 81' (&+7(5N '85&+ 0(66%$5(

ZPU i5(1=9>&+( o(7$//Bo(7$//

WU[

c%%P ZPSW u7520)>'(1 J$86*(=2*(1( m85O 9(1K 81' }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 J*(675,&+(/7K ,1 '(5 p>+( (,1(5 m217$.767(//( =:,6&+(1 =:(, =57( j 185 ',( r523257,21$/,7>7 j 6 hpBcmP

JZPVTK

y,5 1(+0(1 $/62 +,(5 $1N '$66 ',( f()250$7,2169>&+(N ',( %(, '(5 j>57(0(6681* =P dP '85&+ g,135(66(1 (,1(5 3&+(N ',( %(, */(,&+ .5>)7,*(0 |86$00(135(66(1 =:(,(5 u7@O &.( '(6 */(,&+(1 o$7(5,$/6 (1767(+7P c86 i/P JZPVSK 81' i/P JZPVTK )2/*7 t 6 |BcmSBT 6 |JjBhpKSBT P

JZPVUK

o(6681*(1 921 t )@5 5(,1( o(7$//(N ',( '85&+ g5+,7=(1 %,6 ',&+7 817(5+$/% '(6 u&+0(/=381.7(6 ,0 j2&+9$.880 *(6>8%(57 :25'(1 :$5(1N 0,7 m217$.7(1 ,1 h250 921 r/$77(1 2'(5 *(.5(8=7(1 u7>%(1N (5*(%(1 81*()>+5 ',( r523257,21$/,7>7 =8 hp2SBT ] $8&+ m217$.7( $86 $0253+(5 m2+/(N :,( 6,( ,1 m2+/(0,.523+21(1 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'N 9(5+$/7(1 6,&+ 62P y(*(1 '(5 *5?M(5(1 j>57( ,67 '(5 %(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' 921 m2+/(.217$.7(1 (7:$ 7$86(1' 0$/ *5?M(5 $/6 '(5 )@5 m83)(5.217$.7( %(, */(,&+(5 p250$/.5$)7P m217$.79>&+(1 0,7 h5(0'6&+,&+7(1P d5,1*7 0$1 6$8%(5( q%(59>&+(1 $1 n8)7N 62 %,/'(1 6,&+ 6&+21 1$&+ :(1,*(1 u(.81'(1 )(67 +$)7(1'( NN021202/(.8/$5(DD h5(0'O 6&+,&+7(1 921 $'625%,(57(1 o2/(.@/(1N 925 $//(0 qTP f85&+ (,1( 021202/(.8/$5( u&+,&+7 ,62/,(5(1'(5 o2/(.@/( .?11(1 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 +,1'85&+7811(/1P f$O =8 ,67 (,1( r27(17,$/',5(5(1= $1 '(5 d(5@+581*667(//( (5)25'(5/,&+\ f,( h(50,Om$17(1 '(5 %(,'(1 o(7$//67@&.( 0@66(1 817(56&+,('/,&+( j?+( +$%(1N '$0,7 g/(.7521(1 $86 %(6(7=7(1 |867>1'(1 '(6 (,1(1 o(7$//67@&.6 ,1 81%(6(7=7( |867>1'( '(6 $1'(5(1 *(/$1*(1 .?11(1P x,(/ 352%/(0$7,6&+(5 )@5 (/(.75,6&+( m217$.7( 6,1' ',( 0(,67 6&+21 6,&+7%$5(1 q;,'O 2'(5 u8/7'6&+,&+7(1N ',( '(1 m217$.7 *$1= %('(&.(1N 75.(1 $1 '(5 h5(0'6&+,&+7 921 (,1,*(1 SRX xB&0 81' '$0,7 =80 f85&+%58&+P f$%(, :(5'(1 '85&+ u72M,21,6$7,21 /$:,1(1$57,* 9,(/( g/(.7521(1 )5(,*(6(7=7P f,( '$0,7 9(5%81'(1( y>50((17:,&./81* )@+57 =8 /2.$/(0 u&+0(/=(1 '(6 o(7$//6N '$6 ,1 '(1 f85&+6&+/$*.$1$/ +,1(,1*(=2*(1 :,5' 81' (,1( /(,7(1'( d5@&.( %,/'(7P c1 ',(6(5 d5@&.( :,5' l28/(I6&+( y>50( )5(,N ',( =8 :(,7(5(0 u&+0(/=(1 81' x(5',&.(1 '(5 d5@&.( )@+57P f$6 6(7=7 6,&+ )257N %,6 ',( d5@&.( 62 *52M ,67N '$66 6,( ,0 )(67(1 |867$1' '(1 u7520 75$*(1 .$11P c8)+(%(1 (,1(6 0(7$//,6&+(1 m217$.7(6P d(, '(5 c8)+(%81* 921 67520)@+5(1'(1 m21O 7$.7(1 75(7(1 u(.81'>5(5(.7( $8)\ j(5925*(58)(1 '85&+ '(1 y(*)$// (,1(6 2+06&+(1 u3$1181*6$%)$//(6 2'(5 '85&+ k1'8.7,21 /,(*7 3/?7=/,&+ (,1( u3$1181* $0 *(?5O 1(7(1 m217$.7N ',( (,1( h2576(7=81* '(6 u75209866(6 %(:,5.(1 .$11P h(/'(0,66,21 ,67 0?*/,&+] '(5 u7520 *(+7 $%(5 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 m217$.7$%67$1' 6(+5 6&+1(// 1$&+ 18//P k1 i$6(1 Jn8)7K .$11 6,&+ (,1 c%5,66)81.(1 2'(5 *$5 (,1 n,&+7%2*(1 Jc%6&+1P SRPUPXK %,/'(1P d(, '(5 c8)+(%81* (,1(6 1$+(=8 67520/26(1 m217$.7(6 ,67 ',( r+57P d(, g;3(5,0(17(1 ,0 o$*1(7)(/'N :2 ',( g/(.7521(163,1Og17$5781* $8)*(+2*(1 ,67N =P dP '(0 s8$17(1Oj$//Og5(.7 Jc%O 6&+1P ZPSPUK 75,77 '(5 n(,7:(57 (TB+ $/6 )81'$0(17$/( i5?M( $8)P f,( c%%P ZPSX =(,*7 '$6 c%./,1*(1 '(6 u75206 %(,0 n?6(1 (,1(6 m217$.7(6\ |:(, @%(5(,1$1'(5/,(*(1'( i2/''5>+7( :85'(1 0,7 (,1(5 d$77(5,( 81' (,1(0 SRO./Oy,O '(567$1' =8 (,1(0 u7520.5(,6 9(5%81'(1 81' '(5 67520O3523257,21$/( u3$1181*6O $%)$// $0 y,'(567$1' 0,7 (,1(0 u3(,&+(526=,//26.23 *(0(66(1P d(, 6$1)7(5 v5(1181* '(5 f5>+7( *,1* '(5 u7520 ,0 x(5/$8) 921 (7:$ (,1(5 o,//,6(.81'( ,1 ./(,1(1 s8$1O 7(1635@1*(1 1$&+ 18//P

ZPV u835$/(,781* ZPVPS i581'/$*(1 k0 l$+5( S[SS 0$&+7( jP m$0(5/,1*+Oq11(6 ,1 n(,'(1 Jj2//$1'K ',( @%(55$6&+(1'( g17'(&.81*N '$66 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' 921 s8(&.6,/%(5 %(, v(03(5$785(1 817(5 VPSW m 3/?7=/,&+ (,1(1 810(66%$5 ./(,1(1 y(57 $11,007P f,(6(1 g5(.7N '(1 (5 63>7(5 $8&+ %(, $1'(5(1 o(7$//(1 )$1'N 1$117( (5 NNu835$/(,781*DD J683(5&21'8&O 7,9,7*7 '$6 920 u7520 k (5=(8*7( dOh(/' ,0 c%67$1' 5 921 '(5 f5$+7$&+6( d 3 ,R kBT@5P

JZPVWK

f(5 .5,7,6&+( u7520 ,1 ',(6(0 f5$+7 ,67 (55(,&+7N :(11 '$6 h(/' $0 t$1' 5 3 t '(1 .5,7,6&+(1 y(57 $11,007\ k& 3 T@t d& B,R P

JZPVXK

y,( ./(,1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' ,0 u835$/(,7(5 :,5./,&+ ,67N .$11 1,&+7 *(O 0(66(1 :(5'(1P h2/*(1'(6 g;3(5,0(17 (5*,%7 (,1( 2%(5( c%6&+>7=81*\ k1 (,1(0 m57 921 n 3 S =jN 81' '$6 ,1'8=,(57( o$*1(7)(/' %(75>*7 d& B,R 3 ZR cB&0N 62 .$11 0$1 0,7 02'(51(1 o(660(7+2'(1 (,1( h(/'>1'(581* 921 SR2W 1$&+:(,6(1P f$ 62/&+ (,1( }1'(581* $8&+ 1$&+ [R v$*(1 12&+ 1,&+7 %(2%$&+7(7 :,5'N 0866 '(5 u38/(1:,'(567$1' t :(1,*(5 $/6 SR2SZ / %(75$*(1P k1 (,1(5 1250$//(,7(1'(1 m83)(5638/( :@5'( ',( 1$&+O :(,6%$5( o$*1(7)(/'>1'(581* 6&+21 1$&+ (7:$ SR =6 (,175(7(1P %(5 9,(/( l$+5=(+17( '(5 u8&+( 1$&+ 1(8(1 u835$/(,7(51 67,(* ',( +?&+67( %(O .$117( u3581*7(03(5$785 v& 185 6(+5 /$1*6$0 ,1 ./(,1(1 u35@1*(1 $1 Jc%%P ZPSYKP S[ZX *(/$1* iP d('125= 81' mPcP o@//(5 Jp2%(/35(,6 6&+21 S[ZYCK '(5 f85&+%58&+

höchste Sprungtemperatur

°C

K 150 HBCCO TBCCO

--150.0

BSCCO keramische Supraleiter

YBCO

100 77 Siedetemperatur flüssiger Stickstoff

--200.0

50 Nb-Legierungen --250.0

Hg Pb

--273.2 1910

LBCO

Nb 1930

1950 1970 Jahr der Entdeckung

1990

4.2 Siedetemperatur 0 flüssiges Helium 2000

c%%P ZPSY |(,7/,&+( g17:,&./81* '(5 u3581*7(03(5$785P jvun\ n$17+$1Od$5,80Om83)(5O 2;,' JndeqKN {775,80Od$5,80Om83)(52;,' J{deqKN 62:,( d,6087Ou75217,80ON v+$//,80Od$O 5,80O 81' s8(&.6,/%(5Od$5,80Oe$/&,80Om83)(52;,' JdueeqN vdeeqN jdeeqKP

ZPV u835$/(,781*

WVU

=8 '(1 j2&+7(03(5$785Ou835$/(,7(51 JjvunKP k+5( %(5/(*81*(1 )@+57(1 6,( =8 (,1(5 %(67,007(1 u257( 921 o(7$//2;,'Om(5$0,.(1 Jm835$7(1KN ',( 0,1(5$/2*,6&+ =8 '(1 r(52:6.,7(1 Jd'P XN m$3P TK *(+?5(1P p$&+ 6(+5 67@50,6&+(1 h256&+81*6$.7,9,7>7(1 :(/7:(,7 :85'( 6&+21 6,(%(1 l$+5( 63>7(5 0,7 v/Oe$Od$Oe8Oq ',( .5,7,6&+( v(03(O 5$785 921 v& 3 STW m (55(,&+7P f,( u3581*7(03(5$785(1 '(5 ,17(5(66$17(1 jvun /,(*(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 [R %,6 SUW mN $/62 '(87/,&+ 2%(5+$/% '(5 7(&+1,6&+ /(,&+7 =8*>1*/,&+(1 u,('(7(03(5$785 921 9@66,*(0 u7,&.6725 JYY mKN $%(5 12&+ :(,7 81O 7(5+$/% '(6 v5$80=,(/6 NN|,00(57(03(5$785DD JURR mKP o(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7P e+$5$.7(5,67,6&+ )@5 u835$/(,7(5 ,67 1,&+7 185 '$6 x(5O 6&+:,1'(1 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 y,'(567$1'6N 621'(51 $8&+N '$66 ,1 6(,1(0 k11(5(1 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( d */(,&+ 18// ,67P f(5 u835$/(,7(5 ,67 817(5+$/% '(5 u3581*O 7(03(5$785 81' 817(5+$/% '(5 .5,7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( ,'($/ ',$0$*1(7,6&+ Jc%6&+1P SVPSKP y,5' (,1( 6835$/(,7(1'( r52%( ,1 (,1 o$*1(7)(/' d"d& *(%5$&+7N .$11 '(5 o$*1(79866 1,&+7 (,1'5,1*(1N ',( h(/'/,1,(1 /$8)(1 80 ',( r52%( +(580 J6,(+( c%%P ZPSZKP y,5' ',( r52%( @%(5 ',( u3581*7(03(5$785 (5:>507N '5,1*7 '(5 h/866 :,( ,1 -('(6 1250$/ /(,7(1'( o$7(5,$/ (,1P d(,0 (51(87(0 c%.@+/(1 817(5 ',( u3581*O 7(03(5$785 :,5' '(5 h/866 $86 '(5 r52%( +(5$86*(75,(%(1P JyP o(,661(5 81' tP q&+O 6(1)(/'N S[UUKP B=0

BBc

T>Tc

TBc

c%%P ZPSZ o(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7\ 2%(1 A 1250$/ /(,7(1'( r52%(N 817(1 A 6835$/(,7(1'( r52%(] /,1.6 A .(,1 h(/'N o,77( A 817(5.5,7,6&+(6 h(/'N 5(&+76 A @%(5.5,7,6&+(6 h(/'P

u(,7 (6 j2&+7(03(5$785Ou835$/(,7(5 *,%7N .$11 '(5 o(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7 $8&+ 6(+5 /(,&+7 ,1 '(5 x25/(681* '(021675,(57 :(5'(1 Jc%%P ZPS[KP f$=8 %(1?7,*7 0$1 185 (,1 ./(,1(6 u7@&. {Od$Oe8OqOm(5$0,.N 9@66,*(1 u7,&.6725 81' (,1(1 r(5O 0$1(170$*1(7(1N '(5 (,1 9(57,.$/(6N 1$&+ 2%(1 $%1(+0(1'(6 o$*1(7)(/' (5=(8*7P k1 ',(6(0 ',9(5*,(5(1'(1 o$*1(7)(/' 6&+:(%7 '(5 u835$/(,7(5N :(,/ '(5 o(,661(5O q&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7 '$6 80*(%(1'( o$*1(7)(/' 1,&+7 (,1'5,1*(1 />667P f,( .5,7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( d& +>1*7 )@5 (,1(1 *(*(%(1(1 u835$/(,7(5 921 '(5 r52O %(1*(20(75,( $%\ f(5 ,'($/( o(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7 0,7 0$;,0$/(0 d& *,/7 185 )@5 r52%(1*(20(75,(1N ',( '$6 >8M(5( h(/' 1,&+7 9(5>1'(51N =P dP )@5 (,1(1 /$1**(O

WVV

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

c%%P ZPS[ g,1( ./(,1( u&+(,%( $86 j2&+7(03(5$785Ou835$/(,7(5Oo$7(5,$/N 925*(.@+/7 0,7 '(0 9@66,*(1 u7,&.6725 ,1 '(5 u75.( d& *(5$'( (55(,&+7P h@5 h(/'67>5.(1 JTBUKd& "d"d& '5,1*7 o$*1(79866 $1 '(1 r81.7(1 c %(*,11(1' ,1 ',( r52%( (,1N 2+1( '$66 ',( r52%( 9?//,* 1250$/ :,5'P o$1 635,&+7 920 |:,6&+(1=867$1' J,17(50(',$7( 67$7(KP u835$/(,7(5 921 v1*,*.(,7 921 '(5 $1/,(*(1'(1 h(/'67>5.(N 62 (5:$57(7 0$1 $8)*581' '(6 o(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7(6 (,1 x(5+$/O 7(1 *(0>M '(5 m859(1 J$K 81' J%K ,1 c%%P ZPTRP p85 :(1,*( 5(,1(N :(,&+( u835$/(,7(5 =(,*(1 ',(6(6 ,'($/( x(5+$/7(1P o$1 1(117 6,( v1*( +$%(1N =(,O *(1 (,1 o$*1(7,6,(581*69(5+$/7(1 *(0>M '(5 m859(1 J&K 81' J'K ,1 c%%P ZPTRP q%(5O +$/% (,1(6 .5,7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 d&S ,67 '(5 o(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7 6&+(,1%$5 1,&+7 92//67>1',*\ '(5 o$*1(79866 '5,1*7 ,1 ',( r52%( (,1P f,( w56$&+( )@5 '$6 g,1'5,1*(1 921 h/866 /,(*7 ,1 '(5 d,/'81* 1250$//(,7(1'(5 d(5(,&+(P f(5 c%62/87:(57 '(5 o$*O 1(7,6,(581* 1,007 (17635(&+(1' '(0 x2/80(1$17(,/ ',(6(5 d(5(,&+( $%P u2/$1*( -(O '2&+ ',( 6835$/(,7(1'(1 d(5(,&+( =86$00(1+>1*(1N ,67 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' '(5 r52%( :(,7(5+,1 18//P g567 2%(5+$/% (,1(5 1(8(1 .5,7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( d&T #d&S *,%7 (6 .(,1( =86$00(1+>1*(1'( 6835$/(,7(1'( d(5(,&+( 0(+5P u835$/(,7(5N ',( ',(6(6 x(5+$/7(1 =(,*(1N +(,M(1 v&+( '(6 u835$/(,7(56 (,1N 80 +,(5 ',( )(/'.203(16,(5(1'(1N 67$7,21>5(1 u835$/(,781*6675?0( =8 ,1'8=,(5(1P f(5 c%O )$// '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 (5)2/*7 ,1 >+1/,&+(5 y(,6( :,( ',( f>03)81* (,1(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 j2&+)5(48(1=)(/'(6 ,0 p250$//(,7(5 Ju.,1(5(.7N c%6&+1P WPSPUKN 'P +P (;321(17,(//P f,( g,1'5,1*7,()( + ,67 '$%(, ',( v,()(N %(, '(5 ',( h/866O

WVX

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

',&+7( 80 SB( $%*(1200(1 +$7P k1 '(5 p>+( '(5 u3581*7(03(5$785 v& ,67 ',( g,1O '5,1*7,()( + 67$5. 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*] :(1,*( 0,//,2167(/ i5$' 817(5+$/% '(5 u3581*7(03(5$785 :,5' + 62 *52MN '$66 0$1 .(,1(1 3(5)(.7(1 f,$0$*1(7,6086 0(+5 +$7P d(, R m %(75>*7 + 7120(1 '(5 u83(59@66,*.(,7 0,7 '(5 $86 '(5 s8$17(167$7,67,. %(.$117(1 d26(Og,167(,1Om21'(16$7,21 (,1(6 67$5. (17$57(7(1 d26(Oi$6(6 ,1 x(5%,1'81* *(%5$&+7 Jc%6&+1P YPVPUKP p81 (1767$1' )2/*(1'(5 y,'(56358&+\ g,1(56(,76 +$77( 6,&+ '$6 |:(,9@66,*.(,7(1O o2'(// 62:2+/ )@5 ',( u835$/(,781* $/6 $8&+ )@5 ',( u83(59@66,*.(,7 6(+5 %(:>+57P c1'(5(56(,76 +$%(1 g/(.7521(1 '(1 u3,1 SBT 81' 6,1' '(6+$/% h(50,21(1N 81' ',( h(50,Ou7$7,67,. .(117 .(,1( (17635(&+(1'( NNm21'(16$7,21DDP f,( c89?681* ',(6(6 y,'(56358&+6 (5*$% 6,&+ '85&+ ',( g5.(1171,6N '$66 6,&+ 6835$/(,7(1'( g/(.7521(1 =8 r$$5(1 9(5%,1'(1P f,( 62 *(1$117(1 e223(5Or$$5( +$%(1 u3,1 R 81' *(+25&+(1 '(5 d26(Ou7$7,67,.P deuOv+(25,(P f,( S[WY (17:,&.(/7( s8$17(17+(25,( '(5 u835$/(,781* :,5' 1$&+ ,+5(1 x>7(51 lP d$5'((1N nPpP e223(5 81' lPtP u&+5,(5(5 Jp2%(/35(,6 S[YTK 0,7 '(0 m@5=(/ deu *(.(11=(,&+1(7P f,( v+(25,( %$87 $8) '(5 d(2%$&+781* $8)N '$66 ',( u&+:,1*81*(1 '(6 m5,67$//*,77(56N '(1(1 0$1 )250$/ g1(5*,(48$17(1N *(1$117 r+2O 121(1N =825'1(1 .$11N (,1(1 67$5.(1 g,19866 $8) ',( u3581*7(03(5$785 +$%(1P f,(6 .$11 0$1 6&+21 '$5$1 (5.(11(1N '$66 ',( u3581*7(03(5$785 %(, '(0 6(/%(1 o(7$// )@5 9(56&+,('(1( m5,67$//*,77(5 Jo2',7.$7,21(1K 817(56&+,('/,&+ ,67P h(51(5 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 (,1 *(*(%(1(6 g/(0(17 (,1( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 u3581*7(03(5$785 921 '(5 5(/$7,9(1 k62723(10$66( o\ v& 6 |oP f$6 '(87(7 $8) '(1 g,19866 6&+:,1*(1'(5 o$66(1 +,1 81' 6&+/,(M7 (/(.75,6&+( 2'(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 $86P f,( v+(25,( +$7 *(=(,*7N '$66 ',( 48$17(1+$)7(1 i,77(56&+:,1*81*(1N $/62 ',( r+2121(1N (,1( $1=,(+(1'( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 9(50,77(/1N ',( (17O

ZPV u835$/(,781*

WVY

*(*(1*(6(7=7( u3,16 81' k038/6( +$%(1N $%(5 1,&+7 ?57/,&+ (1* %(,(,1$1'(5 6(,1 0@6O 6(1N 621'(51 '(5(1 0,77/(5( c%67>1'( 7*7 81' ,1 '(5 p>+( '(5 u3581*7(03(5$785 v& 67(,/ $8) 18// $%)>//7P f$6 o2'(// '(5 '85&+ r+2121(1:(&+6(/:,5.81* *(.233(/7(1 e223(5Or$$5( 6&+/,(M7 ',( u835$/(,781* ,1 h/@66,*.(,7(1N i$6(1N j$/%/(,7(51 81' k62/$725(1 $86P u725( .?11(1 $8&+ 1,&+7 */(,&+=(,7,* )(5520$*1(7,6&+ 81' 6835$/(,7(1' 6(,1] '(11 h(5520$*1(7,6086 %(58+7 $8) '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 921 g/(.7521(1 0,7 3$5$//(/(1 u3,16 Jc%6&+1P SVPTKP c8M(5'(0 :,5' '85&+ ',( +2+( 3(50$1(17( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 h(5520$*1(7,.$ ',( u835$/(,781* 9(5+,1'(57P f,( u835$/(,781* ,67 J:,( ',( u83(59@66,*.(,7K (,1 0$.526.23,6&+(6 s8$17(13+>O 120(1P c//( e223(5Or$$5( %(71'(1 6,&+ ,0 6(/%(1 i581'=867$1' 81' .?11(1 '85&+ (,1( (,1=,*( y(//(1)81.7,21N '(5(1 c03/,78'( 3523257,21$/ =8 |16 ,67N %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P f(5 m2+>5(1=%(5(,&+ ',(6(5 y(//(1)81.7,21 (5675(&.7 6,&+ @%(5 '(1 *$1=(1 u835$/(,7(5N ,67 $/62 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 '(1 5>80/,&+(1 c86'(+181*(1 $7203+5(1 6835$/(,7(1'(1 t,1*67520N '(5 $/6 0$.526O .23,6&+(6 s8$17(161'(57 +$%(1P f$5$86 )2/*7N '$66 185 r+$6(1>1'(581*(1 921 1 6 T@ J1 3 *$1=( |$+/K 352 w0/$8) 0?*/,&+ 6,1'P p$&+ '(5 s8$17(17+(25,( *(+7 $8&+ '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( x(.725327(17,$/ 40N 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(5 n$'81*N ,1 ',( h250(/ )@5 '(1 r+$6(1:,1.(/ (,1P h@5 '(1 +,(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 m5(,667520 /,()(57 ',( v+(25,( ',( d(=,(+81* 1 T@ 3 JT(B@K g 40 6 '`N

1 3 RN SN T " P

JZPVZK

j,(5 ,67 JT(K ',( n$'81* '(6 e223(5Or$$5(6P f$6 w0/$8)Ok17(*5$/ ,67 */(,&+ '(0 806&+/266(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866 I Jc%6&+1P UPVPTK\ g 40 6 '` 3 IP

JZPV[K

c86 i/P JZPVZK 81' i/P JZPV[K 81' I 3 1 IR

JZPWRK

)2/*7 '$6 J(/(0(17$5(K h/86648$17 J0$*1(7,& 98; 48$1780K IR 3 J+BT(K 3 TPRXY ZUU YTJSZK 6 SR2SW y%

JZPWSK

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

3

2

2

1

ºJº 0

ºJº 0

WVZ

1

0

0 0.1

0.2 Ì 0HJT

0.3

0.4

10 --4

--0.2

0 0.2 Ì 0HJT

0.4 ·10 --4

c%%P ZPTS o(66'$7(1 =85 h/86648$17,6,(581*\ /,1.6 A 1$&+ dPuP f($9(5 $1' yPoP h$,5%$1.N 5(&+76 A 1$&+ tP f2// 81' oP p>+%$8(5P

LS y(%(5 Jy%K 3 S x6 3 S v0TbP f,( g;,67(1= '(6 h/86648$176 :85'( S[WR 921 hP n21'21 32678/,(57N $//(5',1*6 12&+ 2+1( '(1 h$.725 T 925 '(5 g/(0(17$5/$'81* )@5 ',( e223(5Or$$5Od,/'81* 81' S[XS (;3(5,0(17(// 1$&+*(:,(6(1 Jc%%P ZPTSKP y,5' (,1 t,1* 2'(5 (,1 j2+/=1*(1'(1 6835$/(,7(1'(1 d(5(,&+(1 (,1*(%(77(7(1 125O 0$//(,7(1'(1 d(5(,&+( (17+$/7(1 '(1 o$*1(79866N '(5 ',( *$1=( r52%( 0$*1(7,6,(57 (56&+(,1(1 />667P u,( (17+$/7(1 ,0 c//*(0(,1(1 *(5$'( -( (,1 h/86648$17 81' :(5'(1 h/866/,1,(1N O)>'(1 2'(5 O6&+/>8&+( *(1$117P u,( 5(,&+(1 921 (,1(0 g1'( '(5 r52%( =80 $1'(5(1P k1 (,1(5 +202*(1(1 r52%( 25'1(1 6,( 6,&+ 0(,67(16 ,1 (,1(0 5(*(/O 0>M,*(1 f5(,(&.6*,77(5 $1N '$6 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(5 r52%( 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1 .$11 Jc%%P ZPTT$KP f$6 3(5)(.7( f5(,(&.6*,77(5 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866/,1,(1 921 c%%P ZPTT :85'( ,1 (,1(5 6835$/(,7(1'(1 r%Ok1On(*,(581* %(, SPT m (5+$/7(1 JjP v5>8%/(N wP g660$11N S[XZKP f,( f85&+672M381.7( '(5 h/866/,1,(1 '85&+ ',( q%(59>&+( 6,1' 0,77(/6 )(,1(5 )(5O 520$*1(7,6&+(5 r$57,.(/ 81' (/(.7521(1237,6&+(5 x(5*5?M(581* 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :25'(1P f,( h/866/,1,(1 J2'(5 h/8666&+/>8&+(K (1767(+(1 '$'85&+N '$66 :,5%(/$57,*( m5(,6675?0( J*(%2*(1( r)(,/( ,1 c%%P ZPTT%K *(5$'( (,1 (/(0(17$5(6 h/86648$17 80O

ZPV u835$/(,781*

WV[

H

(b)

G!H c%%P ZPTT h/86648$17,6,(581* ,1 v'(1P f85&+672M381.7( '85&+ )(5520$*1(7,6&+( r$57,.(/ 0$5.,(57] J%K u&+(0$O 7,6&+( f$567(//81* '(5 u75?0(P

6&+/,(M(1P c8M(5+$/% '(5 h/866/,1,( )>//7 ',( o$*1(79866',&+7( ,11(5+$/% '(5 g,1O '5,1*7,()( + $%P f,( *(5$'(1 r)(,/( $1 '(1 m$17(1 '(5 u&+,&+7 921 c%%P ZPTT% 68M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/' 5@&.(1 ',( h/866/,1,(1 1>+(5 =86$00(1P f,( d(:(*81* '(5 h/866/,1,(1 9(5%5$8&+7 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,(P f$5$86 )2/*7N '$66 (,1 u835$/(,7(5 ,0 *(0,6&+7(1 |867$1' 185 i/(,&+67520 9(5/867)5(, /(,7(7] %(, y(&+6(/67520 75,77 (,1 )5(48(1=$%+>1*,*(5 y,'(567$1' $8)P g1(5*,(/@&.(P g,1(5 '(5 :(6(17/,&+(1 r81.7( '(5 deuOv+(25,(N 1>0/,&+ ',( g;,67(1= 81' ',( i5?M( '(5 g1(5*,(/@&.(N .2117( '85&+ kP i,$(9(5 S[XR Jp2%(/35(,6 S[YUK 9(5,7=,(57 :(5'(1\ |:(, o(7$//( 6,1' 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117 '85&+ (,1( 62 '@11( k62/,(56&+,&+7N '$66 ',( '85&+ c1/(*(1 (,1(5 u3$1181* %(6&+/(81,*7(1 g/(.7521(1 '85&+ ',( k62/,(56&+,&+7 +,1'85&+7811(/1 .?11(1P h@5 1250$//(,7(1'( o(7$//( 71'(7 0$1 '(1 (5:$57(7(1 67(,/(1 c167,(* '(6 v811(/675206 0,7 '(5 $1*(/(*7(1 u3$1181*P k67 (,1(6 '(5 o(7$//( 6835$/(,7(1'N 62 %(2%$&+7(7 0$1 817(5+$/% (,1(5 u3$1181* wR (,1(1 '(87/,&+ *(5,1*(5(1 v811(/67520N :(,/ 185 '(5 1250$//(,7(1'( c17(,/ '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 )@5 '(1 v811(/67520 =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+7P f(5 y(57 (wR ,67 ',( $8) (,1 g/(.7521 (17)$//(1'( g1(5*,(N ',( %(, '(5 v5(1181* (,1(6 e223(5Or$$5(6 $8)O =8%5,1*(1 ,67P f,( d,/'81*6(1(5*,( )@5 '$6 '233(/7 *(/$'(1( e223(5Or$$5N ',( NNg1(5O *,(/@&.(DDN ,67 (g 3 T(wRP f,( g1(5*,(/@&.( ,67 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*] ',( deuOv+(25,( +$7 '(1 x(5/$8) '(5 v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 *(1$8 925$86*(6$*7P q%(5+$/% v& :,5' ',( 6&+:$&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81*N ',( =85 r$$581* '(5 g/(.7521(1 )@+57N '85&+ r+2O 121(1 =(567?57P

WWR

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1 US S I

IS

S

IS (a)

R

c%%P ZPTU &.(P

U

IS US

(b)

(c)

US

J$K u&+$/781* (,1(6 ukuOm217$.7(6P d$8)250(1\ J%K v811(/.217$.7N J&K o,.52%5@O

l26(3+621Og5(.7(P y(11 ',( %(,'(1 '85&+ (,1( k62/,(56&+,&+7 *(75(117(1 o(7$//( $86 '(06(/%(1 u835$/(,7(5 %(67(+(1N ',( v(03(5$785 v 817(5+$/% v& /,(*7 81' ',( k62/,(56&+,&+7 '@11 *(18* ,67 J"S 10KN '$11 ,67 '$6 (,1 ukuOm217$.7N '85&+ '(1 $8&+ e223(5Or$$5( +,1'85&+7811(/1 .?11(1 Jc%%P ZPTU$KP k1 (,1(0 62/&+(1 l26(3+O 621Og/(0(17 .?11(1 ',( %(,'(1 u835$/(,7(5 NNuDD J$86 '(06(/%(1 o$7(5,$/K (17:('(5 '85&+ ',( 6(+5 '@11( k62/,(56&+,&+7 NNkDD 921 (,1$1'(5 *(75(117 6(,1 Jc%%P ZPTU%KN 2'(5 6,&+ ,1 (,1(0 r81.7.217$.7 2'(5 @%(5 (,1( o,.52%5@&.( J:($. /,1.K 0,7 (,1(0 s8(56&+1,77 ./(,1(5 $/6 SR2Z &0T %(5@+5(1 Jc%%P ZPTU&KP k1 ',(6(5 c125'181* 75(7(1 *$1= 1(8(N 0,7+,/)( '(5 s8$17(10(&+$1,. %(5(&+(1O %$5( g5(.7( $8)N ',( S[XT 921 dPfP l26(3+621 Jp2%(/35(,6 S[YUK 925$86*(6$*7 81' %$/' '$1$&+ %(2%$&+7(7 :85'(1\ f(5 i/(,&+67520Ol26(3+621Og5(.7 J'& l26(3+621 (5(&7K (1767(+7N :(11 '(0 l26(3+621Og/(0(17 JukuOm217$.7K (,1 6&+:$&+(5 i/(,&+O 67520 $8)*(35>*7 :,5'P w17(5+$/% (,1(5 .5,7,6&+(1 u752067>5.( k& (5=(8*7 '(5 u83O 5$/(,781*667520 k6 ,0 l26(3+621Og/(0(17 .(,1( r27(17,$/',5(5(1=N 'P +P (6 7811(/1 e223(5Or$$5( 2+1( ',( j,/)( (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 '85&+ ',( k62/,(56&+,&+7P g567 2%(5+$/% k& %5(&+(1 ',( e223(5Or$$5( ,1 '(5 k62/,(56&+,&+7 =8 g,1=(/(/(.7521(1 $8)N 81' (6 (1767(+7 (,1 u3$1181*6$%)$//P f(5 v811(/67520 921 e223(5Or$$5(1 '85&+ '(1 ukuOm217$.7 ,67 67$5. 0$*1(7O )(/'$%+>1*,*\ y(,/ '$6 h(/' 1,&+7 '85&+ ',( uOu&+,&+7(1 +,1'85&+*(+7N .$11 $1*(O 1200(1 :(5'(1N '$66 5 ,1 '(5 k62/,(56&+,&+7 /,(*7P k00(5 :(11 '(5 h/866 '85&+ ',( k62/,(56&+,&+7 (,1 *$1==$+/,*(6 x,(/)$&+(6 '(6 h/86648$17806 %(75>*7N *(+7 '(5 v811(/67520 '85&+ 18//P p2&+ )5$33,(5(1'(5 ,67 '(5 y(&+6(/67520Ol26(3+621Og5(.7 J$& l26(3+621 (5(&7KP c/6 g5*(%1,6 (,1(5 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 k17(5)(5(1= (5*,%7 6,&+N '$66 %(,0 c1/(*(1 (,1(5 i/(,&+63$1181* w6 $1 '(1 ukuOm217$.7 (,1 =8 (,1(5 ',(6(5 u3$1181* 352O 3257,21$/(5 +2&+)5(48(17(5 y(&+6(/67520 $8)75,77N '(66(1 h5(48(1= ) (%(1)$//6 352O 3257,21$/ =8 w6 ,67P g6 *,/7 0,7

k6 3 k6N0$; 6,1JT@ ) 7K ) 3 JT(B+K w6 P

JZPWTK

f(5 g5(.7 )81.7,21,(57 $8&+ 80*(.(+57\ y,5' (,1 +2&+)5(48(17(5 y(&+6(/67520 k '(5 h5(48(1= ) '(0 ukuOm217$.7 $8)*(35>*7N '$11 75(7(1 ,1 '(5 wJkKOm(11/,1,( u78)(1 .2167$17(5 u3$1181* '(5 i5?M( 1w6 J1 3 *$1=( |$+/K $8)P

ZPV u835$/(,781*

WWS

ZPVPU c1:(1'81*(1 f,( 48$6,O,1'8675,(//(1 c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 u835$/(,7(5 )$//(1 ,1 =:(, i5833(1\ A ',( u7$5.67520(5(.7(N 'P +P ',( h>+,*.(,7 '(5 u835$/(,7(5N +2+( u75?0(N $8&+ ,1 i(*(1:$57 +2+(5 o$*1(7)(/'(5N 35$.7,6&+ 9(5/867)5(, =8 75$163257,(5(1N A ',( u&+:$&+67520(5(.7(N ,16%(621'(5( ',( 0(667(&+1,6&+( c86187=81* '(5 s8$1O 7(13+>120(1(P m>/7((5=(8*81*P f,( 925 S[ZX %(.$117(1 NN.219(17,21(//(1DD u835$/(,7(5 0,7 v& ] TU m 9(5/$1*7(1 9@66,*(6 j(/,80 $/6 m@+/0,77(/P q+1( ',( g17:,&./81* '(5 v,()O 7(03(5$7857(&+1,. %(, h/@66,*Oj(/,80Ov(03(5$785(1 :>5( ',( g17:,&./81* '(5 u83O 5$/(,781*67(&+1,. 1,&+7 0?*/,&+ *(:(6(1P d(, -('(5 c1:(1'81* 0866 '(5 x257(,/ '(6 9(5/867$50(1 u752075$1632576 '(0 p$&+7(,/ '(5 .203/,=,(57(1 81' 9(5/8675(,&+(1 m>/7((5=(8*81* *(*(1@%(5*(67(//7 :(5'(1\ h@5 -('(6 %(, VPT m A '(0 u,('(381.7 921 j(/,80 A %(1?7,*7( y$77 m>/O 7(/(,6781* 0866 $8)*581' 8180*>1*/,&+(5 7+(502'8M(567 6&+:,(5,* ,67P u835$/(,7(1'( o$*1(7(P y(11 +2+( o$*1(7)(/'(5 ,1 (,1(0 *52M(1 x2/80(1 *(O %5$8&+7 :(5'(1N /2+17 6,&+ '(5 g,16$7= 6835$/(,7(1'(5 o$*1(7(P h@+5(1' 6,1' +(87( 12&+ ',( c1:(1'81*(1 ,1 h256&+81*6/$%25$725,(1 J)@5 n$%250$*1(7(N d/$6(1.$0O 0(51N v(,/&+(1%(6&+/(81,*(5 81' u3(,&+(55,1*(K] $%(5 $8&+ ,1 '(5 $1*(:$1'7(1 h25O 6&+81*N ,1 o(',=,1 81' k1'8675,( .200(1 j2&+)(/'6835$/(,7(5 0(+5 81' 0(+5 =80 g,16$7= Jm(51)86,21N m(5163,17202*5$3+,(N u7$5.67520.$%(/ 86:PKP f,( %,6+(5 *5?M7(1 o$*1(7( :85'(1 )@5 d/$6(1.$00(51 Jf(7(.725(1 )@5 v(,/O &+(1%(6&+/(81,*(5N 9*/P d'P VN m$3P WK 81' )@5 h86,216(;3(5,0(17( *(%$87P f,( 0,77O /(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'(5 6,1' %(, 62/&+(1 o$*1(7(1 1,&+7 (;75(0 +2&+ Jd " X vKN $%(5 ',( u75?0( 81' ',( *(63(,&+(57(1 g1(5*,(1 6,1' %($&+7/,&+P f,( +?&+67(1 h(/'(5 J. SZ vK :(5'(1 0,7 n$%250$*1(7(1 ,1 ./(,1(1 x2/80(1 J. SRR &0UK (55(,&+7P u2/O &+( o$*1(7( :(5'(1 =85 w17(568&+81* '(6 x(5+$/7(16 921 o$7(5,(N $8&+ =P dP '(5 u835$/(,7(5 6(/%67N ,1 +2+(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 (,1*(6(7=7P y>+5(1' %(, n$%250$*1(7(1 0(,67 (,1( +2+( j202*(1,7>7 '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1 r52%(15$80 9(5/$1*7 :,5'N .2007 (6 %(, '(1 o$*1(7(1 )@5 v(,/&+(1%(6&+/(81,*(5 $8) +2+( h(/'O *5$',(17(1 J# S vB&0K =80 d@1'(/1 '(6 v(,/&+(1675$+/6 $1P g,1 6835$/(,7(1'(5 u3(,O &+(55,1* J=P dP '(5 ZTR i(xOr52721(163(,&+(55,1* jgtcK (17+>/7 @%(5 7$86(1' 62/O &+(5 0(+5(5( o(7(5 /$1*(1 o$*1(7(P m(5163,17202*5$3+,(P g,1( '(5 :,&+7,*67(1 c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 u835$/(,781* $8M(5O +$/% 921 h256&+81* 81' g1(5*,(7(&+1,. ,67 (,1( 1(8(5( 0(',=,1,6&+( w17(568&+81*6O 0(7+2'(\ f,( m(5163,17202*5$3+,(P g6 +$1'(/7 6,&+ 80 (,1 %,/'(5=(8*(1'(6 x(5O )$+5(1 $8) '(5 d$6,6 '(5 m(5163,15(621$1= JpotN 18&/($5 0$*1(7,& 5(621$1&(N d'P VN

WWT

Z g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 o(7$//(1

m$3P UKN '$6 u&+1,77%,/'(5 '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(56 2+1( x(5:(1'81* ,21,6,(5(1'(5 u75$+/81* (5=(8*7P k1 '$6 u,*1$/ *(+(1 ',( f,&+7( '(5 r52721(1 JjOc720.(51(K 81' g,19@66( ,+5(5 w0*(%81* $8) ,+5 t(621$1=9(5+$/7(1 (,1P f,( $8) ',(6( y(,6( =8*>1*/,&+( %,2&+(0,6&+( k1)250$7,21 =(,*7 (,1(1 *87(1 m2175$67 =:,6&+(1 9(56&+,(O '(1(1 y(,&+7(,/*(:(%(1P d(,63,(/6:(,6( 6,1' ./(,1( ~'(0( 81' v8025( *87 (5.(11O %$5P f,( v202*5$3+,( %,/'(7 921 '(0 =8 817(568&+(1'(1 m?53(5 185 (,1( '@11( u&+(,%( $%N 81' =:$5 '$'85&+N '$66 '(0 +202*(1(1 67$7,6&+(1 o$*1(7)(/' 0,77(/6 (,1(5 t(,+( 921 j,/)6638/(1 (,1 h(/'*5$',(17 @%(5/$*(57 :,5'P f,( t(621$1=%(',1O *81* +(556&+7 '$11 185 ,1 '(5 6&+0$/(1 |21( '(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 h(/'67>5.(P f85&+ =(,7/,&+( x$5,$7,21 '(6 h(/'*5$',(17(1 81' w0)250(1 '(5 =$+/5(,&+(1 u,*1$/( 0,7O +,/)( (,1(6 /(,6781*6)>+,*(1 e20387(56 (1767(+7 '$6 *(:@16&+7( u&+1,77%,/'P m(5163,17202*5$3+(1 :(5'(1 0,7 6835$/(,7(1'(1 u38/(1 $86*(67$77(7N 2%:2+/ ',( o$*1(7)(/'(5 NN185DD =:,6&+(1 RPUW 81' S v /,(*(1P f$6 u38/(192/80(1 ,67N 925 $//(0 )@5 (,1( i$1=.?53(57202*5$3+,(N 6&+21 5(&+7 *52M] (17635(&+(1' +2&+ :>5(1 ',( n(,6781* 81' '(5 g1(5*,(9(5%5$8&+ (,1(6 .219(17,21(//(1 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 J. SRR .yKP c8M(5'(0 %,(7(7 ',( 6835$/(,7(1'( u38/( ,0 f$8(567520%(75,(% =(,7/,&+ (;75(0 .2167$17( h(/'(5P j2&+)5(48(1=5(621$725(1P y>+5(1' i/(,&+67520 %,6 =8 %($&+7/,&+(1 u7520',&+7(1 J@%(5 WR .cB00TK ,0 u835$/(,7(5 9(5/867)5(, 75$163257,(57 :(5'(1 .$11N ,67 ',(6 %(, y(&+6(/67520 1,&+7 0?*/,&+P h2/*(1'( i5@1'( )@+5(1 =8 (1'/,&+(1 x(5/867(1 ,0 j2&+)5(48(1=%(75,(%\ A d(, +2+(1 u7520',&+7(1 %(71'(7 6,&+ '(5 u835$/(,7(5 ,0 *(0,6&+7(1 |867$1'\ $//( h/8666&+/>8&+( 0@66(1 ,0 t+5.( */(,&+ 18// Jo(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7KP k1 (,1(0 6835$/(,7(1'(1 j2+/O =8M(5(1 h(/'(6 +$%(1 .(,1(1 g,19866P

ZPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ Z

WWU

v+(5020(75,(P f,( u3581*7(03(5$785(1 5(,1(5 u835$/(,7(5 /,(*(1 ,1 62 (1*(1 v(0O 3(5$78563$11(1 81' 6,1' 62 *87 5(352'8=,(5%$5N '$66 6,( $/6 7+(5020(75,6&+( h,;O 381.7( %(187=7 :(5'(1P f,(6( c1:(1'81* ,67 %(621'(56 ,1 '(1 %(,'(1 v(03(5$785O %(5(,&+(1 921 SRAWRR 0m 81' 921 VPT %,6 SV m ,17(5(66$17N '(11 +,(5 0$1*(/7 (6 $1 $1'(5(1 h,;381.7(1P l26(3+621Om217$.7(N uswkfuP f(5 i/(,&+67520Og5(.7 (,*1(7 6,&+ )@5 ',( r5>=,O 6,2160(6681* $//(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 i5?M(1 81' '(5 '$0,7 9(5.1@3)7(1 u75?0( 81' u3$1181*(1P h/@66( 921 SR2SY y%N dOh(/'67>5.(1 921 SR2SV v 81' u3$1181*(1 921 SR2SV %,6 SR2SZ x 6,1' 0(66%$5P f,( $8) ',(6( y(,6( 0?*/,&+( 35>=,6( d(67,0081* '(6 h/86648$176 /,()(57 (,1(1 6(+5 *(1$8(1 y(57 '(5 p$785.2167$17(1Om20%,1$7,21 +B(P f,( c1:(1'81*(1 '(6 y(&+6(/67520(5(.7(6 /,(*(1 ,1 '(5 j2&+O 81' j?&+67)5(O 48(1=7(&+1,. Ju(1'(5N g03)>1*(5N q6=,//$725(1N o,6&+(5N 3$5$0(75,6&+( x(567>5.(5K 81' ,1 '(5 r5>=,6,2160(667(&+1,. J+B(Od(67,0081*N v,()677(03(5$785Ov+(5020(7(5N u3$1181*61250$/(KP o,7 '(0 y(&+6(/67520Ol26(3+621Og5(.7 .$11 ',( u3$1181*6O (,1+(,7 NNx2/7DD 0,7 '(5 +2+(1 i(1$8,*.(,7 921 h5(48(1=0(6681*(1 5(352'8=,(57 :(5'(1\ f$6 eeg Je20,7(E e2168/7$7,) 'Ig>/(&75,&,7(E K (03)$+/N $% SP SP S[[R '(1 y(57 )Bw6 3 VZU W[YP[ ij=Bx =8 9(5:(1'(1P w0 0,7 1,('5,*(5(1N 7(&+1,6&+ /(,&+7(5 =8O *>1*/,&+(1 h5(48(1=(1 $5%(,7(1 =8 .?11(1 81' 7527='(0 +2+( i/(,&+63$1181*(1 %,6 =8 S x2/7 =8 (5+$/7(1N :(5'(1 ,1 o,.52&+,36 9,(/( l26(3+621Og/(0(17( J=P dP SVVRK +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7P f$6 uswkf J3 683(5&21'8&7,1* 48$1780 ,17(5)(5(1&( '(9,&(K %(67(+7 ,0 (,1)$&+6O 7(1 h$// $86 (,1(0 6835$/(,7(1'(1 t,1* 0,7 (,1(0 2'(5 0,7 =:(, ukuOm217$.7(1P k1 '(0 t,1* :,5' (,1 u835$/(,781*667520 ,1'8=,(57P o,7 '(0 uswkf /$66(1 6,&+ $8&+ 6&+:$&+( %,20$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 921 j(5=O 81' i(+,51675?0(1 0(66(1P y(,O 7(5)@+5(1'( f$567(//81*\ d'P X Jh(67.?53(5KN m$3P X Ju835$/(,781*KP

ZPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ Z ZPWPS g/(.75,6&+( u75?0( ,1 o(7$//(1 o(7$//(\ m/$66,7.$7,21N d,1'81*(1N i,77(56758.785(1P w1,9(56,7>7 d$1=81*\ r+1=81*\ u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,21P r+1*(1.225',1$7(1 (5(.7,9( m(51/$'81*6=$+/ (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( J5(/$7,9(K r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ u75209866:,1.(/ d(:(*/,&+.(,7 n,&+7)5(48(1= (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7

g5*>1=(1'( k1)250$7,21\ o$7+(0$7,6&+( u+,*.(,7 LSR2X J/&0K2S "1"SRU J/&0K2Sb 80)$66(1P g,1( %(621'(5( i5833( '$5$86 6,1' ',( 7(&+1,6&+ :,&+7,*(1 j$/%/(,7(5N '(1(1 ',(6(6 m$3,7(/ *(:,'0(7 ,67P f,(6( j$/%/(,7(5 ,0 (1*(5(1 u,11( 6,1' *(=,(/7 9(581O 5(,1,*7( .29$/(17( J+20?232/$5(K m5,67$//(N ,1 '(1(1 n$'81*675$163257 '85&+ %(5O 6&+866(/(.7521(1 81' f()(.7(/(.7521(1 %(:,5.7 :,5'P d(.$117( j$/%/(,7(5 6,1' g/(O 0(17( '(5 i5833( kx '(6 r(5,2'(16*(5K .$11 (6 ,1 m5,67$//(1 $8&+ (,1( g/(.7521(1Oo$1*(//(,781* *(%(1P f,(6( %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 (,1( g/(.752O 1(1/@&.( J9$&$1&/71,6 921 f5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 Jk1'(; 1 )@5 ',( 1(*$7,9(1 g/(.7521(1N 3 )@5 ',( 326,7,9(1 n?&+(5K 81' (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'67>5.( $/6 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 J02%,/,7M,* 9(5*/(,&+%$5 6,1'N ,67 ',( 48$17,7$7,9( d(=,(+81* )@5 '(1 j$//Og5(.7 .203/,=,(57(5P f$6 +>1*7 '$0,7 =86$00(1N '$66 '(5 g5(.7 1,&+7 185 921 '(5 n$O '81*675>*(5',&+7( $%+>1*7 :,( 0$1 $86 i/P J[PUK (171(+0(1 .?117(N 621'(51 '$66 ',( 0(66%$5( j$//Ou3$1181* wj 3523257,21$/ =80 j$//Om2(5,=,(17(1 cj 81' =80 u7520 k ,67N :2%(, ',( n$'81*675>*(5',&+7( ,0 p(11(5 921 cj 67(+7N $%(5 @%(5 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 $8&+ $/6 h$.725 ,1 k (17+$/7(1 ,67P f$6 +(,M7N ',( j$//Ou3$1181* +$7 =:$5 '$6 x25=(,&+(1 '(5 '20,1,(5(1'(1 n$'81*675>*(5N ,67 $%(5 9255$1*,* 921

WXT

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

'(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 , '(5 '20,1,(5(1'(1 n$'81*675>*(5 $%+>1*,*P f$6 ,67 48$/,7$7,9 9(567>1'/,&+N :(11 0$1 %('(1.7N '$66 , ',( f5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' '$0,7 ',( i5?M( '(5 n25(17=Om5$)7 %(67,007P f,( v+(25,( /,()(57 )@5 '(1 j$//Om2(5,=,(17(1 ',( d(=,(+81* cj 3 J 3 ,3T 21 ,1T KBL( J 3 ,3 11 ,1KTbP

J[PVK

h@5 '(1 67?567(//(1)5(,(1 g,*(1+$/%/(,7(5 ,67 3 3 1 3 1, Jk1'(; , )@5 ,175,16,& 6(0,O &21'8&725KN 81' cj ,67 185 :(*(1 '(5 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 9(56&+,('(1 921 18//\ J[PWK cjJ1 3 3K 3 J,3 2,1KBL( 1, J,1 1,3KbP |80 48$/,7$7,9(1 x(567>1'1,6 '(6 j$//Og5(.76 .$11 )2/*(1'( %(5/(*81* ',(1(1\ d(, d/,&. ,1 t,&+781* '(6 J326,7,9(1K u75209866(6 81' (,1(0 1$&+ 2%(1 *(5,&+7(7(1 dOh(/'N ,67 ',( n25(17=Om5$)7 $8) ',( %(:(*7(1 n$'81*675>*(5 1$&+ 5(&+76 *(5,&+7(7N 62:2+/ )@5 ',( 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 J81' '(0 u75209866 (17*(*(1 %(:(*7(1K g/(.7O 521(1N :,( $8&+ )@5 ',( n?&+(5N A 81$%+>1*,* '$921N 2% 0$1 ',( n?&+(5 $/6 326,7,9(N 0,7 '(0 u75209866 %(:(*7( n$'81*675>*(5 %(+$1'(/7 2'(5 '$%(, $1 ',( (17*(*(1O *(6(7=7 =80 u75209866 %(:(*7( NNg/(.7521(1.(77( 0,7 n@&.(1DD '(1.7P f,( n$'81*6O 75>*(5N ',( '(1 u75209866 %(:,5.(1N :(5'(1 ,0 %(75$&+7(7(1 h$// '85&+ ',( n25(17=O m5$)7 $1 '(1 5(&+7(1 t$1' *('5@&.7N $0 /,1.(1 t$1' (1767(+7 (,1 o$1*(/ ',(6(5 n$'81*675>*(5P f,( 48(5 =8 u75205,&+781* 81' dOh(/' *(0(66(1( j$//Ou3$1181* ,67 62 '(71,(57N '$66 6,( 326,7,9( J1(*$7,9(K y(57( $11,007N :(11 $0 5(&+7(1 t$1' (,1 %(56&+866 921 n?&+(51 Jg/(.7521(1K (;,67,(57P

[PT d>1'(502'(// [PTPS i581'%(*5,5( f,( 3+/71,66( ,0 m5,67$// 6,1' .203/,=,(57 '85&+ '(66(1 c1,62O 7523,(P h@5 9,(/( 48$/,7$7,9( d(75$&+781*(1 *(1@*7 (6 $%(5N :(11 0$1 @%(5 $//( m5,6O 7$//5,&+781*(1 0,77(/7P f$6 d>1'(502'(// J(1(5*< %$1' 02'(/K ,67 (,1( 67$5. 9(5(,1O )$&+7( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 m5,67$//6N /,()(57 $%(5 7527='(0 48$/,7$7,9 5,&+7,*( g5.(117O 1,66( 81' (50?*/,&+7 (,1 ,178,7,9(6 g5)$66(1 '(5 0(,67(1 j$/%/(,7(5Or+>120(1(P f,( g/(.7521(1 1(+0(1 ,1 -('(0 c720 %(67,007(N 6&+$5)( g1(5*,(1,9($86 (,1N :,( 0$1 $1 '(1 n,1,(163(.75(1 '(5 i$6( (5.(11(1 .$11P k1 )(67(1 m?53(51 6,1' ',( g1(5*,(1,9($86 '(5 ,11(5(1 g/(.7521(1 '(5 c720( =:$5 $8&+ 6&+$5)N :,( ',( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 t?17*(1/,1,(1 =(,*(1] $%(5 ',( p,9($86 '(5 >8M(5(1 g/(.7521(1 81' ',( '(5 '$5@%(5 /,(*(1'(1 81%(6(7=7(1 |867>1'( 6,1' ,1)2/*( '(5 g,1:,5.81* '(5 $1'(5(1 c720( '(6 m5,67$//6 =8 d>1'(51 9(5%5(,7(57P g,1 48$/,7$7,9(6 x(567>1'1,6 )@5 ',( d$1'6758.785 />667 6,&+ *(:,11(1 $86 '(5 d(75$&+781* 921 u+1/,&+ :,( ',( o2'(1Oc8)63$/781* %(, =:(, ,'(17,6&+(1 *(.233(/7(1 t(621$1=.5(,O 6(1 Jc%6&+1P WPSPWKP o,7 :$&+6(1'(5 |$+/ p '(5 ,0 u&+67 ',( |$+/ '(5 g1(5*,(1,9($86 ,0 o8/7,3/(77 81' ,+5 (1(5*(7,6&+(5 c%67$1'

[PT d>1'(502'(//

WXU

leeres Leitungsband Ionisierungsenergie des Atoms

Bandlücke

Energie

besetztes Valenzband N=1 Atom

2

3

5

Molekül

10 4 Cluster

10 5

10 20 Festkörper (Isolator)

c%%P [PS %(5*$1* 921 '(1 6&+$5)(1 g1(5*,(1,9($86 (,1(6 c7206 @%(5 ',( o8/7,3/(776 921 o2O /(.@/(1 81' e/867(51 =8 '(1 g1(5*,(%>1'(51 '(6 h(67.?53(56 J6&+(0$7,6&+N 1P d'P WN c%%P ZPSYKP

:,5' ./(,1(5P k0 i5(1=)$// p S ZN :,( (5 )@5 '(1 h(67.?53(5 *(*(%(1 ,67N (1767(+(1 g1(5*,(%>1'(5N *(75(117 '85&+ d$1'/@&.(1 Jc%%P [PSKP k67 '$6 2%(567( %(6(7=7( d$1'N *(1$117 x$/(1=%$1' JxdN 9$/(1&( %$1'KN 185 +$/% %(6(7=7N :,( ',(6 =P dP %(, '(1 c/.$/,0(7$//(1 81' %(, e8N c* 81' c8 '(5 h$// ,67N '$11 .?11(1 6,&+ ',( g/(.7521(1 ,1 '(0 g1(5*,(%$1' )5(, %(:(*(1N 'P +P '(5 m5,67$// +$7 (,1( *87( n(,7)>+,*.(,7P k67 '$6 x$/(1=%$1' '$*(*(1 92// %(6(7=7N '$11 ,67 (,1( d(:(*81* 1,&+7 0?*/,&+P fP +P (,1( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 .$11 185 '$'85&+ $8)O 75(7(1N '$66 g/(.7521(1 $86 '(0 92//(1 x$/(1=%$1' ,1 '$6 '$5@%(5 /,(*(1'( n(,O 781*6%$1' JndN &21'8&7,21 %$1'K $86:(,&+(1P j,(5=8 ,67 $%(5 g1(5*,( (5)25'(5/,&+P f,(6( ,67 %(, '(1 m5,67$//(1 9(56&+,('(1 *52M 81' ,67 *(*(%(1 920 d$1'$%67$1'N '(5 @%(5:81'(1 :(5'(1 0866P o$1 1(117 '(1 g1(5*,(%(5(,&+ =:,6&+(1 '(5 q%(5O .$17( '(6 xd 81' '(5 w17(5.$17( '(6 nd 9(5%27(1( |21( Jd$1'$%67$1'N d$1'/@&.(N %$1' *$3KP f(5 (1*/,6&+( c86'58&. *$3 ,67 9(5$17:257/,&+ )@5 '$6 uM,*(1 v(75$O ('(56 %,/'(1P x(5815(,1,*7 0$1 181 '(1 u,Om5,67$// 925 '(5 m5,67$//,6$7,21 0,7 (7:$6 r+263+25 2'(5 c56(1N $/62 (,1(0 )@1):(57,*(1 g/(0(17 $86 '(5 i5833( x '(6 r(O 5,2'(161'(502'(// (,1(1 u21'(53/$7= (,1N 81' =:$5 ,11(5+$/% '(5 9(5%27(1(1 |21(N ',&+7 817(5+$/% '(6 n(,781*6%$1'(6 Jc%%P [PTN /,1.( u(,7(KP y(*(1 '(5 *(5,1*(1 (1(5*(7,6&+(1 v,()( '(5 f21$725Ou7?567(//( Jgf . .vK ,67 %(, t$80O 7(03(5$785 (,1 6(+5 *52M(5 v(,/ ',(6(5 u7?567(//(1 J,0385,7< 6,7(6K ,21,6,(57 Jf S f1 1(2KP f,( u7?5/(,781* ,67 '(6+$/% %(, t$807(03(5$785 .$80 7(03(5$785$%+>1O *,*P f(5 f21$725 6(/%67 ,67 )(67 $1 '(1 q57 *(%81'(1P |85 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 .$11 185 '$6 $%*(*(%(1( g/(.7521 %(,75$*(1P f(5 f21$725 9(5856$&+7 620,7 1On(,781*P f,( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 :>&+67 0,7 '(5 f21$725(1',&+7( pfP ED LB

EL Donatoren

EG

ne e Zo oten verb

Energie Akzeptoren EV

VB EA

c%%P [PT

d>1'(502'(// 0,7 f21$725O 81' c.=(3725Op,9($86P

x(5815(,1,*7 0$1 $1'(5(56(,76 u,/,&,80 0,7 (,1(0 g/(0(17 '(5 i5833( kkk '(6 r(5,2'(161'(502'(// /,(*7 6(,1( g1(5*,(678)( $8&+ ,11(5+$/% '(5 9(5%27(1(1 |21(N 81' =:$5 ',&+7 2%(5+$/% '(6 x$/(1=%$1'(6 Jc%%P [PTN 5(&+7( u(,7(KP c.=(3725(1 9(5856$&+(1 3On(,781*] ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 :>&+67 0,7 '(5 c.=(3O 725(1',&+7( pcP v+(581*6:(,6( $8) T B1T 08/7,3/,O o(+5(/(.7521(1$720( (5:(,7(57N '$11 0866 0$1 ',( SUPX (x 0,7 |()) =,(5(1] )@5 ',( (567( k21,6,(581* (,1(6 c7206 ,67 ',( (5(.7,9( m(51/$'81*6=$+/ |()) 1,&+7 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6 (,16] 1 ,67 ',( j$83748$17(1=$+/ '(5 >8M(5(1 g/(.7521(1P f$0,7 /$66(1 6,&+ ',( (567(1 k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,(1 '(5 o(+5(/(.7521(1$720(N ',( )$67 $//( =:,6&+(1 W 81' SW (x /,(*(1N (5./>5(1P p81 67(+7 $%(5 ,1 i/P JYPVTK ,0 p(11(5 $8&+ &RT N 81' '$6 %('(87(7N '$66 '257 )@5 '$6 o(',80 NNj$/%/(,7(5DD '$6 s8$'5$7 921 &5 (,1*()@*7 :(5'(1 0866P o,7 &5 Ju,K 3 SSPZ (5*(%(1 6,&+ u7?567(//(1Ok21,6,(581*6(1(5O *,(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 UX %,6 SRZ 0(xP

[PTPT n(,7)>+,*.(,7 f,( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1 81' n?&+(5 ,1 (,1(5 u8%67$1= 6,1' 1,&+7 */(,&+] 6,( 6,1' 921 u8%67$1= =8 u8%67$1= 6(+5 9(56&+,('(1 81' +>1*(1 67$5. 921 '(5 v(0O 3(5$785N 920 t(,1+(,76*5$' 81' 921 '(5 |$+/ '(5 m5,67$//%$8)(+/(5 $%P v+,*.(,7 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 v(03(5$785 (5+>/7 0$1 ,1 /2*$5,7+0,6&+(5 f$567(//81* @%(5 '(5 5(=,352.(1 v(03(5$785 ',( i(5$'( '(5 g,*(1/(,781*N $86 '(5(1 c167,(* '(5 d$1'$%67$1' :,( )2/*7 %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1 .$11\ f,( i(1(5$7,2165$7( iN ',( |$+/ '(5 c15(*81*(1 921 g/(.7521(1On2&+Or$$5(1 352 |(,7N ,67 %(, 925*(*(%(1(0 m5,67$// 0,7 '(0 d$1'$%67$1' gi (,1( h81.7,21 '(5 v(03(5$785N *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 NNd2/7=0$11Oh$.725DD 0,7 '(0 x(5+>/71,6 921 g1(5*,($%67$1' gi =8 .v ,0 1(*$7,9(1 g;321(17(1 '(5 (Oh81.7,21P c/62 *,/7 )@5 '(1 |8:$&+6 '(5 g/(.7521(1',&+7( ,0 n(,781*6%$1' i 6 (;3J2 giB.vKP

J[PYK

f,( 62 (5=(8*7(1 g/(.7521(1 81' n?&+(5 .?11(1 0,7(,1$1'(5 5(.20%,1,(5(1\ g,1 g/(.7521 $86 '(0 nd *(+7 @%(5 ,1 (,1(1 81%(6(7=7(1 |867$1' J(,1 n2&+K '(6 xdP f$0,7 9(56&+:,1'(7 (,1 g/(.7521On2&+Or$$5N 81' ',( g1(5*,(N ',( .$80 *5?M(5 $/6 gi ,67N :,5' $/6 r+2721 $%*(675$+/7 2'(5 $1 '$6 m5,67$//*,77(5 J@%(5 (,1 r+2121K $%*(*(%(1P k0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 J2+1( g,1:,5.81* 921 $8M(1K 0866 ',( |$+/ '(5 g/(.7521On2&+Ot(.20%,1$7,21(1 352 x2/80(1 81' |(,7N ',( t(.20%,1$7,2165$7( t */(,&+ '(5 '85&+ 7+(50,6&+( c15(*81* %(:,5.7(1 i(1(5$7,2165$7( i 6(,1P f,( t(.20%,1$7,21 ,67 ,0 &+(0,6&+(1 u,11 (,1( %,O02/(.8/$5( t($.7,21] ',( t$7( t ,67 3523257,21$/ =80 r52'8.7 '(5 f,&+7(1 %(,'(5 c86*$1*66725( Jg'8.7(KN +,(5 g/(.7521(1 81' n?&+(5P g6 *,/7 $/62 t61 3 t 6 1,T N

J[PZK

81' )@5 '$6 7+(50,6&+( i/(,&+*(:,&+7 Jt 3 iK )2/*7 $1$/2* =80 o$66(1:,5.81*6O *(6(7= J/$: 2) 0$66 $&7,21K )@5 &+(0,6&+( i/(,&+*(:,&+7( %,O02/(.8/$5(5 t($.7,21(1 2'(5

(;3J2giB.vK 6 1,T 1, 3 1 3 3 6 (;3L2giBJT.vKbP

J[P[K

k1 c1/(+181* $1 '(1 &+(0,6&+(1 u35$&+*(%5$8&+ :(5'(1 ',( n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 $8&+ 2)7 $/6 NNm21=(175$7,21(1DD %(=(,&+1(7 J$%(5 ,00(5 ,1 &02UN 1,&+7 ,1 02/Bn $1*(*(%(1KP f,( g1(5*,( gi .$11 $86 '(5 v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(67,007 :(5'(1\ f,( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1JvK ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 1, 81' '(6+$/% 1$&+ i/P J[P[K $8&+ 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ $86 '(0 d2/7=0$11Oh$.725 J'$6 )@+57 =85 T ,0 p(11(5 '(6 g;321(17(1CKP o,7 '(5 m2167$17(1 m 81' 1R $/6 o$M(,1+(,7 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( i/(,&+81* 1JvKB1R 3 m (;3L2giBJT.vKbP

J[PSRK

[PT d>1'(502'(//

WXY

n2*$5,7+0,(5(1 81' f,5(5(1=,(5(1 1$&+ JSBvK )@+57 =8 /1 L1JvKB1Rb 3 /1 m2giBJT.vKN ' /1 L1JvKB1RbB'JSBvK 32giBJT.KP

J[PSSK

f$6 +(,M7N 75>*7 0$1 /1 L1JvKB1Rb @%(5 SBv $8)N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( i(5$'( 0,7 '(5 u7(,*81* 2giBT.N $86 '(5 6,&+ gi (5*,%7P u7?567(//(1/(,781*P o$1 817(56&+(,'(7 =:,6&+(1 o$-25,7>7675>*(51 J0$-25,7< &+$5*( &$55,(56KN $/62 '(1(1 0,7 '(5 *5?M(5(1 Jc1=$+/OKf,&+7(N 81' '(1 o,125,7>7675>*(51 J0,125,7< &$55,(56K 0,7 '(5 *(5,1*(5(1 f,&+7(P p250$/(5:(,6( :,5' ,00(5 (,1( u257( n$'81*675>*(5 67$5. @%(5:,(*(1N 62'$66 ',( %(,'(1 v(50( ,1 i/P J[PTK 6(+5 9(56&+,(O '(1( i5?M( +$%(1P f,&+7( 81' d(:(*/,&+.(,7 '(6 '20,1,(5(1'(1 n$'81*675>*(56 .?11(1 $86 '(0 j$//Om2(5,=,(17(1 81' '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(67,007 :(5'(1P f,( f27,(581* %((,198667 -('2&+ :('(5 ',( g/(.7521On2&+Oi(1(5$7,2165$7( 12&+ ',( .5,67$//7*(5$57 (5+?+7N '$11 :,5' '$'85&+ $8&+ ',( x(55,1*(581* '(5 $1'(5(1 f,&+7( (5=:81*(1P f,( r52'8.7)250 '(6 o$66(1:,5O .81*6*(6(7=(6 )@+57 '$=8N '$66 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 (,1(6 j$/%/(,7(56 Ji/P J[PTKK 1 3 ( J3 ,3 11 ,1K

J[PSUK

$0 ./(,167(1 ,67N :(11 ',( %(,'(1 n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 (7:$ */(,&+( i5?M( +$%(1P f$6 NN(7:$DD %(=,(+7 6,&+ '$5$8)N '$66 $8&+ ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 (,1*(+(1N ',( )@5 g/(.7521(1 81' n?&+(5 9(56&+,('(1 6,1'P f,( ,1 '(5 j$/%/(,7(57(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7(1 f27,(581*(1 )@+5(1 =8 n(,7)>+,*.(,7(1N ',( 1250$/(5:(,6( ',( g,*(1On(,7)>+,*.(,7 80 |(+1(5327(1=(1 @%(567(,*(1P f,( +2+(1 n(,7)>+,*.(,7(1 .200(1 =867$1'(N :(11 (,1( n$'81*675>*(5$57 ',( $1'(5( 67$5. @%(5:,(*7] %(67,00(1' '$)@5 ,67 '(5 f27,(O 581*6@%(56&+866 8pf 2pc 8P h@5 (,1(1 '27,(57(1 j$/%/(,7(5 6,1' 9(56&+,('(1( v(03(5$785%(5(,&+( 0,7 &+$5$.O 7(5,67,6&+(0 n(,781*69(5+$/7(1 =8 817(56&+(,'(1N ',( +,(5 $0 d(,63,(/ (,1(6 1O'27,(5O 7(1 j$/%/(,7(56 ',6.87,(57 :(5'(1\ A J$K u7?567(//(15(6(59(P d(, *$1= 7,()(1 v(03(5$785(1 ,67 ',( 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,( .v 62 ./(,1N '$66 1,&+7 $//( f21$725(1 ,+5 g/(.7521 ,1 '$6 n(,781*6%$1' $%*(*(%(1 +$%(1P f,( g/(.7521(1',&+7( 1 ,67 ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( f21$725(1',&+7( pfN $%(5 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6 ',( n?&+(5.21=(175$7,21 3N :(,/ '(5 (1(5*(7,6&+( c%67$1' '(5 f21$O 7251,9($86 JgfK 921 '(5 w17(5.$17( '(6 n(,781*6%$1'(6 JgnK :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 giP o,7 :$&+6(1'(5 v(03(5$785 67(,*(1 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 81' g/(.7521(1',&+7( (;321(17,(// $1\ 1 6 (;3L2Jgn 2gfKBJT.vKbP

J[PSVK

A J%K u7?567(//(1(56&+?3)81*P k0 0,77/(5(1 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+ +$%(1 $//( f21$725(1 ,+5( g/(.7521(1 ,1 '$6 n(,781*6%$1' $%*(*(%(1P f,( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 o$-25,7>76/$'81*675>*(5',&+7( 1 81' 7(03(5$78581$%+>1*,*\ 1 3 pf + 3P

J[PSWK

WXZ

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

A f,( o,125,7>76/$'81*675>*(5',&+7( 3 67(,*7 (;321(17,(// $1\ 3 3 1,T Bpf 6 (;3L2giBJ.vKbP

J[PSXK

A J&K g,*(1/(,781*P d(, +2+(1 v(03(5$785(1 ,67 ',( 2%(1 %(6&+5,(%(1( g,*(1/(,781* 925+(556&+(1'P g/(.7521(1O 81' n?&+(5',&+7(1 6,1' */(,&+ 81' 67(,*(1 (;321(1O 7,(// 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 *(0>M i/P J[P[KP

n,p logarithmisch

k1 c%%P [PU ,67 ',( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 *5$3+,6&+ '$5O *(67(//7] ',( '5(, d(5(,&+( 6,1' ./$5 =8 (5.(11(1P f,( $//(50(,67(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 j$/%O /(,7(5 $5%(,7(1 %(, |,00(57(03(5$785 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 u7?567(//(1(56&+?3)81* Jd(5(,&+ % ,1 c%%P [PUKP ni ND

n p

c

b

a 1JT

c%%P [PU n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1N /2*$5,7+O 0,6&+ @%(5 ',( 5(=,352.( v(03(5$785 $8)*(O 75$*(1 )@5 '(1 h$// (,1(6 1O'27,(57(1 j$/%/(,O 7(56 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP |8 817(56&+(,'(1 6,1' ',( d(5(,&+( $N % 81' &N (5/>87(57 ,0 v(;7P

c1:(1'81*(1 921 j$/%/(,7(51P f,( %(, :(,7(0 :,&+7,*67(1 c1:(1'81*(1 (5*(%(1 6,&+ 1,&+7 $86 '(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 (,1(6 j$/%/(,7(56N 621'(51 $86 '(1 i5(1=9>&+(1O 3+>120(1(1N ',( ,0 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+ =:,6&+(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 j$/%/(,7(51 $8)75(O 7(1] ',(6( :(5'(1 ,1 '(1 )2/*(1'(1 c%6&+1,77(1 %(+$1'(/7P j,(5 6(, 185 $8) (,1,*( c1:(1'81*(1 (,1=(/1(5 j$/%/(,7(5 +,1*(:,(6(1P f$ ',( 0(,67(1 j$/%/(,7(5 (,1(1 1(*$7,9(1 v(03(5$785.2(5,=,(17(1 +$%(1N :(5'(1 (,1,*( $/6 62 *(1$117( j(,M/(,7(5 2'(5 pveOy,'(567>1'( Jpve 3 1(*$7,9( 7(03(O 5$785( &2(5,&,(17K 9(5:(1'(7P k+5 y,'(567$1' ,67 ,0 .$/7(1 |867$1' *52MN ,0 +(,M(1 ./(,1P f(5 v(03(5$785.2(5,=,(17 %(75>*7 2U %,6 2W@ 352 i5$' v(03(5$785(5+?O +81*P u,( :(5'(1 +>87* (,1*(6(7=7N =P dP )@5 ',( |@1'81* 921 i$6(17/$'81*6/$03(1 Jn(8&+75?+5(1N c%6&+1P SRPUPWKP f(5 )@5 c860(6681*(1 6&+:$&+(5 o$*1(7)(/'(5 9(5:(1'(7( j$//Oi(1(5$725 ,67 (,1 j$/%/(,7(5 0,7 *52M(5 j$//Om2167$17(P S[WT )$1' jP y(/.(5 1(8( +$/%/(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81*(1 920 v*7 %(,0 k1u% XW RRR 81' %(,0 k1c6 TU RRR &0Tx2/62S J=80 x(5*/(,&+\ TY &0Tx2/62S )@5 m83)(5KP f,( j$//Oi(1(5$725(1 +$%(1 :,5.6$0( h/>&+(1 921 S 004T 00 %,6 X 004ST 00 81' 6,1' $8&+ =85 o(6681* 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h(/'(5 ,1 (1*(1 n8)763$/7(1 *((,*1(7P x(5:$1'7 0,7 '(1 j$//Oi(1(5$725(1 6,1' ',( 0$*1(7,6&+ 67(8(5%$5(1 y,'(567>1'( JNNh(/'3/$77(1DDK $86 k1u%Bp,u%P f85&+ (,1 75$169(56$/(6 o$*1(7)(/' :(5'(1 ',( n$O '81*675>*(5 ,0 k1u% 67$5. 6(,7/,&+ $%*(/(1.7N $%(5 ',( ,1 '(1 k1u%Om5,67$// /(*,(57(1 p$'(/1 $86 p,u% 625*(1 )@5 (,1( i/(,&+9(57(,/81* '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 @%(5 '(1 s8(5O 6&+1,77 '(6 j$/%/(,7(56P o,7 =81(+0(1'(0 dOh(/' (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( =8 d T 352325O 7,21$/( y,'(567$1'6(5+?+81* '(5 h(/'3/$77(P

[PT d>1'(502'(//

WX[

[PTPU |867$1'6O 81' n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 y,5 %(75$&+7(1 =8(567 (,1(1 ,'($/(1 g,*(1+$/%/(,7(5 2+1( u7?567(//(1P d(, v 3 R ,67 6(,1 x$/(1=%$1' JxdK 92// 81' 6(,1 n(,781*6%$1' JndK /((5P k1 (567(5 p>+(581* .$11 ',( d(:(*81* 921 g/(.7521(1 ,0 n(,781*6%$1'N :,( :,5 (6 %(, '(1 o(7$//(1 0,7 7(,/:(,6( %(6(7=7(0 n(,781*6%$1' *(7$1 +$%(1N $/6 )5(,( d(:(*81* '(6 NNg/(.O 7521(1*$6(6DD ,0 /$'81*61(875$/(1 m5,67$//*,77(5 %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P f$6 ,67 (,1( *87( p>+(581* )@5 '(1 0(,67 925/,(*(1'(1 h$//N '$66 6,&+ $//( %(75$&+7(7(1 g/(.7521(1 (1(5*(7,6&+ 1$+( $1 '(5 w17(5.$17( '(6 nd %(71'(1N 62'$66 ',( 2%(5( d(*5(1=81* '(6 nd 1,&+7 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 =8 :(5'(1 %5$8&+7P y>+/(1 :,5 ',( w17(5.$17( '(6 nd $/6 p8//381.7 '(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1N '$11 *,/7 1$&+ '(1 r+$6(15$80O%(5/(*81*(1 )@5 (,1 ,'($/(6 i$6 Jc%6&+1P YPVPSKN '$66 ',( g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '(5 |867$1'6',&+7( fJgK 352325O SBT 7,21$/ =8 g.,1 ,67P f$6 (5*,%7 ',( ,1 c%%P [PV% '$5*(67(//7( h81.7,21P f$ %(, (,1(0 g,*(1+$/%/(,7(5 )@5 v # R -('(6 ,1 '$6 nd %()?5'(57( g/(.7521 (,1( n@&.( Jn2&+K ,0 xd +,17(5/>667N 0866 )@5 ',( n?&+(5 (,1( (17635(&+(1' *(63,(*(/7( |867$1'6',&+O 7(9(57(,/81* *(/7(1P f,( h(50,Og1(5*,( '(5 h(67.?53(5(/(.7521(1N %(=2*(1 $8) ',( w17(5.$17( '(6 xd $/6 p8//381.7N ,67 %(, v 3 R ',( i5(1=( =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(6(7=7(1 81' /((5(1 |8O 67>1'(1P h@5 v # R ,67 (6 '(71,7,216*(0>M ',( g1(5*,(N )@5 ',( ',( d(6(7=81*6:$+5O 6&+(,1/,&+.(,7 (,1(5 |(//( '(1 y(57 RPW %(6,7=7P f$ ',( h(50,Ox(57(,/81* ,1 *87(5 p>+(581* =8 g 3 gh $17,6%/,&+KN J'K n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(Ox(57(,/81* J@%(5+?+7KP

WYR

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

k0 g,*(1/(,7(5 ,67 ',( f,&+7( %(,'(5 n$'81*675>*(5 */(,&+P y(,/ ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 n?&+(5 ,0 xd '(5 NN,19(57,(57(1DD x(57(,/81* '(5 g/(.7521(1 ,0 nd (17635,&+7N :,5' ',( */(,&+*52M( f,&+7( %(,'(5 n$'81*675>*(5 $/6 k19(56,216',&+7( J,175,16,& '(16,7*(5 )5(,*(6(7=7N '(5(1 f,&+7( 80 (,1,*( i5?M(125'181*(1 +?+(5 ,67 $/6 ',( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 81' n?&+(5 %(, g,*(1/(,781* 81' t$807(03(5$785P d(621'(56 +2+( f27,(581* :,5' '85&+ 31 %=:P 11 666,*(1P o$1 .$11 $/62 ,1 6(+5 *87(5 p>+(581* $11(+0(1N '$66 6,&+ ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 1$+( $1 '(5 w17(5.$17( '(6 nd 81' ',( n?&+(5 1$+( $1 '(5 q%(5.$17( '(6 xd %(71'(1P d(, g,*(1+$/%/(,7(51 )>//7 ',( h(50,Og1(5*,( gh 0,7 g, =86$00(1P d(, '27,(57(1 j$/%/(,7(51 ,67 ',( h(50,Og1(5*,( 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*\ f,( f21$725Oc720( (,1(6 1On(,7(56 6,1' %(, v 3 R 12&+ 1,&+7 ,21,6,(57N 'P +P 6,( 6,1' %(6(7=7( g/(.7521(1O|8O 67>1'(] '(6+$/% /,(*7 gh Jv 3 RK =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(6(7=7(1 f21$725O|867>1'(1 81' '(0 9?//,* 81%(6(7=7(1 ndP o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 v(03(5$785 :>&+67 '(5 g,19866 '(5 g,*(1/(,781* 81' gh 6,1.7 $%N 80 6,&+ $61'(502'(//

WYS

80 6,&+ 921 817(1 $6+(51P A d(, '(1 (;75(0 +2&+ '27,(57(1 g17$5781*6+$/%/(,7(51 .$11 ',( h(50,Og1(5*,( 921 1On(,7(51 62*$5 (7:$6 2%(5+$/% gnN %(, 3On(,7(51 (7:$6 817(5+$/% gx /,(*(1P y,5 +$%(1 2%(1 185 48$/,7$7,9 %(6&+5,(%(1N :,( 6,&+ ',( h(50,Og1(5*,( $/6 h81.O 7,21 '(5 v(03(5$785 9(5>1'(57P h@5 ',( 48$17,7$7,9( d(5(&+181* '(5 n$'81*675>O *(5',&+7(1 ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 9(5:(,6(1 :,5 $8) d'P XN m$3P Y 81' *(%(1 +,(5 185 (,1,*( $16&+$8/,&+( t(68/7$7(P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 (,1(1 +,15(,&+(1' 67$5. '2O 7,(57(1 j$/%/(,7(5N )@5 '(1 1, * 8pf 2pc8

J[PSYK

*,/7N 81' (,1( +,15(,&+(1' +2+( v(03(5$785N )@5 ',( (,1( 92//67>1',*( k21,6$7,21 $//(5 u7?567(//(1 Ju7?567(//(1(56&+?3)81*K $1*(1200(1 :(5'(1 .$11\ 1 . pf

%=:P 3 . pcP

J[PSZK

f$)@5 *(/7(1 ',( )2/*(1'(1 h250(/1\ 1On(,7(5 pf . 1 + 1, gh #g, 1 3 1, (;3LJgh 2g,KB.vb 3 3 1, (;3L2Jgh 2g,KB.vb

3On(,7(5 pc . 3 + 1, g, #gh 3 3 1, (;3LJg, 2ghKB.vb 1 3 1, (;3L2Jg, 2ghKB.vb

J[PS[K

[PTPV d>1'(5 ,0 .Ot$80 81' ,0 q5765$80 h@5 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 ,67 ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( (,1(6 g/(.75216 '85&+ g.,1 3 3TBJT0K

J[PTRK

0,7 '(0 d(75$* '(6 k038/6(6 3 9(5.1@3)7 J0 ,67 ',( g/(.7521(10$66(KP u7$77 '(6 g/(.7521(1,038/6(6 :,5' ,1 '(5 h(67.?53(53+1*(N @ 3 +BT@KP f(5 .Ot$80 817(56&+(,'(7 6,&+ $/62 185 '85&+ '(1 u.$/,(581*6)$.725 @2S 920 k038/65$80P u(7=7 0$1 )@5 ',( i(6$07(1(5*,( (,1(6 g/(.75216 ,0 nd g 3 gn 1g.,1 g 3 gn 1.T @TBJT0K

J[PTTK

$1N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 ',( g1(5*,( g $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 y(//(1=$+/ . ',( ,1 c%%P [PW '$5*(67(//7( r$5$%(/P f$6 ,67 (,1( p>+(581*N ',( $8) '(5 c11$+0( %(58+7N '$66 6,&+ ',( g/(.7521(1 ,0 nd :,( )5(,( v(,/&+(1 (,1(6 ,'($/(1 g/(.7521(1*$6(6 %(:(*(1 .?11(1P f,( 3$O 5$%2/,6&+ $167(,*(1'( h81.7,21 ,67 6,&+(5 ,0 2%(5(1 v(,/ '(6 nd 1,&+7 0(+5 *@/7,*N

WYT

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51 E

EL k

c%%P [PW g1(5*,( (,1(6 g/(.75216 ,0 nd J1$O +( '(5 w17(5.$17(K $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 y(//(1O 9(.7256P

:(,/ '257 ',( (5/$8%7(1 g1(5*,(1 '85&+ ',( q%(5.$17( '(6 nd %(*5(1=7 :(5'(1P f2&+ $8&+ ,0 817(5(1 v(,/ '(6 nd 0$&+(1 6,&+ ',( g,19@66( '(6 m5,67$//*,77(56 %(0(5.%$5 81' 9(5>1'(51 ',( m,1(0$7,. '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1P f,( (567( m25O 5(.785 '(5 2%(1 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 p>+(581* ,67 ',( g,1)@+581* '(5 (5(.7,9(1 o$66( 0()) ,1 i/P J[PTTK\ 0 S 0()) X 0P

J[PTUK

l( *5?M(5 ',( (5(.7,9( o$66( ,67N '(672 ./(,1(5 ,67 ',( m5@0081* '(5 h81.7,21 gJ.K 921 c%%P [PWP c//*(0(,1 ,67 ',( (5(.7,9( o$66( 921 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 '(71,(57 $/6 J[PTVK 0()) 3 @T J1'(5 5,&+781*6$%+>1*,*P g6 ,67 @%/,&+N ',( h81.7,21(1 gJ.K )@5 ',( :,&+7,*67(1 m5,67$//5,&+781*(1 ,1 (,1(0 f,$*5$00 =8O

[PT d>1'(502'(//

WYU

E (k) LB

c%%P [PX g5(.7,9(Oo$66(Op>+(581*\ f,( *(675,&+(/7(1 m859(1 6,1' $1*(3$667( r$5$O %(/1N $86 '(5(1 m5@0081* 6,&+ ',( (5(.7,9( o$66( (5*,%7P

VB k

k=0

6$00(1=8)$66(1P o(+5 '$5@%(5 ,1 d'P X Jh(67.?53(5KN m$3P S Ji581'/$*(1 '(5 h(67O .?53(53+1'(502O '(// ,1 '(5 q5765$80Of$567(//81* =8 '(0 (,1)$&+(1 u&+(0$ 921 c%%P [PY$P f$6 o$O ;,080 '(5 n?&+(5Od>1'(5 :,5' =85 NNq%(5.$17( xdDD %(, '(5 g1(5*,( gxN '$6 o,O 1,080 '(5 g/(.7521(1%>1'(5 :,5' =85 NNw17(5.$17( ndDD %(, '(5 g1(5*,( gnP f,(6( %(,'(1 m$17(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ =:(, +25,=217$/( n,1,(1 ,0 9(57,.$/(1 g1(5*,($%67$1' gi '$5*(67(//7P w17(5+$/% gx /,(*(1 ',( %(6(7=7(1 g/(.7521(1=867>1'(P c1'(5( %(O 6(7=7( d>1'(5 817(5 '(0 xd ,17(5(66,(5(1 *(1$862 :(1,* :,( $1'(5( 81%(6(7=7( d>1O '(5 @%(5 '(0 ndP f,( m5,67$//Oc1,627523,( :,5' 1,&+7 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7P f,( ;Om225',1$7( 67(//7 ,00(5 (,1( )@5 ',( d(75$&+781* 6,1192//( q576.225',1$7( '$5P d(, %(5*>1*(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, 3+&+( *(:>+/7P g,1 925+$1'(1(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' :,5' (17/$1* '(5 ;Oc&+6( $1*(1200(1P f(5 5(68/7,(5(1'( r27(17,$/*5$',(17 )@+57 =8 (,1(5 p(,*81* '(5 d>1'(5 Jc%%P [PY%KP f$ ',( g/(.7521(1(1(5*,( ,0 d>1'(502'(// 326,7,9 '$5*(67(//7 :,5'N )@+57 (,1 gOh(/' ,1 1;Ot,&+781* J'$6 $8) ',( 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 g/(.7521(1 (,1( 1$&+ 2; *(5,&+7(7( m5$)7 $86@%7K =80 c167(,*(1 '(5 d>1'(5 0,7 =81(+0(1'(0 ;P f,( n(,781*6(/(.7O 521(1 675(%(1 ,0 d>1'(502'(// NN1$&+ 817(1DD =80 g1(5*,(0,1,080P f,( n?&+(5 ,0 xd 675(%(1 NN1$&+ 2%(1DD =80 g1(5*,(0$;,080N '$0,7 ',( (&+7(1 g/(.7521(1 $8&+ ,0 xd ',( 817(5(1 r/>7=( (,11(+0(1 .?11(1P

E

LB

E

LB EG

EG VB

VB E=O

(a)

E - Feld x

(b)

x

c%%P [PY x(5(,1)$&+7(6 d>1'(502'(// ,1 q5765$80Of$567(//81*\ J$K 2+1( (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/'N J%K 0,7 (/(.75,6&+(0 h(/' (17/$1* '(5 ;Oc&+6(P

WYV

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

[PTPW 31O%(5*$1* o,7 :(1,*(1 c861$+0(1 %(67(+(1 $//( j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( $86 m20%,1$7,21(1 921 3O/(,7(1'(0 81' 1O/(,7(1'(0 j$/%/(,7(50$7(5,$/P k0 i5(1=*(%,(7N '(0 31O%(5O *$1*N 75(7(1 ,17(5(66$17( r+>120(1( $8)N '(5(1 3+/)7(1 (,1(6 j$/%/(,7(56 J=P dP u,/,&,80K 817(56&+,('O /,&+ =8 '27,(5(1N =P dP 3On(,781* $8) '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7( 0,7 '(5 c.=(3725(1',&+7( pc 81' 1On(,781* $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 0,7 '(5 f21$725(1',&+7( pf Jc%%P [P[$KP f(5 %(5*$1* =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 d(5(,&+(1 62// 6,&+ $8) (,1( 6&+0$/( %(5*$1*6=21( ,1 '(5 o,77( %(6&+5>1.(1P y>+5(1' ',( c720( ,0 m5,67$// $1 ,+5(1 r/$7= *(%81'(1 6,1'N ',581',(5(1 ',( )5(, %(:(*/,&+(1 n$'81*675>*(5 >+1/,&+ :,( ',( o2/(.@/( (,1(6 i$6(6P n>M7 0$1 (,1(1 3Oj$/%/(,7(5 81' (,1(1 1Oj$/%/(,7(5 6,&+ 62 ,11,* %(5@+5(1N '$66 n$'81*675>*(5 920 (,1(1 ,1 '(1 $1'(5(1 9,(M(1 .?11(1N 62 (1767(+7 (,1 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+N ,1 '(0 ',( %(,'(1 n$'81*675>*(5Oc57(1 '85&+ f,586,21 9(50,6&+7 6,1'P f()(.7(/(.7521(1 Jn?&+(5K :$1'(51 920 3O =80 1O/(,7(1'(1 i(%,(7N g/(.7521(1 ,1 80*(.(+57(5 t,&+O 781* 817(5 |85@&./$6681* '(5 ,21,6,(57(1 2576)(67(1 u7?567(//(1N '(1(1 6,( (1767$0O 0(1P k0 $1*5(1=(1'(1 $1'(5(1 i(%,(7 6,1' ',( (,1',581',(5(1'(1 n$'81*(1 o,O 125,7>76/$'81*675>*(5P o,7 '(1 '257,*(1 o$-25,7>76/$'81*675>*(51 71'(7 t(.20%,O 1$7,21 67$77N :2'85&+ 6,&+ (,1 n$'81*675>*(53$$5 -(:(,/6 1(875$/,6,(57 81' 6(,1( g1(5O *,(N '(0 (1(5*(7,6&+(1 c%67$1' 921 n(,781*6O 81' x$/(1=%$1' (17635(&+(1'N 0(,67 ,1 r+2121(1 Jy>50(KN 6(/7(1(5 ,1 r+2721(1 Ju75$+/81*K 806(7=7P f,( ,21,6,(57(1 u7?567(//(1 6,1' 181 1,&+7 0(+5 .203(16,(57 81' %$8(1 '$+(5 ,0 |8*( '(5 t(.20O %,1$7,21(1 1$&+ c%',586,21 $//0>+/,&+ (,1( t$80/$'81* $8)N ,11(5+$/% '(6 3O/(,O 7(1'(1 d(5(,&+6 *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( 1(*$7,9( n$'81* '(5 c.=(3725(1N ,11(5+$/% '(6 1O/(,7(1'(1 d(5(,&+6 '85&+ ',( 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1 '(5 f21$725(1P f$6 '(1 t$80O /$'81*(1 =8*(25'1(7( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' (56&+:(57 =81(+0(1' ',( c%',586,21 :(,O 7(5(5 n$'81*675>*(5P k0 7+(502'5(1 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 %(*5(1=7 '85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' =:,6&+(1 '(1 t$80/$'81*(1N '$6 '(0 f,586,21667520 (17*(*(1:,5.7P f,( g1(5*,(O %=:P r27(17,$/678)(N ',( 6,&+ $86 '(0 y(*,17(*5$/ @%(5 ',( h(/'67>5.( =:,6&+(1 '(1 t$80/$'81*(1 (5*,%7N ,67 *(5$'( 62 *52MN '$66 6,( ',( h(50,Op,9($86 '(5 %(,'(1 j$/%/(,7(5Oj>/)7(1 $1(,1$1'(5 $1*/(,&+7 Jc%%P [PZ&KP f,( r27(17,$/678)(N ',( 6,&+ ,0 31O%(5*$1*6%(5(,&+ (,167(//7 J(g 921 c%%P [PZ&N *(7(,/7 '85&+ (KN ,67 :(1,*(5 67(,/ $/6 '(5 r27(17,$/63581* $1 '(5 m217$.767(//( =:(,(5 9(56&+,('(1(5 o(7$//( Jc%6&+1P ZPUPSKP f$6 +$7 )2/*(1'(1 i581'\ k1 o(7$//(1 ,67 ',( f,&+7( '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 62 *52MN '$66 (6 185 *$1= *(5,1*(5 /2.$/(5 w1O 7(56&+,('( =85 /$'81*61(875$/,6,(57(1 f,&+7( %('$5)N 80 ',( )@5 '(1 r27(17,$/63581* 127:(1',*(1 t$80/$'81*(1 =8 (5=(8*(1P f,(6( t$80/$'81*(1 6,7=(1 ',&+7 $1 '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+( '(5 %(,'(1 m217$.70(7$//( 81' %,/'(1 =86$00(1 (,1( f,32/6&+,&+7

[PT d>1'(502'(//

WYW

x p

(a)

n

Ú ± (x)

(b)

x

LB N D+ EF N A--

∆E

p ≈N A

(d)

n ≈ n i2JN A

n ≈N D

n,p logarithmisch

VB (c)

p ≈ n i2JN D

c%%P [PZ |80 31O%(5*$1*\ J$K 3O 81' 1O'27,(57( d(5(,&+(N t$80/$'81*(1 $1*('(87(7] J%K n$'81*6',&+7(9(57(,/81*N J&K d>1'(502'(//N J'K n2*$5,7+086 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5Of,&+7(1P

J',32/( /$76Ou7?567(//(1P w0 (,1( c1*/(,&+81* '(5 h(50,Op,9($86 $0 31O%(5*$1* =8 (55(,&+(1N 0866 '(5 j$/%/(,7(5 ,1 (,1(5 *5?M(5(1 v,()( %(,'(56(,76 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( $1 %(:(*/,&+(1 n$'81*675>*(51 9(5$50(1 81' 62 ',( (5)25'(5/,&+(1 t$80/$'81*(1 $86%,/'(1P u7$77 '(6 r27(17,$/O 63581*6 (1767(+7 (,1 (1'/,&+ ',&.(5 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+ Ju3(556&+,&+7N %$55,(5 /$1'(5 NN9(5%2*(1DD 6,1'P f,(6( d$1'9(5%,(*81* J%$1' %(1',1*K ,67 7&+(1P k0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 0866 $1 -('(5 u7(//( '$6 o$66(1:,5.81*6*(6(7= )@5 ',( n$'81*6O ',&+7(1 (5)@//7 6(,1P f$6 %('(87(7 )@5 ',( /2*$5,7+0,6&+( f$567(//81* )2/*(1'(6\ L/* J3B&02UK1/* J1B&02UKb3On(,781* 3 L/* J3B&02UK1/* J1B&02UKb1On(,781*P

J[PTWK

d(, '(0 ,1 c%%P [PZ' '$5*(67(//7(1 d(,63,(/ :85'( $1*(1200(1N '$66 pf (7:$6 *5?O M(5 $/6 pc ,67P q)7 :(5'(1 ',( n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 3 81' 1 J*(0(66(1 ,1 &02UK :,( 5(,1( |$+/(1 %(+$1'(/7\ /* 31/* 1 3 .2167P

WYX

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51 p

n

p

n

p

n

(a)

(b)

(c)

c%%P [P[ o$-25,7>7675>*(5 ,1 '(5 p>+( (,1(6 31O%(5*$1*6 J6&+(0$7,6&+K\ J$K 2+1( $1*(/(*7( u3$1181*N J%K 0,7 f85&+/$6663$1181*N J&K 0,7 u3(5563$1181*P

f$ 1$&+ '(0 oyi '$6 r52'8.7 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1 .2167$17 ,67N ',( n(,7O )>+,*.(,7 $%(5 $86 '(5 u800( '(5 n$'81*675>*(5',&+7(1N 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 ,+5(1 d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1N *(%,/'(7 :,5'N 0866 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 (,1( $1 n$'81*6O 75>*(51 9(5$507( |21( *(5,1*(5(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 (1767(+(1 Jc%%P [P[$KP d(,0 c1/(*(1 (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 (5+>/7 ',( f,586,21 (,1( x25=8*65,&+781*] ,0 h$// '(5 c%%P [P[% :(5'(1 921 %(,'(1 u(,7(1 n$'81*675>*(5 ,1 ',( i5(1=6&+,&+7 1$&+*(/,()(57] ',( i5(1=6&+,&+7 :,5' 0,7 n$'81*675>*(51 @%(56&+:(007N $/62 /(,7O )>+,*(5P k0 $1'(5(1 h$// Jc%%P [P[&K '(+17 6,&+ ',( u3(556&+,&+7 $86P f,( ,'($/( m(11/,1,( '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 +$7 ',( (;321(17,(//( h250 k 3 kR L(;3J(wB.vK2SbP J[PTXK k0 d>1'(502'(// 921 c%%P [PZ& (5*,%7 6,&+ '85&+ '$6 c1/(*(1 (,1(5 u3$1181* )2/*(1'( x(5>1'(581*\ f,( u3$1181* )>//7 +$8376>&+/,&+ (17/$1* '(5 %(5*$1*6=21( $%N :2 '(5 63(=,76&+( y,'(567$1' $0 *5?M7(1 ,67] '257 (1767(+7 $/62 (,1( h(/'67>5.(N '85&+ ',( ',( d>1'(5 ,1 '(5 %(5*$1*6=21( 6&+5>* *(67(//7 :(5'(1N :,( 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P [PY% *(=(,*7 :85'(P k0 f85&+/$66%(75,(% %(:,5.7 ',( NNc16&+5>*81*DD '85&+ '(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// (,1( x(55,1*(581* '(5 r27(17,$/678)( $0 31O%(5*$1*P k0 u3(55%(75,(% :,5' ',( r27(17,$/678)( 9(5*5?M(57P k0 f85&+/$66%(75,(% 9,(M7 921 %(,'(1 u(,7(1 (,1 o$-25,7>7675>*(5Ou7520 =80 31O %(5*$1*P y(,7$% 921 '(5 u3(556&+,&+7 ,67 '(5 '257 (%(1)$//6 9,(M(1'( o,125,7>76O 75>*(5Ou7520 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1P k1 '(5 p>+( '(5 u3(556&+,&+7N :2 ',( o,12O 5,7>7675>*(5',&+7( ,1)2/*( '(5 |8:$1'(581* 921 '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7( (5+?+7 ,67N 1,007 '(5 o$-25,7>7675>*(5Ou7520 '85&+ t(.20%,1$7,21 67$5. $%] 1$&+ f85&+75,77 '85&+ '(1 31O%(5*$1* =80 o,125,7>7675>*(5Ou7520 *(:25'(1N 1,007 '(5 u7520 '85&+ t(.20%,1$7,21 :(,7(5 $%N %,6 '$6 $86 '(0 oyi Ji/P J[PSTKK )@5 92//67>1',*( u7?5O 67(//(1Ok21,6$7,21 )2/*(1'( x(5+>/71,6 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5Of,&+7(1 (55(,&+7 ,67\ 1o,1B3o$- 3 J1,BpcKT %=:P J[PTYK 3o,1B1o$- 3 J1,BpfKTP

[PT d>1'(502'(//

WYY

I/A 2000 1500 1000 Sperrspannung 1000 U/V 2000

500 0 0.5

(a)

(b)

1 2 U/V Durchlassspannung

1.0 I/mA

c%%P [PSR J$K u&+$/7%,/' (,1(5 j$/%/(,7(5Of,2'(N J%K m(11/,1,( (,1(5 j2&+/(,6781*6',2'( $86 u, Jf85&+0(66(5 WR 00KP w17(56&+,('/,&+( o$M67>%( )@5 326,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( u7520O 81' u3$1181*6:(57(C

k0 u3(55%(75,(% :(5'(1 ',( o$-25,7>7675>*(5 '85&+ ',( $86*(35>*7( r27(17,$/O 6&+:(//( 921 '(5 u3(556&+,&+7 )(51*(+$/7(1P f,( :(1,*(1 o,125,7>7675>*(5 :(5'(1 '$*(*(1 '85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,1 ',(6(1 d(5(,&+ +,1(,1*(=2*(1 81' ,+5( :(,O 7(5+,1 817(5+$/% '(6 oyiOy(57(6 /,(*(1'( f,&+7( :,5' '85&+ 7+(50,6&+( i(1(5$O 7,21 9(5*5?M(57P f(5 i(1(5$7,21667520 81' '(5 h(/'67520 %,/'(1 =86$00(1 '(1 u3(5567520P d(,0 c1/(*(1 (,1(5 y(&+6(/63$1181* 75(7(1 -( 1$&+ r+$6(1/$*( ',( %(6&+5,(%(1(1 h>//( $%:(&+6(/1' $8)P f(5 31O%(5*$1* :,5.7 $/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(5P f,( m(11/,1,( (,1(6 u7$5.67520Oi/(,&+5,&+7(56 ,67 ,1 c%%P [PSR% '$5*(67(//7] 0$1 %($&+7(N '$66 6,&+ ,1 h/866O %=:P u3(55,&+781* ',( u3$1181*6$&+6(1 80 U 81' ',( u7520$&+6(1 62*$5 80 X i5?M(125'181*(1 817(56&+(,'(1P o$1 6,(+7N '$66 (,1( o,1'(6763$1181* ,1 h/8665,&+781* (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67 81' '$66 ,1 u3(55,&+781* $8&+ (,1 u7520 9,(M7P h(51(5 6,(+7 0$1N '$66 ,1 u3(55,&+781* %(, (,1(5 %(67,007(1 2%(5(1 i5(1=( '(5 u3$1181* 3/?7=/,&+ '(5 u7520 6(+5 67$5. 67(,*7P f,( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( ,0 '@11(1 31O%(5*$1* ,67 62 *52M *(:25'(1N '$66 (,1( k21,6,(581* '(5 i,77(5$720( '85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 81' '$0,7 (,1 n$:,1(1'85&+O %58&+ J$9$/$1&+( %5($.'2:1K (5)2/*7P g,1 $1'(5(5N 925 $//(0 %(, '@11(1 u3(556&+,&+O 7(1 $8)75(7(1'(5 f85&+%58&+0(&+$1,6086 ,67 '(5 v811(/(5(.7 J7811(/,1*KP p(%(1 '(5 i/(,&+5,&+7(5:,5.81* ,67 $8&+ ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 921 d('(8781*P k1 u3(55,&+781* 67(//7 -('(5 31O%(5*$1* (,1(1 m21'(16$725 '$5N :(,/ ',( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+(1 n$'81*(1 %(,'(56(,76 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( '85&+ (,1( ,62O /,(5(1'( |21( *(75(117 6,1'P 3,1O%(5*$1*P f85&+ i(67$/781* '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 Ju7>5.( '(5 f27,(581* $8) %(,O '(1 u(,7(1N 6&+525(5 2'(5 *5$'8(//(5 %(5*$1* 921 3O =8 1Of27,(581*K /$66(1 6,&+ ',( d(75,(%6(,*(16&+$)7(1 9(5>1'(51P u2 .$11 =P dP '(5 u7520$167,(* ,1 u3(55,&+781* =8 +?+(5(1 u3(5563$1181*(1 9(56&+2%(1 :(5'(1N :(11 0$1 '(1 31O%(5*$1* 1,&+7 6&+525 9(5/$8)(1 />667N 621'(51 =:,6&+(1 '(0 3O 81' '(0 1O/(,7(1'(1 v(,/ (,1 i(%,(7 0,7 *(5,1*(5 n$'81*675>*(5.21=(175$7,21 (,1)@*7P k0 g;75(0)$// :,5' =:,6&+(1 3O 81' 1O/(,7(1'(0 d(5(,&+ (,1( |21( 2+1( J2'(5 0,7 6(+5 *(5,1*(5K f27,(581* (,1*(O 6&+2%(1P u2 (1767(+7 (,1( 3,1Of,2'( J$8&+ rkpO 2'(5 3O,O1Of,2'(K] '$6 u8O M(5(1 g1'(1 '(5 x(5%,1'81* $1 (,1 u3$1181*60(66*(5>7 $16&+/,(M7P y,( %(, '(1 o(7$//(1 Jc%6&+1P ZPUPSK (5/>87(57 :85'(N ,67 %(, (,1(5 ,0 u7520.5(,6 *(6&+/266(1(1 m(77( 921 9(56&+,('(1(1 o(7$//(1N =P dP eAcAdAeN ',( u800( $//(5 m217$.763$1O 181*(1 */(,&+ 18//P c8)*581' 921 >+1/,&+(1 %(5/(*81*(1 0866 0$1 (,*(17/,&+ %()@5&+7(1N '$66 ',( g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 ,0 u7520.5(,6 9(5/25(1 *(+(1 J2'(5 =80,1'(67 67$5. 9(5>1'(57 :(5'(1KN :(,/ $1 '(1 819(50(,'/,&+(1 o(7$//B3O j$/%/(,7(5O 81' 1Oj$/%/(,7(5Bo(7$//O%(5*>1*(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( r+>120(1( $8)O 75(7(1P |8 )5$*(1 ,67\ A y,5.7 (,1 o(7$//Bj$/%/(,7(5Om217$.7 >+1/,&+ :,( (,1 31O%(5*$1*a A m$11 0$1 '(1 m217$.7 $/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 7(&+1,6&+ 187=(1a A y,( .$11 0$1 '(1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5Og5(.7 9(50(,'(1 81' (,1(1 5(,1 2+06&+(1 o(7$//Bj$/%/(,7(5Om217$.7 +(567(//(1a Raumladungen

E

E

LB Metall

LB Barriere für LB-Elektronen

Metall EF

Barriere für VB-Löcher VB

VB

(a)

n-Halbleiter x

(b)

p-Halbleiter x

c%%P [PSS o(7$//.217$.7 J$K 0,7 1Oj$/%/(,7(5N J%K 0,7 3Oj$/%/(,7(5P q%(1 A 6&+(0$7,6&+( f$5O 67(//81* '(5 t$80/$'81*(1N 817(1 A d>1'(502'(//P f,( 0,7 g/(.7521(1 %(6(7=7(1 |867>1'( 6,1' +,(5 6&+5$5,(57P

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17(

WY[

f(5 x(5/$8) '(5 d>1'(5 ,1 '(5 p>+( '(6 m217$.7(6 (5*,%7 6,&+ 48$/,7$7,9 $86 '(5 c1*/(,&+81* '(5 h(50,Op,9($86N ',( (,1( r27(17,$/678)( =85 h2/*( +$7P f,( i/(,&+O *(:,&+76Ot$80/$'81*(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P [PSS 2%(1 $1*('(87(7P c8) '(5 o(7$//6(,7( 6,7=(1 ',( t$80/$'81*(1 ',&+7 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+(N ,0 j$/%/(,7(5 (5675(&.(1 6,( 6,&+ @%(5 (,1( *5?M(5( v,()(P n(7=7(5(6 %(:,5.7 ',( *(=(,*7( d$1'9(5%,(*81* J%$1' %(1'O ,1*KP k1 %(,'(1 h>//(1 Jc%%P [PSS$N%K (1767(+7 (,1( r27(17,$/%$55,(5( )@5 ',( o$-2O 5,7>76/$'81*675>*(5 '(6 j$/%/(,7(56N ',( 9(567>5.7 :,5'N :(11 ',( r2/$5,7>7 (,1(5 $1O *(/(*7(1 u3$1181* 62 ,67N '$66 ',( o$-25,7>76/$'81*675>*(5 921 '(5 i5(1=9>&+( =80 j$/%/(,7(5 *(75,(%(1 :(5'(1P k0 80*(.(+57(1 h$//N $/62 o,18632/ $0 1Oj$/%O /(,7(5 2'(5 r/8632/ $0 3Oj$/%/(,7(5N :,5' ',( d$55,(5( $%*(%$87P f(5 %(5*$1* 920 o(7$// =80 j$/%/(,7(5 +$7 $/62 7$76>&+/,&+ i/(,&+5,&+7(5Oy,5.81*P f,(6(5 i/(,&+5,&+7(5Og5(.7 :85'( 6&+21 SZYX 921 hP d5$81 Jp2%(/35(,6 S[R[K (17'(&.7P k1 '(5 m,1'(5=(,7 '(6 t81')81.6 :85'(1 0,7 *52M(0 g5)2/*N :(11 $8&+ 2+1( m(1171,6 '(5 y,5.81*6:(,6(N 62 *(1$117( NNf(7(.725(1DD 9(5:(1'(7N %(, '(1(1 (,1( o(7$//63,7=( )('(51' $8) (,1(0 1$7@5/,&+(1 m5,67$// Jr%uN r%u(K 6$MP f(5 f(O 7(.725Og03)>1*(5 :$5 (,1 (,1)$&+(6 t$',2N ,1 '(0 '(5 f(7(.725 $/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 )@5 ',( f(02'8/$7,21 '(5 $03/,78'(102'8/,(57(1 v5>*(5:(//( Jc%6&+1P WPWPSK (,1O *(6(7=7 :85'(P S[UZ .2117( yP u&+277.< ',( 3+1*( $0 o(7$//B j$/%/(,7(5Om217$.7 (5./>5(1P j(87( +$%(1 o(7$//Bj$/%/(,7(5Om217$.7( ,1 9(5%(66(57(5 c86)@+581* :(*(1 ,+5(5 6(+5 *(5,1*(1 m$3$=,7>7 ,1 '(5 j?&+67)5(48(1=7(&+1,. $/6 u3,7=(1Of,2'(1 2'(5 u&+277.7=/,&+( u7?567(//(1 :,5.(1P d(, '(1 )2/*(1'(1 f,6.866,21(1 921 j$/%/(,7(5Ou&+$/781*(1 :,5' 67,//6&+:(,*(1' $1*(1200(1N '$66 ',( j$/%/(,7(5Oo(7$//Ox(5%,1'81*(1 5(,1 2+06&+( m217$.7( 6,1'P

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( [PUPS f,2'(1N v+7(K %,6 +,1 =8 d$8(/(0(17(1 *()(57,*7N ',( @%(5 VRRR x u3(5563$1181* $8):(,6(1 81' ,1 h/8665,&+781* SRRR c u7520 75$*(1 .?11(1P m$3$=,7>76',2'(P x21 *52M(5 7(&+1,6&+(5 d('(8781* 6,1' f,2'(1N ',( ,0 u3(55%(5(,&+ %(75,(%(1 81' :(*(1 ,+5(5 (/(.75,6&+ 67(8(5%$5(1 m$3$=,7>7 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 Jx$O 5$.725N x$5,.$3N 9$5$&725 ',2'(N 9$5,$%/(O&$3$&,7$1&( ',2'(KP f,( m$3$=,7>7 ,0 u3(55O %(5(,&+ ,67 63$1181*6$%+>1*,*N :(,/ ',( x(5$5081*6=21( %(,0 c1/(*(1 (,1(5 u3(55O 63$1181* 9(5%5(,7(57 :,5'P g%(162 :,( %(,0 c86(,1$1'(5=,(+(1 '(5 r/$77(1 (,1(6 r/$77(1.21'(16$7256 ',( m$3$=,7>7 9(5./(,1(57 :,5'N 1,007 %(, '(5 f,2'( ',( m$O 3$=,7>7 '85&+ ',( x(5*5?M(581* '(6 c%67$1'(6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n$'81*675>*(51 $%P u2/&+( m$3$=,7>76',2'(1 :(5'(1 =P dP %(, '(5 3$5$0(75,6&+(1 x(567>5.81* 9(5:(1'(7N %(, '(5 (,1 r$5$0(7(5 (,1(6 u&+:,1*81*6.5(,6(6N +,(5 $/62 ',( m$3$=,7>7N ,0 t+1=7 '85&+ '$6 u&+$/7%,/' (,1(6 m21'(16$7256N 9(5:(1'(7P |(1(5O 2'(5 |Of,2'( J|(1(5 ',2'( 67$%,/,=(5N 67$%,/,7521KP f85&+ j(567(//81* (,1(6 6&+0$/(1 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+6 .$11 '(5 f85&+%58&+ '(5 f,2'( $%6,&+7/,&+ ,1 '(1 d(5(,&+ ./(,1(5 u3(5563$1181*(1 9(5/(*7 81' 7(&+1,6&+ $86*(187=7 :(5'(1P c/6 |(O 1(5Og5(.7 9(567(+7 0$1 '$6 v811(/1 921 g/(.7521(1 $86 %(6(7=7(1 |867>1'(1 ,0 xd '(6 3Oj$/%/(,7(56 ,1 81%(6(7=7( |867>1'( ,0 nd '(6 1Oj$/%/(,7(56N :$6 %(, 6&+0$O /(1 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+(1 6&+21 %(, 5(/$7,9 ./(,1(1 |(1(5Ou3$1181*(1 921 (,1,*(1 x2/7 0?*/,&+ ,67 81' ,1 %(,'(1 d>1'(51 =86>7=/,&+( n$'81*675>*(5 (5=(8*7P o$1 9(5:(1'(7 |Of,2'(1 ,1 u&+$/781*(1N ,1 '(1(1 (,1( %(67,007( u3$1181* 1,&+7 @%(5O 6&+5,77(1 :(5'(1 '$5)P |:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 ,1 t(,+( J%$&.O72O%$&.K *(6&+$/7(7( |O f,2'(1 (5*(%(1 (,1(1 63$1181*6$%+>1*,*(1 y,'(567$1'N '(5 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 r2/81* =85 u3$1181*667$%,/,6,(581* 81' =80 %(563$1181*66&+87= (,1*(6(7=7 :(5O '(1 .$11P u,On$:,1(1',2'(1 0,7 *52M9>&+,*(0 31O%(5*$1* )@5 +2+( u3(5567520O 75$*)>+,*.(,7 J68335(6625 ',2'(6N 75$16,(17 |(1(5 $%625%(56K :85'(1 63(=,(// )@5 ',( goxOv(&+1,. Jgox 3 g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( x(575>*/,&+.(,7N (/(&7520$*1(7,& &20O 3$7,%,/,71'(5 '(5 o$-25,7>7675>*(5 ,1 '(5 p>+( '(5 d$1'.$17( 81' ',( o$O -25,7>7675>*(5 6,1' 62 =$+/5(,&+N '$66 '$6 xd '(6 3Oi(%,(7(6 817(5+$/% '(5 d$1'.$17( NN92// 0,7 n?&+(51DD J$/62 /((5K ,67 81' '$6 nd '(6 1Oi(%,(7(6 2%(5+$/% '(5 m$17( 0,7 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $1*()@//7 ,67P k1 '(5 u7520Ou3$1181*6.(11/,1,( Jc%%P [PST%K @%(5/$*(57 6,&+ '(5 1250$/( f,2O '(167520 Jt(.20%,1$7,21667520 ,0 f85&+/$66%(5(,&+N i(1(5$7,21667520 ,0 u3(55O %(5(,&+K 0,7 '(0 g6$.,Ou7520N '(5 ,1 '(5 921 '(5 $1*(/(*7(1 u3$1181* (5=:81*(1(1 t,&+781* 9,(M7N :(11 '(5 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+ 6&+0$/ ,67 81' ,0 d>1'(502'(// '(1 n?&+(51 $8) '(5 (,1(1 u(,7( ,1 */(,&+(5 J(1(5*(7,6&+(5K j?+( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7( *(*(1@%(567(+(1P f,(6(5 g6$.,Ou7520 ,67 0$;,0$/N :(11 ',( %(5/$3381* 921 xd '(6 3Oi(%,(7(6 81' nd '(6 1Oi(%,(7(6 *(5$'( '(5(1 d(6(7=81*

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( IJmA 5

B Kennlinie

Esaki-Strom 0.3

WZS

C Rekombinationsstrom

0.1 0.2

0.2 0.1

0.3 0.4

0.5 UJV

Zener-Strom

Generationsstrom A (a)

-5

(b)

c%%P [PST v811(/Of,2'(\ J$K u&+$/7%,/' J%K m(11/,1,( J6&+(0$7,6&+KP f,( x25*>1*( $1 '(1 0,7 cN d 81' e 0$5.,(57(1 r81.7(1 :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 )2/*(1'(1 c%%,/'81* ,0 d>1'(502'(// '$5*(67(//7P A

B

C

E

x

c%%P [PSU x25*>1*( ,1 '(5 v811(/Of,2'( $1 '(1 r81.7(1 cN d 81' e '(5 925$1*(*$1*(1(1 c%%,/'81*\ JcK |(1(5Ov811(/67520N JdK g6$.,Ov811(/67520N JeK f,586,21667520P

0,7 n?&+(51 %=:P n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 (17635,&+7 Jc%%P [PSUN h$// dKP l(16(,76 '(6 u75200$;,0806 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 J326,7,9(5K u3$1181* )>//7 '(5 g6$.,Ou7520 $8) 18//N :(11 ',( ndOw17(5.$17( '(6 1Oi(%,(7(6 ',( j?+( '(5 xdOq%(5.$17( '(6 3O i(%,(7(6 (55(,&+7 +$7P h@5 '(1 :(,7(5(1 u7520$167,(* 625*7 '(5 1250$/( f,2'(1O 67520N '(5 921 '(5 t(.20%,1$7,21 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 *(75$*(1 :,5' Jh$// eKP k0 d(5(,&+ 1(*$7,9(5 u3$1181*(1 *(+7 '(5 g6$.,Ou7520 ,1 (,1(1 |(1(5Ou7520 @%(5N 62%$/' ',( n?&+(5 ,0 xd '(6 3Oi(%,(7(6 +?+(5 /,(*(1 $/6 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,0 nd '(6 1Oi(%,(7(6N '(11 '$11 .?11(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 ,0 xd '(6 3Oi(%,(7(6 ,1 ',( 81%(6(7=7(1 |867>1'( ,0 nd '(6 1Oi(%,(7(6 @%(5*(+(1 Jh$// cKP f,( u800( 921 g6$.,O 81' |(1(5Ou7520 (5*,%7 )@5 ',( m(11/,1,( (,1( 67(,/( i(5$'( '85&+ '(1 p8//381.7P d(621'(56 ,17(5(66$17 ,67 '(5 )$//(1'( v(,/ '(5 m(11/,1,(N 5(&+76 920 o$;,080\ c86 'kB'w " R )2/*7N '$66 ',5(5(17,(//(5 u7520 81' ',5(5(17,(//( u3$1181* $1 '(5 v811(/',2'( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(6 x25=(,&+(1 +$%(1P f$0,7 :,5' ',( ,1 ',(6(0 m(11O /,1,(1%(5(,&+ %(75,(%(1( v811(/',2'( (,1 $.7,9(5 |:(,32/P u2/&+( d$8(/(0(17( 6,1' =85 u&+:,1*81*6(55(*81* *((,*1(7P f,( v811(/',2'( :,5' =85 g5=(8*81* +?&+67O )5(48(17(5 u&+:,1*81*(1 J%,6 SRR ij=K 9(5:(1'(7 81' ,67 6(+5 5$86&+$50P

WZT

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

u7(8(5%$5( u,/,&,80Oi/(,&+5,&+7(5 2'(5 v+8&+O /,&+( d(=(,&+181* ,67 =86$00(1*(6(7=7 $86 v+1*( S 81' U $1 n$'81*675>*(51 9(5$507] (6 .$11 620,7 .(,1 u7520 9,(M(1P d(, '(5 r2/81* 921 c%%P [PSV% 63(557 =81>&+67 '(5 31O%(5*$1* TN :>+5(1' ',( %(,'(1 $1'(5(1 '(1 u7520 '85&+/$66(1P y,5' ,1 ',(6(0 |867$1' (,1 .85=(5 326,7,9(5 |@1',038/6 J=P dP 921 SRR =6 f$8(5K $1 ',( 3O/(,7(1'( u7(8(5=21( *(*(%(1N 62 :(5'(1 g/(.7521(1 $86 '(5 1O/(,7(1'(1 m$7+2'(1=21( *(O 6$8*7N 81' :(,/ ',( u7(8(5=21( 6(+5 '@11 ,67N *(/$1*(1 ',( 0(,67(1 g/(.7521(1 A 2+1( ,1 ',(6(5 3O|21( =8 5(.20%,1,(5(1 A ,1 ',( 0,77/(5( u3(556&+,&+7N ',( 181 '85&+O />66,* :,5'P f(5 (,16(7=(1'( u75209866 %5,1*7 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,1 ',( u7(8(5=21( 81' 9(567>5.7 ',( y,5.81* '(6 85635@1*/,&+(1 i$7(Or8/6(6P f85&+ ',(6(1 t@&..233O /81*60(&+$1,6086 67(,*7 '(5 c12'(167520 /$:,1(1$57,* $1N %,6 (5 '85&+ '(1 c8M(1O :,'(567$1' %(*5(1=7 :,5'P f(5 0,77/(5( J(,*(17/,&+ 63(55(1'(K 31O%(5*$1* :,5' 0,7 n$'81*675>*(51 =8*(6&+:(007P p$&+ '(0 |@1'63$1181*638/6 %/(,%7 '(5 v+66,*N %,6 ',( $1O /,(*(1'( u3$1181* '85&+ 18// *(+7 81' '(1 u7520 817(5%5,&+7P f,( r+$6(1/$*( '(6 |@1',038/6(6 %(67,007 ',( f$8(5 '(5 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 u7520.833(1P f85&+ x(5O 6&+,(%(1 '(6 |@1',038/6(6 />667 6,&+ $/62 '(5 o,77(/:(57 '(6 u7520(6 67(8(51P f,( I

Flusskennlinie

A G

G (a)

K K

n

p 1

(b)

n 2

p

A

Sperrkennlinie

3

U

(c)

c%%P [PSV v+%/,&+KP

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17(

WZU

:,&+7,*67(1 c1:(1'81*6*(%,(7( 6,1' ',( u7(8(5O 81' t(*(/7(&+1,. 81' 1(8(5',1*6 $8&+ ',( j2&+63$1181*6Oi/(,&+67520@%(575$*81*P h@5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1 ,67 (6 (,1 p$&+7(,/ '(6 v+1*(K 48$17,7$7,9 (5)$667 81' %(6&+5,(%(1P f,(6( '5(, r+86( $8) n(,7(53/$77(1 0217,(57 81' 0,7 3$66,9(1 u&+$/7(/(0(17(1 :,( y,'(567>1'(1 81' m21'(16$725(1 0,77(/6 $8)*('58&.7(5 m83)(5%$+1(1 9(5%81'(1P i(50$1,80N /(,&+O 7(5 =8 9(5$5%(,7(1 $/6 u,/,&,80N :$5 '$6 %(925=8*7( j$/%/(,7(5Oo$7(5,$/P j(87( :(5'(1 v5$16,6725(1 $0 +>87*67(1 ,1 ,17(*5,(57(1 u&+$/781*(1 9(5:(1'(7N :2 6,( $8) ./(,167(0 t$80N =86$00(1 0,7 '(1 3$66,9(1 d$8(/(0(17(1N $8) (,1(0 u,/,&,803/>77&+(1 817(5*(%5$&+7 6,1'P u,/,&,80 ,67 '$6 :,&+7,*67( j$/%/(,7(50$7(5,$/P u(,1( +(59255$*(1'( v(03(5$785)(67,*.(,7 *(67$77(7 d(75,(%67(03(5$785(1 %,6 =8 TRR@e 81' (17635(&+(1' +2+( n(,6781*6',&+7(1P o,7 u,/,&,80.$5%,' Ju,eK +257 0$1N =8.@1)7,* 12&+ +?+(5( d(75,(%67(03(5$785(1 (55(,&+(1 =8 .?11(1P f$6 y257 NNv5$16,6725DD ,67 $86 75$16J)(5K J5(6K,6725 (1767$1'(1P x21 9(56&+,('(1(1 v1*(1 /,(*7 (,1( '@11( u&+,&+7 *(5,1*(5 f27,(581*N ',( (7:$ 185 RPRS 00 ',&. ,67N 62'$66 ',( %(,'(1 %(5*>1*( 6(+5 (1* %(1$&+%$57 6,1'P f,(6( 6&+0$/( u&+,&+7N d$6,6 J%$6(K *(1$117N .$11 (17:('(5 3O 2'(5 1O/(,7(1'

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( gezogener T. B C

Legierungs-T.

E

Mesa-T. E

C E

B

Planar-T.

B

E C

WZW

Epitaxial-Mesa-T. Epitaxial-Planar-T. E

B C

B

E

B

C epitaxiale Zone

epitaxiale Zone

C

c%%P [PSW d$8)250(1 '(6 h/>&+(175$16,67256\ g 3 g0,77(5N d 3 d$6,6N e 3 m2//(.725P f(5 i$1* '(5 7(&+1,6&+(1 g17:,&./81* (17635,&+7 (7:$ '(5 h2/*( 921 /,1.6 1$&+ 5(&+76P

6(,1P g6 *,%7 620,7 =:(, 0?*/,&+( c57(1N '(1 313O 81' '(1 131Ov5$16,6725] %(,'( :(5'(1 9(5:(1'(7P x(56&+,('(1( d$8)250(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P [PSW 6.,==,(57P k1 '(5 h5@+O =(,7 '20,1,(57(1 ',( u3,7=(1O 81' n(*,(581*675$16,6725(1 $86 i(50$1,80P f,( r/$O 1$57(&+12/2*,( :85'( S[XR (,1*()@+57P g,1( :(,7(5( :(6(17/,&+( x(5%(66(581* :85'( (55(,&+7 '85&+ '$6 .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+ 25,(17,(57( c8):$&+6(1 $8) (,1(5 (,1.5,67$//,1(1 w17(5/$*( Jg3,7$;,(N (3,7$;+,*.(,7N ',( $720$5 0,7 '(5 w17(5/$*( 9(5%81'(1 ,67P j(87( '20,1,(5(1 ',( g3,7$;,$/Or/$1$5Ov5$16,6725(1 J(3,7$;,$/ 3/$1$5 75$16,6725K $86 u,/,&,80P f,( p$0(1 g0,77(5 81' m2//(.725 Jc%%P [PSWK /$66(1 6,&+ $86 '(5 h81.7,216:(,6( '(6 v5$16,67256 (5./>5(1\ f(5 g0,77(5 (17635,&+7 '(5 m$7+2'(N '(5 m2//(.725 '(5 c12'( (,1(5 x(567>5.(55?+5(P f,( d(=(,&+181* d$6,6 ,67 '$*(*(1 +,6725,6&+ %(*5@1O '(7P f,( (567(1 v5$16,6725(1 :$5(1 u3,7=(175$16,6725(1N %(, '(1(1 =:(, )(,1( o(O 7$//63,7=(1 $8) (,1(1 m5,67$//N (%(1 $8) ',( d$6,6N *('5@&.7 :$5(1P c1 ',(6( u3,7O =(175$16,6725(1 (5,11(57 $8&+ 12&+ '$6 u&+$/7=(,&+(1 )@5 (,1(1 v5$16,6725 J9*/P c%%P [PSXKN '$6 ,1 '(5 g0,77(5=8)@+581* (,1( r)(,/63,7=( +$7N ',( ,1 h/8665,&+781* '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 =:,6&+(1 g0,77(5 81' d$6,6 =(,*7N %(,0 313Ov5$16,6725 $/62 920 g0,77(5 =85 d$6,6N %(,0 131Ov5$16,6725 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7P f,( y,5.81*6:(,6( '(6 v5$16,67256 %(67(+7 '$5,1N '(1 *(63(557(1 31O%(5*$1* J=:,6&+(1 d$6,6 81' m2//(.725K '85&+ NNk1-(.7,21DD 921 n$'81*675>*(51 /(,7)>+,* =8 0$&+(1P k1 '(0 d(,63,(/ (,1(6 313Ov5$16,67256 6,1' (6 n?&+(5N ',( 920 g0,77(5 +(5 ,1 ',( '@11( d$6,66&+,&+7 *(/$1*(1N 921 +,(5 '85&+ f,586,21 ,1 '$6 i(%,(7 '(6 *(63(557(1 31O%(5*$1*6 .200(1 81' '257 '85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' =80 m2/O /(.725 $%*(6$8*7 :(5'(1P g,1 v(,/ 921 ,+1(1 *(+7 '85&+ t(.20%,1$7,21 0,7 '(1 g/(.7521(1 9(5/25(1N 925 $//(0 ,1 '(5 d$6,6N ',( -$ J,0 d(,63,(/ '(6 313Ov5$16,67256K 1O/(,7(1' ,67N :2 $/62 ',( g/(.7521(1 o$-25,7>7675>*(5 6,1'P w0 '(1 x(5/867 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1 =8 0$&+(1N ,67 ',( d$6,6 6(+5 '@11 81' $8M(5'(0 6&+:$&+ '27,(57P f$'85&+ (17+>/7 ',( d$6,6 :(1,* )5(,( g/(.7521(1 81' ',( t(.20%,1$7,2165$7( ,67 9(5+>/7O 1,60>M,* ./(,1P f,( d$6,66&+,&+7 ,67 $8&+ '(6+$/% '@11N '$0,7 ',( f()(.7(/(.7521(1 /(,&+7 921 (,1(5 u(,7( =85 $1'(5(1 ',581',(5(1 .?11(1P o$1 (55(,&+7 62N '$66 '(5 m2//(.72567520 (7:$ [[@ '(6 g0,77(5675206 %(75>*7P o$1 1(117 ',(6( u&+$/781*N ,1 :(/&+(5 ',( d$6,6 ',( *(0(,16$0( g/(.752'( )@5 g,1*$1* 81' c86*$1* ,67N ',( d$6,66&+$/781* Jc%%P [PSX$KP y(,/ (,1( *(5,1*( u&+:>&+81* '(6 u75206 (5)2/*7N ,67 ',( u75209(567>5.81* ,1 ',(6(5 u&+$/781* ./(,1(5 $/6 (,16P f,( u3$1181*69(567>5.81* ,67 $%(5 (5+(%/,&+\ f(5 ,11(5( y,'(567$1' '(6 g0,77(5Od$6,6Ou7520.5(,6(6 ,67 6(+5 ./(,1N :(,/ '(5 31O%(5*$1* ,1 h/8665,&+781* *(32/7 ,67P f(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 d$6,6O

WZX

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51 IC

IE U EB

IC

IB

RL U CB

U CE

IB

IE

10

10

IE JmA --8

8

--6

6

--4

IC JmA 4

0 +20 (a)

--20 --40 U CB JV

8

--100

6

--80

2

0 0

IBJÌA --120

IC JmA 4

--2

2

RL

U BE

--60

--80

0 0

--100 (b)

--60 --40 --20 0 --20

--40 --60 U CE JV

--80

--100

c%%P [PSX 313Ou,Oh/>&+(175$16,6725N i581'6&+$/781*(1 81' m(11/,1,(1)(/'(5\ J$K d$6,66&+$/O 781*N J%K g0,77(56&+$/781* J1$&+ d'P XN c%%P XPXUKP

m2//(.725Om5(,6(6 ,67 *52MP g,1( g5+?+81* '(6 m2//(.725675206 '85&+ k1-(.7,21 921 n$'81*675>*(51 9(5856$&+7 $0 c5%(,76:,'(567$1' ',(6(6 u7520.5(,6(6 (,1( 9,(/ *5?O M(5( u3$1181*N $/6 6,( $0 g,1*$1* '(6 g0,77(5Od$6,6Om5(,6(6 )@5 '(1 */(,&+(1 u7520 (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67P f$ ',( u75?0( ,0 g0,77(5.5(,6 81' ,0 m2//(.725.5(,6 1$+(=8 */(,&+ 6,1'N ,67 ',( u3$1181*69(567>5.81* 81*()>+5 */(,&+ '(0 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 y,'(567>1'( %(,'(5 m5(,6(P g,1( g5+?+81* '(5 u3$1181* =:,6&+(1 d$6,6 81' m2//(.725 %5,1*7 .(,1( g5+?+81* '(6 m2//(.725675206P f,( m(11/,1,(1 ke 3 )JwedK =(,*(1 1$&+ 67(,O /(0 c167,(* %(, wed 3 R J,1)2/*( '(5 f,586,21 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 6&+21 %(, 18//CK (,1(1 +25,=217$/(1 x(5/$8)P y>+/7 0$1 '(1 g0,77(567520 kg $/6 r$5$0(7(5N 62 (5O *(%(1 6,&+ @%(5(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1'(N 3$5$//(/( i(5$'(1 Jc%%P [PSX$KP y(,/ '(5 g0,77(5O 81' '(5 m2//(.72567520 )$67 */(,&+ 6,1'N ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N ',( u7(8(581* 67$77 $0 g0,77(5 $8&+ $1 '(5 d$6,6 925=81(+0(1P f(5 g0,77(5 ,67 '$11 *(0(,16$0( g/(.752'( )@5 g,1*$1*6O 81' c86*$1*6.5(,6 Jg0,77(56&+$/781*N c%%P [PSX%KP f,( g,1*$1*663$1181* /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 d$6,6 81' g0,77(5P f(5 g,1*$1*6:,O '(567$1' J3 g,1*$1*663$1181*Bg,1*$1*667520K ,67 *5?M(5 $/6 %(, '(5 d$6,66&+$/O 781* 81' %(75>*7 (7:$ S ./P f,( u75209(567>5.81* %(75>*7 +,(5 (7:$ SR %,6 SRRN ,0 i(*(16$7= =85 )(+/(1'(1 u75209(567>5.81* %(, '(5 d$6,66&+$/781*P A f,( '5,77( d(75,(%6$57 ,67 ',( m2//(.7256&+$/781* J+,(5 1,&+7 ',6.87,(57KN %(, :(/&+(5 '(5 m2//(.725 ',( *(0(,16$0( g/(.752'( )@5 g,1*$1*6O 81' c86*$1*6.5(,6 ,67P f,( d$6,66&+$/781* +$7 '(1 x257(,/ (,1(5 +2+(1 i5(1=)5(48(1= %(, *87(5 u3$1O 181*69(567>5.81*] '(5 c86*$1*6:,'(567$1' ,67 $//(5',1*6 *52MP f,(6( u&+$/781* :,5' )@5 ',( i$77(5 '(5 f,*,7$/(/(.7521,. Jc%6&+1P [PUPVK 9(5:(1'(7P f,( g0,77(56&+$/781* (037(+/7 6,&+ :(*(1 ,+5(5 +2+(1 u7520O 81' u3$1181*69(567>5.81*] ',( 1,('5,*(

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17(

WZY

i5(1=)5(48(1= ,67 (,1 p$&+7(,/P f,( m2//(.7256&+$/781* %(6,7=7 *87( u75209(567>5O .81* 81' (,1(1 ./(,1(1 c86*$1*6:,'(567$1'P f,( j(567(//(5750(1 =(,*(1 ,1 ,+5(1 f$7(1%/>77(51 ',( m(11/,1,(1 '(5 v5$16,6725(1 81' *(%(1 $1N :(/&+( '(5 '5(, u&+$/O 781*6$57(1 )@5 '(1 -(:(,/,*(1 x(5:(1'81*6=:(&. *@167,* ,67P f,( %,32/$5(1 v5$16,6725(1 +$%(1 7527= ,+5(5 x25=@*( (,1(1 *52M(1 p$&+7(,/\ u,( $5%(,7(1 0,7 n$'81*675>*(5Ok1-(.7,21N 'P +P 6,( 6,1' 67520*(67(8(57N 81' ',( u7(8(O 581* ,67 1,&+7 /(,6781*6/26P f(5 g,1*$1*6:,'(567$1' ,67 ./(,1P d(, 9,(/(1 c1:(1'81O *(1 .2007 (6 $%(5 925N '$66 185 6(+5 :(1,*( n$'81*675>*(5 =85 u7(8(581* (,1(6 x(567>5.(5(/(0(17(6 925+$1'(1 6,1'P f,( :(1,*(1 g/(.7521(1 62//7(1 0?*/,&+67 $//( )@5 (,1( /(,6781*6/26( x(567>5.81* =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+(1P j(87( ,67 '$6 0,7 '(0 817(1 %(+$1'(/7(1 h(/'(5(.7Ov5$16,6725 JhgvK 0?*/,&+P u(,1 p$0( %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) ',( c57 '(5 u7(8(581*N ',(N *(1$8 :,( %(, '(5 g/(.7521(1Ox(567>5.(55?+5(N '85&+ '$6 0,7 '(5 u7(8(563$1181* 352'8=,(57( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' %(:,5.7 :,5'P u3(556&+,&+7Oh(/'(5(.7Ov5$16,6725P f(5 u3(556&+,&+7Ohgv 0,7 1Om$1$/ %(67(+7 ,1 6(,O 1(5 (,1)$&+67(1 h250 $86 (,1(0 1O/(,7(1'(1 j$/%/(,7(567>%&+(1N ,1 :(/&+(6 921 %(,O '(1 u(,7(1 3O/(,7(1'( |21(1 (,1',581',(57 6,1'N 62'$66 =:,6&+(1 ,+1(1 185 (,1 6&+0$/(5 1O/(,7(1'(5 m$1$/ 9(5%/(,%7P f,( g1'(1 '(6 j$/%/(,7(567>%&+(16 6,1' 0,7 63(556&+,&+7)5(,(1 o(7$//.217$.7(1 9(56(+(1 81' +(,M(1 u285&( Js8(//(K 81' f5$,1 Ju(1.(K] 6,( (17635(&+(1 '(5 m$7+2'( 81' c12'( '(5 x(567>5.(55?+5(P f,( 6(,7/,&+(1 3O|21(1 6,1' (/(.75,6&+ 9(5%81'(1 81' %,/'(1 ',( u7(8(5(/(.752'( '(6 hgvN '$6 i$7( Jv25N $8&+ NNi,77(5DDN :(*(1 '(5 h81.7,216>+1/,&+.(,7 0,7 '(0 i,77(5 '(5 v5,O 2'(KP o,7 '(5 i$7(Ou3$1181* .$11 '(5 =:,6&+(1 u285&( 81' f5$,1 9,(M(1'( u7520 %((,198667 :(5'(1P f(5 31O%(5*$1* :,5' ,00(5 ,1 u3(5581*N $/62 0,7 wi " R %(75,(%(1P f(6+$/% ,67 '(5 @%(5 '$6 i$7( 9,(M(1'( u3(5567520 6(+5 ./(,1N 81' ',( u7(8(581* (5)2/*7 35$.7,6&+ /(,6781*6/26P k0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 67520*(67(8(57(1 h/>&+(175$16,6725 +$7 '(5 63$1181*6*(67(8(5O 7( u3(556&+,&+7Ohgv 925 $//(0 '(1 x257(,/ (,1(6 +2+(1 g,1*$1*6:,'(567$1'(6N '(5 (,1( J35$.7,6&+K /(,6781*6/26( u7(8(581* (50?*/,&+7P g,1 :(,7(5(5 x257(,/ ,67 ',( *(O 5,1*(5( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7P oquhgvP u7$77 '85&+ (,1(1 63(55(1'(1 31O%(5*$1* .$11 ',( u7(8(5(/(.752'( Ji$O 7(K $8&+ '85&+ (,1( k62/,(56&+,&+7 920 m$1$/ *(75(117 :(5'(1 J,168/$7(' *$7( 7(/'O (5(&7 75$16,6725N kihgvKP d(, '(5 7(&+1,6&+ :,&+7,*67(1 d$8)250 ,67 ',( o(7$//O u7(8(5(/(.752'( '85&+ (,1( q;,'6&+,&+7 JZ(7$/ \;,'(K 920 j$/%/(,7(5 J`(0,&21'8&725K *(75(117] ',(6(5 S,(/'OR5(&7 a5$16,6725 :,5' '(6+$/% 0,7 '(0 c.5215.( '(6 u,qT *5?M(5 $/6 W 6 SRX xB&0 ,67N 6,1' %(, ',(6(5 u&+,&+7',&.( i$7(Ou3$1181*(1 %,6 =8 uTW x 0?*/,&+P f,( j(567(//81* '(5 u,qTOq;,'6&+,&+7 (5)2/*7 =P dP '85&+ 7+(5O 0,6&+( q;,'$7,21 '(6 625*)>/7,* *(5(,1,*7(1 u,Ou8%675$76 %(, SRRR@e ,1 5(,1(0 u$8O (56725] '$1$&+ :,5' ',( u&+,&+7 =80 u&+87= 925 x(5815(,1,*81*(1 '85&+ o(7$//,O 6,(581* Jc/K 9(56&+/266(1P y,5 (5/>87(51 48$/,7$7,9 ',( r+&+( 0,7 (,1(5 J,1 c%%P [PSY @%(575,(%(1 ',&. *(=(,&+1(7(1K u,qTOu&+,&+7 %(O '(&.7N $8) '(5 6,&+ ',( u7(8(5(/(.752'( JiK %(71'(7P %/,&+(5:(,6( :(5'(1 u8%675$7 JdK 81' u285&( JuK (/(.75,6&+ 9(5%81'(1P f,( f5$,1Ou3$1181* ,67 326,7,9 %(=@*/,&+ u 81' dN 'P +P '(5 31O%(5*$1* 921 d 1$&+ f 63(557 81' 817(5+$/% '(6 1O/(,7(1'(1 fOd(5(,&+6 %,/'(7 6,&+ ,0 3Ou, (,1( x(5$5081*6=21(N ,1 '(5 ',( 2576)(67(1 81.20O 3(16,(57(1 c.=(3725Ok21(1 (,1( 1(*$7,9( t$80/$'81* (5=(8*(1P f,( u3$1181* $0 i$7( JiK ,67 (%(1)$//6 326,7,9 %(=@*/,&+ u 81' dP f,( 326,7,9( n$'81* $8) '(5 i$7(O g/(.752'( ,198(1=,(57 (17635(&+(1'( 1(*$7,9( n$'81*(1 $8) '(5 j$/%/(,7(52%(59>O &+( 817(5+$/% '(5 u,qTOu&+,&+7] ',(6( %(67(+(1 =80 v(,/ $86 '(1 2576)(67(1 c.=(3725O k21(1N $%(5 =80 v(,/ $8&+ $86 %(:(*/,&+(1 g/(.7521(1N '(1 o,125,7>7675>*(51 '(6 3Ou,N ',( 6,&+ $1 '(5 921 o$-25,7>7675>*(51 9(5$507(1 q%(59>&+( $15(,&+(51P c1'(56 )2508/,(57\ f85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' =:,6&+(1 '(5 326,7,9(1 u7(8(5(/(.752'( i 81' '(0 1(*$7,9(1 u8%675$7 JdK (5)2/*7 (,1( x(5%,(*81* '(5 g1(5*,(%>1'(5 ,0 3O /(,7(1'(1 u,/,&,80 '(5$57N '$66 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( (,1( k19(56,21 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 $8)75(7(1 .$11P f,( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 3Ou, %,/'(1 (,1(1 1Ok19(56,216.$1$/P y(*(1 '(5 */(,&+(1 r2/$5,7>7 921 i 81' f />667 ',( k198(1=:,5O .81* ,1 f5$,1Op>+( 1$&+] '(6:(*(1 :,5' '(5 k19(56,216.$1$/ 921 u 1$&+ f 9$&+(5 81' 9(56&+:,1'(7 $0 c%[email protected] J3,1&+O25 32,17KP f(5 921 '(5 u3$1181* wfu *(75,(%(1( f5$,1Ou7520 kf ,67 %(,0 1Om$1$/Ooquhgv (,1 g/(.7521(167520N '(5 920 1Od(5(,&+ 817(5+$/% u ,1 '(1 k19(56,216.$1$/ ,1-,=,(57 :,5'N ,0 m$1$/ $/6 h(/'O 67520 9,(M7N ,1 '(5 w0*(%81* '(6 c%[email protected](6 ,1 (,1(1 f,586,21667520 @%(5O *(+7 81' 920 31O%(5*$1* J3Ou8%675$7B1Of5$,1K ,1 u3(5581* (;75$+,(57 :,5'P

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17(

WZ[

Anreicherung (Enhancement) D

D G

B S

G S

(a)

n p

B

n

IDmax

U GS >U P

ID

UP U GS

U DS

U GS ≈U P

Verarmung (Depletion)

G

B S

(b)

IDmax

D

D

G S

p n

U GS = 0

S

U GS < 0

ID UP

U GS

U DS

U GS ≈U P

c%%P [PSZ 1Om$1$/Ooquhgv6\ u&+$/7%,/'N s8(56&+1,77 81' m(11/,1,(1)(/' J6&+(0$7,6&+KN J$K c15(,&+(581*67+,*.(,7 (1767(+7 (567 '85&+ ',( c86%,/'81* '(6 k19(56,216.$1$/6 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 J326,7,9(5K i$7(O u3$1181*P k0 i(*(16$7= '$=8 ,67 %(,0 x(5$5081*67*(5 ,1 '$6 f5$,1Oi(%,(7 $%*(9266(1P f,( u&+$/7/(,6781* $//(5 h(/'(5(.775$16,6725(1 ,67 '$O '85&+ %(*5(1=7N '$66 '(5 m$1$/ 6(+5 '@11 ,67 J" SRR 10K 81' '(6+$/% 185 (,1( *(5,1*( u752075$*)>+,*.(,7 %(6,7=7P f,( oquhgv6 :(5'(1 +(87( )$67 $866&+/,(M/,&+ ,1 h250 921 ,17(*5,(57(1 u&+$/O 781*(1 Je+,36K +(5*(67(//7 81' 925 $//(0 ,1 '(5 ',*,7$/(1 g/(.7521,. (,1*(6(7=7P g,1 p$&+7(,/ '(5 oquhgv6 81' '(5 oquOe+,36 ,67 ,+5( *52M( g0371'/,&+.(,7 *(*(1 %(563$1181*(1 $0 i$7(P f,( '@11( u,qTOk62/,(56&+,&+7 .$11 6&+21 '85&+

W[R

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

u3$1181*(1 @%(5 SR x %(6&+>',*7 :(5'(1P f$5$86 (5*(%(1 6,&+ (,1,*( 675(1*( j$1'O +$%81*69256&+5,)7(1\ oquOd$8(/(0(17( 62//(1 %,6 =80 i(%5$8&+ ,1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+ /(,7(1'(1 n,()(59(53$&.81* 9(5%/(,%(1P u,( '@5)(1 *581'6>7=/,&+ 1,&+7 $1 '(1 c1O 6&+/@66(1 %(5@+57 :(5'(1 81' 1,&+7 0,7 (/(.75267$7,6&+ $89$'%$5(1 o$7(5,$/,(1 Jm81676725Oh2/,(1N u77(N y(5.=(8*(N c5O %(,763/$77( 81' c5%(,76.5$)7 0@66(1 '$6 */(,&+( r27(17,$/ +$%(1P x25 '(5 g171$+0( $86 '(5 /(,7(1'(1 x(53$&.81* 0866 ',(6( ',( /(,7(1'( c5%(,763/$77( %(5@+5(1P k17(*5,(57( u&+$/781*(1P u,( %(67(+(1 $86 u,/,&,80 J6(/7(1(5 i$c6K ,1 h250 921 r/>77O &+(1 J&+,36K 921 (,1,*(1 o,//,0(7(51 m$17(1/>1*(N $8) '(1(1 (,1( x,(/=$+/ 921 d$8O (/(0(17(1 (,1*(%(77(7 6,1'P p85 ',( u7(//(1 $8) '(0 u,N :2 6,&+ 7$76>&+/,&+ =P dP v5$16,6725(1 2'(5 f,2'(1 %(71'(1N (5+$/7(1 ',( =85 g5=(8*81* '(5 31O%(5*>1*( 127:(1',*( f27,(581*P f$6 i(%,(7 '$=:,6&+(1 %/(,%7 6&+:$&+ '27,(57 81' '$+(5 5(/$7,9 *87 ,62/,(5(1'P c8) ',(6( y(,6( 71'(7 .(,1 m85=6&+/866 =:,6&+(1 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 d$8(/(0(17(1 $8) '(0 u,/,&,80.5,67$// 67$77P f,( NNx(5%,1'81*6'5>+7(DD =:,6&+(1 '(1 d$8(/(0(17(1 %(67(+(1 $86 $8)*('$03)7(1 81' 6(/(.7,9 :,('(5 (17)(517(1 o(7$//O 6&+,&+7(1P f$ ',( j(567(//81* 92//$8720$7,6&+ ,1 *52M(1 u7@&.=$+/(1 *(6&+,(+7 81' '(5 o$7(5,$/35(,6 %(, '(1 ./(,1(1 c%0(6681*(1 .$80 (,1( t2//( 63,(/7N 6,1' ke6 +(87( 6(+5 35(,6:(57P k17(*5,(57( u&+$/781*(1 J,17(*5$7(' &,5&8,76N ke6K *,%7 (6 (7:$ 6(,7 S[XRP |:(, +(O 5$865$*(1'( r,21,(5( '(5 keOg17:,&./81*N 0,7 :(6(17/,&+(1 d(,75>*(1 =8 g571'81O *(1N r$7(17(1 81' h,50(1Oo$1$*(0(17N :$5(1 l$&. u7Pe/$,5 m,/%< JS[TUATRRWN p2%(/35(,6 TRRRK 921 v(;$6 k167580(176 81' t2%(57 pP p21'( 81' :$5(1 7(8(5P c%(5 ',( 6&+1(// (5.$117(1 x257(,/( '(5 1(8(1 v(&+12/2*,( )@+57(1 =8 (,1(5 5$6$17(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 g17:,&.81*P t@&.%/,&.(1' 635,&+7 0$1 921 '(1 6&+1(// $8)(,1$1'(5 )2/*(1'(1 g32&+(1 '(5 u0$//Ou&$/( k17(*5$7,21N *()2/*7 921 o(',80Ou&$/( 81' n$5*(Ou&$/( k17(*5$7,21P f(5 ,1 '(1 XR(5 l$+5(1 925+(556&+(1'(1 o(,181*N '$66 (,1 v5$16,6725 1,&+7 ./(,1(5 $/6 SR o,.520(7(5 6(,1 .?117(N :,'(5635$&+ S[X[ e$59(5 o($'N (,1 -81*(5 r52)(6625 $0 e$/,)251,$ k167,787( 2) v(&+12/2*
&+/,&+ )@5 $//( c57(1 921 x(567>5.(51 9(5:(1'(7P u2 *,%7 (6 i$c6Ou&+$/7.5(,6(N ',( ,0 j?&+67)5(48(1=Od(5(,&+ 921 (,1,*(1 ij= (,1*(O 6(7=7 :(5'(1 2'(5 u,On(,6781*6Oke6N ',( %(,63,(/6:(,6( 0,7 TR y$77 c86*$1*6/(,6781* $/6 g1'678)(1 ,1 t$',2*(5>7(1 x(5:(1'81* 71'(1P g,1 6(+5 %5(,7(6 c1:(1'81*6)(/' $1$/2*(5 ke6 6,1' ',( ,0 1>&+67(1 c%6&+1,77 %(+$1'(/7(1 q3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5 )@5 ',( o(66O 81' t(*(/7(&+1,.P f,*,7$/( ke6 6,1' '$'85&+ &+$5$.7(5,6,(57N '$66 ',( (17+$/7(1(1 v5$16,6725(1 185 =:(, d(75,(%6=867>1'( +$%(1N 1>0/,&+ $86*(6&+$/7(7 2'(5 92// (,1*(6&+$/7(7P f,(6(

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17(

W[S

%(,'(1 |867>1'( :(5'(1 '(1 %(,'(1 |$+/(1 R 81' S =8*(25'1(7P u2/&+( ke6 71'(1 ,1 '(5 e20387(5O 81' f$7(17(&+1,. %5(,7(67( c1:(1'81*P m233(/*/,('(5 =:,6&+(1 $1$/2*(1 81' ',*,7$/(1 ke6 63,(/(1 (,1( :,&+7,*( t2//(\ ',( c1$/2*Of,*,7$/Oy$1'/(5 Jcfe 3 $1$/2*O72O',*,7$/ &219(57(5K 25'1(1 (,1(5 *(*(O %(1(1 u3$1181* (,1( (17635(&+(1'( d,1>5=$+/ =8 81' ',( f,*,7$/Oc1$/2*Oy$1'/(5 JfceK :$1'(/1 80*(.(+57 (,1( d,1>5=$+/ ,1 ',( (17635(&+(1'( u3$1181* 80P

[PUPU q3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5 f,( 35,1=,3,(//( u&+$/781* (,1(6 x(567>5.(56 =(,*7 c%%P [PS[P m/(00( S ,67 '(5 x(5O 67>5.(5(,1*$1*N m/(00( T ,67 '(5 x(567>5.(5$86*$1*N 81' ',( *((5'(7( m/(00( U *,%7 '$6 d(=8*6327(17,$/ )@5 g,1*$1* 81' c86*$1*P h250$/ :,5' '(5 x(567>5.(5 $/6 $.7,9(5 x,(532/ J)285O7(50,1$/ 1(7:25.K 0,7 '(1 g,1*$1*632/(1 S 81' U 81' '(1 c86*$1*632/(1 T 81' U %(+$1'(/7P f,( 3+5.(5Od$867(,1

m/(00( S

m/(00( T

m/(00( U

g/(.7521(15?+5( d,32/$5Ov5$16,6725 hgv

i,77(5 d$6,6 i$7(

c12'( m2//(.725 f5$,1

m$7+2'( g0,77(5 u285&(

i1 R u0

1 u1 3

Verstärker 2 i2 RL

u2

c%%P [PS[ i581'6&+$/781* (,1(6 x(567>5O .(56P f,( x(5625*81*663$1181* ,67 1,&+7 (,1*(75$*(1P

f,( g,1*$1*663$1181* /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 '(5 m/(00( S 81' '(5 m/(00( U J3 g5'( %=:P o$66(KP f,( c86*$1*663$1181* /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 m/(00( T 81' U 81' ,67 */(,&+ '(0 u3$1181*6$%)$//N '(1 '(5 c86*$1*667520 ,T $0 n$67:,'(567$1' tn %(:,5.7P f(5 d(*5,5 NNq3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5DD JqxN 23(5$7,21$/ $03/,7(5N 23 $03K :,5' $8) (,1( %(67,007( i5833( 921 d$8(/(0(17(1 ,1 '(5 keOv(&+1,. %(=2*(1P f(5 p$0( NNq3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5DD .2007 $86 '(5 c1)$1*6=(,7 '(5 g/(.7521,.N $/6 )@5 ',( (567(1 c1$/2*5(&+1(5 x(567>5.(5 %(1?7,*7 :85'(1N ',( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( q3(5$7,21(1 (;$.7 6,08/,(5(1 .2117(1P f,( k'(( '(6 q3(5$7,2169(567>5.(56 ,67 (,1 5(92/87,21>5(6 m21=(37 '(5 x(567>5O .(57(&+1,. 81' />667 6,&+ )2/*(1'(50$M(1 %(6&+5(,%(1\ |8(567 :,5' (,1 ,'($/(5 i/(,&+63$1181*69(567>5.(5 '(71,(57P |8 '(1 ,'($/(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 *(+?5(1 ',( 81O (1'/,&+ *52M( u3$1181*69(567>5.81* ,0 n((5/$8)N '$6 h(+/(1 921 h(+/(563$1181O *(1 81' u3$1181*6'5,)76 81' '(5 81(1'/,&+ +2+( g,1*$1*6:,'(567$1'P f$11 :,5' 0,7 %(75>&+7/,&+(0 c8):$1' $1 g/(.7521,.N $//(6 (17+$/7(1 ,1 (,1(0 keN (,1 x(5O

W[T

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

67>5.(5 *(%$87N '(5 '(0 ,'($/(1 x(567>5.(5 $8M(525'(17/,&+ 1$+( .2007P f,( g,*(1O 6&+$)7(1 '(6 ,'($/(1 qx 81' ',( 921 75.81* ,0 n((5/$8) J23(1 /223K i/(,&+7$.7Ow17(5'5@&.81* 817(5( i5(1=)5(48(1= 2%(5( i5(1=)5(48(1= g,1*$1*6,03('$1= c86*$1*6,03('$1= q56(7Ou3$1181*6'5,)7 g,1*$1*658+(67520

Z Z R Z Z R R R

SRW JSRR 'dK SRV R SRR j= SRX / Jhgv SRST /K SRR / SR =xBm ZR 1c Jhgv UR 3cK

f$6 u&+$/7%,/' (,1(6 q3(5$7,2169(567>5.(56 =(,*7 =:(, g,1*>1*(N ',( '85&+ r/86O 81' o,186=(,&+(1 817(56&+,('(1 :(5'(1N 81' (,1(1 c86*$1* Jc%%P [PTRKP c8M(5'(0 6,1' ',( %(,'(1 |8)@+581*(1 )@5 ',( d(75,(%663$1181* $1*(*(%(1N ',( ,1 u&+$/7%,/O '(51 0(,67 :(**(/$66(1 :(5'(1P f,( g,1*$1*6O 81' c86*$1*6Ou3$1181*63(*(/ '@5O )(1 =:,6&+(1 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 81' '(5 326,7,9(1 d(75,(%663$1181* /,(*(1P f,( qx $5O %(,7(1 1250$/(5:(,6( 0,7 =:(, %(75$*60>M,* */(,&+(1 d(75,(%663$1181*(1N 0(,67 uJVATRK x *(*(1 o$66( J3 qxOi(+>86(KP o$M*(%(1' )@5 '$6 c86*$1*66,*1$/ *(*(1 o$66( ,67 ',( u3$1181*6',5(5(1= =:,O 6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 g,1*>1*(1N 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5(1 r(*(/ =:,6&+(1 1(*$7,9(5 81' 326,7,9(5 d(75,(%663$1181*P f,( u3$1181*69(567>5.81* '(6 25(1(1 J2+1( i(*(1O .233/81* %(75,(%(1(1K qx ,67 6(+5 +2&+N (7:$ SRW] %(, d(75,(%663$1181*(1 921 (7:$ uSR x /,(*7 '(5 $.7,9( d(5(,&+ %(, (7:$ uRPS 0xP f,( u>77,*81*663$1181*(1 w$N0$; 81' w$N0,1 /,(*(1 (7:$ S2T x 817(5J2%(5K+$/% '(5 d(75,(%663$1181*(1 1J2Kw% Jc%%P [PTSKP f,( (,1)$&+67( y(,6(N '(1 qx =8 6&+$/7(1N ,67 ',( g5'81* 921 (,1(0 '(5 %(,'(1 g,1*>1*(P n(*7 0$1 ',( 1(*$7,9( g,1*$1*6./(00( $8) o$66(N +U b nichtinvertierender Eingang

U e1

invertierender Eingang

U e2

(a)

c%%P [PTR R[ORSP

positive Versorgungsspannung

Ua Ausgang

--U b

negative Versorgungsspannung

(b)

u&+$/7=(,&+(1 )@5 q3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5\ J$K 0,7 g5/>87(581*(1N J%K p250 gp SUO

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17(

W[U

Ua

+U b

∆UA V= ∆U E

Uamax

U E = Ue1--Ue2 Uamin

c%%P [PTS %(575$*81*6.(11/,1,( '(6 ,'($O /(1 qxP n,1($5( m(11/,1,( ,0 $.7,9(1 d(5(,&+P u>77,*81*6:(57( 925*(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( d(O 75,(%663$1181*(1P

aktiver Bereich

--U b

'$11 +$%(1 w$ 81' w( 3 w(S '$6 */(,&+( x25=(,&+(1] '(5 qx ,19(57,(57 1,&+7P n(*7 0$1 '$*(*(1 ',( 326,7,9( g,1*$1*6./(00( $8) o$66(N '$11 +$%(1 w$ 81' w( 3 w(T (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(6 x25=(,&+(1] '(5 qx ,19(57,(57N 'P +P '$6 c86*$1*66,*1$/ ,67 ,1 '(5 r+$6( 80 SZR@ *('5(+7P u2 :(5'(1 $8&+ ',( @%/,&+(1 d(=(,&+181*(1 '(5 %(,'(1 g,1*$1*6./(00(1 Jc%%P [PTRK 9(567>1'/,&+P f(5 qx $/6 x(567>5.(5P h@5 ',( 0(,67(1 c1:(1'81*(1 :,5' '(5 qx 0,7 i(*(1O .233/81* J1(*$7,9( )(('%$&.K 9(5:(1'(7P h@5 '$6 x(567(+(1 '(5 u&+$/781*(1 ,67 '$6 NNr5,1=,3 '(5 9(56&+:,1'(1'(1 g,1*$1*6*5?M(1DD 6(+5 1@7=/,&+] (6 %5,1*7 =80 c86O '58&.N '$66 '(5 *(*(1*(.233(/7( qx ',( f,5(5(1=63$1181* wf 3 w(S 2w(T ,00(5 $8) '(1 y(57 18// +>/7 81' '$66 J:(*(1 '(6 81(1'/,&+ +2+(1 g,1*$1*6:,'(567$1'(6K @%(5 ',( g,1*$1*6./(00(1 .(,1 u7520 9,(M7P c/6 :,&+7,*(6 d(,63,(/ %(+$1'(/1 :,5 '(1 ,19(57,(5(1'(1 x(567>5.(5 Jc%%P [PTTKP c86 wf 3 R )2/*7N '$66 1,&+7 185 '(5 ',5(.7 0,7 o$66( 9(5%81'(1(N 1,&+7O,19(57,(O 5(1'( g,1*$1* '(6 qxN 621'(51 $8&+ '(5 ,19(57,(5(1'( g,1*$1* $8) o$66(Or27(17,$/ R /,(*7] (5 :,5' '(6+$/% $8&+ $/6 9,578(//(5 p8//381.7 %(=(,&+1(7P f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= wg 3 tS kgP

J[PTZK

y(,/ $%(5 $8&+ k2 3 k1 3 R *,/7N .$11 '(5 g,1*$1*667520 kg 1,&+7 @%(5 '(1 qx =85 o$66( $%9,(M(1N 621'(51 0866 @%(5 tT :(,7(59,(M(1P f$'85&+ (1767(+7 (,1 u3$1O 181*6$%)$// 920 J9,578(//(1K p8//381.7 =8 1(*$7,9(5 u3$1181*\ tT kg 32 wcP R1

J[PT[K U=0

IE UE

R2

IE UD = 0

I-I+

UA

c%%P [PTT u&+$/781* '(6 ,19(57,(5(1'(1 x(567>5.(56P g5/>87(581* '(6 NNr5,1=,36 '(5 9(5O 6&+:,1'(1'(1 g,1*$1*6*5?M(1DD ,0 v(;7P

W[V

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51 Ua

+U b U1 U2 (a)

+U b

R1 R2

U1 --U 2 --U b

(b)

--U b

c%%P [PTU i581'6&+$/781* 81' %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 (,1(6 u3$1181*6.203$5$7256P f(5 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+ =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 c86*$1*66,*1$/Op,9($86 /,(*7 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 RPS 0xP

f,( u3$1181*69(567>5.81* (5*,%7 6,&+ =8 xw 3 wcBwg 32 tTBtSP

J[PURK

|8 %($&+7(1 ,67N '$66 +,(5 ',( g,1*$1*663$1181* wg 1,&+7 0(+5 $0 qxOg,1*$1* /,(*7N $%(5 ',( c86*$1*663$1181* wc ,00(5 12&+ ',( u3$1181* '(5 c86*$1*6./(0O 0( *(*(1 o$66( ,67P qx ,1 u>77,*81*P f,( J)$67K 81(1'/,&+ *52M( u3$1181*69(567>5.81* %('(87(7 )@5 '(1 1,&+7O5@&.*(.233(/7(1 qx J23(1O/223 23 $03KN '$66 '(5 c86*$1* w$ ',( 0$;,0$/ 2'(5 0,1,0$/ =8/>66,*( u3$1181* w$0$; ] 1w% 2'(5 w$0,1 ^2w% $11,007N 62%$/' w(S $8&+ 185 *(5,1*)@*,* *5?M(5 2'(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 w(T ,67P k1 ',(6(5 d(75,(%6$57 $5%(,7(7 '(5 qx $/6 +2&+9(567>5.(1'(5 |:(,Op,9($8Om203$5$725 Jc%%P [PTUKP d(, (,1(0 hgvOqx 0,7 6(+5 +2&+2+0,*(0 g,1*$1* 6,1' ',( x25:,'(567>1'( tS 81' tTN 0,7 '(1(1 ',( k11(1:,'(567>1'( '(5 %(,'(1 u3$1181*648(//(1 $1*(*/,&+(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1N 1,&+7 (5)25'(5/,&+P g,1( :,&+7,*( c1:(1'81* ,67 '(5 p8//$%*/(,&+ (,1(5 d5@&.(16&+$/781*P

[PUPV d$8(/(0(17( '(5 f,*,7$/(/(.7521,. f,( =:(,:(57,*( n2*,. .(117 185 ',( %(,'(1 *(*(16>7=/,&+(1 '(71,7,9(1 c866$*(1 NN:$+5DD 81' NN)$/6&+DDN .(,1( |:,6&+(1:(57( :,( NN9,(//(,&+7 :$+5DD 2'(5 NN7(,/:(,6( )$/6&+DDP c8) ',( h5$*( NNk67 '$6 :$+5aDD *,%7 (6 185 (,1( '(5 %(,'(1 *(*(16>7=/,&+ '(71,7,9(1 c17:257(1\ NN-$DD 2'(5 NN1(,1DD J1,&+7 NN-(,1DDKP f,(6( n2*,. />667 6,&+ $8) $//( (17635(&+(1'(1 h>//( $1:(1'(1P k1 '(5 u&+$/7$/*(%5$ 6,1' (6 ',( u&+$/7(5O|8O 67>1'( NN*(6&+/266(1DD 81' NN25(1DD] ,0 180(5,6&+(1 f8$/61*(1 921 '(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(5 9(5:(1'(7(1 d$87(,/( 81' u&+$/781*(1 $%P y(11 '(1 r(*(/1 1w 81' R x2/7 ',( f8$/=$+/(1 S 81' R =8*(25'1(7 :(5'(1N 1(117 0$1 '$6 326,7,9( n2*,.] 80*(.(+57 ,67 (6 1(*$7,9( n2*,.P

[PU j$/%/(,7(5Od$8(/(0(17( Funktion

W[W

Schaltzeichen IEC, EN DIN ASA gültige veraltete Formen Norm

und and

&

oder or

31

exklusiv - oder ex or

=1

7

Negation eines Eingangs eines Ausgangs nicht not

1

c%%P [PTV u&+$/7=(,&+(1 )@5 i$77(5 1$&+ '5(, m219(17,21(1P

y,( ,1 '(5 d22/(I6&+(1 c/*(%5$ @%/,&+N :(5'(1 ',( =:(,:(57,*(1 /2*,6&+(1 x$O 5,$%/(1 0,7 *52M(1 d8&+67$%(1 JcN d "K 81' ,+5( p(*$7,21(1 '85&+ %(5675(,&+(1 '$5*(67(//7P f,( :,&+7,*67(1 /2*,6&+(1 x(5.1@3)81*65(/$7,21(1 6,1' NN81'DDN NN2'(5DD 81' NN1,&+7DDP k1 '(5 (/(.7521,6&+(1 n2*,. 75(7(1 ',( x$5,$%/(1 $/6 u,*1$/( 0,7 =:(, 0?*/,&+(1 u3$1181*6:(57(1 $1 '(1 g,1*$1*6O 81' c86*$1*6./(00(1 (/(.7521,6&+(5 d$87(,/( $8)P g,1 (/(.7521,6&+(6 d$87(,/N '$6 =:(, J2'(5 0(+5K u,*1$/( 1$&+ /2*,6&+(1 x(5O .1@3)81*65(/$7,21(1 9(5$5%(,7(1 .$11N :,5' i$77(5 J*$7(K *(1$117P h@5 ',( 9(56&+,(O '(1(1 i$77(5Ov&+( 81' 62//7(1 '(6:(*(1 9(50,('(1 :(5'(1P h@5 '(1 r5(,6 (,1(6 e+,36 ,67 1,&+7 62 6(+5 ',( i(6$07=$+/ '(5 m20321(17(1 (176&+(,'(1' :,( ',( c1=$+/ '(5 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 g/(0(17(P x,(/( */(,&+$57,*( g/(0(17( .?11(1 ,1 (,1(0 c5%(,76*$1* (5=(8*7 :(5'(1N :>+5(1' 817(56&+,('/,&+( g/(0(17( 9(56&+,('(1( c5%(,76*>1*( (5)25'(5/,&+ 0$&+(1P c1'(5(56(,76 *,%7 ',( keOv(&+1,. $8&+ 1(8( o?*O /,&+.(,7(1\ (6 /$66(1 6,&+ g/(0(17( 9(5:,5./,&+(1N ',( $/6 (,1=(/1( m20321(17(1 .$80 +(5*(67(//7 :(5'(1N =P dP v5$16,6725(1 0,7 0(+5(5(1 g0,77(51P

[PV r+272+$/%/(,7(5

W[Y

[PV r+272+$/%/(,7(5 f,( d$8(/(0(17( '(5 q372(/(.7521,. /$66(1 6,&+ ,1 =:(, i5833(1 (,17(,/(1\ SP d$8(/(0(17(N ',( '85&+ n,&+7(,1)$// (/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,0 j$/%/(,7(5 (5=(8*(1P f$=8 *(+?5(1 r+272:,'(567>1'(N r+272',2'(1N r+272(/(0(17( 81' r+27275$1O 6,6725(1P TP d$8(/(0(17(N ',( $8)*581' (/(.75,6&+(5 x25*>1*( ,0 j$/%/(,7(5 n,&+7 (0,77,(5(1P f$=8 *(+?5(1 n(8&+7',2'(1N j$/%/(,7(5/$6(5 81' (/(.75,6&+ $15(*%$5( n(8&+7O 6725(P

[PVPS r+272:,'(567>1'( n,&+7(/(.75,6&+( n(,781* 2'(5 NNr+272/(,781*DD :,5' '85&+ '(1 ,11(5(1 r+272(5(.7 J,17(51$/ 25 ,175,16,& 3+272(5(&7N 3+272&21'8&7,9( (5(&7K %(:,5.7P k0 i(*(16$7= =80 /$1*( 925+(5 (17'(&.7(1 >8M(5(1 r+272(5(.7N %(, '(0 o(7$//(/(.7521(1 '85&+ r+2O 721(1 ,16 x$.880 %()?5'(57 :(5'(1N :,5' %(,0 ,11(5(1 r+272(5(.7 '85&+ '$6 ,0 j$/%/(,7(5 $%625%,(57( r+2721 (,1 g/(.7521 920 x$/(1=%$1' ,16 n(,781*6%$1' %(O )?5'(57 Jc%%P [PTXKP u75$+/7 0$1 $8) (,1(1 6(+5 5(,1(1 m5,67$// n,&+7 921 (,1(5 g1(5*,(N ',( *(5,1*(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 d$1'$%67$1'N '$11 *(+7 '$6 n,&+7 81*(+,1'(57 '85&+ '(1 m5,67$// +,1O '85&+N 81' (6 (1767(+7 .(,1( n(,7)>+,*.(,7P g17635,&+7 ',( n,&+7(1(5*,( *(5$'( '(0 d$1'$%67$1' 2'(5 ,67 6,( (7:$6 *5?M(5N '$11 ,67 ',( n,&+7$%62537,21 62 67$5.N '$66 '$6 n,&+7 185 ,1 (,1( '@11( q%(59>&+(16&+,&+7 '(6 m5,67$//6 (,1'5,1*7 81' +,(5 (,1( *52M( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 +(592558)7P y@16&+7 0$1 '$*(*(1 '$6 g,1'5,1*(1 '(6 n,&+76 ,1 '(1 *$1=(1 m5,67$//N '$11 0866 ',( c%62537,21 +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1 6(,1N $%(5 $1O '(5(56(,76 1,&+7 =8 ./(,1N '$0,7 *(1@*(1' n,&+7 ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 m5,67$//6 $%625%,(57 :,5'P o$1 (55(,&+7 ',(6 %(, 61'(

Licht

Licht

Elektron

Metall

Halbleiterkristall

Elektron-Loch-Paare R (a)

c%%P [PTX

(b)

r5,1=,3 '(6 r+272(5(.7(6\ J$K >8M(5(5N J%K ,11(5(5P

W[Z

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

'(5 c.=(3725(1 920 xd 81' '(5 f21$725(1 920 ndN (5675(&.7 6,&+ @%(5 (,1(1 :(,7(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+P u(/(1 ,67 '(5 $0 />1*67(1 %(.$117( r+272/(,7(5 JyP u0,7+N SZYUKN '(1 yP u,(0(16 6&+21 SZYW )@5 (,1(1 d(/,&+781*60(66(5 $86187=7(P c0253+(6 u(/(1N '$6 0$1 /(,&+7 '85&+ u&+0(/=(1 81' 5$6&+(6 c%.@+/(1 (5+>/7N ,67 ,0 f81.(/1 (,1 *87(5 k62/$725P g,1=(/1( %(/,&+7(7( u7(//(1 (,1(5 '@11(1 $8)*('$03)7(1 u(/(16&+,&+7 (5+$/7(1 (,1( +,15(,&+(1' *87( n(,7)>+,*.(,7N 80 r27(17,$/817(56&+,('( =:,6&+(1 x25'(5O 81' t@&.6(,7( '(5 u(/(16&+,&+7 $86=8*/(,&+(1P y(*(1 '(5 *(5,1*(1 f81.(//(,7)>+,*.(,7 6,1' %(/,&+7(7( r81.7(N ',( ',&+7 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1N $865(,&+(1' *(*(1(,1$1'(5 ,62/,(57P o$1 9(5:(1'(7 62/&+( $0253+(1 u(/(16&+,&+7(1 ,1 '(5 g/(.7523+272*5$3+,( =85 j(567(//81* 921 r+272.23,(1 J9*/P c%6&+1P TPWPUKP k0 ,1)5$527(1 u3(.75$/*(%,(7 )@5 y(//(1/>1*(1 *5?M(5 $/6 SPT =0 +$%(1 r+272/(,7(5 '(6+$/% *52M( d('(8781*N :(,/ ,1 ',(6(0 u3(.75$/*(%,(7 '$6 c8*(N ',( 3+272*5$O 3+,6&+( r/$77( 81' ',( r+272=(//( 92//.200(1 81(0371'/,&+ 6,1'P h@5 '(1 u75$+O /81*61$&+:(,6 ,1 ',(6(0 u3(.75$/*(%,(7 *,%7 (6 ',( 7+(50,6&+(1 f(7(.725(1 Jc%6&+1P XPSPUKN ',( c%62/870(6681*(1 (50?*/,&+(1N $%(5 *(5,1*( g0371'/,&+.(,7 %(6,7=(1P c1'(5(56(,76 67(+(1 r+272/(,7(5 =85 x(5)@*81*N ',( ,1 9(56&+,('(1(1N %(*5(1=7(1 u3(.75$/*(%,(7(1 :(6(17/,&+ (0371'/,&+(5 6,1'N =80$/ :(11 6,( *(.@+/7 :(5'(1\ r%u JTPZ =0KN r%u( JVPZ =0KN k1u% JWPU =0KN i( J0,7 e8 '27,(57 TR =0N 0,7 k1 '27,(57 ZR =0KP f,( $1*(*(%(1(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 *(%(1 ',( i(%,(7( 0$;,0$/(5 g0371'/,&+O .(,7 $1P o$1 '$5) 1,&+7 9(5*(66(1N '$66 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 y(//(1/>1*( ',( g1(5*,( '(5 r+2721(1 $%1,007 81' 6&+/,(M/,&+ 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 '(5 g1(5*,( '(5 7+(50,6&+(1 u75$+/81* %(, t$807(03(5$785 :,5'N ',( '$11 (%(162 n$'81*675>*(5 ,0 m5,67$// %()5(,(1 .$11P f(6+$/% 0@66(1 r+272/(,7(5 $%*(6&+,507 :(5'(1P h@5 u75$+/81*N ',( />1*(5:(//,* $/6 Z =0 ,67N :,5' $8M(5'(0 m@+/81* 0,7 9@66,*(0 u7,&.6725 Ju,('(O 7(03(5$785 YY mK (5)25'(5/,&+P y(11 ',( u75$+/81* />1*(5:(//,* $/6 TR =0 ,67N 0866 0,7 9@66,*(0 j(/,80 *(.@+/7 :(5'(1 Ju,('(7(03(5$785 VPT mKP c8) ',(6( y(,6( :,5' '$6 t$86&+(1 62 :(,7 +(5$%*('5@&.7N '$66 ',( u,*1$/( 6,&+ $865(,&+(1' $%+(%(1P

[PVPT r+272',2'(1N r+272(/(0(17( g,1( 81%(/(8&+7(7( r+272',2'( 9(5+>/7 6,&+ :,( (,1( 1250$/( j$/%/(,7(5',2'(P r+2O 72',2'(1 :(5'(1 35,1=,3,(// ,1 u3(55,&+781* %(75,(%(1 81' /,()(51 (,1(1 u3(5567520N '(5 =85 d(/(8&+781*667>5.( 3523257,21$/ ,67 Jc%%P [PTYKP r+272',2'(1 6,1' 31O%(5*>1*(N %(, '(1(1 (17:('(5 ',( 3O 2'(5 ',( 1Ou&+,&+7 6(+5 '@11 ,67 81' ',( '$5$8) %(71'/,&+( o(7$//(/(.752'( *,77(5O 2'(5 .5(,65,1*)?50,* $1*(/(*7 ,67N '$0,7 '$6 (,1)$//(1'( n,&+7 %,6 ,1 '$6 i(%,(7 '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 925O '5,1*(1 .$11 81' 1,&+7 6&+21 925+(5 $%625%,(57 :,5'P g%(162 (,*1(1 6,&+ */(,&+O 5,&+7(1'( o(7$//Oj$/%/(,7(5@%(5*>1*( )@5 r+272',2'(1N %(, '(1(1 (17635(&+(1' '$6 o(7$// 6(+5 '@11 2'(5 *,77(5)?50,* $86*(%,/'(7 6(,1 0866N '$0,7 '$6 n,&+7 ,1 '(1 j$/%/(,7(5 (,1'5,1*(1 .$11P y(5'(1 181 ,0 i(%,(7 '(6 31O%(5*$1*6 '85&+ r+2721(1$%62537,21 g/(.7521(1 $86 '(0 x$/(1=O ,1 '$6 n(,781*6%$1' $1*(5(*7N '$11 :(5'(1 6,( 62)257 '85&+ '$6 '257 +(556&+(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,1 t,&+781* 1Oj$/%/(,7(5N ',( */(,&+=(,7,* ,0 x$O /(1=%$1' (1767$1'(1(1 f()(.7(/(.7521(1 ,1 t,&+781* 3Oj$/%/(,7(5 $%*(6$8*7P f$O

[PV r+272+$/%/(,7(5

W[[

IJÌ A --8

--6

--4

--2

1

200 lx

UJV

400 lx 600 lx

--50

800 lx (a)

--100

(b)

c%%P [PTY r+272',2'(\ J$K u&+$/7=(,&+(1N J%K m(11/,1,(1)(/'P c/6 r$5$0(7(5 ,67 ',( d(/(8&+O 781*667>5.( ,1 '(5 3+2720(75,6&+(1 g,1+(,7 NNn8; J/;KDD (,1*(75$*(1P

P+-Gebiet

Metallkontakt

I-Gebiet N-Gebiet

Metallkontakt

c%%P [PTZ

u&+(0$7,6&+(5 c8)%$8 (,1(5 rkpOr+272',2'(P

'85&+ 9,(M7 '85&+ ',( *(63(557( f,2'( (,1 =85 d(/(8&+781*667>5.( 3523257,21$/(5 u3(5567520P r+272',2'(1 +$%(1 9,(/ .@5=(5( |(,7.2167$17(1 $/6 r+272:,'(567>1'(P o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 u3(5563$1181* :,5' ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 31O%(5*$1*6%(5(,&+6 ./(,O 1(5P f,( i5(1=)5(48(1= /,(*7 %(, (7:$ SR oj=P d(621'(56 6&+1(// 6,1' rkpOr+272O ',2'(1 Jc%%P [PTZKN ',( (,1( i5(1=)5(48(1= 921 (7:$ S ij= +$%(1P u,( +$%(1 $8M(5O '(0 '(1 x257(,/ (,1(6 (;75(0 ./(,1(1 f81.(/675206P f,( y$+/ '(6 j$/%/(,7(56 %(67,007 ',( 63(.75$/( g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(5 r+272',2'(1P u(/(1 Jgi 3 SPY (xKN i$//,80Oc56(1,' Jgi 3 SPV (xK 81' u,/,&,80 Jgi 3 SPS (xK (,*O 1(1 6,&+ )@5 6,&+7%$5(6 n,&+7N $%(5 ',( 63(.75$/( g0371'/,&+.(,7 (5675(&.7 6,&+ :(,7 ,1 '$6 k1)5$527(P k1',80Oc17,021,' Jk1u%N gi 3 RPT (xK ,67 (,1 r+272+$/%/(,7(5 )@5 '$6 /$1*:(//,*( k1)5$527P k1)5$527O(0371'/,&+( r+272',2'(1 0@66(1 (%(162 :,( ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 r+272:,'(567>1'( *(.@+/7 %(75,(%(1 :(5'(1P eefOd,/':$1'/(5P g,1( :,&+7,*( c1:(1'81* 921 r+272',2'(1 %(67(+7 ,1 '(5 k1O 7(*5$7,21 9,(/(5 ',(6(5 d$8(/(0(17( ,1 h250 (,1(5 o$75,; $8) (,1(0 u,Or/>77&+(1P l('( (,1=(/1( r+272',2'( J3,&785( &(// S 3,;(/K 352'8=,(57 (,1 '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+7O 0(1*( 3523257,21$/(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 u,*1$/N '$6 (,1,*( |(,7 *(63(,&+(57 81' '$11 @%(5 ,17(*5,(57( n(,781*(1 81' d$8(/(0(17( $%*()5$*7 :,5'P f,(6( u'7N (5=(8*7 (,1(1 u7520,038/6N '(5 =80 n$'81*69(5/867 '(6 m21'(1O 6$7256N $/62 =80 ,17(*5,(57(1 n,&+76,*1$/ 3523257,21$/ ,67P |85 9>&+(1+$)7(1 d,/'$8)1$+0( +$%(1 6,&+ 9(56&+,('(1( q5*$1,6$7,216)250(1 921 u(1625(1 81' c%7$67(/(.7521,. +(5$86*(%,/'(7P w0 x(56&+0,(581*6(5(.7( '85&+ %(5/$*(581* 921 d,/'$8)1$+0( 81' u,*1$/$86/(681* =8 9(50(,'(1N 75(117 0$1 ',( r+2726(1625(1 921 '(1 u3(,&+(5=(//(1 81' 6&+@7=7 /(7=7(5( 925 '(0 n,&+7P y>+5(1' '(5 n,&+7,17(*5$7,2163+$6( :,5' '$6 d,/'0867(5 (5=(8*7 81' $16&+/,(M(1' ,1 ',( u3(,&+(59>&+( @%(575$*(1P y>+5(1' '(5 1>&+67(1 k17(*5$7,2163+$6( :(5'(1 ',( u3(,&+(5 6(5,(// $86*(/(6(1P f,( (/(.7521,6&+( c%)5$*81* '(5 *(63(,&+(57(1 u,*O 1$/( (5)2/*7 62N '$66 ',( (,1=(/1(1 |(,/(1 '(5 f,2'(10$75,; 1$&+(,1$1'(5 $%*(5$67(57 :(5'(1P r52-,=,(57 0$1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 q%-(.7,9(6 (,1 5((//(6 d,/' $8) '(1 eefOd,/':$1'/(5N /,()(57 ',(6(5 0,7+,/)( '(5 |86$7=(/(.7521,. (,1 x,'(26,*1$/N '$6 62)257 $8) (,1(0 u&+,50 '$6 (17635(&+(1'( d,/' (5=(8*7P r+27275$16,6725(1 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ 921 1250$/(1 v5$16,6725(1 ,1 '(5 c57 '(5 u7(8(O 581*P u,( :(5'(1 1,&+7 '85&+ n$'81*675>*(5,1-(.7,21 @%(5 (,1(1 0(7$//,6&+(1 d$O 6,6$16&+/866 (,1*(6&+$/7(7N 621'(51 '$'85&+N '$66 ,1 '(5 d$6,6 ',( 127:(1',*(1 n$O '81*675>*(5 237,6&+ $1*(5(*7 :(5'(1P u2 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1 *(:,66(5 x(567>5.81*6(5(.7N '(11 '(5 u7520 ,0 g0,77(5Om2//(.725Om5(,6 .$11 '85&+ 9(5*/(,&+6:(,6( :(1,*( n,&+748$17(1 *(67(8(57 :(5'(1P r+272(/(0(17(P r+272(/(0(17( 6,1' :,( r+272',2'(1 *(%$87N :(5'(1 $%(5 2+1( (;O 7(51( u3$1181*648(//( %(75,(%(1 81' '85&+ (,1 9?//,* $1'(5(6 u&+$/7=(,&+(1 '$5*(O 67(//7 Jc%%P [PT[$KP u,( /,()(51 (,1(1 921 '(5 d(/(8&+781*667>5.( $%+>1*,*(1 m85=O 6&+/86667520 kmN '(5 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 d(/$6781* $%6,1.7 81' %(, (,1(5 n((5/$8)O 63$1181* wn 921 (7:$ RPW x '85&+ 18// *(+7P w0 '(1 x(5*/(,&+ 0,7 '(1 r+272',2'(1Om(11/,1,(1 921 c%%P [PTY =8 (5/(,&+7(51N :,5' ,1 '(5 m(11/,1,( 921 c%%P [PT[ '(5 r+27267520 :,( (,1 u3(5567520 $/6 1(*$7,9( i5?M( '$5*(67(//7P f$0,7 /,(*7 '(5 c5%(,76%(5(,&+ '(6 r+272(/(0(17(6 ,0 VP s8$'O 5$17(1 '(6 kJwKOf,$*5$006P f,( u7520Ou3$1181*6Om(11/,1,( (,1(6 81%(/(8&+7(7(1 r+272(/(0(17(6 J*(675,&+(/7( m859(K ,67 (,1( 7667P f,(6(5 u3$1181*6$%)$// (5*,%7N 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(0 r+27267520N ',( 921 '(5 r+272=(//( $%*(*(%(1( n(,6781*P n>667 0$1 '85&+ x(5*5?M(581* '(6 y,'(567$1'(6

[PV r+272+$/%/(,7(5 I

XRS

mA cm2 40 20

--0.6 --0.4 --0.2 0

0.2

0.6

0.8 UJV

--20 (a)

(b)

Pmax

--40

c%%P [PT[ r+272',2'(\ J$K u&+$/7%,/'] J%K u7520Ou3$1181*6Om(11/,1,( ,0 f81.(/1 J*(675,O &+(/7K 81' 817(5 d(675$+/81* J$86*(=2*(1( m859(KP f,( 6&+5$5,(57( h/>&+( (17635,&+7 '(5 0$O ;,0$/(1 n(,6781*P

'(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// /$1*6$0 *5?M(5 :(5'(1N '85&+/>8)7 ',( $%*(*(%(1( n(,6781* (,1 o$;,080 $0 c5%(,76381.7 r0$; J6&+5$5,(57(6 t(&+7(&. ,1 c%%P [PT[%KN 80 '$11 :,('(5 %(, g55(,&+(1 '(5 0$;,0$/(1 r+27263$1181* $8) 18// =8 6,1.(1N :(,/ '(5 u7520 '85&+ 18// *(+7P u2/$5=(//(1P f$6 6,1' *52M9>&+,*(N 63(=,(// )@5 ',( p87=81* '(6 u211(1/,&+7(6 (17O :,&.(/7( r+272(/(0(17(P f$0,7 u2/$5=(//(1 0,7 +2+(0 y,5.81*6*5$' $5%(,7(1N 0866 '(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 n$67.5(,6(6 '(5 e+$5$.7(5,67,. '(5 u2/$5=(//( *(1$8 $1*(3$667 6(,1P f,( r+27263$1181* +>1*7 (1* 0,7 '(0 %(, '(5 d,/'81* '(6 31O%(5*$1*(6 (1767(+(1'(1 ,17(51(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' =86$00(1N :(/&+(6 6(/%67 :,('(580 (,1( h81.7,21 '(6 d$1'$%67$1'(6 '(6 j$/%/(,7(56 ,67P j2+( d$1'$%67>1'( %('(87(1 +2+( r+27263$1181*(1P c1'(5(56(,76 *,/7N :,( 6&+21 (5:>+17N '$66 (,1 n,&+748$17 185 '$11 (,1 g/(.7521 ,1 '$6 n(,781*6%$1' %5,1*(1 .$11N :(11 ',( d(=,(+81* +- # gi (5)@//7 ,67P m/(,1( d$1'$%67>1'( %('(87(1 $/62 %(, (,1(5 %5(,7(1 63(.75$/(1 x(57(,/81* '(6 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+7(6 +2+( r+272675?0(P c86 ',(6(1 %(,'(1 *(*(1/>87*(1 h25O '(581*(1 (5*,%7 6,&+N '$66 (6 )@5 -('( %(67,007( 63(.75$/( x(57(,/81* (,1(1 237,0$/(1 y(57 )@5 gi *,%7P h@5 '$6 u211(163(.7580 %(75>*7 ',(6(5 y(57 (7:$ SPV (xP i$c6 %(6,7=7 *(5$'( ',(6(1 d$1'$%67$1'N :(6+$/% u2/$5=(//(1 $86 i$c6 $8&+ ',( +?&+67(1 y,5.81*6*5$'( %(6,7=(1N 81' =:$5 %,6 (7:$6 @%(5 TR@P c//(5',1*6 ,67 i$c6 (,1 7(85(6 j$/%/(,7(50$7(5,$/N :(6+$/% ',( 0(,67(1 u2/$5=(//(1 +(87( $86 u, +(5*(67(//7 :(5'(1P f,(6( +$%(1 7//(1 /2+1(1'N ,16%(621'(5( '$11N :(11 '(5 c16&+/866 $1 '$6 ?5(17/,&+( (/(.75,6&+( p(7= 1,&+7 0?*/,&+ ,67 2'(5 12&+ 7(85(5 :>5(P c%(5 :(*(1 '(5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPWPV %(6&+5,(%(1(1 r52%/(0( '(5 =8.@1)7,*(1 y(/7Og1(5*,(9(5625O

XRT

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

*81* *,/7 ',( 80:(/7)5(81'/,&+( w0:$1'/81* 921 u211(1/,&+7 ,1 u7520 J3+27292/O 7$,&6K $/6 |8.81)767(&+12/2*,(N ',( 67$5. 68%9(17,21,(57 :,5'P f,( n(,6781* 921 u2/$5$1/$*(1 :,5' *(51 $8) (,1( $1*(1200(1( 62/$5( d(675$+O /81*667>5.( J62/$5 ,55$',$1&(K 921 S .yB0T %(=2*(1P f,(6(5 %(/,(%7( 581'( |$+/(1O :(57 Jr($. y$77K (17635,&+7 '(5 62/$5(1 d(675$+/81*667>5.( )@5 x(5+>/71,66(N :,( 6,( (7:$ ,1 '(5 u$+$5$ %(, u211(1+?&+6767$1' *(*(%(1 6,1'P i(0,77(/7 @%(5 $//( v$*(6O 81' l$+5(6=(,7(1 (5*(%(1 6,&+ )2/*(1'( y(57( )@5 ',( 0,77/(5( u75$+/81*6/(,6781* 352 h/>&+( $1 '(1 $1*()@+57(1 q57(1\ u$+$5$ t20 h5(,%85* j$0%85* n21'21

TXZ S[T SUV SST SRZ

yB0T yB0T yB0T yB0T yB0T

f,(6( i5?M( +(,M7 NN+25,=217$/( i/2%$/675$+/81*DD 81' ,67 ',( u800( 921 ',5(.7(5 81' ',586(5 u211(1675$+/81*N %(=2*(1 $8) (,1( +25,=217$/( o(669>&+(P f,( ,1 '(5 u211(1(1(5*,(On,7(5$785 @%/,&+( g,1+(,7 ,67 .y+BJ0T 6 l$+5K] =85 w05(&+181*\ SRRR .y+BJ0T 6 l$+5K 3 SSV yB0TP y(,/ %(, '(1 '(876&+(1 y,77(581*69(5+>/71,66(1 '(5 c17(,/ '(5 ',586(1 u75$+/81* ,0 o,77(/ (7:$ WR@ %(75>*7N />667 6,&+ '85&+ p(,*(1 '(5 %(675$+/7(1 h/>&+( :(1,*(5 $1 i/2%$/675$+/81* *(:,11(1N $/6 0$1 9(5087(1 :@5'(\ f,( c865,&+781* 1$&+ u@O '(1 0,7 (,1(0 c167(//:,1.(/ */(,&+ '(5 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 d5(,7( %5,1*7 185 (,1(1 i(O :,11 921 SW@N ',( 6(+5 7(85( =:(,$&+6,*( p$&+)@+581* 1$&+ '(0 u211(167$1' %5,1*7 1,&+7 0(+5 $/6 WR@P d(, %(5/(*81*(1 =85 p87=81* '(5 u2/$5(1(5*,( ,67 $8&+ '$6 r52%/(0 '(5 g1(5O *,(63(,&+(581* )@5 |(,7(1 *(5,1*(5(5 2'(5 )(+/(1'(5 u211(1(,1675$+/81* =8 %('(1O .(1P h@5 '(1 v$*Bp$&+7Oc86*/(,&+ ,67 m85==(,763(,&+(581* 925=86(+(1P f$1(%(1 0866 '(5 *52M( -$+5(6=(,7/,&+( g,1675$+/81*6817(56&+,(' =:,6&+(1 l81, 81' f(=(0O %(5N '(5 )@5 h5(,%85* X\S 81' )@5 j$0%85* SV\S %(75>*7N %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 :(5'(1P q+1( u3(,&+(581* ,67 (,1( (17635(&+(1'( %(5',0(16,21,(581* '(5 c1/$*( (5)25O '(5/,&+P u2/$5(1(5*,(Ou3(,&+(581* ,0 p(7=P f,( (,1)$&+67( 81' %,//,*67( o?*/,&+.(,7 =85 u3(,O &+(581* '(6 NNu211(1675206DD ,67 6(,1( g,163(,681* ,1 '$6 ?5(17/,&+( p(7= 81' (,1( (17635(&+(1'( u7520(171$+0( %(, d('$5)P Jf$6 *,/7 $8&+ )@5 $1'(5(N '(0 d('$5) 1,&+7 $1*(3$667( u7520(5=(8*81*6$57(1PK u2/$5$1/$*(1N ',( 0,7 '(0 ?5(17/,&+(1 p(7= 9(5%81'(1 6,1'N 67(+(1 $%(5 ,1 ',5(.7(5 m21.855(1= =8 '(1 $1'(5(1 o(7+2'(1 '(5 u7520(5=(8*81*N ',( =:$5 :(1,*(5 80:(/7)5(81'/,&+ JeqTCKN $%(5 =P |P 12&+ :(6(17/,&+ %,//,*(5 6,1'P f(5 g,16$7= 921 u2/$5$1/$*(1 :(,7 $% 920 ?5(17/,&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 p(7= .$11 6&+21 +(87( 5(17$%(/ 6(,1P f2&+ '$)@5 67(+7 ',( %(48(0( 81' %,//,*( p(7=Ou3(,&+(O 581* 1,&+7 =85 x(5)@*81*P

[PV r+272+$/%/(,7(5

XRU

[PVPU n(8&+7',2'(1 n(8&+7',2'(1 Jn80,1(6=(1=',2'(1N /,*+7O(0,77,1* ',2'(6N ngf6K %(67(+(1 $86 (,1(0 31O%(5*$1*N '(5 ,1 f85&+/$665,&+781* %(75,(%(1 :,5'P f,( n?&+(5 ',581',(5(1 $86 '(0 3Oi(%,(7 81' g/(.7521(1 $86 '(0 1Oi(%,(7 ,1(,1$1'(5 81' 5(.20%,1,(5(1 *5?M7(17(,/6 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(6 %(5*$1*6 817(5 c866(1'81* (,1(6 r+27216P f,( n(8&+7O ',2'( 0866 62 $8)*(%$87 6(,1N '$66 '$6 ,0 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+ *(1(5,(57( n,&+7 /(,&+7 $8675(7(1 .$11 Jc%%P [PUR$K] '$6 u&+$/7=(,&+(1 Jc%%P [PUR%K 817(56&+(,'(7 6,&+ 185 '85&+ ',( t,&+781* '(5 n,&+73)(,/( 921 '(0 '(5 r+272',2'(P d(,0 u,/,&,80 (5)2/*7 ',( t(.20%,1$7,21 ,0 31O%(5*$1* ,0 $//*(0(,1(1 675$+O /81*6/26N 'P +P ',( )5(, :(5'(1'( g1(5*,( :,5' '85&+ ',( u&+:,1*81*(1 '(6 m5,67$//O *,77(56 Jr+2121(1K $8)*(=(+57P h@5 ',( ,1 n(8&+7',2'(1 *(:@16&+7( 5$',$7,9( t(O .20%,1$7,21 .200(1 j$/%/(,7(50$7(5,$/,(1 ,1 d(75$&+7N %(, '(1(1 '(5 %(5*$1* 920 x$/(1=O =80 n(,781*6%$1' 0,7 '(5 1,('5,*67(1 g1(5*,( (,1 62 *(1$117(5 NN',O 5(.7(5DD %(5*$1* ,67P f$6 ,67 '(5 h$//N :(11 ,1 '(5 .Ot$80Of$567(//81* '$6 ndO o,1,080 ',5(.7 @%(5 '(0 xdOo$;,080 /,(*7 Jd'P XN m$3P ZKP f(5 kkkBxOj$/%/(,7(5 i$c6 81' 9(5:$1'7( o$7(5,$/,(1 6,1' +,(5)@5 %(621'(56 *((,*1(7N :,( j(,15,&+ y(/O .(5 Ju,(0(16Oh256&+81*6/$%25K 6&+21 S[WT (5.$117(P f$6 921 n(8&+7',2'(1 %(, u75209866 $86*(6$1'7( n,&+7 ,67 0212&+520$7,6&+] 6(,1( y(//(1/>1*( +>1*7 921 '(5 (1(5*(7,6&+(1 d5(,7( '(5 9(5%27(1(1 |21(N $/62 '(0 y(57 gi $%P g,1( 5(,1( i$c6Of,2'( Jgi 3 SPV (xK :@5'( %(, + 3 Z[R 10N 'P +P ,0 1$+(1 k1)5$527 (0,77,(5(1P w0 ',( %(.$117(1N %(621'(56 527N $%(5 $8&+ *(/% 81' *5@1 /(8&+7(1'(1 ngf6 +(5O =867(//(1 J=P dP )@5 |,5(5$1=(,*(1 ,1 v$6&+(15(&+1(51N o(66,167580(17(1 2'(5 t$O ',2*(5>7(1KN :(5'(1 ,0 m5,67$// %(,0 y$&+6780 (,1,*( c56(1$720( '85&+ r+263+25O $720( ,0 i,77(5 (56(7=7P q'(5 (6 :(5'(1 67$77 i$//,80Oc720( 7(,/:(,6( c/80,1,80O c720( (,1*(%$87P u2/&+(6 o$7(5,$/ :,5' '85&+ ',( h250(/ i$c6;rS2; 2'(5 c/;i$S2;c6 %(6&+5,(%(1N :2%(, ; (,1(1 y(57 =:,6&+(1 R 81' S +$7P f85&+ '(1 g,1%$8 921 r 2'(5 c/ ,0 i$c6Oi,77(5 :,5' gi 9(5*5?M(57 81' (6 /$66(1 6,&+ 527(N 25$1*(N *(/%( 81' *5@1( ngf6 +(567(//(1P y,5' $%(5 =89,(/ c56(1 '85&+ r+263+25 (56(7=7N *(+7 ',( g,*(16&+$)7 '(6 NN',5(.7(1 %(5*$1*(6DD 9(5/25(1N :(6+$/% 0,7 ',(6(0 o$7(5,$/ .(,1( %/$8 /(8&+7(1'(1 ngf6 +(5*(67(//7 :(5'(1 .?1O 1(1P u(,7 S[[W *,%7 (6 %/$8( ngf6 $8) i$//,801,75,'Od$6,6 JuP p$.$085$N p,&+,$ e+(0,&$/ k1'8675,(6KP Licht A p

n n-leitendes Grundmaterial

(a)

K

(b)

c%%P [PUR J$K u&+1,77 '85&+ (,1( n(8&+7O ',2'( J6&+(0$7,6&+KN J%K u&+$/7=(,&+(1P

XRV

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

[PVPV j$/%/(,7(5On$6(5 k0 |8*( '(5 o,1,$785,6,(581* *(/$1*7(1 ',( n,1($5',0(16,21(1 '(5 d$8(/(0(17O u758.785(1 6&+/,(M/,&+ '(87/,&+ 817(5 S o,.520(7(5] 6(,7 '(0 635,&+7 0$1 1,&+7 0(+5 921 o,.526758.785ON 621'(51 921 p$126758.785Ov(&+12/2*,(P w0 ,1 ',(6(5 i5?M(1O 25'181* :2+/'(71,(57( %(5*>1*( =:,6&+(1 d(5(,&+(1 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 j$/%O /(,7(5(,*(16&+$)7(1 =8 (5+$/7(1N *(1@*7(1 ',( .219(17,21(//(1 f27,(581*67(&+1,.(1 1,&+7 0(+5P u7$77 '(66(1 08667(1 1(8( x(5)$+5(1 (17:,&.(/7 :(5'(1N :,( ',( g5=(8O *81* +2&+5(,1(5 J'27,(57(5K m5,67$//(N u&+,&+7 )@5 u&+,&+7N '85&+ o2/(.8/$5675$+/O (3,7$;,( J02/(&8/$5 %($0 (3,7$;1'(57N 6,1' 62/O &+( 7(51>5(1 x(5%,1'81*(1 ,1 -('(5 |86$00(16(7=81* .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+ 0,7(,1$1O '(5 .20%,1,(57%$5P c86*(187=7 :,5' ',( *52M( x$5,$7,216%5(,7( '(5 d$1'/@&.( Jgi 3 SPV (x )@5 ; 3 RN 3 TPT (x )@5 ; 3 SK =85 j(567(//81* 921 j(7(526758.785(1 0,7 67$5. 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 237,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1N 62:,( )@5 3(5,2O ',6&+( u758.785(1 J%(5*,77(5N 683(5 /$77,&(6KP h@5 r,21,(5$5%(,7(1 $8) '(0 i(%,(7 '(5 j$/%/(,7(5Oj(7(526758.785(1 (5+,(/7(1 u&+25(6 c/)252: J|+25(6 c/)(529K 81' j(5%(57 m52(0(5 '(1 p2%(/35(,6 TRRRP h@*7 0$1 =8 (,1(5 '@11(1 i$c6Ou&+,&+7 $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 (,1( u&+,&+7 $86 c/;i$S2;c6 JR " ; " SK 0,7 *5?M(5(0 d$1'$%67$1' +,1=8N 81' =:$5 (,10$/ 3O/(,O 7(1'(1 81' (,10$/ 1O/(,7(1'(6 o$7(5,$/N 62 6,1' ',( g/(.7521(1 ,0 n(,781*6%$1' 81' ',( f()(.7(/(.7521(1 ,0 x$/(1=%$1' '(6 i$c6 ,1 (,1(0 r27(17,$/723) NN*()$1O *(1DD 81' .?11(1 ',(6( |21( 1,&+7 9(5/$66(1 Jc%%P [PUSKP k1-,=,(57 0$1 181 921 '(5 (,1(1 u(,7( g/(.7521(1N 921 '(5 $1'(5(1 f()(.7(/(.7521(1 ,1 ',( i$c6Ou&+,&+7N 62 67(//7 6,&+ %(, +,15(,&+(1'(5 k1-(.7,2165$7( (,1( d(6(7=81*6,19(56,21 (,1N :$6 x25$86O 6(7=81* )@5 (,1(1 n$6(5 ,67P x(56,(+7 0$1 ',( u&+,&+76758.785 $1 =:(, u(,7(1 0,7 u3,(*(/1N 921 '(1(1 (,1(5 7(,/'85&+/>66,* ,67N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1(1 j$/%/(,7(5On$6(5P E

In

n--Al x Ga1--x As

GaAs

Ip p--Al x Ga1--x As

c%%P [PUS d>1'(502'(// (,1(6 f233(/Oj(O 7(526758.785On$6(56 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP

c86 '(5 2%(1 (5:>+17(1 %/$8(1 n(8&+7',2'( $8) i$pOd$6,6 ,67 (,1 %/$8(5 j$/%O /(,7(5On$6(5 +(5925*(*$1*(1N '(66(1 $.7,9(5 v(,/ $86 (,1(0 %(5*,77(5 921 1O %=:P 3O'27,(57(0 c/RPSVi$RPZXp 81' 81'27,(57(0 i$p %(67(+7P

[PV r+272+$/%/(,7(5

XRW

s8$17(1(5(.7(P o,7 '(5 p$127(&+12/2*,( .?11(1 u758.785(1 +(5*(67(//7 :(5'(1N ',( ,1 SN T 2'(5 *$5 U f,0(16,21(1 6(+5 ./(,1 6,1'P y(,/ ',( '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*(1 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 1,&+7 0(+5 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 6,1' *(*(1@%(5 '(1 c%0(6O 681*(1N 75(7(1 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( g5)(.7( $8)N =P dP c8)63$/781* '(5 d>1'(5 ,1 u8%%>1'(5 2'(5 ',6.5(7( g1(5*,(1,9($86P y,5' (,1( f,0(16,21 %(6&+5>1.7N 635,&+7 0$1 921 (,1(0 s8$17(1723) 2'(5 O752* J48$1780 :(//KN %(, =:(, %(6&+5>1.7(1 f,0(16,21(1 920 s8$17(1'5$+7 J48$1780 :,5(K 81' %(, '5(,(1 920 s8$17(1381.7 J48$1780 '27KP m200(5=,(//( s8$17(1723)O n$6(5 *,%7 (6 6(,7 '(1 S[[R(5 l$+5(1] ',( y(,7(5(17:,&./81* '(5 s8$17(1381.7On$6(5 :,5' ,17(16,9 %(75,(%(1P

[PVPW n(8&+76725(N g/(.752/80,1(6=(1= g0,66,21 921 6,&+7%$5(0 n,&+7 $86 m5,67$//(1P f,( g1(5*,(N ',( =85 g5=(8*81* (,1(6 g/(.7521On2&+Or$$5(6 $8)*(:(1'(7 :85'(N :,5' %(, '(5 t(.20%,1$7,21 J3 d$1'O d$1'O%(5*$1* 920 nd ,16 xdK :,('(5 )5(,P f,( g1(5*,( .$11 (17:('(5 '(0 m5,6O 7$//*,77(5 $/6 u&+:,1*81*6(1(5*,( @%(575$*(1 :(5'(1 J675$+/81*6/26(5 %(5*$1*KN 2'(5 6,( .$11 $/6 u75$+/81* (0,77,(57 :(5'(1P f,( u75$+/81* (,1(6 d$1'Od$1'O%(5O *$1*6N ',( 6(+5 67$5. $%625%,(57 :,5'N .$11 $//(1)$//6 921 d(5(,&+(1 1$+( '(5 m5,6O 7$//2%(59>&+( (0,77,(57 :(5'(1P f(5 d$1'$%67$1' %(75>*7 %(,0 i( RPY (xN %(,0 u, SPS (xP f$5$86 )2/*7N '$66 ',(6( m5,67$//( 185 )@5 ,1)5$527(6 n,&+7 '85&+/>66,* 6,1'N )@5 '$6 ',( r+2721(1(1(5*,( ./(,1(5 ,67N $/6 '(0 d$1'$%67$1' (17635,&+7P h@5 '$6 c8*( 6,&+7%$5(6 n,&+7 .$11 $/62 185 $86 '(0 k11(51 (,1(6 m5,67$//6 .200(1N '(66(1 d$1'$%67$1' :(1,*67(16 (7:$ T (x %(75>*7N (17635(&+(1' '(5 g1(5*,( 527(1 n,&+7(6P f,(6(5 d$1'$%67$1' ,67 $%(5 =8 *52M )@5 '$6 c8)75(7(1 (,1(5 g,*(1/(,781* %(, t$80O 7(03(5$785P f(6+$/% 6,1' m5,67$//(N ',( 6,&+7%$5(6 n,&+7 $866(1'(1 .?11(1N .(,1( j$/%/(,7(5N 621'(51 k62/$725(1 Jd(,63,(/(\ |1uN f,$0$17KP n80,1(6=(1= J/80,1(6&(1&(KP f$5817(5 9(567(+7 0$1 n,&+7(0,66,21N ',( $1*(5(*7( |867>1'( 925$866(7=7 81' '(6+$/% 80 :(1,*67(16 SR2[ 6 J'(5 0,1,0$/(1 n(%(16'$8(5 $1*(5(*7(5 |867>1'(K =(,7/,&+ 9(5=?*(57 '(0 c15(*81*6352=(66 )2/*7P n,&+7(0,66,21N ',( 62 6&+1(// 1$&+ '(5 c15(*81* (5)2/*7N '$66 ',( |(,79(5=?*(581* 925 WR l$+5(1 12&+ 1,&+7 0(66%$5 :$5N :,5' 2)7 h/825(6=(1= *(1$117] '$=8 *(+?57 ',( 63217$1( n,&+7(0,66,21 921 c720(1 81' k21(1 0,7 '(1 7*(5,1-(.7,21 (5=(8*7( t(.20%,1$7,216/(8&+7(1N '$6 ,1 n80,1(6=(1=',2'(1 Jn(8&+7',2'(1K 81' j$/%/(,7(5/$6(51 $86*(187=7 :,5'P g/(.752/80,1(6=(1= ,0 (1*(5(1 u,11 ,67 ',( j2&+)(/'/80,1(6=(1=N ',( n,&+7(0,66,21 '85&+ g,1:,5.81* (,1(6 67$5.(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 i/(,&+O 2'(5 y(&+6(/)(/'(6P k0 l$+5( S[UX )$1' iP f(675,$8 $1 0,7 9,(/ m83)(5 '27,(57(0 |1u (,1( n80,1(6=(1= 817(5 '(5 g,1:,5.81* (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 y(&+6(/)(/'(6P f,( n,&+7(0,66,21 75,77 %(, y(&+O 6(/63$1181* $8&+ '$11 $8)N :(11 '(5 m5,67$// *(*(1 ',( g/(.752'(1 J=P dP '85&+ i/,00(5K 92//.200(1 ,62/,(57 ,67N 62'$66 .(,1( k1-(.7,21 921 n$'81*675>*(51 67$77O 71'(1 .$11P k0 m5,67$// :(5'(1 25(1%$5 g/(.7521(1 $1 u7(//(1 %(621'(56 +2+(5 h(/'67>5.( %()5(,7 81' ,0 y(&+6(/)(/' +,1O 81' +(5%(:(*7P f$%(, 1(+0(1 6,( g1(5*,( $8)N .?11(1 '85&+ u72M :(,7(5( g/(.7521(1 %()5(,(1 81' 5(*(1 n(8&+7=(175(1 =85 n,&+7(0,66,21 $1P

[PW j$/%/(,7(5Ov(&+12/2*,( [PWPS r5>3$5$7,21N f27,(581*N u758.785,(581* f,( )2/*(1'(1 c86)@+581*(1 %(6&+5>1.(1 6,&+ $8) u,/,&,80Od$8(/(0(17( 81' ,17(O *5,(57( u&+$/7.5(,6(N '$ 6,( ',( @%(5:,(*(1'( o(+5+(,7 '(5 =85 |(,7 9(5:(1'(7(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 m20321(17(1 '$567(//(1P t2++(567(//81*P u,/,&,80 .2007 ,1 '(5 p$785 $/6 s8$5= Ju,qTK 925P f,( t('8.7,21 0,7 m2+/( (5)2/*7 %(, SVXR@e 1$&+ '(5 i/(,&+81* u,qT 1Te S u,1TeqP f$6 62 *(:211(1( u,/,&,80 ,67 185 =8 [Y@ 5(,1P g6 :,5' $16&+/,(M(1' ,1 *$6)?50,*(6 u,/$1 Ju,jVK 2'(5 e+/256,/$1 Ju,je/UK @%(5)@+57 81' =86$00(1 0,7 y$66(56725 ,1 (,1(1 &+(0,6&+(1 t($.725 (,1*(/(,7(7N ,1 '(0 6,&+ '85&+ u75209866 =80 i/@+(1 *(%5$&+7( '@11( u,Ou7>%( JNNu((/(1DDK %(71'(1N $1 '(1(1 6,&+ '$6 u, %(, SSRR@e 32/%( %,6 =8 Z |2// f85&+0(66(5 +(5*(67(//7P j(567(//81* 921 g,1.5,67$//(1P c86*$1*60$7(5,$/ )@5 35$.7,6&+ $//( u,Od$8(/(0(17( ,67 +2&+5(,1(6N (,1.5,67$//,1(6 u,/,&,80P f,( m5,67$//( :(5'(1 $86 %(5(,76 (;75(0 6$8O %(5(0N 32/+5(1' '(6 y$&+67806 $86 '(0 s8$5= '(6 v,(*(/6 *(/?67 :85'(P f,(6(6 ,67 -('2&+ )@5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1 72/(5,(5%$5P d(,0 |21(16&+0(/=9(5)$+5(1 />667 0$1 (,1( ,1'8.7,9 $8)*(+(,=7( 9@66,*( |21( '85&+ (,1(1 =81>&+67 32/8/(1 *()$1*(1P f$6 9@66,*( u, (567$557 $8) '(5 $%.@+/(1'(1 u(,7( '(6 u7$%(6 ,1 (,1.5,67$//,1(5 h250N '$%(, 5(,&+(51 6,&+ x(5815(,1,*81*(1 ,1 '(5 u&+0(/=( $1P f(5 |21(16&+0(/=925*$1* .$11 $1 (,1(0 u7$% 0(+50$/6 :,('(5+2/7 :(5'(1] 0$1 (5+>/7 62 %(621'(56 5(,1( g,1.5,67$//(P f,( u7>%( :(5'(1 ,00(5 62 *(=2*(1N '$66 ',( c&+6( (,1(5 .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+(1 mSRRnO 2'(5 mSSSnOt,&+781* (17635,&+7P f(5 @%/,&+67( u7$%Of85&+0(66(5 ,67 SRR 00P f,( n>1*( 9$5,,(57 81' /,(*7 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 (,1(0 o(7(5P p,5*(1':2 $8) '(5 g5'( 71'(7 0$1 (,1( 1$7@5/,&+( u8%67$1=N ',( (,1( $8&+ 185 (17)(517 9(5*/(,&+%$5( t(,1+(,7 +>77( :,( j$/%/(,7(5Ou,/,&,80 +$%(1 0866\ o,77/(5( f27,(581*(1 (17635(&+(1 (,1(0 c720$17(,/ '(6 f27,(56725(6 921 (7:$ SR2XP w1O (5:@16&+7( x(5815(,1,*81*(1 :,( =P dP %(5*$1*60(7$//( '@5)(1 +?&+67(16 12&+ ,1 SRRRO0$/ *(5,1*(5(5 m21=(175$7,21 925/,(*(1 $/6 '(5 f27,(56725P f$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( q%(5*5(1=( )@5 x(5815(,1,*81*(1 ,1 u, 921 (7:$ SR2[P }+1/,&+( c1)25'(581*(1 :,( )@5 ',( t(,1+(,7 *(/7(1 $8&+ )@5 ',( f()(.7)5(,+(,7 '(6 m5,67$//*,77(56P o$1 ,67 6(,7 (,1,*(1 l$+5(1 ,1 '(5 n$*(N u,Og,1.5,67$//( 9?//,* 2+1( x(56(7=81*(1 =8 =,(+(1P f,( (,1.5,67$//,1(1 u7>%( :(5'(1 ,1 u&+(,%(1 921 &$P RPW 00 f,&.( 0,7 f,$0$17Ok11(1/2&+6>*(%/>77(51 =(56>*7P f$1$&+ (5)2/*7 (,1( }7O =81* ,1 (,1(5 o,6&+81* $86 u$/3(7(56>85(N h/8666>85( 81' g66,*6>85(N 80 ',( '85&+ '$6 u>*(1 (1767$1'(1(1 m5,67$//'()(.7( ,1 '(5 q%(59>&+( =8 (17)(51(1P h@5 j2&+O /(,6781*6',2'(1 81' O7+87* :,5' '$1$&+ $8) '(5 32/,(57(1 u(,7( (3,7$.7,6&+ J'P +P ,1 (,1.5,67$//,1(5 h250K (,1( u&+,&+7 $86 u, 921 (,1,*(1 =0 f,&.( $%*(6&+,('(1N ',( 6,&+ '85&+ %(621'(5( t(,1+(,7 81' j202*(1,7>7 ,1 '(5 f27,(581* $86=(,&+1(7P f,(6(6 *(6&+,(+7 ,1 (,1(0 &+(0,6&+(1 t($.725 817(5 (;75(0 6$8%(5(1 d(',1*81*(1 '85&+ 7+(50,6&+( |(56(7=81* 921 u,je/U %(, (7:$ SRRR@eP p81 .?11(1 ',(6( u&+(,O %(1 )@5 ',( j(567(//81* 921 d$8(/(0(17(1 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P d(, '(5 d$8(/(0(17Oj(567(//81* :(5'(1 ',( u,Ou&+(,%(1 :,('(5+2/7 81' ,1 817(5O 6&+,('/,&+(5 t(,+(1)2/*( )2/*(1'(1 x25*>1*(1 817(5=2*(1\ f27,(581*N 3+272/,7+2O *5$3+,6&+( u758.785,(581*N d(6&+,&+781* 81' }7=81*P f27,(56725( .?11(1 %(5(,76 :>+5(1' '(6 m5,67$//=,(+(16 =8*(*(%(1 :(5'(1P y(,7(5( o?*/,&+.(,7(1 6,1' ',( )2/O *(1'(1\ f,586,216Of27,(581*P f,( )@5 u, :,&+7,*67(1 f27,(581*60$7(5,$/,(1 6,1' d25 Jc.O =(3725N VW 0(xK 81' r+263+25 Jf21$725N VV 0(xKP g,1 v5>*(5*$6 JqTN pTK 3(5/7 '85&+ (,1 u>77,*81*6*()>M 0,7 rqe/U 2'(5 de/U 81' 6(7=7 ',( u,Ou&+(,%(1 %(, SSRRASTWR@e '(0 f,586,216352=(66 $86P f,( f,586,216Of27,(581* .$11 NN0$6O .,(57DD (5)2/*(1\ ',( u,Ou&+(,%( :,5' 925 '(5 f,586,21 2%(59>&+/,&+ 2;,',(57 81' '$6 (1767$1'(1( u,qT :,5' $1 %(67,007(1 u7(//(1 :,('(5 $%*(>7=7] '$11 .?11(1 ',( f27,(5$720( 185 '257 ,1 '$6 u, (,1'5,1*(1N :2 6,&+ .(,1 ',586,216+(00(1'(5 u,qTO h,/0 %(71'(7P

XRZ

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

k21(1Ok03/$17$7,21P j,(5%(, :(5'(1 k21(1 '(6 f27,(56725(6 '85&+ (,1(1 d(6&+/(8O 1,*(5 $8) SRASRR .(x g1(5*,( %(6&+/(81,*7 81' '$11 $8) ',( u,Ou&+(,%( *(6&+266(1P f,( k21(1 '5,1*(1 &$P S =0 ,1 '$6 u, (,1P f,( o$6.,(581* .$11 +,(5 $8) %(621'(56 (,1)$&+( y(,6( *(6&+(+(1N 81' =:$5 '85&+ (,1( '@11( r+272/$&.Ou&+,&+7P p85 '257N :2 .(,1 n$&. ,67N .?11(1 ',( k21(1 (,1'5,1*(1 81' '$6 u, '27,(5(1P f,( m21=(17O 5$7,2169(57(,/81* '(5 ,03/$17,(57(1 k21(1 />667 6,&+ $1*(1>+(57 '85&+ (,1( i$8MO x(57(,/81* %(6&+5(,%(1 0,7 (,1(5 0,77/(5(1 t(,&+:(,7(N ',( 3523257,21$/ =85 k21(1O (1(5*,( ,67P p$&+ '(5 k03/$17$7,21 0@66(1 ',( u,Ou&+(,%(1 .85= $8) (7:$ [RR@e $8)*(+(,=7 :(5'(1N 80 (1767$1'(1( m5,67$//*,77(5'()(.7( :,('(5 $86=8+(,/(1P f(5 x257(,/ ',(6(6 x(5)$+5(16 /,(*7 ,1 '(5 r52'8.7,21 2%(59>&+(11$+(5 JRPU =0K 31O%(5O *>1*(P p(87521(1Ov5$16087$7,21P f$6 ,0 u, 925+$1'(1( 1$7@5/,&+( k62723 URu, :,5' '85&+ d(675$+/81* 0,7 p(87521(1 ,0 t($.725 ,1 USu, 80*(:$1'(/7N '$6 6(,1(56(,76 '85&+ (,1(1 4O|(5)$// 0,7 (,1(5 j$/%:(576=(,7 921 TPXT + ,1 USr 80*(:$1'(/7 :,5'P p$&+ :(1,*(1 y2&+(1 c86/$*(581* ,67 '$6 o$7(5,$/ 35$.7,6&+ 1,&+7 0(+5 5$',2$.7,9P f(5 x257(,/ '(6 x(5)$+5(16N '$6 925 $//(0 =85 j(567(//81* 921 j2&+63$1181*6%$8(/(O 0(17(1 ,1 '(5 n(,6781*6(/(.7521,. (,1*(6(7=7 :,5'N %(67(+7 ,1 (,1(5 6(+5 +202*(1(1 x(57(,/81* '(6 f27,(56725(6 ,0 u,Ou7$%] ',( p$&+7(,/( 6,1'N '$66 ',( f27,(581* 1,&+7 0$6.,(57 (5)2/*(1 .$11 81' '$66 185 1Of27,(581* 0?*/,&+ ,67P n,7+2*5$3+,(P h@5 ',( r+272/,7+2*5$3+,( :(5'(1 ',( u,Ou&+(,%(1 0,7 (,1(5 '@11(1 u&+,&+7 JSAT =0K (,1(6 /,&+7(0371'/,&+(1 n$&.(6 %(6&+,&+7(7 81' '$11 '85&+ 63(O =,(//( o$6.(1N ',( ',( *(:@16&+7( u758.785 75$*(1N %(/,&+7(7P p$&+ '(5 d(/,&+781* /?6(1 6,&+ ',( %(/,&+7(7(1 n$&.9>&+(1 ,0 g17:,&./(5P f,( o$6.(1 6(/%67 %(67(+(1 0(,67(16 $86 '@11(1 e+5206&+,&+7(1 $8) i/$6O 2'(5 s8$5=3/$77(1P k+5( j(567(//81* ,67 6(+5 $8):(1',*P f,( (55(,&+%$5( c89?681* Jn,1,(1%5(,7(K /,(*7 %(, RPU =0P d(, '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,( J9*/P c%6&+1P SSPUPSK :,5' (,1 6(+5 )(,1 )2.866,(57(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/ 921 (,1(5 c%/(1.(,1+(,7 *(67(8(57 @%(5 '$6 d(/,&+781*6)(/' *()@+57 81' $8M(5+$/% '(5 d(/,&+781*6381.7( NN$86*(7$67(7DD J$8&+ %(,0 |(,/(15@&./$8)KP y(,/ '$6 x(5)$+5(1 '(1 p$&+7(,/ (,1(6 *(5,1*(1 f85&+6$7=(6 +$7N :,5' (6 J12&+K 1,&+7 )@5 ',( o$66(1352'8.7,21N $%(5 9,(/)$&+ )@5 ',( g5=(8*81* '(5 o$6.(1 )@5 ',( 237,6&+( n,7+2*5$3+,(N )@5 63(=,(//( x(5)$+5(166&+5,77( %(, '(5 e+,3Oj(567(//81* 81' )@5 :,66(16&+$)7/,&+( w17(568&+81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7P d(6&+,&+781*P |85 c8)%5,1*81* 921 u,qTN u,/,&,80Op,75,' Ju,UpVK 81' 32/8&+/,&+67(P j,(5%(, 6(7=7 0$1 ',( u,Ou&+(,%(1 ,1 (,1(0 &+(0,6&+(1 t($.725 %(, +2+(5 v(03(5$785 J&$P SRRR@eK %(67,007(1 i$6(1 $86N ',( 67$5. ,1 c5*21 9(5'@117 6,1'P h@5 (,1( u,qTOu&+,&+7 />667 0$1 =P dP u,jV 81' qT ,1 '(1 t($.725] $8) '(1 u&+(,%(1 6&+(,'(7 6,&+ '$11 (,1( u,qTOu&+,&+7 $%N '$6 p(%(1352'8.7 y$66(5 :,5' $%*()@+57P h@5 (,1( u,UpVO u&+,&+7 .$11 0$1 (17635(&+(1' u,jV 81' c0021,$. 5($*,(5(1 /$66(1P h@5 ',( q;,O '$7,21 %(, '(5 5(/$7,9 1,('5,*(1 v(03(5$785 921 YRR@e (,*1(7 6,&+ ',( 37O =(1'(1 o$7(5,$/P h@5 u,N u,qT 2'(5 u,UpV (,*1(7 6,&+ ehVN )@5 c/80,1,80 dhU $/6 }7=*$6P r/$60$O}7=9(5)$+5(1 +$%(1 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 6,( 35$.7,6&+ 9?//,* )5(, 921 x(5815(,1,*81*(1 $5%(,7(1P

[PWPT k17(*5,(57( u&+$/781*(1N o,.52(/(.7521,. d(,0 g17:85) (/(.7521,6&+(5 u&+$/781*(1N ',( ,1 keOh250 5($/,6,(57 :(5'(1N %(0@+7 0$1 6,&+N 0?*/,&+67 185 v5$16,6725(1 $/6 u&+$/7(/(0(17( =8 9(5:(1'(1N $8&+ :(11 ',( u&+$/781* '$'85&+ $8):(1',*(5 :,5'P c/6 m21'(16$725(1 67(+(1 ',( u3(55O 6&+,&+7Om$3$=,7>7(1 =85 x(5)@*81*P k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 /$66(1 6,&+ $8) (,1(0 ke 1,&+7 5($/,6,(5(1] 6,( :(5'(1 '85&+ m81676&+$/781*(1 0,7 m21'(16$725(1 (56(7=7P i5(1=(1 '(5 o,1,$785,6,(581*P f,( o,1,$785,6,(581* '(5 o,.52(/(.7521,. .$11 1,&+7 $' ,171,780 :(,7(5*(+(1P y,( 6&+21 tP n$1'$8(5 81' lP u:$1621 ,1 '(1 XR(5 l$+5(1 (5.$117 +$%(1N *,%7 (6 35,1=,3,(//( i5(1=(1N '(1(1 :,5 6&+21 1$+( 6,1'P f,(6( i5(1O =(1 6,1' ,1 '(5 $720,67,6&+(1 u758.785 '(5 o$7(5,( 81' '(0 7+(50,6&+(1 t$86&+(1 %(*5@1'(7\ d(, t$807(03(5$785 %(1?7,*7 0$1 (,1( o,1'(670(1*( $1 v(,/&+(1N 80 (,1 d,7 6,&+(5 =8 63(,&+(51P g,1( $1'(5( i5(1=( (5*,%7 6,&+ '85&+ ',( $//*(*(1:>57,*( j?+(1675$+/81*N '(5(1 v(,/&+(1 *(/(*(17/,&+ (,1( k21,6$7,2166385 ,0 u,/,&,80 (5=(8O *(1P c%(5 ,0 i5(1=%(5(,&+ '(5 o,1,$785,6,(581*N ,1 '(5 p$12(/(.7521,.N &+$5$.7(O 5,6,(57 '85&+ n,1($5',0(16,21(1 817(5+$/% 921 S o,.520(7(5N 75(7(1 ,17(5(66$17( s8$17(1(5(.7( $8)N '(5(1 7(&+1,6&+( p87=81* (567 %(*211(1 +$7P h@5 :(,7(5*(+(1'( f$567(//81*(1 :,5' $8) d'P XN m$3P Y Jj$/%/(,7(5K 81' m$3P Z Jo$7(5,$/,(1 '(5 q372(/(.7521,.K 9(5:,(6(1P

[PX k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ [ [PXPS w0)$1*5(,&+( u$&+7+(0(1 j$/%/(,7(5Or+1=81*\ 6P c%6&+1P VPXPSN n,1.6 VA[ 81' VASR

XSR

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

d$8(/(0(17( 81' u&+$/781*67(&+1,.P w1,9(56,7>7 w/0\ +773\BB:::P81,O8/0P'(B 0 u758.785 81' q5*$1,6$7,21 0 h$.8/7>7 )@5 p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 0 h$&+5,&+781*(1 0 r+1=81*\ 6P c%6&+1P ZPWPSN j$//Og5(.7Oo(6681*(1N n,1. ZAX v5$16,6725P rdu Jr8%/,& d52$'&$67,1* u7$7,216KN +($'48$57(5(' ,1 c/(;$1'5,$N x,5O *,1,$\ +773\BB:::P3%6P25* 0 g;3/25( NNu&,(1&( H p$785(DD iq 0 u($5&+ NN75$16,6O 725,=('DD Ji2K 0 v5$16,6725,=('C v+( j,6725< 2) 7+( k19(17,21 2) 7+( v5$16,6725 3 n,1. [A[ y(,7(5 0,7 c1./,&.(1 '(5 t$',2.1?3)( 0 g/(&7521 Jc u(/(&7,9( v,0(/,1( 2) TR7+ e(1785< g9(176N Y 3$*(6KN 0 rp l81&7,21N 0 k19(17,21N 0 v+( keN 0 h8785( k17(*5$7(' e,5&8,76 JkeKP ke m12:/('*(N i(25*(72:1N oc RSZUUN ,6 $ &203$1< 3529,',1* .12:/('*( 5(6285&(6 72 7+( 6(0,&21'8&725 ,1'8675
5.(5P eek1)2N e+5,6723+ e$63$5,N f,3/POk1*P g/(.7527(&+1,.\ +773\BB :::P&&,1)2P'(B 0 v(&+1,.Bg/(.7527(&+1,. 0 g/(.75,6&+(5 u7520 0 g/(.7521,6&+( d$8(/(0(17(\ NNq3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5DD 3 n,1. [ASU y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 c8)%$8 81' h81.7,21 (,1(6 q3(5$7,2169(567>5.(56 g5*>1=81*\ o,.52&21752//(5 A v(,/ '(5 y,.,0(',$ h281'$7,21N ',( $8&+ y,.,3(',$ %(75(,%7\ +773\BB:::P0,.52&21752//(5P1(7B 0 c57,.(/ NNq3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5DD 3 n,1. [ASV p$126758.785Od$867(,1(P y25/' v(&+12/2*< g9$/8$7,21 e(17(5 JyvgeK\ +773\BB :::P:7(&P25*B 0 t(32576 q1/,1( 0 u78'< 5(32576 &203/(7(' %< n21=81*\ r+)76)@+5(5 t8'2/) j8*KN fOYTRYR v@%,1O *(1\ +773\BB:::P62/$56(59(5P'(B 0 y,66(1 0 v(&+1,.\ r+27292/7$,. 3 n,1. [ATR

XST

[ g/(.75,6&+( g5(.7( ,1 j$/%/(,7(51

n(8&+7',2'(1 JngfKP c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN ngf\ n,1. [ATS g5*>1=81*\ ngfOk1)2P f,(6( u(,7(1 *(%(1 k1)250$7,21(1 @%(5 ',( ngfOv(&+1,. 81' '(5(1 o?*/,&+.(,7(1 J@ j$8.( j$//(5K\ +773\BB:::P/('O,1)2P'( 0 i581'/$*(1 0 ngf 3 n,1. [ATT y(,7(5 0,7 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 c%6&+1,77(1 Ju3$/7( /,1.6K j$/%/(,7(5OJj(7(526758.785OKn$6(5P d(1=81* J817(1K 0 +773\BB:::P+$56P'(B%5$81B,1'(;P+70/ y$/7(5 u&+277.< JSZZXAS[YXKP uP c%6&+1P ZPWPVN n,1. ZAUT y$/7(5 j286(5 d5$77$,1 JS[RTAS[ZYKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. [AUR l2+1 d$5'((1 JS[RZAS[[SKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. [AUS y,//,$0 dP u+2&./(< JS[SRAS[Z[KP c86 y25/' j,6725< J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. [AUT l$&. u7P e/$,5 m,/%< JS[TUATRRWKP c86 kggg j,6725< e(17(5 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. [AUU

[PX k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ [

XSU

g5*>1=81*\ c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK c872%,2*5$3+87* 1,&+7 *(/,1*(1N /,(*7 185 '$5$1N '$66 6,&+ '85&+ m21O '(16$7,21 '(6 f$03)(6 $8) '(1 c33$5$7(7(,/(1 (,1( '@11( y$66(5+$87 1,('(56&+/>*7N ',( (/(.752/+,*.(,7 '(5 i$6( %(, t$807(03(5$785 81' %(, 1250$/(0 f58&. ,67 =:$5 6(+5 ./(,1N $%(5 12&+ 0(66%$5P f(6+$/% 9(5/,(57 -('(5 ,62/,(57 $8)*(O 67(//7(N (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1( m?53(5N =P dP (,1 NNm21'8.725DDN ,1 752&.(1(5 n8)7 2'(5 ,1 $1'(5(1 i$6(1 $//0>+/,&+ 6(,1( n$'81*P f$6 g17/$'(1 (,1(6 m21'8.7256 '85&+ '$6 ,+1 80*(%(1'( i$6 :$5 (,1( )@5 ',( (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 r,21,(5(;3(5,0(17( '(6 SZP l$+5+81'(576 6(+5 :,&+7,*( d(2%$&+781*P f(5 d(*5,5 NNi$6(17/$'81*DD J*$6(286 ',6&+$5*(K +$7 @%(5/(%7 81' 67(+7 +(87( )@5 $//( h250(1 '(6 n$'81*675$163257(6 ,1 i$6(1P k0 g1*/,6&+(1 :,5' ',(6(6 h$&+*(%,(7 i$6(286 g/(&7521,&6 *(1$117P A f(5 %(5*$1* =85 r/$60$3+8M(5( g,19@66(N =P dP '85&+ (1(5*,(5(,&+( v(,/O &+(1 2'(5 r+2721(1P f85&+ (,1 $1*(/(*7(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' (5)$+5(1 ',(6( 35,0>5(1 n$'81*675>*(5 (,1( *(5,&+7(7( d(:(*81*P y(11 .(,1( =86>7=/,&+(1 n$'81*675>*(5 '85&+ u(.81'>5352=(66( (5=(8*7 :(5'(1N %(=(,&+1(7 0$1 ',( 816(/%67>1',*( i$6(17O /$'81* J121O6(/)O0$,17$,1(' ',6&+$5*(K $/6 NNn$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5O .81*DD J&+$5*( 75$163257 :,7+287 *$6 $03/,7&$7,21KP y(11 ',( 35,0>5 (5=(8*7(1 )5(,(1 g/(.7521(1 '85&+ u72M,21,6$7,21 ,0 i$6 :(,7(5( n$'81*675>*(5 (5=(8*(1N '$11 .$11 '(5 u7520 80 (,1,*( |(+1(5327(1=(1 $167(,*(1P u2/$1*( ',(6(5 u7520 0,7 '(5 |$+/ '(5 35,0>5 (5=(8*7(1 n$'81*675>*(5 $167(,*7 81' $%%5,&+7N :(11 ',( r5,0>5,21,6$7,21 $8)+?57N 1(117 0$1 ',( 816(/%67>1',*( i$6(17/$'81* NNn$'81*675$163257 0,7 i$69(567>5.81*DDP

SRPS n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81*

XSY

y(11 $%(5 i$69(567>5.81* =8 r52=(66(1 )@+57N ',( '(1 u7520 $8)5(&+7 (5+$/7(1N $8&+ :(11 ',( 35,0>5 ,21,6,(57(1 v(,/&+(1 $%*(9266(1 6,1'N '$11 +$7 0$1 (,1( NN6(/%O 67>1',*( g17/$'81*DD J6(/)O6867$,1,1* ',6&+$5*(KP

SRPS n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81* SRPSPS k21,6$7,21 81' t(.20%,1$7,21 n$'81*675>*(5P k1 i$6(17/$'81*(1 6,1' ',( n$'81*675>*(5 )5(,( g/(.7521(1 81' k2O 1(1P f,( 326,7,9(1 k21(1 %(67(+(1 $86 c720(1 2'(5 c720.203/(;(1N '(1(1 (,1 2'(5 0(+5(5( g/(.7521(1 )(+/(1N ',( 8PwP (%(1)$//6 925+$1'(1(1 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1 %(67(+(1 $86 c720.203/(;(1N ',( (,1 =86>7=/,&+(6 g/(.7521 $1 6,&+ *(%81'(1 +$%(1P u72M,21,6$7,21 J,03$&7 ,21,=$7,21K 81' r+272,21,6$7,21 921 c720(1 2'(5 o2/(O .@/(1 '(6 i$6(6 )@+5(1 35,0>5 =8 326,7,9(1 k21(1 81' )5(,(1 g/(.7521(1P g6 ,67 ,00(5 12&+ @%/,&+N ',( %(,'(1 n$'81*675>*(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 x25=(,&+(16N ',( '85&+ k21,6$7,21 (1767(+(1 2'(5 '85&+ t(.20%,1$7,21 9(56&+:,1'(1N $/6 (,1 k21(13$$5 J,21 3$,5N ,21 7:,16K =8 %(=(,&+1(1N 2%:2+/ :,5 -(7=7 :,66(1N '$66 (6 6,&+ %(, '(1 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*675>*(51 ,1 i$6(1 0(,67 80 )5(,( g/(.7521(1 +$1'(/7P p85 :(11 ,0 i$6 62 *(1$117( (/(.7521(*$7,9( o2/(.@/( 925+$1'(1 6,1'N ',( (,1 )5(,(6 g/(.7521 %,1'(1 .?11(1N .2007 (6 6(.81'>5 =85 d,/'81* 921 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1N 9(5%81'(1 0(,67 0,7 '(5 f,662=,$7,21 ',(6(5 o2/(.@/( L',662&,$7,9( J(/(&7521K $7O 7$&+0(17bP f,( =:$5 ./(,1(N $%(5 0(66%$5( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 '(5 i$6( =(,*7N '$66 ,00(5 (,1,*( n$'81*675>*(5 ,0 i$6 925+$1'(1 6,1'P h@5 '(5(1 g5=(8*81* ,67 ',( t$',2O $.7,9,7>7 '(5 w0*(%81* 81' ',( .260,6&+( u75$+/81* 9(5$17:257/,&+P w0 ',( 5$O ',2$.7,9( i$00$Ou75$+/81* 921 (,1,*(1 o(x r+2721(1(1(5*,( 9?//,* $%=86&+,5O 0(1N 6,1' ',&.( d/(,:>1'( (5)25'(5/,&+P |80 :,5.81*692//(1 u&+87= 925 '(1 6(+5 (1(5*,(5(,&+(1 v(,/&+(1 '(5 .260,6&+(1 u75$+/81*N =P dP r52721(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 921 SRR i(x 81' 0(+5N 0866 0$1 ,1 7,()( d(5*:(5.672//(1 $86:(,&+(1P y(11 ',( 67>1',* ,5*(1':,( (5=(8*7(1 n$'81*675>*(5 1,&+7 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $%*(6$8*7 :(5'(1N 0@66(1 6,( $8) $1'(5( y(,6( 9(56&+:,1'(1] 185 62 .$11 6,&+ (,1 67$7,21>5(5 |867$1' (,167(//(1P f(5 r52=(66N %(, '(0 n$'81*675>*(5 (17*(O *(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(16 6,&+ *(*(16(,7,* 1(875$/,6,(5(1N ,67 ',( t(.20%,1$7,21N ',( =8 (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/(1 o2/(.@/(1N t$',.$/(1 2'(5 c720(1 )@+57P k21,6$725(1P f,( |$+/ '(5 '85&+ w0*(%81*65$',2$.7,9,7>7 81' .260,6&+( u75$+/81* (5=(8*7(1 k21(13$$5( .$11 '85&+ =86>7=/,&+( g,1:,5.81*(1 921 $8M(1 (5+?+7 :(5O '(1P f$%(, ,67 =:,6&+(1 x2/80(1,21,6$725(1 81' q%(59>&+(1,21,6$725(1 =8 817(5O 6&+(,'(1] (567(5( ,21,6,(5(1 ',( i$602/(.@/( ,0 x2/80(1N /(7=7(5( /?6(1 *(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 $86 y>1'(1 $86 J=P dP r+272O 2'(5 i/@+(/(.7521(1K 2'(5 :,5.(1 $8) :$1'O 1$+( i$602/(.@/( J=P dP 7+(50,6&+( k21,6$7,21 $1 +(,M(1 y>1'(1KP n>667 0$1 '85&+ (,1 i$6 Jn8)7K (,1 d@1'(/ t?17*(1Ou75$+/(1 +,1'85&+*(+(1N 62 (1767(+(1 '85&+ r+272,21,6$7,21 '(5 i$602/(.@/( 326,7,9( k21(1 81' g/(.7521(1P g%(162 (5=(8*(1 ',( 921 5$',2$.7,9(1 u8%67$1=(1 $86*(+(1'(1 (1(5*,(5(,&+(1 3ON 4O 2'(5 5Ou75$+/(1 k21,6$7,21P d(71'(7 6,&+ '$6 i$6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 (,1(6

XSZ

SR i$6(17/$'81*(1

63$1181*6)@+5(1'(1 m21'(16$7256N ',( '85&+ d/(1'(1 925 ',5(.7(5 d(675$+/81* *(O 6&+@7=7 6,1'N '$11 :(5'(1 ',( '85&+ k21,6$7,21 (1767$1'(1(1 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 =8 '(1 r/$77(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(16 +,1*(=2*(1] ',( g/(.7521(1 :(5'(1 921 '(5 326,7,9(1 r/$77( $8)*(1200(1N ',( k21(1 $1 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 r/$77( '85&+ o(7$//(/(.7521(1 1(875$/,6,(57P f,( $%9,(M(1'(1 n$'81*(1 %,/'(1 (,1(1 u7520N '(5 0,7 (,1(0 ,1 ',( u3$1181*6=8)@+581* '(6 m21'(16$7256 *(6&+$/7(7(1 (0371'/,&+(1 o(66,167580(17 Ji$/9$120(7(5K 1$&+:(,6%$5 ,67P g,1 $1'(5(5N 6(+5 (,1)$&+(5 p$&+:(,6 '(5 k21,6$7,21 %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 0$1 (,1 5$',2$.7,9(6 r5>3$5$7 ,1 ',( p>+( (,1(6 *(/$'(1(1 g/(.7526.236 %5,1*7N '$6 '$11 6&+1(// 6(,1( n$'81* 9(5/,(57N :(,/ (6 921 '(1 *(%,/'(7(1 r$$5(1 ',( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1( n$'81*675>*(5$57 $1 6,&+ +(5$1=,(+7P f$%(, ,67 (6 */(,&+*@/7,*N 2% '$6 g/(.7O 526.23 326,7,9 2'(5 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1 ,67P g,1( u3$/781* 921 i$602/(.@/(1 ,1 n$'81*675>*(53$$5( 71'(7 $8&+ '85&+ g5O +,7=(1 921 i$6(1 67$77P k1)2/*( '(5 +2+(1 v(03(5$785 :,5' ',( 7+(50,6&+( d(:(*81* '(5 o2/(.@/( 62 *52MN '$66 (,1,*( %(, |86$00(167?M(1 g/(.7521(1 $%63$/7(1P d5,1*7 0$1 =P dP 817(5 (,1( ,62/,(57 $8)*(+>1*7( *(/$'(1( o(7$//3/$77( cN ',( 0,7 (,1(0 g/(.7520(7(5 9(5%81'(1 81' $8)*(/$'(1 ,67N (,1 %5(11(1'(6 u75(,&++2/=N (,1( 527O */@+(1'( (/(.75,6&+ *(+(,=7( f5$+763,5$/( 2'(5 ',( h/$00( (,1(6 d816(1%5(11(56 Jc%%P SRPS$KN 62 9(56&+:,1'(7 ,1 .85=(5 |(,7 ',( n$'81* '(6 g/(.7520(7(56P f,( g17/$'81* +?57 $%(5 $8)N :(11 0$1 ',( ,21,6,(57( n8)7N %(925 6,( ',( r/$77( (55(,&+7N 0,7 (,1(0 x(17,/$725 Jh?1K =85 u(,7( %/>67P f$66 6,&+ ,1 '(5 (5+,7=7(1 n8)7 7$76>&+/,&+ k21(1 %(71'(1N />667 6,&+ =(,*(1N :(11 0$1 ',( (5+,7=7( n8)7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 $8)67(,*(1 />667 Jc%%P SRPS%KP n(*7 0$1 0,77(/6 '(6 u&+$/7(56 ,1 u7(//81* S (,1( u3$1181* 921 (7:$ TRR x2/7 $1N 62 %/(,%7 '(5 g/(.7520(7(5$866&+/$* .2167$17N '$ $//( k21(1 $1 ',( r/$77(1 $%*()@+57 :(5'(1P u&+$/7(7 0$1 '$*(*(1 J'85&+ w06&+$/7(1 $8) u7(//81* TK ',( u3$1181* '(5 d$77(5,( d $%N :2'85&+ */(,&+O =(,7,* '(5 m21'(16$725 .85=*(6&+/266(1 :,5'N 62 %(*,117 62)257 :,('(5 ',( g17/$'81* '(6 g/(.7520(7(56P c8) '(5 v(03(5$785,21,6$7,21 %(58+7 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 921 h/$00(1P d5,1*7 0$1 =P dP ,1 (,1( 1,&+7/(8&+7(1'( d816(19$00( =:(, r/$7,1(/(.752'(1 ,0 c%67$1' 921 (,1,*(1 o,//,0(7(51 $1 81' /(*7 $1 ',(6( @%(5 (,1 i$/9$120(7(5 (,1( u3$1181* 921

E

A

A

S

1 2

(a)

(b)

c%%P SRPS x2/80(1,21,6$7,21 '85&+ v(03(5$785(5+?+81* 0,7 '(0 d816(1%5(11(5P J$K g17O /$'81* '(5 $8)*(/$'(1(1 o(7$//3/$77( cN J%K c%)$1*(1 '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 ,0 h(/' '(6 r/$7O 7(1.21'(16$7256P

SRPS n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81*

XS[

(7:$ SRR x2/7 J817(5 x256&+$/781* (,1(6 *((,*1(7(1 u&+87=:,'(567$1'(6KN 62 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1(1 6&+:$&+(1 u7520 '85&+ ',( h/$00( +,1'85&+P f,(6(5 :>&+67 (5+(%/,&+ $1N :(11 0$1 (,1( p$75,80O 2'(5 m$/,806$/=3(5/( 62 ,1 ',( h/$00( (,1)@+57N '$66 '(5 /(8&+7(1'( o(7$//'$03) ',( g/(.752'(1 8063@/7] ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 '(5 h/$00( :,5' '85&+ ',( (1767(+(1'(1 o(7$//,21(1 (5+(%/,&+ 9(5*5?M(57P k1 h81.(1 Jc%6&+1P SRPUPUK (1767(+7 (%(1)$//6 (,1( 67$5.( k21,6$7,21P m200(5O =,(//( k21,6$725(1 =85 x(51,&+781* (/(.75267$7,6&+(5 c89$'81*(1 %(67(+(1 0(,67 $86 =$+/5(,&+(1 h81.(1675(&.(1N '85&+ ',( n8)7 *(%/$6(1 :,5'P t(.20%,1$7,21P n$'81*675>*(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 x25=(,&+(16 5(.20%,1,(5(1 ,0 i$6 0(,67 ,0 |:(,(5672MN :(,/ f5(,(567?M( (567 %(, 6(+5 +2+(1 f58&.(1 :$+56&+(,1/,&+ :(5'(1P y(*(1 g1(5*,(O 81' k038/6(5+$/781* 0866 ',( |:(,(5672MOt(.20%,1$7,21 =85 f,662=,$7,21 '(6 *(%,/'(7(1 1(875$/(1 c720Om203/(;(6 )@+5(1 J',662&,$7,9( 5(O &20%,1$7,21K] ',( '$%(, )5(,:(5'(1'( g1(5*,( :,5' @%(5)@+57 ,1 .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( '(5 v(,/&+(1] ',(6( .?11(1 '$%(, $8&+ $1*(5(*7 :(5'(1 81' 1$&+)2/*(1' u75$+/81* (0,77,(5(1P

R E

c%%P SRPT c125'181* =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 t(.20%,1$7,21 921 n$'81*675>*(51P

f$66 (,1( (,10$/ (5=(8*7( k21,6$7,21 1,&+7 '$8(51' %(67(+(1 %/(,%7N 621'(51 ,0 n$8)( '(5 |(,7 *(6(7=0>M,* $%1,007N :,5' '85&+ '(1 x(568&+ 921 c%%P SRPT '(O 021675,(57\ k1 (,1(0 9(57,.$/(1N *((5'(7(1 o(66,1*52+5 t %(71'(1 6,&+ ,1 */(,&+(1 c%67>1'(1 @%(5(,1$1'(5 ,62/,(57 (,1*()@+57( k11(1(/(.752'(1N ',( (,1=(/1 0,7 (,1(0 g/(.7520(7(5 g 9(5%81'(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P n>'7 0$1 ',(6(6 81' ',( *(5$'( 0,7 ,+0 9(5%81'(1( k11(1(/(.752'( $8) (,1 %(67,007(6 r27(17,$/ $8) 81' />667 '$11 921 817(1 ,1 '$6 t2+5 ,21,6,(57( n8)7 0,7 0>M,*(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (,1675?0(1 J=P dP h/$00(1*$6(KN 62 %(2%$&+7(7 0$1N '$66 ',( c89$'81* '(5 817(567(1 g/(.752'( (7:$ ,1 (,1(5 u(.81'(N ',( '(5 0,77/(5(1 1$&+ (,1,*(1 u(.81'(1 81' ',( '(5 2%(5(1 g/(.752'( (567 1$&+ />1*(5(5 |(,7 9(56&+:,1'(7P f,(6 =(,*7N '$66 (,1 (5+(%/,&+(5 v(,/ '(5 k21(1 $8) '(0 y(*( '85&+ '$6 t2+5 5(.20%,1,(57P f$6 |8(,1$1'(571'(1 '(5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 .2007 925 $//(0 '85&+ ',( NN=8)>//,*(DD 7+(50,O 6&+( d(:(*81* =867$1'(P f$ '(5 0,77/(5( c%67$1' =:(,(5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$'(1(5 n$'81*675>*(5 5(/$7,9 *52M ,67N 63,(/7 ',( (/(.75,6&+( c1=,(+81* 185 %(,0 /(7=7(1 v(,/ '(5 c11>+(581* (,1( t2//(P

XTR

SR i$6(17/$'81*(1

f,( u72M+>87*.(,7 Ju72M)5(48(1=N u7?M( 352 |(,7N &2//,6,21 5$7(KN %(=2*(1 $8) '$6 x2/80(1N ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 '(1 Jc1=$+/OKf,&+7(1 11 '(5 326,7,9(1 k21(1 81' 12 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1P d(75$&+7(1 :,5 '(5 g,1)$&++(,7 +$/%(5 185 (,1)$&+O*(/$'(1( k21(1N '$11 ,67 11 3 12 3 1u J3 f,&+7( '(5 k21(13$$5(KP h@5 ',( J92/80(163(=,76&+(K t(.20%,1$7,216*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 J5(&20%,1$7,21 5$O 7(K .$11 0$1 '(6+$/% tt 32J'1uB'7Kt(.20%P 3 " 11 12 3 " 1Tu

JSRPSK

$16(7=(1P f(5 t(.20%,1$7,216.2(5,=,(17 " +$7 ',( f,0(16,21 x2/80(1B|(,7P f(O 71,(57 0$1 ',( J92/80(163(=,76&+(K k21,6,(581*667>5.( J,21,=$7,21 5$7(K $/6 ',( |$+/ '(5 352 |(,7 81' x2/80(1 920 k21,6$725 1(8 (5=(8*7(1 k21(13$$5(N tk 3 J'1uB'7Kk21,6PN

JSRPTK

62 %(75>*7 ',( =(,7/,&+( |81$+0( '(5 k21(13$$5( 352 x2/80(1 '1uB'7 3 tk 2tt 3 tk 2" 1TuP

JSRPUK

u&+/,(M/,&+ %,/'(7 6,&+ (,1 67$7,21>5(5 |867$1' +(5$86N )@5 '(1 '1uB'7 3 R 81' tk 3 " 1Tu

JSRPVK

*,/7P f$6 )@+57 =8 '(5 d(=,(+81* 1u 3 JtkB"KSBTP

JSRPWK

o$1 (5.(117 '$5$86N '$66 $8&+ %(, ./(,1(5 k21,6,(581*667>5.( tk (,1( *52M( |$+/ 921 k21(13$$5(1 352 x2/80(1 925+$1'(1 6(,1 .$11N :(11 185 " +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1 ,67P k1 752&.(1(5 n8)7 921 c70263+>5(1'58&. ,67 " 3 SPX 6 SR2X &0U 62SN ,1 y$66(5O 6725 3 SPV 6 SR2V &0U 62SP o,77/(5( n(%(16'$8(5 '(5 k21(1P k0 67$7,21>5(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 ,67 ',( k21(13$$5O f,&+7( 1u */(,&+ '(0 r52'8.7 $86 J92/80(163(=,76&+(5K k21,6,(581*667>5.( tk 81' 0,77/(5(5 n(%(16'$8(5 '(6 k216 2P f$5$86 )2/*7 0,7 i/P JSRPWK 2 3 1uBtk 3 J" 1uK2SP

JSRPXK

h@5 n8)7 921 c70263+>5(1'58&. 0,7 '(0 2%(1 $1*(*(%(1(1 y(57 )@5 " 81' (,1( k21,6,(581*667>5.( 921 tk 3 SN SRT 2'(5 SRV &02U 62S %(5(&+1(7 0$1 %(,63,(/6:(,6( 1$&+ i/P JSRPWK )@5 ',( i/(,&+*(:,&+76Ok21(13$$5Of,&+7(1 1u y(57( 921 (7:$ ZRRN ZRRR 2'(5 ZR RRR &02U 81' 1$&+ i/P JSRPXK 0,77/(5( n(%(16'$8(51 2 921 (7:$ ZRRN ZR 2'(5 Z 6P

SRPSPT u7520Ou3$1181*6Oe+$5$.7(5,67,. w0 ',( g,*(16&+$)7(1 (,1(5 /(,7(1'(1 i$6675(&.( =8 817(568&+(1N /(*(1 :,5 $1 ',( r/$77(1 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 (,1( 9$5,$%/( u3$1181* w] $/6 k21,6$725 )@5 '(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 ',(17 (,1 =(,7/,&+ .2167$17(5 t?17*(1675$+/ Jc%%P SRPU$KP f(5 '85&+ '(1 m21'(16$725 9,(M(1'( u7520 k :,5' *(0(66(1P v5>*7 0$1 ',( =86$00(1*(+?5,*(1 y(57( 921 w 81' k $8)N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( m(11/,1,( 921 c%%P SRPU%P u,( 67(,*7 ,0 d(5(,&+ ./(,1(5 u3$1181*(1 =81>&+67 *(O

SRPS n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81*

XTS

Is I

(a)

(b)

U’

Us

U

c%%P SRPU J$K c125'181* =85 o(6681* 921 u7520 81' u3$1181* $1 (,1(5 ,21,6,(57(1 i$6O 675(&.(N J%K u7520Ou3$1181*6Om(11/,1,(P

5$'/,1,* $1] ',( /,1($5( |81$+0( '(6 u7520(6 0,7 '(5 u3$1181* (5*,%7 6,&+ '$5$86N '$66 ,00(5 0(+5 '(5 *(%,/'(7(1 k21(1 $8) ',( m21'(16$7253/$77(1 *(/$1*(1 $167$77 ,0 i$6 =8 5(.20%,1,(5(1P c1'(56 )2508/,(57\ o,7 '(5 u3$1181* 67(,*7 ',( f5,)7O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7N 81' '$0,7 9(55,1*(57 6,&+ ',( |(,7 =:,6&+(1 k21,6$7,21 81' c8)O 75(5(1 $8) '(5 r/$77(N ,1 '(5 (,1( t(.20%,1$7,21 67$7771'(1 .?117(P u7(,*(57 0$1 ',( u3$1181* $%(5 @%(5 (,1(1 *(:,66(1 y(57 wAN 62 :>&+67 '(5 u7520 :(1,*(5 $1N :(,/ 6&+21 )$67 $//( k21(1 (5)$667 6,1'N 81' 0@1'(7 %(, w6 ,1 '(1 63$1181*681$%O +>1*,*(1 u>77,*81*667520 k6N '(5 185 921 '(5 k21,6$7,21667>5.( '(6 t?17*(1675$+/6 %(67,007 :,5'P d(, .2167$17(5 k21,6,(581*667>5.( ,0 *$1=(1 x2/80(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$O 7253/$77(1 *,/7 )@5 '(1 u>77,*81*667520 k 3 'sB'7 3 c ' tk (P

JSRPYK

j,(5 ,67 c 3 m21'(16$725Oq%(59>&+(N ' 3 c%67$1' '(5 m21'(16$7253/$77(1N tk 3 J92/80(163(=,76&+(K k21,6,(581*667>5.( 3 |$+/ $//(5 352 x2/80(1 81' |(,7 (5=(8*7(1 k21(13$$5( 0,7 '(1 n$'81*(1 u(] c 6 ' ,67 '$6 x2/80(1 x 81' x 6 tk ,67 ',( *(6$07( k21(13$$5O|8:$&+65$7( '85&+ ',( k21,6$7,21 ,0 o(6692/80(1P k0 d(5(,&+ +2+(5 u3$1181*(1 67(,*7 '(5 u7520 :,('(5 $1N :(,/ '$11 i$69(567>5O .81* (,16(7=7P

SRPSPU c1:(1'81*(1 ,0 u75$+/(16&+87= i581'%(*5,5( '(6 u75$+/(16&+87=(6P c8&+ +(87( 12&+ :(5'(1 ',( $/7(1 d(*5,5( 3ON 4O 81' 5Ou75$+/81* 9(5:(1'(7P A 3Ou75$+/81* J3 5$48,9$/(17 ,67 */(,&+ '(0 r52'8.7 921 g1(5*,('26,6 J$%625%(' '26(KN *(0(66(1 ,1 '(5 g,1+(,7 NNi5$5( 75()O )(1'(5 $/6 NNs8$/,7>76)$.725DDN +$7 6,&+ $%(5 J12&+K 1,&+7 '85&+*(6(7=7P f$6 $8) (,1 |(,7,17(59$// %(=2*(1( f26,6>48,9$/(17 +(,M7 f26,6J>48,9$/(17K/(,6781* J'26( (48,9$/(17 5$7(K 81' :,5' 0(,67 ,1 =u9B+ 2'(5 0u9B$ *(0(66(1P f,( 1$7@5/,&+( u75$+/(1%(/$6781*N ',( ?57/,&+ 67$5. 6&+:$1.7N /,(*7 ,1 f(876&+/$1' %(, (7:$ S 0u9B$ J. RPS =u9B+K] '$=8 .200(1 12&+ (7:$ RPW 0uB$ $1 =,9,/,6$7,216%(',1*7(5 u75$+O /(1%(/$6781*P |86$00(1 (5*,%7 '$6 (,1( n(%(16$/7(5Of26,6 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SRR 0u9] ',(6(1 y(57 62//7( 0$1 6,&+ 0(5.(1P f,( *(6(7=/,&+ 9(525'1(7(1 i5(1=O :(57( 25,(17,(5(1 6,&+ $1 ',(6(5 NN1250$/(1DD u75$+/(1%(/$6781* 81' $1 '(5 c86:(5O 781* 921 u75$+/(181)>//(1P u&+21 :(1,*( u,(9(57 i$1=.?53(5%(675$+/81* 6,1' 7?'O /,&+P f,( =85 u75$+/(1@%(5:$&+81* (,1*(6(7=7(1 o(66,167580(17( 0(66(1 ,0 c//*(0(,O 1(1 :('(5 ',( >48,9$/(17( f26,6/(,6781* 12&+ ',( g1(5*,(Of26,6/(,6781* )@5 i(:(%(N 621'(51 0(,67 ',( k21(1(5=(8*81*65$7( ,1 $1'(5(1 u8%67$1=(1 $/6 i(:(%(N =P dP ,1 n8)7P %(5 g,&+0(6681*(1 81' w05(&+181*(1 :(5'(1 ',(6( k21(1Oo(66,167580(1O 7( .$/,%5,(57 81' (5+$/7(1 '$11 (,1( f26,6/(,6781*66.$/$ ,1 '(5 g,1+(,7 =uB+ 2'(5 0uB$ NN)@5 5Ou75$+/(1DD Jsh 3 SKP f(5 u>77,*81*667520N :,( (5 ,1 (,1(5 c125'181* 1$&+ c%%P SRPU$ *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 .$11N ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 '$6 r52'8.7 921 NNu7520 '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 2'(5 r+2O 721(1DD 81' '(5(1 NNk21,6,(581*69(50?*(1DDP d(,63,(/6:(,6( (5=(8*7 (,1 4Ov(,/&+(1 921 SRR .(x ,1 n8)7 921 c70263+>5(1'58&. 352 |(17,0(7(5 y(*/>1*( (7:$ SVR k21(13$$5(] 3Ov(,/&+(1 */(,&+(5 g1(5*,( ,21,6,(5(1 (7:$ SRRO0$/ 0(+5P f,( |$+/ '(5 ,0 i$692/80(1 (5=(8*7(1 k21(1 ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 ',( '(321,(57( g1(5*,(] ,1 n8)7 921 c70263+>5(1'58&. 6,1' ,0 o,77(/ UTPW (x =85 g5=(8*81* (,1(6 n$'81*675>*(5O r$$5(6 (5)25'(5/,&+] '$6 ,67 0(+5 $/6 ',( k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,(N :(,/ $8&+ c15(*81*(1 '(5 n8)702/(.@/( 67$7771'(1 81' $8) ',( $86*(/?67(1 g/(.7521(1 .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( @%(575$*(1 :,5'P k21,6$7,216.$00(5 2+1( i$69(567>5.81*P f,( k21,6$7,216.$00(5 %(67(+7 =P dP $86 (,1(5 =*(5

SRPS n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81*

XTU

$%*(6$8*7P f(5 0,7 (,1(0 i/(,&+675209(567>5.(5 *(0(66(1( u>77,*81*667520 ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 ',( u7>5.( '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 u75$+/81*P w0 $8&+ 6&+:$&+( t?17*(1O 81' 5Ou75$+/81* (5)$66(1 =8 .?11(1N 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 m$00(51 0,7 '@11(1 o(7$//:>1O '(1P h@5 '(1 p$&+:(,6 921 3O 81' 4Ou75$+/(1 .?11(1 (17635(&+(1' '@11( J$%(5 $8&+ )5$*,/(K h(167(5 (,1*(%$87 :(5'(1P l('( m$00(5 0866 *((,&+7 :(5'(1P c/6 t,&+7:(57 6(, (5:>+17N '$66 )@5 t?17*(1O 81' 5Ou75$+/81* 0,7 (,1(5 f26,6/(,6781* 921 S u9B+ ,1 S &0U n8)7 921 c70263+>O 5(1'58&. (,1 u>77,*81*667520 921 SPTW 3c (5=(8*7 :,5'P i(+7 0$1 '$921 $86N '$66 WR 3c (,1 0,7 02'(51(1 x(567>5.(51 12&+ *87 0(66%$5(5 i/(,&+67520 ,67 81' '$66 RPV n,7(5 m$00(592/80(1 12&+ 1,&+7 =8 *52M ,67N '$11 +$7 (,1( +$1'/,&+( k21,6$O 7,216.$00(5 2+1( i$69(567>5.81* ,0 (0371'/,&+67(1 o(66%(5(,&+ (,1(1 x2//$86O 6&+/$* 921 SRR 0u9B+P f$6 ,67 (,1( 6(+5 +2+( f26,6/(,6781*N '(5 675$+/81*6@%(5:$&+O 7( r(5621(1 185 ,1 c861$+0()>//(1 )@5 o,187(1 $86*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 '@5)(1P h@5 ',( $//*(0(,1( u75$+/81*6@%(5:$&+81* :(5'(1 :(6(17/,&+ (0371'/,&+(5( k167580(17( %(1?7,*7N =P dP k21,6$7,216.$00(51 0,7 i$69(567>5.81*N %(6&+5,(%(1 ,1 c%6&+1P SRPTPTP j,6725,6&+ :$5(1 k21,6$7,216.$00(51 ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 (0371'/,&+(1 i$/9$O 120(7(51 ',( $//(5(567(1 u75$+/(16&+87=Oo(66,167580(17(] 925+(5 25,(17,(57( 0$1 6,&+ $1 '(5 '85&+ u75$+/81* 9(5856$&+7(1 t?781* '(5 j$87C m21'(16$725.$00(5P u7$77 '(1 u7520 '(5 67>1',* 352'8=,(57(1 k21(1 =8 0(66(1N .$11 0$1 0,7 '(0 u7520 (,1(1 m21'(16$725 (17/$'(1 81' '(66(1 u3$11181*6$%)$// 9(5)2/*(1P u2 )81.7,21,(57 ',( m21'(16$725.$00(5 =85 o(6681* '(5 v$*(6O 81' y2&+(1'26,6 0,7 (,1(0 u.$/(1%(5(,&+ 921 T 0u9P v$6&+(1'26,0(7(5 +$%(1 ',( h250 921 h@//)('(5+$/7(51P y(,/ 3O 81' 4Ou75$+/(1 ,1 '(5 y$1' $%625%,(57 :(5'(1N 635(O &+(1 6,( 185 $8) t?17*(1O 81' 5Ou75$+/81* $1P k1 (,1(0 (,1*(%$87(1 o,.526.23 Jc%%P SRPV\ p5P S A q.8/$5N T A q%-(.7,9N U A u.$/$K 0,7 (7:$ YW)$&+(5 x(5*5?M(581* ,67 *(*(1 (,1( n$03( 2'(5 v$*(6/,&+7 (,1 h$'(1=(,*(5 JWK @%(5 (,1(5 u.$/$ JUK =8 6(+(1N '(5 0,7 (,1(0 |86$7=*(5>7 @%(5 '(1 ,1 (,1(0 75$163$5(17(1 k62/$725 JXK *(O +$/7(1(1 n$'(67,)7 JZK NN$8) 18// *(67(//7DD :,5'P f,(6(6 p8//67(//(1 ,67 ,1 y,5./,&+.(,7 ',( c89$'81* (,1(6 (,1*(%$87(1 m21'(16$7256 JYK $8) &$P TRR xN 81' '(5 |(,*(5 ,67 (,1 h$'(1(/(.7520(7(5 JWKN '$6 ',( $//0>+/,&+( g17/$'81* '(6 m21'(16$7256 '85&+ ',( ,1 '(5 k21,6$7,216.$00(5 JVK (5=(8*7(1 k21(1 $1=(,*7P f$ 6,&+ '$6 *(/$'(1( v$6&+(1'26,0(7(5 $8&+ 2+1( d(675$+/81* /$1*6$0 (17/>'7N 62//7( (6 -('( y2&+( $%*(/(6(1 81' 1(8 $8)*(/$'(1 J$8) 18// *(67(//7K :(5'(1P f$0,7

1

3

2

4

5

6

7

6

8

c%%P SRPV s8(56&+1,77 '85&+ (,1 6(/%67$%/(6%$5(6 v$6&+(1'26,0(7(5 J9(5(,1)$&+7KP d/,&.5,&+O 781* =85 c%/(681* 921 /,1.6 1$&+ 5(&+76N n,&+7(,1)$// 921 5(&+76 Jd(1',; e253PKP

XTV

SR i$6(17/$'81*(1

$8&+ r(5621(1'26(1 (5)$667 :(5'(1 .?11(1N ',( *5?M(5 6,1' $/6 =85 9?//,*(1 g17O /$'81* '(5 m21'(16$725.$00(5 (5)25'(5/,&+ ,67N 0@66(1 675$+/81*6@%(5:$&+7( r(5O 621(1 =86>7=/,&+ h,/0'26,0(7(5 75$*(1P

SRPSPV k21(1 $/6 m21'(16$7,216.(,0( h@5 ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 '(5 k21(1 ,0 i$6 ,67 ,+5 f85&+0(66(5 0$M*(%(1'P p$&+ o(6681*(1 '(5 y$1'(581*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' '(5 v+(25,( '(5 u72.(6I6&+(1 t(,O %81* .?11(1 ',( (5(.7,9(1 k21(1'85&+0(66(5 UO %,6 WO0$/ *5?M(5 $/6 '(5 o2/(.@/O '85&+0(66(5 6(,1P k0 e28/20%)(/' '(6 k216 :(5'(1 1(875$/( o2/(.@/( 0,7 3(50$O 1(17(0 2'(5 ,1'8=,(57(0 f,32/020(17 $1*(=2*(1 81' $1*(/$*(57P d(621'(56 /(,&+7 ,67 ',( c1/$*(581* 921 y$66(502/(.@/(1N ',( (,1 6(+5 *52M(6 3(50$1(17(6 f,32/O 020(17 %(6,7=(1P f,(6( .21'(16$7,216)?5'(51'( g,*(16&+$)7 '(5 k21(1 =(,*7 )2/O *(1'(5 x(568&+ Jc%%P SRPWK\ g,1 i/$6%$//21 0,7 j>+1(1N 921 '(1(1 '(5 (,1( 0,7 (,1(5 u$8*3803(N '(5 $1'(5( @%(5 (,1(1 925*(/$*(57(1 y$77(Or)523)(1 0,7 '(5 |,0O 0(5/8)7 ,1 x(5%,1'81* 67(+7N (17+>/7 (,1( r/$7,163,5$/(N ',( (/(.75,6&+ =80 i/@+(1 *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 .$11P f(5 d$//21 (17+>/7 (7:$6 y$66(5N 62'$66 ',( '$5,1 (17+$/7(1( n8)7 0,7 y$66(5'$03) *(6>77,*7 ,67P ~51(7 0$1 )@5 .85=( |(,7 '(1 j$+1 =85 u$8*O 3803(N 62'$66 ',( n8)7 ,0 d$//21 5$6&+N 'P +P $',$%$7,6&+ $86*('(+17 :,5'N 62 75,77 (,1( c%.@+/81* (,1N 81' (6 71'(7 (,1( m21'(16$7,21 '(6 y$66(5'$03)(6 $1 925O +$1'(1(1 v5>*(51 Ju7$8%7(,/&+(1N t$8&+ 86:PK 67$77N ',( $/6 p(%(/%,/'81* '(87/,&+ (5.(11%$5 ,67P n>667 0$1 '(1 p(%(/ 6,&+ $%6(7=(1N 62'$66 '$'85&+ ',( v5>*(5 $86 '(0 i$692/80(1 9(56&+:,1'(1N 81' :,('(5+2/7 '(1 x(568&+ 0(+5(5( o$/(N 62 75,77 6&+/,(M/,&+ ,1)2/*( '(6 h(+/(16 921 NNm21'(16$7,216.(51(1DD .(,1( p(%(/%,/'81* 0(+5 (,1] '(11 '(5 y$77(3)523) ,1 '(0 =:(,7(1 t2+5$16$7= 9(5+,1'(57N '$66 0,7 '(5 (,1675?0(1'(1 n8)7 1(8( v5>*(5 ,1 '$6 k11(5( '(6 i/$6%$//216 (,1675?0(1P n>667 0$1 $%(5 '85&+ .85==(,7,*(6 c8)*/@+(1 '(5 f5$+763,5$/( k21(1 (1767(+(1N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 1$&+ (51(87(5 g;3$16,21 :,('(5 (,1( ',&+7( p(%(/%,/'81*N '$ -(7=7 ',( k21(1 ',( m21'(16$7,216.(51( =85 c1/$*(581* '(5 y$66(502/(.@/( %,/'(1P

zur Saugpumpe

c%%P SRPW

x(568&+ =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 .21'(16$7,216%,/'(1'(1 g,*(16&+$)7 921 k21(1P

j,17(5 h/8*=(8*(1 ,1 *52M(5 j?+( 6,(+7 0$1 2)7 :(,M( m21'(16$7,216675(,)(1N ',( 6,&+ 1$&+ (,1,*(5 |(,7 :,('(5 $89?6(1P f,( h/8*=(8*75,(%:(5.( +,17(5/$66(1 m21O '(16$7,216.(51(N $1 '(1(1 @%(56>77,*7(5 y$66(5'$03) .21'(16,(57P g,1( 6(+5 :,&+7,*( c1:(1'81* +$7 '(5 k21(11$&+:(,6 '85&+ p(%(/%,/'81* ,1 '(5 y,/621I6&+(1 p(%(/.$00(5 *()81'(1 JePvPtP y,/621N S[SS] p2%(/35(,6 S[TYKP f$6 d$8Or5,1=,3 =(,*7 c%%P SRPX$\ k1 (,1(0 o(7$//=3$5$7(6 2'(5 '85&+ t?17*(1675$+/(1N k21(1 (5=(8*7N 62 75,77 $1 ',(6(1 m21'(16$7,216.(51(1 p(%(/%,/'81* (,1] '$'85&+ :,5' ',( d$+1 '(6 ,21,6,(5(1'(1 u75$+/(6 $/6 p(%(/6385 6,&+7%$5P f$0,7 1$&+ -('(0 x(568&+ ',( k21(1 :,('(5 9(56&+:,1'(1N %(71'(7 6,&+ 817(5+$/% '(5 i/$63/$77( i (,1 o(7$//1(7= oN '$6 *(*(1 '$6 o(7$//*(+>86( '(6 c33$5$7(6 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( u3$1O 181* %(6,7=7P c%%P SRPX% =(,*7 (,1( +,6725,6&+( y,/621Om$00(5Oc8)1$+0(P g,1 6(+5 6&+1(//(6 g/(.7521 +$7 (,1( *(5$'/,1,*( u385 +,17(5/$66(1P f$1(%(1 6,(+7 0$1 ',( d$+1(1 /$1*6$0(5 g/(.7521(1N ',( '85&+ t?17*(1675$+/81* 921 i$602/(.@/(1 $%*(75(117 :25'(1 6,1'P f,( y,/621I6&+( p(%(/.$00(5 +$7 1$&+ *52M$57,*(5 r(5)(.7,21,(581* J$8720$O 7,6&+( c86/?681* '85&+ |>+/52+5( 185 '$11N :(11 v(,/&+(1 '85&+ ',( y,/621Om$0O 0(5 *(*$1*(1 6,1'K *$1= :(6(17/,&+ =85 g5)256&+81* '(5 c720.(51( 81' '(5 g/(O 0(17$57(,/&+(1 %(,*(75$*(1P g,1 p$&+7(,/ ,67N '$66 6,( )@5 6(+5 (1(5*,(5(,&+( v(,/&+(1 =8 ./(,1 ,67P f,(6( v(,/&+(1 '85&+6(7=(1 ',( y,/621.$00(5 2)7 2+1( |86$00(1672M 0,7 (,1(0 c720.(51P f(6+$/% :(5'(1 +(87( ,1 '(5 j2&+(1(5*,(3+57P y(11 0$1 ,1 (,1(5 k21,6$7,216.$00(5 ',( u3$1181* J'$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/'K @%(5 '(1 u>77,*81*6%(5(,&+ 921 c%%P SRPU% +,1$86 (5+?+7N '$11 67(,*7 '(5 u7520 5$3,'( $1P f,( x25$866(7=81* '$)@5 ,67N '$66 (,1,*( '(5 )5(,(1 g/(.7521(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 u7?M(1 0,7 i$602/(.@/(1 %,6 =85 k21,6$7,216(1(5*,( %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1P f$11 .2007 (6 ,1 (,1(5 m(77(15($.7,21 J&+$,1 5($&7,21K =85 n$:,1(1%,/'81* 0,7 (,1(0 (;321(17,(//(1 c167,(* '(5 g/(.7521(1=$+/ p( (17/$1* '(5 h/8*5,&+781* ; ,0 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 h(/'\ p(J;K 3 p(JRK (;3J#;KP

JSRPZK

f(5 />1*(163(=,76&+( u72M,21,6,(581*6.2(5,=,(17 # %(6&+5(,%7 ',( u72M,21,6,(581*6O y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 352 y(*/>1*(] SB# +$7 ',( d('(8781* '(5 0,77/(5(1 y(*/>1*( '(5 g/(.7521(1 %,6 =85 u72M,21,6,(581*P k21(1 :(5'(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' (%(1)$//6 %(6&+/(81,*7N (55(,&+(1 $%(5 '$%(, 185 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1N ',( 80 '(1 o$66(1Oh$.725 J0(B0,21KSBT ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( '(5 g/(.7521(1 6,1'P f(6:(*(1 .?11(1 6,( ,0 u72M 0,7 c720(/(.7521(1 $8) ',(6( 1,&+7 ',( g1(5*,( @%(575$*(1N ',( =85 u72M,21,6$7,21 127:(1',* :>5( J9*/P o(&+$1,. '(5 u72M352=(66(N d'P SKP f$ ',( f5,)7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 9,(/ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( '(5 326,7,9(1 k21(1N %(6,7=7 (,1( v2:16(1'On$:,1( ',( ,1 c%%P SRPY *(=(,*7( 71',* ',&+7(5 :(5'(1'( u385 326,7,9(5 k21(1 +,17(5 6,&+ =85@&.P f(5 i$69(567>5.81*6)$.725 J08/,3/,(5N *$6 *$,1K o (5*,%7 6,&+ 1$&+ i/P JSRPZK $86 p(J;KBp(JRKN :(11 0$1 )@5 ; '(1 0,77/(5(1 c%67$1' 920 q57 '(5 r5,0>5,21,6$7,21 %,6 =85 c12'( (,16(7=7P f$6 n$:,1(1:$&+6780 :,5' %(*5(1=7N :(11 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/'N '$6 ',( t$80/$'81*(1 '(5 n$:,1( (5=(8*(1N *52M *(18* :,5'N 80 '$6 $1O *(/(*7( h(/' =8 .203(16,(5(1P f,(6( i5(1=( /,(*7 817(5+$/% 921 o 3 SRZN $/62 %(, :(1,*(5 $/6 TR NNn$:,1(1*(1(5$7,21(1DD # 6 ;P c//( '85&+ u72M,21,6$7,21 ,0 i$6 (5=(8*7(1 6(.81'>5(1 g/(.7521(1 (1767(+(1 ,0 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(0 /$:,1(1$86/?6(1'(1 r5,0>5(/(.7521 81' '(5 c12'(P u2%$/' ',( g/(.7521(1 ,0 m23) '(5 v2:16(1'On$:,1( Jc%%P SRPYK ',( c12'( (55(,&+7 +$%(1N ,67 ',( n$:,1(1%,/'81* =8 g1'(N 185 ',( 326,7,9(1 k21(1 0@66(1 12&+ =85 m$7+2'( :$1'(51P y$6 :(,7(5 *(6&+,(+7N +>1*7 921 '(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 $%N 0,7 '(5 ',( ,1 '(5 (567(1 v2:16(1'On$:,1( 67$7771'(1'(1 r52=(66( (,1( 1>&+67( $86/?6(1 .?11(1P u(7=7 0$1 ',(6( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 */(,&+ $ 6 oN '$11 />667 6,&+ ',( |@1'%(',1*81* )@5 (,1( 6(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81* J&21',7,21 )25 %5($.'2:1K 0,7 $6o ^S %(6&+5(,%(1] $ :,5' v2:16(1'Om2(5,=,(17 *(1$117P

JSRP[K

SRPT n$'81*675$163257 0,7 i$69(567>5.81*

XTY

positive Ionen

Driftrichtungen

Elektronen Anode

c%%P SRPY h250 (,1(5 v2:16(1'On$:,1(\ f,( /$1*6$0(1 326,7,9(1 k21(1 6,1' 12&+ 1$O +( '(0 q57 ,+5(5 g1767(+81*N ',( 6&+1(//(1 g/(.7521(1 %(71'(1 6,&+ $//( =86$00(1 $0 925'(5(1 J67803)(1K g1'( '(6 v523)(16P

h@5 ',( 816(/%67>1',*( i$6(17/$'81* 0,7 i$69(567>5.81* 62// i/P JSRP[K *(5$'( 1,&+7 (5)@//7 6(,1P i(:@16&+7 ,67 (,1 *52M(5 oOy(57N $%(5 $8M(5'(0 (,1 8062 ./(,O 1(5(5 $Oy(57N '$0,7 $ 6 o"S *@/7,* %/(,%7P p(%(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1672MOk21,6$7,21 '(6 i$6(6 *,%7 (6 12&+ :(,7(5( r52=(66(N ',( ',( n$:,1(1%,/'81* 81' ,16%(621'(5( ',( y(57( )@5 o 81' $ :(6(17/,&+ 0,7O %(67,00(1P y,&+7,* )@5 *52M( oOy(57( ,67 ',( x(50(,'81* 921 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1N :(,/ '$'85&+ ',( )5(,(1 g/(.7521(1 '(=,0,(57 :(5'(1P |85 g5=,(/81* (,1(5 +2+(1 i$69(567>5.81*N '$5) '$6 i$6 .(,1( (/(.7521(*$7,9(1 c17(,/( (17+$/7(1P g/(.7521(O *$7,9 ,67 $8&+ '(5 u$8(56725 '(5 n8)7P i$00$Or52=(66(P f,( )2/*(1'(1 =:(, NN$Or52=(66(DDN %(1$117 1$&+ '(0 v2:16(1'O m2(5,=,(17(1 $N 625*(1 )@5 1$&+)2/*(1'( n$:,1(1 Ji/P JSRP[KK 81' 0@66(1 817(5O '5@&.7 :(5'(1N :(11 0$1 .(,1( 6(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81* +$%(1 :,//P SP c86/?681* 921 r+272(/(.7521(1 $86 '(5 m$7+2'(P y(11 ',( g/(.7521(1672MOc1O 5(*81* 921 c720(1 J:,( c5K =85 g0,66,21 921 h/825(6=(1=Or+2721(1 )@+57N '(5(1 g1(5*,(1 *5?M(5 $/6 ',( m$7+2'(1$8675,776$5%(,7 6,1'N '$11 .?11(1 $1 '(5 m$O 7+2'( r+272(/(.7521(1 $86*(/?67 :(5'(1N ',( 1$&+)2/*(1'( n$:,1(1 ,1 i$1* 6(7O =(1P w0 ',(6( r+2721(1 =8 %(6(,7,*(1N :(5'(1 32/5.( (5+?+7 6,&+ ',( c8)+(,O =81* '(5 m$7+2'(N ',( i/@+(0,66,21 921 g/(.7521(1 81' ',( u72M,21,6$7,21 ,0 d2*(13/$60$ 1(+0(1 =8N ',( $0 d2*(1 $%)$//(1'( u3$1181* 6,1.7P k1)2/*( ',(6(5 )$//(1'(1 u7520Ou3$1181*6Oe+$5$.7(5,67,. .$11 0$1 (,1(1 n,&+7%2*(1 185 817(5 x256&+$/781* (,1(6 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1'(6 %(75(,%(1N '(5 '(1 u7520 '85&+ '(1 d2*(1 $8) (,1(1 )(67(1 g1':(57 %(*5(1=7P n,&+7%2*(1Oj(,=81*P y,( %(5(,76 (5:>+17N (5+,7=7 6,&+ ',( 326,7,9( m2+/( :(6(17/,&+ 67>5.(5 $/6 ',( 1(*$7,9(] '(5 i581' +,(5)@5 /,(*7 ,1 '(0 c8)35$// '(5 g/(.7521(1 $8) ',( c12'(N :2'85&+ $8&+ ',( c86%,/'81* '(6 m5$7(56 +(5925*(58)(1 :,5'P f,( v(03(5$785 '(6 326,7,9(1 m5$7(56 %(75>*7 (7:$ VRRR@e] $%(5 ',( v(03(5$785(1 ,0 n,&+7%2*(1 ',&+7 925 '(1 g/(.752'(1 6,1' 12&+ +?+(5P o$1 %(187=7 '$+(5 '(1 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 n,&+7%2*(1 62:2+/ ,0 n$%25$725,80 $/6 $8&+ ,1 '(5 v(&+1,. =85 g5=(8*81* +2+(5 v(03(5$785(1P f,( +2+( v(03(5$785 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 n,&+7%2*(16N 9(5%81'(1 0,7 '(5 v$76$&+(N '$66 (5 $8&+ =:,6&+(1 o(7$//(/(.752'(1 %5(11(1 .$11N :,5' ,1 '(5 u&+:(,M7(&+1,. =80 |86$00(16&+:(,M(1 921 o(7$//(1 0,7 *52M(0 g5)2/* %(O 187=7P

XWV

SR i$6(17/$'81*(1

j2&+'58&./$03(1 6,1' 48(&.6,/%(5O 2'(5 ;(121O*()@//7( d2*(1/$03(1P u,( ',(1(1 =85 d(/(8&+781* 921 u75$M(1 81' k11(15>80(1N 6(1'(1 9,(/ n,&+7 $86N 6,1' :,57O 6&+$)7/,&+(5 $/6 i/@+/$03(1 81' m2+/(%2*(1/$03(1 81' +$%(1 (,1( +?+(5( n(%(16O '$8(5P d(, '(5 )@5 r52-(.7,216O 81' n$%25$7,806=:(&.( *(%$87(1 s8(&.6,/%(5O j2&+'58&./$03( :(5'(1 ',( g/(.752'(1 $86 =:(, ./(,1(1 y2/)5$0.(*(/1 *(%,/'(7P f(5 $86 s8$5= %(67(+(1'( n$03(1.?53(5 (17+>/7 (,1( 62 $%*(:2*(1( s8(&.6,/%(5O 0(1*(N '$66 1$&+ ,+5(5 92//67>1',*(1 x(5'$03)81* ',( f$03)',&+7( (,1(1 %(67,00O 7(1 j?&+67:(57 1,&+7 @%(56&+5(,7(7N 81' $8M(5'(0 =85 |@1'81* (7:$6 c5*21 921 (,1,*(1 +r$ f58&.P y(*(1 '(6 ./(,1(1 s8(&.6,/%(5Of$03)'58&.(6 ,1 '(5 .$/7(1 n$03( 71'(7 %(,0 c1/(*(1 '(5 u3$1181* ',( |@1'81* ,1 h250 (,1(5 i/,00(17O /$'81* '85&+ '$6 g'(/*$6 67$77N ',( '$11 1$&+ $//0>+/,&+(5 x(5'$03)81* '(6 s8(&.O 6,/%(56 ,1 (,1( d2*(1(17/$'81* @%(5*(+7P n?6&+81* 921 u&+$/7/,&+7%?*(1P k1 u7520.5(,6(1N ',( ,1 ,+5(1 k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 0$*1(O 7,6&+( g1(5*,( *(63(,&+(57 +$%(1N 75,77 %(,0 ~51(1 (,1(6 u&+$/7(56 (,1( k1'8.7,216O 63$1181* *(0>M w,1' 3 n 'kB'7

JSRPSXK

$8)P o,7 ',(6(5 u3$1181* :,5' ',( f85&+6&+/$*)(67,*.(,7 '(5 (1767(+(1'(1 ~5181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 u&+$/7.217$.7(1 @%(56&+5,77(1 81' (,1( g17/$'81* *(=@1'(7N ',( %(, +,15(,&+(1'(5 0$*1(7,6&+(5 g1(5*,( ,0 u7520.5(,6 6&+1(// ,1 (,1(1 n,&+7%2*(1 @%(5O *(+7N '(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 =(567?5(1 .$11P p85 %(,0 67(P d(, '(1 o$M1$+0(1 =85 n?6&+81* '(6 u&+$/7/,&+7%2*(16 ,67 =8 %('(1.(1N '$66 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( $%*(%$87N 'P +P ,1 y>50( 80*(:$1'(/7 :(5'(1 0866P g,1( =8 6&+1(//( w17(5'5@&.81* '(6 n,&+7%2*(16 %(, 12&+ %(75>&+7O /,&+(5 u752067>5.( +$7 (,1( (51(87( ,1'8.7,9( u3$1181*6(5+?+81* 81' y,('(5=@1O '81* '(6 n,&+7%2*(16 =85 h2/*(P k1 o$*1(7%/$66&+$/7(51 :,5' '(5 n,&+7%2*(1 ,1 n8)7 817(5 c70263+>5(1'58&. '85&+ g,16$7= (,1(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 9(5/>1*(57 81' **)P *(*(1 ,62/,(5(1'( u7(*( *(O 75,(%(1P k1 ~/6&+$/7(51 Jc%%P SRPTV$K (1767(+7 ,0 n,&+7%2*(1.$1$/ (,1( i$6%/$6( $86 =(56(7=7(0 ~/N '$%(, (17=,(+7 ',( &+(0,6&+( |(56(7=81*6$5%(,7 '(0 n,&+7%2*(1 g1(5*,(] 1$&+7(,/,* ,67 ',( x(558M81* '(6 ~/6 81' ',( d5$1'*()$+5P k1 j$57*$66&+$/O 7(51 %5(117 '(5 n,&+7%2*(1 ,1 (,1(5 (1*(1 d2+581* $86 (,1(0 o$7(5,$/N '$6 '$%(, beweglich

beweglich

Öl Siedezone Dampf Gasblase Lichtbogen (a)

c%%P SRPTV

fest

Druckluft (b)

fest

n?6&+81* 921 u&+$/7/,&+7%?*(1\ J$K ~/6&+$/7(5N J%K f58&./8)76&+$/7(5P

SRPV r/$60(1

XWW

(,1 (17,21,6,(5(1' :,5.(1'(6 i$6 $%*,%7P k1 f58&./8)76&+$/7(51 Jc%%P SRPTV%K :,5' '(5 n,&+7%2*(1 (,1(5 67$5.(1 u75?081* $86*(6(7=7N :(11 '(5 u&+$/767,)7 ',( f@6( )5(,*,%7] %(1?7,*7 :,5' (,1( /(,6781*667$5.( f58&./8)7$1/$*( J=P dP )@5 URR %$5 u3(,O &+(5'58&.N UR %$5 ,0 n8)767520KP k1 uhXOu&+$/7(51 ,67 '$6 n?6&+6+1/,&+ :,( %(, '(1 f58&./8)76&+$/7(51 $8)*(%$87N :(*(1 '(5 *@167,*(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 uhX :(5'(1 $%(5 185 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5( f5@&.( 81' u75?081*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 %(O 1?7,*7P c/6 ,62/,(5(1'(6 i$6N '$6 :(6(17/,&+ %(66(5 $/6 n8)7 ,67N :,5' +(87( u&+:()(/+(O ;$9825,' JuhXK 9(5:(1'(7P f$6 (/(.7521(*$7,9( u&+:(5*$6 :(,67 +(59255$*(1'( k62O /,(5O 81' n?6&+(,*(16&+$)7(1 $8)P g6 %,1'(7 )5(,( g/(.7521(1 '85&+ ',662=,$7,9( c1O /$*(581* J',662&,$7,9( $77$&+0(17KP f,( f,662=,$7,216352'8.7( 81' ',( ,0 n,&+7%2O *(1 (1767(+(1'(1 |(56(7=81*6352'8.7( 5(.20%,1,(5(1 =80 *5?M7(1 v(,/ =8 uhX 2'(5 9(5%,1'(1 6,&+ =8 816&+>'/,&+(1 o(7$//9825,'(1 $1 '(1 m217$.7(1P uhX ,67 81*,)7,* 81' 1,&+7 %5(11%$5P f,( f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* ,67 )@5 uhX (7:$ '5(,0$/ +?+(5 $/6 )@5 pT J2'(5 n8)7KP f,( f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* ,67 1,&+7 185 921 '(5 g/(.752'(1O m217*85$7,21 81' '(0 f58&.N 621'(51 $8&+ 921 '(5 i$67(03(5$785 $%+>1*,*P x,(/( i$6(N ,16%(621'(5( h/825.2+/(1:$66(56725(N 6,1' $8) ,+5( g,*181* $/6 k62O /,(5*$6 ,1 '(5 j2&+63$1181*67(&+1,. 817(568&+7 :25'(1P g6 *,%7 .(,1 i$6N '$6 @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1N 7(&+1,6&+ 5(/(9$17(1 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+ 921 2UR@e %,6 SRR@e 817(5 '(1 d(75,(%6%(',1*81*(1 '(5 j2&+63$1181*67(&+1,. $/6 k62/,(5*$6 %(66(5 *((,*1(7 ,67 $/6 uhXP j2&+63$1181*6$1/$*(1 :(5'(1 ,1 o(7$//%(+>/7(51 (,1*(.$36(/7N ',( uhX %(, (,1(0 ./(,1(1 %(5'58&. J(7:$6 0(+5 $/6 S %$5K (17+$/7(1P f,( n(&.5$7( .$11 62 1,('5,* *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( r5@)63$1181*6:(57( $8&+ 1$&+ 0(+5 $/6 =(+1 l$+5(1 d(75,(%6=(,7 12&+ *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P y(*(1 '(5 %(66(5(1 k62/,(5)>+,*.(,7 '(6 uhX .?11(1 ',( c%67>1'( =:,6&+(1 '(1 63$1181*6)@+5(1'(1 v(,/(1 ./(,1(5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1] 'P +P ',( u&+$/7$1/$*( ,67 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 (,1( (17635(&+(1'( c1/$*( 0,7 n8)7,62/$7,21P

SRPV r/$60(1 g,1 67$5. ,21,6,(57(6 i$6N '$6 :(*(1 '(5 */(,&+(1 c1=$+/ 326,7,9(5 81' 1(*$7,9(5 n$'81*(1 1$&+ $8M(1 1(875$/ ,67N $%(5 (,1( +2+( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(6,7=7N :,5' r/$60$ *(1$117P y(,/ 6,&+ r/$60(1 *581'/(*(1' 921 h(67.?53(51N h/@66,*.(,7(1 81' i$6(1 817(56&+(,'(1N :,5' '(5 r/$60$=867$1' $8&+ $/6 NN9,(57(5 c**5(*$7=8O 67$1'DD %(=(,&+1(7P f$ $//( h,;67(51( +(,M(N 67$5. ,21,6,(57( i$6%>//( 6,1'N .$11 0$1 6$*(1N '$66 6,&+ ',( 816 %(.$117( o$7(5,( '(6 w1,9(56806 *5?M7(17(,/6 ,0 r/$60$O =867$1' %(71'(7P k1 '(1 925$1*(*$1*(1(1 c%6&+1,77(1 @%(5 i$6(17/$'81*(1 75$7(1 9(56&+,('(17O /,&+ 6&+21 r/$60(1 $8)N $%(5 '$6 j$837,17(5(66( *$/7 %,6+(5 '(0 n$'81*675$163257 ,1 *(*(%(1(1 i$6Bg/(.752'(1Ou76%(',1*81* ,67 ',( g/(.7521(1',&+7( */(,&+ '(5 i(6$07,21(1O ',&+7( 1,21N ',( 6,&+ $86 '(5 *(:,&+7(7(1 u800( '(5 f,&+7(1 $//(5 k21(1$57(1 (5*,%7\ 1( 3 1,21 3 s -. 1.P .

JSRPSYK

j,(5 ,67 -. ',( k21,6,(581*6678)( J3 |$+/ '(5 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1K '(5 .O7(1 k21(1$57 0,7 '(5 f,&+7( 1.P h@5 +2&+,21,6,(57( r/$60(1 ,67 ',( f,&+7( '(5 1,&+7O,21,6,(57(1 c720( 1$720 9(5O 6&+:,1'(1' ./(,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 1(P f,( v(03(5$785 ,67 0,7 '(1 v(,/&+(1',&+7(1 @%(5 '$6 f$/721I6&+( r$57,$/'58&.Oi(6(7= 9(5.1@3)7P f(5 f58&. 3 '(6 r/$60$6 ,67 3 3 J1( 11,21 11$720K .v 3 3 . T1( .v )@5 1$720 * 1,21P

JSRPSZK

f,( f(%1*( ,67 1$&+ '(5 r/$60$7+(25,( *(*(%(1 '85&+ +f 3 LJ&R .vKBJ(T 1(KbSBTP

JSRPS[K

|85 x(5$16&+$8/,&+81* .$11 *(6$*7 :(5'(1N '$66 r/$60(1 :,( ,'($/( i$6( %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N :(11 '(5 0,77/(5( c%67$1' '(5 g/(.7521(1N $3352;,0,(57 '85&+ N +( 3 12SBU (

JSRPTRK

*5?M(5 $/6 ',( f(%1*( +f ,67P y(11 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 r/$60$6 ,5*(1':2 (,1( t$80/$'81* s (;,67,(57N '$11 :(5O '(1 ',( n$'81*675>*(5 '(6 r/$60$6 ,0 h(/' ',(6(5 t$80/$'81* 62 9(56&+2%(1N '$66 (,1( c%6&+,5081* 5(68/7,(57P y>+5(1' '$6 e28/20%Or27(17,$/ (,1(5 r81.7/$'81* ,0 x$.880 1$&+ 3eJ5K 3 sBJV@ &R 5K

JSRPTSK

$%)>//7N /,()(57 ',( r/$60$Ov+(25,( '$6 6&+1(//(5 $%)$//(1'( f(%*(5 */(,&+ 67$5. =85 c%O 6&+,5081* %(,75$*(1] 0$1&+0$/ :,5' $8&+ ',( '85&+ |T *(7(,/7( n>1*( $/6 f(%1*( %(=(,&+1(7P f,( t(,&+:(,7( '(5 h(/'(5 (,1=(/1(5 n$'81*675>*(5 ,67 ,0 :(6(17O /,&+(1 $8) '(1 t$',$/%(5(,&+ 5 " +f %(6&+5>1.7P d(75$&+7(7 0$1 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+( x25*>1*( ,1 (,1(0 r/$60$N '$11 6,1' (6 +$8376>&+/,&+ ',( /(,&+7(1 g/(.7521(1N ',( c%6&+,5081* 81' n$'81*6$86*/(,&+ +(5O 67(//(1P d(75$&+7(7 0$1N :,( 6&+1(// (,1 g/(.7521 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(6 t$80/$O

SRPV r/$60(1

XWY

'81*6)(/'(6 920 t$',86 t ,1 '$6 |(17580 *(/$1*7N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( |(,7N ',( *5?M(125'181*60>M,* '(5 m(+5:(57 '(5 g/(.7521(1Or/$60$OJm5(,6OKh5(48(1= 63 3 LJ(T 1(KBJ&R 0(KbSBT

JSRPTUK

,67P o,7 ',(6(5 g,*(1J.5(,6K)5(48(1= .?11(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 *(0(,16$0 %(=@*/,&+ '(5 6&+:(5(1N 1$+(=8 2576)(67(1 k21(1 26=,//,(5(1P f,( v+(25,( /,()(57 (,1(1 (,1)$&+(1 |86$00(1+$1* 921 f(%1*( 81' r/$6O 0$)5(48(1=\ +f 63 3 J.vB0(KSBTP

JSRPTVK

f$6 ,67 ',( '85&+ |T *(7(,/7( 7+(50,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 v(,/&+(1',&+7(1 =8(,1$1'(5 :,5' '85&+ ',( u$+$O g**(57Oi/(,&+81* %(67,007N ',( (,1( c1:(1'81* '(6 &+(0,6&+(1 o$66(1:,5.81*6O *(6(7=(6 $8) '$6 k21,6$7,216*/(,&+*(:,&+7 '$567(//7P h@5 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 h$// 921 185 (,1)$&+(5 k21,6$7,21 Jc720 ) k211(2K ,67 ',( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 %(67,007 '85&+ ',( g;3217(17,$/)81.7,21 1( 1,21B1$720 3 hJvK (;3L2Jg,21 2(g,21KB.vbP

JSRPTWK

f,( 6&+:>&+(5 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*( h81.7,21 hJvK (17+>/7 '(1 h$.725 v UBT 81' ',( 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*(1 NN|867$1'66800(1DD Jd'P WN m$3P TK )@5 ',( c720( 81' k21(1P k1 '(1 g;321(17,$/7(50 *(+7 1(%(1 '(5 k21,6$7,216(1(5*,( g,21 12&+ '(5 m25O 5(.7857(50 (g,21 (,1N '(5 ',( g51,('5,*81* '(5 k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,( ,0 r/$60$ %(O 6&+5(,%7 81' 1>+(581*6:(,6( '85&+ ',( e28/20%Og1(5*,( =:(,(5 g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 ,0 c%67$1' +fB|T *(*(%(1 ,67\ (g,21 . (TBJV@ 7R +fB|TKP

JSRPTXK

h@5 (,1(1 %(5%/,&. @%(5 ',( 9,(/)>/7,*(1 c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 r/$60$7(&+1,. ,67 (6 $0 %(67(1N '$6 r/$60$ $/6 (,1 o(',80 )@5 g1(5*,(80:$1'/81*(1 =8 9(567(+(1 Jc%%P SRPTWKP d(,63,(/(\ k1 m(51)86,2163/$60(1 :,5' m(51(1(5*,( ,1 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,(N ,1 i$6(17/$'81*6/$03(1 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 n,&+7 80*(:$1'(/7P f(5 d(*5,5 NNr/$60$3+1'(1 $8)*(75$*(1(1 n(8&+76725 ,1 n,&+7 (,1(5 '(5 i581')$5%(1 80*(:$1'(/7 :,5'P w0 ',( %(, n(8&+75?+5(1 25(16,&+7/,&+(1 u7$57352%/(0( =8 80O *(+(1N :,5' ,1 $//(1 m$00(51 67>1',* (,1( 6&+:$&+( i$6(17/$'81* $8)5(&+7 (5+$/O 7(1P f,( u7(8(581* '(5 j(//,*.(,7 (5)2/*7 @%(5 ',( n>1*( '(5 |@1'38/6(P f$ '(5 r/$60$%,/'6&+,50 6(/%67/(8&+7(1' ,67N .$11 6(,1 d,/' $8&+ 817(5 *52M(1 u,&+7:,1.(/1 *87 :$+5*(1200(1 :(5'(1P g,1 p$&+7(,/ ,67 J1(%(1 +2+(1 j(567(//81*6.267(1 81' %(*5(1=7(5 n(%(16'$8(5 '(5 n(8&+76725(K ',( o,1,0$/*5?M( '(5 m$00(51N ',( %(, (7:$ RPU 00 /,(*7P f(6+$/% /,(*7 '(5 j$837(,16$7=%(5(,&+ %(, '(1 5(35(6(17$7,9(1N $86 *5?M(5(0 c%67$1' %(75$&+7(7(1 i52M%,/'6&+,50(1N :2)@5 ',( c89?681* $865(,&+7 81' '(5 r5(,6 $.=(37,(57 :,5'P f(5 .200(5=,(//( f85&+%58&+ '(5 r/$60$%,/'6&+,50( .$0 %(, '(1 2/7 2'(5 0 u75$+/(1:,5.81*(1P p@7=/,&+ ,67 $8&+ 0 d)u j20( 0 i/266$5 f26,0(75,( 81' u75$+/(16&+87=P x(7(5,1>50(',=,1,6&+(1 w1,9(56,7>7 y,(1\ +773\BB :::P98O:,(1P$&P$7B 0 q5*$1,6$7,21 0 f(3$570(17 )@5 p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 0 f(3$570(176 NNk167,787 )@5 o(',=,1,6&+( r+O 5,6&+( g56&+(,181*(1 0 u(/%67/(8&+7(1'( g56&+(,181*(1 NNd/,7=(DD 3 n,1. SRAZ m8*(/%/,7=P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SRA[ g5*>1=81*\ 0 c1'(5( u35$&+(1 NNg1*/,6+DDN '257 ,16%(621'(5( u(( $/62 81' g;7(51$/ n,1.6 d/,7=6&+87=P c86 xfg J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ c866&+@66( NNd/,7=6&+87= 1 d/,7=)256&+81*DD 3 n,1. SRASR y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 c.78(//(6\ hcs6 2'(5 0 r8%/,.$7,21(1N '257 =P dP 0 d/,7=O 81' %(563$1181*66&+87= '(6 v(/(.20081,.$7,216$16&+/866(6P j?51(5%/,7=$%/(,7(5P w1,9(56,7>7 i5$=\ +773\BB:::P81,O*5$=P$7B 0 h$.8/7>7(1 H k16O 7,787(\ p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 NNk167,787(DD 0 g;3(5,0(17$/3+/,6&+( y,/+(/06 w1,9(56,7>7 o@167(5\ +773\BB:::P81,O 08(167(5P'(B 0 q5*$1,6$7,21 0 h$&+%(5(,&+(Bh$.8/7>7(1 0 r+1=81*\ y(%6(,7( 921 u7()$1 rP p(8'(&.N f OWXWYW y(,M(17+850\ +773\BB:::P7/07(&+1,.O21/,1(P'( 0 f$7(1%/$776$00/81* h,/0Bh(516(+(1Bx,'(2 0 n,&+77(&+1,. Jn,1.( u3$/7(\ u+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 3 n,1. SRASU y(,7(5 0,7 =P dP 0 i/@+OBj$/2*(1/$03(1N 0 jokOn$03(1 Jj )@5 j*N s8&.6,/%(5 A o )@5 0,77/(5( d2*(1/>1*( A k )@5 l2'O|86$7=KN 0 n(8&+76725O

XXR

SR i$6(17/$'81*(1

/$03(1N 0 p$75,80'$039$03(1N 0 s8(&.6,/%(5'$039$03(1N 0 z(121Oj2&+O '58&./$03(1 n,&+7%2*(1P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SRASV r/$60$3+5.( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 f85&+0(66(5 u75(&.( 1,&+75(/$7,9,67,6&+( v(,/&+(1(1(5*,( 3 .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( v(,/&+(1(1(5*,( J0,7 t8+((1(5*,(K d,1'81*6(1(5*,( t8+((1(5*,( J3 0&TK g/(0(17$5/$'81* h5(48(1=N w0/$8)6)5(48(1= d5(11:(,7( 3 T@@N r/$1&.Om2167$17( u7520 c12'(167520 u>77,*81*667520 r(59($1= d2/7=0$11Om2167$17( 237,6&+( u75$+/',&+7( d$+1'5(+,038/6 Jd(75$*K n80,126,7>7 J(,1(6 u3(,&+(55,1*6 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 u75$+/(1K n>1*( Jd(75$*KN v(,/&+(1%$+1/>1*( v(,/&+(10$66( g/(.7521(10$66( o$66(1'()(.7 p(87521(1=$+/ c92*$'52Om2167$17( |$+/ '(5 v(,/&+(1 352 d@1'(/ J%81&+K ,1 u75$+/ S 2'(5 T d5(&+=$+/ k038/6 t$',$/,038/6 n$'81*60(1*(N $//*(0(,1 v(,/&+(1/$'81*

XXV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

i5?M(161*,*P c//(5',1*6 *(+7 $8&+ '(5 h$.725 J(B0KSBT (,1N :(,/ ',( t$80/$'81*6',&+7( 921 '(5 v(,/&+(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 $%+>1*7] )@5 r52721(1 %(75>*7 ',( r(59($1= %(, */(,&+(5 i(20(75,( 185 SBVU '(6 g/(.7521(1:(57(6P f$66 ,1 i/P JSSPTK ',( v(03(5$785 '(5 i/@+.$7+2'( *$5 1,&+7 925.2007N (17O 635,&+7 '(5 v$76$&+(N '$66 ',( k$Jw$KOm859(1 %(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 m$7+2'(17(03(5$O 785(1 =81>&+67 '(16(/%(1 x(5/$8) =(,*(1 J9*/P c%%P SSPU$KP g567 :(11 k$ 1$+(=8 '(1 y(57 '(6 u>77,*81*667520(6 (55(,&+7N %,(*7 ',( m859( 80 81' 9(5/>8)7 +25,=217$/P x21 ',(6(0 r81.7( $1 *,/7 '$6 n$1*08,5Ou&+277.1=(1P f$=8 :,5' 325?6(6 y2/)5$0 0,7 u8%67$1=(1 ,035>*1,(57N ',( %(, +2+(1 v(03(5$785(1 d$5,80 &+(0,6&+ )5(,6(7=(1] ',( d$Oc720( ',581',(5(1 '$11 $//0>+/,&+ '85&+ '$6 m$7+2'(10$7(5,$/ $1 ',( q%(59>&+(P f,63(16(5.$7+2'(1 %(1?7,*(1 (,1 *87(6N ?/'$03)O)5(,(6 j2&+9$.880N :>+5(1' m$7+2'(1 $86 5(,1(0 y2/)5$0 81(0371'/,&+ *(*(1 $8)75(5(1'( h5(0'$720( 6,1' 81' 6(/%67 ,1 6&+/(&+7(0 j2&+9$.880 J. SR2U r$KN $8&+ %(, c1:(6(1+(,7 921 f,)O )86,2163803(1O~/'$03)N (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P g/(.7521(1Ot,&+7675$+/(5P f,( )@5 t,&+7675$+/(5 :,&+7,*67( m(11*5?M( ,67 '(5 t,&+7O 675$+/:(57 J(/(&7521O%($0 %5,*+71(66KN '(71,(57 $/6 t 3 kBJc \KN

JSSPUK

:2%(, k '(5 u7520N c ',( i5?M( '(5 (0,77,(5(1'(1 h/>&+( 81' \ '(5 920 u75$+/ *()@//7( t$80:,1.(/ ,67P y,( ,1 c%6&+1P SSPSPZ (5/>87(57 :,5'N :>&+67 '(5 t,&+7O 675$+/:(57 3523257,21$/ =85 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w] '(6+$/% 0866 %(, |$+/(1O :(57(1 )@5 t $8&+ w 63(=,7=,(57 2'(5 $%(5 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 tBw J%5,*+71(66 3(5 92/7K $1*(*(%(1 :(5'(1P g,1 (,1)$&+(5N +>87* 9(5:(1'(7(5 t,&+7675$+/(5 ,67 ',( j$$51$'(/.$7+2'( J+$,5O3,1 &$7+2'(KN .20%,1,(57 0,7 (,1(5 =*,* .$11 0$1 $16(7=(1N '$66 ',( i/@+(/(.7521(1 ,1 (,1(1 t$80:,1.(/ 921 S 65 (0,77,(57 :(5'(1 81' '$66 6,( g1(5*,(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 S (x %(6,7=(1P f$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1 t,&+7O 675$+/:(57Ou3$1181*6Ox(5+>/71,6 921 81*()>+5 tBw . SRW c 02T 652S x2SP

JSSPVK

XYT

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

K W (a)

K

A (b)

P

A

c%%P SSPV |:(, g/(.7521(1675$+/(5 J6&+(0$7,6&+K\ J$K ',5(.7 *(+(,=7( j$$51$'(/.$7+2'(N J%K ,1',5(.7 *(+(,=7( j2&+67520Og/(.7521(148(//(P m 3 m$7+2'(N c 3 c12'(N y 3 y(+1(/7O|50( 581'*(6&+02/=(1 :,5'P f,( 65,6&+ *(.5@007( m$7+2'(19>&+( 0,7 m5@0O 081*60,77(/381.7 ,1 c12'(11>+( Jc%%P SSPV%KP f,( u7(8(5(/(.752'(N 7+(50,6&+ *(O 75(117 921 '(5 *(+(,=7(1 m$7+2'(N $%(5 $8) */(,&+(0 r27(17,$/N 62// '$)@5 625*(1N '$66 ',( }48,327(17,$//,1,(1 ,0 t$1'%(5(,&+ 1,&+7 921 '(1 m8*(/9>&+(1 $%:(,&+(1N 2%:2+/ $8M(5+$/% '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 ',( t$80/$'81* )(+/7P t(&+181*(1 817(5 g,1%(=,(+81* '(5 t$80/$'81*6(5(.7( 81' (03,5,6&+( w17(568&+81*(1 )@+57(1 =8 u75$+/6+5(1' ',( k21(1 ,0 m>7* *(63(,&+(57 6,1'N :(5'(1 6,( '85&+ g/(.7521(167?M( :(,7(5 ,21,6,(57 81' 6&+/,(M/,&+ $86 '(0 m>7* (;75$+,(57P r52'8=,(57 :85'(1 0,7 ',(6(5 v(&+1,. =P dP ',( k21(1$57(1 WWe6WV1 81' [Rv+ZR1P o,7 m@+/81* 921 *(63(,&+(57(1N +2&+*(/$'(1(1

XYV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880 Anode (wassergekühlt)

Fokussierungselektrode

Plasma

Elektronen von Glühkathode

Plasmagrenze

Fe

Magnetfeld

Fe

Beschleunigungselektrode

Polschuhe

c%%P SSPW f(7$,/ (,1(5 f823/$60$7521Ok21(148(//(P |:,6&+(1 '(1 r2/6&+8+(1 :,5' ',( g17O /$'81* 9(5',&+7(7P f$6 i$6 .$11 185 '85&+ ',( ./(,1( ~5181* ,0 y2/)5$0Og,16$7= '(5 c12'( (17:(,&+(1 JoP 9P c5'(11(N S[XSKP

w5$1Ok21(1 '85&+ u7?M( 0,7 =8*()@+57(1 p(21Oc720(1N ,1 '(1(1 /(7=7(5( +2&+ ,21,6,(57 :(5'(1 81' 6&+/,(M/,&+ $;,$/ $86 '(0 m>7* NN9(5'$03)(1DDN *(/$1* (6 S[[V ,1 n,9(5025(N 1(%(1 9,(/(1 [Tw[S1Ok21(1 $8&+ (,1,*( 1$&.7( [Tw[T1Oc720.(51( =8 352'8=,(5(1P n,&+7%2*(1Or/$60(1 /,()(51 o(7$//Ok21(1P c1'(5(6 6&+:(5 9(5'$03)%$5(6 o$7(O 5,$/ .$11 '85&+ k21(1675$+/Od20%$5'(0(17 2'(5 n$6(538/6( 9(5'$03)7 81' ,21,6,(57 :(5'(1P x21 7(&+1,6&+(5 d('(8781* 6,1' $8&+ w0/$'81*69(5)$+5(1\ g,1)$&+ 326,7,9 *(/$'(1( k21(1 :,( =P dP j1 .?11(1 %(,0 f85&+*$1* '85&+ (,1( e6Of$03)=(//( 2'(5 '85&+ (,1( '@11( h2/,( =:(, g/(.7521(1 $8)1(+0(1 81' 62 =8 j2 :(5'(1P p(*$7,9( k21(1N %(6&+/(81,*7 $8) g1(5*,(1 921 (,1,*(1 o(x .?11(1 '$11 %(,0 f85&+*$1* '85&+ ',&.(5( NNu75,33(5Oh2/,(1DD ,+5( g/(.7521(1 :,('(5 9(5/,(5(1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 =P dP ,0 j2&+63$1181*67(,/ (,1(6 v$1'(0Od(6&+/(81,*(56 Jc%6&+1P SSPUPWKP magnetische Abschirmung

Anode

Solenoid

Elektronenkollektor

Kathode

Elektronenstrahl

Ionenstrahl

Driftröhre

c%%P SSPX c125'181*N *(1$117 gdku 2'(5 gdkvN =85 r52'8.7,21 921 6(+5 +2&+*(/$'(1(1 k21(1 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP

SSPS v(&+1,.(1

XYW

f$ 1(875$/( c720( 9,(/ 6&+:,(5,*(5 1$&+=8:(,6(1 6,1' $/6 '(5(1 k21(1N :(5'(1 6,( 925 '(0 p$&+:(,6 ,21,6,(57P h@5 ',( c/.$/,0(7$//$720( e6N t% 81' mN '(5(1 k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,(1 817(5+$/% '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 921 y2/)5$0 JVPWV (xK /,(*7N (03O 7(+/7 6,&+ ',( q%(59>&+(1Ok21,6$7,21 $8) y2/)5$0 %(, (,1(5 v(03(5$785 921 &$P SVRR mP f,( 9(5'$03)(1'(1 k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $%*(6$8*7 81' '(5 k21(167520 *(0(66(1 Jn$1*08,5Ov$+/(1P h@5 ',( q%(59>&+(1Ok21,6$7,21 921 p$ 81' n, 0866 '$6 y2/)5$0 =85 g5+?+81* '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 $8) XPTV (x $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 2;,',(57 81' $8) &$P SZRR m *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1P f,( 62 *(1$117(1 w1,9(56$/Of(7(.725(1N 0,7 '(1(1 $//( c720(N $//(5',1*6 0,7 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+(5 g5,=,(1=N 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1N $5%(,7(1 0,7 g/(.7521(1O 672MOk21,6,(581*P f(5 6752067$5.( g/(.7521(1675$+/ :,5' 0$*1(7,6&+ *()@+57P

SSPSPX g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(11$&+:(,6 y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ,1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( '(1 p$&+:(,6 921 g/(.7521(1] $8) w17(56&+,('( %(,0 p$&+:(,6 921 k21(1 :,5' +,1*(:,(6(1P n(8&+76&+,50Od,/'P y(11 g1(5*,( 81' u7520',&+7( '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 +,15(,O &+(1' *52M 6,1' J7&+( $/6 d,/' $8) '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 J6&5((1 ,0$*(K %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1P g,1 )@5 m$7+2'2/80,1(6=(1= 9,(/ 9(5:(1'(7(5 n(8&+76725 ,67 |1uN $.7,9,(57 0,7 c* 2'(5 e8P f$6 32/* 921 '(5 u(,7( '85&+ (,1 h(167(5 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1] n(8&+7O 6&+,50( $8) i/$6 (5/$8%(1 ',( d(75$&+781* ,1 f85&+6,&+7N :(11 '(5 n(8&+76725%(/$* *(1@*(1' '@11 ,67P w0 c89$'81*(1 '(6 n(8&+76&+,506 81' '$'85&+ %(',1*7( d,/'O 67?581*(1 =8 9(50(,'(1 81' */(,&+=(,7,* ',( n,&+7$86%(87( =8 (5+?+(1N .$11 0$1 $8) '(1 n(8&+76725%(/$* (,1( )@5 ',( u75$+/(/(.7521(1 '85&+/>66,*(N $%(5 '$6 n,&+7 63,(*(/1'( c/80,1,806&+,&+7 Jf,&.( ] RPS =0K $8)'$03)(1P y,// 0$1 185 ',( c8)O /$'81*(1 9(50(,'(1N (037(+/7 6,&+ ',( x(5:(1'81* 921 NN/(,7(1'(0 i/$6DD] '$6 ,67 i/$6N @%(5=2*(1 0,7 (,1(5 75$163$5(17(1 j$/%/(,7(56&+,&+7N ',( )@5 ',( c%/(,781* ./(,1(5 u75$+/675?0( J. SR =cK '85&+$86 +2&+2+0,* J. SRR ./K 6(,1 .$11P c8&+ k21(1675$+/(1 .?11(1 $8) n(8&+76&+,50(1 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1N )@+5(1 $%(5 :(*(1 '(5 +?+(5(1 v(,/&+(1,038/6( (+(5 $/6 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 =85 |(567?581* '(6 n(8&+767256P u75200(6681* 0,7 '(0 h$5$'$1'(581*(1 $0 h$5$'$+(5 6,( $1 ',(6( 35,1=,3,(//( i5(1=( +(5$1.200(1P f(5 |:(&. '(6 h$5$'$1',*( u$00/81* $//(5 '85&+ ',( g,175,776%/(1'( 75(7(1'(1 g/(.7521(1P f,( ./(,1( ~5181* 81' '(5 *52M( k11(15$80 '(6 d(&+(56 625*(1 '$)@5N '$66 ',( 5@&.*(675(87(1 g/(.7521(1 :,( $8&+ $1 '(5 t@&.:$1' $86*(/?67( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 0,7 185 *(5,1*(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+O .(,7 :,('(5 1$&+ $8M(1 75(7(1P |86>7=/,&+ :,5' +>87* ',( k11(1:$1' '(6 d(&+(56 %(58M7N :(,/ m2+/(16725 )@5 $//( g/(.7521(1(1(5*,(1 (,1( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Oc86O %(87( ./(,1(5 $/6 (,16 %(6,7=7P f,( c%%P SSPY$ 81' % =(,*(1 o(66$125'181*(1N )@5 ',( $1*(1200(1 :85'(N '$66 ',( m$7+2'( $8) 2w /,(*7N 62'$66 '(5 h$5$'$&+( '(6 d(&+(56N ',( ',( g,175,776?5181* (17+>/7N '@5)(1 .(,1( g/(.7521(1 $8)75(5(1N :(,/ u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,21 ',( o(6681* 9(5O )>/6&+(1 .?117( Jc%%P SSPY$KP f(6+$/% ,67 (,1( c%6&+,50%/(1'( (5)25'(5/,&+ Metallwand Isolator Triaxialkabel

(a) Isolator Koaxialkabel auf Hochspannung (b)

(c)

c%%P SSPY h$5$'$8M(5(1 c%6&+,5081*P |:,6&+(1 o(66/(,781* 81' ,11(5(5 c%O 6&+,5081* /,(*7 185 '(5 ./(,1( u3$1181*6$%)$//N '(5 '85&+ '(1 o(6667520 $0 g/(.7O 520(7(5(,1*$1* (1767(+7P f,( =:,6&+(1 j2&+63$1181* 81' g5'( 9,(M(1'(1 m5,(&+O 675?0( :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( ,11(5( c%6&+,5081* 920 g/(.7520(7(5 )(51 *(+$/7(1P m20O 0(5=,(//( g/(.7520(7(5 0,7 75,$;,$/(1 n(,781*(1 (5/$8%(1 )@5 o(66/(,781* 81' ,11(5( c%6&+,5081* r27(17,$/( 921 (,1,*(1 +81'(57 x2/7 *(*(1 g5'(P h@5 ',( u75200(6681* 0,7 k21(1675$+/(1 *,/7 '$66(/%(P r+5(/(.7521(1(0,66,21 ,67 )@5 k21(1 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 )@5 g/(.7521(1 */(,&+(5 g1(5*,(P g,1=(/1$&+:(,6 0,7 '(0 m$1$/OugxP f,( c%.@5=81* ugx 67(+7 )@5 '$6 y257Ow1O *(7@0 NNu(.81'>5(/(.7521(19(59,(/)$&+(5DD] 0(,67 :,5' ',( (1*/,6&+( m85=%(=(,&+O 181* NNo8/7,3/,(5DD %(187=7P f(5 +,(5 925*(67(//7( m$1$/Ougx +(,M7 $8) g1*/,6&+ &+$1O 1(/ (/(&7521 08/7,3/,(5 JegoK] e+$11(/7521 ,67 (,1 o$5.(11$0( Jg/(&7521Oq37,&6 f,9P 2) d(1',; e25325$7,21N -(7=7 dwtng v(&+12/2*,&6N k1&PKP f(5 ego %(67(+7 ,0 y(6(17/,&+(1 $86 (,1(5 /$1*(1 i/$65?+5(N ',( $8) '(5 k1O 1(1:$1' 0,7 (,1(0 +2&+2+0,*(1 j$/%/(,7(5 +2+(5 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Oc86%(87( %(/(*7 ,67P c1 '(1 g1'(1 '(5 t?+5( %(71'(1 6,&+ (/(.75,6&+( m217$.7(N @%(5 ',( $1 '(1 ,11(5(1 j$/%/(,7(5 (,1( u3$1181* 921 TAU .x $1*(/(*7 :,5'P v5,77 $0 1(O *$7,9(1 g1'( (,1 g/(.7521 ,1 ',( t?+5( (,1N '$11 /?67 (6 (,1( =80 326,7,9(1 g1'( +200 V

+2-3 kV R2 R1 (a)

(b)

Pulselektronik

C

c%%P SSPZ m$1$/Ougx JegoK\ J$K f$567(//81* '(6 x(59,(/)$&+81*6352=(66(6N J%K egoOd$8O )250P f,( $1*(*(%(1( u&+$/781* ,67 )@5 '(1 p$&+:(,6 (,1=(/1(5 g/(.7521(1 81' ',( |>+/81* '(5 '85&+ 6,( $86*(/?67(1 r8/6( *((,*1(7P

XYZ

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

'(5 t?+5( )2576&+5(,7(1'( g/(.7521(1/$:,1( $86 Jc%%P SSPZ$KP c1 '(1 c1)$1* '(5 t?+5( :,5' (,1 v5,&+7(5 *(6(7=7N '(66(1 ,11(5( q%(59>&+( (%(1)$//6 (,1( *87( u(O .81'>5(/(.7521(1Oc86%(87( %(6,7=7N '$0,7 '(5 f(7(.725 (,1( *5?M(5( c85$1*9>&+( )@5 ',( 1$&+=8:(,6(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 (5+>/7P j,17(5 '(0 g1'( '(5 t?+5( :,5' (,1 c12'(1%/(&+ $1*(%5$&+7N '$6 ',( $86 '(5 t?+5( 75(7(1'( g/(.7521(1/$:,1( $85>1*7P c8M(5'(0 :,5' ',( t?+5( *(.5@007 2'(5 =8 (,1(5 u3,5$/( $8)*(:,&.(/7 J6,(+( c%%P SSPZ%KP f(5 y,'(567$1' '(6 ,11(5(1 t?+5(1%(/$*6 /,(*7 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 SRZ ASR[ /] ',( $1*(/(*7( d(75,(%663$1181* 921 TAU .x 9(5856$&+7 $/62 (,1(1 n(,781*667520 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR =c 81' (5=(8*7 '(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// ,1 '(5 t?+5(N '(5 ',( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 %(6&+/(81,*7P f$6 v5,&+7(5327(17,$/ *(*(1 g5'( ,67 ,1 '(5 u&+$/O 781* 921 c%%P SSPZ% 0,7 1TRR x $1*(*(%(1] g/(.7521(1N ',( 921 (,1(5 (5'1$+(1 s8(//( $8675(7(1N :(5'(1 '$'85&+ =80 v5,&+7(5 +,1 $8) (,1( )@5 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1O c86/?681* *@167,*( g1(5*,( %(6&+/(81,*7P f(5 y,'(567$1' tTN '85&+ '(1 '(5 n(,O 781*667520 J&$P SR =cK 9,(M7N :,5' 62 *(:>+/7 J(7:$ SR o/KN '$66 '$6 t?+5(1(1'( 81*()>+5 SRR x 1(*$7,9(5 $/6 '(5 326,7,9( r2/ '(5 d(75,(%663$1181* ,67N 62'$66 ',( $8675(7(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 =85 c12'( +,1 %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1P f85&+ '(1 y,'(567$1' tSN '(5 =:,6&+(1 S ./ 81' S o/ /,(*7N 9,(M7 185 '(5 u7520 '(5 g/(.7521(1/$:,1(1N '(5 6(/%67 %(, +2+(5 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1Ot$7( 81' +2+(5 x(567>5.81* ,0 o,77(/ 12&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 n(,781*667520 '85&+ tT ,67P y(11 ',( n$:,1( $8) '(5 c12'( $1O .2007N (1767(+7 .85==(,7,* $0 y,'(567$1' tS (,1 u3$1181*6$%)$//N '(5 $/6 r8/6 @%(5 '(1 m21'(16$725 e J75(/(.752O 1(167520 6(+5 *52M ,67N ,21,6,(57 :,5'P k1 (,1(5 *(5$'(1 t?+5( .$11 62 (,1 326,7,9(6 k21 %,6 $1 '(1 c1)$1* '(5 t?+5( %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1 81' '257 (,1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521 $86/?6(1N :$6 '$11 A 9(5=?*(57 80 ',( n$8)=(,7 '(6 k216 A (,1( 1$&+)2/*(1'( n$:,1( $86/?67N ',( (,1(1 p$&+38/6 +(592558)7N '(5 921 '(0 (,1(6 r5,0>5(/(.75216 1,&+7 =8 817(56&+(,'(1 ,67P f85&+ ',( m5@0081* :,5' 6,&+(5*(67(//7N '$66 62/&+( k21(1 185 ,0 +,17(5(1 v(,/ '(5 t?+5( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 $86/?6(1N ',( @%(5 ',( ./(,1(5( u75(&.( %,6 =80 t?+5(1(1'( (,1( (17635(&+(1' *(5,1*(5( x(567>5.81* (5)$+5(1N 62O '$66 ',(6( g5(,*1,66( '85&+ (/(.7521,6&+( r8/6+?+(1Of,6.5,0,1,(581* 817(5'5@&.7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( x(567>5.81* J(7:$ SRX %,6 SRZK 67(,*7 0,7 '(5 d(75,(%663$1181*P d(, 6(+5 +2+(1 r8/65$7(1 J^ SRW 62SK 6,1.7 ',( x(567>5.81*N :(,/ '85&+ '(1 +2+(1 u(.81'>5(/(.7O 521(167520 ,0 +,17(5(1 v(,/ '(5 t?+5( ',( u3$1181* $%*(6(1.7 81' '$'85&+ '257 ',( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Oc86%(87( 5('8=,(57 :,5'P f,( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 +>1*7 '$*(*(1 1,&+7 921 '(5 x(567>5.81* $%N 621'(51 185 921 '(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+O .(,7N '$66 (,1 $8)75(5(1'(6 r5,0>57(,/&+(1 0,1'(67(16 (,1 g/(.7521 $86/?67P h@5 g/(.7521(1 /,(*7 '$6 o$;,080 '(5 p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 921 [W@ %(, (,1,*(1 SRR (x g1(5*,(P f(5 g,1=(/1$&+:(,6 (037(+/7 6,&+ %,6 =8 |>+/5$7(1 921 (7:$ SRW 62S] %(, 12&+ +?+(5(1 |>+/5$7(1 J%,6 =8 SRY 62S 0,7 6&+1(//(5 |>+/(/(.7521,. 0?*/,&+K :(5'(1 v27=(,7Om255(.785(1 127:(1',*N 81' ',( x(567>5.81* 6,1.7 67$5. $%P d(, +2+(1 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1Ot$7(1 .$11 '$6 ego 0,7 ./(,1(5(5 d(75,(%663$1O 181* 81' (17635(&+(1' *(5,1*(5(5 x(567>5.81* $/6 u75209(567>5.(5 9(5:(1'(7 :(5O '(1P i(0(66(1 :,5' '(5 @%(5 tS 9,(M(1'( c12'(167520P

SSPS v(&+1,.(1

XY[

h@5 /(,&+7( k21(1 /,(*7 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 YRA[R@N :(11 ',( r5,0>5(1(5*,( (7:$ V .x 2'(5 0(+5 %(75>*7P d(, */(,&+(5 g1(5*,( 6,1.7 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 o$66( 0N (7:$ 3523257,21$/ =8 02SBTP x,(/.$1$/3/$77(P c8) g1*/,6&+ +(,M7 ',(6(5 f(7(.725 08/7,O&+$11(/ 3/$7( JoerK 2'(5N 6(/7(1(5N &+$11(/ (/(&7521 08/7,3/,(5 $55$< JegocK] (6 ,67 (,1( y(,7(5(17:,&./81* '(6 egoP y,( (,1( *(1$8(5( d(75$&+781* '(6 ,1 c%%P SSPZ$ '$5*(67(//7(1 x(59,(/)>/7,*81*6O 352=(66(6 =(,*7N +>1*7 ',( x(567>5.81* '(6 ego 1,&+7 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( 921 '(5 n>1*( '(5 t?+5( $%N 621'(51 +$8376>&+/,&+ 920 x(5+>/71,6 921 n>1*( =8 f85&+0(66(5P f,(6( g5.(1171,6 (5/$8%7 o,1,$785,6,(581* 62:(,7 (6 ',( 9(5)@*%$5(1 j(567(//81*6O 0(7+2'(1 *(67$77(1P f$6 oer %(67(+7 $86 SRV %,6 SRX ',&+7 3$5$//(/ 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7(1 6(+5 ./(,1(1 ego6 Jc%%P SSP[$K 0,7 m$1$/'85&+0(66(51 921 SRA SRR =0 81' n>1*(O=8Of85&+0(66(5Os827,(17(1 921 VR %,6 SRRP

Single MCP

(a)

Chevron

Z-Stack

(b)

c%%P SSP[ x,(/.$1$/3/$77( JoerK\ J$K d,/'N (5=(8*7 0,7 (,1(0 t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23] J%K x(56&+,('(1( c125'181*(1 6&+5>*(5 oer6 0,7 ,+5(1 (1*/,6&+(1 d(=(,&+181*(1P

h@5 63(=,(//( c1:(1'81*(1 *,%7 (6 oer6 0,7 *(5$'(1 m$1>/(1N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r/$77(1(%(1( 67(+(1P f,( $0 :(,7(67(1 9(5%5(,7(7( d$8)250 +$7 *(5$'( m$1>/(N ',( 6&+5>* =85 r/$77(1(%(1( 67(+(1N 81' '$921 :(5'(1 0(,67 =:(, +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 u&+5>*67(//81* J75.81* '(5 e+(9521O c125'181* /,(*7 %(, SRW ASRYP y(,/ ',( u800( '(5 m$1$/48(56&+1,77( ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ',( h/>&+( '(5 r/$77( ,67 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ./(,1(5 $/6 )@5 '(1 ego] )@5 g/(.7521(1 921 (,1,*(1 SRR (x 81' /(,&+7(1 k21(1 Jj1 " c51K 921 (,1,*(1 .(x /,(*7 6,( -( 1$&+ d$8$57 =:,6&+(1 WR 81' ZW@P f,( x,(/.$1$/3/$77(1 +$%(1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 v5,&+7(5Om$1$/Ougx (,1( *5?M(5( p$&+:(,69>&+( 81' 6,1' :(*(1 '(5 ./(,1(1 n$8):(*( '(5 g/(.7521(1 6&+1(//(5P

XZR

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

q576$%+>1*,*(5 v(,/&+(11$&+:(,6P f,( x,(/.$1$/3/$77( (5/$8%7 '(1 2576$%+>1*,*(1 p$&+:(,6 '(5 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1P y,( ,1 c%%P SSPSR$ '(87/,&+ (5.(11%$5 ,67N 75(5(1 ',( $8675(7(1'(1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 -( 1$&+ c8)75(5257 '(6 r5,0>5(/(.75216 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+( v(,/( '(5 c12'(P y(11 $8&+ ',( $8675(7(1'( g/(.7521(1/$:,1( (,1(1 *5?M(5(1 f85&+0(66(5 %(6,7=7 $/6 (,1 m$1$/N 62 .$11 '2&+ ',( n$*( '(6 o,77(/381.O 7(6 ',(6(5 n$:,1( 0,7 (,1(5 i(1$8,*.(,7 %(67,007 :(5'(1N ',( 35,1=,3,(// 185 '85&+ '(1 m$1$/'85&+0(66(5 %(*5(1=7 ,67P

Primärelektron

Q2 A2

Kanäle

Q1

MCP 1

Q3

MCP 2

y austretende Sekundärelektronen

(a)

Anode

Ausgangspuls A3 (b)

x

A1

c%%P SSPSR J$K u&+1,77 '85&+ (,1 e+(9521Of233(/Ooer 81' u.,==,(581* '(5 y,5.81*6:(,6(] J%K c12'(1817(57(,/81* )@5 ',( d(67,0081* 921 ;O 81' 5O (/(.75216P

g,1( 6,115(,&+( c12'(1817(57(,/81* )@5 =:(,',0(16,21$/( q576$89?681* =(,*7 c%%P SSPSR%P f,( c12'( ,67 '5(,)$&+ 817(57(,/7P |:(, v(,/$12'(1 JcS 81' cTK 6,1' 1,&+7O@%(5/$33(1'( o$6.(1N ',( (,1( 0,7 n>1*6675(,)(1N '(5(1 d5(,7( ,1 ;Ot,&+781* =81,007N ',( $1'(5( 0,7 63,7=:,1./,*(1 f5(,(&.(1N ',( ,1 /71,66( sSBs 81' sTBs 6,1' o$M( )@5 ',( r26,O 7,21(1 (17/$1* '(5 ;O 81' 5.7N 81' $86 ,+5(1 n$8)=(,7',5(5(1=(1 :,5' '(5 q57 %(67,007P y,5' 67$77 '(6 e+(9521Of233(/Ooer6 (,1 (,1=(/1(6 0,7 *(5$'(1 m$1>/(1 9(5O :(1'(7N '$11 ,67 '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 $8675(7(1'(1 n$:,1( .$80 *5?M(5 $/6 '(5 m$1$/'85&+0(66(5P g56(7=7 0$1 181 ',( c12'( '85&+ (,1(1 n(8&+76&+,50 $8) 75$16O 3$5(17(5 w17(5/$*(N '$11 +$7 0$1 (,1(1 g/(.7521(1On(8&+76&+,50 0,7 d,/'9(567>5O .81*P d5,1*7 0$1 $8) '(0 oer (,1 h(167(5 0,7 r+272.$7+2'( $1N '$11 ,67 ',( c125'181* (,1 237,6&+(5 d,/'9(567>5.(5 J,0$*( ,17(16,7(5KP

SSPS v(&+1,.(1

XZS

j$/%/(,7(5Of(7(.725P f(5 j$/%/(,7(5Of(7(.725 ,67 (,1( *52M( 6&+(,%(1)?50,*( 31O 2'(5 3,1Of,2'( 0,7 3/$13$5$//(/(1 g/(.752'(1 $8) '(1 u7,519>&+(1P f(5 f(7(.725 :,5' 0,7 u3(5563$1181* %(75,(%(1] 0,7 '(5 $1*(/(*7(1 u3$1181* :>&+67 ',( v,()( '(5 x(5$5081*6=21(N %,6 6,( ',( f,&.( '(5 f,2'( (55(,&+7P g/(.7521(1 81' k21(1 J2'(5 $8&+ r+2721(1KN ',( ,0 f(7(.725 $%625%,(57 :(5'(1N 9(5/,(5(1 ,+5( g1(5*,( =80 v(,/ '85&+ ',( c15(*81* 921 g/(.7521On2&+Or$$5(1P f,( d$1'/@&.( ,1 u, %(75>*7 SPS (x] :(,/ $%(5 $8&+ g1(5*,( '85&+ $1'(5( r52=(66( 9(5O /25(1 *(+7N 6,1' ,0 o,77(/ UPXT (x (5)25'(5/,&+N 80 (,1 g/(.7521On2&+Or$$5 ,1 u, =8 (5=(8*(1P g567$81/,&+(5:(,6( ,67 ',(6(5 y(57 35$.7,6&+ 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 c57 2'(5 g1(5*,( '(6 ,21,6,(5(1'(1 v(,/&+(16P Jf,( 0,77/(5( g1(5*,( )@5 ',( g5=(8*81* (,1(6 g/(.7521Ok21Or$$5(6 ,1 (,1(0 i$6 ,67 '(87/,&+ +?+(5N 6,( /,(*7 %(, SWAUR (xPK f,( '85&+ '$6 ,21,6,(5(1'( v(,/&+(1 (5=(8*7(1 n$'81*675>*(5 :(5'(1 '85&+ '$6 u3(55)(/' $%*(6$8*7P f(5 u7520Or8/6 :,5' 0,7 (,1(0 67520O,17(*5,(5(1'(1 JNN/$O '81*6(0371'/,&+(1DDK x(567>5.(5 (/(.7521,6&+ 9(5$5%(,7(7N 62'$66 )@5 ',( f$7(1(5O )$6681* (,1 u3$1181*638/6 (1767(+7N '(66(1 j?+( '(5 ,0 f(7(.725 (5=(8*7(1 n$O '81*60(1*( 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,(6( i5?M( ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( g (,1(6 ,0 f(7(.725 $%625%,(57(1 v(,/&+(16P g,1 +>87* 9(5:(1'(7(5 j$/%/(,7(5Of(7(.725 ,67 '(5 q%(59>&+(1Ou3(556&+,&+7Of(O 7(.725 J685)$&( %$55,(5 '(7(&725KP f,( i2/'6&+,&+7 $8) '(5 u7,519>&+( %,/'(7 0,7 '(0 1Ou, (,1(1 31Ou&+277.&+(1Ou3(556&+,&+7Of(7(.725(1 6,1' ,0 d(75,(% /,&+7(0371'/,&+N :(,/ ',( u,Od$1'/@&.( ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ',( r+2721(1(1(5*,( '(6 6,&+7%$5(1 n,&+7(6] ',( '@11( i2/'%('$03)81* $8) '(5 x25'(56(,7( *(1@*7 1,&+7 $/6 n,&+76&+87=P g,1( $1'(5( v(&+1,. 187=7 k21(1,03/$17$7,21 $167(//( '(5 o(7$//%('$03)81*\ f,( u3(556&+,&+7 $8) '(5 x25'(56(,7( :,5' %(, 1Ou,/,&,80 '85&+ d25Ok03/$17$7,21 (5=(8*7N '(5 2+06&+( m217$.7 $8) '(5 t@&.6(,7( '85&+ c56(1Ok03/$17$7,21P u2 /$66(1 6,&+ f(7(.725(1 0,7 12&+ '@11(5(1 81' 52%867(5(1 g/(.752'(1 +(567(//(1N ',( '$6 9$O .8807(&+1,6&+ 2)7 (5)25'(5/,&+( c86+(,=(1 $8) TRR @e 9(575$*(1N $%(5 7(85(5 6,1'P f,( $89?6%$5( g1(5*,( ,67 81*()>+5 */(,&+ '(5 (1(5*(7,6&+(1 j$/%:(576%5(,7( (g '(5 0,7 0212(1(5*(7,6&+(1 r5,0>57(,/&+(1 (5+$/7(1(1 n,1,(1 ,0 r8/6+?+(163(.7O 580P k1 ',(6(1 y(57 *(+7 '(5 w17(5*581'Ou3(5567520 '(6 f(7(.7256N ',( v(,/&+(1O 675(881* ,1 '(5 g,175,776(/(.752'( Jh(167(5K 81' '$6 t$86&+(1 '(5 g/(.7521,. (,1P v5.(5 9(5./(,1(57 (gP |85 92//67>1',*(1 c%62537,21 921 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 ,1 '(5 x(5$5081*6=21( (,O 1(6 u,Of(7(.7256 *(1@*7 (,1( x(5$5081*67,()( 921 ZR =0 )@5 SRR .(xN TRRR =0 )@5 S o(xP k21(1675$+/(1 */(,&+(5 g1(5*,( :(5'(1 67>5.(5 $%625%,(57N :(,/ ',( u75(8O 48(56&+1,77( 0,7 )$//(1'(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 *5?M(5 :(5'(1P h@5 6(+5 +2+( v(,/&+(1O (1(5*,(1 81' '@11( f(7(.725(1 :,5' ',( t(,&+:(,7( '(5 v(,/&+(1 *5?M(5 $/6 ',( f(7(.725',&.(P f$11 .?11(1 j$/%/(,7(5Of(7(.725(1 ,1 v5$160,66,21 =85 o(6681* '(6 />1*(163(=,76&+(1 g1(5*,(9(5/867(6 'gB'= (,1(6 ,1 =Ot,&+781* '85&+ '(1 f(O 7(.725 +,1'85&+*(*$1*(1(1 v(,/&+(16 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1P

XZT

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

SSPSPY d(:(*81* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 h(/'(51 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1P y,5 %(6&+5>1.(1 816 $8) ',( 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+( m,1(0$7,. 81' 1(+0(1 $1N '$66 ',( c8675,776(1(5*,(N ',( ',( v(,/&+(1 %(,0 x(5/$66(1 '(5 s8(//( %(6,7=(1N 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 ,67P p$&+ f85&+/$8)(1 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1O 181* w %(6,7=7 -('(6 v(,/&+(1 ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( 4w3

S 0 9T T

JSSPWK

J4 3 n$'81*N 0 3 o$66( 81' 9 3 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 v(,/&+(16KP f,( v(,/&+(1O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ $86 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181*P h@5 1O)$&+ *(/$'(1( k21(1 '(5 o$66( 0 *,/7 9,21 3 SUPZ[ .0B6 6 L1 JwBxKBJ0B8KbSBTP

JSSPXK

f,( v(,/&+(10$66( 0 ,1 $720$5(1 g,1+(,7(1 Ju+(581*6$11$+0(1 *(/7(1\ y,( (,1*$1*6 (5:>+17N :(5'(1 1,&+7O 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 81' 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1( c8675,776(1(5*,(1 $1*(O 1200(1] $8M(5'(0 0@66(1 t$80/$'81*6(,19@66( 81' n$8)=(,7(5(.7( =8 9(51$&+O />66,*(1 6(,1P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 921 '(5 v(,/&+(1/$'81* 4N '(5 v(,/&+(10$66( 0 81' '(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 i5?M(1 '(5 c125'181* sN w 81' dP c//( n>1*(10$M( A ',( '(5 g/(.752'(1.217*85$7,21 81' ',( '(5 v5$-(.725,(1 A 6,1' 3523257,21$/ =8 '(5 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 n>1*( s =8 6.$/,(5(1P f$6 */(,&+( u.$/,(581*635,1=,3 *,/7 )@5 ',( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( u3$1181* wN 81' '$6 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( o$*1(7)(/' dP Jy(11 (6 .(,1( )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 j1*,* 921 wN sN 4 81' 0P f,( v5$-(.725,(1 :(5'(1 $/62 185 '85&+ ',( u3$1181*6O 81' n>1*(19(5+>/71,66( '(5 c125'181* %(67,007] n$'81* 81' o$66( *(+(1 1,&+7 (,1P y(11 %(, (,1(0 x25=(,&+(1:(&+6(/ '(5 n$'81* $8&+ $//( u3$1181*(1 80*(32/7 :(5'(1N >1'(51 6,&+ ',( v5$-(.725,(1 1,&+7P TP f,( h/8*=(,7 2N ',( '$6 v(,/&+(1 (17/$1* '(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 v5$-(.725,( %(1?7,*7N 9(5>1'(57 6,&+ %(, u.$/,(581*(1P g6 *,/7\ 2 6 s w2SBT J4B0K2SBTP

JSSPZK

UP h@5 c125'181*(1 0,7 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 *,/7\ f,( v5$-(.725,(1 %/(,%(1 %(, u.$/,(581*(1 819(5>1'(57N 62/$1*( )2/*(1'( d(',1*81* (5)@//7 ,67\ J4B0KSBT s d w2SBT 3 .2167P

JSSP[K

f,(6(6 }+1/,&+.(,76*(6(7= ,67 /(,&+7 =8 9(5,7=,(5(1N :(11 0$1 (,1 v(,/&+(1 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c 6(1.5(&+7 =8 5 %(75$&+7(7\ i/(,&+6(7=(1 921 n25(17=Om5$)7 49d 81' |(175,)8*$/.5$)7 09TB5N 62:,( 5 3 s 81' 4w 3 09TBT )@+5(1 =8 i/P JSSP[KP f,( t(/$7,21 )@5 ',( h/8*=(,7 Ji/P JSSPZKK *,/7 :(,7(5+,1P c86 i/P JSSP[K )2/*7\ A d(, u3$1181*66.$/,(581*(1 0@66(1 ',( o$*1(7)(/'(5 3523257,21$/ =8 |w 0,7O 6.$/,(57 :(5'(1P A n$'81* 81' o$66( *(+(1 1,&+7 *(75(117 (,1N 621'(51 185 $/6 J0$66(1OK63(=,76&+( n$'81* 4B0P A v(,/&+(1 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 63(=,76&+(1 n$'81*(1 .?11(1 ,1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 '85&+ ,+5( 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 v5$-(.725,(1 *(75(117 :(5'(1] ,1 5(,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 c125'O 181*(1 ,67 '$6 '$*(*(1 185 '85&+ c86187=81* '(5 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 h/8*=(,7(1 0?*/,&+P

XZV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

SSPSPZ g/(.7521(1237,. y(,/ g/(.7521(1 ',( (567(1 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 :$5(1N ',( $/6 ,17(16,9( u75$+/(1 )@5 g;3(5,0(17( =85 x(5)@*81* 67$1'(1N (1767$1' =8(567 ',( g/(.7521(1237,. ,1 c1$O /2*,( =85 *(20(75,6&+(1 n,&+7237,.P u(/%679(567>1'/,&+ *(/7(1 ',( g5*(%1,66( '(5 g/(.7521(1237,. ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 2%(1 '$5*(/(*7(1 }+1/,&+.(,76*(6(7=( $8&+ )@5 $//( $1'(5(1 u257(1 *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1P y(,/ v(,/&+(1675$+/(1 $8&+ y(//(1(,*(16&+$)7(1 %(6,7=(1 J9*/P y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086N c%6&+1P YPTKN *,%7 (6 $8&+ g/(.7521(1%(8O *81* 81' g/(.7521(1675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1=(1 Jd'P UN m$3P SRKP g/(.7521(1237,6&+( d5(&+=$+/P f,( i5(1=9>&+( =:,6&+(1 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 237,O 6&+(1 o(',(1 0,7 '(1 d5(&+=$+/(1 1S 81' 1TN $1 '(5 (,1 n,&+7675$+/ 1$&+ '(0 d5(O &+81*6*(6(7= =80 ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 +,1 *(%52&+(1 :,5'N />667 6,&+ (/(.7521(123O 7,6&+ '85&+ =:(, J,1 c%%P SSPST$ +25,=217$/(K '@11(N ',&+7 %(,(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1'( 3/$1O 3$5$//(/( p(7=( $8) 817(56&+,('/,&+(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 r27(17,$/ '$567(//(1P q%(5+$/% '(5 %(,'(1 p(7=( 6(, '$6 r27(17,$/N %(=2*(1 $8) ',( *((5'(7( m$7+2'(N */(,&+ wSN 817(5+$/% */(,&+ wTP h@5 wT #wS :,5' '(5 6&+5>* 921 2%(1 (,1)$//(1'( g/(.7521(1O 675$+/ =80 g,1)$//6/27 +,1 NN*(%52&+(1DDN :(,/ ',( d(6&+/(81,*81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 p(7O =(1 185 ',( /275(&+7( i(6&+:,1',*.(,76.20321(17( 9= (5+?+7 Jc%%P SSPST%KP p$&+ c%%P SSPST% (5+>/7 0$1 6,1 "S 3 9;S B L9T;S 19T=SbSBT

JSSPSRK

81' (,1( $1$/2*( h250(/ )@5 6,1 "TP f$ 9;S 3 9;T ,67 81' ',( i(6$07*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ $86 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w $1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 .$11N (5*,%7 6,&+ 6,1 "SB6,1 "T 3 |wT B |wSP

JSSPSSK

x21 '(5 n,&+7237,. :,5' '$6 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= ,1 '(5 h250 6,1 "SB6,1 "T 3 1TB1S

JSSPSTK

(1)

vx1

E k1 = eU1

vz1 (2)

U1 U2

·1

(1) vx2 (2)

E k2 = eU 2 >E k1

·2 vz2

(a)

(b)

c%%P SSPST |80 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= )@5 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1\ J$K |:,6&+(1 '(1 p(7=:>1'(1 '(5 r27(17,$/%(5(,&+( S 81' T :(5'(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 %(6&+/(81,*7] J%K i(6&+:,1',*.(,76.2032O 1(17(1 ,1 S 81' TP

SSPS v(&+1,.(1

XZW

@%(51200(1P c86 '(0 x(5*/(,&+ 921 i/P JSSPSSK 81' i/P JSSPSTK (5*,%7 6,&+ 6&+/,(MO /,&+ ',( (/(.7521(1237,6&+( d5(&+=$+/ J(/(&7521O237,&$/ ,1'(; 2) 5()$&7,21K =8 1 6 |wP

JSSPSUK

t,&+7675$+/:(57P k1 c%6&+1P XPSPS :$5 ',( u75$+/',&+7( J5$',$1&(K n JukOg,1+(,7\ y 02T 652SK (,1*()@+57 :25'(1N (,1( i5?M(N ',( 6,&+ '85&+ 237,6&+( j,/)60,77(/ :,( n,16(1 81' u3,(*(/ ,Pc//*P 1,&+7 (5+?+(1 />667P p85 %(,0 %(5*$1* 921 x$.880 Jn8)7K ,1 (,1 ',&+7(5(6 o(',80 0,7 1#S (5+?+7 6,&+ ',( u75$+/',&+7( 80 '(1 h$.725 1TP h@5 ',( 3+2720(75,6&+( n(8&+7',&+7( J%5,*+71(66K *,/7 '$66(/%(P f(5 6&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P SSPSPV (,1*()@+57( t,&+7675$+/:(57 t ,67 (,1( =8 u75$+/O 81' n(8&+7',&+7( $1$/2*( i5?M(N ',( '(0 s8$'5$7 '(5 (/(.7521(1237,6&+(1 d5(&+=$+/ 81' '$0,7 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,( u75$+/(/(.7521(1 .?11(1 :,( ',( o2/(.@/( (,1(6 i$6(6 %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1\ u,( %(6(7=(1 (,1 %(67,007(6 x2/80(1 ,0 r+$6(15$80N '(5 6,&+ )@5 (,1(1 $;,$/61*,* 920 m5(,65$',86P f$6 +(,M7 $%(5N '$66 $//( 817(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 y,1.(/1 6&+,() *(*(1 ',( c&+6( '(6 h(/'(6 (,175(7(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 1$&+ c%/$8) '(5 */(,&+(1 |(,7 :,('(5 ',( c&+6( 6&+1(,'(1P c//( v(,/&+(1N ',( 0,7 */(,&+(5 i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 ,1 (,1(0 r81.7 '(6 h(/'(6 817(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 y,1.(/1 (,175(7(1N 0@66(1 $/62 $8&+ :,('(5 '85&+ (,1(1 r81.7 +,1'85&+*(+(1N '(5 ,1 '(5 h(/'5,&+781* 80 (,1( u75(&.( ' 920 g,175,776381.7 (17)(517 ,67P h@5 ' (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( d(=,(+81* ' 3 9 &26) 6 T@BLJ(B0K db

JSSPSXK

JjP d86&+ S[TTK] ,67 ',( p(,*81* ) '(6 u75$+/(6 ./(,1N 62 .$11 &26) 3 S *(6(7=7 :(5O '(1P k1 ',(6(5 p>+(581* (5=(8*7 '$6 $;,$/( +202*(1( o$*1(7)(/' 921 ,5*(1' (,1(0

XZX

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

z |Ê |

c%%P SSPSU c%%,/'81* '85&+ (,1( .85=( 0$*1(7,6&+( n,16(P d,/' 81' q%-(.7 6,1' 1,&+7 (17O *(*(1*(6(7=7 25,(17,(57N 621'(51 =8 '(5 1250$/(1 NNd,/'80.(+5DD .2007 (,1( d,/''5(+81* 80 '(1 c=,087:,1.(/ 3P

u75$+/48(56&+1,77 $0 c&+6(1381.7 =R (,1( u(5,( 921 JS\SKOc%%,/'81*(1 $1 '(1 u7(/O /(1 =R 1 1' J1 3 SN T "KP f,( 75.(N $/62 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 h(/'5,&+781*P |8 '(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 n,16(1)(+/(51N ',( 921 '(5 n,&+7237,. 6&+21 %(.$117 6,1'N .2007 ',( d,/''5(+81* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 n,16( Jc%%P SSPSUK +,1=8P f(5 f5(+6,11 .(+57 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 h(/'5,&+781* 80P |80 48$/,7$7,9(1 x(567>1'1,6 '(5 y,5.81* (,1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 n,16( ,67 =8(567 '$5$1 =8 (5,11(51N '$66 '$6 h(/' 185 c;,$/O 81' t$',$/.20321(17(1 %(6,7=7P g,1 $&+6(13$5$//(/ (,1)$//(1'(6 g/(.7521 (5+>/7 (567 (,10$/ '85&+ ',( 5$',$/( h(/'.20O 321(17( (,1( $=,087$/( i(6&+:,1',*.(,76.20321(17(] ',( d$+1 :,5' $86 '(5 g,1O )$//6(%(1( +(5$86*('5(+7P f$1$&+ (5*(%(1 $=,087$/( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' $;,$/( h(/'67>5.( (,1( n25(17=Om5$)7N ',( 5$',$/ 1$&+ ,11(1 *(5,&+7(7 ,67 81' )2.866,(5(1' :,5.7P g,1( .85=( 0$*1(7,6&+( n,16( %(67(+7 0(,67 $86 (,1(5 $;,$/(1 u38/(N ',( 0,7 (,1(5 ,11(1 1,&+7 9?//,* *(6&+/266(1(1 g,6(1.$36(/81* 80+@//7 ,67N :(,/ '(5(1 u75(8O )(/' $8) (,1(1 ./(,1(5(1 c&+6(1%(5(,&+ .21=(175,(57 ,67 $/6 %(, (,1(5 81*(.$36(/7(1 u38/(] ',( d5(&+.5$)7 :,5' '$'85&+ *5?M(5P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+( n,16( J*(.$36(/7( u38/( 2'(5 (17635(&+(1'(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7K %(71'(7 6,&+ $8M(5+$/% '(6 x$.88061*,* '$921 gP d5@&+( 81' jP l2+$11621N '$66 527$7,2166/)7( /$1*6$0(5 6,1' $/6 ,1 '(5 5(&+7(1N @%(5:,(*7 ',( )2.866,(5(1'( y,5.81*P f,( t2+5/,16( :,5.7 :,( (,1( u$00(//,16(P y(11 ,1 '(1 $1 ',( n,16( $1*5(1=(1'(1 d(5(,&+(1 ',( d(6&+/(81,*81663$1181*(1 817(56&+,('/,&+ 6,1' J:,( ,1 c%%P SSPSVKN '$11 %,/'(7 ',( n,16( '(1 %(5*$1* =:,O 6&+(1 =:(, (/(.7521(1237,6&+(1 o(',(1 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 d5(&+=$+/(1N (17635(O &+(1' '(1 y85=(/1 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181*(1 wS 81' wTP g7:$6 }+1/,&+(6 *,%7 (6 ,1 '(5 n,&+70,.526.23,(N :(11 0$1 =85 g5+?+81* '(6 c89?681*69(50?*(16 =:,6&+(1 q%-(.775>*(5 81' q%-(.7,9 (,1(1 v523)(1 h/@66,*.(,7 0,7 +2+(5 d5(&+=$+/ %5,1*7P f$6 0,.526.23,6&+( q%-(.7 :,5' ,1 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 NN(,1*(7$8&+7DDN :(6+$/% '$6 2%-(.76(,7,* )(8&+7( q%-(.7,9 '(1 p$0(1 NNk00(56,216/,16(DD (5+,(/7P y(,/ ',( r,21,(5( '(5 g/(.7521(1237,. 6(+5 *(51 ',( d(=,(+81*(1 =85 ./$66,6&+(1 q37,. +(O 5$8667(//7(1N (5+,(/7(1 ',(6( g/(.7521(1/,16(1 '(1 p$0(1 k00(56,216/,16(1 J,00(5O 6,21 /(16(6KN '(5 +(87( 0$1*(/6 237,6&+(5 c//*(0(,1%,/'81* .$80 12&+ 9(567$1'(1 :,5'P n,16(161'/,&+ 0$&+(1 .$11P f,( g,1=(//,16( +$7 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 6,&+ ',( d5(&+.5$)7 '85&+ x(5>1'(581* '(5 u3$1181* $1 '(5 o,77(/(/(.752'( 9$5,,(5(1 />667N 2+1( '$66 '$%(, ',( g1(5*,( '(6

XZZ

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

c%%P SSPSW r27(17,$/9(5/$8) ,1 (,1(5 g,1=(/O /,16( *(%,/'(7 $86 '5(, n2&+%/(1'(1N 0,7 '(5 o,77(/(/(.752'( $8) 1(*$7,9(0 r27(17,$/P w1O 7(1\ /,&+7237,6&+( c1$/2*,(P

g/(.7521(1675$+/(6 925 2'(5 +,17(5 '(5 n,16( 9(5>1'(57 :,5'P y(11 185 (,1( %(67,00O 7( d5(&+.5$)7 '(5 n,16( 9(5/$1*7 :,5'N '$11 ,67 (6 %(, *((,*1(7(5 m216758.7,21 0?*O /,&+N ',( o,77(/(/(.752'( $8) m$7+2'(1327(17,$/ =8 /(*(1N '(11 '$6 u$77(/381.7Or2O 7(17,$/ ,0 o,77(/381.7 '(5 n,16( ,67 326,7,9(5 $/6 '$6 g/(.752'(1327(17,$/P g/(.75267$7,6&+( n,16(1 0,7 $;,$/61*( (< + (;KN '$11 %(6&+5>1.7 6,&+ ',( n,16(1:,5.81* $8) ',( ;=Og%(1(P k1 c1$/2*,( =8 =1*,*P f,(6(5 62*(1$117( NN&+520$7,6&+( n,16(1)(+/(5DD %((,198667 $%(5 185 ',( $&+O 6(1)(51(1 d$+1(1 81' ,67 '(6+$/% )@5 ',( g1(5*,($1$/66,*81* $//(5 n,16(1)(+/(5 %(,1+$/7(1N 1,&+7 0(+5 *(5(&+7)(57,*7 6,1'N '$11 :(5'(1 +(87( 0,7 '(0 e20387(5 9,(/( v5$-(.725,(1 )@5 817(56&+,('/,&+( c86*$1*6%(',1*81*(1 Jc&+6(1$%O 67$1'N t,&+781*N i(6&+:,1',*.(,7K %(5(&+1(7 81' *5$3+,6&+ '$5*(67(//7P g6 *,%7 9(5O 6&+,('(1( r52*5$00(N ',( 6,&+ ,1 n(,6781*6)>+,*.(,7 81' d(187=(5)5(81'/,&+.(,7 81O 7(56&+(,'(1P x25 '(5 (,*(17/,&+(1 v5$-(.725,(1%(5(&+181* :,5' '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' )@5 ',( *(*(%(1( g/(.752'(1.217*85$7,21 81' ',( *(:>+/7(1 g/(.752'(1327(17,$/( '85&+ n?681* '(5 n$3/$&(Oi/(,&+81* Jc%6&+1P TPUPTK %(5(&+1(7P o$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5 2+1( h(5520$*1(7,.$ :(5'(1 $/6 $;,$/O66(17$7,9( v5$-(.725,(1 2+1( t$80/$'81* %(5(&+1(7 :25'(1 6,1'N :,5' '$5$86 )@5 (,1(1 925O *(*(%(1(1 u75$+/67520 ',( t$80/$'81* ,0 u75$+/ %(5(&+1(7P c%6&+/,(M(1' %(5(&+O 1(7 '(5 e20387(5 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 0,7 t$80/$'81*N '$6 '$11 %(, '(1 v5$-(.O 725,(1 '(5 1>&+67(1 k7(5$7,216678)( =8*581'( *(/(*7 :,5'P A g6 *,%7 $8&+ r52*5$00( )@5 1,&+7O527$7,2166//(N =P dP )@5 ',( c%/(1.81* (,1(6 u75$+/6 ,1 (,1(0 75$169(56$/(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 2'(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'N :2 ',( d$+1(1 ,1 '(5 ;=O 81' &+/,&+ )@5 ',( r81.7O =8Or81.7Oc%%,/'81*(1N ',( ,1 '(5 g/(.7521(10,.526.23,( :,&+7,* 6,1'N (17:,&.(/7P q)70$/6 0?&+7( 0$1 $%(5 *$5 .(,1( )(+/(5$50( c%%,/'81* (5=(8*(1N 621'(51 185 (,1(1 u75$+/ 0?*/,&+67 9(5/867$50 0,7 0,1,0$/(0 c8):$1' @%(5 =P vP /$1*( u75(&.(1 75$163257,(5(1P g,1 $%%,/'(1'(6 u&+(5 6,1' $/6 ',( o$;,0$/)(/'67>5.(1N :,5' ',(6( v(&+1,. $/6 NN6&+:$&+( h2.866,(581*DD %(=(,&+1(7P o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 g/(.7521(1(1(5*,( :,5' (6 ,00(5 6&+:,(5,*(5N +,15(,&+(1' 67$5.( u75(8)(/'(5 =8 (5=(8*(1N :(,/ ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h$// ',( u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 g,6(16 81' ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h$// j2&+63$1181*6352%/(0( 7(&+1,6&+( i5(1=(1 6(7=(1P u7$5.( h2.866,(581*P y(11 $167(//( '(5 6&+:$&+(1 u75(8)(/'(5 ',( 0$;,0$/(1 h(/'(5 (,1(5 c125'181* ',5(.7 =85 d((,1986681* '(5 g/(.7521(1%$+1(1 $86*(187=7 :(5'(1N 1(117 0$1 '$6 NN67$5.( h2.866,(581*DD J67521* )2&866,1*KP g,1 d(,63,(/ '$)@5 6,1' ',( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(6352&+(1(1 s8$'5832/(P

SSPS v(&+1,.(1

c%%P SSPSY

X[S

n,&+7237,6&+(6 c1$/2*21 =85 67$5.(1 h2.866,(581*P

u7$5. )2.866,(5(1'( h(/'(5 6,1' 1,&+7 527$7,2166+(581*6:(,6( .?11(1 s8$'5832/( $/6 '@11( n,16(1 0,7 (,1(5 j$837(%(1( ,1 ,+5(5 o,77( 81' 0,7 %(75$*6*/(,&+(1 d5(11:(,7(1 )@5 ',( h2.866,(581*6O 81' f()2.866,(581*6(%(1( %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SSPSZ%N&KP h@5 ',( 35$.7,6&+( i(67$/781* (/(.75,6&+(5 s8$'5832/( *(1@*7 (6N ',( s8(5O 6&+1,776Oj0/,&+ VW@ $=,087$/ '$*(*(1 9(5'5(+7P f,( 9,(/)>/7,*(1 g,16$7=0?*/,&+.(,7(1 '(5 s8$'5832/( 62//(1 '85&+ =:(, d(,63,(/( 9(5$16&+$8/,&+7 :(5'(1P c%%P SSPS[$ =(,*7N :,( (,1 s8$'5832/Of8%/(77 ',( 921 (,1(0 r81.7 $8) '(5 c&+6( $86*(+(1'(1 u7$+/(1 ,1 (,1 $&+6(13$5$//(/(6 u75$+/(1%@1'(/ 80)2507N $//(5',1*6 ,67 ',( d5(,7( '(6 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 u7$+/(1%@1'(/6 ,1 '(1 %(,'(1 g%(1(1 817(56&+,('/,&+ *52MP o,7+,/)( (,1(6 v5,3/(776 Jc%%P SSPS[%K />667 6,&+ (,1 581'(5 $&+6(13$5$//(/(5 u75$+/ (5+$/7(1P g6 6,1' $8&+ 9?//,* 817(56&+,('/,&+( u75$+O /(1*>1*( ,1 '(1 %(,'(1 g%(1(1 0?*/,&+N =P dP r81.7O=8Or81.7Oc%%,/'81* ,1 '(5 (,1(1 g%(1( 81' r81.7O=8Or$5$//(/675$+/(1%@1'(/ ,1 '(5 $1'(5(1P t$80/$'81*6(,19@66(P |8 817(56&+(,'(1 ,67 ',( c%672M81* '85&+ ',( 1(*$7,9( t$80O /$'81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 81' ',( c86:,5.81* (,1(5 (9(178(// 925+$1'(1(1 32O 6,7,9(1 t$80/$'81* '85&+ k21(1 '(5 t(67*$602/(.@/(P g567(5( ,67 %(, g/(.7521(1O 48(//(1 +2+(5 r(59($1= :,&+7,*N /(7=7(5( :$5 6&+21 %(,0 NN*$6.21=(175,(57(1 h$O '(1675$+/52+5DD (5:>+17 :25'(1P c86 c%6&+>7=81*(1 81' d(2%$&+781*(1 (5*(%(1 6,&+ )@5 81*(38/67( g/(.7521(1O 675$+/Oc125'181*(1 )2/*(1'( i$6'58&.Ot,&+7:(57( )@5 '(1 g,19866 326,7,9(5 k21(1\ A d(, SR2T r$ J. SR2V v255K :,5' ',( t$80/$'81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 '85&+ ',( 326,7,9(1 t(67*$6Ok21(1 92//67>1',* 1(875$/,6,(57P A d(, SR2X r$ J. SR2Z v255K ,67 '(5 g,19866 '(5 t(67*$6Ok21,6,(581* 9?//,* 9(51$&+O />66,*%$5P A k0 %(5*$1*6%(5(,&+ ,67 0,7 (,1(5 c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1237,. 920 t(67O *$6'58&. =8 5(&+1(1P f,( (,*(1( t$80/$'81* '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 %(*5(1=7 '(1 u75$+/67520N '(5 '85&+ (,1 =1*( s 81' '(0 k11(1'85&+0(66(5 f *(6&+,&.7 :(5'(1 .$11P h@5 237,0$/( v5$160,66,21 0866 ',( g/(.7521(1237,. 925 '(0 t2+5 62 (,1*(67(//7 :(5'(1N '$66 '(5 u75$+/ .219(5*(17 ,1 '$6 t2+5 (,175,77N ,1 '(5 t2+5O 0,77( '(1 921 '(5 t$80/$'81* %(67,007(1 0,1,0$/(1 u75$+/'85&+0(66(5 JNNv$,//(DDK %(6,7=7 81' ',9(5*(17 $86 '(0 t2+5 $8675,77 Jc%%P SSPTR$KP p$&+ lPtP r,(5&( ,67 '(5 0$;,0$/( u75$+/67520 k0$; 185 (,1( h81.7,21 921 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w 81' '(0 x(5+>/71,6 fBs\ k0$; . VR =c JwBxKUBT JfBsKTP

JSSPS[K

SSPT g/(.7521(15?+5(1

(a)

X[U

(b)

c%%P SSPTR J$K |85 5$80/$'81*6%(*5(1=7(1 '(5 u75$+/75$160,66,21 '85&+ (,1 /$1*(6 o(7$//O 52+5P J%K r(5,2',6&+( h2.866,(581* (,1(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 +2+(5 r(59($1= '85&+ (,1( m(77( 921 g,1=(//,16(1P

d(,63,(/\ h@5 w 3 SRR x 81' fBs 3 SBSR (5*,%7 6,&+ k0$; . RPV 0cP y,( c%%P SSPTR$ 9(5'(87/,&+7N :,5.7 ',( (,*(1( t$80/$'81* '(6 u75$+/6 '()2.866,(5(1'P |80 (5(.O 7,9(1 u75$+/75$163257 :(5'(1 )2.866,(5(1'( g/(0(17( ,1 .85=(1 c%67>1'(1 %(1?7,*7P f$6 .?11(1 %(,63,(/6:(,6( (,1( m(77( 921 g,1=(//,16(1 6(,1 Jc%%P SSPTR%K 2'(5 $8&+ (,1( m(77( .85=(5 0$*1(7,6&+(5 n,16(1P

SSPT g/(.7521(15?+5(1 f,( w5)250 '(5 g/(.7521(15?+5( :$5 ',( j2&+9$.880Of,2'(N %(67(+(1' $86 (,1(0 ',5(.7 *(+(,=7(1 y2/)5$0'5$+7 $/6 i/@+.$7+2'( ,1 '(5 o,77( 81' (,1(0 ,+1 80O *(%(1'(1 c12'(1=7(5 $86*('(+17 $8) $//( g/(.7521(1675$+/Oc125'O 181*(1 ,1 (9$.8,(57(1 i/$6.2/%(1N %,6 +,1 =85 h(516(+Od,/'5?+5(P

SSPTPS f,2'(1N t?17*(15?+5(1 f,2'(1 J',2'(6KP f,2'(1 6,1' j2&+9$.8805?+5(1 0,7 =:(, g/(.752'(1N m$7+2'( 81' c12'(P f$ (,1 g/(.7521(167520 185 '$11 =867$1'( .2007N :(11 ',( i/@+O (/(.752'( '(5 o,18632/ ,67N />667 6,&+ (,1( 62/&+( t?+5( =85 i/(,&+5,&+781* 921 y(&+6(/675?0(1 %(187=(1P f,(6( f,2'( +$7 $/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(55?+5( ,1 '(5 (567(1 j>/)7( ',(6(6 l$+5+81'(576 (,1( (1250( 7(&+1,6&+( d('(8781* *(+$%7P f(5 d(*5,5 NNf,2'(DD :85'( =80 u7 '(5 t?17*(1675$+/81* ,67 3523257,21$/ =80 g/(.7521(167520P f,( r+2721(1(1(5*,( ,67 +?&+67(16 */(,&+ '(5 g/(.7521(1(1(5*,( + -0$; 3 + &B+0,1 3 ( w

JSSPTRK

J+ 3 r/$1&.Om2167$17(N - 3 h5(48(1=N & 3 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7N + 3 y(//(1/>1*(KP f85&+ g,16(7=(1 '(5 p$785.2167$17(1 81' w0)25081* 921 i/P JSSPTRK (5+>/7 0$1 ',( h250(/ )@5 ',( 0,1,0$/( i5(1=:(//(1/>1*( +(581*6:(,6( r523257,21$/,7>7 =8 | 6 w $1O 1(+0(1P f$6 )@5 (,1( *(*(%(1( c1:(1'81* 187=%$5( u75$+/(1%@1'(/ (17+>/7 185 (,1(1 v(,/ '(5 ,16*(6$07 (5=(8*7(1 u75$+/81*N 75)( '85&+ j$/%6&+$77(1O i(%,(7( ./(,1 =8 +$/7(1P c8M(5'(0 0?&+7( 0$1 ',( =85 c8)1$+0( (5)25'(5/,&+( u75$+/(1'26,6 ,1 0?*/,&+67 .85=(5 |(,7 9(5)@*%$5 +$%(1N 80 d(:(*81*6816&+>5)( '85&+ '(1 r$7,(17(1 =8 9(50(,'(1P f,( g/(.7521(148(//( ,67 (,1( ',5(.7 *(+(,=7( y2/)5$0:(1'(/N ',( ,1 (,1( h2.86O 6,(581*6(/(.752'( $8) */(,&+(0 r27(17,$/ (,1*(%(77(7 ,67P f,( h250 '(5 s8(//( )@+57 =8 (,1(0 />1*/,&+(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 d5(119(&.N '(5 '85&+ ',( c12'(1Oc%6&+5>*81* 921 . SRASU@ J6&+5>*(5 '$5*(67(//7 ,1 c%%P SSPTSK =8 (,1(0 $11>+(51' 581'(1N 23O 7,6&+ :,5.6$0(1 d5(119(&. 6&+5803)7 Jf85&+0(66(5 RPSAU 00KP

Elektronen Kathode

Anode

Nutzstrahlen

c%%P SSPTS t?17*(15?+5( J6&+(0$7,6&+N c12'(1$%6&+5>*81* @%(575,(%(1KP

SSPT g/(.7521(15?+5(1

X[W

drehfelderzeugender Stator ist nicht dargestellt

kugelgelagerter Rotor Glaskolben

Kathode

Anodenteller

Molybdänwelle

c%%P SSPTT c8)%$8 (,1(5 f5(+$12'(15?+5(P f(5 c12'(17(//(5 ,67 @%(5 (,1( y(//( 0,7 '(0 .8*(/*(/$*(57(1 t2725 (,1(6 c6+5(1' '(5 .85==(,7,*(1 c8)1$+0( (,1(5 +2+(1 7+(50,6&+(1 d(/$6781* $86*(6(7=7P u,( :,5' $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( %,6 =80 i/@+(1 (5+,7=7N '$5) $%(5 1,&+7 6&+0(/=(1P f,( 7,()(5(1 u&+,&+7(1 '(5 c12'( ',(1(1 $/6 y>50(63(,&+(5P w0 +2+( m85==(,7%(/$6781*(1 $1 (,1(0 ./(,1(1 d5(119(&. )@5 5(/$7,9 .85=( c8)1$+0(=(,7(1 =8 (50?*/,&+(1N :(5'(1 f5(+$12'(1 (,1*(6(7=7 Jc%%P SSPTTKP f,( g1(5*,( '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 9(57(,/7 6,&+ $8) (,1(5 >8M(5(1 $%*(6&+5>*7(1 d$+1 '(5 c12'(N '(5 d5(119(&.%$+1P f,( f5(+$12'( :,5' %,6 =8 SRRR @e (5+,7=7N 81' ',( y>50( $%*(675$+/7P f5(+$12'(1 %(67(+(1 $86 (,1(5 o2/50($%675$+/81* J+2+(5 g0,66,9,7>7K 81' *87(5 y>50(63(,&+(5)>O +,*.(,7 J+2+(5 63(=,76&+(5 y>50(KP c8M(5+$/% '(5 i/$65?+5( :,5' ',( v(03(5$785 '(5 f5(+$12'( 0,7 (,1(5 r+272=(//( @%(5:$&+7 81' %(, u&+0(/=*()$+5 ',( c1/$*( $%*(6&+$/7(7P f,( f5(+$12'( :,5' '85&+ (,1(1 f5(+6752002725 $1*(75,(%(1P p$&+ '(5 c8)O 1$+0( :,5' ',( c12'( 0,7+,/)( 921 y,5%(/67520 J+(5925*(58)(1 '85&+ i/(,&+67520 ,0 u7$725K $%*(%5(067N 80 811?7,*(1 m8*(//$*(5Ox(56&+/(,M =8 9(50(,'(1P d(, d(O 75,(% '(6 c68)7P h@5 f$8(5%(75,(% :,5.7 '$6 y>50($867$86&+9(50?*(1 '(6 t?+O 5(16&+87=*(+>86(6 %(*5(1=(1'\ 0,7 n8)7.@+/81* .?11(1 185 (7:$ RPV .yN 0,7 h/@6O 6,*.(,76.@+/81* $%(5 $8&+ 0(+5 $%*()@+57 :(5'(1P f,( g,16&+$/781* '(5 t?17*(15?+5( (5)2/*7 ,1 =:(, u78)(1] ,1 '(5 (567(1 u78)( :,5' '(5 m$7+2'(1+(,=67520 81' '(5 f5(+$12'(1$175,(% (,1*(6&+$/7(7N 1$&+ (7:$ S 6 :,5' ,1 '(5 =:(,7(1 u78)( ',( j2&+63$1181* (,1*(6&+$/7(7P

X[X

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

SSPTPT x(567>5.(55?+5(1 m/$66,6&+( g/(.7521(15?+5(P f,( 6&+1(//( g17:,&./81* '(5 p$&+5,&+7(17(&+1,. ,1 '(5 (567(1 j>/)7( ',(6(6 l$+5+81'(576 %(58+7( *$1= :(6(17/,&+ $8) '(5 g571'81* '(5 x(567>5.(55?+5(P j(87( ,67 ',( g/(.7521(15?+5( %(, ./(,1(1 n(,6781*(1 JS y$77K '85&+ '(1 v5$16,6725 9(5'5>1*7 :25'(1N :>+5(1' 6,( %(, *5?M(5(1 n(,6781*(1 J=P dP %(, $//(1 u(1'(51K '(5 :,&+7,*67( d(67$1'7(,/ '(5 c1/$*( *(%/,(%(1 ,67P d(, '(5 g,1)@+581* '(6 x(567>5.(5Or5,1=,36 ,1 c%6&+1P WPSPT :85'( ',( g/(.7521(15?+5( 6&+21 925*(O 67(//7P h@5 ',( x(567>5.81* 81' g5=(8*81* 921 u&+:,1*81*(1 2%(5+$/% SRR oj= 6,1' ',(6( c57 t?+5(1 1,&+7 *((,*1(7N :(,/ ',( n$8)=(,7(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1 1,&+7 0(+5 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 =85 u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( 6,1'P f,( g/(.7521(1 .200(1 1,&+7 0(+5 NN3+$6(15,&+7,*DD $1 '(5 c12'( $1P c%6&+>7=81*\ f,( =85 h5(48(1= 921 SRR oj= *(+?5(1'( u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( %(75>*7 SR 16] ',( n$8)=(,7 921 SRRO(xO g/(.7521(1 )@5 (,1( u75(&.( 921 S &0 %(75>*7 (7:$ T 16N ,67 $/62 1,&+7 0(+5 6(+5 9,(/ ./(,1(5P k1 6(+5 ./(,1(1 t?+5(1 6,1' ',( n$8)=(,7(1 (17635(&+(1' *(5,1*(5P o,7 '(5 o,1,$785,6,(581* '(5 t?+5(1 6,1.(1 $%(5 $8&+ ',( (55(,&+%$5(1 x(567>5.(5On(,6781O *(1N :(,/ ./(,1(5( i/@+.$7+2'(1 :(1,*(5 u7520 /,()(51 81' ./(,1(5( c12'(1 :(1,*(5 y>50( $%)@+5(1 .?11(1P c8M(5'(0 :(5'(1 ',( 81(5:@16&+7(1 u75(8.$3$=,7>7(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 g/(.7521(1 0,7 9(55,1*(57(1 c%67>1'(1 *5?M(5N 81' ',( 81(5:@16&+7(1 .$3$=,7,9(1 n(,7:(57( J6eK 67(,*(1 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1=P h@5 '(1 o,.52:(//(1Od(5(,&+ JRPU2URR ij=] y(//(1/>1*(1 =:,6&+(1 S 0 81' S 00K :85'(1 x(567>5.(55?+5(1 1$&+ 1(8(1 r5,1=,3,(1 (17:,&.(/7N %(, '(1(1 ',( n$8)=(,7 1,&+7 67?57N 621'(51 $86*(187=7 :,5'P n$8)=(,75?+5(1 J75$16,7O7,0( 78%(6KP f,( (567( x(567>5.(55?+5( )@5 '(1 o,.52:(//(1O d(5(,&+ :85'( S[UY 921 y,//,$0 j$16(1 81' '(1 d5@'(51 tPjP 81' uPhP x$5,$1 ,1 m$/,)251,(1 (17:,&.(/7P k1 ',(6(5 $/6 m/*7 :,5'P k0 m/5.81*KP d(66(5( o2'8O /$7,21 81' $/6 h2/*( '$921 +?+(5( x(567>5.81*(1 81' y,5.81*6*5$'( :(5'(1 0,7 0(+5 $/6 =:(, t(621$725(1 (55(,&+7 J08/7,&$9,7< ./03)7( u&+:,1O *81* (5=(8*7P f(5 j$8379257(,/ '(6 m/+5 T@ '(5 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7P f,( c12'( 0866 1$+( %(,0 i,77(5 /,(*(1N '$0,7 ',( g/(.7521(1 ,1 (,1(0 d58&+7(,/ '(5 u&+:,1*81*63(5,2'( ',( t?+5( '85&+/$8)(1P k0 m/1*( ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 81' 620,7 /(,&+7 $1 ',( i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 (,1(6 $;,$/(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 $1*(3$667 :(5'(1 .$11P d(,63,(/\ 9 3 &BSU (17635,&+7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 SWRROx2/7Og/(.7521(1P y,( 7+(25(7,6&+ *(=(,*7 :(5'(1 .$11 81' ,1 y$1'(5)(/'5?+5(1 (5)2/*5(,&+ $86*(187=7 :,5'N (;,67,(57 (,1 $;,$/(6 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6)(/'N '85&+ '$6 '(5 (,1*(6&+/266(1( i/(,&+67520Og/(.752O 1(1675$+/ *(6&+:,1',*.(,7602'8/,(57 :,5'P c/6 h2/*( '$921 75,77 f,&+7(02'8/$7,21 $8)N ',( $8) ',( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(//( =85@&.:,5.7 81' '(5(1 c03/,78'( 9(5O 67>5.7P y$1'(5)(/'5?+5(1 .?11(1 @%(5 *52M( h5(48(1=%(5(,&+( 921 0(+5 $/6 =:(, q.7$9(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 81' /,()(51 +2+( n(,6781*69(567>5.81*P f$6 o$*1(7521 ,67 (,1( $1'(5( c57 y$1'(5:(//(15?+5(N ,1 '(5 '85&+ (,1 67$5.(6 75$169(56$/(6 o$*1(7)(/' .5(,6)?50,*( g/(.7521(1%$+1(1 (5=(8*7 :(5'(1P c/6 (567(5 /(,6781*667$5.(5 o,.52:(//(1Oi(1(5$725 :$5 '$6 c1)$1* S[VR ,1 g1*/$1' (5)81'(1( o$*1(7521 (,1 :,&+7,*(5 d(,75$* =85 %(5/(*(1+(,7 '(5 $//,,(57(1 t$'$56O *(=$+1Ou3$1181*\ f(5 u75$+/ %(:(*7 6,&+ 0,7 .2167$17(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 @%(5 '(1 u&+,50 921 /,1.6 1$&+ 5(&+76] :>+5(1' '(6 6&+1(//(1 t@&.*$1*6 =85 /,1.(1 c86O *$1*6326,7,21 :,5' '(5 u75$+/ .85= 817(5'5@&.7P f,( h5(48(1= '(5 u>*(=$+1Oc%O /(1.63$1181* ,67 678)(1:(,6(N 81' =:,6&+(1 '(1 u78)(1 $8&+ .217,18,(5/,&+ 9(567(//O %$5P c1 ',( 9(57,.$/(1 1'(5/,&+( u3$1181* $1*(/(*7P d(, */(,&+(1 h5(48(1=(1 )@5 ;O 81' 1*(1 J08/O 7,3/(O,1387 26&,//26&23(K 81' (/(.7521,6&+ *(67(8(57(0 6&+1(//(1 y(&+6(/ =:,6&+(1 '(1 x(567>5.(5$86*>1*(1P g,1( $1'(5( o(7+2'(N ',( |(,7$%/(1.81* 0,7 '(0 u,*1$/ =8 61*( %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1 62//(1 2'(5 :(11 ',( y,('(5+2/81*6)5(48(1= 6(+5 ./(,1 ,67N '$11 :(5'(1 1$&+/(8&+O 7(1'( u&+,50( 9(5:(1'(7P y(11 6(+5 6&+1(//( u,*1$/( *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 62//(1N 9(5O :(1'(7 0$1 u3(,&+(526=,//26.23( J6725$*( 26&,//26&23(6KN ',( '$6 u,*1$/ ',*,7$/ 63(,O &+(51 81' '$0,7 '$11 (,1( 67(+(1'( n(8&+76&+,50Oc1=(,*( 67(8(51P j2&+)5(48(17( x25*>1*( 2%(5+$/% 921 SRR oj= /,(*(1 -(16(,76 '(5 h5(48(1=*5(1O =( 1250$/(5 q6=,//26.23(P d(, 3(5,2',6&+(1 x25*>1*(1 +,/)7 (,1 c%7$6726=,//26.23 J6$03/,1* 26&,//26&23(K\ f,( o(6663$1181* :,5' 381.7:(,6( $%*(7$67(7N :2%(, '(5 |(,7381.7 '(5 c%7$6781* 921 r(5,2'( =8 r(5,2'( (7:$6 9(56&+2%(1 :,5'P p$&+ 9,(/(1 r(5,2'(1 :,5' '85&+ f$567(//81* $//(5 c%7$67381.7( '(5 u,*1$/9(5/$8) 6,&+7%$5P o$1 .$11 '(1 ;Oc%/(1.3/$77(1 $8&+ (,1( y(&+6(/63$1181* =8)@+5(1N ',( (,1( >+1/,&+( h5(48(1= +$7 :,( '$6 u,*1$/ $1 '(1 &+( 0,7 (,1(5 t27Bi5@1Bd/$8Oh$5%7/7(5Oo$5,; @%(5=2*(1 ,67P f,( (,1=(/1( eefO|(//( (5+>/7 185 n,&+7 (,1(5 ',(6(5 h$5%(1 )@5 (,1(1 d,/'381.7P h@5 '(1 352)(66,21(//(1 g,16$7= *,%7 (6 $8):(1',*(5(N +?+(5(1 c1635@&+(1 *(1@O *(1'( UOe+,3Om$0(5$6N ,1 '(1(1 '$6 237,6&+( d,/' ,1 '5(, i581')$5%(1%,/'(5 =(5/(*7 81' '5(, *(75(117(1 e+,36 =8*()@+57 :,5'] ',( 63(.75$/( g0371'/,&+.(,7 -('(6 ',(6(5 185 )@5 (,1( h$5%( (,1*(6(7=7(1 e+,36 .$11 237,0$/ -867,(57 :(5'(1P f,( d,/'5?+5(N ',( )@5 (,1 UBV l$+5+81'(57 ',( h(516(+%,/'(5 *(/,()(57 +$7N :,5' 181 '85&+ '(1 h/$&+%,/'6&+,50 9(5'5>1*7N '(5 $8) nefO 2'(5 r/$60$Ov(&+1,. %(O 58+7P x25+(556&+(1' )@5 ./(,1( 81' 0,7(/*52M( d,/'6&+,50( ,67 ',( nefOv(&+1,.\ n,48,'Oe566,*.(,76*5(1=( /,(*7 %(, SZW 10 y(//(1/>1*( J)@5 i/$6 %(, TYW 10KP v(&+1,6&+ 6&+:(5(5 +(567(//%$5N $%(5 9257(,/+$)7(5 )@5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1 6,1' 6(+5 '@11( r+272.$7+2'(1N ',( $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( '(6 h(167(56 $8)*(%5$&+7 6,1'P r+2721(1 ,0 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+N )@5 '(1 '$6 h(167(5 '(5 t?+5( 75$163$5(17 ,67N .?1O 1(1 $86 '(5 r+272.$7+2'( g/(.7521(1 +(5$86/?6(1N :(11 '(5(1 c8675,776$5%(,7 ./(,O 1(5 $/6 +- ,67 J+ 3 r/$1&.Om2167$17(N - 3 h5(48(1=KP f$ ',( s8$17(1$86%(87( J3 |$+/ '(5 g/(.7521(1 '85&+ |$+/ '(5 r+2721(1K ./(,1(5 $/6 (,16 ,67N ,67 '(5 =8 0(66(1'( g/(.7521(167520 ,00(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 u7520 '(5 ,1 '$6 h(167(5 (,1)$/O /(1'(1 r+2721(1P f,( o(6681* ./(,1(5 u75?0( :,5' %(*5(1=7 '85&+ '$6 7+(50,6&+( t$86&+(1 '(6 x(567>5.(5Og,1*$1*6:,'(567$1'(6P r+272=(//(1 0,7 i$6)@//81* /,()(51 (,1( NNi$69(567>5.81*DD '85&+ g/(.7521(1672M,21,6,(581*N *$1= >+1/,&+ :,( %(, '(1 k21,6$7,216.$00(51 Jc%6&+1P SRPTPTKP r+27208/7,3/,(5P k1 (,1(5 (9$.8,(57(1 t?+5( %(71'(1 6,&+ (,1( r+272.$7+2'( 81' (,1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(19(59,(/)$&+(5 JugxN 08/7,3/,(5KP f,( +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/O 7(7(1 x(59,(/)$&+(5Og/(.752'(1 Jf5(0,66,216)$.725P u2 .$11 0$1 ',( g/(.7521(1 921 (,1(5 r+272.$7+2'( /(,&+7 80 '(1 h$.725 SRX 9(59,(/)$&+(1P f,( (5)25'(5/,&+(1 u3$1181*(1 :(5'(1 (,O 1(0 p(7=*(5>7 (171200(1P f,( r+272.$7+2'(1 %(67(+(1 $86 .816792// +(5*(67(//7(1 u&+,&+7(1N =P dP $86 (,1(5 o,6&+6&+,&+7 921 u%Oe6 0,7 '(0 g0371'/,&+.(,760$;,080 ,0 i5@1(1N 2'(5 $86 (,1(5 m$/,80On(*,(581* 0,7 '(0 g0371'/,&+.(,760$;,080 ,0 d/$8Ox,2/(77(1N 2'(5 $86 (,1(5 u&+,&+7 c*Oe6TqOe6 0,7 '(0 o$;,080 ,0 t27(1 %,6 =85 i5(1=( 921 STRR 10 ,0 1$+(1 k1)5$527(1P n>1*(5:(//,* *,%7 (6 .(,1(1 >8M(5(1 /,&+7(/(.75,6&+(1 g5(.7 0(+5P f,( g/(.7521(1$8675,776$5%(,7 .$11 1,&+7 :(,7(5 +(5$%*(6(7=7 :(5'(1P f,( s8$17(1$86%(87( J48$1780 +/(56 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP

g,1( r+272.$7+2'(N ',( J$1'(56 $/6 ,1 c%%P SSPTY *(=(,*7K $8) '(5 k11(16(,7( (,1(6 3/$1$5(1 n,&+7(,175,776)(167(56 /,(*7N (5/$8%7 810,77(/%$5(1 237,6&+(1 m217$.7 0,7 '(0 u=,17,//$725N '(5 0,7 (,1(5 *(6&+/,5(1(1 h/>&+( $8M(1 $8) '$6 h(167(5 *(6(7=7 2'(5 *(./(%7 :(5'(1 .$11P d,/'9(567>5.(5 81' d,/':$1'/(5 J,0$*( ,17(16,7(56 $1' &219(57(56KP f,(6( u5.(5 :,5' (,1 6,&+7O %$5(6 d,/' $8) ',( r+272.$7+2'( $%*(%,/'(7 81' $8) '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 (,1 >+1/,&+(6N $%(5 :(6(17/,&+ +(//(5(6 d,/' (5=(8*7P d(,0 d,/':$1'/(5 :,5' (,1( )@5 k1)5$527675$+O /81* (0371'/,&+( r+272.$7+2'( (,1*(6(7=7 81' 62 (,1 816,&+7%$5(6 ,1 (,1 +(//(6 6,&+7%$5(6 d,/' 80*(:$1'(/7P Jh@5 u75$+/81*N '(5(1 r+2721(1 (1(5*,(5(,&+(5 6,1' $/6 ',( '(6 6,&+7%$5(1 n,&+7(6N .$11 ',( w0:$1'/81* ',5(.7 ,0 n(8&+76725 (5)2/*(1] 0$1 %(1?7,*7 '$)@5 .(,1( d,/':$1'/(55?+5(1PK d,/'9(567>5.(55?+5(1N %(67(+(1' $86 r+272.$7+2'(N g/(.7521(1237,. 81' n(8&+7O 6&+,50N (17635(&+(1 ,0 c8)%$8 '(1 d,/':$1'/(51P f85&+ ',( (/(.7521(1237,6&+( c%%,/'81*N (1767(+7 d,/'80.(+5P g6 *,%7 $8&+ d,/'9(567>5.(55?+5(1 2+1( g/(.752O 1(1237,.] ,1 '(1(1 6,1' r+272.$7+2'( 81' n(8&+76&+,50 ',&+7 +,17(5(,1$1'(5N 3$O 5$//(/ $1*(25'1(7P f,( ,1 '(5 J'85&+6,&+7,*(1K r+272.$7+2'( 920 n,&+7 $86*(/?67(1 g/(.7521(1 :(5'(1 $8) (,1(0 .85=(1 y(* =80 n(8&+76&+,50 %(6&+/(81,*7P f$6 d,/' ,67 $8)5(&+7 81' )5(, 921 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(51P g6 .$11 $8&+ =:,6&+(1 r+272.$7+2'( 81' n(8&+76&+,50 (,1( x,(/.$1$/3/$77( $1*(25'1(7 :(5'(1N ,1 :(/&+(5 ',( |$+/ '(5 g/(.7521(1 %(75>&+7/,&+ (5+?+7 :,5'P |:,6&+(1 '(0 g,175,776)(167(5 81' '(5 r+2O 72.$7+2'(N 62:,( =:,6&+(1 '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 81' '(0 c8675,776)(167(5 :,5' h$O 6(5237,. 9(5:(1'(7N $/62 '@11( i/$6)$6(51N ',( '$6 n,&+7 3$5$//(/ 81' 35$.7,6&+ 9(5/867)5(, /(,7(1P f,( n,&+79(567>5.81* .$11 @%(5 SRV %(75$*(1P d(, x(5:(1'81* (,1(5 ,1)5$527(0371'/,&+(1 r+272.$7+2'( :,5' ',(6( d,/'9(567>5.(55?+5( =8 (,1(0 +?&+67(0371'/,&+(1 d,/':$1'/(5P d,/'9(567>5.(5 :(5'(1 $8&+ =85 x(567>5.81* '(6 n,&+7(6 '(5 t?17*(1/(8&+76&+,5O 0( 9(5:(1'(7N 80 ',( k17(16,7>7 '(5 t?17*(1675$+/81* 81' '$0,7 ',( u75$+/(1%(O /$6781* '(5 r$7,(17(1 (17635(&+(1' 5('8=,(5(1 =8 .?11(1P k1 ',(6(0 h$// /,(*7 '(5 t?17*(1/(8&+76&+,50 810,77(/%$5 $1 '(5 r+272.$7+2'( '(6 d,/'9(567>5.(56P

YRV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

SSPU i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7( SSPUPS u75$+/68%81* $8)P f,(6(6 x(5)$+5(1 :85'( =85 }7=81* 921 o(7$//O 81' j$/%/(,7(52%(59>&+(1 81' =85 j(567(//81* '@11(5 u&+,&+7(1 $86 6&+:(5 9(5'$03)%$5(0 o$7(5,$/ *(187=7P j(87( %(925=8*7 0$1 ',( :2+/'(71,(57(1 81' 6$8%(5(1 d(',1*81*(1N ',( 6,&+ 0,7 k21(1675$+/Od(6&+866 ,0 j2&+9$.880 (55(,&+(1 /$66(1P f$=8 :(5'(1 925=8*6:(,6( c51Ok21(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 921 S %,6 SR .(x (,1*(6(7=7P v8O %(581* 921 m5,67$//2%(59>&+(1 9(5:(1'(7 J0,7 1$&+)2/*(1'(0 v(03(51 =85 c86O +(,/81* '(5 (1767$1'(1(1 m5,67$//6&+>'(1K 81' =85 g5=(8*81* 921 c720ON k21(1O 81' e/867(5675$+/(1 $86 6&+:(5 9(5'$03)%$5(0 o$7(5,$/P k21(1,03/$17$7,21 J,21 ,03/$17$7,21KP h@5 ',( f27,(581* 921 u,/,&,80 '85&+ k21(1O %(6&+866 .200(1 925:,(*(1' g/(0(17( '(5 UP 2'(5 WP u3$/7( '(6 r(5,2'(16667 6,&+ 9,(/ n(,6781* $8) (,1( ./(,1( h/>&+( @%(575$*(1P v667 6,&+ 35$.7,6&+ -('(6 o$7(5,$/ 6&+0(/=(1 81' $8&+ 9(5'$03)(1 81' (,1( *52M( x,(/)$/7 921 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 y(5.6725(1 '85&+ u&+:(,M(1 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5%,1'(1P l( 1$&+ *()25'(57(0 t(,1+(,76*5$' (5)2/*7 '$6 u&+:(,M(1 ,0 h(,19$.880 J. S r$K 2'(5 j2&+9$.880 J. SR2T r$KP o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 n(,6781*6',&+7( '5,1*7 '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/ 7,()(5 ,1 '$6 y(5.O 67@&. (,1N :(,/ 6,&+ ,1 '(5 u&+0(/=( (,1( f$03).$3,//$5( %,/'(7 Jc%%P SSPTZKP x(5O */,&+(1 0,7 $1'(5(1 u&+0(/=6&+:(,M9(5)$+5(1 %,(7(7 '$6 g/(.7521(1675$+/Ou&+:(,O M(1 %(621'(56 )2/*(1'( x257(,/(\ g6 (50?*/,&+7 u&+:(,M9(5%,1'81*(1N '(5(1 v,()( 9,(/ *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 ',( d5(,7( '(5 u&+:(,M1$+7P f,( g5:>5081* '(5 $1 ',( u&+0(/=( $1*5(1=(1'(1 p$&+%$5*(%,(7( ,67 *(5,1*P f,( u&+:(,M*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 6(+5 *52MP j2&+6&+0(/=(1'( y(5.6725( /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(56&+:(,M(1N $8&+ ,1 y(5.O

SSPU i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7(

YRW

Erhöhung der Leistungsdichte durch Fokussierung

Elektronenstrahl Werkstückoberfläche

T~1900 K

T~ 2200 K

T~ 2900 K

T~ 3800 K

c%%P SSPTZ x(5>1'(581*(1 ,1 (,1(0 u7$+/Oy(5.67@&. '85&+ g/(.7521(1%(6&+866\ J$K u&+0(/=6803)N J%K f()250$7,21 '85&+ f$03)'58&.N J&K f$03).$3,//$5( 0,7 u&+0(/=0$17(/N J'K d2+581* 1$&+ c86:85) '(6 u&+0(/=0$17(/6P

6725O 2'(5 y(5.67@&.Om20%,1$7,21(1N ',( 0,7 $1'(5(1 x(5)$+5(1 1,&+7 9(5%81'(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1N :,( 9(56&+,('(1( o(7$//Om(5$0,.Om20%,1$7,21(1N 62*$5 o2/+5(1' '(5 $1'(5( 9(5%/(,%7 J326,7,9( 5(6,67KN 2'(5 80*(.(+57 J1(*$7,9( 5(6,67KP c8M(5'(0 %(1?7,*7 0$1 12&+ (,1 %(575$*81*69(5)$+5(1 J75$16)(5 352&(66KN 0,7 '(0 '$6 i(6&+5,(%(1( $8) ',( w17(5/$*( J68%675$7(K @%(575$*(1 :(5'(1 .$11P k0 h2/*(1'(1 :,5' '$6 ./$66,6&+( x(5)$+5(1 %(6&+5,(%(1N 0,7 '(0 ',( g/(.752O 1(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,( ,1 '(1 S[XR(5 l$+5(1 ,+5(1 c1)$1* 1$+0\ n(,&+7 67(8(5%$5( g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 0,7 f85&+0(66(51 ./(,1(5 $/6 SR 10 :$5(1 )@5 '$6 t$67(5Og/(.7O 521(10,.526.23 Jugo 3 6&$11,1* (/(&7521 0,&526&23(K (17:,&.(/7 :25'(1P c/6 (,1 )@5 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 *((,*1(7(6 u&+5(,%0(',80 0,7 +2+(5 c89?681* :85'( r2O /87(581* '(5 g/(.7521(1O 675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,(P f(5 %(5+$1* '(5 roocOy>1'( 625*7 '$)@5N '$66 '$6 ',5(.7 $8) ',( w17(5/$*( *('$03)7( o(7$// ',( y>1'( 1,&+7 %(5@+57 J1$&+ oP j$7=$.,6KP

p$&+'(0 ',( 181 (;321,(57(1 v(,/( '(5 w17(5/$*( *5@1'/,&+ *(5(,1,*7 :85'(1 J=P dP '85&+ &+(0,6&+(6 }7=(1KN :,5' o(7$// $8)*('$03)7P y,&+7,* ,67N '$66 '$6 $8) '(5 *(5(,1,*7(1 w17(5/$*( *87 +$)7(1'( o(7$// 1,&+7 0,7 '(5 roocOy$1' 2'(5 '(0 o(7$//7/0 $8) '(0 rooc ,1 m217$.7 67(+7] '$=8 0866 '(5 %(5+$1*:,1.(/ Jy,1.(/ " ,1 c%%P SSPT[K *5?M(5 6(,1 $/6 '(5 f,9(5*(1=:,1.(/ J#K '(6 o(7$//Oc720O 675$+/6 81' ',( f,&.( '(5 o(7$//6&+,&+7 *(5,1*(5 $/6 ',( '(6 roocOh,/06P p$&+ *87(0 g,1:(,&+(1 ,1 (,1(0 roocOn?681*60,77(/ .$11 '$6 $8) '(0 rooc /,(O *(1'( o(7$// $%*(/?67 :(5'(1] (97/P 0866 '(5 x25*$1* '85&+ w/75$6&+$// 817(567@7=7 :(5'(1P y(6(17/,&+ ,67N '$66 ',( $8) ',( w17(5/$*( $8)*(%5$&+7( o(7$//6758.785 12&+ (7:$ ',( */(,&+( +2+( c89?681* %(6,7=7 :,( ',( u&+5(,%6385 '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 roocOh,/06P k1=:,6&+(1 *,%7 (6 12&+ 5$5,1,(57(5( 81' /(,6781*6)>+,*(5( x(5)$+5(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,(P o,7 g/(.7521(1O 675$+/(1 ,67 ',( g5=(8*81* 921 p$126758.785(1 0?*/,&+] '$6 6,1' u758.785(1 921 SRR 10 81' ./(,1(5P

SSPUPT o$66(163(.7520(7(5 f$6 |,(/ ,67 ',( d(67,0081* 921 c720O 81' o2/(.@/0$66(1P g,*(17/,&+ :,5' 185 '$6 o$66(Bn$'81*6Ox(5+>/71,6 0B4 '(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 326,7,9(1 k21(1 %(67,007P f,( x(568&+6%(',1*81*(1 :(5'(1 62 *(:>+/7N '$66 925:,(*(1' (,1)$&+ 326,7,9 *(O /$'(1( k21(1 (1767(+(1P c%(5 '233(/7 *(/$'(1( k21(1 6,1' 921 (,1)$&+ *(/$'(1(1 0,7 +$/%(5 o$66( 1,&+7 =8 817(56&+(,'(1C f,( c720O 2'(5 o2/(.@/0$66( (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 k21(10$66(N :(11 0$1 ',( 6(+5 ./(,1( o$66( '(6 )(+/(1'(1 g/(.75216 $'O ',(57P d(, '(5 w17(568&+81* 921 o2/(.@/(1 ,67 =8 %($&+7(1N '$66 '$6 o2/(.@/ 8PwP :>+5(1' '(6 k21,6,(581*6352=(66(6 )5$*0(17,(57P c86 '(5 o$66(19(57(,/81* '(5 h5$*0(17( .$11 185 %(',1*7 $8) ',( 925+$1'(1(1 o2/(.@/( *(6&+/266(1 :(5'(1P h@5 ',( o$66(163(.7526.23,( *52M(5 d,202/(.@/( :85'( 921 l2+1 dP h(11 Jp2O

SSPU i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7(

YRY

%(/35(,6 )@5 e+(0,( TRRTK ',( 6$1)7( g/(.752635$M ',( o$66( 921 ST 6 SR2U .* %(6,7=7N )2/*7 0,7 '(0 d(67:(57 )@5 ',( c92*$'52Om2167$17( pc ',( d(=,(+81* S 8 3 SR2U .* 02/2SBpc S 8 3 SPXXRWUZ ZXJTZK 6 SR2TY .*P

JSSPTTK

k1 '(5 g,1+(,7 NN8DD 6,1' ',( o$66(1 $//(5 c720( 1$+(=8 *$1==$+/,*] ',(6( *$1=( |$+/ ,67 ',( o$66(1=$+/ c '(6 c7206P f,( c%:(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 i$1==$+/,*.(,7 %(75$*(1 185 (,1,*( |(+17(/ r52=(17P k1 '(5 d,2&+(0,( :,5' 67$77 '(5 $720$5(1 o$6O 6(1(,1+(,7 NN8DD ',( ,'(17,6&+( g,1+(,7 f$/721 Jf$K %(187=7P y,( ,1 c%6&+1P SSPSPY '$5*(/(*7 :85'(N />667 6,&+ 0,7 5(,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(51 185 (,1( 0$66(1O81$%+>1*,*( g1(5*,(',63(56,21 '(6 k21(1675$+/6 (5=,(/(1P k1 0$*O 1(7,6&+(1 c%/(1.)(/'(51 :(5'(1 k21(1 0,7 */(,&+(5 .,1(7,6&+(5 g1(5*,( J09TBTK 8062 67>5.(5 $%*(/(1.7N -( ./(,1(5 ,+5 k038/6 J09K ,67] 62 :,5' (,1 o$66(163(.7580 (5O +$/7(1P f,( 925 SRR l$+5(1 ,1 r,21,(5(;3(5,0(17(1 9(5:(1'(7(1 NNm$1$/675$+/(1DD %(67$1O '(1 $86 0(,67 (,1)$&+N +?&+67(16 =:(,)$&+ *(/$'(1(1 k21(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 o$66(N ',( $//( (,1( %5(,7( g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* 81' '$0,7 $8&+ (,1( (17635(&+(1' %5(,7( i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,769(57(,/81* +$77(1P f,( 921 lPlP v+20621 JS[RYK (17:,&.(/7( NNr$5$%(/0(7+2O '(DDN %(, '(5 '(5 k21(1675$+/ (,1( h(/'5(*,21 0,7 75$169(56$/(0 (/(.75,6&+(0 81' */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(0 0$*1(7,6&+(0 h(/' '85&+/>8)7N (50?*/,&+7( (,1( u257,(581* '(5 k21(1 1$&+ ,+5(5 63(=,76&+(1 n$'81* 4B0N ',( 1,&+7 '85&+ ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(5O 7(,/81* 0$6.,(57 :85'(P u2 :85'( (5670$/,* ',5(.7 0(66%$5N '$66 ',( c720( '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 g/(0(17( 817(56&+,('/,&+( o$66(1 %(6,7=(1N :,( ',( e+(0,.(5 0,7+,/)( '(5 c720+1*67 *(6&+/266(1 +$77(1P o,7 ',(6(0 x(5)$+5(1 :85'( S[SU 921 lPlP v+20621 81' hPyP c6721 $0 d(,63,(/ '(6 TRp( 81' TTp( (5.$117N '$66 ',( &+(0,6&+(1 g/(0(17(N '(5(1 NNc720*(O :,&+7(DD J+(87(\ 5(/$7,9( c7200$66(1K '(87/,&+ 921 *$1=(1 |$+/(1 $%:(,&+(1N $86 (,1(5 o,6&+81* 1$7@5/,&+ 925.200(1'(5 k62723( %(67(+(1P c720( 9(56&+,('(1(5 k62723( '(66(/%(1 g/(0(17(6 +$%(1 ',( */(,&+( q5'181*6=$+/ | J3 |$+/ '(5 r5272O 1(1 3 |$+/ '(5 g/(.7521(1KN $%(5 817(56&+,('/,&+( o$66(1=$+/(1 c 3 |1p Jp 3 |$+/ '(5 p(87521(1KP p$&+ '(0 SP y(/7.5,(* :85'( ',( o$66(163(.7526.23,( 921 hPyP c6721 :(,7(5(17:,&.(/7 81' =85 :(,7(5(1 c8)./>581* '(5 k62723(19(57(,O /81* '(5 &+(0,6&+(1 g/(0(17( (,1*(6(7=7 Jp2%(/35(,6 )@5 e+(0,( S[TTKP

YRZ

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

f$6 c89?681*69(50?*(1 (,1(6 o$66(163(.7520(7(56 :,5' $/6 x(5+>/71,6 921 o$6O 6( 0 =85 $89?6%$5(1 o$66(1',5(5(1= (0 '(71,(57P w0 ',( k62723( (,1(6 g/(0(17(6 0,7 '(5 5(/$7,9(1 c7200$66( c5 $8)=8/?6(1N *(1@*7 (0 . SP g,1( o$66(1$89?681* 921 (7:$ TWR ,67 $/62 $8&+ )@5 ',( 6&+:(567(1 c720( +,15(,&+(1'P g,1( 02'(51( c1:(1'81* '(5 o$66(163(.7520(75,( ,67 ',( *(1$8( o(6681* '(5 k62723(19(57(,O /81*(1 ,1 '(1 h>//(1N :2 c%:(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 NN1$7@5/,&+(1 k62723(19(57(,/81* $8) '(5 g5'(DD =8 (5:$57(1 6,1'N =P dP %(, o21'352%(1 81' o(7(25,7(1P f,( )@5 ',( o$66(163(.7526.23,( %(1?7,*7(1 k21(1 :(5'(1 +(87( 1,&+7 0(+5 $86 g17/$'81*63/$60(1 (;75$+,(57N 621'(51 ,1 '(5 t(*(/ '85&+ u72M,21,6$7,21 921 c720O 2'(5 o2/(.@/675$+/(1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 75$169(56$/(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 *(:21O 1(1P f$0,7 />667 6,&+ ',( g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* 5(/$7,9 ./(,1 +$/7(1P w0 0,7 6&+:$&+(1 p(875$/675$+/(1 J*(5,1*(1 u8%67$1=0(1*(1K 0?*/,&+67 ,17(16,7>7667$5.( o$66(1O 63(.75(1 =8 (5+$/7(1N ,67 925 $//(0 (,1( *87( t,&+781*6)2.866,(581* '(5 k21(1 ,1 %(,'(1 g%(1(1 Jf233(/)2.866,(581*K (5)25'(5/,&+] =86>7=/,&+ ,67 $8&+ g1(5*,()2.86O 6,(581* :@16&+(16:(57P o$*1(7,6&+(6 u(.725)(/'P g,1 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 0,7 (,1)$&+(5 t,&+781*6)2.866,(O 581* ,1 '(5 c%/(1.(%(1( J;=Og%(1(K ,67 '$6 +202*(1( 0$*1(7,6&+( u(.725)(/'N '(6O 6(1 6&+$5)( 6(,7/,&+( d(*5(1=81* 185 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 h(5520$*1(7(1 =8 9(5:,5./,&+(1 ,67P y(11 '(5 u2//675$+/ 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 h(/'%(*5(1=81*6(%(1( 67(+7N ,67 '(5 g,1O 9866 '(5 819(50(,'/,&+(1 u75(8)(/'Ok1+202*(1,7>7(1 =8 9(51$&+/>66,*(1P d(,0 0$*O 1(7,6&+(1 u(.725)(/' 0,7 6(1.5(&+7(0 g,1O 81' c8675,77 '(6 u2//675$+/6 /,(*(1 q%O -(.7381.7N u2//.5(,60,77(/381.7 81' d,/'381.7 $8) (,1(5 i(5$'(1 J6,(+( c%%P SSPURKP q+1( g5/>87(581* 6(, (5:>+17N '$66 =86>7=/,&+( h2.866,(581* ,1 '(5 7=/,&+( g1(5*,()2.866,(581* :,5' ,1 $8):(1',*(5(1 u3(.7520(7(51 (55(,&+7N ',( $86 '(5 m20%,1$7,21 921 5>80/,&+ *(O 75(117(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 c%/(1.67( 0,7 *(5,1*(5(5 o$66(1$89?681*P h@5 ',(6(1 |:(&. +$7 6,&+ '$6 921 yP r$8/ 81' o,7$5%(,7(51 ,1 '(1 S[WR(5 l$+5(1 ,1 d211 (17:,&.(/7( s8$'5832/Oo$66(1O 63(.7520(7(5 Jc%%P SSPUSK '85&+*(6(7=7P f(5 '85&+ u72M,21,6$7,21 921 p(875$/7(,/O &+(1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 (5=(8*7( k21(1675$+/ :,5' $;,$/ ,1 (,1(1 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 s8$'5832/ (,1*(6&+266(1P f(5 s8$'5832/ %(67(+7 $86 u7>%(1 921 71*,*] 185 k21(1 %(67,007(5 o$66(1 /$8)(1 $8) 67$%,/(1 d$+1(1 81' (55(,&+(1 '(1 +,17(5 '(5 c86*$1*6%/(1'( 6,7=(1'(1 f(7(.725 Jh$5$'$667 6,&+ '(5 o$66(1Of85&+/$66%(5(,&+ 9(5>1'(51P f$6 o$66(163(.7580 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 o(6681* '(6 k21(1675206 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 '85&+*(/$66(1(1 o$66(P s8$'O 5832/Oo$66(163(.7520(7(5 :(5'(1 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( o$66(1%(5(,&+( $1*(%27(1N =P dP %,6 c 3 WRN URR 81' SRRRP f,( soc6 .?11(1 /(,&+7 80*(32/7 81' '$0,7 $8&+ =85 g5)$6681* 1(*$7,9(5 k21(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1P

SSPUPU v(,/&+(1)$//(1 f,( c125'181*(1 =85 u3(,&+(581* 921 v(,/&+(1 :(5'(1 $/6 NNh$//(1DD J75$36K %(O =(,&+1(7N 0$1&+0$/ $8&+ $/6 NNv(,/&+(1Om>7*(DDP o$*1(7,6&+( h/$6&+(P k1 (,1(0 ,1+202*(1(1 o$*1(7)(/' 920 d(75$* d %(:(*( 6,&+ (,1 v(,/&+(1 0,7 '(5 n$'81* 4N '(5 o$66( 0 81' '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 $8) (,1(5 63,5$/)?50,*(1 d$+1 ,1 t,&+781* =81(+0(1'(5 h(/'67>5.(P f(5 w0/$8)5$',86 5 ,1 '(5 g%(1( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 h(/' :,5' ./(,1(5 81' '(5 x256&+8% 3$5$//(/ =80 h(/' *(+7 1$&+ 18//N 80 '$1$&+ ,1 80*(.(+57(5 t,&+781* :,('(5 =8=81(+0(1] '$6 v(,/O &+(1 :,5' 5(9(.7,(57] '$%(, %/(,%7 '(5 w0/$8)6,11 (5+$/7(1N $%(5 '(5 u&+5$8%(16,11 '(5 u3,5$/%$+1 .(+57 6,&+ 80P f$6 ,67 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( u3,(*(/ Jc%%P SSPUT$KP g,1 $;,$/(6 o$*1(7)(/'N '$6 $1 %(,'(1 u(,7(1 '85&+ 0$*1(7,6&+( u3,(*(/ %(*5(1=7 :,5'N ,67 (,1( 0$*1(7,6&+( h/$6&+( Jc%%P SSPUT%KP f,( 0$*1(7,6&+( u3,(*(/81* ,67 /(,&+7 =8 9(567(+(1N :(11 (,1 +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1(5 h(/'*5$',(17 $1*(1200(1 :,5'N 62'$66 ',( m5@0081* '(5 u3,5$/Oo,77(//,1,( J=O c&+6( ,1 c%%P SSPUT$K 9(51$&+/>66,*7 81' =,5.8/$5( u&+( (,1(5 NNh/8665?+5(DDN 81' '(5 d$+15$',86 1,007 0,7 SB|d $%P c86 i/P JSSPTVK )2/*7 97 5 3 .2167PN

JSSPTZK

81' '$6 %('(87(7N '$66 9 0,7 SB5 %=:P 0,7 d =81,007 81' 9 *(0>M i/P JSSPTUK (17635(&+(1' $%1,007P y(11 ',( *(6$07( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 ',( 75$169(56$/( d(:(*81* 75$16)(5,(57 :25'(1 ,67N 75,77 u3,(*(/81* (,1P f,(6(6 0,7+,/)( 1,&+7O5(/$7,O 9,67,6&+(5 h250(/1 *(:211(1( t(68/7$7 />667 6,&+ $8&+ 5(/$7,9,67,6&+ 9(5$//*(0(,1(51P g,1 x257(,/ '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/$6&+( ,67 ',( 0?*/,&+( */(,&+=(,7,*( u3(,&+(581* 921 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 %(,'(5 x25=(,&+(1P f,(6(6 r5,1=,3 :,5' $86*(187=7 )@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( u3(,&+(581* 921 r/$60(1 =85 7+(50218./($5(1 h86,21P T 7

T

T s

r(11,1*Oh$//(P f,(6( =8(567 921 hPoP r(11,1* JS[UXK 9(5:(1'(7( h$//( 187=7 (,1 $;,$O /(6 o$*1(7)(/'N 80 @%(5 ',( n25(17=Om5$)7 *(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 $0 g17:(,&+(1 ,1 5$',$/(5 t,&+781* =8 +,1'(51P f$6 g17:(,&+(1 ,1 $;,$/(5 t,&+781* :,5' '85&+ $%O 672M(1'( (/(.75,6&+( r27(17,$/6&+:(//(1 $1 %(,'(1 g1'(1 9(5+,1'(57P f,(6( h$//( 63(,&+(57 185 v(,/&+(1 (,1(6 x25=(,&+(16] )@5 (,1( *(*(%(1( v,()( '(5 r27(17,$/08/'( =:,6&+(1 '(1 g1'(/(.752'(1 ,67 ',( |$+/ '(5 63(,&+(5%$5(1 v(,/&+(1 1$&+ 2%(1 +,1 '85&+ ',( $%672M(1'( y,5.81* '(5 t$80/$'81* %(*5(1=7P r(11,1*Oh$//(1 6,1' )@5 9,(/( r5>=,6,2160(6681*(1 $1 g/(.7521(1N r26,7521(1N r52721(1N c17,352721(1 81' 9(56&+,('(1(1 k21(1 9(5:(1'(7 :25'(1P w0 ',( v(,/O &+(1%$+1(1 48$17,7$7,9 %(5(&+1(1 =8 .?11(1N %(925=8*7 0$1 )@5 ',( u3(.7526.23,( m>7*( 0,7 +7=/,&+(1 +202*(1(1 $;,$/(1 o$*1(7)(/'P |85 k1O -(.7,21 '(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 ',( h$//( .$11 ',( g,1*$1*6327(17,$/6&+:(//( *(38/67 (51,('O 5,*7 :(5'(1] g/(.7521(1 .?11(1 $8&+ '85&+ r+272,21,6$7,21 921 t(67*$6$720(1 ,11(5+$/% '(5 h$//( NN(5=(8*7DD :(5'(1P |80 m@+/(1 '(5 (,1*()$1*(1(1 v(,/&+(1N .$11 0$1 ',( g/(.752'(1 $1 (,1(1 J*(.@+/7(1K u&+:,1*.5(,6 $16&+/,(M(1] ',( v(,/O &+(1N ',( ,1 '(5 h$//( 26=,//,(5(1N 75(,%(1 (,1(1 d,/'/$'81*6Oy(&+6(/67520 '85&+ '(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6N 81' '(66(1 f>03)81* '85&+ (,1(0 J*(.@+/7(1K 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' '>03)7 $8&+ ',( d(:(*81* '(5 *(63(,&+(57(1 v(,/&+(1P

YST

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880 ˆ

z -Achse

x -y-Ebene

U 4

2 0

Elektronen (a)

(b)

cm y"

-2 -4

-4

-2

0

2

4

x "cm

c%%P SSPUU J$K s8(56&+1,77 '(5 r$8/Oh$//(] $1 '(5 h$//( /,(*7 i/(,&+O 81' y(&+6(/63$1181*P J%K o(&+$1,6&+(6 c1$/2*02'(// )@5 ',( h$//( 0,7 (,1(5 u7$+/.8*(/ $/6 NNv(,/&+(1DD JyP r$8/N p2%(/92575$* S[Z[KP

f,( |$+/ '(5 *(63(,&+(57(1 v(,/&+(1 5(,&+7 %(, g/(.7521(1 921 (7:$ SRYN %(*5(1=7 '85&+ t$80/$'81*6(5(.7(N %,6 =8 (,16\ jP f(+0(/7 81' o,7$5%(,7(51 *(/$1* (6N (,1 (,1=(/1(6 g/(.7521 @%(5 o21$7( ,1 (,1(5 r(11,1*Oh$//( =8 +$/7(1P r$8/Oh$//(P f,( h$//( 1$&+ yP r$8/ JS[WWK :85'( :,( '$6 1$&+ '(0 */(,&+(1 r5,1=,3 $5%(,7(1'( s8$'5832/Oo$66(163(.7520(7(5 ,1 d211 (17:,&.(/7P f,(6(5 m>7* %(O 187=7 .(,1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 h(/'P c1 '(1 g/(.752'(1 Jc%%P SSPUU$K /,(*7 (,1( i/(,&+O 63$1181*N '(5 (,1( +2&+)5(48(17( y(&+6(/63$1181* @%(5/$*(57 ,67P f1*(N $/62 &$P RPW =0N %(6,7=7(1 Jc%6&+1P XPSPUKP g6 :$5 '$+(5 1$O +(/,(*(1' =8 9(568&+(1N ',( :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5(1 '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*(1 '(5 g/(.7O 521(1 )@5 (,1( g/(.7521(10,.526.23,( =85 c89?681* 921 u758.785(1 :(,7 817(5+$/% 921 RPW =0 $86=8187=(1P

SSPU i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7(

YSU

v5$160,66,216Og/(.7521(10,.526.23 Jvgo 3 75$160,66,21 (/(&7521 0,&526&23(KP f$6 g/(.7521(10,.526.23 :85'( ,1 d(5/,1 (17:,&.(/7\ S[URBUS %$87(1 gP t86.$ 81' oP m12// '$6 (567( g/(.7521(10,.526.23 0,7 0$*1(7,6&+(1 n,16(1N */(,&+=(,7,* %$8O 7(1 gP d5@&+( 81' jP l2+$11621 '$6 (567( 0,7 (/(.75,6&+(1 n,16(1P f$6 0$*1(7,6&+( g/(.7521(10,.526.23 )@+57( 817(5 '(5 n(,781* 921 dP 9P d255,(6 81' gP t86.$ =80 (567(1 .200(5=,(//(1 i(5>7 921 u,(0(16 H j$/6.( JS[UZKN '$6 (/(.75,6&+( 817(5 '(5 n(,781* 921 jP o$+/ =80 (567(1 .200(5=,(//(1 i(5>7 '(5 cgi JS[U[KP k0 v5$160,66,2160,.526.23 :,5' (,1 '@11(6N )@5 ',( g/(.7521(1 '85&+'5,1*%$5(6 q%-(.7 2'(5 (,1 '@11(5 c%'58&. (,1(5 =8 817(568&+(1'(1 q%(59>&+( 0,7 g/(.7521(1 921 (,1(5 i/@+.$7+2'( %(675$+/7P g,1( $/6 m21'(1625 %(=(,&+1(7( n,16( 625*7 )@5 ',( 237,0$/( d(675$+/81* JNNc86/(8&+781*DDK '(6 q%-(.7(6P f,( $86 '(0 q%-(.7 $86O 75(7(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 (5)$+5(1 ,0 .85=%5(11:(,7,*(1 q%-(.7,9 A %(67(+(1' $86 (,1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 2'(5 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 n,16( A 62/&+( d$+1>1'(581*(1N '$66 (,1( 67$5. 9(5*5?M(57( c%%,/'81* '(6 q%-(.7(6 =867$1'( .2007P k1 (,1(5 =:(,7(1 c%%,/'81*6O 678)( :,5' ',(6(6 d,/' 0,7 (,1(5 $/6 r52-(.7,9 %(=(,&+1(7(1 n,16( $8) '(1 n(8&+76&+,50 2'(5 $8) (,1( r+2723/$77( 352-,=,(57P d(,0 f85&+675$+/81*60,.526.23 +$%(1 6,&+ ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 n,16(1 '85&+*(O 6(7=7N :(,/ 0,7 ,+1(1 ./(,1(5( d5(11:(,7(1 (55(,&+%$5 6,1'P d(, '(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n,1O 6(1 6,1' ',( )@5 ./(,1( d5(11:(,7(1 (5)25'(5/,&+(1 ./(,1(1 g/(.752'(1$%67>1'( $86 +2&+63$1181*67(&+1,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 1,&+7 5($/,6,(5%$5P y(,/ 6,&+ '@11( u&+,&+7(1 =P vP (5+(%/,&+ 920 h(67.?53(5 817(56&+(,'(1N 0?&+7( 0$1 0?*/,&+67 ',&.( u&+,&+7(1 '85&+675$+/(1] '$=8 6,1' 63(=,(//( g/(.7521(10,.526.23( )@5 g1(5*,(1 %,6 =8 U o(x *(%$87 :25'(1P k1 ',( h250(/ )@5 '(1 ./(,167(1 12&+ $89?6%$5(1 c%67$1' =:(,(5 q%-(.7381.7( *(+7 1,&+7 185 ',( y(//(1/>1*( (,1N 621'(51 $8&+ 5(=,352. '$6 ~5181*69(5+>/71,6 J3 n,16(1'85&+0(66(5Bd5(11:(,7(KP d(, '(1 ?5181*6)(+/(5O.255,*,(57(1 i/$6/,16(1 6,1' ~5181*69(5+>/71,66( 1$+( (,16 0?*/,&+] :(,/ -('2&+ '(5 ~5181*6)(+/(5 921 g/(.7521(1/,16(1 1,&+7 .255,*,(57 :(5'(1 .$11N 0@66(1 6(+5 ./(,1( ~5181*69(5+>/7O 1,66( J. SR2TK 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1N 62'$66 '(5 12&+ $89?6%$5( c%67$1' />1*67 1,&+7 62 ./(,1 ,67 :,( ',( '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*(P g567 0,7 g1(5*,(1 921 0(+5(5(1 SRR .(x J+ . S 30K ,67 (6 *(/81*(1N (,1=(/1( c720( 0,7 0,77/(5(5 2'(5 +2+(5 m(51/$'81*6=$+/ ,0 g/(.7521(10,.526.23 =8 (5.(11(1P Jo(+5 @%(5 g/(.7521(10,.526.23( ,1 d'P UN m$3P SSPK t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23 Jugo 3 6&$11,1* (/(&7521 0,&526&23(KP |85 c%%,/'81* 921 h(67.?53(52%(59>&+(1 :,5' '$6 q%-(.7 0,7 (,1(0 )(,1(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/ $%O *(7$67(7N =(,/(1:(,6( :,( %(,0 h(516(+%,/'N 81' $8) (,1(0 h(516(+%,/'6&+,50 5(352O '8=,(57P g,1 *87 *(%@1'(/7(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/ 921 (7:$ SR 10 f85&+0(66(5N (5=(8*7 '85&+ =:(,6787*( x(5./(,1(581* '(6 e5266O29(56N :,5' =(,/(1:(,6( @%(5 ',( q%(59>&+( *(O )@+57P f,( 5@&.*(675(87(1 g/(.7521(1 2'(5 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 :(5'(1 *(6$00(/7 J0,7 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' NN$%*(6$8*7DDK 81' '(5 g/(.7521(167520 9(567>5.7P f,(O 6(6 u,*1$/ :,5' =85 j(//,*.(,7667(8(581* (,1(5 d,/'5?+5( 9(5:(1'(7P u2 (1767(+7 (,1 9(5*5?M(57(6 d,/' '(5 q%(59>&+( 2+1( c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5C f,( /$7(5$/( c89?681* /,(*7 0,7 SRATR 10 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* '(6 u75$+/'85&+0(66(56P d(0(5.(16:(57 ,67 ',( *52M( v,()(16&+>5)(N ',( (,1(1 3/$67,6&+(1 g,1'58&. 9(50,77(/7 Jc%%P SSPUVKP f,( d,/',1)250$7,21 />667 6,&+ /(,&+7 ',*,7$/,6,(5(1N 62'$66 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 e20387(56

YSV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

c%%P SSPUV c8)1$+0( 0,7 '(0 t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23 NNc8726&$1DD Ju,(0(16KP q%(59>O &+( (,1(6 g,6(10(7(25,7(1 920 o21' 0,7 (,1(0 g,16&+/$*.5$7(5 921 UR =0 f85&+0(66(5N (5=(8*7 921 (,1(0 6(+5 ./(,1(1 o(7(25,7(1P

$8&+ o$1,38/$7,21(1 0?*/,&+ 6,1' :,( =P dP m2175$679(567>5.81* '85&+ w17(5O *581'$%=8*P f(5 u75$+/ '(6 t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.236 ,67 $8&+ '$6 y(5.=(8* '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/On,7+2*5$3+,(P t$67(57811(/0,.526.23 Juvo 3 6&$11,1* 7811(/,1* 0,&526&23(KP f,(6(6 1(8(N (%(1O )$//6 =85 w17(568&+81* 921 q%(59>&+(1 9(5:(1'(7( o,.526.23 %(58+7 $8) (,1(0 *$1= $1'(5(1 r5,1=,3 $/6 '$6 t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23P j,(5 :,5' (,1( 6(+5 6&+$5)( o(7$//63,7=( 5$67(5)?50,* @%(5 (,1(5 q%(59>&+( %(:(*7 Jc%67$1' (,1,*( |(+17(/ p$O 120(7(5KP y,5' (,1( u3$1181* JSRR 0xK =:,6&+(1 u3,7=( 81' q%(59>&+( *(/(*7N '$11 9,(M7 (,1 v811(/67520 JUR 1cKP f,(6(5 :,5' '85&+ 67(7,*(6 p$&+5(*(/1 '(6 c%O 67$1'(6 '(5 u3,7=( 921 '(5 q%(59>&+( .2167$17 *(+$/7(1P g176&+(,'(1' )@5 ',( h81.O 7,21 ',(6(6 o,.526.236 ,67 ',( 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+ %(:,5.7(N >8M(567 35>=,6( t$67(5Od(O :(*81* '(5 u3,7=( @%(5 ',( q%(59>&+( %(, .2167$17(0 u3,7=(1Oc%67$1'P p$&+'(0 0$1 ',( u3,7=( =(,/(1:(,6( @%(5 '(1 =8 817(568&+(1'(1 d(5(,&+ '(5 q%-(.72%(59>&+( *()@+57 +$7N (5*,%7 6,&+ '$6 d,/' $/6 f$567(//81* '(6 u3,7=(1$%67$1'(6N =P dP ,1 '(5 h250 921 c%%P SSPUWP f,( q%(59>&+( 81' ',( o(7$//63,7=( .?11(1 6,&+ ,0 x$.880N ,1 n8)7N ~/ 2'(5 62*$5 ,1 y$66(5 %(71'(1P o$1 (5+>/7 (,1 d,/' @%(5 ',( j?+(1/$*( '(5 2%(567(1 c720( '(5 q%(59>&+( 0,7 $720$5(5 c89?681*P f$6 t$67(57811(/0,.O 526.23 0866 0(&+$1,6&+ 6(+5 *87 ,62/,(57 JNN6&+:,1*81*6)5(,DDK $8)*(67(//7 :(5'(1P f,(6(6 o,.526.23 :85'( ,0 kdoOh256&+81*6/$%25 ,1 |@5,&+ 921 iP d,11,* 81' jP t2+5(5 (17:,&.(/7 Jp2%(/35(,6 S[ZXKP o,7 '(0 9(5:$1'7(1 t$67(5.5$)70,.526.23 :(5'(1 ,17(5$720$5( m5>)7( *(0(66(1 Jd'P UN m$3P STKP

SSPU i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7(

0.6 nm

YSW

12 nm 12 nm

c%%P SSPUW v232*5$3+,( (,1(5 c/JSSSKOq%(59>&+( 0,7 @%(5:,(*(1' 0212$720$5(1 u78)(1 ,1 '(5 =Oo2'8/$7,216'$567(//81* (,1(5 t$67(57811(/0,.526.23Oc8)1$+0(] 5(&+76\ n>1*(1O 0$M67>%( Jc%%P SRPXX$ 921 d'P UKP

o,.526.23,( 0,7 $1'(5(1 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 +$7 1,&+7 =8 .200(5=,(//(1 i(5>7(1 *()@+57P j,6725,6&+( d('(8781* +$7 ',( h(/',21(10,.526.23,(N ',( 921 gPyP o@//(5 S[WS ,1 d(5/,1 (17:,&.(/7 :85'(P u,( /,()(57( ',( $//(5(567(1 c%%,/'81*(1 921 (,1O =(/1(1 c720(1P

SSPUPW v(,/&+(1%(6&+/(81,*(5 h@5 ',( g5)256&+81* '(5 c720.(51( ,67 '(5(1 u72M$15(*81* 81' h5$*0(17,(581* 921 *52M(5 d('(8781*P f,( (567(1 g5.(1171,66( :85'(1 0,7 c/3+$Ov(,/&+(1N $/62 j(/,80.(51(1 *(:211(1N ',( %(,0 1$7@5/,&+(1 5$',2$.7,9(1 |(5)$// 0,7 g1(5*,(1 921 (,1,*(1 o(x $86 6&+:(5(1 c720.(51(1 $8675(7(1N 81' 0,7 '(1 6(+5 (1(5*,(O 5(,&+(1 r$57,.(/1 '(5 .260,6&+(1 u75$+/81* JNNj?+(1675$+/81*DDKN ',( '85&+ u7?M( ,1 '(5 2%(5(1 c70263+>5( (1(5*,(5(,&+( u(.81'>5675$+/81* (5=(8*(1P f,( )5@+(1 g5*(%1,66( 9(5$1/$667(1 81' 5(&+7)(57,*7(1 ',( u8&+( 1$&+ o?*/,&+.(,7(1N g/(.752O 1(1 81' k21(1N 925 $//(0 r52721(1 81' f(87(521(1N 1(8(5',1*6 $8&+ +2&+*(/$'(1( u&+:(5,21(1N $8) +2+( g1(5*,( =8 %5,1*(1 J6,(+( $8&+ d'P VN m$3P WKP x$1O'(Oi5$$5Od(6&+/(81,*(5P S[T[ %(*$11 tPlP x$1 '( i5$$5 ,1 r5,1&(721 0,7 '(0 d$8 921 d$1'*(1(5$725(1 J9*/P c%6&+1P TPSPWK =85 g5=(8*81* +2+(5 i/(,&+63$1O 181*(1 )@5 ',( d(6&+/(81,*81* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 $8) o(xOg1(5*,(1P d(,0 i/(,&+O 63$1181*6%(6&+/(81,*(5 /,(*7 (,1 v(,/ '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 A (17:('(5 ',( u75$+/7(,/&+(1O s8(//( 2'(5 '(5 v$5*(7Oo(66%(5(,&+ A $8) j2&+63$1181*P f,(6(5 p$&+7(,/ (17)>//7 %(,0 v$1'(0Ok21(1%(6&+/(81,*(5N '(5 =8'(0 12&+ ',( '233(/7( g1(5*,( /,()(57\ c8)

YSX

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

'(5 g5'6(,7( :,5' (,1 u75$+/ 1(*$7,9(5 k21(1 '(5 *(:@16&+7(1 k21(1$57 (5=(8*7 81' =80 326,7,9(1 j2&+63$1181*6.21'8.725 %(6&+/(81,*7P f257 :,5' 0,7 (,1(5 6,03/(1 i$6=(//( 2'(5 ,1 (,1(5 '@11(1 h2/,( '(5 k21(1675$+/ 80*(/$'(1N 'P +PN %(, u7?M(1 ,0 w0/$'(5 :(5'(1 =:(, g/(.7521(1 +(5$86*(6&+/$*(1N $%(5 '$%(, g1(5*,( 81' t,&+O 781* '(6 k216 .$80 9(5>1'(57P f$6 '$1$&+ 326,7,9 *(/$'(1( +2&+(1(5*(7,6&+( k21 9,(*7 :(,7(5 81' :,5' $8) '(0 y(* 920 326,7,9(1 m21'8.725 =80 *((5'(7(1 v$5*(7 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7( (,1 =:(,7(6 o$/ %(6&+/(81,*7P |85 g5+?+81* '(5 u3$1181*6O )(67,*.(,7 :,5' '(5 *(6$07( v$1'(0%(6&+/(81,*(5 ,1 (,1(0 0,7 uhX *()@//7(1 f58&.O %(+>/7(5 %(75,(%(1P f(5 v$1'(0%(6&+/(81,*(5 /,()(57 (,1(1 .217,18,(5/,&+(1 u75$+/O 67520 %(, 6(+5 .2167$17(5 k21(1(1(5*,(] *52M( v$1'(0%(6&+/(81,*(5 (55(,&+(1 )@5 (,1)$&+ *(/$'(1( k21(1 g1(5*,(1 %,6 =8 UR o(xP n,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(5P f(5 (567( j2&+)5(48(1=On,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(5 :85'( S[TY 921 tP y,'(5?( ,1 c$&+(1 *(%$87P k0 r5,1=,3 %(67(+7 (,1 n,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(5 $86 =$+/O 5(,&+(1 o(7$//5?+5(1 */(,&+(1 f85&+0(66(56N ',( $8) (,1(5 c&+6( /,(*(1N '85&+ .85=( |:,6&+(15>80( 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117 81' $%:(&+6(/1' 0,7 '(0 (,1(1 2'(5 '(0 $1'(5(1 r2/ (,1(6 j2&+)5(48(1=6(1'(56 9(5%81'(1 6,1' Jc%%P SSPUXKP f,( v(,/&+(1 :(5'(1 -(:(,/6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 t?+5(1 %(6&+/(81,*7N :2 6,&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' $86O %,/'(7N '$6 */(,&+=(,7,* $8&+ $/6 (/(.75267$7,6&+( n,16( :,5.7P o$1 0866 ',( n>1*( '(5 t?+5(1 62 :>+/(1N '$66 ',( v(,/&+(1 ,0 |:,6&+(15$80 ,00(5 %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5O '(1P y>+5(1' ,+5(6 h/8*(6 '85&+ '(1 )(/')5(,(1 k11(15$80 '(5 t?+5(1 :(5'(1 6,( 1,&+7 %((,198667] ,1 ',(6(5 |(,7 (5)2/*7 ',( r+$6(180.(+5 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 y(&+6(/O )(/'(6P h$//6 6,&+ :>+5(1' ',(6(5 |(,7 v(,/&+(1 ,0 h(/' %(71'(1N :(5'(1 6,( 5@&.:>576 %(6&+/(81,*7P c86 ',(6(0 i581'( 38/67 0$1 '(1 u75$+/ '85&+ i,77(567(8(581* 925 '(5 k1-(.7,21 ,1 '(1 d(6&+/(81,*(5P f,( v(,/&+(1 9,(*(1 $/62 1,&+7 ,1 (,1(0 .217,O 18,(5/,&+(1 u7520N 621'(51 ,1 i5833(1 J%81&+(6KP y(*(1 '(5 J,0 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,O 6&+(1 d(5(,&+K 67(,*(1'(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 :(5'(1 ',( $8)(,1$1'(5)2/*(1'(1 t?+O 5(1 ,00(5 />1*(5P f,( (5=(8*%$5( j2&+)5(48(1= 81' jhOh(/'67>5.( 81' ',( n>1*( '(6 d(6&+/(81,*(56 %(67,00(1 ',( g1'(1(5*,(P f,( 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 />1*(5 :(5'(1'(1 f5,)75?+5(1 Jc%%P SSPUXK )@+5(1 %(, g/(.7521(1On,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(51 =8 6(+5 *52M(1 d$8/>1*(1P i@167,*(5( x(5+>/7O 1,66( (5*(%(1 6,&+N :(11 0$1 '$6 r5,1=,3 '(5 y$1'(5)(/'5?+5( $8) '(1 n,1($5%(O 6&+/(81,*(5 @%(575>*7P k1 '(1 y$1'(5)(/'5?+5(1 :(5'(1 g/(.7521(1 921 (,1(5 y(//( NN*(75$*(1DDN (7:$ 62 :,( (,1 y(//(15(,7(5 $8) (,1(5 y$66(5:(//(P g56(7=7 0$1 ',( /$1*(1 t?+5(1 '(6 n,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(56 '85&+ 9,(/( 6&+:,1*(1'( j2+/5$805(62O 1$725(1 2'(5 $8&+ '85&+ (,1(1 j2+//(,7(5N 62 .$11 ',( '$5,1 /$8)(1'( y(//( ',( *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 $/6 NNy(//(15(,7(5DD 0,71(+0(1P g/(.7521(1N ',( =:,6&+(1 '(1 y(/O

HochfrequenzEinkopplung

c%%P SSPUX r5,1=,3 (,1(6 n,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(56P f,( n>1*( '(5 |&+67(1 y(//( (5)$667P u2 (1767(+7 (,1( d@1'(/81* =8 r$.(7(1N $8&+ r+$6(1)2.866,(581* *(1$117P f(1 *5?M7(1 g/(.7521(1On,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(5 0,7 (,1(5 n>1*( 921 T o(,/(1 %(6,7=7 '$6 u7$1)25' n,1($5 c&&(/(5$725 e(17(5 JunceK ,1 m$/,)251,(1\ f,(6(5 d(6&+/(81,*(5 :85'( S[XX )@5 TR i(x (567(//7 81' 63>7(5 0,7 jhO7(&+1,6&+(1 x(5%(66(581*(1 $8) WR i(x 80O *(5@67(7P A n,1($5%(6&+/(81,*(5 :(5'(1 $8&+ $/6 x25%(6&+/(81,*(5 )@5 *52M( |,5.8O /$5%(6&+/(81,*(5 Ju767+(25,( +,1(,1.200(1'( n25(17=Or$5$O 0(7(5 $ 3 JS29TB&TK2SBT $ 3 gBgR JSSPURK Jg 3 i(6$07(1(5*,(N gR 3 t8+((1(5*,(N g2gR 3 .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,(KP y(,/ ',( t8O +((1(5*,( '(6 r527216 (7:$ S i(x %(75>*7N +$7 )@5 ',( 75.( 5 $8) '(0 *$1=(1 y(* )$67 */(,&+ %/(,%7N 0866 '(5 m5(,6'85&+0(66(5 3523257,21$/ =85 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 $1:$&+O 6(1P u2 (1767(+7 ',( u3,5$/(P c0 g1'( /(1.7 0$1 '(1 u75$+/ '85&+ (,1(1 c%/(1.O .21'(16$725 $% 81' />667 ,+1 '85&+ (,1 h(167(5 h $8675(7(1P f$6 |667 0$1 ',( g/(.7521(1 1$&+ c%/(1.81* ,1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 7$1*(17,$/ $8675(7(1P f,( c%%P SSPUY% *,%7 (,1( 6&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81*P |80 c8675,77 '(5 g/(.7521(1O 2'(5 t?17*(1O 675$+/81* +$7 '$6 g,6(1 5(&+76 (,1( ~5181*P d(, j(567(//81* +$57(5 t?17*(1675$+/(1 35$//(1 ',( 6&+1(//(1 g/(.7521(1 1$&+ c%/(1.81* $8) (,1 y2/)5$0%/(&+P f$6 $1O *(:(1'(7( y(&+6(/)(/' +$7 0(,67 (,1( h5(48(1= 921 WR j=P d(7$75216N :,( 6,( $/6 s8(//(1 )@5 5Ou75$+/81* ,1 '(5 o(',=,1 81' =85 o$7(5,$/35@)81* 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1N +$%(1 g1(5*,(1 %,6 =8 WR o(xP u667P k0 *@167,*67(1 h$//N :(11 '(5 u&+:(5381.7 %(,'(5 v(,/&+(1 ,0 n$%2561',* 5(=,5.8/,(5(1N %(, (,1(0 d$+180)$1* 921 U .0 %(,O 63,(/6:(,6( SRR RRRO0$/ 352 u(.81'(P h@5 0$;,0$/( g5(,*1,65$7(1 0@66(1 ',( u75$+O /(1 ,1 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=21( 6(+5 ./(,1( s8(56&+1,77( +$%(1] 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 NN9$&+( u75$+/(1DD 0,7 d5(,7(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 S 00 81' j?+(1 921 RPS 00 2'(5 :(1,*(5P f,( s8(56&+1,77( .?11(1 1,&+7 %(/,(%,* 9(5./(,1(57 :(5'(1N :(,/ '$%(, ',( *(*(16(,7,*( u7?581* '(5 u75$+/(1 67>5.(5 :,5'P g,1 o$M )@5 ',( 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 u75$+/(1 (55(,&+%$5(1 g5(,*1,65$7(1 ,67 '$6 r52'8.7 921 '(0 t($.7,21648(56&+1,77 1 81' '(5 n80,126,7>7 n 3 1 pS pT )BcSTN

JSSPUVK

0,7 1 3 |$+/ '(5 ,0 t,1* 80/$8)(1'(1 d@1'(/ J%81&+(6KN pS 3 |$+/ '(5 v(,/&+(1 352 d@1'(/ ,0 u75$+/ SN pT 3 |$+/ '(5 v(,/&+(1 352 d@1'(/ ,0 u75$+/ TN ) 3 w0O /$8)6)5(48(1=N cST 3 h/>&+( '(5 @%(5/$33(1'(1 u75$+/48(56&+1,77(P f,( n80,126,7>7 :,5' ,1 &02T62S $1*(*(%(1 81' /,(*7 %(, '(1 +(87,*(1 c1/$*(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'O 181* 921 SRUR %,6 SRUUP j2&+(1(5*,(Oh256&+81*6=(175(1P f,( (5)2/*5(,&+67(1 h256&+81*6$1/$*(1 '(5 j2&+O (1(5*,(3+1=81* 921 fgu{ ,67 jgtc J3 j$'521Og/(.7521Ot,1*Oc1O /$*(K 0,7 (,1(0 w0)$1* 921 XPU .0P f,( g1'(1(5*,(1 921 jgtc 6,1' UR i(x )@5 g/(.7521(1Br26,7521(1N %(*5(1=7 '85&+ ',( u75$+/81*69(5/867(N 81' ZTR i(x )@5 r52O 721(1N %(*5(1=7 '85&+ ',( (5=(8*%$5(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(1P f(5 u3(,&+(55,1* ngr J3 n$5*( g/(&7521 r26,7521 e2//,'(5K $0 egtp ,67 (,1 t,1* 0,7 TY .0 w0)$1*P f85&+ x(5:(1'81* 6835$/(,7(1'(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*665.7( *(*(16(,7,*( u7?581* '(5 u75$+/(1 $8)O *581' ,+5(5 t$80/$'81*(1 ,67 %(, 1,&+7O5(=,5.8/,(5(1'(1 u75$+/(1 :(1,*(5 .5,7,6&+P f$ ',( u75$+/81*69(5/867( )@5 r52721(1 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 6,1'N .2007 0$1 ,1 u3(,&+(55,1*(1 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 r52721(1Bc17,352721(1Ou75$+/(1 =8 6(+5 +2+(1 g1(5*,(1P f$ egtp %(,0 d$8 920 ngr ,0 v811(/ 6&+21 '(1 r/$7= )@5 (,1(1 =:(,7(1 t,1* 925*(6(+(1 +$77(N .$11 '257 181 5(/$7,9 35(,6:(57 '(5 nje J3 n$5*( j$'521 e2//,'(5K *(%$87 :(5'(1N '(5 $% TRRY .2//,',(5(1'( u75$+/(1 921 YOv(xO r52721(1 /,()(51 62//P j2&+(1(5*,((;3(5,0(17( 0,7 u&+:(5,21(1 6,1' 921 *52M(0 $.78(//(1 k17(5(66( )@5 ',( g5)256&+81* 921 |867>1'(1 %(621'(56 ',&+7(5 81' +(,M(5 o$7(5,(N '(0 62 *(1$117(1 s8$5.Oi/821Or/$60$P c0 egtpOuru :85'(1 6&+21 92//67>1',* ,21,O 6,(57( d/(,.(51( JZTr%ZT1K %(6&+/(81,*7P h@5 '(1 nje 6,1' r%Br%Og;3(5,0(17( 0,7 .2//,',(5(1'(1 d/(,Ok21(1675$+/(1 ,1 '(5 f,6.866,21] %(, u75$+/(1(5*,(1 921 -( JY v(xK 6 ZT 3 WYV v(x (17)$//(1 TPYX v(x $8) -('(6 '(5 TRZ p8./(21(1 ,0 TRZr%Om(51P

SSPV k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SS SSPVPS g/(.7521(15?+5(1 t?17*(1675$+/(5P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SSAS c8&+ 0 t?17*(1675$+/(1 0 J,0 v(;7 NNc1:(1'81*(1DDK 0 t?17*(1 m/7(1 0 o$7+(O 0$7,. 81' p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 0 r+1=81*\ w1,9(56,7< 2) j$1129(5N k167,787( )25 u2/,' u7$7( r+76.2(5,=,(17 (/(.75,6&+( m2167$17( J5(/$7,9(K r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ y,5.81*6*5$' x,6.26,7>7 }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 i5(1=/(,7)>+,*.(,7 c1,21(1ON m$7,21(1Od(:(*/,&+.(,7 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 u7$1'$5'Ot('8.7,216327(17,$/

g5*>1=(1'( k1)250$7,21\ g5/>87(581* '(5 &+(0,6&+(1 u85(1N n$8*(1 81' 925 $//(0 u$/=( 6,1' ',( *(/?67(1 u725( ,1 g/(.752/1*7 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 (,1(6 6&+:$&+(1 g/(.752/1*( '(5 g/(.752/5(1 g/(.752///( (5*(%(1 6,&+ $86 i/P JSTPWK )2/*(1'( 1@7=/,&+(1 i5(1=*(6(7=(\ " 3 S2&Bm& )@5 " . SN " 3 Jm&B&KSBT )@5 " * SP

JSTPXK

n(,7)>+,*.(,7 81' }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7P f(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' t =:,6&+(1 =:(, g/(.752'(1N ',( ,1 (,1(1 g/(.752/1*7 920 g/(.752/+,*.(,7 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 ,19(56(1 }48,9$/(17.21=(175$7,21P

k1 c%%P STPX$ ,67 )@5 (,1( t(,+( :>665,*(5 n?681*(1 ',( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 ,1 c%+>1O *,*.(,7 921 '(5 }48,9$/(17.21=(175$7,21 &>4N '(0 r52'8.7 921 m21=(175$7,21 & 81' y(57,*.(,7 =N :,('(5*(*(%(1P o$1 (5.(117 $1)$1*6 (,1 c167(,*(1 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 0,7 :$&+6(1'(5 m21=(175$7,21N ',( %(, '(1 u8%67$1=(1N ',( 6,&+ ,1 *(1@*(1'(5 o(1O *( /?6(1 /$66(1N '85&+ (,1 o$;,080 *(+7N 80 6&+/,(M/,&+ :,('(5 $8) ./(,1(5( y(57( $%=8)$//(1P k0 g;75(0)$// %(67(+7 '(5 g/(.752/85( (,1 p,&+7/(,7(5N '$ 6,( 1,&+7 ',6O 62=,,(57 ,67P k0 j,1%/,&. $8) ',( (1*( x(5.1@3)81* 921 g/(.75,=,7>76O 81' o$66(175$163257 %(, '(5 (/(.752/+,*.(,7 J(48,9$/(17 &21'8&7,9,74 3 1BJ= 6 &KP f,( }48,9$/(17.21=(175$7,21 817(56&+(,'(7 6,&+ 921 '(5 m21=(175$7,21 185 '85&+ '(1 h$.725 '(5 y(57,*.(,7 =] %(,'( i5?M(1 :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 g,1+(,7 02/Bn $1*(*(%(1] 0,7 '(5 w05(&+181* S n 3 SRU &0U .2007 0$1 =8 '(5 )@5 M @%/,&+(1 g,1+(,7 &0T 02/2S /2SP i5(1=/(,7)>+,*.(,7P m2+/5$86&+ )$1'N '$66 ',( }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 x(5'@1181* J3 SB&>4K (,1(5 )@5 -('(1 g/(.752/7 =8:$1'(51P f$6 />667 6,&+ 0,7 )$5%,*(1 k21(1 :,( '(1(1 '(6 m$/,803(5O 0$1*$1$76 Jo1qV2K *87 '(021675,(5(1P y(*(1 '(5 t(,%81*N ',( ',( h/@66,*.(,7 $8) 6,( $86@%7N %(:(*(1 6,&+ ',( k21(1 0,7 */(,&+)?50,*(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7P p$&+ '(0 u72.(6I6&+(1 i(6(7= Jd'P SK ,67 ',( t(,%81*6.5$)7 921 '(0 t$',86 '(6 k216N %=:P '(6 $86 k21 81' $662=,,(57(1 y$6O 6(502/(.@/(1 *(%,/'(7(1 e/867(56 $%+>1*,*P

K A

Nordpol

c%%P STPY p$&+:(,6 '(5 t(,%81* =:,6&+(1 k21(1 81' h/@66,*.(,7P c 3 c12'(N m 3 m$7+2O '(P f(5 x(568&+ ,67 (,1( c%:$1'/81* '(6 d$5/2:I6&+(1 t$'(6P

o$1 .$11 ',( t(,%81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 k21(1 81' '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 ,1 )2/*(1'(0 x(568&+ =(,*(1 Jc%%P STPYK\ c8) '(0 r2/ (,1(6 .5>)7,*(1 o$*1(7(1 %(71'(7 6,&+ (,1 5,1*)?50,*(5 v52* 0,7 ,62/,(5(1'(0 d2'(1] ',( %(,'(1 0(7$//,6&+(1 =*7 6,&+ ',(6( 6(,7/,&+( d(:(*81* $8) ',( h/@66,*.(,7N ',( ,1)2/*('(66(1 /(%+$)7 ,1 '(5 t,11( =8 .5(,6(1 %(*,117] '85&+ ./(,1( m25.6&+:,00(5 0,7 h>+1&+(1 />667 6,&+ ',(6 :(,7+,1 6,&+7%$5 0$&+(1P d(, w032/81* '(5 u75205,&+781* .(+57 6,&+ '(5 d(:(*81*66,11 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 80P m21=(175$7,216>1'(581*(1 %(, u75209866P lPyP j,7725) +$7 SZWU ',(6( x25*>1*( =8(567 (,1*(+(1' 817(568&+7P k0 c//*(0(,1(1 6,1' k21(1 %(,'(5/(, x25=(,&+(16 $0 g/(.75,=,7>7675$163257 %(7(,/,*7N $//(5',1*6 0(,67 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 y$1'(581*6O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1P f,( *(6$07( u752067>5.( ,67 ',( u800( %(,'(5 k21(1675?0(P k21(1%(:(*/,&+.(,7 J,21 02%,/,77 '(5 g/(.752/+,*.(,7 M Ji/P JSTPYKK (5+$/7(1 :,5 81'

M 3 " h J,c 1,mK MZ 3 h J,c 1,mK

JSTPSRK )@5 " S SP

JSTPSSK

o$1 .$11 6,&+ $/62 ',( }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 (,1(6 g/(.752/+,*.(,7 =:(,(5 *((,*1(7(5 u$/=( %(67,007 :(5'(1N =P dP )2/*(1'(50$M(1\ ,Jm1K2,Jp$1K 3 LMZJme/K2MZJp$e/KbBh ,Je/2K2,Jpq2 U K 3 LMZJme/K2MZJmpqUKbBhP

JSTPSUK

k1 '(5 v$%P STPT 6,1' )@5 +>87* 925.200(1'( k21(1 ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 $1*(O *(%(1P c86 '(5 d(75$*6*/(,&++(,7 921 (/(.75,6&+(5 m5$)7 =(g Jg 3 d(75$* '(5 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(K 81' u72.(6I6&+(5 t(,%81*6.5$)7 X@5(9 J5 3 t$',86N ( 3 x,6.2O 6,7>7K )2/*7 , 3 9Bg 3 = (BJX@ 5 (KP

JSTPSVK

w0 $8&+ )@5 0(+5)$&+ *(/$'(1( k21(1 /(,&+7 921 '(1 d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 $8) ',( t(,O %81*6.5>)7( 81' '$0,7 ',( k21(15$',(1 6&+/,(M(1 =8 .?11(1N :(5'(1 ',( d(:(*O /,&+.(,7(1 %(, $//(1 k21(1 $8) = 3 S %(=2*(1P h@5 ',(6( i5?M( :,5' 1,&+7 ',( 1$+(O /,(*(1'( d(=(,&+181* ,B= %(187=7N 621'(51 , :,5' )@5 NNd58&+7(,/( 921 k21(1DD $1O *(*(%(1\ '(5 d58&+ SB= :,5' '(0 k21(16+,*.(,7(1 J(48,9$/(17 ,21,& &21'8&7,9,7,(6K (5*(%(1 6,&+ ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1N :(11 0$1 '85&+ ',( h$5$'$85(02/(.@/( %(, '(5 f,662=,$7,21 r52721(1 $1 y$66(502/(.@/( $%N =P dP 81'

je/2j1 S e/2 j1 1jTq S jUq1N

JSTPSXK

81' n$8*(1 1(+0(1 r52721(1 921 y$66(502/(.@/(1 $8)N =P dP 81'

jTq2j1 S qj2 p$qj1j1 S p$1 1jTqP

JSTPSYK

f85&+ e/867(5%,/'81* (1767(+(1 12&+ *5?M(5( m203/(;(P o,7 '5(, =86>7=/,&+(1 jTqOo2/(.@/(1N %(,63,(/6:(,6(N :,5' $86 '(0 j//7P k0 h2/*(1'(1 %(187=(1 :,5 :,('(5 ',( @%/,&+( m85=Op27$7,21 j1 )@5 '$6 326,7,9( k21N 0,7 '(5 ',( k21(1',662=,$7,21 '(6 y$66(56 '85&+ jTq ) j1 1qj2 %(6&+5,(%(1 :,5'P f$6 k21(1352'8.7 '(6 y$66(56 ,67 $/6 .y 3 m&JjTqK 6 &JjTqK .y 3 &j1 6 &qj2

JSTPSZK

'(71,(57 81' +$7 ',( g,1+(,7 02/ Bn P m& JjTqK ,67 ',( f,662=,$7,216.2167$17( '(6 y$66(56 81' &JjTqK ',( |$+/ '(5 y$6O 6(5Oo2/( 352 n,7(5P o,7 &j1 3 &qj2 3 " &JjTqK :,5' T

T

.y 3 "T L&JjTqKbTP

JSTPS[K

f(5 f,662=,$7,216*5$' '(6 5(,1(1 n?681*60,77(/6 NNy$66(5DD .$11 1,&+7 :,( '(5 921 :>665,*(1 n?681*(1 '85&+ g;75$32/$7,21 '(5 }48,9$/(17/(,7)>+,*.(,7 $8) 81(1'/,&+( x(5'@1181* %(67,007 :(5'(1P |80 |,(/ )@+57 '$*(*(1 )2/*(1'(5 y(*\ f,( $86 o(6O 681*(1 0,7 u>85(1 81' n$8*(1 *(:211(1(1 (,1=(/1(1 d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 921 j1 81' qj2 (5*(%(1N =86$00(1 0,7 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1N '(1 f,662=,$7,216*5$' '(6 y$66(56 *(0>M " 3 1BLh &JjTqK J,j1 1,qj2KbP

JSTPTRK

f,( u8%67,787,21 921 " ,1 i/P JSTPS[K )@+57 =80 k21(1352'8.7 T

.y 3 1TBLh J,j1 1,qj2KbTP

JSTPTSK

c86 o(66:(57(1 '(5 n(,7)>+,*.(,7 1 '(6 5(,1(1 y$66(56 81' '(5 y$66(5,21(1Od(O :(*/,&+.(,7(1 (5*,%7 6,&+ '$6 k21(1352'8.7 '(6 y$66(56 )@5 TW@e =8 SR2SUP[[Y 02/TBnT J)@5 TR@e ,67 '(5 g;321(17 */(,&+ 2SVPSXYKP f(5 :,&+7,*(1 3jOy(57Ou.$/$ J3j 6&$/(K :,5' '(5 y(57 SR2SV 02/TBnT =8O *581'( *(/(*7P f(5 3jOy(57 ,67 '(71,(57 $/6 '(5 1(*$7,9( '(.$',6&+( n2*$5,7+086 '(5 y$66(56725,21(1Om21=(175$7,21 ,1 02/BnP h@5 p(875$/,7>7 *,/7 &j1 3 &qj2 3 SR2Y 02/BnN $/62 3j 3 Y] ./(,1(5( 3jOy(57( %(6&+5(,%(1 6$85( n?681*(1 J:,( 6,( '85&+ |86$7= 921 u>85(1 (5+$/7(1 :(5'(1KN *5?M(5( 3jOy(57( %(6&+5(,%(1 $/.$/,6&+( n?681*(1 J%(1$117 1$&+ '(1 67>5.67(1 n$8*(1N '(1 j+,*.(,7P k0 i(*(16$7= =8 '(1 o(7$//(1 %(6,7=(1 ',( g/(.752/+,*.(,7 1,007 $/62 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 v(03(5$785 =8P f,( w56$&+( )@5 ',(6( |81$+0( /,(*7 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( '$5,1 %(*5@1'(7N '$66 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 v(0O 3(5$785 ',( k21(1%(:(*/,&+.(,7 :>&+67N :(,/ ',( x,6.26,7>7 '(6 n?681*60,77(/6 $%O 1,007P |:,6&+(1 R 81' SRR@e 67(,*7 =P dP ',( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 921 j1 80 '(1 h$.725 S 80 '(1 h$.725 SWP TPXN ',( 921 uqT2 V T

YVX

ST g/(.752&+(0,(

k1 ',(6(0 |86$00(1+$1* ,67 $8&+ ',( (/(.752/5.(5 :,5'P c8&+ 1$&+ g17)(5181* '(6 d816(1O %5(11(56 67(,*7 '(5 u7520 :(,7(5N '$ '$6 i/$6 '85&+ l28/(I6&+( y>50( :(,7(5 $8)O *(+(,=7 :,5'N %,6 (6 6&+/,(M/,&+ '85&+6&+0,/=7P

STPSPW u7$5.( g/(.752/1',* ',662=,,(57 6,1'P q%:2+/ 6,&+ '(5 f,662=,$O 7,216*5$' 0,7 '(5 m21=(175$7,21 35$.7,6&+ 1,&+7 >1'(57N =(,*(1 $8&+ ',(6( g/(.752O /+,*.(,7 M 0,7 '(5 m21=(175$7,21N :(,/ ',( ,1 M (,1*(+(1'(1 k21(1%(:(*O /,&+.(,7(1 Ji/P JSTPSRKK 921 '(1 .21=(175$7,216$%+>1*,*(1 e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5O .81*(1 %((,198667 :(5'(1P g/(.752/85( j{ 81' '(5 n$8*( zqjN '$11 (5=:,1*7 ',( i/(,&+*(:,&+76%(',1*81* )@5 ',( 6&+:$&+ ',662=,,(5(1'( m20321(17(N '$66 (,1 v(,/ '(5 k21(1 ,1 '$6 81',662=,,(57( o2/(.@/ '(5 6&+:$&+(1 u>85( %=:P n$8*( @%(5)@+57 :,5'P f$0,7 9(5>1'(51 6,&+ ',( h$.725(1 ,0 k21(1352'8.7 '(6 y$66(56P d(67(+7 '$6 *(/?67( u$/= =P dP $86 '(5 x(5%,1'81* '(5 6&+:$&+(1 g66,*6>85( JejUeqqjK 0,7 '(5 67$5.(1 p$7521/$8*( Jp$qjKN :,5' 0,7 j1Ok21(1 '(6 y$66(56 81',662=,,(57( g66,*6>85( *(%,/'(7N :2'85&+ 6,&+ :(*(1 '(5 m2167$1= '(6 y$66(5O k21(1352'8.7(6 ',( m21=(175$7,21 '(5 qj2Ok21(1 (5+?+7P f,(6( u$/=/?681* ,67 $/O .$/,6&+ 81' +$7 (,1(1 3jOy(57 # YP k0 80*(.(+57(1 h$// '(5 x(5%,1'81* (,1(5 67$5.(1 u>85( 0,7 (,1(5 6&+:$&+(1 n$8*( ,67 ',( u$/=/?681* 6$8(5 81' +$7 (,1(1 3jOy(57 " YP n$'81*675$163257 ,1 67$5.(1 g/(.752/5=(//( ,67 (,1 g/(0(17N '(66(1 u3$1181* '85&+ ',( m20%,1$7,21 '(5 (/(.752&+(0,6&+ :,5.6$0(1 u8%67$1O =(1 (1767(+7 81' %(, u7520(171$+0( $//0>+/,&+ $%6,1.7P u2/&+( g/(0(17( 6,1' ,PcP 1,&+7 5(*(1(5,(5%$5P d(, (,1(5 u(.81'>5=(//( :,5' '$*(*(1 ',( u3$1181* (567 '85&+ (5=:81*(1(1 u75209866 Jg/(.752/5=(//(1 0,7+,/)( 921 r5,0>5=(//(1 $8)*(/$'(1 :(5O '(1] 62 (1767$1'(1 ',(6( d(=(,&+181*(1P j(87( :(5'(1 u(.81'>5=(//(1 ,PcP c..86 Jc..808/$725(1K *(1$117] 6,( 6,1' 9,(/0$/6N $%(5 1,&+7 81%(*5(1=7 5(*(1(5,(5%$5P g,1( (,1=(/1( |(//( +(,M7 o212=(//(] 0(+5(5( |(//(1 ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781* 1(117 0$1 m(77( 2'(5 d$77(5,(P f(5 d(*5,5 NNd$77(5,(DD ,67 0(+5'(87,*P c86 '(0 x2.$%8/$5 '(5 c57,//(5,( J3 x(5%81' 0(+5(5(5 i(6&+@7=(K .200(1' :85'( (5 $1)$1*6 6,11O

STPT i$/9$1,6&+( g/(0(17(

YV[

(17635(&+(1' $8) '(1 x(5%81' 0(+5(5(5 |(//(1 A 0(,67 ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781*(1 Jm(7O 7(1K =85 u3$1181*6(5+?+81* A $1*(:(1'(7P c//0>+/,&+ :85'( NNd$77(5,(DD =80 u1=81*\ +773\BB:::P&+(0*8,'(P&2P8.B J@ l,0 e/$5.K 0 r+7(1 B g,15,&+781*(1 0 h$.8/7>7 )@5 e+(0,( 0 t(6($5&+ i52836 0 f,'$&7,&6 2) e+(0,675< NNr52)P f5P tP d/80(DD 0 o(',(1O $1*(%27 0 w17(55,&+760$7(5,($/,(1 0 e+(0,( ,0 81' 806 j$86 0 J/,1.6K k1+$/76O 9(5=(,&+1,6 0 r+*( )@5 '(1 g,16$7= 921 v52&.(1%$77(5,(1 c872%$77(5,(1 Jc..86KP x$57$ c872027,9( ,67 '(5 %('(87(1'67( c872%$77(5,(Oj(5O 67(//(5 g8523$6\ +773\BB:::P9$57$O$872027,9(P'( 0 d$77(5,(Om12:Oj2: 3 n,1. STASR y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 g17:,&./81* '(5 d$77(5,(N 2'(5 0 d$77(5,(On(;,.21

STPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ ST

YYS

y,('(5$89$'%$5( d$77(5,(1 Jc..86KP i5((1%$77(5,(6\ y( 63(&,$/,=( ,1 (19,5210(1O 7$//< )5,(1'/< p,oj $1' n,O,21 5(&+$5*($%/( %$77(5,(6 $1' &+$5*(56 )25 +$1'+(/' (/(&7521,& '(9,&(6\ :::P*5((1%$77(5,(6P&20 0 d$77(5< k1)2 3 n,1. STASS y(,7(5 0,7 '(1 ,1 '(5 /,1.(1 u3$/7( $8)*()@+57(1 m$3,7(/1P g5*>1=81*\ e$/,)251,$ k17(*5$7(' y$67( o$1$*(0(17 d2$5'N y$67( r5(9(17,21 y25/'\ +773\BB:::P&,:0%P&$P*29ByryB 0 v22/6 0 t(&+$5*($%/( d$77(5,(6 $1' e+$5*(56 3 n,1. STAST v+,6 3$*( ,6 $ %5,() 35,0(5 )25 86,1* 5(&+$5*($%/( %$77(5,(6 ,1 3/$&( 2) ',6326$%/( %$77(5,(6 2) 7+( 6,=(6 cccN ccN eN fN $1' [ x2/7P h25 $ %5,() '(6&5,37,21 2) 27+(5 750(P f,( kd| :,// ',(6( v(&+12/2*,( 925$175(,%(1 81' $8) ',( o$5.7(,1)@+581* 925%(5(,7(1P j,17(5 ',(6(0 c.7,216%@1'O

YYT

ST g/(.752&+(0,(

1,6 67(+(1 *52M( g1(5*,(9(5625*(5N )@+5(1'( i(5>7(+(567(//(5 62:,( ',( f(876&+( g1(5*,(Oc*(1785 J'(1$K\ +773\BB:::P,1,7,$7,9(O%5(116725=(//(P'( 0 d5(116725=(//( 0 o,.52Oc1:(1'81*(1 n,1. STAS[ y(,7(5 0,7 0 J817(1K %/>77(51 J,16*(6$07 X u(,7(1K m25526,2166&+87=P c86 e25526,21 f2&7256 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 0 k1)250$7,21 o2'8/(6 0 e25526,21 r5(9(17,21 $1' e21752/ 3 n,1. STATR

STPWPU d,2*5$3+,(1 c/(66$1'52 x2/7$ JSYVWASZTYK 6P c%6&+1P UPZPTN n,1. UASS l2+$11 y,/+(/0 t,77(5 JSYYXASZSRKP c86 e25526,21 f2&7256Bd,2*5$3+,(6 J6P c%O 6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. STATS l2+1 h5('(5,& f$1,(// JSY[RASZVWKP c86 e25526,21 f2&7256Bd,2*5$3+,(6 J6P c%O 6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. STATT o,&+$(/ h$5$'$< JSY[SASZXYK 6P c%6&+1P VPXPWN n,1. VATX u,5 y,//,$0 t2%(57 i529( JSZSSASZ[XKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. STATU l2+$11 y,/+(/0 j,7725) JSZTVAS[SVKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. STATV i(25*(6 n(&/$1&+(E JSZU[ASZZTKP c86 e25526,21 f2&7256 d,2*5$3+,(6 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. STATW h5,('5,&+ y,/+(/0 i(25* m2+/5$86&+ JSZVRAS[SRKP c86 h$0286 u&,(17,676 J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. STATX h5,('5,&+ y,/+(/0 q67:$/' JSZWUAS[UTKP c86 p2%(/35(,6( J6P c%6&+1P SPVK e+(0,67O 55.( Jd(75$*K g/(.7521(1(1(5*,(N .,1(7,6&+( 81'B2'(5 327(17,(//( h(50,Og1(5*,( t()(5(1=(1(5*,( )@5 k62/$725Oq%(59>&+(1=867>1'( g/(0(17$5/$'81* h5(48(1= g5'%(6&+/(81,*81* 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* j?+( n>1*( n>1*(N 9(.725,(// Jf,32/On>1*(K 3 8T 8 o$66( 5(/$7,9( o2/(.@/0$66( J02/$5( o$66(K c1=$+/ c92*$'52Om2167$17( f,32/020(17 3 8]8 r2/$5,6$7,21 n$'81* r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81* u3$1181* x2/80(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 Jd(75$*K (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( i5$9,7$7,216(1(5*,( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'(1(5*,(',&+7(

YYX

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

i5?M(1666,*7KP d(6,7=7 '(5 k62/$725 '$*(*(1 (,1( 6(+5 +2+( |867$1'6',&+7(N '$11 75(7(1 185 62 9,(/( g/(.7521(1 @%(5N %,6 (,1( r27(17,$/',5(5(1= $8)*(%$87 ,67N ',( gR $8) ',( j?+( 921 gh %5,1*7 J,1 c%%P SUPS&\ c1+(%81* '(6 k62/$725327(17,$/6 '85&+ g/(.7521(1$8)1$+O 0(K 81' :(,7(5( %(5*>1*( 9(5+,1'(57P

Metall EF E (a)

Isolator

E F -- E O

EF

EO

EO (b)

EF

EO

(c)

c%%P SUPS f,$*5$00( =80 o(7$//Ok62/$725Om217$.7\ J$K 2+1( m217$.7] J%N &K 0,7 m217$.7N J%K )@5 *(5,1*( 81' J&K )@5 +2+( |867$1'6',&+7( '(6 k62/$7256 J1$&+ lP n2:(// 81' cPeP t26(O k11(6KP

w17(568&+81*(1 $1 r2/5(1P g6 ,67 $8&+ =8 %(O '(1.(1N '$66 '85&+ ',( m217$.7(N ,16%(621'(5( %(,0 t(,%(1N ,55(9(56,%/( 0(&+$1,O 6&+( x(5>1'(581*(1 $0 k62/$725 (,175(7(1 .?11(1N ',( '$6 c89$'81*69(5+$/7(1 %(O (,19866(1P

YZR

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

k62/$725Ok62/$725Om217$.7(P d(,0 m217$.7 921 =:(, k62/$725(1 6,1' ',( x(5+>/71,66( 12&+ .203/,=,(57(5 $/6 :(11 (,1(5 '(5 u725( (,1 o(7$// ,67P k0 r5,1=,3 %(67,007 0$1 ',( i5?M( '(5 c89$'81*N ,1'(0 0$1 '(1 $8)*(/$'(1(1 m?53(5 ,1 (,1(1 h$O 5$'$/6&+(1P u(+5 :,&+7,* )@5 5(O 352'8=,(5%$5( t(68/7$7( 6,1' $8&+ *((,*1(7( x(5)$+5(1 =85 x25%(+$1'/81* 81' u>8O %(581* '(5 q%(59>&+(1N 62:,( '(71,(57( x(568&+6%(',1*81*(1 )@5 '(1 NNm217$.7DDP g6 *$% 9,(/( x(568&+(N (,1( 75,%2(/(.75,6&+( u3$1181*65(,+( J75,%2(/(&75,& 6(5,(6K $8)=867(//(1N 6(+5 (50817(57 '85&+ ',( g5)2/*( %(,0 c8)67(//(1 '(5 (/(.752&+(0,O 6&+(1 u3$1181*65(,+(P SZVU 67(//7( oP h$5$'$< ',( )2/*(1'( t(,+( 925\ rqukvkx A t$8%7,(5)(// A h/$1(// A g/)(1%(,1 A h('(5.,(/ A d(5*.5,67$// A h/,17*/$6 A d$80:2//( A n(,1:$1' A y(,M( u(,'( A f,( j$1' A n$&. A o(7$//( A u&+:()(/ A pgicvkxP u&+21 (5 :,(6 $1 d(,63,(/(1 1$&+N '$66 ',( r2/$5,7>7 '(5 c89$'81*(1 2)7 921 6&+:(5 .21752//,(5%$5(1 w067>1'(1 $%+>1*7P r+76=$+/P p$&+ '(5 e2(+1I6&+(1 t(*(/ :,5' %(,0 t(,%(1 =:(,(5 k62/$725(1 '(5-(1,*( 6,&+ 326,7,9 $89$'(1N '(5 ',( *5?M(5( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ %(6,7=7] '(5 g5(.7 62// 8062 67>5.(5 6(,1N -( 0(+5 6,&+ ',( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/(1 '(5 %(,'(1 k62/$725(1 817(56&+(,'(1P s8$/,7$7,9 .$11 ',( t(*(/ :,( )2/*7 9(567$1'(1 :(5'(1\ c720Og/(.7521(1 6,1' ,0 k11(5(1 (,1(6 k62/$7256 )(67 $1 (,1 c720 *(%81'(1P c1 '(5 q%(59>&+(N :2 ',( c720( Jo2/(.@/(K 185 $8) (,1(5 u(,7( p$&+%$51 +$%(1N ,67 ',( d,1'81* '(5 g/(.7O 521(1 6&+:>&+(5P y(11 6,&+ =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( k62/$725(1 %(5@+5(1N '(5(1 g/(.752O 1(1 817(56&+,('/,&+ 67$5. *(%81'(1 6,1'N '$11 .?11(1 g/(.7521(1 921 '(0 (,1(1 =80 $1'(5(1 m?53(5 @%(5*(+(1P p81 .$11 0$1 9(5087(1N '$66 u8%67$1=(1N ',( 6,&+ ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' /(,&+7 32/$5,6,(5(1 /$66(1N $/62 (,1( *52M( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ &5 %(6,7=(1N $8&+ /2&.(5 *(%81'(1( g/(.7521(1 +$%(1N ',( 6,( %(, m217$.7 0,7 (,1(5 u8%67$1=N '(5(1 r(50,77,9,7>7 *(5,1*(5 ,67N $%*(%(1P y(,/ y$66(5 (,1( 6(+5 +2+( r(5O 0,77,9,7>7 J75 3 ZSK %(6,7=7N 62//7( (6 1$&+ ',(6(5 t(*(/ /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $%*(%(1P rP n(1$5' %(6&+5,(% SZ[T ',( y$66(5)$//Og/(.75,=,7>7N ',( =85 1(*$7,9(1 c89$'81* '(5 80*(%(1'(1 n8)7 )@+57P n(,'(5 *,%7 (6 6(+5 9,(/( c861$+0(1 921 '(5 e2(+1I6&+(1 t(*(/P g,1( c861$+0( ,67 =P dP ',( g,1*5833,(581* '(5 o(7$//( 1$+( '(0 1(*$7,9(1 g1'( '(5 h$5$'$+1/,&+( u725( %(6&+5>1.7N =P dP 185 $8) )$6(5%,/'(1'( u725( 2'(5 185 $8) r2/76=$+/\ u725( 0,7 c720(1 $86 '(5 SP 2'(5 TP u3$/7( '(6 r(5,2'(16&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ v5$16)(5

YZS

g5'$/.$/,0(7$//(K +$%(1 6&+:$&+ *(%81'(1( x$/(1=(/(.7521(1] '(6+$/% />'7 6,&+ i/$6 0(,67 326,7,9 $8)P u725( 0,7 c720(1 $86 '(5 YP 2'(5 XP u3$/7( J0,7 S %=:P T x$.$1=(1 ,1 '(5 >8M(5(1 u&+$/(K +$%(1 (17635(&+(1' *52M( g/(.7521(1$5,1,7>7(1] '(6+$/% />'7 6,&+ u&+:()(/ 0(,67 1(*$7,9 $8)P d(, '(1 25*$1,6&+(1 u8%67$1=(1 Jm8167O 6725(1K +>1*7 '$6 .217$.7(/(.75,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 '$921 $%N 2% 6,( $/.$/,6&+( pjTO i5833(1 (17+$/7(1N ',( /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $%*(%(1 J6,&+ 326,7,9 $89$'(1KN 2'(5 6$85( eqqjOi5833(1N ',( /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $8)1(+0(1 J6,&+ 1(*$7,9 $89$'(1KP d(, r2O /5.(K '(5 *(/$'(1(1 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' %(75>*7 =:,6&+(1 SR2U 81' SR2V J&0B6KBJxB&0K 81' ,67 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 '(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 921 k21(1 ,1 :>665,*(1 n?681*(1P f,(6 ,67 =81>&+67 @%(55$6&+(1'N :(,/ k21(1 9,(/ ./(,1(5 6,1'P c%(5 ',( k21(1 6,1' 80*(%(1 921 (,1(0 e/867(5 $86*(5,&+7(7(5 y$66(5',32/( Jj76=$+/ +$7N 6,1' ',( '$5,1 6&+:(%(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 0(,67 1$&+ '(5 e2(+1I6&+(1 n$'81*65(*(/ 1(*$7,9 *(O /$'(1N :$1'(51 =85 c12'( 81' *(%(1 '257 ,+5( n$'81* 0,7 '(0 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 $%P f,(6(6 %/(,%7 )(67 +$)7(1P f,( o(7+2'( :,5' ,1 '(5 v(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7N 80 )(67 +$)7(1'( 81' */(,&+0>M,* '(&.(1'( '@11( u&+,&+7(1 $86 ,62/,(5(1'(0 o$7(5,$/ $8) q%(59>&+(1 +(5=867(//(1P

YZT

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

I

c%%P SUPT f85&+ )$//(1'( i/$6.8*(/1 ,1 y$66(5 (5=(8*7(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520P

f(021675$7,2169(568&+ p5P S\ n>667 0$1 ,1 (,1(0 0,7 y$66(5 *()@//7(1 i()>M Jc%%P SUPTKN '$6 2%(1 81' 817(1 (,1( g/(.752'( 75>*7N ./(,1( i/$6.8*(/1 +(5$%)$//(1N 62 =(,*7 (,1 $1 ',( g/(.752'(1 $1*(6&+/266(1(6 +2&+(0371'/,&+(6 i$/9$120(7(5 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 $1P f,( m8*(/1 /$'(1 6,&+ ,0 y$66(5 1(*$7,9 $8)] '$6 6,( 80*(%(1'( y$66(5 :,5' 326,7,9 (/(.75,6&+P f,( c%:>576%(:(*81* '(5 g/(.75,=,7>76O 75>*(5 67(//7 $/62 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 '$5P f(021675$7,2169(568&+ p5P T\ h(,1*(38/9(57(5 v21 2'(5 =(5)$6(57(5N $86*(:$6&+(O 1(5 v25) :,5' ,1 '(67,//,(57(0 y$66(5 $8)*(6&+:(007 81' ',(6( u863(16,21 ,1 (,1 wOt2+5 *()@//7N ,1 '$6 =:(, r/$7,1(/(.752'(1 7$8&+(1P n(*7 0$1 $1 ',(6( (,1( u3$1O 181* 921 (,1,*(1 7$86(1' x2/7N 62 :$1'(51 ',( v(,/&+(1 =85 c12'(P f,( :,&+7,*67( c1:(1'81* '(5 g/(.7523+25(6( 6,1' ',( '$5$8) %$6,(5(1'(1 c1$O /667 (,1( g/(.752'( ,1 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 7$8&+(1N :>+5(1' 0$1 ',( =:(,7( ,1 f5$+7)250 ,1 0(+5(5(1 y,1'81*(1 $8M(1 80 '(1 |&+(1 y$6O 6(5Bh(67.?53(5 %,/'(1 6,&+ n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7(1 Jy$66(5 326,7,9KP k0 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 h(/' :(5'(1 ',( 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1 0,7 ,+5(1 j8'(752&.O 181* $1N '(5(1 y,5.6$0.(,7 $%(5 921 h$&+/(87(1 %(=:(,)(/7 :,5'P

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

YZU

f(5 =85 g/(.75226026( ,19(56( g5(.7 ,67 ',( 921 iP s8,1&.( JSZW[K (17'(&.7( u75?081*663$1181*P r5(667 0$1 (,1( h/@66,*.(,7 '85&+ (,1( )(,1325,*( u8%67$1=N 62 /$'(1 6,&+ h/@66,*.(,7 81' 325?6(5 m?53(5 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(0 x25=(,&+(1 $8)P d5,1*7 0$1 ,1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 925 81' +,17(5 '(0 f,$3+5$*0$ =:(, g/(.752'(1 $1N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 (0371'/,&+(1 i$/9$120(7(5 9(5%81'(1 6,1'N 62 =(,*7 ',(6(6 (,1(1 u75?081*667520 $1N :(11 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 '85&+ '$6 f,$3+5$*0$ *(35(667 :,5'P

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21 SUPTPS k62/$725(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' f(021675$7,21\ g,1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725N '(5 $1 (,1 67$7,6&+(6 J'P +P NN67520/26DD 0(6O 6(1'(6K g/(.7520(7(5 $1*(6&+/266(1 ,67N :,5' $8)*(/$'(1] '$1$&+ :,5' ',( x(5%,1O '81* =85 9(5:(1'(7(1 u3$1181*648(//( (17)(517P p81 67(&.7 0$1 1$&+(,1$1'(5 r/$7O 7(1 $86 9(56&+,('(1(0 o$7(5,$/ ,1 '(1 /8)7(5)@//7(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1P l('(6 o$/ =(,*7 '$6 g/(.7520(7(5 (,1( ./(,1(5( u3$1181* $/6 2+1( '$6 o$7(5,$/P q+1( c861$+0( )@+57 '$6 g,1%5,1*(1 921 o$7(5,( =85 u(1.81* '(5 u3$1181* $0 m21'(16$725P p$&+ j(5$861$+0( '(5 r/$77( =(,*7 '$6 g/(.7520(7(5 62)257 :,('(5 ',( 85635@1*/,&+( u3$1181* $1P f,(6 :@5'( $8&+ *(6&+(+(1N :(11 '(5 t$80 =:,O 6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 /8)7/((5 2'(5 0,7 (,1(0 $1'(5(1 i$6 *()@//7 :>5(P f$ ',( n$'81* $8) '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 1,&+7 *(>1'(57 :,5'N .$11 '$6 c%O 6,1.(1 '(5 u3$1181* 185 62 9(567$1'(1 :(5'(1N '$66 *(0>M s 3 e w ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 m21'(16$7256 921 eR $8) (,1(1 +?+(5(1 y(57 e $167(,*7P f,( (,1*(7$8&+7(1 r/$77(1 :,5.(1 $/62 :,( (,1( x(5./(,1(581* '(6 c%67$1'(6 '(5 m21'(16$7253/$77(1P |85 f(8781* '(6 r+>120(16 1,007 0$1 $1N '$66 '(5 k62/$725 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 32/$5,6,(57 :,5'P f$5817(5 9(567(+7 0$1 ',( g5=(8*81* $720$5(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 f,32/( ,1 h(/'5,&+781* 2'(5 ',( c865,&+781* 921 6&+21 925+$1'(1(1N 81*(25'1(7(1 f,32/(1 =80 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'P f$'85&+ 75(7(1 $1 '(1 6(1.5(&+7 =80 gOh(/' 67(O +(1'(1 u7,519>&+(1 n$'81*(1 $8)N '(5(1 h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,(6( n$'81*(1 6,1' 81$%*(6>77,*7( f,32/Og1'(1] 6,( %(6,7=(1 (,1( *(5,1*(5( h/>&+(1',&+7( $/6 ',( n$'81*(1 $8) '(1 k11(16(,7(1 '(5 m21O '(16$7253/$77(1P f(6+$/% :,5' '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 1,&+7 9?//,* 920 k11(5(1 '(6 k62/$7256 $%*(6&+,507P f$6 $%*(6&+:>&+7( h(/' '85&+6(7=7 '(1 k62/$725 81' 625*7 )@5 ',( c8)5(&+7(5+$/781* '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P y(,/ ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 1,&+7 921 '(0 k62/$725 :(*9,(M(1 .?11(1N 621O '(51 185 '$11 9(56&+:,1'(1N :(11 6,&+ 0,7 $%./,1*(1'(0 gOh(/' $8&+ ',( f,32/( =85@&.%,/'(1N .$11 ',( k62/$7252%(59>&+(N $8) '(5 ',(6( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 6,7O =(1N ',( r/$77( '(6 $8)*(/$'(1(1 m21'(16$7256N $8) '(5 ',( ,0 o(7$// )5(,%(:(*/,&+(1 n$'81*(1 6,7=(1N 352%/(0/26 %(5@+5(1P y,5 .?11(1 '(6+$/% %(, '(1 )2/*(1'(1 d(O 75$&+781*(1 ,00(5 $11(+0(1N '$66 '(5 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$725(/(.752'(1 920 J,62/,(5(1'(1K f,(/(.75,.80 92//67>1',* *()@//7 ,67P

YZV

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

SUPTPT r2/$5,6$7,21N (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* f,( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 75(7(1 $8)N :(,/ (17:('(5 8132/$5( c720( '85&+ '$6 h(/' 62 '()250,(57 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( u&+:(5381.7( )@5 ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* 1,&+7 0(+5 =86$00(1)$//(1N $/62 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( (1767(+(1 Jc%%P SUPUKN 2'(5 :(,/ ,1 ./(,1(1N 02/(.8/$5(1 d(5(,&+(1 921 k62/$725(1 (,1( c86O 5,&+781* %(5(,76 925+$1'(1(5 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/( 67$7771'(7N :(11 '(5 k62/$725 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' $86*(6(7=7 ,67 Jc%%P SUPVKP d(,'( o?*/,&+.(,7(1 81' %(5*>1*( =:,6&+(1 ,+1(1 .200(1 925P j$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ 80 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( ,1 8132/$5(1 c720(1 81' o2/(.@/(1N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21P u,1' %(O 5(,76 32/$5( o2/(.@/(N $/62 3(50$1(17( 02/(.8/$5( f,32/( 925+$1'(1N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 q5,(17,(581*632/$5,6$7,21P

c%%P SUPU x(56&+,(%81* '(5 n$'81*(1 ,1 1(875$/(1 c720(1N %(:,5.7 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/'N (5*,%7 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( ,1 h(/'O 5,&+781* 81' r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(1 u7,519>&+(1P

f,( r2/$5,6$7,21 C ,67 )@5 %(,'( c57(1 921 f,32/(1 '(71,(57 $/6 '$6 f,32/020(17 352 x2/80(1P f$6 NNf,32/020(17 352 x2/80(1DD +$7 ',( ukOg,1+(,7 Jc 6 0KB0U 3 c6B 0TP f$6 (/(.75,6&+( f,32/020(17 ,67 (,1 32/$5(5 x(.725N '(5 921 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 =85 326,7,9(1 n$'81* =(,*7 Jc%6&+1P TPUPUKP f(0(17635(&+(1' ,67 ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 (,1 x(.725)(/'N '$6 ',( 1(*$7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(5 (,1(1 u7,519>&+( $/6 s8(//(1N ',( 326,7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u7,519>&+( $/6 u(1.(1 %(6,7=7P g6 *,/7 gg C 6 '4 32s3N

JSUPSK

0,7 '4 $/6 9(.725,(//(0 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 Jt,&+781* $8) '(5 j@//9>&+( 1$&+ $8M(1K 81' s3 $/6 ',( (,1*(6&+/266(1( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*P

(a)

(b)

c%%P SUPV u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* 32/$5(5 o2/(.@/( J$K ,0 )(/')5(,(1 t$80N J%K ,0 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 h(/'P p$&+ c%6&+$/7(1 '(6 h(/'(6 :,5' ',( c865,&+781* '85&+ ',( 7+(50,6&+( d(:(O *81* :,('(5 =(567?57P

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

YZW

f,( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $1 '(1 u7,519>&+(1 32/$5,6,(57(5 k62/$725(1 (5=(8*(1 *(1$862 gOh(/'(5 :,( )5(,%(:(*/,&+( n$'81*(1 $8) m21'(16$7253/$77(1] '(6+$/% *,/7 $0 q57 921 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 sr 2'(5

gg &R 8 6 '4 3 s3 32 gg C 6 '4 gg J&R 81CK 6 '4 3 RP

JSUPTK

f$6 >8M(5( gOh(/' :,5' '85&+ ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 7(,/:(,6( 920 k11(5(1 '(6 k62/$7256 $%*(6&+,507] $1'(56 $86*('5@&.7\ (,1 v(,/ '(5 gOh(/'/,1,(1 (1'(7 $1 '(1 1(*$7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 81' (17635,1*7 1(8 $1 '(1 326,7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216O /$'81*(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7(P h@5 (,1(1 92//67>1',* 0,7 f,(/(.75,.80 *()@//7(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 h/>&+( cN m$3$=,7>7 e 81' u3$1181* w 6,1' ',( J)5(, %(:(*/,&+(1K n$'81*(1 s $8) '(1 r/$77(1 80 '(1 h$.725 &5 *5?M(5 $/6 2+1( f,(/(.75,.80N :(,/ 6,( $86 =:(, c17(,/(1 %(67(+(1\ JSK n$'81*(1N ',( ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/$5,7>7 $8) '(5 $1/,(*(1'(1 q%(59>&+( '(6 f,(/(.75,.806 .203(16,(5(1N 81' JTK n$'81*(1N ',( '$6 '85&+6 f,(/(.75,.80 +,1'85&+*(+(1'( gOh(/' 920 d(75$* wB' (5=(8*(1 J' 3 r/$77(1$%67$1'KP f,( n$'81* $8) '(1 r/$77(1 '(5 h/>&+( c ,67 '(01$&+ s 3 e w 3 &5 7R g c s 3 e w 3 J&R g1rK cP

JSUPUK

f85&+ w0)25081* (5*,%7 6,&+ r 3 J&5 2SK &R g r 3 4( &R gP

JSUPVK

f,( (/(.75,6&+( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 4( ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ J&5 2SKP Lk1 0$1&+(1 d@&+(51 :,5' -('2&+ 4( )@5 ',( i5?M( &RJ&5 2SK 9(5:(1'(7Pb f$6 x(.725)(/' 7 3 &R 81C

JSUPWK

:85'( 921 o$;:(// (,1*()@+57P f(5 p$0( NN(/(.75,6&+( x(56&+,(%81*DD J(/(&75,& ',6O 3/$&(0(17K ,67 1,&+7 */@&./,&+ *(:>+/7N :(,/ (,*(17/,&+ 185 C (7:$6 0,7 n$'81*69(5O 6&+,(%81* =8 781 +$7 81' &R8 $/6 NN(/(.75,6&+( x(56&+,(%81* '(6 x$.8806DD .(,1(

Kondensatorplatte

Dielektrikum

Kondensatorplatte D

ÂOE

P

c%%P SUPW r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 n8)763$/7(1 81' f,(/(.75,.80P u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* '(5 '5(, (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1P

YZX

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

92567(//%$5( d('(8781* +$7P f(5 +,(5 9(5:(1'(7( p$0( )@5 '$6 fOh(/'N (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81*N ,67 '(6+$/% 925=8=,(+(1P f(5 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(1 $1'(5(1 h(/'(51 ,67 $86 c%%P SUPW 81' '(5 )2/*(1'(1 v$%(//( =8 (56(+(1\ h(/'

7R 7 7R C &R 8

9(5.1@3)7 0,7

r2/$5,7>7 921

'(1 75$16)(5,(5%$5(1 n$'81*(1 '(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $//(1 n$'81*(1

s8(//(1

u(1.(1

J1K J2K J1K

J2K J1K J2K

|80 u&+/866 ',(6(6 c%6&+1,77(6 6(, 12&+ $8) '(1 :(6(17/,&+(1 w17(56&+,(' =:,O 6&+(1 (,1(0 m21'(16$725 2+1(B0,7 f,(/(.75,.80 %(, .2167$17(5 u3$1181* 81' (,O 1(0 m21'(16$725 %(, .2167$17(5 n$'81* +,1*(:,(6(1\ .2167$17( u3$1181* w

.2167$17( n$'81* s

88 8 3 wB' 3 .2167P 1 3 7R88 818C8 3 &57R88 8 s 3 1c 3 &57RJcB'K w 3 e w

1 3 sBc 3 .2167P 88 8 3 1BJ&57RK w 3 88 8B' 3 sBe

1 81' s 3523257,21$/ =8 &5

g 81' w 3523257,21$/ =8 SB&5

i(1(5(// *,/7\ k1 $//(1 i/(,&+81*(1 '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086N ,1 '(1(1 ',( (/(.7O 5,6&+( m2167$17( &R $8)75,77N 0866 1(%(1 &R '(5 h$.725 &5 +,1=8*()@*7 :(5'(1N :(11 '$6 80*(%(1'( o(',80 1,&+7 x$.880N 621'(51 (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 ,67P d(,0 e28/20%I6&+(1 i(6(7= 67(+7 &5 ,0 p(11(5N 'P +P ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 ,67 ,0 ',(/(.75,6&+(1 o(',80 ./(,1(5P f$6 ,67 (,1 h$// $1$/2* =80 m21O '(16$725 0,7 .2167$17(5 n$'81*] 0,7 f,(/(.75,.80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 :(5'(1 u3$1181* 81' h(/'67>5.( ./(,1(5P f,( f,&+7( '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(1(5*,( ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ :( 3

S & & g TP T 5 R

JSUPXK

q% ',( g1(5*,(',&+7( ,0 o(',80 *5?M(5 2'(5 ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ,0 x$.880N +>1*7 921 '(1 x(568&+6%(',1*81*(1 $%\ k1 h>//(1N ',( $1$/2* =80 NNm21'(16$725 0,7 .21O 67$17(5 u3$1181*DD 6,1'N %/(,%7 g .2167$17 81' :( ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 &5P k1 h>//(1 $1$/2* =80 NNm21'(16$725 0,7 .2167$17(5 n$'81*DD ,67 62:2+/ g $/6 $8&+ :( 352O 3257,21$/ =8 SB&5P

SUPTPU f(021675$7,216(;3(5,0(17( y,( (,1 f,(/(.75,.80 ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, *(/$'(1(1 m?53(51 %((,198667N .$11 0$1 /(,&+7 =(,*(1N ,1'(0 0$1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, */(,&+)?50,* *(/$'(1(N $1 h>'(1 $8)O

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

YZY

*(+>1*7( m8*(/1 (,1( ,62/,(5(1'( r/$77( Ji/$6N m81676725K +>/7P o$1 71'(7 62)257N '$66 %(, */(,&+%/(,%(1'(5 n$'81* '(5 m8*(/1 ',( $%672M(1'( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 ,+1(1 ./(,1(5 :,5'P g,1( i/$63/$77( 9(55,1*(57 ',( m5$)7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/1 '233(/7 62 67$5. :,( (,1( j$57*800,3/$77( J$/7( u&+$//3/$77(K */(,&+(5 f,&.(P f(5 */(,&+( g5(.7 )@+57 =80 (17635(&+(1'(1 u,1.(1 '(5 u3$1181* $0 m21'(16$725 NN0,7 .2167$17(5 n$'81*DDP g,1 $1'(5(5 /(,&+7 $86=8)@+5(1'(5 x(568&+ ,67 )2/*(1'(5\ o$1 +>1*7 (,1 81*(/$O '(1(6 u7>%&+(1 $86 m81676725 ,1 '(5 o,77( :$$*(5(&+7 $1 (,1(0 '@11(1 h$'(1 '(5$57 $8)N '$66 6,&+ '$6 u7>%&+(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, m8*(/1 %(71'(7N 2+1( ',( m8*(/1 =8 %(5@+5(1P y(5'(1 ',( m8*(/1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 :,( =:(, m21'(16$7253/$77(1 $8)O *(/$'(1N '$11 '5(+7 6,&+ '$6 u7>%&+(1 62N :,( :(11 (6 ',( m8*(/1 9(5%,1'(1 0?&+7(] (6 67(//7 6,&+ $/62 ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(5 h(/'/,1,(1 (,1P f,(6 ,67 185 0?*/,&+N :(11 '$6 ,62/,(5(1'( u7>%&+(1 n$'81*(1 (5+>/7N 'P +P 32/$5,6,(57 :,5'P u2 (5./>57 6,&+ $8&+ '(5 +,6725,6&+ >/7(67( x(568&+ '(6 v+$/(6 921 o,/(7 J80 WRR 9P e+5PKN '(5 ',( c1=,(+81* /(,&+7(5 m?53(5 :,( u752+6&+1,7=(/ '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,O 6,(57(1 m?53(5 %(6&+5,(%P c8&+ ',( g1767(+81* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1%,/'(5 ,1 m$3P T .$11 0$1 185 62 9(567(+(1N '$66 0$1 (,1( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(5 ,0 ~/ $8)*(O 6&+:(007(1 i5,(M.?51(5 $11,007P f,( (,1=(/1(1 i5,(M.?51(5 /(*(1 6,&+ '$11 :,( f,32/( $1(,1$1'(5P o$1 .$11 '(1 x(568&+ 0,7 '(0 m8167672567>%&+(1 $8&+ 62 $86)@+5(1N '$66 0$1 '$6 u7>%&+(1 67$77 0,7 n8)7 0,7 (,1(0 f,(/(.75,.80 80*,%7N '$6 (,1( +?+(5( r(5O 0,77,9,7>76=$+/ +$7 $/6 '(5 m81676725 '(6 u7>%&+(16P j,(5=8 *,%7 0$1 (,1( h/@66,*.(,7 J=P dP 5(,167(6 y$66(5 0,7 &5 3 ZR 2'(5 i/%&+(1 48(5 =8 '(1 h(/'/,1,(1 67(//7 Jc%%P SUPXKP s8$O /,7$7,9 ,67 '$6 :,( )2/*7 =8 9(567(+(1\ y>+5(1' '$6 u7>%&+(1 ,1 n8)7 $1 '(1 u7,51O 9>&+(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $86%,/'(7N ',( '$6 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( x25=(,&+(1 :,( ',( n$'81* '(5 1>+(5(1 m8*(/ %(6,7=(1 81' 62 ',( n>1*667(//81* '(6 u7>%&+(16 9(5856$&+(1N :(5'(1 181 ',( p(772Or2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 921 '(5 $1*5(1=(1'(1 67$5.O',(/(.75,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7 *(%,/'(7 81' +$%(1 '$6 */(,&+( x25=(,&+(1 :,( ',( n$'81* '(5 1>+(5(1 m8*(/] 6,( :(5'(1 $/62 62:(,7 :,( 0?*/,&+ $%*(672M(1N :25$86 ',( s8(567(//81* '(6 u7>%&+(16 5(68/7,(57P d(621'(56 (,1'58&.692// 81' /(,&+7 '85&+=8)@+5(1 ,67 '(5 x(568&+ 1$&+ c%%P SUPYP o$1 />667 n8)7%/$6(1 ',&+7 $1 (,1(5 326,7,9 2'(5 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/ ,1 ~/N

K

c%%P SUPX x(568&+ =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 r2/$5,O 6$7,21 (,1(6 f,(/(.75,.806P f$6 9@66,*( f,O (/(.75,.80 +$7 (,1( +?+(5( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ $/6 '$6 u7>%&+(1] '$6 u7>%&+(1 67(//7 6,&+ 48(5P

c%%P SUPY k1 ~/ $8)67(,*(1'( n8)7%/$6(1 :(5'(1 921 (,1(5 (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1(1 m8*(/ JmK $%*(672M(1P

YZZ

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1 U

h

a

c%%P SUPZ m21'(16$725 ,1 ,62/,(5(1'(5 h/@6O 6,*.(,7N u(,7(1$16,&+7P d(, c1/(*(1 (,1(5 i/(,&+63$1181* :,5' ',( h/@66,*.(,7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 +2&+*(=2*(1P m$3,//$5,7>76(5(.7( 6,1' +,(5 9(51$&+/>66,*7P

i/%&+(16 ,1 '(5 67$5.O',(/(.75,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7P d(, x(5:(1O '81* 921 y$66(5 ,67 $8) 3(,1/,&+67( u$8%(5.(,7 '(6 i()>M(6 81' $//(5 0,7 '(0 y$66(5 ,1 d(5@+581* .200(1'(1 v(,/( =8 $&+7(1N :(,/ *(5,1*67( u&+087=7(,/&+(1 ',( n(,7O )>+,*.(,7 '(6 y$66(56 62 (5+?+(1N '$66 ',( *(5,1*(1 n$'81*60(1*(1 6&+1(// $86O *(*/,&+(1 :(5'(1P y,5' (,1 9(57,.$/(5 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 '(0 r/$77(1$%67$1' $ ,1 (,1( ,62/,(O 5(1'( h/@66,*.(,7 0,7 +2+(0 &5 (,1*(7$8&+7 81' '$11 $1 (,1( u3$1181*648(//( $1O *(6&+/266(1N 67(,*7 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 %,6 =85 j?+( + $1 Jc%%P SUPZKP f,( i5$9,7$7,216(1(5*,( y* '(5 $1*(67,(*(1(1 h/@66,*.(,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5(1 o$66( o 3 | $ % + J| 3 f,&+7(N % 3 d5(,7( '(5 r/$77(1 6(1.5(&+7 =85 |(,&+(1(%(1(KN '(5 g5'%(6&+/(81,*81* * 81' '(5 j(%81* '(6 u&+:(5381.7(6 '(5 $1*(67,(*(1(1 S h/@66,*.(,7 80 + =8 T y* 3

S $ % | * +TN T

JSUPYK

1,007 $/62 48$'5$7,6&+ 0,7 '(5 u7(,*+?+( + =8P o,7 '(0 c167(,*(1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 +$7 $8&+ ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 m21'(16$7256 80 (e =8*(1200(1P f,( (/(.75,6&+( g1(5O *,( ,0 m21'(16$725 ,67 80 '(1 d(75$* y( 3

S S (e w T 3 J&5 2SK &R%+wTB$ T T

JSUPZK

$1*(67,(*(1N '(5 3523257,21$/ =8 + ,67P f,( (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( :,5' 921 '(5 u3$1O 181*648(//( *(/,()(57P f,( h/@66,*.(,7 67(,*7N 62/$1*( 'y*B'+"'y(B'+ ,67P f,( i/(,&+*(:,&+76+?+( + (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 d(',1*81* 'y*B'+ 3 'y(B'+

JSUP[K

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

YZ[

81' i/P JSUPYK 62:,( i/P JSUPZK =8 + 3 w T J&5 2SK &R BLT$T | *b

JSUPSRK

2'(5N $86*('5@&.7 '85&+ 4( 81' g + 3 4( 7R gT BJT|*KP

JSUPSSK

f$6 ,67 (,1 g5(.7 921 %(2%$&+7%$5(5 i5?M(N :,( ',( )2/*(1'( c%6&+>7=81* =(,*7\ h@5 i/7 ,0 (1*(5(1 u,11(P d(, u725(1 0,7 8132/$5(1 o2/(.@/(1 =(,*(1 ',( o2/(.@/( 1$&+ $8M(1 +,1 .(,1 f,32/020(17P j,(5=8 *(+?5(1 =P dP ',( .8*(/61*,*P f$6 (/(.75,6&+( f,32/020(17 ] ,67 */(,&+ '(0 r52'8.7 '(5 n$'81* s 81' '(0 n>1*(19(.725 TN '(5 921 '(5 n$'81* 2s =85 n$'81* 1s =(,*7\ ] 3 s TP

JSUPSTK

g,1 ,1'8=,(57(6 f,32/020(17 (1767(+7N :(11 =:(, n$'81*(1 2s 81' 1sN '(5(1 u&+:(5381.7( 85635@1*/,&+ =86$00(17(/(1N $86(,1$1'(5*(=2*(1 :(5'(1 %,6 $8) '(1 c%67$1' TP f(5 x(.725 '(6 (1767(+(1'(1 f,32/020(17(6 ] /,(*7 3$5$//(/ =85 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( 8P f,( ,1 '(1 (,1=(/1(1 x2/80(1(/(0(17(1 ,1'8=,(57(1 f,O 32/020(17( ] 6(7=(1 6,&+ =8 (,1(0 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 f,32/020(17 =86$00(1P u,1' p f,32/( ,0 x2/80(1 x 925+$1'(1N '$11 ,67 '$6 5(68/7,(5(1'( f,32/020(17 352 x2/80(1 xN '$6 */(,&+ '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 C '(6 f,(/(.75,.806 ,67N *(*(%(1 '85&+\ p ]Bx 3 C p 3Bx 3 J&5 2SK &R 8 p 3Bx 3 4( &R 8P

JSUPSUK

f,( 7(&+1,6&+ =8*>1*/,&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(1 '()250,(5(1 ',( 8132/$5(1 o2/(.@/( 185 62 *(5,1*)@*,*N '$66 '$6 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/020(17 $/6 675(1* 352325O 7,21$/ =85 /2.$/(1 h(/'67>5.( $1*(1200(1 :(5'(1 .$11\ ] 3 " 8P

JSUPSVK

f(5 h$.725 " ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 J32/$5,=$%,/,75.( 921 S xB0 (1767(+7P f,( v$%P SUPU *,%7 %(,63,(/+$)7 y(57( )@5 ',( (/(.7521,6&+( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 921 c720(1 81' o2/(.@/(1P k1 $/7(1 v$%(//(1 :,5' ',( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 ,1 g,1+(,7(1 '(6 9(5$/7(7(1 &*6Ou5.( 921 S xB0 ',( ,1'8=,(57(1 f,32/( (7:$ 80 '(1 h$.725 SR2SR ./(,1(5 6,1' $/6 '(5 $720$5( x(5*/(,&+6',32/P c1'(56 )2508/,(57\ :(11 ',( *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(5O 6&+2%(1(1 n$'81*(1 us ',( i5?M( 921 g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 %(6,7=(1N '$11 %(75>*7 %(, (,1(5 h(/'67>5.( 921 S xB0 ',( x(56&+,(%81* 185 (7:$ SR2SR '(6 d2+5Ot$',86P f,( *5?M7(1 7(&+1,6&+ 925.200(1'(1 h(/'67>5.(1 /,(*(1 (7:$ %(, SRZ xB0 Jh(/'O (0,66,21 %(, SR[ xB0CKN 81' ',( x(56&+,(%81*(1 %(75$*(1 '$)@5 (7:$ S @ '(6 d2+5O t$',86P v$%P SUPU g,1,*( $720$5( 81' 02/(.8/$5( ',(/(.75,6&+( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7(1 "', J,1 SR2VR c60TBxKP f(5 k1'(; N',D %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) f,(/(.75,=,7>7 Jx(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21KP c720

"',

c720

"',

j j( n, d(

RPYVT RPTRW TYPRV XPTU

z( e6 d$

VPWR XXPUS VVPSY

o2/(.@/

"',

o2/(.@/

"',

eq e/T e6T jT pT qT

TPSY WPSU SSWPY RP[R SP[V SPYX

eqT jTq ejV eTjX uhX whX

UPTV SPXS TPZ[ VP[Y YPTZ SUP[S

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

Y[S

f,( (/(.7521,6&+( x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21 75,77 %(, $//(1 u725(1 $8)P f$1(%(1 75,77 $8&+ (,1( ,21,6&+( x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21 $8)N :(11 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(/$O '(1( k21(1 ,0 o2/(.@/ 2'(5 m5,67$//*,77(5 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56&+2%(1 :(5'(1P f,(6( %(,'(1 x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21(1 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ ,0 h5(48(1=9(5+$/7(1P f,( 9,(/ /(,&+7(5(1 g/(.7521(1 .?11(1 (,1(0 6&+1(// :(&+6(/1'(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' %,6 +,1 =8 n,&+7)5(48(1=(1 ,0 w/75$9,2/(77(1 )2/*(1N :>+5(1' ',( w032/81* '(5 6&+:(O 5(5(1 k21(1',32/( 6&+21 ,0 k1)5$527(1 $8)+?57P f,( %(, $//(1 u725(1 $8)75(7(1'( x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21 ,67 9,(/ 6&+:>&+(5 $/6 ',( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(+$1'(/7(N 185 %(, 0$1&+(1 u725(1 $8)75(7(1'( q5,(17,(581*6O 32/$5,6$7,21P

SUPTPW r$5(/(.75,6&+( u725( k0 w17(56&+,(' =85 f,(/(.75,=,7>7 ,0 (1*(5(1 u,11( 635,&+7 0$1 +,(5 921 r$5(/(.7O 5,=,7>7P r$5(/(.75,6&+( u725( +$%(1 o2/(.@/(N ',( $8&+ 2+1( (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' %(5(,76 (,1 3(50$1(17(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 f,32/020(17 %(6,7=(1P |8 ,+1(1 *(+?5(1 u8%67$1=(1 :,( p$e/N me/N i/+17(1 x(5*/(,&+6',32/6 0,7 s 3 (N s 3 $R 81' 3 3 ($R . ZPW 6 SR2UR c60P c8) '(5 d$6,6 '(6 J9(5$/7(7(1K (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 o$M61',*( c865,&+781* '(5 f,32/( .$11 (6 1,&+7 *(%(1] $%(5 (,1( 1$+(=8 92//67>1',*( c865,&+781* (1767(+7 %(, (;75(0 7,()(5 v(03(5$785 81' 6(+5 +2+(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'O 67>5.(P f$6 %('(87(7N ,1 '(5 p>+( '(5 u>77,*81* :,5' ',( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ &5 0,7 :$&+6(1'(0 gOh(/' ./(,1(5P f$6 0,77/(5( 3$5(/(.75,6&+( f,32/020(17 32/$5(5 o2O /(.@/( ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 8 %(, '(5 v(03(5$785 vN :(,7 (17)(517 921 '(5 u>77,*81*N ,67 1$&+ '(5 v+(25,( 921 rP f(%1*,*(1 3$5(/(.75,6&+(1 Jq5,(17,(581*6OKr2/$5,6$7,21 0,7 '(5 r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 "3$5 3 3TR BJU.vK

JSUPS[K

.2007 $'',7,9 ',( 925+(5 %(+$1'(/7( 7(03(5$78581$%+>1*,*( ',(/(.75,6&+( Jx(5O 6&+,(%81*6OKr2/$5,6$7,21 0,7 '(5 r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 "',P u20,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 ',( (/(.75,6&+( r2/$5,6$7,21 ,16*(6$07 C 3 JpBxK Lm]n3$5 1]',b C 3 Jpc|Bo5K Lm]n3$5 1]',b C 3 Jpc|Bo5K J"3$5 1"',K 8 C 3 J&5 2SK &R 8 C 3 4( &R 8P

JSUPTRK

y(11 &5 2S 1,&+7 0(+5 ./(,1 *(*(1 (,16 ,67N '$11 0866 ',( i/P JSUPTRK .255,*,(57 :(5'(1N :(,/ '$6 (,1:,5.(1'( /2.$/( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' '85&+ ',( (1767(+(1'( r2/$5,O 6$7,21 9(5>1'(57 :,5'P f,(6 ,67 %(621'(56 %(, ',&+7 *(3$&.7(1 o2/(.@/(1N $/62 %(, )(67(1 81' 9@66,*(1 u725(1 '(5 h$//P f,( %(5/(*81*(1 '$=8 :85'(1 6&+21 925 @%(5 +81'(57 l$+5(1 921 qPhP o26277, 81' tP e/$86,86 $1*(67(//7N 2%*/(,&+ 6,( 12&+ 1,&+7 :8667(1N :,( c720( 81' o2/(.@/( *(%$87 6,1'P y(11 '$6 f,(/(.75,.80 '(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1 (,1(6 m21'(16$7256 )@//7N '$11 ,67 '$6 gOh(/' ,0 k11(5(1 '(6 f,(/(.75,.806 *(*(%(1 '85&+ wB'P f$6 /2.$/( gOh(/'N '$6 $8) (,1 %(75$&+7(7(6 o2/(.@/ :,5.7N ,67 '$6 h(/' ,1 (,1(5 x$.880%/$6(N ',( (1767(+(1 :@5'(N :(11 0$1 '$6 o2/(.@/ $86 '(0 f,(/(.75,.80 +(5$861>+0(P f,( r27(17,$/7+(25,( /,()(57 )@5 (,1( $/6 .8*(/)?50,* $1*(1200(1( x$.880%/$6( ,1 (,1(0 +202*(1 32/$5,6,(57(1 o(',80 '$6 /2.$/( gOh(/' 8/2.$/ 3 81CBJU&RKN

JSUPTSK

:2%(, C ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(6 80*(%(1'(1 o(',806 81' 8 '$6 $1*(/(*7( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,67P o,7 JSUPTTK C 3 J&5 2SK &R 8

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

Y[U

81' i/P JSUPTSK (5+>/7 0$1 8/2.$/ 3 8 J&5 1TKBUP

JSUPTUK

u20,7 %(67(+7 =:,6&+(1 '(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 4(N %(=2*(1 $8) '$6 /2.$/( gOh(/'N 81' '(5 o$7(5,$/.2167$17(1 &5 )2/*(1'(5 |86$00(1+$1*\ 4(N/2.$/ 3 rBL&R g/2.$/b 4(N/2.$/ 3 LJ&5 2SK &R gbBL&R g J&5 1TKBUb 4(N/2.$/ 3 U J&5 2SKBJ&5 1TKP

JSUPTVK

f$6 ,67 ',( e/$86,86Oo26277,Oi/(,&+81*P g;3(5,0(17(// %(67,007 0$1 ',( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ &5 %(, (,1(0 %(67,007(1 f58&. $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 v(03(5$785P f$11 75>*7 0$1 =:(&.0>M,*(5:(,6( J&5 2SK @%(5 SBv $8)P h@5 J,0 (1*(5(1 u,11K 5(,1 ',(/(.75,6&+( u725( ,67 J75 2SK 81$%+>1*,* 921 SBv] d(,63,(/( 6,1' 6/7 0$1 '(1 d(75$* '(6 3(50$1(17(1 02/(.8/$5(1 f,32/020(17(6 3RP f(5 u&+1,77381.7 '(5 *(1(,*7(1 i(5$'(1 0,7 '(5 q5',1$7(N '(5 v S Z (17635,&+7N *,%7 '(1 7(03(5$78581$%+>1*,*(1 c17(,/ $1N '(5 '85&+ ',( ,00(5 925+$1'(1( x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21 (1767(+7P f,( q5,(17,(581*632/$5,6$7,21 =(,*7 m21=(175$7,216$%+>1*,*.(,7N :(,/ ',( o2/(O .@/( 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 m21=(175$7,21 ,1 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7(,1$1'(5 75(7(1P f85&+ g;75$32/$7,21 $8) ',( m21=(175$7,21 18// .$11 0$1 '(1 g,19866 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5O .81* (/,0,1,(5(1P f$6 ,67 $8&+ %(, 3$5(/(.75,6&+(1 u725(1 0,7 *52M(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 0?*/,&+N :(11 0$1 6,( ,1 9(5'@117(5 n?681* 817(568&+7P f$6 n?681*60,77(/ 0866 $86 8132/$5(1 o2/(.@/(1 %(67(+(1P x21 '(1 (;75$32/,(57(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>760(6681O *(1 .$11 0$1 $8) '(1 d$8 '(5 o2/(.@/( 6&+/,(M(1P c1 =:(, d(,63,(/(1 6(, *(=(,*7N :(/&+( j,/)( ',( m(1171,6 '(5 02/(.8/$5(1 f,32/O 020(17( %(, '(5 g5)256&+81* '(5 o2/(.@/6758.785 *(%(1 .$11P m2+/(1',2;,' JeqTK +$7 .(,1 f,32/020(17P f(6+$/% .2007 185 (,1( 62/&+( c125'181* '(5 n$'81*(1 ,1 h5$*(N %(, '(5 ',( u&+:(5381.7( '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*(1 =86$0O 0(1)$//(1P g6 *,%7 '$)@5 185 (,1( o?*/,&+.(,7\ ',( *(5$'/,1,*( c125'181* 0,7 '(0 m2+/(16725$720 e ,1 '(5 o,77(P y$66(5 JjTqK +$7 '$*(*(1 (,1 f,32/020(17] ',( u&+:(5381.7( '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81*(1 )$//(1 1,&+7 =86$00(1P f,( *(5$'/,1,*( c125'181* 6&+(,'(7 $86N '(11 (6 /,(*7 .(,1 i581' 925N :$580 '$6 u$8O (56725$720 1>+(5 $1 (,1(0 '(5 %(,'(1 y$66(56725$720( /,(*(1 62//7(P g6 %/(,%7 185 ',( f5(,(&.6)250 )@5 '$6 jTqOo2/(.@/ @%5,* J9*/P c%%P STPSKP d,6+(5 :85'( )@5 ',( o(6681* '(5 r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/ &5 67(76 (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 i/(,&+O )(/' $1*(1200(1P x,(/ *(1$8(5( 81' /(,&+7(5( o(6681*(1 :(5'(1 0,7 (/(.75,6&+(1 y(&+6(/)(/'(51 '85&+*()@+57P o$1 71'(7 '$11 $%(5 (,1( }1'(581* 921 &5 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1= )P f,(6 ,67 $8&+ 9(567>1'/,&+N :(,/ (,1( *(:,66( |(,7 )@5 ',( g,167(//81*N 'P +P )@5 ',( c865,&+781* '(5 f,32/( ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 81' (%(162 )@5 '$6 c%O ./,1*(1 '(5 c865,&+781* 9(5*(+7P d(,63,(/\ f,( *52M( 3$5(/(.75,6&+( r(50,77,9,7>7 '(6 y$66(56 )>//7 =:,6&+(1 S 81' SRR ij= $8) 18// $%P k1 g,6 ,67 ',( w032/81* '(5 f,32/( (56&+:(57N 81' '(5 c%)$// 921 &5J) K 71'(7 6&+21 %(, 9,(/ ./(,1(5(1 h5(48(1=(1 ,0 .j=Od(5(,&+ 67$77P

Y[V

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

SUPTPX g/(.7525+(2/2*,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7(1 w17(5 (,1(5 (/(.7525+(2/2*,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7 J(/(&7525+(2/2*,&$/ 98,'K 9(567(+7 0$1 ',( .2//2,'$/( u863(16,21 (/(.75,6&+ 32/$5,6,(5%$5(5 J'P +P 3$5$(/(.75,6&+(5K v(,/&+(1 ,1 1,&+7O32/$5,6,(5%$5(1 J'P +P ,0 (1*(5(1 u,11 ',(/(.75,6&+(1K n?681*60,77(/1P u2O %$/' (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $1*(/(*7 :,5'N :(5'(1 ',( v(,/&+(1 32/$5,6,(57 81' ',( m5>)7( =:,6&+(1 '(1 v(,/&+(1 )@+5(1 =85 c86%,/'81* /$1*(5 v(,/&+(1Om(77(1 2'(5 NNu>8/(1DDP c/6 o2'(//( )@5 62/&+( u758.785%,/'81* .?11(1 ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'/,O 1,(1%,/'(5 921 m$3P T ',(1(1N ',( 0,7 i5,(M.?51(51 ,1 ~/ (5+$/7(1 :85'(1P f,( (/(.7525+(2/2*,6&+(1 g5(.7( :85'(1 =8(567 921 y,//,6 y,16/2: JS[V[K )@5 (,1( u863(16,21 921 u,/,&$*(/Ov(,/&+(1 ,1 (,1(0 /(,&+7O9@66,*(1 ~/ %(6&+5,(%(1P g5 )$1' )2/*(1'( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( o(5.0$/(\ SP k1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 921 81*()>+5 U .xB00 75$7 h$6(5%,/'81* J7%5,//$7,21K $8)] 6(+5 /$1*( .21'(16,(57( u758.785(1 (1767$1'(1 3$5$//(/ =80 (/(.75,&+(1 h(/'P TP w0 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 =8 6&+(5(1N :,5' (,1( u&+8%O 63$1181* Jm5$)7K %(1?7,*7N ',( 3523257,21$/ =80 s8$'5$7 '(5 h(/'67>5.( ,67P d(, ./(,1(5 u&+(581* J6+($5 675(66K 9(5+>/7 6,&+ '$6 u76>1'(581*(1 (5)2/*(1 ,1 (,1,*(1 o,//,6(.81'(1P f$'85&+ 6,1' ',( gth $/6 6&+1(//( (/(.75,6&+O0(&+$1,6&+( k17(5)$&(6 187=%$5N :,( 6,( )@5 ',( (/(.7521,6&+( u7(8(581* 921 o$6&+,1(1 %(1?7,*7 :(5'(1P

SUPU g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//( g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//( 6,1' k21(1.5,67$//( 0,7 0$5.$17(1 (/(.75,6&+(1N 0(&+$1,6&+(1N .$/25,6&+(1 81' 237,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1N ',( 3+1'(581* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 r2/$5,6$7,21 9(5%81'(1 6,1'P f,( 0,7 '(5 r2/$O 5,6$7,21 *(.233(/7(1 0(&+$1,6&+(1 81' .$/25,6&+(1 g5(.7( 6,1' $/6 r,(=2O 81' r7 %(.$117P h@5 ',( (/(.752237,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5,6O 7$//( 9(5:(,6(1 :,5 $8) d'P UN m$3P VP u(+5 ,17(5(66$17( (/(.752237,6&+( g,*(16&+$)7(1 +$%(1 $8&+ ',( h/@66,*.5,67$//(N ',( ,1 d'P WN m$3P Y %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P

SUPU g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//(

Y[W

SUPUPS %(5%/,&. r7 75$163257,(57P f$ ',(6(5 n$'81*675$163257 185 (,10$/ 67$77O =871'(1 +$7 81' 185 (,1( *(5,1*( n$'81*60(1*( 80)$667N ,67 (5 $8&+ ,1 m5,67$//(1 0,7 6(+5 ./(,1(5 n$'81*675>*(5%(:(*/,&+.(,7 0?*/,&+P u2/&+( (/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$//( 0,7 +202*(1(5 63217$1(5 r2/$5,6$7,21N $%(5 1(875$/,6,(57(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1N :(5'(1 r//7P

f,( %(,0 3760(1*(1 6,1' '(0 m5,67$//48(56&+1,77 3523257,21$/] 6,( 6,1' $%(5 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 n>1*( '(6 m5,67$//6P d(, (,1(5 g5:>5081* 80 SRR m :,5' %(,0 v850$/,1 $8) (,1(5 h/>&+( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 32/$5(1 c&+6( (,1( g/(.75,=,7>760(1*( 921 SR2V c6B0T )5(,P h(552(/(.75,.$P y>+5(1' ',( 63217$1( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(5 r5( 32/$5( c&+6( )(67*(/(*7 ,67 81' 1,&+7 80*(32/7 :(5'(1 .$11 Jc%%P SUPSR$KN 67(+(1 )@5 ',( 63217$1( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(5 h(552(/(.75,.$ 9(56&+,('(1( .5,67$//2*5$O 3+,6&+( t,&+781*(1 =85 x(5)@*81* Jc%%P SUPSR%KP w0 ',( m5,67$//(1(5*,( =8 0,1,O 0,(5(1N ,67 ',( 63217$1( r2/$5,6$7,21 @%(5 *5?M(5( d(5(,&+( '(6 m5,67$//6N '(1 62

Y[X

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

(a)

(b)

c%%P SUPSR u3217$1( r2/$5,6$7,21 ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$//(1 J6&+(0$7,6&+K\ J$K +202*(1( r2O /$5,6$7,21N J%K c8)7(,/81* '(6 m5,67$//6 ,1 f20>1(1 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+O 781*P

*(1$117(1 f20>1(1N +202*(1P w0 ',( i(6$07(1(5*,( =8 0,1,0,(5(1 %,/'(7 '(5 m5,67$// (,1( f20>1(16758.785 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+781*(1 $86N 80 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $%=8%$8(1 81' 62 >8M(5( (/(.75,6&+( u75(8)(/'(5 =8 0,O 1,0,(5(1P f,( f20>1(16758.785 '(5 63217$1 32/$5,6,(57(1 m5,67$//%(5(,&+( 81' ,+5 x(5+$/O 7(1 %(, c1/(*(1 (,1(6 >8M(5(1 h(/'(6 (17635,&+7 3+>120(12/2*,6&+ '(1 y(,66Od(O =,5.(1 '(5 h(5520$*1(7,.$P c//(,1 '$6 :$5 '(5 i581' )@5 ',( p$0(16*(%81*] (6 *,%7 .(,1(1 3+8M(5(6 h(/'P g,1 0$.526.23,6&+ 32/$5,6,(57(5 )(552(/(.75,6&+(5 m5,67$// +$7 $8&+ 3&+(1 326,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81*(1 $8)75(7(1P f,(6( g56&+(,181* :,5' $/6 r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 %(=(,&+1(7P h@5 (,1( (567( 48$/,7$7,9( g5./>581* '(1.(1 :,5 816 =P dP '5(, 326,7,9 81' '5(, 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1( c720( (17635(&+(1' c%%P SUPSS$ ,1 '(1 g&.(1 (,1(6 u(&+6(&.6 $1*(%5$&+7N 62'$66 '$6 *$1=( i(%,/'( 1$&+ $8M(1 (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/ ,67P %(1 :,5

SUPU g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//( 1

(a)

1

6

2

6

5

3

5

4

Y[Y

2 3 4

(b)

c%%P SUPSS |80 c8)75(7(1 921 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 '85&+ f58&. 2'(5 |8*\ J$K n$*( '(5 m5,67$//,21(1 2+1( >8M(5( g,1:,5.81*N J%K n$'81*69(56&+,(%81* '85&+ f()250$7,21P

,1 t,&+781* (,1(5 u(&+6(&.',$*21$/( (,1(1 f58&. $8) '(1 m5,67$// $86N 62 :,5'N :,( (6 c%%P SUPSS% $1'(87(7N '$6 326,7,9( c720 S =:,6&+(1 ',( %(,'(1 1(*$7,9(1 c720( T 81' X 81' '$6 1(*$7,9( c720 V =:,6&+(1 ',( 326,7,9(1 c720( U 81' W *(6&+2%(1P k1)2/*( ',(6(5 9(5>1'(57(1 n$*( '(5 (,1=(/1(1 c720( (56&+(,17 '$6 i(%,/'( 1$&+ $8M(1 1,&+7 0(+5 (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/N 621'(51 ,1 '(5 f58&.5,&+781* $8) '(5 (,1(1 u(,7( 326,7,9 81' $8) '(5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 u(,7( 1(*$7,9 (/(.75,6&+P |8 %($&+7(1 ,67 $%(5N '$66 +,(5%(, '(5 m?53(5 ,0 *$1=(1 81(/(.75,6&+ %/(,%7 81' 185 (,1 v(,/ 6(,1(5 q%(59>&+( 326,7,9N (,1 $1'(5(5 (%(162 67$5. 1(*$7,9 (/(.75,6&+ :,5'P x(568&+( =(,*(1N '$66 6,&+ %(, x(57$86&+81* 921 m2035(66,21 81' f,/$7$7,21 '$6 x25=(,&+(1 '(5 n$'81*(1 >1'(57N '$66 )(51(5 ,+5( i5?M( '(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 d(/$6781* *(1$8 352O 3257,21$/ ,67 81' %(, *(*(%(1(5 i(6$07%(/$6781* 1,&+7 921 '(1 c%0(6681*(1 '(6 m5,67$//6 $%+>1*7N 'P +P ',( n>1*( '(6 m5,67$//6 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 d(O $16358&+81* +$7 .(,1(1 g,19866 $8) ',( i5?M( '(5 )5(,:(5'(1'(1 n$'81*P y,5' =P dP %(, */(,&+(5 i(6$07%(/$6781* '(5 m5,67$//48(56&+1,77 +$/%,(57N 62 75,77 ,1)2/*( '(6 '233(/7(1 f58&.(6 ',( '233(/7( n$'81*6',&+7( 81' 620,7 ',( */(,&+( i(6$07O /$'81* $8)P f(5 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( g5(.7 :85'( =81>&+67 %(, '(1 m5,67$//(1 v850$/,1N s8$5=N |,1.%/(1'(N p$75,80&+/25$7N y(,16>85(N t2+5=8&.(5 81' u(,*1(77(6$/= *(O )81'(1] '2&+ 75,77 (5 $8&+ 12&+ %(, 9,(/(1 $1'(5(1 m5,67$//(1 $86 9(56&+,('(1(1 m5,67$//./$66(1 $8)] (5 ,67 $/62 1,&+7 $1 (,1( %(67,007( m5,67$//./$66( *(%81'(1P f(5 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( g5(.7 ,67 80.(+5%$5P f(5 5(=,352.( g5(.7 J&219(56( 3,(=2O (/(&75,&,7/7( 9(5*/(,&+O %$5 0,7 (,1(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 m5$)7N :(/&+( ',( 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( c89$'81* +(592558)7P k0 h2/*(1'(1 :(5'(1 925 $//(0 ',( r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 '(6 s8$5=(6 62:,( ',( h(552O 81' r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 '(6 d$5,807,7$1$76 1>+(5 %(75$&+7(7P

Y[Z

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

SUPUPT r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 f$6 *(0(,16$0( m(11=(,&+(1N '$6 $//( 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$//( %(6,7=(1N ,67 '$6 x25+$1'(16(,1 (,1(5 2'(5 0(+5(5(5 32/$5(5 c&+6(1P w17(5 (,1(5 32/$5(1 c&+6( 9(5O 67(+7 0$1 ,1 '(5 m5,67$//2*5$3+,( (,1( 62/&+(N %(, '(5 925'(5(6 81' +,17(5(6 g1'( 1,&+7 */(,&+:(57,*N $/62 1,&+7 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(57$86&+%$5 6,1'N 0,7 $1'(5(1 y257(1\ g,1( SZR@Of5(+81* 80 (,1( =85 32/$5(1 6(1.5(&+7(1 c&+6( %5,1*7 '(1 %(75(5(1'(1 m5,67$// 1,&+7 0,7 '(5 c86*$1*667(//81* =85 f(&.81*P f,(6 62// $0 s8$5= 9(5$1O 6&+$8/,&+7 :(5'(1N '(66(1 7&+(1 $1/,(*(1N ',( %(, '(5 *(O *(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 m$17( )(+/(1P f,( 9,(57( %(,0 s8$5= 925+$1'(1( c&+6(N ',( 62*P .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+( j$837$&+6( J,1 c%%P SUPST 0,7 | %(=(,&+1(7KN ,67 1,&+7 32/$5] '(11 (,1( SZR@Of5(+81* 80 (,1( '(5 '5(, zOc&+6(1 %5,1*7 '(1 m5,67$// 0,7 6(,1(5 c86*$1*667(//81* :,('(5 =85 f(&.81*P f$ ',( |Oc&+6( $8&+ ,1 237,6&+(5 d(=,(+81* (,1( u&+(1 (17*(O *(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+( (/(.75,6&+( n$'81*(1 $8)P f$%(, ,67 (6 1,&+7 81%(',1*7 127:(1',*N

c%%P SUPST

m5,67$//)250 '(6 s8$5=(6P

SUPU g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//(

Y[[

B1 H1

Q

H2

c%%P SUPSU g5=(8*81* 921 r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 %(,0 s8$5= '85&+ f58&.P

B2

'$66 ',( 0(&+$1,6&+( d($16358&+81* ',5(.7 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 32/$5(1 c&+6( (5)2/*7N 621'(51 (6 *(1@*7N :(11 (,1( f58&.O 2'(5 f(+181*6.20321(17( ,1 t,&+781* ',(6(5 c&+6( 925+$1'(1 ,67P g;3(5,0(17(// />667 6,&+ %(, (,1(0 s8$5=.5,67$// '$6 c8)75(7(1 '(5 n$'81*(1 '$O '85&+ =(,*(1N '$66 0$1 '(1 m5,67$// (17635(&+(1' c%%P SUPSU =:,6&+(1 '(1 d$&.(1 dS 81' dT (,1(6 u&+5$8%672&.(6 2'(5 (,1(5 u&+5$8%=:,1*( ,1 t,&+781* (,1(5 32/$5(1 c&+6( '5@&.7] '$0,7 ',( $1 '(1 *('5@&.7(1 m$17(1 $8)75(7(1'(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$O '81*(1 1,&+7 '85&+ n$'81*675$16)(5 @%(5 ',( o(7$//%$&.(1 '(6 u&+5$8%672&.(6 .203(16,(57 :(5'(1N /(*7 0$1 =85 k62/$7,21 '@11( j$57*800,6&+(,%(1 jS 81' jT '$=:,6&+(1P f,( %(, f58&. $1 '(1 m$17(1 '(6 m5,67$//6 $8)75(7(1'(1 n$'81*(1 +$%(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( x25=(,&+(1 J2%(1 3/86K] 6,( /$66(1 6,&+ %(48(0 '85&+ (,1( d(67>8%81* '(6 m5,67$//6 0,7 (,1(0 i(0,6&+ 921 o(11,*( 81' u&+:()(/38/9(5 1$&+O :(,6(1P f(5 %(, '(5 |(567>8%81* 1(*$7,9 *(:25'(1( u&+:()(/ 6$00(/7 6,&+ $1 '(1 326,7,9(1N '$6 326,7,9 *(:25'(1( o(11,*(38/9(5 $1 '(1 1(*$7,9(1 u7(//(1 $8) '(0 m5,67$// $1P d()(67,*7 0$1 $1 '(1 m5,67$//.$17(1 6&+0$/( g/(.752'(1 81' 9(5%,1'(7 0$1 -(:(,/6 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'( m$17(1 0,7 (,1(0 (0371'/,&+(1 g/(.7520(7(5N 62 /$66(1 6,&+ ',( 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 $8&+ 48$17,7$7,9 1$&+:(,6(1P f$ %(, f58&. 2'(5 f(+181* ',( 0$;,0$/(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 67(76 $1 '(1 g1'(1 (,1(5 32/$5(1 c&+6( $8)75(7(1N 6&+1(,'(7 0$1 ',( =8 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 x(5O 68&+(1 %(187=7(1 r/$77(1 81' u7>%( 62 $86 '(0 %(75(5(1'(1 m5,67$// +(5$86N '$66 (,1 h/>&+(13$$5 6(1.5(&+7 =8 (,1(5 32/$5(1 c&+6(N ',( 0$1 +>87* $8&+ (/(.75,6&+( 2'(5 r,(=2$&+6( 1(117N 9(5/>8)7P h@5 '(1 h$// '(6 s8$5=(6 ,67 ,1 c%%P SUPSV (,1( u&+1,77/$*( )@5 (,1( 5(&+7(&.,*( r/$77( $1*(*(%(1P X

Z

Y b l

d

c%%P SUPSV u&+1,77/$*( (,1(5 r,(=248$5=O 3/$77(N 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r,(=2$&+6( 3 zOc&+6( J{Oc&+6( 3 0(&+$1,6&+( c&+6(N | 3 237,O 6&+( c&+6(KP

ZRR

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

h@5 (,1(1 s8$5=67$% 2'(5 (,1( 5(&+7(&.,*( s8$5=3/$77(N '(5(1 f,&.( ' (17635(O &+(1' c%%P SUPSV ,1 t,&+781* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 c&+6(N '(5(1 d5(,7( % ,1 t,&+781* '(5 237,6&+(1 |Oc&+6( 81' '(5(1 n>1*( s ,1 t,&+781* '(5 '5,77(1 m225',1$7( { 9(5/>8)7N .?11(1 :,5 )2/*(1'( 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 v(,/(5(.7( 817(56&+(,'(1\ A n21*,78',1$/(5N ',5(.7(5 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(5 g5(.7\ m2035(66,21 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 zOc&+6( />'7 ',( %(,'(1 1250$/ =85 zOc&+6( /,(*(1'(1 h/>&+(1 % 6 s 326,7,9 %=:P 1(*$7,9 $8)P A v5$169(56$/(5N ',5(.7(5 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(5 g5(.7\ f,/$7$7,21 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 {O c&+6( />'7 ',( %(,'(1 1250$/ =85 zOc&+6( /,(*(1'(1 h/>&+(1 % 6 s ,1 */(,&+(5 y(,6( 326,7,9 %=:P 1(*$7,9 $8)P A f,/$7$7,21 ,0 h$// S 81' m2035(66,21 ,0 h$// T %(:,5.(1 (,1( w0.(+581* '(5 x25=(,&+(1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n$'81*(1 $8) '(1 h/>&+(1 % 6 sP A f58&. 2'(5 f(+181* ,1 t,&+781* '(5 |Oc&+6( (5*,%7 .(,1(1 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 g5(.7P c8&+ %(,0 5(&,352.(1 g5(.7 J&219(56( 3,(=2(/(&75,&,7+(581* ',( u,/,&,80O 81' u$8(56725$720( ,1 6(&+66(,7,*(1 u758.785=(//(1 $125'1(1P f,( c125'O 181* '(5 u,Oc720( ,67 '$%(, 6&+5$8%(1)?50,* =8 '(1.(1N 81' '(5 f5(+6,11 ',(6(5 u&+5$8%(125'181* *,%7 $1N 2% :,5 (6 0,7 (,1(0 237,6&+ 5(&+76 2'(5 /,1.6 '5(+(1'(1 s8$5= =8 781 +$%(1P k1 '(5 c%%P XPWVN ',( (,1(1 237,6&+ /,1.6 '5(+(1'(1 s8$5= '$567(//7N /,(*7 '$6 u,Oc720 U (7:$6 7,()(5 $/6 SP f,( c125'181* '(5 qOc720( ,67 '$11 2+1( :(,7(5(6 9(567>1'/,&+P p81 75>*7 -('(6 u,Oc720 V 326,7,9( g,1+(,76/$'81O *(1 81' -('(6 qOc720 T 1(*$7,9(N 81' ,1 '(5 u758.785=(//( :(5'(1 6>07/,&+( n$O '81*(1 *(*(16(,7,* $%*(6>77,*7N 62'$66 ',( |(//( 1$&+ $8M(1 +,1 (/(.75,6&+ 1(875$/ ,67P f(1.(1 :,5 816 =85 x(5(,1)$&+81* ',( %(,'(1 -(:(,/6 (7:$6 2%(5O 81' 817(5+$/% (,1(6 u,Oc7206 $1*(%5$&+7(1 qOc720( ,1 (,1 (,1=,*(6 qOc720 0,7 '(5 n$'81* 921 V g,1+(,7(1 =86$00(1*()$667N 62 .200(1 :,5 =8 (,1(5 u758.785=(//( 1$&+ c%%P SUPSW$P y,5' $8) (,1( 62/&+( u758.785=(//( (17635(&+(1' '(5 c%%P SUPSW% ,1 t,&+781* '(5 32/$5(1 c&+6( zS (,1 f58&. $86*(@%7N 62 5@&.7 '$6 u,Oc720 S =:,6&+(1 ',( qOc720( T 81' X 81' '$6 qOc720 V =:,6&+(1 ',( u,Oc720( U 81' W] '$'85&+ :,5' $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( c 1(*$7,9( n$'81* 81' $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( d 326,7,9( n$O '81* )5(,P f,(6 (5*,%7 '(1 /21*,78',1$/(1 ',5(.7(1 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 g5(.7P

SUPU g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//(

c%%P SUPSW

ZRS

|85 g1767(+81* '(5 r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7P

y,5' '$*(*(1N :,( (6 ',( c%%P SUPSW& $1'(87(7N 6(1.5(&+7 =8 '(5 32/$5(1 c&+6( zS (,1 f58&. (5=(8*7N 62 9(56&+,(%(1 6,&+ '$6 u,Oc720 U 81' '$6 qOc720 T %=:P '$6 u,Oc720 W 81' '$6 qOc720 X */(,&+0>M,* 1$&+ ,11(1N 81' $8) '(1 g/(.752'(1 e 81' f :(5'(1 .(,1( n$'81*(1 ,198(1=,(57P y2+/ 75(7(1 $%(5 :,('(5 $8) '(1 h/>&+(1 c 81' d $1 '(1 g1'(1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 c&+6( zS n$'81*(1 $8)N $//(5',1*6 0,7 80*(.(+57(1 x25=(,&+(1 :,( ,0 h$// '(5 c%%P SUPSW%N '$ -(7=7 '$6 u,Oc720 S 62:,( '$6 qOc720 V 1$&+ $8M(1 9(56&+2%(1 :(5'(1P y,5 +$%(1 (6 $/62 0,7 '(0 75$169(56$/(1 ',5(.7(1 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 g5(.7 =8 781P o$1 (56,(+7 /(,&+7 $86 ',(6(0 o2'(//N '$66 (,1( f(+181* $1 u7(//( '(6 f58&.(6 ',( x25=(,&+(1 '(5 n$'81*(1 80.(+57N 81' '$66 )(51(5 (,1( 0(&+$1,6&+( d($16358&+81* ,1 '(5 |Oc&+6(N $/62 6(1.5(&+7 =85 |(,&+(1(%(1(N .(,1( 816667 6,&+ 0,77(/6 '(5 %(6&+5,(%(1(1 u758.785=(//( (5./>5(1P g6 ,67 1,&+7 6&+:(5 (,1=86(+(1N '$66 $8&+ '85&+ x(5'5,//81* (,1(6 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$//6 (/(.75,6&+( n$'81*(1 $8)75(7(1 0@66(1 81' 80*(O .(+57 '85&+ c1/(*(1 *((,*1(7(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 h(/'(5 (,1( v256,21 '(6 m5,67$//6 67$77O 71'(1 0866 JyPeP t?17*(1N SZZ[KP s8$5=.5,67$//( Ju,qTK 6,1' &+(0,6&+ .$80 $1*5(,)%$5N 6(+5 )(67 81' +$/7%$5P c%(5 6,( 6,1' 7(8(5 81' :(*(1 ,+5(5 j>57( 6&+:(5 =8 %($5%(,7(1P c86 '(0 d(5*.5,67$// 2'(5 $8&+ $86 ./(,1(1 677&+(1 81' u&+(,%(1N *(1$8 1$&+ '(1 32/$5(1 c&+6(1 *(5,&+7(7N 0,7 f,$0$176>*(1 +(5$86*(6&+1,77(1 81' 32/,(57P

SUPUPU h(552(/(.75,=,7>7 f,( h(552(/(.75,.$ +$%(1 81*(:?+1/,&+ +2+( r(50,77,9,7>76=$+/(1N ',( $%(5 h81.O 7,21(1 '(5 h(/'67>5.( 6,1' 81' $8M(5'(0 921 '(5 x25%(+$1'/81* $%+>1*(1P y,( %(, '(5 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ 0866 0$1 $8&+ +,(5 *(1$8 )(67/(*(1N

ZRT

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

817(5 :(/&+(1 d(',1*81*(1 &5 *(0(66(1 :,5'N =P dP ',( NNc1)$1*63(50,77,9,7>7DD %(, 6(+5 ./(,1(1 gOh(/'67>5.(1P h@5 ',( h(552(/(.75,=,7>7 ,67 .(11=(,&+1(1'N '$66 ',( u725( 32/$5( m5,67$//( %,/'(1 81' '$66 ',( t,&+781* '(5 63217$1(1 J5(0$1(17(1K r2/$5,6$7,21 '85&+ c1:(1'81* (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 80.(+5%$5 ,67P q%(5+$/% 81' %(, (,1,*(1 u8%67$1=(1 $8&+ 817(5+$/% (,1(5 %(67,007(1 v(03(O 5$785 9(56&+:,1'(7 ',( g56&+(,181* '(5 h(552(/(.75,=,7>7P f$6 u(,*1(77(6$/= +$7 185 ,0 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+ =:,6&+(1 TWW m 81' T[X m ',( )@5 ',( h(552(/(.75,=,7>7 (5O )25'(5/,&+( m5,67$//6758.785P f(5 2%(5( w0:$1'/81*6381.7N %(, '(0 ',( )(552(/(.7O 5,6&+( g,*(16&+$)7 9(56&+:,1'(7N :,5' %(, $//(1 )(552(/(.75,6&+(1 u725(1N $1$/2* =80 h(5520$*1(7,6086N '(5 e85,(Or81.7 %=:P ',( e85,(Ov(03(5$785 *(1$117P f,( e85,(O v(03(5$785 /,(*7 %(,0 d$5,807,7$1$7 %(, 1STR@eP f$6 u(,*1(77(6$/= Jm$/,801$7O 5,807$575$7K 81' $1'(5( )(552(/(.75,6&+( g,1.5,67$//( 6,1' +(87( 185 12&+ 921 :,6O 6(16&+$)7/,&+(0 k17(5(66(P f$*(*(1 +$%(1 .(5$0,6&+(N 0,.52.5,67$//,1( h(552(/(.7O 5,.$ :,( d$v,qUN u5v,qUN e$v,qU 81' .(5$0,6&+( o,6&+.5,67$//(N :,( =P dP r%J|5Nv,KqUN r%Ju5Nv,KqU 81' $1'(5(N 6(+5 *52M( 7(&+1,6&+( d('(8781* %(.200(1P u,( +$%(1 (,1( *52M( r(50,77,9,7>7 &5 81' '85&+ c%.@+/81* ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' .?11(1 6,( 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+ *(0$&+7 :(5'(1P f$6 3+87(57N (,1(0 '(5 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1N 2%(1 $1*()@+57(1 h(552(/(.75,.$ 0,7 r(52:6.,7Ou758.785P f$6 5(/$7,9 ./(,1( v,V1Ok21 6,7=7 ,0 |(17580 (,1(6 y@5)(/6 Jc%%P SUPSXK] ,1 '(1 g&.(1 '(6 y@5)(/6 %(71'(1 6,&+ ',( d$5,80Ok21(1 81' ,0 |(17580 '(5 y@5)(/9>&+(1 6,7=(1 ',( u$8(56725Ok21(1P u2 +$7 '$6 v,7$1Ok21 ,0 |(17580 6(+5 9,(/ r/$7= 81' .$11 6,&+ /(,&+7 9(5/$*(51N :(11 '85&+ (,1( /(,&+7( x(5)25081* '(5 .8%,6&+(1 m5,6O 7$//6758.785 x25=8*65,&+781*(1 (1767(+(1P o,7 '(5 2%(5+$/% '(6 e85,(Or81.7(6 (;,67,(5(1'(1 .8%,6&+(1 u758.785 921 c%%P SUPSX ,67 d$5,807,7$1$7 1,&+7 )(552(/(.75,6&+P g,1( 63217$17( )(552(/(.75,6&+( r2/$5,6$7,21 %,/'(7 6,&+ %(,0 w17(56&+5(,7(1 '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 921 STR@eP f,( ,1 c%%P SUPSX 0,7 & %(=(,&+1(7(1 y@5)(/.$17(1 9(5/>1*(51 6,&+ 921 VRRP[ 30 $8) VRTPT 30] ',( 0,7 $ %(=(,&+1(7(1 m$17(1 9(5.@5=(1 6,&+ 921 VRRP[ 30 $8) VRRPU 30P f(5 m5,67$// ,67 '$11 1,&+7 0(+5 .8%,6&+N 621'(51 /(,&+7 7(75$*21$/P f85&+ ',(6( ./(,1( c%:(,&+81* 921 '(5 .8%,6&+(1 u758.785 9(56&+,(%7 6,&+ '$6 v,7$1Ok21 80 SU 30 $86 '(0 |(17580 '(6 u$8(56725Oq.7$('(56 81' %(:,5.7 (,1( 63217$1( r2O /$5,6$7,21 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 v,7$1Ok21Ox(56&+,(%81*P u,( /,(*7 3$5$//(/ =8 (,1(5 y@5O )(/.$17( '(6 925+(5 .8%,6&+(1 i,77(56N 'P +P (6 *,%7 6(&+6 */(,&+:(57,*( x(56&+,(%81*6O

a

c c

a

c%%P SUPSX r(52:6.,7Oi,77(5 J9(5(,1)$&+7K 2%(5O +$/% '(6 e85,(Or81.7(6\ k1 '(1 y@5)(/(&.(1 6,7O =(1 ',( g5'$/.$/,Ok21(1N ,1 '(1 |(175(1 '(5 y@5O )(/9>&+(1 u$8(56725Ok21(1N ,0 |(17580 '$6 ./(,O 1(5( v,7$1Ok21P

SUPU g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//(

ZRU

5,&+781*(1P k1 $//(1 m5,67$//=(//(1 (,1(5 f20>1( (5)2/*7 ',( v,7$1Ok21Ox(56&+,(%81* ,1 */(,&+(5 t,&+781*P d(, :(,7(5(5 c%.@+/81* (5)2/*(1 r+$6(180:$1'/81*(1 1$+( R@e 81' 1$+( 2ZR@e ',( =8 $1'(5(1N (%(1)$//6 )(552(/(.75,6&+(1 m5,67$//6758.785(1 )@+5(1P o,6&+O .5,67$//( :,( =P dP r%J|5Nv,KqU +$%(1 e85,(Ov(03(5$785(1N ',( %(, URR@e /,(*(1P f(5 )(552(/(.75,6&+( m5,67$// ,67 ,1 '(5 n$*(N 63217$1N 'P +P 2+1( >8M(5(6 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/'N (/(.75,6&+ =8 32/$5,6,(5(1N $%(5 $86 (1(5*(7,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 Jc%%$8 (/(.7O 5,6&+(5 u75(8)(/'(5K :,5' 1,&+7 '(5 *$1=( m5,67$// ,1 (,1(5 t,&+781* 32/$5,6,(57P f,( i(%,(7(N ,1 '(1(1 ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 (,1( (,1+(,7/,&+( t,&+781* +$7N :(5'(1 f20>1(1 *(1$117P f,( c8)63$/781* ,1 f20>1(1 :,5' ,0 g1(5*,(0,1,080 '(6 i/(,&+*(:,&+O 7(6 '85&+ =:(, *(*(1/>87*( g5(.7( %(67,007\ x(5./(,1(581* '(5 g1(5*,( '(6 '(32O /$5,6,(5(1'(1 h(/'(6 '85&+ =86>7=/,&+( w17(57(,/81* '(5 f20>1(1 81' ',( '$0,7 9(5%81'(1( x(5*5?M(581* '(5 y$1'(1(5*,(P f,( n$*( '(5 f20>1(1 />667 6,&+ ,0 o,.526.23 =(,*(1N :(11 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 81' (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $1*(:(1'(7 :,5'P f,( c%%P SUPSY =(,*7 SZR@Of20>1(1 ,1 (,1(0 d$v,qUOg,1.5,67$//N '(5 6,&+ ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' %()$1' 81' 0,7 32/$5,6,(57(0 n,&+7 '85&+675$+/7 :85'(P k1 '(5 |(,&+181* 6,1' u78)(1 ,1 '(5 m5,67$//2%(59>&+( 81' ',( t,&+781* '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 ,1 '(1 f20>1(1 $1*(*(%(1P d(, 81'85&+6,&+7,O *(0 o$7(5,$/ .$11 0$1 ',( f20>1(1 1$&+ u&+/(,)(1 81' r2/,(5(1 '(5 q%(59>&+( $8&+ '85&+ }7=(1 6,&+7%$5 0$&+(1P f$6 326,7,9( g1'( (,1(5 f20>1( :,5' 6&+1(//(5 $1*(>7=7 $/6 '$6 1(*$7,9( g1'(P y,5' 181 (,1 >8M(5(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $1*(/(*7N '$11 1(+0(1 =81(+0(1' 0(+5 81' 0(+5 81' 6&+/,(M/,&+ $//( f20>1(1 ',( r2/$O 5,6$7,21 '(5 h(/'5,&+781* $1P k1 (,1(0 :(,7*(+(1' NN(17(/(.75,6,(57(1DD h(552(/(.7O 5,.80 0,7 *(5,1*(5 0$.526.23,6&+(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 :,5' '85&+ g,16&+$/7(1 (,1(6 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 h(/'(6 (,1( %(75>&+7/,&+( g5+?+81* '(5 0$.526.23,6&+(1 r2/$5,6$7,21 (5O 5(,&+7P f,( c1)$1*63(50,77,9,7>7 ,67 '(0(17635(&+(1' *52MN %(, d$5,807,7$1$7 $8) |,00(57(03(5$785 @%(5 VRRRN $//(5',1*6 67$5. 5,&+781*6$%+>1*,*P f(5 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( g5(.7 '(6 d$v,qUOg,1'20>1(1.5,67$//6 ,67 (7:$ =:(, i5?O M(125'181*(1 *5?M(5 $/6 %(, s8$5=P h@5 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 :,5' -('2&+ d$5,807,7$1$7 1,&+7 ,1 h250 921 g,1.5,67$//(1N 621'(51 ,1 '(5 h250 3,(=2(/(.75,O 6&+(5 m(5$0,.(1 9(5:(1'(7P f,( .(5$0,6&+(1 )(552(/(.75,6&+(1 u725( 6,1' $%(5 1,&+7 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+ J2'(5 31',*( c86O 5,&+781* '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 ,1 '(1 f20>1(1 81' 62*$5 (,1( f5(+81* ./(,1(5 m5,67$//(P f,( 32/+1(/7 1$&+ ',(6(5 d(+$1'/81* (,1(0 3&+(1 (,1(6 r,(=248$5=(6 @%(5 $8)*('$03)O 7( g/(.752'(1 J$86 c/80,1,80N u,/%(5 2'(5 i2/'K (,1( u3$1181* =8N 62 =,(+7 6,&+ '(5 s8$5= =86$00(1P y,5' ',( u3$1181* 3/?7=/,&+ $%*(6&+$/7(7N '$11 ,67 '(5 m5,67$// 12&+ 6(+5 .85=( |(,7 .2035,0,(57] (5 '(+17 6,&+ $%(5 62)257 :,('(5 $86N 80 ,1 ',( i/(,&+*(:,&+76/$*( =8 .200(1P y,5' 181 '(0 m5,67$// (,1( y(&+6(/63$1181* =8O *()@+57N ',( '(5 g,*(1)5(48(1= '(6 m5,67$//6 2'(5 (,1(5 6(,1(5 q%(5:(//(1 *(1$8 (17O 635,&+7N '$11 75,77 t(621$1= $8)P k1 (,1(0 u&+:,1*.5(,6 (,1*(%$87 :,5.7 '(5 r,(=2O 48$5= ,0 t(621$1=)$// (17'>03)(1' 81' )5(48(1=67$%,/,6,(5(1'P s8$5=( :(5'(1 ,0 h5(48(1=%(5(,&+ 921 S .j= %,6 SWR oj= (,1*(6(7=7P f,( m/(,1+(,7 ,17(*5,(57(5 u&+$/7.5(,6( +$7 (6 (50?*/,&+7N (;75(0 ./(,1( u&+:,1*.5(,6( =8 %$8(1 0,7 :,1=,*(1 )5(48(1=67$%,/,6,(5(1'(1 u&+:,1*48$5=(1P u2/&+( u&+:,1*.5(,6( 6,1' ',( :,&+7,*67(1 d(67$1'7(,/( '(5 s8$5=8+5(1P w0 ',( g,*(16&+:,1*81* '(6 s8$5=(6 81' '$0,7 ',( h5(48(1= %(621'(56 .2167$17 =8 +$/7(1N '$5) 6,&+ ',( v(03(5$785 1,&+7 67$5. >1'(51P d(, '(1 *52M(1 81' 6(+5 *(1$8(1 s8$5=8+5(1 )@5 p250$/)5(48(1=(1 :,5' ',( v(03(5$785 $8) SR2U m .21O 67$17 *(+$/7(1P f$ (6 9(56&+,('(1( 0(&+$1,6&+( g,*(16&+:,1*81*(1 *,%7 Jn>1*6O 6&+:,1*81*(1N d,(*(6&+:,1*81*(1N f,&.(16&+:,1*81*(1 8P $PKN :(5'(1 62/&+( $86O *(68&+7N %(, '(1(1 '(5 v(03(5$785.2(5,=,(17 0?*/,&+67 ./(,1 ,67P f,( |8)@+581*6O '5>+7( :(5'(1 $1 62/&+(1 u7(//(1 '(5 $8)*('$03)7(1 o(7$//6&+,&+7 )(67*(/?7(7N $1 '(1(1 6,&+ m127(1 '(5 u&+:,1*81* %(71'(1P f,(6( f5>+7( ',(1(1 $8&+ =85 j$/O 7(581*P o,7 '(5 f,&.( '(5 $8)*('$03)7(1 o(7$//6&+,&+7 J$8) -('(5 u(,7(K (5+?+7 6,&+ ',( 75>*( o$66( '(6 u&+:,1*48$5=(6N 81' '$0,7 (51,('5,*7 6,&+ 6(,1( t(621$1=)5(O 48(1=P f,(6 :,5' =85 *(1$8(1 c%67,0081* 9(5:(1'(7P f(11 (6 ,67 >8M(567 6&+:(5N ',( *(:@16&+7( t(621$1=)5(48(1= '(6 s8$5=67@&.(6 '85&+ c%6&+/(,)(1 '(6 s8$5=(6 $8) ',( *(1$8 5,&+7,*( f,&.( =8 (5+$/7(1P f(6+$/% :,5' :>+5(1' '(6 c8)'$03)(16 '(5 g/(.752'(1 ',( h5(48(1= .21752//,(57 81' %(, '(5 *(:@16&+7(1 t(621$1=)5(O 48(1= '$6 c8)'$03)(1 %((1'(7P f,( }1'(581* '(5 s8$5=)5(48(1= %(,0 c8)'$03O )(1 =86>7=/,&+(5 o$66( :,5' $8&+ =85 y>*81* $8)*('$03)7(5 u8%67$1=(1 2'(5N %(, %(.$117(5 u8%67$1=',&+7(N =85 f,&.(1%(67,0081* '@11(5 c8)'$03)6&+,&+7(1 %(O 187=7 JiP u$8(5%5(< S[W[KP f58&.6(1625(1P f(5 f58&.9(5/$8) ,0 |+O 5(1' '(5 g;3/26,21 *(0(66(1 81' ',( m859( $8) (,1(0 q6=,//26.23On(8&+76&+,50 2'(5 0,7 (,1(0 u&+5(,%(5 $8)*(=(,&+1(7P o$1 %(.2007 '$'85&+ m(1171,6 @%(5 ',( f,&+7,*.(,7 '(5 m2/%(15,1*( 81' @%(5 '(1 |@1'925*$1*P f,( d(/$6781* (,1(6 n$*(56 '85&+ (,1( 527,(5(1'( y(//( J=P dP '85&+ (,1( 6&+:(5( v85%,1(1:(//(K 2'(5 '85&+ (,1 t$' J=P dP $0 c872K .$11 %(, ./(,1(5 2'(5 *52M(5 w0'5(+81*6=$+/ *(0(66(1 81' $8)*(=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1P o$1 71'(7 62)257 (,1( w1O :8&+7 81' ',( u7(//( *5?M(5(5 d(/$6781*N ',( '$11 $86*(*/,&+(1 :(5'(1 .$11P f$6 c86:8&+7(1 921 c8725>'(51 *(6&+,(+7 ,1 -('(5 c872:(5.67$77P w/75$6&+$//6(1'(5P y,5' (,1 u&+:,1*48$5= '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+:,1*.5(,6 0,7 (,1(5 h5(48(1= 2%(5+$/% '(5 +?5%$5(1 h5(48(1= 921 TR .j= =8 u&+:,1*81*(1 (55(*7N (1767(+7 w/75$6&+$//P f,( $.867,6&+(1 w/75$6&+$//:(//(1 9(5/$66(1 6(1.5(&+7 ',( $%675$+/(1'( q%(59>&+( '(6 s8$5=(6P g6 *,%7 6(+5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1 921 w/75$6&+$//\ w17(5:$66(5Ou21$5 :85'( :>+O 5(1' '(6 SP y(/7.5,(*6 921 r$8/ n$1*(E 9,1 (17:,&.(/7] S[SZ .2117( '$0,7 (,1 wOd227

ZRX

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

,1 SWRR 0 g17)(5181* (5.$117 :(5'(1P g,1( >+1/,&+( c1:(1'81* ,67 ',( o(6681* '(5 y$66(57,()( Jg&+2/27K '85&+ c866(1'(1 81' g03)$1*(1 (,1(6 w/75$6&+$//,038/O 6(6 1$&+ t(9(;,21 $0 g5'%2'(1] $86 '(5 n$8)=(,7 '(5 w/75$6&+$//:(//( .$11 ',( v,()( %(67,007 :(5'(1P w/75$6&+$// 921 +2+(5 g1(5*,(',&+7( $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( (,1(6 s8$5=.5,67$//6 :,5' =80 |(567>8%(1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 9(5:(1'(7N ,1 ',( '(5 s8$5=O .5,67$// *(7$8&+7 ,67P o,7 w/75$6&+$//:(//(1 .$11 0$1 ,1 )(67( u725( :,( =P dP g,6(1 NN+,1(,16(+(1DDN ,1'(0 0$1 w/75$6&+$//,038/6( ,1 '(1 y(5.6725 +,1(,16&+,&.7 81' ',( t(9(;,21 $1 x(5815(,1,*81*(1 2'(5 $1 n8)7%/$6(1 JNNn81.(5 %(,0 i866DDK )(67O 67(//7P c1 '(1 i5(1=9>&+(1 ,67 ',( $.867,6&+( k03('$1= 9(56&+,('(1 81' 9(5856$&+7 t(9(;,21N :>+5(1' ',( u&+$//:(//( '85&+ '(1 +202*(1(1 u725 81*(67?57 +,1'85&+O *(+7P k1 '(5 o(',=,1 +$%(1 c%%,/'81*(1 $86 '(0 m?53(5,11(5(1 0,7 w/75$6&+$// *52M( d('(8781* J=P dP =85 d(67,0081* '(5 n$*( (,1(6 h(786 ,0 o877(5/(,%KP c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/( )@5 )(552(/(.75,6&+( m(5$0,.P s8$5=.5,67$//( :(5'(1 =81(+0(1' '85&+ )(552(/(.75,6&+(N .(5$0,6&+( u725( Jd$5,807,7$1$7N d/(,=,5.21$7Ov,7$1$7O o,6&+.5,67$//(K (56(7=7P f,(6(1 u725(1 .$11 0$1 -('( %(/,(%,*( h250 *(%(1 Ju,1O 7(5.(5$0,.KP c8&+ +$%(1 6,( +?+(5( g1(5*,(:$1'/81*6)$.725(1P c1:(1'81*6%(,O 63,(/(\ f85&+ j(%(/@%(56(7=81* 921 '(5 j$1' 2'(5 920 h,1*(5 :,5' $8) (,1 ./(,1(6 32/1*7P w17(5+$/% '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 +$7 '$6 h(552(/(.75,.80 (,1( 6(+5 +2+( r(50,77,9,7>7N 81' '(6+$/% 6,1' ',( u3(556&+,&+7(1 185 6&+:$&+ $86*(35>*7P u7(,*7 ',( v(03(5$785 @%(5 ',( e85,(Ov(03(5$785N '$11 6,1.7 ',( r(50,77,9,7>7 $%N 81' (6 75,77 (,1( |81$+0( '(5 u3(55327(17,$/( (,1N ',( '(1 67(,/(1 y,'(567$1'6$167,(* +(592558)7P f,(6(5 g5(.7 @%(5'(&.7 ',( %(, $//(1 j$/%/(,7(51 *581'6>7=/,&+ 925/,(*(1'( y,'(567$1'6$%1$+0( '85&+ ',( 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 =81(+0(1'(1 g,*(1/(,781*P m$/7/(,7(5 :(5'(1 $/6 v(0O 3(5$785)@+/(5 Jt(*/(5N %(5/$676&+87=N h/@66,*.(,76Op,9($8)@+/(5 8P $PK 9(5:(1'(7N 62:,( ,1 u&+$/781*(1 =85 u752067$%,/,6,(581* 81' =80 g,13+$6(1Oo272567$57 (,1O *(6(7=7P r,(=267(//7(&+1,.P c%6&+/,(M(1' 6(, (,1( *$1= $1'(5( c1:(1'81* '(5 r,(=2(/(.75,O =,7>7 (5:>+17P g6 ,67 %(.$117/,&+ 6&+:(5N ./(,167( x(56&+,(%81*(1 *(1$8 =8 92//=,(O +(1N =P dP r5>3$5$7( 817(5 '(0 o,.526.23 2'(5 ,0 g/(.7521(10,.526.23 ,1 =:(, 5(&+7:,1./,*(1 m225',1$7(1 =8 %(:(*(1N 81' =:$5 80 u75(&.(1 921 185 :(1,*(1 p$120(7(51P f,(6 .$11 0,7 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+(1 v5$16/$725(1 *(6&+(+(1P l('(5 %(67(+7

SUPU g/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//(

ZRY

$86 0(+5(5(1 .(5$0,6&+(1 u&+(,%(1N ',( 1$&+ ,+5(5 r2/$5,7>7 ,1 t(,+( *(25'1(7 81' 3$5$//(/ *(6&+$/7(7 6,1'P k1 u7$3(/%$8:(,6( />667 6,&+ %(, (,1(5 u7$3(//>1*( 921 SRR 00 (,1( f(+181* 80 SUR =0 (5=,(/(1P r,(=275$16/$725(1 %(67(+(1 $86 (,1(0 32/$5,6,(57(1 m(5$0,.0$7(5,$/P g,1 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/'N 3$5$//(/ =85 r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+781*N %(:,5.7 (,1( c86'(+181* '(6 o$7(O 5,$/6 ,1 '(5 */(,&+(1 t,&+781*P c/6 o$7(5,$/,(1 :(5'(1 u,17(5.(5$0,.(1N @%(5:,(O *(1' d/(,O|,5.21Ov,7$1$7Ox(5%,1'81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7P d(, '(5 $0 +>87*67(1 $1*(:(1O '(7(1 u7$3(/%$8:(,6( J67$&.(' '(6,*1K %(67(+7 '(5 $.7,9( v(,/ '(6 u7(//(/(0(17(6 $86 (,1(0 u7$3(/ '@11(5 m(5$0,.6&+(,%(1 JRPUAS 00 ',&.KN =:,6&+(1 '(1(1 6,&+ 9$&+( 0(7$//,6&+( g/(.752'(1 =85 |8)@+581* '(5 d(75,(%663$1181* %(71'(1P l( '@11(5 ',( u&+(,%(N '(672 +?+(5 ,67 %(, (,1(5 *(*(%(1(1 d(75,(%663$1181* ',( h(/'67>5.( 81' '$0,7 ',( 5(/$7,9( n>1*(1>1'(581* (nBnP f,( x257(,/( '(5 r,(=267(//7(&+1,. 6,1' A )(,167( r26,7,216>1'(581*(1 ,0 10Od(5(,&+N 58&.)5(, 81' 2+1( u&+:(//63$1181*N A .(,1( x(56&+/(,M7(,/(N A *52M( m5$)7 J(,1 W 7 i(:,&+7 .$11 ,11(5+$/% SRR =0 683(5*(1$8 326,7,21,(57 :(5O '(1KN A 6&+1(//( c1635(&+=(,7 Jd(6&+/(81,*81*(1 921 0(+5 $/6 SRRR *KP g,1 %(5@+07(6 c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/ '(5 r,(=267(//7(&+1,. ,67 ',( t$67(5Ov811(/0,.O 526.23,( Jc%%P SUPSZK\ f,( zO81' {Od(:(*81*(1 5$67(51 ',( q%(59>&+( |(,/( )@5 |(,/( $%P f,( |Od(:(*81* '(5 h(/'(0,66,21663,7=( :,5' 62 *()@+57N '$66 '(5 g0,6O 6,21667520 .2167$17 %/(,%7] '$0,7 :,5' ',( j?+(16758.785 '(5 q%(59>&+( 9(50(66(1P

y

z-Piezo

x

o iez y -P

x-Piezo

c%%P SUPSZ c1:(1'81* '(5 r,(=267(//7(&+1,. ,1 '5(, t,&+781*(1 ,1 '(5 t$67(5Ov811(/0,.526O .23,( J6&+(0$7,6&+KP

h(552(/(.75,6&+( u3(,&+(5=(//(1P f,( 5(0$1(17( r2/$5,6$7,21 (,1(5 )(552(/(.75,6&+(1 |(//( (,*1(7 6,&+ 35,1=,3,(// *(1$862*87 =85 u3(,&+(581* (,1(6 d,76 :,( ',( 5(0$1(17( o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1(5 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 |(//(P f$5@%(5 +,1$86 %,(7(7 ',( h(552(/(.7O 5,=,7>7 12&+ '(1 *52M(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 x257(,/ '(5 |867$1'6>1'(581* '85&+ ',( y,5O .81* (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 J(,1(5 u3$1181*K $167(//( '(5 y,5.81* (,1(6 0$*1(O 7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 J(,1(6 u7520(6K %(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086P

ZRZ

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

f,( c%.@5=81* tco Jt$1'20 c&&(66 o(025+/7( u3(,&+(5=(//(1 0,7+,/)( ',*,7$/ &2',(57(5 c'5(66(1 (5/$8%(1P u&+1(//,*.(,7 81' +2+( u3(,&+(5',&+7(1 :(5'(1 0,7 '(1 '5( 6&+21 1$&+ (7:$ SR 06 $%*(9266(1N :(11 1,&+7 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 u7(8(581*6/2*,. ',( n$'81* 63>7(67(16 1$&+ S 06 (51(8(57 :@5'( JNNc855,6&+(1 '(6 i('>&+71,66(6DD 0(025< 5()5(6+,1*KP f,( $8) (,1(0 ftco *(63(,&+(57( k1)250$7,21 ,67 NN9@&+7,*DD J92/$7,/(KN 'P +P 6,( *(+7 %(,0 c%6&+$/7(1 '(5 u3$1181* 9(5/25(1P f(6+$/% 6,1' 1,&+7O9@&+7,*( u3(,&+(5 JpxtcoN 121O92/$7,/( tcoK 6(+5 (5:@16&+7P |80 )(552(/(.75,6&+(1 u3(,&+(5 *(+?57 '$6 c.521&+(1 0(7$//,6,(57N '(5 ,1 6(,1(5 w0*(%81* (,1 J48$6,OK3(50$1(17(6 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/' (5=(8*7N 62 :,( '(5 NNo$*1(7DD (,1 3(50$1(17(6 0$*1(7,6&+(6 h(/' (5=(8*7P f(5 p$0( :85'( SZZW 921 q/,9(5 j($9,6,'( *(35>*7N '(5 ',( g;,67(1= 921 3(50(1(17 (/(.75,6,(57(1 k62/$725(1 925+(56$*7(P S[TR (5)2/*7( ',( p$0(16*(%81* =80 =:(,7(1 o$/ '85&+ o2727$52 g*8&+,N ',(60$/ 0,7 d(=8* $8) ',( 1$&+ 6(,1(0 x(5)$+5(1 +(5*(67(//7(1 g/(.75(7(P f,( g/(.75(7Og17:,&./81* +$7 +,6725,6&+( y85=(/1 ,0 SZP l$+5+81'(57N ,1 '(0 '(5 NNg/(.7523+25DD JeP y,/&.( SYXTN cP x2/7$ SYYWK (,1 :,&+O 7,*(6 h256&+81*6*(5>7 :$5] SYYY (17'(&.7( iP n,&+7(1%(5* '$0,7 6(,1( u7$8%7*85(1 Jx25/>8)(5 '(5 z(52*5$3+,(KP y,5' '(5 d(*5,5 NNg/(.75(7DD ,0 :(,7(67(1 u,11 9(5:(1'(7 )@5 $//( k62/$725(1N ',( ,1 ,+5(5 w0*(%81* (,1 0$.526.23,6&+(6N 48$6,O3(50$1(17(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' (5O =(8*(1N '$11 *(+?5(1 5(0$1(17 32/$5,6,(57( )(552(/(.75,6&+( m5,67$//( 81' m(5$0,O .(1 '$=8N A $8&+ ',( 3&+(1 m217$.7 0,7 o(7$//O g/(.752'(1P TP |85 g5+?+81* '(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 921 o2/(.@/(1 81' n$'81*675>*(51 ,0 k62/$725 :,5' (5 $8) +2+( v(03(5$785 (5+,7=7P UP f85&+ c1/(*(1 (,1(5 +2+(1 u3$1181* $1 ',( o(7$//(/(.752'(1 :,5' '(5 k62/$725 NN*(32/7DDP f$%(, 6,1' =:(, x$5,$17(1 =8 817(56&+(,'(1\ J$K f85&+ v5(1181* 925+$1'(1(5 n$'81*675>*(5 81'B2'(5 c865,&+781* Jr2/$5,O 6,(581*K '(5 02/(.8/$5(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 f,32/( (1767(+7 (,1 0$.526.23,6&+(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 f,32/] $1 '(1 u7,519>&+(1 +$%(1 ',( f,32/On$'81* '(6 g/(.75(76 81' ',( u3$1181* '(5 m217$.7Og/(.752'(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(6 x25=(,&+(1 Jj(O 7(52On$'81*KP J%K f85&+ k1-(.7,21 921 n$'81*675>*(51 Jg/(.7521(1N n?&+(5K $1 '(1 g/(.752'(1O m217$.79>&+(1 (5+>/7 '(5 g/(.75(7 (,1( r2/81* 0,7 */(,&+(0 x25=(,&+(1 )@5 u7,519>&+(1/$'81* 81' g/(.752'(1Ou3$1181* Jj202On$'81*KP VP c%.@+/81* '(6 k62/$7256 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'P f$1$&+ 6,1' ',( %(, +2+(5 v(0O 3(5$785 *(:$1'(57(1 n$'81*675>*(5 81'B2'(5 ',( ,1 h(/'5,&+781* *('5(+7(1 32O /$5(1 o2/(.@/( NN(,1*()525(1DDP f,(6(6 r5>3$5$7,2169(5)$+5(1 >+1(/7 '(0 S[TR 921 oP g*8&+, =85 j(567(//81* 6(,1(5 y$&+6Bj$5=Og/(.75(7( %(6&+5,(%(1(1P c%(5 '$6 */(,&+( r5,1=,3 :,5' $8&+ *52M7(&+O 1,6&+ 9(5:(1'(7 )@5 h2/,(1(/(.75(7(\ f$6 ',(/(.75,6&+( o$7(5,$/ ,1 h2/,(1)250 J=PdP 0(&+$1,6&+ *(675(&.7N %(,'6(,7,* 0,7 c/ %('$03)7K :,5' $8) (,1( h250,(581*67(0O 3(5$785 .1$33 817(5+$/% '(6 u&+0(/=381.7(6 (5+,7=7 81' '85&+/>8)7 '$%(, =:(, 3/$7O 7(1)?50,*( (/(.75,6&+ *(/$'(1( g/(.752'(1N ',( $8&+ $/6 v5$163257%>1'(5 ',(1(1 .?1O 1(1P c16&+/,(M(1' '85&+/>8)7 ',( g/(.75(7)2/,( (,1( c%.@+/.$00(5N :(,7(5+,1 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6P v*(5 =P dP '85&+ t?17*(1Od(675$+/81* 2'(5 .21752//,(57(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 f85&+%58&+ (1767(+(1P i52M( o(1*(1 921 g/(.75(7(1 :(5'(1 =85 c%75(1181* *(/$'(1(5 2'(5 ,0 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 h(/' 32/$5,6,(57(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 '(5 h,/7(57(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7P f$6 m21'(16$725Oo,.523+21 :85'( '85&+ '$6 ,0 r5,1=,3 */(,&+(N $%(5 2+1( u3$1181*648(//( $5%(,7(1'( g/(.75(7Oo,.523+21 (56(7=7\ k1 '(1 S[XR(5 l$+5(1 (17O :,&.(/7(1 iP u(66/(5 81' lP y(67 ,1 '(1 d(// n$%25$725,(6 '$6 h2/,(1Og/(.75(7Oo,O .523+21 Jr$7(17 S[XVKP g6 =(,&+1(7 6,&+ '85&+ +2+( s8$/,7>7 81' |89(5/>66,*.(,7 $86N ,67 ./(,1N /(,&+7 81' .267(1*@167,*P g7:$ [Rh $//(5 o,.523+21( 187=(1 +(87( ',(6( v(&+1,.P y(/7:(,7 :(5'(1 ->+5/,&+ u7@&.=$+/(1 921 @%(5 =:(, o,//,$5'(1 (5O 5(,&+7P A k1 n$87635(&+(51 81' m23)+?5(51 .2117(1 :(,&+(N 3,(=2(/(.75,6&+( j2&+O 32/8M(5( g,19@66( 5('8=,(57 :(5'(1N =P dP c1O /$*(581* *(/$'(1(5 u7$8%7(,/&+(1 2'(5 k21(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 x25=(,&+(16 $1 ',( u7,519>&+(1 '(6 g/(.75(7(1P c1'(5(56(,76 .$11 0$1 ',( c1=,(+81* )5(,(5 n$'81*(1 $8&+ $86187=(1 ,1 '(5 u75$+/81*6'26,0(75,(\ f(5 g/(.75(7 352'8=,(57 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' ,1 (,1(5 k21,6$7,216.$00(5 Jc%6&+1P SRPSPUK 81' 6$00(/7 $8) 6(,1(5 u7,519>&+( ',( (1767(+(1'(1 k21(1 (,1(6 x25=(,&+(16] '85&+ :,('(5+2/7( o(6681* '(6 q%(5O 9>&+(1327(17,$/6 .$11 0$1 ',( )2576&+5(,7(1'( m203(16$7,21 '(5 g/(.75(7Or2/81* 9(5)2/*(1N ',( (,1 o$M '(5 $..808/,(57(1 u75$+/81*6'26,6 ,67P h(552(/(.75(7( 6,1' g/(.75(7(N '(5(1 r2/$5,6$7,21 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 :,5.6$0(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( j1*6O 81' s8(5'(+181*N +2+(5 u7,&.6725Of58&.K (1767(+(1 ,0 h,/0 9,(/( /,16(1O )?50,*( *$6*()@//7( |(//(1P f85&+ (,1 67$5.(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' :(5'(1 ,1 '(1 |(//(1 o,.52Or/$60$(17/$'81*(1 *(=@1'(7N ',( =8 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 c89$'81*(1 $1 *(O *(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 |(//:>1'(1 )@+5(1P k1 (,1(0 +,15(,&+(1' 67$5.(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 t,&+781* .$11 '85&+ (51(87( r/$60$(17/$'81*(1 ',( r2/$O 5,6,(581* 80*(32/7 :(5'(1P u2 .2007 ',( j7P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK 3(50,77,9,76(17$7,21 '(6 j2%%7 r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7P c86 y,.,3(',$ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN r,(=2(/(&75,&,71=81*\ NNq1 7+( r(50$1(17 g/(&75(7DD %< o2727$52 giwejkN NNr+,/2623+,&$/ o$*$=,1(DD x2/ V[ JS[TWK 33SYZ\ +773\BB:(%6,7(P/,1(21(P1(7B6$$5(.+8B(*8&+,P+70 3 n,1. SUATR r2/&+( Jd(75$*KN s8(56&+1,77 c%67$1'N u75(&.( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( (5'0$*1(7,6&+( f(./,1$7,21 |867$1'6',&+7( '(5 g/(.7521(1 c%67$1' v(,/&+(1(1(5*,( h(50,Og1(5*,( g/(0(17$5/$'81* (5'0$*1(7,6&+( v27$/,17(16,7>7 m5$)7 Jd(75$*K g5'%(6&+/(81,*81* Jd(75$*K */71,6N *Oh$.725 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* 3 8; 8 (5'0$*1(7,6&+( j25,=217$/,17(16,7>7 jOh(/' 921 n(,7(5675?0(1 u75(8)(/'N NN(170$*1(7,6,(5(1'(6DD jOh(/' j?+( (5'0$*1(7,6&+( k1./,1$7,21 u7520J67>5.(K d2/7=0$11Om2167$17( d$+1'5(+,038/6 3 8? 8 n>1*( o$*1(7,6,(581* g/(.7521(10$66( c1=$+/N y,1'81*6=$+/ v(,/&+(1',&+7(N c720',&+7(N g/(.7521(1',&+7( t$',86 g5'5$',86 5$',$/(5 c%67$1' u75(&.(19(.725N f,5(5(17,$/ '6 7+(502'O &+(5(1 A c57(1 921 o$*1(7,6086 6,1' %,6+(5 12&+ *$5 1,&+7 (5:>+17 :25'(1P f$6 62// 181 1$&+*(+2/7 :(5'(1P f$%(, (5*(%(1 6,&+ )2/*(1'( (/(.75,6&+B0$*1(7,6&+( c1$/2*,(1\ f,(/(.75,=,7>7 J,0 (1*(5(1 u,11K A f,$0$*1(7,6086 r$5(/(.75,=,7>7 A r$5$0$*1(7,6086 h(552(/(.75,=,7>7 A h(5520$*1(7,6086 f,(/(.75,=,7>7 81' f,$0$*1(7,6086 6,1' 7(03(5$785O81$%+>1*,*( r+>120(1(N ',( %(, $//(1 c720(1 81' o2/(.@/(1 925.200(1N $%(5 6&+:>&+(5 6,1' $/6 ',( '$581O 7(567(+(1'(1N 185 %(, 0$1&+(1 u725(1 925.200(1'(1 r+>120(1(P g,1 :(6(17/,&+(5 w17(56&+,(' %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 ',( ',(/(.75,&+( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 326,7,9N ',( ',$0$*O 1(7,6&+( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 '$*(*(1 1(*$7,9 ,67P r$5(/(.75,=,7>7 75,77 185 %(, 0$1&+(1 o2/(.@/(1N r$5$0$*1(7,6086 185 %(, 0$1O &+(1 c720(1 $8)P f,(6( r+>120(1( 1(+0(1 $% 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 v(03(5$785N :(,/ ',( y>50(%(:(*81* '(5 c865,&+781* '(5 f,32/( ,0 h(/' (17*(*(1 :,5.7P h(552(/(.75,=,7>7 81' h(5520$*1(7,6086 6,1' r+>120(1( 921 81*(:?+1/,&+(5 u7>5.(N ',( 185 %(, :(1,*(1 h(67.?53(51 817(5+$/% (,1(5 .5,7,6&+(1 v(03(5$785N '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785N *()81'(1 :(5'(1P g5*>1=(1' =8 '(5 3+>120(12/2*,6&+(1 d(O +$1'/81* ,1 m$3P U :,5' ,1 ',(6(0 m$3,7(/ $8) ',( r+5.( 5R K 185 6(+5 6&+:$&+ 0$*1(7,6,(57P f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* J0$*1(7,=$7,21K @ ,67 80 (,1,*( i5?M(125'181*(1 ./(,1(5 $/6 ;R P f(6+$/% 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 =85 w17(568&+81* '(6 f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086 6(+5 67$5.(N 0,7+,/)( 921 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 (5=(8*7( h(/'(5] '$6 921 '(5 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 r52%( (5=(8*7( u75(8O )(/' 63,(/7 @%(5+$837 .(,1( t2//(P f,( J5(/$7,9(K r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ J3(50($%,/,7&+(KN *(0(66(1 ,1 '(5 ukOg,1+(,7 c0TP k1 (,1(0 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 u725 6,1' $//( 920 h(/' ,1'8=,(57(1 g, */(,&+*(5,&+7(7N $17,3$5$//(/ =80 h(/' 5RP k1 (,1(5 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(1 r52%( +$%(1 ',( 3(50$1(17(1 g, (,1( '85&+ h(/'(,1:,5.81* =867$1'( .200(1'( t,&+781*69(57(,/81* 0,7 d(925O =8*81* '(5 h(/'5,&+781*P

ZSZ

SV o$*1(7,6086

SVPSPT o(6681* '(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 g,1( *52%(N 48$/,7$7,9( r5@)81* .$11 0$1 '$'85&+ 9251(+0(1N '$66 0$1 ',( =8 817(568&+(1'(1 u725( ,1 (,1 ,1+202*(1(6 o$*1(7)(/' %5,1*7P f,$0$*1(7,6&+( r52O %(1 :(5'(1 $%*(672M(1N 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( :(5'(1 $1*(=2*(1P h(5520$*1(7,6&+( u725( :(5'(1 67(76 0,7 6(+5 *52M(5 m5$)7 $1*(=2*(1P u,( 6,1' $/6 62/&+( 62)257 (5O .(11%$5 81' :(5'(1 ,0 c%6&+1P SVPT *(621'(57 %(+$1'(/7P g,1(0 *52M(1 j?5(5.5(,6 .$11 0$1 /(,&+7 '(1 x(568&+ 1$&+ c%%P SVPS 925)@+5(1P m8*(/1 $86 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 81' 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(1 u725(1 :(5'(1 ,1 '$6 ,1+202O *(1( h(/' (,1(6 o$*1(7(1 *(+>1*7P k1 u&+$77(1352-(.7,21 6,(+7 0$1 '(87/,&+ ',( c%672M81* '(5 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 81' ',( c1=,(+81* '(5 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(1 m8*(/1P

N

c%%P SVPS m8*(/)?50,*( r52%( ,0 ,1+202*(1(1 h(/' (,1(6 o$*1(7(1\ c1=,(+81* (,1(5 3$O 5$0$*1(7,6&+(1 r52%(N c%672M81* (,1(5 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 r52%(P

k1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 :(5'(1 $//( u725( 0$*1(7,6&+ 32/$5,6,(57N 'P +P (6 %,/'(1 6,&+ 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17( $17,3$5$//(/ 2'(5 3$5$//(/ =85 h(/'5,&+781*P j>1*7 0$1 '(1 =8 817(568&+(1'(1 u725 $/6 u7>%&+(1 :$$*(5(&+7 $1 (,1(0 '@11(1 h$'(1 ,1 (,1 ,1+202*(1(6 o$*1(7)(/'N 62'$66 '$6 u7>%&+(1 0,7 '(5 x(5%,1'81*6/,1,( '(5 %(,'(1 r2/( (,1(1 y,1.(/ 921 VW@ %,/'(7 Jc%%P SVPTKN 81' 6&+$/7(7 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' (,1N '$11 67(//7 6,&+ (,1 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(6 u7>%&+(1 48(5 =85 x(5%,1'81*6/,1,( '(5 o$*1(732/( (,1P f,(6 ,67 =P dP %(, d,N u%N |1N r%N e8N c*N c8 '(5 h$//P g,1 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(6 u7>%&+(1N =P dP $86 o1N e5N c/ 2'(5 r7N 67(//7 6,&+ ,1 t,&+781* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'/,1,(1 (,1P r8/9(5 2'(5 h/@66,*.(,7(1 .$11 0$1 ,1 '@11( i/$65?+5&+(1 )@//(1 81' '$0,7 ',( */(,&+(1 x(568&+( '85&+)@+5(1P

N

S

c%%P SVPT 32/(1P

r52%(67>%&+(1 =:,6&+(1 o$*1(7O

f,( m5$)7N ',( (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 f,32/020(17 g0 ,1 (,1(0 ,1+202*(1(1 o$*1(7O )(/' 5 (5)>+57N (5*,%7 6,&+ /(,&+7 $86 '(5 d(75$&+781* '(5 327(17,(//(1 g1(5*,( '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f,32/6 ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' y0 32 g0 6 5N

JSVPWK

'(5(1 1(*$7,9(5 i5$',(17 ',( m5$)7 /,()(57\ 90$* 32 * y0 3 *Jg0 6 5KP

JSVPXK

SVPS f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086

N

S

ZS[

h

c%%P SVPU u7(,*+?+(10(7+2'( 1$&+ iP s8,1&.( JSZZWKP

h@5 '(1 +,(5 *(*(%(1(1 h$//N '$66 g0 3$5$//(/ 2'(5 $17,3$5$//(/ =8 5 *(5,&+7(7 ,67N 81' 817(5 '(5 c11$+0(N '$66 ',( =Oc&+6( ,1 t,&+781* '(6 h(/'*5$',(17(1 =(,*7N (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( ,1 =Ot,&+781* :,5.(1'( m5$)7 '(5 i5?M( h0$* 3 u,0 'dB'=P

JSVPYK

f$6 r/86=(,&+(1 *,/7 )@5 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u8%67$1=(1N '(5(1 o20(17( 6,&+ 3$5$//(/ =80 h(/' $86%,/'(1N '$6 o,186=(,&+(1 )@5 ',$0$*1(7,6&+( u8%67$1=(1 0,7 $17,3$O 5$//(/ =80 h(/' /,(*(1'(1 o20(17(1P g,1( o(7+2'( =85 48$17,7$7,9(1 o(6681* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 921 h/@66,*.(,7(1 ,67 ,1 c%%P SVPU 6.,==,(57P f(5 (,1( .$3,//$5( u&+(1.(/ (,1(6 wOt2+5(6 $86 i/$6N '$6 0,7 '(5 =8 817(568&+(1'(1 h/@66,*.(,7 *()@//7 ,67N %(71'(7 6,&+ =:,6&+(1 '(1 r2/(1 (,1(6 g/(.7520$*1(7(1P f,( h/@66,*.(,762%(59>&+( /,(*7 ,0 +202*(1(1 v(,/ '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6P f(5 817(5( v(,/ '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 %(71'(7 6,&+ *$1= $8M(5+$/% '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6P f$6 ,1+202*(1( o$*1(7)(/' $0 817(5(1 t$1' '(5 r2/6&+8+( :,5' 921 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 67(76 92//.200(1 '85&+6(7=7P y(11 = ',( t,&+781* NN9(57,.$/ 1$&+ 2%(1DD %('(87(7N ,1 ',( $8&+ '(5 i5$',(17 '(6 dOh(/'(6 =(,*7N '$11 ,67 ',( c1=,(+81*6.5$)7N ',( '$6 ,1+202*(1( o$*1(7)(/' $8) (,1( 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( h/@6O 6,*.(,7 $86@%7N 1$&+ 2%(1 *(5,&+7(7 81' 3523257,21$/ =8 'dB'=P k0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 ,67 ',(6( m5$)7 */(,&+ '(0 i(:,&+7 '(6 h/@66,*.(,7692/80(16 Jc%%P SVPU /,1.6KN '$6 80 ',( u7(,*+?+( + @%(5 '$6 p,9($8 '(6 t(6(592,56 $8M(5+$/% '(6 h(/'(6 Jc%%P SVPU 5(&+76K +,1$865$*7P A k0 h$//( (,1(5 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7 ,67 ',( c%672M81*6O .5$)7N ',( 920 ,1+202*(1(1 o$*1(7)(/' $86*(@%7 :,5'N ,0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 0,7 '(5 c8)75,(%6.5$)7 '(5 h/@66,*.(,766>8/(N ',( ,1 '(5 m$3,//$5( J/,1.6K 7,()(5 67(+7 $/6 ,0 t(6(592,5 J5(&+76KP h@5 ',( 48$17,7$7,9( d(5(&+181* '(5 u7(,*+?+( 6&+5(,%(1 :,5 i/P JSVPYK ,1 ',5(O 5(17,(//(5 h250 'h0$* 3 u',0 'dB'=N

JSVPZK

81' 68%67,78,(5(1 ',0 3 o 'x 3 J40 dB,RK c '=N

JSVP[K

:2%(, c ',( s8(56&+1,7769>&+( '(5 h/@66,*.(,766>8/( ,0 wOt2+5 ,67P f,( ,16*(6$07 :,5.6$0( 0$*1(7,6&+( m5$)7 h0$* (5+>/7 0$1 '85&+ ',( k17(*5$7,21 921 'h @%(5 '=\ h0$* 3 g J40 dB,RK c '= 'dB'= 3 J40B,RK c

d 3 o$;

g

d3R

d 'dP

JSVPSRK

ZTR

SV o$*1(7,6086

f$ ',( h/@66,*.(,7 '(1 *(6$07(1 d(5(,&+ '(6 ,1+202*(1(1 u75(8)(/'(6 '85&+6(7=7N .$11 0$1 921 d 3 R *$1= 817(1 %,6 d 3 d0$; ,0 +202*(1(1 h(/' =:,6&+(1 '(1 r2/6&+8+(1 ,17(*5,(5(1N $8&+ :(11 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 dJ=K 1,&+7 *(1$8 %(.$117 ,67P o$1 (5+>/7 T BJT,RKP h0$* 3 u40 cd0$;

JSVPSSK

c86 f,&+7( |N s8(56&+1,7769>&+( cN u7(,*+?+( + 81' g5'%(6&+/(81,*81* * (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( i5$9,7$7,216.5$)7 h*5$9 3 | c + *

JSVPSTK

81' '85&+ i/(,&+6(7=(1 '(5 %(,'(1 m5>)7( ',( u7(,*+?+( T BJT ,R | *KP + 3 u40 d0$;

JSVPSUK

m$3,//$5(5(.7( 6,1' +,(5 1,&+7 %(75$&+7(7 :25'(1P f,( u7(,*+?+( ,67 ./(,1\ h@5 E0 3 SR2WN d 3 S v 81' | 3 S *B&0U (5*,%7 6,&+ =P dP + 3 RPV 00P f(5 m5>)7(%(75$&+781* >48,9$/(17 ,67 (,1( d(75$&+781* 921 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h(/'O (1(5*,( 81' i5$9,7$7,216(1(5*,(N 9?//,* $1$/2* =85 3$5(/(.75,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7 ,0 9(57,.$/(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725N %(+$1'(/7 ,1 c%6&+1P SUPTPUP f,( i/P JSVPSUK *(+7 ,1 ',( i/P JSUPSSK @%(5N :(11 )2/*(1'( u8%67,787,21(1 925*(1200(1 :(5'(1\ 40 S 4(N d0$; S gN &R S SB,RP Ji(1$862 *87 +>77( $8&+ ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h$// ',( d(5(&+181* '(5 u7(,*+?+( '85&+ k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 ',( ',5(5(17,(//(1 m5>)7( ,0 ,1+202*(1(1 h(/'%(5(,&+ (5)2/*(1 .?11(1PK f$6 r5,1=,3N $8) 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17( ,0 ,1+202*(1(1 o$*1(7)(/' m5>)7( $86O =8@%(1N :,5' $8&+ %(, o(6681*(1 $1 )(67(1 u8%67$1=(1 $1*(:(1'(7\ o$1 1,007 =1*(1 Jc%%P SVPV$KP y(6(17/,&+ ,67N '$66 (,1 =1*7 (,1( ./(,1( .8*(/)?50,*( r52%( ,1 (,1(0 ,1+202*(1(1 o$*1(7)(/' 0,7 $11>+(51' .2167$17(0 x(5/$8) 921 'dB'=P

(a)

N

S

(b)

N

S

c%%P SVPV u86=(37,%,/,7>760(6681* 0,7 (,1(5 y$$*(P J$K u7$%)?50,*( r52%(N (5675(&.7 @%(5 '(1 *$1=(1 d(5(,&+ '(6 ,1+202*(1(1 h(/'(6] J%K .8*(/)?50,*( r52%( ,0 h(/' 0,7 9(57,.$/(0 i5$',(17(1 %(.$117(5 i5?M(P

SVPS f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086

ZTS

SVPSPU f,$0$*1(7,6&+( u725( c%%P SVPW *,%7 (,1(1 %(5%/,&. @%(5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>7(1] 0$1 %($&+O 7(N '$66 +,(5 =:(, /2*$5,7+0,6&+( u.$/(1 )@5 326,7,9( 81' 1(*$7,9( u86=(37,%,/,7>76O :(57(N %(*,11(1' %(, uSR2XN $1(,1$1'(5 *()@*7 :25'(1 6,1'N 81' '$66 (,1 u.$/(17(,/ $8) '(5 2%(5(1 u.$/$ (,1(5 |(+1(5327(1= (17635,&+7N $8) '(5 817(5(1 '$*(*(1 =:(, |(+1(5327(1=(1P k1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 817(56&+(,'(1 :,5 185 f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086P f(5 h(5O 520$*1(7,6086 J:,( $8&+ '(5 c17,)(552O 81' h(55,0$*1(7,6086K %(58+7 $8) '(5 ,1 0$1&+(1 h(67.?53(51 817(5+$/% '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 $8)75(7(1'(1 63217$1(1 q5'O 181* $720$5(5 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(5 o20(17(N 6(7=7 $/62 r$5$0$*1(7,6086 925$86P g,1 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(5 g;75(0)$// 6,1' ',( u835$/(,7(5N %(621'(56 ',( 920 v+5 %(, '(1 o$;,0$/:(57(1 J$86 d'P XN m$3P ZKP

ZTT

SV o$*1(7,6086

d(,0 g,16&+$/7(1 '(6 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'(6 :(5'(1 ',&+7 817(5 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 u835$/(,7(56 u75?0( ,1'8=,(57N ',( 6(,1 k11(192/80(1 *(*(1 '$6 >8M(5( h(/' 9?//,* $%6&+,50(1 Jo(,661(5Oq&+6(1)(/'Og5(.7N c%6&+1P ZPVPSKP y(,/ '(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,O '(567$1' (;$.7 18// ,67N %/(,%(1 ',( $%6&+,50(1'(1 u75?0( (5+$/7(1N %,6 '$6 >8M(5( h(/' $%*(6&+$/7(7 :,5' 81' '$%(, '(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 k1'8.7,216(5(.7 %(:,5.7P f,( NN1250$/(1DD ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 81' 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(1 u725( +$%(1 u86=(37,O %,/,7>7(1 921 2SR2V %,6 (7:$ 1SR2VP i(1$8 *(1200(1N 0866 0$1 817(56&+(,'(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 u725(1N ',( '85&+ (,1( 1(*$7,9( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 *(.(11O =(,&+1(7 6,1'N 81' '(0 f,$0$*1(7,6086 $/6 r+>120(1N '$6 %(, $//(1 u725(1 $8)75,77N $%(5 185 %(, '(1 5(,1 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 %(2%$&+7%$5 ,67P |80 x(567>1'1,6 '(6 f,$0$*1(7,6086 *(1@*7 6&+21 ',( ./$66,6&+( x2567(//81* 921 '(1 d$+1(1 '(5 c720(/(.7521(1N ',( 0,7 '(5 80/$8)(1'(1 g/(.7521(1/$'81* (,1(5 u75206&+/(,)(N $/62 (,1(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 d$+1020(17 (17635(&+(1N 81' 0,7 '(5 80/$8)(1'(1 g/(.7521(10$66( (,1(1 d$+1'5(+,038/6 '(71,(5(1P y,5' (,1 >8O M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/' (,1*(6&+$/7(7N '$11 @%7 '$6 h(/' 5 $8) '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( d$+1O 020(17 g (,1 f5(+020(17 $86P y(,/ '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17 $%(5 0,7 '(0 d$+1O '5(+,038/6 ? *(.233(/7 ,67N 5($*,(57 ',( g/(.7521(1%$+1 $8) '$6 f5(+020(17 :,( (,1 m5(,6(/ 81' %(*,117 80 ',( h(/'5,&+781* =8 35>=(',(5(1P f,( r5>=(66,216%(:(O *81* '(5 g/(.7521(1%$+1 (17635,&+7 (,1(0 ,1'8=,(57(1 u7520N '(5 A ,1 %(5(,167,0O 081* 0,7 '(0 n(1=I6&+(1 i(6(7= A (,1 o$*1(7)(/' (5=(8*7N '$6 '(0 >8M(5(1 h(/' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 ,67P o,7 ',(6(5 ./$66,6&+(1 x2567(//81* *(/$1* (6 rP n$1*(E 9,1 6&+21 S[RW (,1( h250(/ )@5 ',( ',$0$*1(7,6&+( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 +(5=8/(,7(1N ',( ',( d(2%$&+O 781*(1 *87 %(6&+5(,%7\ 4',$0 32L,R 1 | (TBX 0(b m5TnN

JSVPSWK

:2%(, 1 ',( c720',&+7(N | ',( |$+/ '(5 g/(.7521(1 352 c720N ( ',( g/(0(17$5/$O '81*N 0( ',( g/(.7521(10$66( 81' m5Tn '(5 o,77(/:(57 @%(5 ',( s8$'5$7( '(5 g/(.7O 521(1%$+15$',(1 ,67P |80 f,$0$*1(7,6086 75$*(1 $/62 +$8376>&+/,&+ ',( >8M(5(1 c720(/(.7521(1 %(,P f(5 $720$5( r5>=(66,216(5(.7 ,67 7(03(5$78581$%+>1*,*P c720( '(5 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 u725( +$%(1 $%*(6&+/266(1( g/(.7521(1.217*85$7,2O 1(1 Ju&+$/(1N w17(56&+$/(1K] $//( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 d$+1O 81' u3,1020(17( Jc%6&+1P YPUPTKN ',( %(, $1'(5(1 u725(1 )@5 '(1 r$5$0$*1(7,6086 9(5$17:257/,&+ 6,1'N .20O 3(16,(5(1 6,&+ *(*(16(,7,*P

SVPSPV r$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u725( f(5 NN1250$/(DD r$5$0$*1(7,6086 (1767(+7 '85&+ 1,&+7O.203(16,(57( d$+1O 81' u3,1020(17(N ',( %(,'( 0,7 f5(+,038/6(1 *(.233(/7 6,1'P g6 *,%7 (,1( *(:,66( }+1O /,&+.(,7 0,7 '(5 r$5(/(.75,=,7>7 %(=@*/,&+ '(5 v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 r$5$O 0$*1(7,6086\ f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* 67(,*7 $1 0,7 '(0 >8M(5(1 h(/' 81' 6,1.7 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 v(03(5$785] %(, 6(+5 ./(,1(1 v(03(5$785(1 81' 6(+5 *52M(1 h(/'67>5O .(1 :,5' u>77,*81* (55(,&+7P c%(5 ',( r+1'(1 J0$*1(7,& 68%O 67$7(6K 0,7 g1(5*,($%67>1'(1 J(1(5*< ,17(59$/6KN ',( 0,7 5 $1:$&+6(1P g567 '$6 7+(5O 0,6&+( i/(,&+*(:,&+7 J7+(50$/ (48,/,%5,80K (5*,%7 (,1( 81*/(,&+( d(6(7=81* '(5 0$*O 1(7,6&+(1 |867>1'(\ f,( |867>1'( ./(,1(5 g1(5*,( J0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 3$5$//(/ =80 h(/'K :(5'(1 67>5.(5 %(6(7=7 $/6 ',( |867>1'( *52M(5 g1(5*,( Jo20(17 $17,O 3$5$//(/KN 81' '$5$86 5(68/7,(57 ',( 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( o$*1(7,6,(581*P o,7 =81(+0(1O '(5 v(03(5$785 :(5'(1 ',( d(6(7=81*6817(56&+,('( ./(,1(5P y(,7$% 921 '(5 u>77,O *81*N =P dP )@5 |,00(57(03(5$785 81' h(/'(5 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 S vN /,()(57 ',( v+(25,( (,1( 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 921 43$5$ 3 1 ,R ,T())BJU.vKN

JSVPSXK

:2%(, +,(5 1 ',( c720',&+7( ,67 81' ,()) '$6 (5(.7,9( $720$5( 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17N '$6 6,&+ $86 '(5 m233/81* '(5 d$+1O 81' u3,1020(17( '(5 %(7(,/,*7(1 c720(/(.7O 521(1 (5*,%7P f,( c720( '(5 n$17+$12,'(1 Ju(/7(1(1 g5'(1K =(,*(1 (,1(1 $86*(O 35>*7(1 r$5$0$*1(7,6086 0,7 ,())Oy(57(1 %,6 (7:$ SR,d J,d 3 d2+5Oo$*1(721KP r$5$0$*1(7,6086 '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1P f,(6(5 u21'(5)$// :85'( 921 yP r$8/, S[TY 7+(25(7,6&+ %(+$1'(/7 Jr$8/,Or$5$0$*1(7,6086K\ f,( 48$6,)5(,(1 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 *(+25&+(1 '(5 h(50,Ou7$7,67,.P d(, '(5 v(03(5$785 v 3 R 6,1' $//( |867>1'( 817(5O +$/% '(5 h(50,Og1(5*,( gh %(6(7=7P k0 o$*1(7)(/' 5 (5+$/7(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 :(*(1 ,+5(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3,1020(17(6 g ',( =86>7=/,&+( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( u, 6 dN :2%(, '$6 r/86=(,&+(1 )@5 ',( $17,3$5$//(/( q5,(17,(581* '(5 %(,'(1 x(.725(1 *,/7P c86 '(1 (1(5*(7,6&+ $1*(+2%(1(1 |867>1'(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1 0,7 $17,3$5$//(/(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17 71'(1 %(5*>1*( ,1 ',( $%*(6(1.7(1 |867>1'( )@5 g/(.752O 1(1 0,7 3$5$//(/(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(1 67$77] ,0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 6,1' ',( |8O 67>1'( %(,'(5 c57 %,6 =85 h(50,Og1(5*,( gh %(6(7=7 Jc%%P SVPXKP y(,/ T, d * gh J$1'(56 $/6 ,1 '(5 @%(575,(%(1(1 f$567(//81* 921 c%%P SVPXKN (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 d(6(7=81*6@%(56&+866 '(5 3$5$//(/ 25,(17,(57(1 g/(.7521(1 $86 T, d 81' '(5 |867$1'6',&+7( $1 '(5 h(50,Oi5(1=(N (,1(5 i5?M(N ',( 185 6(+5 :(1,* 921 '(5 v(03(5$785 $%+>1*7] '(6+$/% ,67 '(5 r$8/,Or$5$0$*1(7,6086 ,0 d(5(,&+ v * ghB. 7(03(5$78581$%+>1*,*P y,( nP n$1'$8 S[UR 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+ %(5(&+1(7 +$7N *,%7 (6 $8&+ (,1(1 f,$0$*1(7,6086 '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1N '(5 ',( 326,7,9( u86=(37,%,O E

B EF Ì

D (E )

Ì

D (E ) 2ÌB (stark vergrößert)

c%%P SVPX g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '(5 |867$1'6O ',&+7( fJgK )@5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 0,7 0$*O 1(7,6&+(0 o20(17 3$5$//(/ 81' $17,3$5$//(/ =80 o$*1(7)(/' J%(6(7=7( |867>1'( *(7?17KP

ZTV

SV o$*1(7,6086

/,7>7 '(6 r$8/,Or$5$0$*1(7,6086 9(50,1'(57P k16*(6$07 (5*,%7 ',( v+(25,( )@5 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 4(/ 3 1 ,R ,TdBghP

JSVPSYK

j,(5 ,67 1 ',( f,&+7( '(5 g/(.7521(1 81' ,d '$6 d2+5Oo$*1(721 J3 u3,1020(17 '(6 g/(.75216KP d(75$&+7(7 0$1 $%(5 1,&+7 185 ',( n(,781*6(/(.7521(1N 621'(51 $8&+ ',( k21(1 '(6 o(7$//*,77(56N '$11 0866 0$1 $8&+ 12&+ '(1 f,$0$*1(7,6086 '(5 *(%81'(1(1 g/(.7521(1 %(5@&.6,&+7,*(1N '(5 6,&+ $8) ',( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 68%75$.7,9 $86:,5.7P d(, '(1 6&+:(5(1 g'(/0(7$//$720(1 @%(567(,*7 '(5 J1(*$7,9(K f,$0$*1(7,6086 '(5 *(O %81'(1(1 g/(.7521(1 '(1 J326,7,9(1K r$8/,Or$5$0$*1(7,086 '(5 n(,781*6(/(.752O 1(1N 62'$66 ',( g'(/0(7$//( 3+>120(12/2*,6&+ =8 '(1 ',$0$*1(7,6&+(1 u725(1 =>+/(1P

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086 g,1( 3+>120(12/2*,6&+( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086 :85'( 6&+21 ,1 c%6&+1P UPX *(*(%(1P f,(6( :,5' ,0 h2/*(1'(1 $/6 %(.$117 925$86*(6(7=7P halbharte Werkstoffe

weichmagnetische Werkstoffe 2.5

hartmagnetische Werkstoffe

Co-Fe

2.0

FeCoVCr

1.5 Ì oMJT

C-Stähle

Fe (Silicium)

Ni-Fe 1.0

Fe

mittlerer Ni-Gehalt Sinter

Cr-, Co-Stähle CoFeNi

SE Co

hoher Ni-Gehalt

PtCo

CuNiFe

NiFe 0.5

0 10 --1

AlNiCo CrCoFe

weichmagnetische Ferrite 10 0

10 1

10 2

10 3 Hc JA m--1

Hartferrite 10 4

10 5

10 6

10 7

c%%P SVPY o$*1(7:(5.6725(N 6&+(0$7,6&+ '$5*(67(//7 1$&+ 0$*1(7,6&+(5 u>77,*81*632/$5,6$O 7,21 81' m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.(P g%(1)$//6 (,1*(75$*(1 6,1' ',( ,1 c%6&+1P SVPTPY %(+$1'(/7(1 h(55,7(P

SVPS f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086

ZTW

f(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ,67 (,1( c861$+0( ,1 '(5 p$785P g5 .2007 185 %(, '(1 %(5*$1*60(7$//(1 g,6(1N e2%$/7N p,&.(/ 81' %(, (,1,*(1 n$17+$12,'(1 Ju(/7(1(1 g5'(1N ugK 925 81' ,67 $1 '(1 )(67(1 c**5(*$7=867$1' 81' 1,&+7 =8 +2+( v(03(5$78O 5(1 *(%81'(1P f$1(%(1 *,%7 (6 921 '(1 *(1$117(1 g/(0(17(1N $8&+ ,1 m20%,1$7,21 0,7 (,1,*(1 $1'(5(1N (,1( *52M( o$1,*)$/7,*.(,7 921 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 n(*,(581*(1 81' ,17(50(7$//,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81*(1 A 0,7 .5,67$//,1(5 q5'181* 2'(5 J1$&+ (;75(0 6&+1(//(0 c%.@+/(1 $86 '(5 u&+0(/=(K 0,7 $0253+(5 u758.785P f$0,7 :85'(1 9(5O 6&+,('(1(N 9,(/6(,7,* 9(5:(1'%$5( o$*1(7:(5.6725( (17:,&.(/7 Jc%%P /VPYKP

SVPTPS h(5520$*1(7,6&+( o(66*5?M(1 h@5 f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086 ,67 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 o$7(5,( $17,3$5$//(/ %=:P 3$5$//(/ =85 g55(*81* '(6 $1*(/(*7(1 NN>8M(5(1DD h(/'6 81' ',( x(5.1@3)81*6*/(,O &+81* )@5 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1 i/P JSVPSK .$11 6.$/$5 *(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P c8M(5'(0 ,67 A $%*(6(+(1 920 u21'(5)$// '(5 u835$/(,781* Jc%6&+1P ZPVPSK A 8o 8 * jN 62'$66 '$6 (,*(1( u75(8)(/' '(5 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 o$7(5,( 9?//,* 9(51$&+O />66,*7 :(5'(1 .$11P g55(*81* 81' o$*1(7,6,(581* %(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086P f,( x(5.1@3)81*6*/(,&+81* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1 5 3 ,R J;1@K

JSVPSZK

0866 )@5 '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086 $1'(56 ,17(535(7,(57 :(5'(1 $/6 )@5 ',( 6&+:>&+(5(1 c57(1 '(6 o$*1(7,6086P d(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086 6,1' $8&+ m5,67$//O 81' h250Oc1,627523,( =8 %($&+7(1] 185 ,1 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 h>//(1N ',( $//(5',1*6 %(, 816(5(1 d(75$&+781*(1 @%(5:,(*(1N .$11 ',( 6.$/$5( h250 921 i/P JSVPSZK 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P k0 h2/*(1'(1 62// ;R ',( g55(*81* '(6 $1*(/(*7(1 NN>8M(5(1DD h(/'(6 %(6&+5(,%(1P h@5 '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086 *,/7 8@ 8 + 8;R 8 N

JSVPS[K

81' '(6+$/% 0866 '$6 u75(8)(/' '(5 o$7(5,$/352%( 0,7 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1\ h@5 ',( g55(*81* :,5' ; 3 ;R 1;u

JSVPTRK

$1*(6(7=7N :2%(, ;u '$6 NN(,*(1(DD u75(8)(/' %(6&+5(,%7P Jy,( ',( %(,'(1 g55(*81*(1 81' ,+5( u800( 676=$+/(1P k0 h2/*(1'(1 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 185 o(66$125'181O *(1N )@5 ',( ',( :,5.6$0( 0$*1(7,6&+( g55(*81* ; '85&+ ',( g55(*81* ;R '(6 $1O *(/(*7(1 h(/'(6 *(*(%(1 ,67P f$6 u75(8)(/' '(5 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 r52%( :,5' '85&+ *(O (,*1(7( h250*(%81* 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1 *(+$/7(1P f,( r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ ,5 9(5O .1@3)7 '$6 dOh(/' ,0 k11(5(1 '(5 r52%( 0,7 '(0 NN921 $8M(1DD $1*(/(*7(1 h(/' 5R 3 ,R;R P i(0,77(/7 @%(5 9,(/( y(,66Od(=,5.( +$7 '$6 NN0$.526.23,6&+(DD h(/' 5 ,1 *87(5 p>+(581* ',(6(/%( t,&+781* :,( 5R N 81' ,5 .$11 $/6 (,1( 6.$/$5( i5?M( %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1P u21'(5)>//(N )@5 ',( '$6 1,&+7 *,/7 J=P dP $1,627523( r52%(1 0,7 x25=8*65,&+781* 6&+5>* =80 h(/'KN :(5'(1 +,(5 1,&+7 %(75$&+7(7P y(*(1 o + j ,67 ,5 + SN 62'$66 0$1 35$.7,6&+ 1,&+7 0(+5 =:,6&+(1 d 81' ,Ro 817(56&+(,'(1 0866P Jf(5 c167,(* '(5 j77,*81*6%(5(,&+ '85&+ ,Rj ,67 ,1 c%%P SVPZ @%(575,(%(1 '$5*(67(//7PK o$1 .?117( $/62 40 81' ,5 68M(5( j1'(57 0$1 -('2&+ '$6 jOh(/'N 921 '(5 p(8.859( %(, j0$; "j6>77N $/62 817(5+$/% '(5 u>77,*81*N $86*(+(1'N ,0 d(5(,&+ 2j0$; ] j ] 1j0$;N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( *(6&+/266(1( m859(N ',( ,11(5+$/% '(5 u>77,*81*6O 6&+/(,)( /,(*7 81' $/6 NN,11(5( j76=$+/ $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 jOh(/'67>5.( )@5 (,1( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( u8%67$1= J|$+/(1O %(,63,(/KP

f,( ,1 c%%P SVP[ $1*(*(%(1( 5(/$7,9( r(50($%,/,7>76=$+/ :,5' $8&+ 727$/( r(50(O $%,/,7>7 *(1$117P f,( ',5(5(17,(//( r(50($%,/,7>7 ,',)) J'(5 k1'(; NN5DD :,5' $8&+ +,(5 :(**(/$66(1K *,%7 ',( u7(,*81* '(5 p(8.859( )@5 (,1( %(67,007( g55(*81*\ ,',)) 3 'dBJ,R 'jKP

JSVPTVK

y,5' ',( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( r52%( %(, (,1(0 .2167$17(1 jOh(/' Ji/(,&+67520Ox25O 0$*1(7,6,(581*K 925@%(5*(+(1' (,1(0 ./(,1(1 jOi(*(1)(/' (j $86*(6(7=7N '$11 9(55,1*(57 6,&+ '$6 dOh(/' 925@%(5*(+(1' 80 (dP f$6 0$*1(7,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 '(5 r52%( %(,0 925@%(5*(+(1'(1 c1/(*(1 '(6 i(*(1)(/'(6 (j :,5' '85&+ (,1( ./(,1( /$1=(77(1)?50,*( u&+/(,)( ,0 dJjKOf,$*5$00 %(6&+5,(%(1 Jc%%P SVPSRKN '(5(1 c1O 67,(* %(, 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1(0 (j $/6 5(9(56,%/( r(50($%,/,7>7 ,5(9 %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'P f,( f(71,7,21 '(5 5(0$1(17(1 r(50($%,/,7>7 ,67 $86 c%%P SVPSR =8 (56(+(1P B Ì rem

Ì rev

∆B \

∆H \ 0

0

H0

c%%P SVPSR |85 f(71,7,21 '(5 5(9(56,%/(1 r(50($%,/,7>7 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( i/(,&+67520O x250$*1(7,6,(581*(1 (17/$1* '(5 p(8.859(N '(5 c1)$1*63(50($%,/,7>7 ,0 w563581* 81' '(5 5(0$1(17(1 r(50($%,/,7>7P

ZTZ

SV o$*1(7,6086 U ind

H

B Br

Hc

H max

H

c%%P SVPSS |85 d(67,0081* '(5 j*/,&+ 6,1' J9*/P c%6&+1P YPUPTKP u&+21 c1)$1* ',(6(6 l$+5+81'(576 :85'( (5.$117N '$66 ',( c03(F 5(I6&+(1 o2O /(.8/$5675?0( '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086 =8 0$.526.23,6&+(1 */71,6 921 0$*1(7,6&+(0 o20(17 81' f5(+,038/6 )@5 ',(6( c03(F 5(I6&+(1 u75?0( =8 0(66(1P d$51(77Og;3(5,0(17P p$&+ '(5 2%,*(1 %(5/(*81* )@+57( uPlP d$51(77 S[SV (,1 *667 6,&+ '$6 */71,6 %(5(&+1(1P d$51(77 =(,*7(N '$66 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 1(*$7,9 ,67N $/62 $8) ',( f5(+%(:(*81* (,1(5 1(*$7,9 *(/$'(1(1 o$66( =85@&.=8)@+5(1 ,67P o,7 '(5 1$+(/,(*(1'(1 c11$+0(N '$66 (6 6,&+ %(, '(0 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 '(6 c03(F 5(I6&+(1 u75206 80 '$6 g/(.7521 +$1O '(/7N :$5 '$6 '$0$/6 6(+5 @%(55$6&+(1'( 48$17,7$7,9( t(68/7$7 '(6 d$51(77I6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(6N )2508/,(57 ,1 02'(51(5 v(50,12/2*,(N *)(5520$*1P 3 T JuST@KP f$1$&+ .2117( (6 6,&+ %(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086 1,&+7 80 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( 921 g/(.7521(1%$+1(1 +$1'(/1P u&+21 S[RU +$77( oP c%5$+$0 %(5(&+1(7N '$66 (,1 80 6(,1( o,77(/$&+6( 527,(5(1'(6 .8*(/)?50,*(6 v(,/&+(1 0,7 +202*(1(5 q%(59>&+(1O /$'81*6',&+7( (,1(1 *Oh$.725 921 T +$7P f(6+$/% :85'( 181 '$6 g/(.7521 0,7 g,*(1O '5(+,038/6 J3 u3,1K $/6 w56$&+( '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ',6.87,(57N 2+1( '$66 0$1 ',( 63217$1( r$5$//(/67(//81* '(5 u3,16 ,1 (,1(0 y(,66Od(=,5. 6&+21 +>77( (5./>5(1 .?11(1P g,167(,1O'(Oj$$6Og;3(5,0(17P f$6 ,19(56( *7,*81* '(5 g5:$5781* NN* 3 SDD ,17(535(7,(57 :85'(1] (567 y,('(5O +2/81*(1 '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 $1 $1'(5(1 q57(1 (5*$%(1 S[SZAS[TR o(66:(57( ,1 %(5(,167,0081* 0,7 d$51(776 g5*(%1,6P f,'$.7,6&+ ,67 '$6 g,167(,1O'(Oj$$6Og;3(5,0(17 9,(/ /(,&+7(5 =8 9(50,77(/1 $/6 '$6 d$51(77Og;3(5,0(17\ |80 x(567>1'1,6 *(1@*7 +,(5 '(5 f5(+,038/6Og5+$/781*66$7=] f1'(1 0@66(1 1,&+7 +(5$1*(=2*(1 :(5'(1P k0 r5,1=,3 */(,&+7 '$6 g,167(,1O'(Oj$$6Og;3(5,0(17 '(5 %(O .$117(1 x25/(681*6'(021675$7,21 0,7 m5(,6(/ 81' f5(+678+/ Jc%%P SVPSVK =85 g5O +$/781* '(6 f5(+,038/6(6P f,( c1$/2*,( :,5' 12&+ =875(5(1'(5N :(11 =85 g5=(8O *81* 921 f5(+6&+:,1*81*(1 ',( 817(5 '(0 x25/(681*6'5(+678+/ 0(,67 6&+21 925O +$1'(1( d/$77Ou3,5$/)('(5 (,1*(6(7=7 :,5'\ f(5 f(021675$725 6,7=7 $8) '(0 12&+ 58+(1'(1 f5(+678+/ 81' +>/7 (,1(1 m5(,6(/N '(5 921 (,1(0 c66,67(17(1 $8) u&+:81* *(%5$&+7 :85'(N 62 ,1 6(,1(1 j>1'(1N '$66 ',( f5(+$&+6( 9(57,.$/ ,67P p81 '5(+7

c%%P SVPSV x(568&+ =85 g5+$/781* '(6 f5(+O ,038/6(6\ f(5 $8) (,1(0 f5(+678+/ 6,7=(1'( f(021675$725 +>/7 (,1(1 m5(,6(/ 0,7 9(57,.$O /(0 f5(+,038/6P f85&+ w032/81* '(5 m5(,O 6(/$&+6( %(:,5.7 (5 (,1( f5(+%(:(*81*P

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZUS

'(5 f(021675$725 '(1 m5(,6(/ 80 SZR@N 81' ',( 0,7 ',(6(5 f5(+$&+6(1Ow032/81* 9(5%81'(1( }1'(581* '(6 m5(,6(/Of5(+,038/6(6 :,5' $8) '(1 f5(+678+/ 0,7 '(0 f(021675$725 @%(575$*(1N '(5 181 (,1( )5(,(N 6&+:$&+ *('>03)7( f5(+6&+:,1*81* %(*,117P r2/7 181 '(5 f(021675$725 '(1 m5(,6(/ ,00(5 '$11 :,('(5 80N :(11 '(5 f5(+678+/ '85&+ ',( t8+(/$*( 6&+:,1*7N .$11 (5 '$0,7 (,1( t(621$1=6&+:,1*81* $15(*(1P f,( 0$;,0$/( t(621$1=$03/,78'( ,67 9,(/ %(66(5 =8 %(2%$&+7(1 $/6 ',( d(:(*81* '(6 f5(+678+/6 J2+1( d/$77)('(5K 1$&+ (,10$/,*(5 w032/81*P f$6 (,*(17/,&+( g,167(,1O'(Oj$$6Og;3(5,0(17 :,5' :,( )2/*7 '85&+*()@+57\ g,1( 67$%)?50,*( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( r52%( +>1*7 $1 (,1(0 v256,216)$'(1 81' ,67 9(57,.$/ 0$*1(7,6,(57P y,5' ',( r52%( 800$*1(7,6,(57N '$11 0@66(1 6,&+ $8&+ ',( 0,7 '(1 $720$5(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(1 9(5.1@3)7(1 f5(+,038/6( 80.(+5(1N 81' '$O '85&+ :,5' '$6 $0 v256,216)$'(1 +>1*(1'( u7>%&+(1 =8 (,1(5 f5(+6&+:,1*81* $1*(672M(1] 0,7 $8)*(./(%7(0 u3,(*(/ 81' n,&+7=(,*(5 :,5' ',( u&+:,1*81*6$03O /,78'( *(0(66(1P w0 '(1 g5(.7 =8 9(567>5.(1N :,5' ',( r52%( 3(5,2',6&+ 0,7 '(5 t(621$1=)5(48(1= '(6 185 6&+:$&+ *('>03)7(1 v256,216603O )81*6.2167$17(N n,&+7=(,*(5/>1*(KN ',( f5(+,038/6>1'(581*P f,( ,1'8.7,9 0(66%$5( o$*1(7,6,(581*N 08/7,3/,=,(57 0,7 '(0 r52%(192/80(1N (5*,%7 '$6 *(6$07( 0$*1(O 7,6&+( o20(17P c86 '(1 *(75(117 *(0(66(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 81' 0(&+$1,6&+(1 i5?O M(1 )2/*7 '(5 *Oh$.725P

SVPTPU g1767(+81* '(5 63217$1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581* w17(5 63217$1(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* 9(567(+7 0$1 ',( r$5$//(/$865,&+781* '(5 $720$5(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( g $8) '(1 i,77(53/>7=(1 @%(5 (,1(1 *5?M(5(1 d(5(,&+ '(6 h(67.?53(56 Jy(,66Od(=,5.KP d(, '(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 %(5*$1*60(7$//(1 Jh(N e2N p,K .200(1 $/6 x(5856$&+(5 '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086 ',( 1,&+7O$%*(6>77,*7(1 U'O g/(.7521(1 ,1 d(75$&+7P y(,/ 185 '(5(1 u3,1020(17(N $%(5 1,&+7 '(5(1 d$+102O 0(17( (,1*(+(1N .$11 0$1 9(5087(1N '$66 ',( (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(5 ,0 m5,67$// ',( d$+1(1 ,1 (,1(5 y(,6( 67?5(1N ',( =:$5 '(1 i(6$07Od$+1'5(+,038/6 (5+>/7N $%(5 '(66(1 m20321(17(1 ,1 %(67,007( t,&+781*(1 =8 18// 0,77(/7P k0 m5,67$// 6,1' ',( U'Og/(.7521(1 1,&+7 9?//,* /2.$/,6,(57P u,( .?11(1 6,&+ '85&+ v811(/(5(.7 ,0 m5,67$// %(:(*(1 J,7,1(5$17 (/(&75216K 81' 0@66(1 '(6+$/%N =86$0O 0(1 0,7 '(1 V6On(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,0 d>1'(502'(// %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SVPSWKP f,( +,(5 185 6&+(0$7,6&+ '$5*(67(//7(1 m859(1 '(5 |867$1'6',&+7(19(57(,O /81*(1 fJgK 6,1' )@5 ',( %(,'(1 u3,15,&+781*(1 (1(5*(7,6&+ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7] %(,'( v(,/%>1'(5 6,1' %,6 =85 h(50,Og1(5*,( %(6(7=7P c86 '(0 f,$*5$00 ,67 =8 (56(+(1N '$66 g/(.7521(1 0,7 '(1 u3,16 $17,3$5$//(/ =85 o$*1(7,6,(581*N 'P +P 0,7 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3,1020(17(1 3$5$//(/ =85 o$*1(7,6,(581* ,1 '(5 o$-25,7>7 6,1'P f,( d$1'92567(//81* (5./>57 =:$1*/26N :$580 ',( |$+/ '(5 352 c720 $0 h(5O 520$*1(7,6086 %(7(,/,*7(1 g/(.7521(1 .(,1( *$1=( |$+/ ,67P y(11 0$1 ',( u>77,O

ZUT

SV o$*1(7,6086 E

EF M

D (E )

Majoritäts- MinoritätsSpins Spins

0

D(E )

c%%P SVPSW |:(, (1(5*(7,6&+ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7( d>1'(5 )@5 ',( g/(.7521(1 '(5 %(,O '(1 u3,15,&+781*(1P i(*(1 ',( 9(57,.$/( g1(5*,($&+6( 1$&+ '(5 u(,7( $8)*(75$*(1 ,67 ',( |867$1'6',&+7( J6&+(0$7,6&+KP

*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* '85&+ ',( c720',&+7( 7(,/7 (5*,%7 6,&+ TPT ,d 352 h(Oc720 81' RPX ,d 352 p,Oc720P f,( (1(5*(7,6&+( x(56(7=81* '(5 v(,/%>1'(5 )@5 ',( %(,'(1 u3,15,&+781*(1 ,67 (1250 *52MN &$P TPV (x )@5 h( 81' S (x )@5 p,P y(11 0$1 ',(6( g1(5*,(',5(5(1= (g2:,( (6 %(,0 6&+:$&+(1 r$8/,Or$5$0$*1(7,6086 '(5 o(7$//(/(.7521(1 *(6&+,(+7 A $8&+ +,(5 0,7 T,dd ,'(17,7=,(5(1 :@5'(N '$11 (5*>%( 6,&+ )@5 h( =P dP (,1 dOh(/' 921 TR m,/27(6/$] '$6 ,67 SRVO0$/ 0(+5 $/6 ',( u>77,*81*6)(/'67>5.( 921 g,6(1C y(,/ (6 ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 r+581* *$%N :85'( 921 r,(55( y(,66 S[RY (,1 ++1/,&+ :,( ',( .29$/(17( d,1'81* ,0 jTOo2/(.@/P o$1 635,&+7 920 c867$86&+Ok17(*5$/ 2'(5 '(5 c867$86&+Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* J(;&+$1*( ,17(5$&7,21KN ',( )@5 ',( jTOd,1'81* $17,O 3$5$//(/( g/(.7521(163,16 9(5/$1*7N ,0 m5,67$//*,77(5 '(6 g,6(16 $%(5 3$5$//(/( u3,1O 67(//81*(1 (1(5*(7,6&+ %(925=8*7P h(5520$*1(7,6086 ,67 (,1( g,*(16&+$)7 '(6 m5,6O 7$//*,77(56N ,1 '(0 ',( c720(N ',( )(5520$*1(7,6&+ :(5'(1 .?11(1N $1*(25'1(7 6,1'P Jd(, '(1 NN$0253+(1DD h(5520$*1(7,.$ (;,67,(57 $//(5',1*6 185 (,1( .5,67$//,1( p$+O 25'181*PK d5,&+7 ',( .5,67$//,1( q5'181* =86$00(1N 62 9(56&+:,1'(7 '$0,7 '(5 h(5O 520$*1(7,6086P k1:,()(51 '(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 185 %(, %(621'(5(1 i,77(51 81' i,77(5$%67>1'(1 $8)75(7(1 .$11N .2117( (567 '85&+ ',( s8$17(17+(25,( (,16,&+7,* *(0$&+7 :(5'(1] '(5 =8*581'(/,(*(1'( i('$1.( 81' ',( 6&+:,(5,*( 5(&+1(5,6&+( c86)@+581* 67$0O 0(1 921 lPkP h5(1.(/ 81' 921 yP j(,6(1%(5* JS[TZKP q5(16,&+7/,&+ (5)@//(1 185 :(O 1,*( m5,67$//( ',( x25$866(7=81*(1 )@5 '$6 c8)75(7(1 '(6 h(5520$*1(7,6086P g,1( :,&+7,*( i5?M( ,67 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 c720$%67$1' ,0 m5,67$// =80 t$',86 '(5 1,&+7O$%*(6&+/266(1(1 u&+$/(N '$6 1,&+7 =8 *52M 6(,1 '$5)N :(,/ 62167 ',( m233/81* =8 6&+:$&+ :,5' 81' 185 12&+ r$5$0$*1(7,6086 (50?*/,&+7N $%(5 $8&+ 1,&+7 =8 ./(,1N :(,/ 62167 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 p,9($8$8)63$/781* c17,)(5520$*1(7,6086 (1(5O *(7,6&+ %(925=8*7 :,5' JlPeP u/$7(5 S[URN jP d(7+( S[UUKP g,1 i5(1=)$// ,67 '$6 r$/O /$',80N '(11 :(11 ',( g/(.7521(1 ,0 r$//$',80 (,1 :(1,* 67>5.(5 .21=(175,(57 :>O 5(1N '$11 .?117(1 6,&+ ',( u3,16 63217$1 3$5$//(/ 67(//(1 81' '$6 r$//$',80 :>5( )(5520$*1(7,6&+P o$1 .$11 (,1 :(1,* 1$&++(/)(1\ d5,1*7 0$1 :(1,*( g,6(1$720( ,1 '$6 r$//$',80 +,1(,1N '$11 :,5' (6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+P

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZUU

f(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 (,1,*(5 n$17+$12,'( Ju(/7(1(5 g5'(1K .$11 1,&+7 $8) ',( */(,&+( y(,6( :,( %(, '(1 %(5*$1*60(7$//(1 *('(87(7 :(5'(1P d(, '(1 n$17+$12,'(1 6,1' (6 ',( V )Og/(.7521(1N ',( :(,7(5 ,11(1 /,(*(1 81' $/6 *87 /2.$/,6,(57 $1*(6(+(1 :(5'(1 0@66(1P j,(5 :,5' (,1( ,1',5(.7( c867$86&+.233/81* '(5 /2.$/,6,(57(1 V )O g/(.7521(1 @%(5 ',( W6On(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $1*(1200(1P f$ ',( (,1=(/1(1 c720( 921 g,6(1 2'(5 p,&.(/ 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+ 6,1'N 67(//7 6,&+ ',( h5$*(N :,( *52M (,1 h(67.?53(5 6(,1 0866N 80 )(5520$*1(7,6&+ :(5'(1 =8 .?11(1P x(568&+( 0,7 $8)*('$03)7(1 p,&.(/6&+,&+7(1 +$%(1 *(=(,*7N '$66 6,&+ h(5520$*O 1(7,6086 $% U c720/$*(1 $86%,/'(7P u&+,&+7(1 921 X c720/$*(1 81' 0(+5 +$%(1 6&+21 ',(6(/%(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 :,( '(5 0$66,9( h(67.?53(5P y(11 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( m233/81* =85 w17(5/$*( (,1( t2//( 63,(/7N (5*(%(1 6,&+ $8&+ 6&+21 %(, 6(+5 '@11(1 u&+,&+7(1 1(8(N ,17(5(66$17( g5(.7(N ',( =8 '(0 h256&+81*6*(%,(7 NNq%(59>&+(10$*1(7,6086DD *()@+57 +$%(1P o(+5 '$5@%(5 ,1 d'P XN c%6&+1P WPZP f(5 63217$1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581* :,5.7 ',( y>50(%(:(*81* (17*(*(1N ',( ',( q5'O 181* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( $8) '(1 i,77(53/>7=(1 =8 %(6(,7,*(1 9(568&+7P o,7 :$&+6(1'(5 v(03(5$785 1,007 ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* $%N %(, '(5 NN.5,7,6&+(1DD 2'(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 ve 9(56&+:,1'(7 6,( 92//67>1',*P q%(5+$/% ve .$11 (,1( q5,O (17,(581* 185 12&+ '85&+ (,1 >8M(5(6 h(/' (55(,&+7 :(5'(1\ '(5 925+(5 )(5520$*O 1(7,6&+( u725 9(5+>/7 6,&+ $/62 2%(5+$/% ve :,( (,1 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(5 u725P k1 '(5 m859( )@5 p, Jc%%P SVPSXK :85'( ',( v(03(5$785 $8) ve 81' ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* $8) o6Jv 3 RK 1250,(57P f,(6( 1250,(57( m859( *,/7 81*()>+5 $8&+ )@5 $//( @%5,*(1 h(5520$*1(7,.$P s8$/,7$7,9 ,67 '(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 $/6 (,1 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(6 r+>120(1 (5O ./>57P f,( 48$17,7$7,9( d(5(&+181* )@5 (,1 %(67,007(6 m5,67$//*,77(5 ,67 $%(5 ,00(5 12&+ $8M(525'(17/,&+ 6&+:,(5,* 81' 185 0,7 9(5(,1)$&+(1'(1 o2'(//$11$+0(1 0?*/,&+P f,( v+(25,( '(5 v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 ,67 (%(1)$//6 .203/,=,(57P h@5 ',( )2/*(1'(1 d(75$&+781*(1 *(1@*7 (6N :(11 0$1 )@5 ',( h(5520$*1(7,.$ %(, v(03(5$785(1 817(5+$/% '(6 e85,(Or81.7(6 ',( g;,67(1= '(5 c867$86&+Oy(&+O 6(/:,5.81*N ',( ',( d$1'9(56(7=81* (g %(:,5.7N $.=(37,(57 81' 6,&+ '$5$8) %(O 6&+5>1.7N ',( m216(48(1=(1 =8 $1$/&+(1=(175,(57(6 81' e2%$/7 81' i$'2/,1,80 (,1 +(;$*21$/(6 i,77(5P p(%(1 '(1 (%(1 $1*()@+57(1 g/(0(17(1 *,%7 (6 12&+ (,1( *52M( c1=$+/ 921 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 n(*,(581*(1P g,1 u7@&. )(5520$*1(7,6&+(6 o$7(5,$/ ,67 ,0 c//*(0(,1(1 .(,1 g,1.5,67$//] (6 %(O 67(+7 9,(/0(+5 $86 (,1(0 m21*/20(5$7 921 ./(,1(1 m5,67$//,7(1P w0 816 '$6 y(O 6(17/,&+( ./$5=80$&+(1N :2//(1 :,5 ,0 h2/*(1'(1 =8(567 g,1.5,67$//( %(75$&+7(1P i(*(%(1 6(, (,1 63217$1 0$*1(7,6,(57(5 48$'(5)?50,*(5 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(5 g,1O .5,67$// Jc%%P SVPSY$KP g5 ,67 921 (,1(0 $86*('(+17(1 o$*1(7)(/' 80*(%(1N ,1 '(0 (,1( (5+(%/,&+( g1(5*,( (17+$/7(1 ,67N ',( =80 g1(5*,(,1+$/7 '(6 h(5520$*1(7,.806 +,1=8*(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1 0866P g6 6(, '$5$1 (5,11(57N '$66 ',( g1(5*,(',&+7( '(6 0$*O 1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 *(*(%(1 ,67 '85&+ S :0 3 d TBJ,R ,5KP JSVPTWK T l('(5 m?53(5 ,67 %(675(%7N (,1(1 |867$1' 0?*/,&+67 *(5,1*(5 g1(5*,( $1=81(+0(1P f,(6 .$11 '(5 )(5520$*1(7,6&+( m?53(5 '85&+ c%%$8 '(6 80*(%(1'(1 u75(8)(/'(6 (55(,&+(1N ,1'(0 (5 6,&+ ,1 =:(, d(5(,&+( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* $8)7(,/7 Jc%%P SVPSY%KP y(5'(1 ',(6( d(5(,&+( 12&+0$/6 $8)*(7(,/7N '$11 9(55,1*(57 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7)(/'(1(5*,( :(,7(5 Jc%%P SVPSY&KP u&+/,(M/,&+ .$11 '$6 >8M(5( h(/' 9?//,* =80 x(56&+:,1'(1 *(%5$&+7 :(5'(1N :(11 '5(,(&.)?50,*( c%6&+/866%(5(,&+( :,( ,1 c%%P SVPSY' $8)75(7(1] '$11 9(5/>8)7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( h/866 9?//,* ,0 k11(51 '(6 h(5520$*1(7,.806P f,( c%6&+/866%(5(,&+( '(5 c%%P SVPSY' :85'(1 921 nP n$1'$8 81' gP n,)6&+,7= JS[UWK $8)*581' 7+(25(7,6&+(5 %(5/(*81*(1 925$86*(6$*7] ,1=:,O 6&+(1 6,1' 6,( (;3(5,0(17(// 9,(/)$&+ %(67>7,*7 :25'(1P |8 817(56&+(,'(1 ,67 =:,6&+(1 63217$1(5 81' 3$86&+$/(5 o$*1(7,6,(581*\ w17(5O +$/% '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 ,67 -('(5 y(,66Od(=,5. 63217$1 0$*1(7,6,(57P g,1 m?53(5 0,7 (,1(5 d(=,5.66758.785 '(5 c%%P SVPSY' =(,*7 -('2&+ 1$&+ $8M(1 .(,1( o$*1(7,O 6,(581*N 6(,1( 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581* ,67 18//N '$ 6,&+ -$ ',( y,5.81* '(5 63217$1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 d(=,5.( 1$&+ $8M(1 *(*(16(,7,* $8)+(%7P

(a)

c%%P SVPSY

(b)

(c)

(d)

|85 g1767(+81* '(5 d(=,5.66758.785 (,1(6 h(5520$*1(7,.806P

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZUW

f,( x2567(//81* 921 63217$1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 d(5(,&+(1 ,1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 u72)O )(1 :85'( %(5(,76 S[RY 921 r,(55( y(,66 JSZXWAS[VRK 32678/,(57P f,(6( y(,66Od(=,5.( +$%(1 2)7 185 c%0(6681*(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR =0] '$6 ,67 -('2&+ NN0$.O 526.23,6&+DD ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 '(1 71'(1 921 :(1,*(5 $/6 S 10P f,( d(=,5.( :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( 62*P d/2&+Oy>1'( 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117P o$1 81O 7(57(,/7 ',( y>1'( '$1$&+N :,( 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781*(1 '(5 d(=,5.(N ',( '85&+ 6,( *(75(117 :(5'(1N 817(56&+(,'(1P f,( 6(1.5(&+7(1 y>1'( '(5 c%%P SVPSY& 6,1' SZR@Oy>1'(N :(,/ ',( $1*5(1=(1'(1 d(=,5.( (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 0$*1(7,6,(57 6,1'] ',( y>1'( '(5 c%6&+/866%(=,5.( '(5 c%%P SVPSY' 6,1' [R@Oy>1'(N '(11 ',( o$*O 1(7,6,(581*(1 '(5 %(1$&+%$57(1 d(=,5.( 67(+(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8)(,1$1'(5P f,( d/2&+Oy>1'( +$%(1 (,1( %(67,007( f,&.(N ',( 921 o$7(5,$/ =8 o$7(5,$/ 9(56&+,('(1 ,67P u,( /,(*7 =:,6&+(1 W 81' WR 10] $/62 (5675(&.7 6,&+ (,1( y$1' @%(5 (,1,*( +81'(57 i,77(5.2167$17(1P k11(5+$/% '(5 y$1'',&.( >1'(51 ',( u3,16 $//0>+O /,&+ ,+5( t,&+781*P c/6 d(,63,(/ ,67 ,1 c%%P SVPSZ (,1 u7@&. )(5520$*1(7,6&+(6 o$O 7(5,$/ 0,7 (,1(5 SZR@Oy$1' 6.,==,(57] ',( t>1'(5 '(5 y$1' 6,1' '85&+ *(675,&+(/7( n,1,(1 $1*('(87(7P n,1.6 921 '(5 y$1' :(,67 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* 1$&+ +,17(1 ,1 '(1 o(7$//./27= +,1(,1N :>+5(1' ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 d(=,5.6 5(&+76 921 '(5 y$1' 1$&+ 9251 $86 '(0 o$7(5,$/ +(5$86=(,*7P k11(5+$/% '(5 y$1' '5(+(1 6,&+ $//0>+/,&+ ',( u3,16 J,1 (,1(5 g%(1( 3$5$//(/ =85 y$1'K 80 SZR@] =:,6&+(1 '(1 t,&+781*(1 '(5 u3,1020(17( $8) '(1 i,77(53/>7=(1 ,11(5+$/% '(5 y$1' %(67(+7 $/62 -(:(,/6 (,1 ./(,1(5 y,1.(/P k1 '(5 o,77( '(5 y$1' ,67 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* 3$5$//(/ =85 u7,519>&+( cdef '(6 o(7$//67@&.6 *(5,&+7(7P f$6 %('(87(7N '$66 $8) 6(,1(5 q%(59>&+( dghe 0$*1(7,6&+( r2/( $8)75(7(1] '$1$&+ ,67 '257 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' 0,7 (,1(0 ,1+202*(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u75(8)(/' =8 5(&+1(1N '$6 $86 '(0 h(552O 0$*1(7,.80 ,1 '(1 c8M(15$80 +,1$86*5(,)7P E B

A

c%%P SVPSZ

N

S

N

F C

S D

f5(+81* '(5 u3,1020(17( ,1 (,1(5 SZR@Oy$1'P

f$6 ,1+202*(1( o$*1(7)(/'N '$6 =:$5 6(+5 67$5. ,67N $%(5 185 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m?53(56 $8)75,77N .$11 =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 y(,66Od(=,5.( %(187=7 :(5'(1] c%%P SVPS[$ =(,*7N :,( ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( u75(8)(/' $86 '(0 h(5520$*1(7,.80 +(5$8675,77P f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 /,1.(1 d(=,5.6 :(,67 ,1 ',( |(,&+(1(%(1( +,1(,1N ',( '(6 5(&+7(1 $86 '(5 |(,O &+(1(%(1( +(5$86P o$1 6&+,&+7(7 181 $8) ',( 625*)>/7,* %(+$1'(/7( o(7$//2%(59>&+( (,1( c8)6&+:(0081* 921 ./(,167(1 )(552O 2'(5 )(55,0$*1(7,6&+(1 r$57,.(/1 J0$1

ZUX

SV o$*1(7,6086 Emulsion

M

(a)

Bezirk

M

Wand

Bezirk

(b)

c%%P SVPS[ J$K u75(8)(/' (,1(5 d/2&+:$1'] J%K $8)*(6&+:>007(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(6 r8/9(5 6$00(/7 6,&+ $1 '(5 d/2&+Oy$1' $8) '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+(P

1,007 0(,67 38/9(5)?50,*(1 o$*1(7,7KP f,( r$57,.(/ :(5'(1 921 '(0 ,1+202*(1(1 o$*1(7)(/' '(5 y$1' $1*(=2*(1 81' /$*(51 6,&+ 925:,(*(1' ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' $% Jc%%P SVPS[%KP f$'85&+ :(5'(1 ',( y>1'( $1 '(5 o(7$//2%(59>&+( '85&+ 675(,O )(1)?50,*( r8/9(5$1+>8)81*(1 0$5.,(57N ',( *87 '85&+ (,1 o,.526.23 %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P hP d,77(5 JS[USK +$7 $/6 (567(5 d(=,5.( $8) ',(6( y(,6( 6,&+7%$5 *(O 0$&+7] yPeP g/025( 81' jPlP y,//,$06 +$%(1 ',( d,77(5Ou75(,)(1Oo(7+2'( :(,7(5O (17:,&.(/7P k1 c%%P SVPTR ,67 '85&+ ',( r)(,/( ',( o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781* '(5 d(=,5.( (,1*(=(,&+1(7P o$1 6,(+7 ',( '5(,(&.)?50,*(1 c%6&+/866%(=,5.( $0 t$1' '(6 m?5O 3(56P y(,7(5+,1 /$66(1 6,&+ /$1**(675(&.7(N 63,7=( d(=,5.( (5.(11(1N ',( 6,&+ =8 7$1O 1(1%$80$57,*(1 u758.785(1 )250,(5(1] 62/&+( d$806758.785(1 75(7(1 $8)N :(11 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 d(=,5.( 1,&+7 *(1$8 3$5$//(/ =85 d,/'(%(1( 9(5/>8)7P

c%%P SVPTR d,77(5Ou75(,)(1 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 921 u,/,&,80Og,6(1 JjPlP y,//,$06N tPoP d2O =257+ 81' yP u+2&./(+17(1 x(5)$+5(1N ',( (,1$1'(5 (17635(&+(1'( d,/'(5 /,()(51N ,67 ',( g;,67(1= '(5 y(,66Od(=,5.( 6,&+(5*(67(//7P y,5 .?11(1 816 '(6+$/% ',( x2567(//81* '(5 d(=,5.( =8187=( 0$&+(1N 80 '(1 $//*(0(,1(1 x(5/$8) '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581*6.859( )(5520$*1(7,6&+(5 u725( :(1,*67(16 48$/,7$7,9 =8 '(87(1P f$=8 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 '$6 (,1)$&+( d(=,5.60867(5 '(5 c%%P SVPTS$] 921 $8M(1 ,67 .(,1( o$*1(7,6,(581* )(67=867(//(1N 81' (6 62// $8&+ .(,1 >8M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/' $1O /,(*(1P f,(6 :,5' $1'(56N 62%$/' (,1 >8M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/' ; $1*(/(*7 :,5'] ',( t,&+O 781* ',(6(6 h(/'(6 ,67 ,1 c%%P SVPTS '85&+ (,1(1 r)(,/ 0$5.,(57P f$6 h(/' (5=:,1*7N '$66 ',( d(=,5.(N '(5(1 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* 1$+(=8 ,1 t,&+781* 921 ; /,(*7N :$&+6(1 $8) m267(1 '(5 d(=,5.(N '(5(1 o$*1(7,6,(581* 0(+5 2'(5 :(1,*(5 '(5 t,&+O 781* 921 ; (17*(*(1:(,67N ',( $/62N %(=2*(1 $8) '$6 o$*1(7)(/'N (1(5*(7,6&+ 81O *@167,* /,(*(1P f,(6(6 y$&+6780 />667 6,&+ $0 /(,&+7(67(1 '85&+ y$1'9(56&+,(%81O *(1 5($/,6,(5(1N 62'$66 6,&+ (7:$ '$6 d(=,5.60867(5 '(5 c%%P SVPTS% (5*,%7P f$ 181 (,1 >8M(5(6 h(/' ; 921 (1'/,&+(5 u7>5.( $1/,(*7N >1'(57 6,&+ ',( i5?M( '(5 d(=,5.(P f,( g1(5*,(%,/$1= '(5 d(=,5.( ,67 (,1( $1'(5( $/6 ,1 c%%P SVPTS$] )2/*/,&+ (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581* @N ',( 921 18// 9(56&+,('(1 ,67P y>&+67 ; :(,7(5N '$11 .200(1 ',( y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 =80 c%6&+/866] '$6 h(5520$*1(7,.80 %(O 67(+7 6&+/,(M/,&+ 185 12&+ $86 (,1(0 (,1=,*(1 d(=,5.N 1>0/,&+ $86 '(0 d(=,5.N '(66(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781* $0 %(67(1 0,7 ; =86$00(1)>//7 J6,(+( c%%P SVPTS&KP d(, 12&+ +?+(5(5 g55(*81* %(*,117 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* ,1 ',( t,&+781* 921 ; (,1=8'5(+(1 81' )>//7 6&+/,(M/,&+ 0,7 ,+5 =86$00(1 Jc%%P SVPTS'KP f,( h(/'67>5.( ,R ;N %(, '(5 ',(6 (55(,&+7 ,67N 1(117 0$1 u>77,*81*6)(/'67>5.(N ',( '$11 (55(,&+7( o$*1(7,6,(581* (17635(&+(1' u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581*P u,( +$7 ',( */(,&+( i5?M( :,( ',( )@5 ',( +(556&+(1'( v(03(5$785 0?*/,&+( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581*P f,( y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 81' f5(+352=(66( /$66(1 6,&+ 1,&+7 62 6&+$5) 75(11(1N :,( (6 ,1 '(5 f,6.866,21 2%(1 *(6&+(+(1 ,67\ 12&+ (+( $//( y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 H=O

(a)

H PO

M=O

(b)

M PO

H ≥ Hs

H < Hs

(c)

M < Ms

(d)

M = Ms

H von (a) nach (d) ansteigend

c%%P SVPTS

o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$//6 '85&+ (,1 >8M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/'P

ZUZ

SV o$*1(7,6086

$%*(/$8)(1 6,1'N %(*,11(1 6&+21 f5(+352=(66(N ,1'(0 6,&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1O =(/1(5 d(=,5.( ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(6 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'(6 (,1'5(+7P v527='(0 />667 6,&+ (7:$6 9(5(,1)$&+(1' )2/*(1'(6 6$*(1\ k0 d(5(,&+ 6&+:$&+(5 h(/'(5 /$66(1 6,&+ 6&+21 5(/$7,9 +2+( 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581*(1 (55(,&+(1N '(11 y$1'9(56&+,(%81O *(1 6,1' /(,&+7 0?*/,&+P w0 '$5@%(5 +,1$86 ',( 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581* :(,7(5 =8 (5+?+(1N 0866 '$6 $1*(/(*7( h(/' =,(0/,&+ 67$5. 9(5*5?M(57 :(5'(1N '$0,7 ',( 6&+:(5(5 0?*/,&+(1 f5(+352=(66( 67$7771'(1P f$1$&+ :,5' ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( u>77,O *81* (55(,&+7P d(, '(1 62(%(1 %(6352&+(1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*6925*>1*(1 7$8&+7 ',( h5$*( $8)\ y$580 6,1' @%(5+$837 y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 127:(1',*a f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 d(=,5.( .?117( -$ -('( )@5 6,&+ ,1 ',( t,&+781* '(6 >8M(5(1 h(/'(6 (,1'5(+(1P f,( w56$&+( '$)@5N '$66 ',(6 1,&+7 *(6&+,(+7N /,(*7 ,1 '(5 c1,627523,( '(5 h(5520$*1(7,.$P k1 m5,67$//(1 6,1' $%(5 1,&+7 $//( t,&+781*(1 */(,&+:(57,*P y@5)(/.$17( 81' y@5O )(/',$*21$/( 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ ,1 (,1(0 (,1)$&+ .8%,6&+(1 i,77(5 =P dP '$'85&+N '$66 ,1 '(5 (,1(1 t,&+781* ',( m5,67$//%$867(,1( ',&+7(5 /,(*(1 $/6 ,1 '(5 $1'(5(1P f,(6( c1,627523,( ,67 '$)@5 9(5$17:257/,&+N '$66 ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* %(O 67,007( .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+( t,&+781*(1 ,1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$//(1 %(925=8*7P |85 o(6681* '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* $/6 h81.7,21 (,1(6 $1*(/(*7(1 h(/'(6 ;R )@5 %(O 67,007( m5,67$//5,&+781*(1N 2+1( u7?581*(1 '85&+ (,1 (170$*1(7,6,(5(1'(6 h(/' ;uN :(5'(1 $86 g,1.5,67$//(1 r52%(1 *(6&+1,77(1N :,( ,1 c%%P SVPTT *(=(,*7 ,67P Proben

D100E

D110E

Kristallachsen

D111E

c%%P SVPTT r52%(1N ',( $86 .8%,6&+(1 g,1.5,67$//(1 *(6&+1,77(1 :(5'(1N 80 '$6 o$*1(7,6,(O 581*69(5+$/7(1 (17/$1* (,1(5 %(67,007(1 m5,67$//5,&+781* =8 817(568&+(1 J1$&+ tPoP d2=257+KP

g,6(1 81' p,&.(/ +$%(1 %(,'( .8%,6&+( i,77(5] %(,0 .8%,6&+O5$80=(175,(57(1 g,O 6(1 6,1' ',( y@5)(/.$17(1 mSRRn ',( NN/(,&+7DD 0$*1(7,6,(5%$5(1 t,&+781*(1N ',( y@5O )(/Ot$80',$*21$/(1 mSSSn 6,1' ',( NN6&+:(5DD 0$*1(7,6,(5%$5(1 t,&+781*(1N ',( y@5)(/Oh/>&+(1',$*21$/(1 mSSRn =(,*(1 (,1 NN0,77/(5(6DD x(5+$/7(1P d(,0 g,6(1 ,67 (6 $/62 6&+:(5N ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* $86 '(5 y@5)(/.$17( ,1 t,&+781* '(5 t$80',$O *21$/( =8 '5(+(1P d(,0 .8%,6&+O9>&+(1=(175,(57(1 p,&.(/ ,67 (6 80*(.(+57\ p,&.(/O g,1.5,67$//( /$66(1 6,&+ 6(+5 9,(/ /(,&+7(5 ,1 t,&+781* '(5 t$80',$*21$/( $/6 ,1 t,&+O 781* '(5 h/>&+(1',$*21$/( 2'(5 *$5 '(5 y@5)(/.$17( %,6 =85 u>77,*81* 0$*1(7,6,(O 5(1P d(,0 +(;$*21$/(1 i,77(5N :,( (6 %(,0 e2%$/7 925/,(*7N :(5'(1 $861$+06:(,6( V .5,67$//2*5$3+,6&+( c&+6(1 63(=,7=,(57\ (,1( j$837$&+6( mRR 6 SnN ',( %(,0 e2%$/7

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086 leicht D100E

Fe

Ni

Co mittel D110E

D110E mittel

0.6

D111E

20 40 ÌoHJmT

60

80

0

2 D00.1E ÌoMJT

1

ÌoMJT 0

D10.0E schwer

D110E D100E

0.4

ÌoMJT

1

0

D111E leicht 0.8

D111E

leicht D00.1E

D100E schwer

D111E schwer D100E 2 D110E

0

10 20 ÌoHJmT

ZU[

30

40

0

D10.0E

0 200 400 600 800 1000 ÌoHJmT

c%%P SVPTU o$*1(7,6,(581*6.859(1 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( m5,67$//5,&+781*(1 %(, h(N p, 81' e2 J1$&+ tPoP d2=257+KP

',( NN/(,&+7(DD t,&+781* ,67N 81' ,1 (,1(5 '$=8 6(1.5(&+7(1 g%(1( '5(, 817(5(,1$1'(5 */(,&+:(57,*( p(%(1$&+6(1 mSR 6 RnN ',( 6,&+ 817(5 y,1.(/1 921 XR@ 6&+1(,'(1 81' $//( '5(, 0$*1(7,6&+ NN6&+:(5(DD t,&+781*(1 6,1' Jc%%P SVPTUKP g17635(&+(1' '(5 9,(5 c&+6(1 :,5' -('( m5,67$//(%(1( '85&+ V k1',=(6 63(=,7=,(57N $%(5 (,1(5 '(5 '5(, k1O ',=(6N ',( =8 '(1 .23/$1$5(1 p(%(1$&+6(1 *(+?5(1N ,67 @%(5=>+/,*] (5 :,5' '(6+$/% 2)7 :(**(/$66(1 81' '85&+ (,1(1 r81.7 (56(7=7P c//( o$*1(7,6,(581*6.859(1N 0,7 c861$+0( '(5 6&+:(5(1 t,&+781* )@5 e2N mSR 6 RnN =(,*(1 ,1 ,+5(0 (567(1 67(,/(1 c167,(*N '$66 ',( y$1'9(56&+,(%81*(1 6&+21 %(, 6(+5 ./(,1(1 h(/'67>5.(1 1$+(=8 92//67>1',* $%/$8)(1P f,( m859( )@5 ',( 0$*O 1(7,6&+ NN:(,&+(DD t,&+781* 0@1'(7 '$1$&+ 62)257 ,1 ',( u>77,*81*N :>+5(1' ',( m859(1 '(5 NN0,77/(5(1DD 81' NN+$57(1DD t,&+781* /$1*6$0(5 $167(,*(1N :(,/ +?+(5( h(/'67>5.(1 (5)25'(5/,&+ 6,1'N 80 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 d(=,5.( $86 '(5 NN:(,&+(1DD x25=8*665,&+781* ,1 ',( NN0,77/(5(DD 2'(5 *$5 NN6&+:(5(DD t,&+781* (,1=8'5(+(1P x20 3$86&+$/ 810$*1(7,6&+(1 |867$1' '(5 r52%(N (5+$/7(1 =P dP '85&+ g170$*O 1(7,6,(581* ,1 (,1(0 y(&+6(/)(/' $%1(+0(1'(5 c03/,78'( J9*/P c%%P UPVTKN :,5' =85 c8)1$+0( '(5 p(8.859( ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* $//0>+/,&+ '85&+ (,1 :$&+6(1'(6 >8O M(5(6 h(/' (5+?+7P n>667 0$1 1$&+ '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u>77,*81* ',( >8M(5( h(/'67>5.( $%1(+0(1N '$11 *(+7 $8&+ ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* =85@&.N $%(5 (6 %/(,%7 %(, 9(56&+:,1O '(1'(0 >8M(5(1 h(/' (,1( o$*1(7,6,(581* =85@&. Jt(0$1(1=KP g6 :,5' $/62 1,&+7 '(5 |867$1' '(5 c%%P SVPTS$ (55(,&+7N 621'(51 185 (7:$ '(5 '(5 c%%P SVPTS%P f,(6(6 x(5+$/7(1 (5./>57 6,&+ '$5$86N '$66 ',( d/2&+Oy>1'( .(,1(6:(*6 9?//,* )5(, %(:(*/,&+ 6,1'P w10$*1(7,6&+( g,16&+/@66(N m5,67$//%$8)(+/(5 81' ?57/,&+( x(563$1181*(1 '(6 m5,67$//6 %,/'(1 )@5 (,1( y$1' j,1'(51,66(N ',( 6,( 1,&+7 2+1( :(,7(5(6 @%(5:,1'(1 .$11P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 181 (,1( (,1=(/1( d/2&+Oy$1'P l( 1$&+ ,+5(5 n$*( ,0 m5,67$//N /,()(57 6,( (,1(1 9(56&+,('(1 *52M(1 d(,75$* g =85 i(6$07(1(5*,( '(6 m5,67$//6P f,( 58+(1'( y$1' /,(*7 ,1 (,1(0 /2.$/(1 o,1,080 '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,(N '$6 '85&+ ',(

ZVR

SV o$*1(7,6086 herangeführter Magnet M

Probe

S

B zunehmend Messschleife Verstärker

H (a)

N

(b)

Lautsprecher

c%%P SVPTV d$5.+$86(1Ou35@1*( %(, '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581*\ J$K o$*1(7,6,(581*6.859( 0,7 9(5O *5?M(57(0 f(7$,/N J%K c125'181* =85 g5)$6681* '(5 u35@1*( $/6 m1$&.*(5>86&+( ,0 n$87O 635(&+(5P

$1=,(+(1'(1 81' $%672M(1'(1 m5>)7( '(5 m5,67$//%$8)(+/(5 Jh(+/67(//(1N h5(0'$72O 0(K %(67,007 :,5'P g,1 >8M(5(6 o$*1(7)(/' 9(5>1'(57 ',( (1(5*(7,6&+(1 d(',1*81O *(1 81' .$11 (,1( y$1'9(56&+,(%81* %(*@167,*(1P g,1( *(1@*(1' *52M( h(/'67>5.( %5,1*7 ',( y$1' '$=8N ',( '$6 /2.$/( o,1,080 80*(%(1'( r27(17,$/6&+:(//( =8 @%(5:,1'(1 81' 6,&+ =8 (,1(0 $1'(5(1 r81.7 0,7 7,()(5(0 /2.$/(1 o,1,080 '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,( =8 %(:(*(1P y(11 '$6 *(6&+,(+7N '$11 +$7 ',( y$1' (,1(1 ,55(9(5O 6,%/(1 u3581* *(0$&+7] ',(6(5 3/?7=/,&+( q576:(&+6(/ '(5 y$1' ,67 */(,&+%('(87(1' 0,7 '(5 w00$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 o$7(5,$/6 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1'O 9(56&+,(%81* 81' .$11 ,1'8.7,9 @%(5 x(567>5.(5 81' n$87635(&+(5 $/6 d$5.+$86(1O u3581* 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SVPTVKP p$&+ '(0 i(6$*7(1 ,67 (6 ./$5N '$66 ',( j+7(1 81O 7(5 |8*63$1181* *(0(66(1] $%+>1*,* 921 h(/'67>5.( 81' |8*63$1181* (5+,(/7(1 6,( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 TR %,6 TRR 0B6P f,( t(0$1(1= ,67 181 /(,&+7 =8 9(567(+(1\ y,5' '$6 >8M(5( o$*1(7)(/' $%*(O 6&+$/7(7N '$11 %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( y$1' .(,1(6:(*6 =80 c86*$1*6381.7 =85@&.N 621O '(51 %/(,%7 ,1 (,1(0 '$925*(/(*(1(1 o,1,080 '(5 i(6$07(1(5*,( /,(*(1P f(5 x25O *$1* '(5 y$1'9(56&+,(%81* ,67 ,55(9(56,%(/P g567 (,1 i(*(1)(/' 921 '(5 i5?M( '(5 m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.( J)5@+(5\ m2(5=,7,9.5$)7K .$11 ',( y$1' ,1 ',( $/7( n$*( =85@&.O %5,1*(1P y,5 .?11(1 $/62 6$*(1N '$66 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 h(/'67>5.( NN1$&+O +,1.7DDP f,( 0,.526.23,6&+(1 ,55(9(56,%/(1 y$1'635@1*( 67(//(1 (,1( c57 NNy$1'O 5(,%81*DD '$5N ',( 6,&+ 0$.526.23,6&+ ,1 '(5 j50( >8M(57P f(021675$7,21602'(//( =80 h(5520$*1(7,6086P x21 0(+5(5(1 n(+50,77(/Oj(567(/O /(51 :(5'(1 o2'(//( $1*(%27(1N ',( $86 &$P SRR ./(,1(1 o$*1(71$'(/1 %(67(+(1N ',( 5(*(/0>M,* 9>&+(1+$)7 9(57(,/7 81' 0,7 ,+5(1 u3,7=(1/$*(51 $8) (,1(5 r/(;,*/$6O w17(5/$*( )(67 0217,(57 6,1'] (,1( ',&+7 @%(5 '(1 '5(+%$5(1 p$'(/1 /,(*(1'(N )(67 0,7 '(5 w17(5/$*( 9(5%81'(1( r/(;,*/$6Of(&.3/$77( 9(5+,1'(57N '$66 ',( p$'(/1 %(,0 j$17,(5(1 '(6 o2'(//6 921 '(1 u3,7=(1 $%)$//(1P f,( c125'181* '(5 p$'(/1 %,/'(7 (17:('(5 (,1 48$'5$7,6&+(6 JNN.8%,6&+(6DDK 2'(5 '5(,(&.,*(6 JNN+(;$*21$/(6DDK i,77(5P

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

(a)

ZVS

(b)

c%%P SVPTW J$K o$*1(702'(// (,1(6 +(;$*21$/(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 g,1.5,67$//6N 6&+5>* 921 '(5 u(,7( %(75$&+7(7P J%K f,( $%*(%,/'(7( m217*85$7,21 =(,*7 0(+5(5( y(,66Od(=,5.( 0,7 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*(1 (17/$1* '(5 NN/(,&+7(1DD t,&+781*(1P

o,7+,/)( (,1(6 h2/,(1352-(.7256 .?11(1 ',( u&+$77(1 '(5 o$*1(71$'(/1 $1 ',( y$1' 352-,=,(57 :(5'(1P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5>)7( =:,6&+(1 '(1 p$'(/1 (5=(8*(1 (,1 .2/O /(.7,9(6 x(5+$/7(1N '$6 '(0 '(5 $720$5(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( ,1 (,1(0 )(552O 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$// >+1/,&+ ,67P u(7=7 0$1 '(1 r52-(.725 0,7 '(0 o2'(// =:,6&+(1 =:(, j(/0+2/7=Ou38/(1N '$11 .$11 0$1 '$6 x(5+$/7(1 '(5 o2'(//Oo$*1(71$'(/1 ,1 (,1(0 >8M(5(1 h(/' 678',(5(1] '$=8 0866 '(5 u38/(167520 9$5,,(57 81' /(,&+7 80*(32/7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P |85 g5=,(/81* @%(56&+$8%$5(5 x(5+>/71,66( 62//7( '$6 u38O /(1)(/' 3$5$//(/ =85 j25,=217$/.20321(17( '(6 g5')(/'(6 /,(*(1 81' ',(6( 0,7 (,1(0 *(621'(57(1 u38/(167520 .203(16,(57 :(5'(1P |85 g55(,&+81* (,1(5 d(5(,&+66758.O 785 0,7 9(56&+:,1'(1'(5 3$86&+$/(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* JNNg170$*1(7,6,(581*DDK ,67 '$6 j(/0+2/7=Oh(/' %(, /$1*6$0 $%1(+0(1'(0 u7520 2)7 80=832/(1P h@5 (,1( g17O 0$*1(7,6,(581* 0,7 WROj=Oy(&+6(/67520 6,1' ',( o$*1(71$'(/1 =8 75>*(P q)7 *(1@*7 ',( w17(57(,/81* ,1 9(56&+,('(1 $86*(5,&+7(7( d(5(,&+(N ',( '85&+ NNw05@+5(1DD 0,7 (,1(0 u7$%0$*1(7(1 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 .$11P o,7 '(0 o2'(// .?11(1 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581*N d$5.+$86(1Ou35@1*(N f5(+O 352=(66( 81' j+17(1 $0253+(1 h(5520$*1(7,.$P

ZVT

SV o$*1(7,6086

r2/+17 :85'(N 6,1' (,1.5,67$//,1( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( o$7(5,$/,(1 ',( c861$+0(] 0(,67 /,(*7 (,1( 32/80/,&+(1 q5,(17,(581*(1 ,+5(5 m5,67$//O $&+6(1P k0 (170$*1(7,6,(57(1 |867$1' +$7 (,1( 62/&+( r52%( (,1( d(5(,&+66758.785N ',( (7:$ '(5 921 c%%P SVPTX (17635,&+7P

c%%P SVPTX y(,66Od(=,5.( ,1 (,1(0 (170$*O 1(7,6,(57(1 32/1'( ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 m5,67$//,76P

q%:2+/ (,1( x,(/=$+/ 921 g5)$+581*(1 @%(5 '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086 *(6$00(/7 81' =$+/5(,&+( g,1=(/352%/(0( *(/?67 :25'(1 6,1'N 67(+7 (,1( (,1+(,7/,&+( v+(25,( 12&+ $86P g6 ,67 %,6+(5 185 ,1 (,1)$&+(1 h>//(1 *(/81*(1N '(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*6925O *$1*N :,( (5 6,&+ ,1 '(5 j1'( 81' 0?*/,&+67 /(,&+7 '5(+%$5( o$*1(7,6,(581*69(.725(1 %(6,7=(1P o$1 0866 $/62 9(5O 68&+(1N (,1(56(,76 ',( '85&+ h(+/67(//(1 9(5856$&+7(1 d(:(*81*6+(001,66( (,1=8(%O 1(1 81' $1'(5(56(,76 ',( m5,67$//$1,627523,( 0?*/,&+67 +(5817(5=8'5@&.(1P f$6 (,1( (55(,&+7 0$1 '85&+ j(567(//81* 0?*/,&+67 )(+/(5)5(,(5 m5,67$//( J:(,7*(+(1' 6$8%(5( &+(0,6&+( |86$00(16(7=81*N x(50(,'81* 921 ,11(5(1 u3$1181*(1 81' h(+/67(//(1 '85&+ /$1*6$0(6 c%.@+/(1 $86 '(5 u&+0(/=(KN '$6 $1'(5( '85&+ *((,*1(7( m5,67$//O =86$00(16(7=81* Jn(*,(581*KP u75(%7 0$1 '$*(*(1 +$57O0$*1(7,6&+( y(5.6725( $1N ',( 6,&+ =85 j(567(//81* 921 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 (,*1(1N '$11 0866 0$1 ',( d(:(*81* '(5 y>1'( 0?*/,&+67 (56&+:(5(1P p(%(1 +2+(5 m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.( :,5' (,1( t(0$1(1= ',&+7 817(5+$/% '(5 u>77,*81* *(:@16&+7 J)$67 5(&+7(&.,*( j87* n(*,(581*(1 921 %(5*$1*60(7$//(1 Jh(N p,N e2N o1N o2K 0,7 p,&+70(7$//(1 JeN u,N dN rK ,1 c720=$+/9(5+>/71,66(1 921 ZR\TR %,6 YR\URP v(&+1,6&+ %(621'(56 ,17(5(66$17 6,1' ',( 62 (55(,&+%$5(1N 6(+5 +2+(1 c1)$1*63(50($%,/,7>7 921 %,6 =8 SRXP f,( |$+/ '(5 d2+5Oo$*1(721(1 352 c720 81' ',( e85,(Ov(03(5$785 6,1' %(, '(1 $0253+(1 h(5520$*1(7,.$ $//(5',1*6 '(87/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 %(, 9(5*/(,&+%$5(1 .5,67$//,1(1 n(*,(581*(1P

Ticonal XX

Ticonal GG

Ticonal G

Ticonal II

Fe-Ni-Al

Co-Stahl

Nd2Fe14B

intermetallische Verbindungen

Hartferrite

SmCo5

W-Stahl

C-Stahl

r(50$1(170$*1(7( 0,7 1$12.5,67$//,1(1 u758.785(1P f85&+ 6&+1(//(6 c%6&+5(&.(1 $86 (,1(5 u&+0(/=( 2'(5 '85&+ 0(&+$1,6&+(6 n(*,(5(1 /$66(1 6,&+ u758.785(1 0,7 m?51(51 921 SRAUR 10 f85&+0(66(5 (5+$/7(1N ',( +(59255$*(1' *((,*1(7 6,1'N 80 o$*1(7( 0,7 %(67,007(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 j/7 0$1 0,7 ,17(50(7$//,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81*(1 '(5 u(/7(1(5'O 0(7$//( Jn$7+$12,'(KN =P dP h(SVp'TdP f85&+ ./(,1( c%:(,&+81*(1 921 '(5 u7?&+,2O 0(75,( J921 '(1 o$66(19(5+>/71,66(1N ',( '(5 &+(0,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81* (17635(&+(1K 81' '85&+ |8*$%( $1'(5(5 g/(0(17( /$66(1 6,&+ ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 67$5. 9(5>1'(51P g,1 o$M )@5 ',( s8$/,7>7 (,1(6 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 ,67 '$6 0$;,0$/( g1(5*,(O 352'8.7N *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( i5?M( Jd jK0$; J9*/P c%6&+1P UPXPXN g5/>87(581* =8 c%%P UPVXKN ',( ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,(',&+7( $1*,%7P c%%P SVPTY 9(5$16&+$8/,&+7 '(1 g17:,&./81*6)2576&+5,77 921 '(1 eOu7>+/(1 '(6 SZP l$+5+81'(576 %,6 =8 '(1 02O '(51(1 ,17(50(7$//,6&+(1 x(5%,1'81*(1P j2&+.2(5=,7,9( o$*1(7( (5+>/7 0$1 =P dP 0,7 (,1(5 n(*,(581*N ',( |86>7=( 921 i$ 81' p% 81' (,1(1 *(5,1*(1 67?&+,20(75,6&+(1 %(56&+866 921 p(2'8/(1 (17635(&+(1 '(1 x2/80,1$N ,1 '(1(1 -(:(,/6 ',(6(/%( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( *(63(,&+(57 :(5'(1 .$11 J1$&+ jP m5210@//(5N r+5O .( %(58+7 '$5$8)N '$66 -('(6 ',(6(5 m?51(5 6,&+ :,( (,1 0$*1(7,6&+ (17.233(/7(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7 9(5+>/7P j2&+5(0$1(17( o$*1(7( (5+>/7 0$1 )@5 ',( 67?&+,20(75,6&+( |86$00(16(7=81* h(SVp'TdN %(, '(5 ',( m?51(5 2+1( -('( 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( |:,6&+(13+$6( '85&+ c86O 7$86&+Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7(,1$1'(5 *(.233(/7 6,1' Jc%%P SVPTZN 0,77/(5( j/7 0$1 )@5 n(*,(581*(1 0,7 @%(5O67?&+,20(75,6&+(0 g,6(1] %(,0 6&+1(//(1 c%6&+5(&.(1 :(5'(1 ./(,1( g,6(1.?51(5 0,7 *52M(5 63217$1(1 o$*1(7,O 6,(581* ,1 ',( +$570$*1(7,6&+(1 Jp'Th(SVdKOm?51(5 (,1*(/$*(57 Jc%%P SVPTZN u.,==( /,1.6 2%(1KP y(,66Od(=,5.( $/6 f$7(163(,&+(5P g,1 5(0$1(17 0$*1(7,6,(57(5 y(,66Od(=,5. 5(35>O 6(17,(57 0,7 6(,1(5 o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781* J' 2'(5 &K '(1 k1)250$7,216*(+$/7 921 (,1(0 d,7P f$6 ,67 ',( i581'/$*( '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f$7(163(,&+(5N ',( ,1 '(5 h250 921 o$*1(7%>1'(51 )@5 v21O 81' x,'(2.$66(77(1 $//*(0(,1 %(.$117 6,1'] $%(5 $8&+ ',( h(673/$77( J+$5' ',6.K ,0 e20387(5 ,67 (,1 1$&+ ',(6(0 r5,1=,3 )81.7,21,(5(1'(5 f$7(163(,&+(5P f,( y,5.81*6:(,6( (,1(6 u&+5(,%.23)(6N 0,7 '(66(1 j,/)( k1)250$7,21 $8) (,1 0$*O 1(7,6&+(6 u3(,&+(50(',80 @%(575$*(1 :,5'N ,67 ,1 c%%P SVPT[ 6&+(0$7,6&+ '$5*(67(//7P y,5' '$6 NN%(6&+5,(%(1(DD u3(,&+(50(',80 6&+1(// $1 (,1(0 n(6(.23) 0,7 k1'8.O 7,216638/( 925%(,*()@+57N '$11 ,1'8=,(57 '$6 u75(8)(/' =:,6&+(1 817(56&+,('/,&+ 0$*O 1(7,6,(57(1 d(5(,&+(1 (17635(&+(1'( u3$1181*638/6(N $86 '(1(1 ',( k1)250$7,21 NN*(/(6(1DD :(5'(1 .$11P o$*1(72:,'(567$1'6.?3)( J9*/P c%6&+1P SVPTPZK 6,1' (0371'/,&+(5 $/6 ,1'8.7,9( n(6(.?3)(P k+5 u,*1$/ :,5' 920 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866 %(67,007N 1,&+7 921 '(5 h/866O

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZVW

elektrischer Strom Bewegungsrichtung des Speichermediums

Magnetisierung

c%%P SVPT[

Kern Magnetfluss magnetisches Speichermedium Trägermaterial der Platte oder des Bandes

k1)250$7,216@%(575$*81* $8) (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 u3(,&+(50(',80 Jr5,1=,36.,==(KP

>1'(581*] 6,( 6,1' '(6+$/% %(621'(56 9257(,/+$)7 %(, *(5,1*(1 2'(5 9$5,$%/(1 t(/$O 7,9*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 =:,6&+(1 m23) 81' u3(,&+(50$7(5,$/P f,( +2&+(17:,&.(/7(N .200(5=,(// *(187=7( o$*1(763(,&+(57(&+1,. %(58+7 $8) '(5 n21*,78',1$/$8)=(,&+181*N %(, '(5 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 d(5(,&+( ,1 '(5 g%(1( '(6 u3(,&+(50(',806 /,(*7 Jc%%P SVPT[KN :,( 6,( '85&+ ',( h250$1,627523,( (,1(5 '@11(1 u&+,&+7 %(925=8*7 :,5'P k0 r5,1=,3 ,67 $8&+ r(53(1',.8/$5$8)=(,&+181* J3(5O 3(1',&8/$5 5(&25',1* 7(&+1,48(K 0?*/,&+N :(11 '$6 u3(,&+(50(',80 (,1( +,15(,&+(1' +2+( m5,67$//$1,627523,( %(6,7=7N ',( $8&+ )@5 (,1( '@11( u&+,&+7 63217$1( o$*1(O 7,6,(581* ,1 9(57,.$/(5 t,&+781* (5=:,1*(1 .$11P f$0,7 .$11 ',( u3(,&+(5',&+7( (5+?+7 :(5'(1N :,( TRRW ,0 h256&+81*6/$%25 921 j,7$&+, *(=(,*7 :85'(P

SVPTPW o$*1(72675,.7,21 f,( 0$*1(72(/$67,6&+( m233/81* ,1 '(1 $1,627523(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$//(1 )@+57 '$=8N '$66 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1( (/$67,6&+( f()250$7,21 +(592558)7 81' '$66 A 80*(.(+57 A (,1( 0(&+$1,6&+( u3$1181* '$6 o$*1(7,6,(581*69(5+$/7(1 %(O (,198667P f,( o$*1(72675,.7,21 Jh250>1'(581* ,0 o$*1(75(/' %(, .2167$17(0 x2/80(1K :85'( SZVT 921 lPrP l28/( (17'(&.7 Jl28/(Oo$*1(72675,.7,21K] '(5 ,19(56( g5(.7 J}1O '(581* '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* '85&+ (/$67,6&+( u3$1181*N 9*/P c%%P SVPURK :85'( 921 gP x,//$5, JSZXWK *()81'(1 Jx,//$5,Og5(.7KP A d5,1*7 0$1 (,1(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 u7$% ,1 ',( c&+6( (,1(6 =,5.8/$5(1 o$7*1(7)(/'(6 =P dP '$'85&+N '$66 0$1 '85&+ '(1 u7$% 6(/%67 (,1(1 67$5.(1 u7520 6&+,&.7N 62 58)7 ',( o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1( v256,21 +(5925 Jy,('(0$11Og5(.7K] 80*(.(+57\ :,5' (,1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+( f5$+7 725',(57N '$11 (5+>/7 (5 (,1( 63,5$/)?50,*( 0$*1(7,6&+( c1,627523,( Jo$77(8&&,Og5(.7KP f,( o$*1(72675,.7,21 ,67 1,&+7 '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( c1$/2* =85 ,0 c%6&+1P SUPTPS %(+$1O '(/7(1 g/(.752675,.7,21] '$*(*(1 %(67(+7 3+>120(12/2*,6&+( }+1/,&+.(,7 0,7 '(5 r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7P l( 1$&+'(0N 2% 3$5$//(/ =85 o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781* (,1( x(5/>1*(581* 2'(5 x(5O .@5=81* $8)75,77N 635,&+7 0$1 921 326,7,9(5 2'(5 1(*$7,9(5 o$*1(72675,.7,21P f,( 5(/$7,9(1 n>1*(1>1'(581*(1 (sBs /,(*(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 SR2Z %,6 SR2VP g,6(1 %(6,7=7 326,7,9( o$*1(72675,.7,21N 'P +P (1(5*(7,6&+ %(925=8*7 :(5'(1 o$*O 1(7,6,(581*(1 3$5$//(/ =8 (,1(5 $1*(/(*7(1 |8*63$1181* 2'(5 6(1.5(&+7 =8 (,1(5

ZVX

SV o$*1(7,6086

(a)

(b)

c%%P SVPUR j667 6,&+ '(021675,(5(1N ,1'(0 0$1 0,7 '(5 c125'181* 921 c%%P SVPST ',( j77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* ,1 f5$+75,&+781* =8 (55(,&+(1 Jc%%P SVPURKP g,1 %(.$1176 0$*1(72675,.7,9(6 r+>120(1 ,67 '$6 NNv5$)2Od5800(1DD 0,7 (,1(5 v21)5(48(1= 921 SRR j=N 9(5856$&+7 '85&+ ',( 0,7 WR j= y(&+6(/67520 800$*1(O 7,6,(57(1 v5$)2Od/(&+(P x2/80(10$*1(72675,.7,21P p(%(1 '(5 l28/(Oo$*1(72675,.7,21 *,%7 (6 12&+ (,1( 9,(/ ./(,1(5( x2/80(1>1'(581* %(, .2167$17(5 h250N ',( 921 '(5 6321$7(1 o$*1(7,6,(O 581* $%+>1*7 81' '85&+ '(5(1 v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 ,1 g56&+(,181* 75,77P f$ ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 v(03(5$785 $%1,007N ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N ,1 (,1(0 %(67,007(1 v(0(5$785%(5(,&+ (,1( 326,7,9( x2/80(10$*1(72675,.7,21 J|8O 1$+0( '(6 x2/80(16 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 63217$1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*N */(,&+%('(87(1' 0,7 c%1$+0( '(6 x2/80(16 %(, 67(,*(1'(5 v(03(5$785K =8 %(187=(1N 80 ',( 7+(5O 0,6&+( c86'(+181* =8 .203(16,(5(1P f,( k19$5On(*,(581* Jh( 0,7 UW c720O@ p,KN %(1$117 1$&+ ,+5(0 7(03(5$785,19$5,$17(1 x2/80(1N %(6,7=7 ',(6( g,*(16&+$)7] ,+5 7+(50,6&+(5 c86'(+181*6.2(5,=,(17 /,(*7 ,0 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+ 921 TR %,6 SRR@e %(, S 6 SR2X m2SN '$6 ,67 (7:$ SBSR 920 y(57 )@5 g,6(1P f,(6( g17'(&.81* 921 eP i8,//$80( JSZ[XN p2%(/35(,6 S[TRK )@+57( =8 =$+/5(,&+(1 7(&+1,6&+(1 c1O :(1'81*(1 7(03(5$78581$%+>1*,*(5 m20321(17(1\ r(1'(/ )@5 w+5(1N n>1*(167$1O '$5'6 '(5 o(752/2*,( 81' i(2'>6,(N c%67$1'667@&.( )@5 h$%51*(N o,.52:(//(1Od$87(,/( 8P $P0P o,7 >+1/,&+(1 n(*,(581O *(1 .$11 $8&+ (,1 7(03(5$785.2167$17(5 g/$67,=,7>7602'8/ (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 Jh('(51 )@5 w+5(1 81' o(66,167580(17(KP

SVPTPX c17,)(552O 81' h(55,0$*1(7,6086 y,5 +$%(1 '(1 h(5520$*1(7,6086 '$'85&+ *('(87(7N '$66 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o2O 0(17( Ju3,1020(17(K $8) '(1 i,77(53/>7=(1 (,1(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$//6 3$O 5$//(/ =8(,1$1'(5 $86*(5,&+7(7 6,1'N :(11 ',( v(03(5$785 817(5+$/% '(6 e85,(Or81.O

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086 Ferromagnetismus (a)

Antiferromagnetismus

ZVY

Ferrimagnetismus

(b)

(c)

c%%P SVPUS c125'181* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( J6&+(0$7,6&+K )@5 ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 c5O 7(1 '(6 o$*1(7,6086 817(5+$/% '(5 e85,(O %=:P p(E (/Ov(03(5$785P

7(6 /,(*7P g6 (5*,%7 6,&+ 6&+(0$7,6&+ $/62 (,1 d,/' :,( ,1 c%%P SVPUS$P d(1$&+%$57( u3,16 :(,6(1 ,1 ',( */(,&+( t,&+781*P d(5(,76 S[UT +$7 $%(5 nP p(E (/ Jp2%(/35(,6 S[YRK '$5$8) +,1*(:,(6(1N '$66 6,&+ 817(5 %(67,007(1 d(',1*81*(1 %(1$&+%$57( u3,16 $17,3$5$//(/ 67(//(1 .?11(1P o$1 635,&+7 '$11 921 c17,)(5520$*1(7,6086 Jc%%P SVPUS%KP S[UZ :85'( (5670$/6 $0 o$1*$12;,' Jo1qK $17,)(5520$*1(7,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 1$&+*(:,(6(1P f(5 c17,)(5520$*1(7,6086 />667 6,&+ '85&+ =:(, ,1(,1$1'(5 9(56&+$&+7(/7( w17(5*,77(5 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* %(6&+5(,%(1P d(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086 6,1' ',( u3,1020(17( $//( */(,&+*(5,&+7(7] %(,0 c17,)(5O 520$*1(7,6086 6,1' 6,( 185 ,11(5+$/% '(5 w17(5*,77(5 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7N :>+5(1' ',( w17(5*,77(5 ,1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 t,&+781* 0$*1(7,6,(57 6,1'P c8) '(1 i,77(53/>7=(1 '(5 c17,)(5520$*1(7,.$ %(71'(1 6,&+ 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17( 921 */(,&+(0 d(75$*N 62'$66 1$&+ $8M(1 .(,1( o$*1(7,6,(581* ,1 g56&+(,181* 75,77P d(,0 h(55,0$*1(7,6086N '(66(1 f(8781* $8&+ 921 nP p(E (/ JS[VZK 67$007N ,67 '$6 $1'(56N :,( (6 ,1 c%%P SVPUS& '85&+ ',( n>1*( '(5 r)(,/( $1*('(87(7 ,67P y2+/ 6,1' ',( o20(17( ,1 '(1 %(,'(1 w17(5*,77(51 )@5 6,&+ 3$5$//(/ *(5,&+7(7 81' ',( w17(5O *,77(5 $17,3$5$//(/P g6 6,1' $%(5 $8) '(1 r/>7=(1 '(6 (,1(1 w17(5*,77(56 '(0 d(75$* 1$&+ *5?M(5( 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17( /2.$/,6,(57 $/6 $8) '(1 r/>7=(1 '(6 $1'(5(1 w1O 7(5*,77(56P f(5 h(55,0$*1(7,6086 ,67 $/62 '$'85&+ &+$5$.7(5,6,(57N '$66 6,&+ ',( y,5O .81*(1 '(5 %(,'(1 w17(5*,77(5 1$&+ $8M(1 1,&+7 0(+5 .203(16,(5(1N )2/*/,&+ (,1( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* %(2%$&+7%$5 :,5'P f,( >8M(5( g56&+(,181* ,67 '(01$&+ >+1/,&+ :,( %(,0 h(5520$*1(7,6086P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>7(1 =(,*(1 ',( w17(56&+,('( '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 x(5+$/7(16:(,6(1 '(5 o$7(5,(P f(5 f,$0$*1(7,6086 ,67 '85&+ ',( v(0O ¯m

¯m kein einfaches Verhalten

¯m

0

T ¯m = C T

(a)

Paramagnetismus

0

TC

¯ m = C , T >TC T--TC (b) Ferromagnetismus

T

ıD

0

TN

T

¯ m = C , T >T N T+ı D (c) Antiferromagnetismus

c%%P SVPUT v(03(5$7859(5/$8) '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 )@5 r$5$0$*1(7,6086N h(5O 520$*1(7,6086 81' c17,)(5520$*1(7,6086P

ZVZ

SV o$*1(7,6086

3(5$78581$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 *(.(11=(,&+1(7P d(, 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(1 u725(1 *,/7 '$6 e85,(I6&+( i(6(7=N 1$&+ '(0 ',( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 '(5 v(03(5$785 80O *(.(+57 3523257,21$/ ,67 Jc%%P SVPUT$KP d(, h(5520$*1(7,6086 71'(1 :,5 2%(5+$/% '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 ve 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1] 'P +P :,5 +$%(1 )@5 h(552O 0$*1(7,.$ '$6 e85,(I6&+( i(6(7= '85&+ (,1( *(>1'(57( v(03(5$7856.$/$ =8 02',O 7=,(5(1 81' (5+$/7(1 62 '$6 e85,(Oy(,66Oi(6(7= Jc%%P SVPUT%KN '$6 $%(5 185 2%(5+$/% 921 ve *,/7P w17(5+$/% 921 ve ,67 '$6 v(03(5$7859(5+$/7(1 921 h(5520$*1(7,.$ -( 1$&+ u725 81' '(66(1 x25%(+$1'/81* 817(56&+,('/,&+P c8&+ $17,)(5520$*1(7,6&+( u725( +$%(1 (,1( v(03(5$785N p(E (/Ov(03(5$785 vp *(1$117N 2%(5+$/% '(5 6,( 6,&+ 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+ 9(5+$/7(1P f$6 e85,(Oy(,66Oi(6(7= 0866 -('2&+ %(, $17,)(5520$*O 1(7,6&+(1 u725(1 02',7=,(57 :(5'(1\ k0 p(11(5 75,77 1,&+7 ',( e85,(Ov(03(5$785 68%75$.7,9N 621'(51 ',( f(%//7 ',( $17,)(5520$*1(7,6&+( u86=(3O 7,%,/,7>7 $%P

c%%P SVPUU c865,&+781* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( ,1 (,1(0 $17,)(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 i,77(5P

c0 /(,&+7(67(1 ,67 '$6 $17,)(5520$*1(7,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 =8 9(567(+(1N :(11 0$1 '(1 m5,67$// ,1 =:(, w17(5*,77(5 $8)7(,/7P c/6 d(,63,(/ %(75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1 5$80=(17O 5,(57(6 .8%,6&+(6 i,77(5N :,( (6 ,1 c%%P SVPUU '$5*(67(//7 ,67P f,(6(6 i,77(5 .?11(1 :,5 ,1 =:(, w17(5*,77(5 $8)63$/7(1\ '$6 (,1( %(67(+7 $86 '(1 c720(1 2'(5 o2/(.@/(1 ,1 '(1 y@5)(/0,77(1N '$6 $1'(5( $86 '(1 v(,/&+(1 $8) '(1 y@5)(/(&.(1P d(,'( w1O 7(5*,77(5 6,1' '$11 (,1)$&+( .8%,6&+( i,77(5P d(,'( w17(5*,77(5 62//(1 181 )@5 6,&+ )(5520$*1(7,6&+ 6(,1N 'P +P ,1 %(,'(1 62//(1 ',( u3,16 J%=:P ',( '$=8 $17,3$5$//(/(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(K 3$5$//(/ *(5,&+7(7 6(,1P k67 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 w17(5*,77(51 62N '$66 6,&+ ',( u3,16 '(6 (,1(1 w17(5*,77(56 1$&+ 2%(1 81' ',( '(6 $1'(5(1 1$&+ 817(1 67(//(1N '$11 /,(*7 c17,)(5520$*1(7,6086 925P x21 $8M(1 ,67 .(,1( o$*1(7,6,(581* )(67=867(//(1P c8) 1>&+67 %(1$&+%$57(1 i,77(53/>7O =(1N $/62 ,1 '(5 y@5)(/(&.( 81' ,1 '(5 y@5)(/0,77(N %(71'(1 6,&+ 67(76 0$*1(7,6&+( o20(17( ,1 $17,3$5$//(/(5 u7(//81* =8(,1$1'(5P y(11 :,5 $/62 />1*6 '(5 5>80/,&+(1 y@5)(/',$*21$/( '85&+ '(1 m5,67$// *(+(1N 62 :(,6(1 ',( u3,16 $%:(&+6(/1' 1$&+ 2%(1 81' 1$&+ 817(1N *(1$8 :,( (6 ,1 c%%P SVPUS% '$5*(67(//7 ,67P q%(5+$/% '(5 p(E (/Ov(03(5$785 :,5' ',( q5'181* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( '85&+ ',( y>50(O %(:(*81* =(567?57N :>+5(1' 6,&+ 817(5+$/% '(5 %(5*$1*67(03(5$785 80 62 %(66(5 ',( 77 ,00(5 0(+5 $%)>//7 Jc%%P SVPUT&KP f$6 (17:25)(1( d,/' '(&.7 6,&+ 5(&+7 *87 0,7 '(1 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 g5*(%1,66(1P c%%P SVPUV =(,*7 '(1 x(5/$8) '(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 921 o1q 0,7 '(5 v(03(5$785] ',(

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZV[

85 80 75 ¯ m ·10 6

70 65 60 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

TJK

c%%P SVPUV v(03(5$7859(5/$8) '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 921 o1q ,1 (,1(0 jOh(/' 921 VRR RRR cB0 J1$&+ d,=(77(N u48,5( 81' v6$,KP

u86=(37,%,/,7>7 )>//7 '(87/,&+ $%N 62%$/' ',( p(E (/Ov(03(5$785 921 STT m 817(56&+5,7O 7(1 :,5'P f,( p(E (/Ov(03(5$785 ,67 (,1( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( i5?M(N ',( 6,&+ 1,&+7 185 %(, '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 %(0(5.%$5 0$&+7P c8&+ (,1,*( $1'(5( 3+50(N 7+(50,6&+(5 c86'(+181*6.2(5,=,(17N (/(.75,6&+(5 y,'(567$1' 8P $PK =(,*(1 ,1 '(5 p>+( '(5 p(E (/Ov(03(5$785 $86*(35>*7( c120$/,(1N 62'$66 $8&+ $1 ,+5(0 v(03(5$7859(5/$8) (,1( (;3(5,0(17(//( d(67,0O 081* '(5 p(E (/Ov(03(5$785 0?*/,&+ ,67P

SVPTPY h(55,7( u8%67$1=(1N ',( h(55,0$*1(7,6086 =(,*(1 :(5'(1 h(55,7( *(1$117P f,( (,1)$&+67(1 +$%(1 (,1( |86$00(16(7=81*N ',( 6,&+ '85&+ ',( &+(0,6&+( h250(/ o(q 6 h(TqU $86'5@&.(1 />667] '$%(, ,67 o( (,1 =:(,:(57,*(6 o(7$// :,( o*N o1N h(N e2N p,N 1500 Li 0.5 Fe1.25Cr1.25O4 1000 MJA m-1

500

0 0

100

200 TJK

300

400

500

c%%P SVPUW v(03(5$7859(5/$8) '(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* (,1(6 h(55,7(6N *(0(66(1 ,1 (,1(0 jOh(/' 921 VRR RRR cB0 J1$&+ i257(5 81' u&+8+/.(6N S[WUKP

ZWR

SV o$*1(7,6086

e8N |1N e' 2'(5 (,1( o,6&+81* $86 ,+1(1P o$1 .$11 ',( h(55,7( $8&+ $/6 920 o$*1(7,7 h(UqV 3 h(q 6 h(TqU $%*(/(,7(7 $85$66(1N ,1'(0 '$6 =:(,:(57,*( g,6(1 '85&+ (,1(6 '(5 $1*()@+57(1 o(7$//( (56(7=7 :,5'P f,(6( h(55,7( +$%(1 u3,1(//6758.O 785N %(1$117 1$&+ '(0 i,77(5 '(6 o,1(5$/6 u3,1(// Jo*c/TqVKP y,5 +$%(1 6&+21 (,1*$1*6 (5:>+17N '$66 h(55,7( (,1( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* =(,*(1N '$66 6,( $/62 ,1 ',(6(0 r81.7 '(1 h(5520$*1(7,.$ >+1(/1P g6 %(67(+(1 -('2&+ :(6(17/,&+( w17(56&+,('( ,0 v(03(5$7859(5/$8) '(5 63217$1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*P h(5O 520$*1(7,.$ 3$66(1 6,&+ *87 m859(1 920 v5(1P y,5 :2//(1 ',( %(,'(1 w17(5*,77(5 '85&+ ',( k1',=(6 c 81' d 817(56&+(,'(1P d(,'( i,77(5 9(5+$/7(1 6,&+ A -('(6 )@5 6,&+ *(1200(1 A :,( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( m5,67$//(P k+5( 63217$1( o$*1(O 7,6,(581* :,5' $/62 '85&+ (,1( m859( :,( (7:$ ,1 c%%P SVPSX $1*(*(%(1P h@5 ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 cOi,77(56 *,/7 '(6+$/% ',( m859( oc ,1 c%%P SVPUXN ',( %(, '(5 e85,(Ov(03(5$785 ve 9(56&+:,1'(7P f$ ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* od '(6 dOi,77(56 '(5 '(6 cOi,77(56 (17*(*(1*(5,&+7(7 ,67N 75$*(1 :,5 6,( ,1 '(5 c%%P SVPUX $/6 1(*$7,9 (,1P p$&+ $8M(1 %(2%$&+7%$5 ,67 $//(,1 ',( 63217$1( o$*1(O 7,6,(581* o '(6 i(6$07*,77(56N ',( 6,&+ $/6 u800( 921 oc 81' od (5*,%7P f,(6 ,67 ',( 0,77/(5( m859( '(5 c%%P SVPUXP f$ $%(5 ',( *(0(66(1( o$*1(7,6,(581* 67(76 $/6 326,7,9 $1*(*(%(1 :,5'N 0866 '(5 /(7=7( v(,/ ',(6(5 m859( $1 '(5 vOc&+6( ,1 '(1 *(675,&+(/7(1 v(,/ *(63,(*(/7 :(5'(1P f$6 t(68/7$7 ,67 (,1( m859(N ',( '(5 o(66.859( 921 c%%P SVPUW >+1/,&+ ,67P f,( |(5/(*81* '(6 )(55,0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5,67$//6 ,1 =:(, )250$/ *(75(117( w17(5*,77(5 ,67 (,1( %(48(0( x2567(//81* =85 $16&+$8/,&+(1 f(8781* '(5 x(568&+6(5*(%1,66(P f,( w17(5*,77(5 6,1' $%(5 3+50(%(:(*81* 81:,5.6$0 *(0$&+7P h(55,0$*1(7,6&+( u725( 9(5+$/7(1 6,&+ A $%*(6(+(1 921 '(5 v(03(5$785$%+>1O *,*.(,7 '(5 63217$1(1 o$*1(7,6,(581* A >+1/,&+ :,( h(5520$*1(7,.$P u,( =(,*(1 d(=,5.66758.785(1 81' >1'(51 ,+5( 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581* '85&+ y$1'9(56&+,(O %81*(1 81' f5(+352=(66(P g%(162 6,1' $1 ,+1(1 m5,67$//$1,627523,( 81' o$*1(O 72675,.7,21 %(2%$&+7%$5P

MA

M TC MB

T

c%%P SVPUX f,( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 w17(5*,77(5 81' '(6 i(6$07*,77(56 (,1(6 h(55,7(6 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 v(03(5$785P

SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZWS

f,( h(55,7( +$%(1 '(1 *52M(1 x257(,/N '$66 ,+5 63(=,76&+(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 y,'(567$1' 80 $&+7 %,6 (/) |(+1(5327(1=(1 *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 '(5 0(7$//,6&+(1 o$*1(7(P f$'85&+ 6,1' ',( y,5%(/675209(5/867( 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1P f,(6(5 x257(,/ '(5 h(55,7( :,(*7 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ 0,7 '(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 o(7$//(1 6&+:(5(5 $/6 '(5 p$&+7(,/ '(5 ./(,O 1(5(1 u>77,*81*60$*1(7,6,(581* 81' '(5 1,('5,*(5(1 e85,(Ov(03(5$785P f85&+ ',( x$5,$7,21 '(5 |86$00(16(7=81* .?11(1 ',( g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(5 h(55,7( ,1 :(,7(1 i5(1=(1 9(5>1'(57 :(5'(1P f,( 9(56&+,('(1(1 o(7$//2;,'( :(5'(1 $/6 r8/9(5 9(50,6&+7N 817(5 6(+5 +2+(0 f58&. ,1 ',( *(:@16&+7( h250 *(35(M7 81' $16&+/,(M(1' *(6,17(57N :2%(, ',( o(7$//( 81' '(5 u$8(56725 6,&+ =8 (,1(0 u3,1(//O m5,67$// 9(5%,1'(1P f,( j(567(//81* 921 *5?M(5(1 h(55,767@&.(1 ,67 6&+:,(5,*N :(,/ %(,0 u,17(51 '(5 h(55,7 $8) (7:$ ',( j>/)7( 6(,1(6 x2/80(16 6&+5803)7N :2%(, 67$5.( 0(&+$1,6&+( u3$1181*(1 $8)75(7(1 .?11(1P i(6,17(57( h(55,767@&.( +$%(1 ',( j>57( 921 r25=(//$1P x21 6(+5 *52M(0 x257(,/ ,67 $8&+ ',( o?*/,&+.(,7N ',( h(55,7( =8 r8/9(5 =8 =(5O ./(,1(51P f,(6(6 r8/9(5 .$11 ,1 m(5$0,. 2'(5 ,1 m81676725(1 J$8&+ ,1 6(+5 '@11(1 h2/,(1K (,1*(%(77(7 :(5'(1P l( 1$&+ |86$00(16(7=81* 6,1' ',( h(55,7( +$57O 2'(5 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( y(5.6725(P k0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 '(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(5.6725(1 (5*(%(1 6,&+ )2/*(1'( x257(,/(\ A f,( +$570$*1(7,6&+(1 h(55,7( +$%(1 '(1 x257(,/ (,1(5 +?+(5(1 m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.(P g,1 p$&+7(,/ ,67 ',( ./(,1(5(N 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*( t(0$1(1=P c1:(1'81*(1\ f,( 6(+5 )(,1.?51,*(1 h(55,70$66(1 /$66(1 6,&+ *87 $8) d>1'(5 81' u&+(,%(1 =85 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f$7(163(,&+(581* $8)%5,1*(1P c1'(5( c1:(1'81*6%(,O 63,(/( 6,1'\ j$)70$*1(7(N m(51O 81' t,1*0$*1(7( )@5 n$87635(&+(5N v(/(3+21+?O 5(5.$36(/1N v$8&+638/0,.523+21(N *(32/7( t(/$,6N o$*1(7( )@5 o$*1(75216 81' y$1'(5)(/'5?+5(1N r(50$1(170$*1(7( ,1 o2725(1N i(1(5$725(1 81' o(66,16758O 0(17(1P A f,( :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(55,7( +$%(1 '(1 *52M(1 x257(,/ '(5 *(5,1*(1 y,5%(/O 675209(5/867(N '(5 '(1 g,16$7= %(, 6(+5 +2+(1 h5(48(1=(1 *(67$77(7P c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/(\ h(55,7Oc17(11(167>%( ,1 t$',2*(5>7(1N 9(5/867$50( h(55,7O .(51( ,1 j2&+)5(48(1=638/(1N ,1'8.7,9( g1(5*,(@%(575$*81* J2+1( (/(.75,6&+(1 m217$.7CKP f,( ,1'8.7,9( g1(5*,(@%(575$*81* :,5' =P dP %(, c872Oy(*)$+563(55(1 *(187=7\ j2&+)5(48(17 800$*1(7,6,(57( h(55,7)2/,(1 80)$66(1 '$6 |@1'6&+/2M 81' @%(575$*(1 g1(5*,( $1 '(1 c8726&+/@66(/N '$0,7 '(5 '(1 u7$57&2'( $1 '$6 c872 @%(575$*(1 .$11P

SVPTPZ o$*1(72:,'(567$1' y(11 (,1 u7520 '85&+ (,1(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 n(,7(5 9,(M7N '$11 75(7(1N :,( %(, $//(1 n(,7(5675?0(1N ',( ,1 c%6&+1P ZPSPT %(6&+5,(%(1(1 *$/9$12O0$*1(7,6&+(1 g)O )(.7( $8)N ',( '85&+ ',( g,1:,5.81* (,1(6 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'6 $8) '(1 n(,7(567520 =867$1'( .200(1P A k0 h2/*(1'(1 *(+7 (6 80 9,(/ 0$5.$17(5( )(5520$*1(7,6&+( g5(.7(P SZWY (17'(&.7( y,//,$0 v+20621 Jn25' m(/9,1K '(1 $1,627523(1 o$*1(72:,'(5O 67$1' J$1,627523,& 0$*1(725(6,67$1&(N cotK\ h(5520$*1(7,6&+( n(,7(5 (5)$+5(1 ,1

ZWT

SV o$*1(7,6086

(,1(0 o$*1(7)(/' (,1( }1'(581* '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 y,'(567$1'6P f(5 y,'(567$1' ,67 3523257,21$/ =80 s8$75$7 '(6 m26,186 '(6 921 o$*1(7,6,(581* 81' u75205,&+O 781* (,1*(6&+/266(1(1 y,1.(/6N $/62 0$;,0$/N :(11 6,( 3$5$//(/ 2'(5 $17,3$5$//(/ =8(,1$1'(5 $86*(5,&+7(7 6,1'N 0,1,0$/ %(, 6(1.5(&+7(5 q5,(17,(581*P f,( y,'(5O 67$1'6>1'(581*(1 /,(*(1 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 (,1,*(1 r52=(17P f(5 t,(6(1Oo$*1(72:,'(567$1' J*,$17 0$*1(725(6,67$1&(N iotK :85'( S[ZZ */(,&+=(,7,* 81' ,1 81$%+>1*,*(1 c5%(,7(1 921 r(7(5 i5@1%(5* $0 k167,787 )@5 h(67O .?53(53+1'(581*(1 (5=,(/7P f(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' %(58+7 $8) '(5 u75(881* '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 $1 '(1 ,0 h(67.?3(5 *(%81'(1(1 g/(.7521(1 81' c720.(51(1 Jc%6&+1P ZPSPSKP f$ ',( g/(.7521(1 1(%(1 n$'81* $8&+ u3,1 %(6,7=(1N %(67(+7 ',( g/(.7521Og/(.7521Ou75(8O 81* $86 (,1(5 %(5/$*(581* 921 /$'81*6$%+>1*,*(5 81' 63,1$%+>1*,*(5 y(&+6(/O :,5.81*P f(5 u75(848(56&+1,77 ,67 )@5 $17,3$5$//(/( u3,16 *5?M(5 $/6 )@5 3$5$//(/(P f,( ,1 '$6 u&+,&+7676(/(.7521(1 67>5.(5 *(675(87N A )@5 6,( ,67 '(5 (/(.75,6&+( y,'(567$1' *5?M(5P c%%P SVPUY$ =(,*7 '$6 g56$7=6&+$/7%,/' )@5 '(1 u7520'85&+*$1* '85&+ (,1 |:(,O 6&+,&+7676(/(.7521(1] )@5 ',(6( g/(.7521(1 +$%(1 %(,'( u&+,&+7(1 (,1(1 *52M(1 y,'(567$1'P f$=8 3$5$//(/ *(6&+$/7(7 ,67 '(5 u75203)$' '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 0,7 3$5$//(/(1 u3,16N )@5 ',( %(,'( u&+,&+7(1 (,1(1 ./(,1(1 y,'(567$1' +$%(1P c%%P SVPUY% *,/7 )@5 $17,3$5$//(/( u&+,&+70$*1(7,6,(581*] ,1 '(1 %(,'(1N 3$5$//(/ *(6&+$/7(7(1 u75203)$'(1 )@5 ',( =:(, u3,1.20321(17(1 '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ,67 '(6+$/% (,1 *52M(5 81' (,1 ./(,1(5 y,'(567$1' ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7P y,( 6,&+ /(,&+7 1$&+5(&+1(1 />667N ,67 )@5 ',( /,1.( u&+$/781* '(5 5(68/O 7,(5(1'( i(6$07:,'(567$1' ./(,1(5 $/6 )@5 ',( 5(&+7(P u&+/,(M(1 ',( %(,'(1 u&+,&+7O 0$*1(7,6,(581*(1 '(1 y,1.(/ a (,1N '$11 9$5,,(57 '(5 i(6$07:,'(567$1' '(6 |:(,O 6&+,&+7Ou1*,* 921 '(1 o$*1(7,6,(581*65,&+781O *(1P f$'85&+ :,5' '(5 y,'(567$1'6(5(.7 6(+5 *52MP o$1 635,&+7 +,(5 921 (,1(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 v811(/:,'(567$1' J7811(//,1* 0$*1(725(6,67$1&(N votKP u2/&+( u3,1O x(17,/( :(5'(1 )@5 1,&+7O9@&+7,*( 0$*1(7,6&+( u3(,&+(5 JotcoN o$*1(7,& t$1'20

ZWV

SV o$*1(7,6086

c&&(66 o(0251=7 :(5'(1 0@66(1P v(&+12/2*,6&+ />667 ',( *(*(16(,7,*( m21752//( (/(.75,6&+(5 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 g,*(16&+$)7(1 1(8( c16>7=( )@5 ',( f$7(163(,&+(581* (5:$57(1P

SVPU o$*1(7,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7(1 SVPUPS h(55298,'( f,( 6(+5 ./(,1(1N 5(0$1(17 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 )(552O 2'(5 )(55,0$*1(7,6&+(1 v(,/&+(1 '(5 h(55298,'( .?11(1 '85&+ f5(+81* /(,&+7 ',( t,&+781* ,+5(5 o$*1(7,6,(581* >1'(51N >+1/,&+ /(,&+7 :,( 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( c720( ,1 (,1(0 h(67.?53(5N ,+5( NN0$O .526.23,6&+(1DD 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17( ,0 6,1' $%(5 9,(/ 67>5.(5 $/6 ',( 3$5$0$O *1(7,6&+(5 c720(P y(11 0$1 (,1(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 u725 38/9(5,6,(57 81' ',( m?51&+(1 62 ./(,1 0$&+7N '$66 (,1 y(,66Od(=,5. J(,1( f20>1(K '$6 *$1=( m251 $86)@//7N '$11 ,67 '$6 *$1=( m251 (,1 ./(,1(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7P w0 '$6 |86$0O 0(192&.(1 '(5 .2//2,'$/(1 v(,/&+(1 '85&+ 0$*1(7,6&+( 81' x$1O'(5Oy$$/6Om5>)7( =8 9(5+,1'(51N 80*,%7 0$1 ',( v(,/&+(1 0,7 (,1(0 *5(1=9>&+(1$.7,9(1 u725N =P dP ~/6>85(P f,( /$1*(1 o2/(.@/( '(5 ~/6>85( 67(+(1 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( '(5 v(,/&+(1 81' 625*(1 62 )@5 '(1 c%67$1' =80 1>&+67(1 v(,/&+(1P y(11 0$1 ',( 62 %(+$1'(/7(1 m?51(5 ,1 (,1(5 *((,*1(7(1 v5>*(59@66,*.(,7 $8)6&+:(007N '$11 .?1O 1(1 6,&+ ',( m?51(5 /(,&+7 '5(+(1 81' ,1 (,1(0 o$*1(7)(/' 3$5$//(/ (,167(//(1P f,( 0,7 '(5 f5(+81* 9(5%81'(1(1 t(,%81*69(5/867( ,1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 6,1' 9(56&+:,1O '(1' ./(,1P p$&+ '(0 c866&+$/7(1 '(6 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'6 625*7 ',( y>50(%(O :(*81* Jd52:1I6&+( o2/(.8/$5%(:(*81*K 6&+1(// )@5 (,1( 5(*(//26( g,167(//81* '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(P g6 *,%7 35$.7,6&+ .(,1( j5.( 6,1' 18//P h(55298,'( J)(55298,'6N hhK 9(5+$/7(1 6,&+ %(, |,0O 0(57(03(5$785 3+>120(12/2*,6&+ :,( r$5$0$*1(7,.$ %(, 6(+5 7,()(1 v(03(5$785(1] ',(6(6 x(5+$/7(1 :,5' $/6 u83(53$5$0$*1(7,6086 %(=(,&+1(7P d(, '(5 j(567(//81* (,1(6 h(55298,'6 ,67 %(621'(56 $8) ',( m/(,1+(,7 '(5 r$57,.(/ =8 $&+7(1P f$6 $0 0(,67(1 9(5:(1'(7( o$7(5,$/ ,67 o$*1(7,7 J3 o$*1(7(,6(167(,1N h(q 6 h(TqUKP f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* ',(6(6 h(55,76 ,67 =:$5 ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( (,1(6 h(5O 520$*1(7,.806N $%(5 $865(,&+(1'P o$*1(7,738/9(5 :,5' ,1 c1:(6(1+(,7 (,1(5 r2O //7 (7:$ SRW 63217$1 0$*1(7,6,(57( u3,102O 0(17(N ',( =86$00(1 (,1 3(50$1(17(6 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 921 &$P SR2SZ c0T (5*(%(1P i((,*1(7( 2%(59>&+(1$.7,9( r2///(1 921 o$*1(7,7 $86 (,1(5 g,6(1&+/25,'On?681* ,1 c1:(6(1+(,7 921 2%(59>&+(1$.7,9(1 r2/+(581*6:(,6( 3523257,21$/ =8 J61TtK2XN ',( '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 y(&+O 6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(1 ,67 3523257,21$/ =8 J61TtK2UP f,( 327(17,(//( g1(5*,( '(5 67(5,6&+(1 c%672M81* 5(68/7,(57 $86 '(5 (/$6O 7,6&+(1 f()250,(5%$5.(,7 '(5 r2//)7( 0,7 (,1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7 *()@//7P g,1( :(,M( i/$6.8*(/ :,5' ,1 '$6 d(&+(5*/$6 *(/(*7P o$1 .$11 ',( m8*(/ *(5$'( 12&+ '85&+ ',( '81./( 0$*O 1(7,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7 921 '(5 u(,7( 81' 921 2%(1 6(+(1P f,( h/@66,*.(,76+?+( 62// '(87/,&+ *5?M(5 $/6 '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 i/$6.8*(/ 6(,1] ',( m8*(/ /,(*7 $8) '(0 d2'(1P p>+(57 0$1 6,&+ '(0 d(&+(5*/$6 921 817(1 0,7 (,1(0 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1N '$11 67(,*7 ',( i/$6.8*(/ 1$&+ 2%(1 81' 6&+:(%7 ,1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7N 2%*/(,&+ 6,( 6&+:(5(5 ,67 $/6 ',(6( 81' '$6 i/$6 '(5 m8*(/ 9?//,* 810$*1(7,6&+ ,67P f,( g5./>581* ,67 (,1)$&+\ ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7 :,5' 920 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 $1*(=2*(1N *(+7 817(5 ',( i/$6.8*(/ 81' '5>1*7 ',(6( 1$&+ 2%(1 ,1 '$6 6&+:>&+(5( h(/'P c1:(1'81*6%(,63,(/(P c0 +>87*67(1 :(5'(1 h(55298,'( JhhK ,1 f,&+781*(1 )@5 y(//(1'85&+)@+581*(1 (,1*(6(7=7P f85&+ r(50$1(170$*1(7( $1 '(5 f,&+781*667(//( *(+$/7(1N .$11 '$6 hh 67$5.(0 f58&. :,'(567(+(1 81' 6,&+ 9(56&+/(,M)5(, '(5 67>1',* >1'(51'(1 f,&+7?5181* $13$66(1P k1 (/(.752'03)81* '(5 q%(56&+:,1*81*(1 81' ',( m@+/81* '(5 67520)@+5(1'(1 v21638/( 9(5%(66(57P p,&+7O)(5520$*1(7,6&+( u725( 9(56&+,('(1(5 f,&+7( .?11(1 ,1 (,1(0 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r2/(1 (,1(6 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 %(71'/,&+(1 hh 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117 :(5'(1P f,( f,&+7( '(6 hh .$11 0,7 '(5 h(/'67>5.( 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1P u725( '(5 */(,&+(1 f,&+7( 6&+:,00(1 '$5,1N ',( 0,7 $1'(5(1 f,&+7(1 6,1.(1 =8 d2'(1 2'(5 6&+:,00(1 2%(1O $8)P g,1*(6(7=7 :,5' ',(6(6 x(5)$+5(1 =P dP =85 i(:,1181* 921 i2/' 81' g'(/67(,1(1P d(,63,(/ (,1(5 0(',=,17(&+1,6&+(1 c1:(1'81*\ f85&+ >8M(5( h(/'(5 .?11(1 y,5.68%67$1=(1 0,7 h(55298,'(1 $/6 v5>*(5 $1 (,1(5 *(:@16&+7( u7(//( ,0 m?53(5 326,7,21,(57 :(5'(1P f$1$&+ :,5' '$6 h(55298,' 0,7+,/)( 921 o$*1(7(1 :,('(5 $86 '(0 d/87.5(,6/$8) (17)(517P

SVPUPT o$*1(725+(2/2*,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7(1 u83(53$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u725(N ',( 0,7 ,+5(1 5+(2/2*,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 5(9(56,%(/ $8) '$6 c1/(*(1 (,1(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 5($*,(5(1N 1(117 0$1 0$*1(725+(2/2*,6&+( h/@66,*.(,7(1 J0$*1(725+(2/2*,&$/ 98,'6N othKP g6 6,1' u863(16,21(1 %(67(+(1' $86 v5>*(59@66,*.(,7N u7$%,/,67$725 81' )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(6767253$57,.(/1N 0,7 (,1(0 f85&+0(66(5 921 SASR =0 81' (,1(0 x2/80(1$17(,/ 921 %,6 =8 ZR@P c/6 d$6,69@66,*.(,7 :(5'(1 0(,67 ,62/,(5(1'(6 u,/,.21?/ 2'(5 67P f(5 h/,(M:,'(567$1' '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 >1'(57 6,&+ ,11(5+$/% 921 o,//,6(.81'(1P f,( )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 r$5O 7,.(/ 9(5$1.(51 6,&+ 81' %,/'(1 .(77(1$57,*( u758.785(1 3$5$//(/ =8 '(1 o$*1(7)(/'O /,1,(1P k1 ',(6(0 |867$1' .$11 0$1 ',( oth $/6 h(67.?53(5 %(=(,&+1(1P d(, '(1 c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 oth :,5' '$6 0$*1(7,6&+ 67(8(5%$5( 9,6.2(/$67,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 $86*(187=7P |85 |(,7 :(5'(1 oth +$8376>&+/,&+ ,1 f>03)(51N m833O /81*(1N o2725/$*(51 81' d5(06(1 (,1*(6(7=7P oth ',(1(1 $8&+ $/6 u7$%,/,6$725(1 921 d5@&.(1 81' i(%>8'(1 =80 c%)$1*(1 921 y,1'O 81' g5'67?M(1P e+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( w17(56&+,('( 921 oth 81' h(55298,'(1 JhhKP d(,'( 6,1' u863(1O 6,21(1 921 (,6(1+$/7,*(1 v(,/&+(1 ,1 (,1(5 v5>*(59@66,*.(,7 :,( ~/P c%(5 oth (17O +$/7(1 v(,/&+(1 $86 5(,1(0 g,6(1 0,7 f85&+0(66(51 921 o,.520(7(51N hh (17+$/7(1 '$*(*(1 h(55,7Ov(,/&+(1 ,1 '(5 i5?M( 921 p$120(7(51N %(6&+,&+7(7 0,7 .2$*8/$O 7,2169(5+,1'(5'(1 v(16,'(1P k0 i(*(16$7= =8 oth %,/'(1 hh .(,1( m(77(1P u(/%67 ,1 6(+5 67$5.(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 %/(,%(1 hh 9@66,*P f,( hhOx,6.26,7>7 :,5' '85&+ (,1 $1*(/(*7(6 o$*1(7)(/' 1,&+7 9(5>1'(57N $%(5 ',( v(,/&+(1 +$/7(1 6,&+ %(925=8*7 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(6 +2+(1 o$*1(7)(/'6 $8)P f,( othOv(&+12/2*,( %(*$11 6&+21 ,1 '(1 S[VR(5 l$+5(1 Jr$7(17\ l$&2% t$%,12:KN ',( hh 6,1' (,1( 1(8(5( g17:,&./81* Jr$O 7(17\ uP r$3(// S[XWKP i(0(,16$0.(,7(1 921 oth 81' (/(.7525+(2/2*,6&+(1 h/@66,*.(,7(1 JgthKP d(,'( :(5O '(1 2)7 =86$00(1 $/6 NNu&+/$8( h/@66,*.(,7(1DD J60$57 98,'6K %(=(,&+1(7P h@5 7(&+O 1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 :(5'(1 =P |P )$67 $866&+/,(M/,&+ oth 9(5:(1'(7N :(,/ '$0,7 :(6(17/,&+( +?+(5( u&+(563$1181*(1 J3 7$1*(17,$/( m5$)7Bc1*5,569>&+(N 9*/P d'P SK (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( gth +$%(1 $%(5 (,1(1 35,1=,3,(//(1 x257(,/ )@5

ZWZ

SV o$*1(7,6086

c1:(1'81*(1 ,1 75$*%$5(1 i(5>7(1N :(,/ (6 /(,&+7(5 ,67N 0,7 (,1(5 75$*%$5(1 d$77(5,( 81' (17635(&+(1'(5 g/(.7521,. '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' )@5 (,1( gth J77N '(5 d/,7=$%/(,7(5P g,1( o$*1(71$'(/ 67(//7 6,&+ ,1 ',( p25'Ou@'Ot,&+781* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g5'O )(/'(6 (,1] 6,( =(,*7 ,1 ',( t,&+781* =80 0$*1(7,6&+(1 r2/N '(5 1,&+7 ,'(17,6&+ ,67 0,7 '(0 '85&+ ',( g5'527$7,21 '(71,(57(1 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 r2/P

X D

magn. Nord

geographisch Nord H

I

geographisch Ost

Y F Z zum Erdmittelpunkt

c%%P SVPVT |85 f(71,7,21 '(5 (5'0$*1(7,O 6&+(1 g/(0(17(P

h@5 ',( o(6681* '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 $8) '(5 g5'2%(59>&+( *(/7(1 ',( )2/*(1'(1 *(23+7 j 3 Jz T 1{ TKSBTN

JSVPTYK

',( v27$/,17(16,7>7 h 3 Jz T 1{ T 1| TKSBTN

JSVPTZK

81' =:(, y,1.(/N ',( f(./,1$7,21 J'(&/,1$7,21N 0$*1(7,& 9$5,$7,21KN f 3 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 j25,=217$/.20321(17( '(6 g5')(/'(6 81' *(2*5$O 3+,6&+ p25' J326,7,9 1$&+ q67(1KN 81' ',( k1./,1$7,21 J',3 $1*/(K k 3 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 g5')(/' 81' '(5 j25,=217$/(%(1( J326,7,9 1$&+ 817(1KP

SVPV o$*1(7)(/' '(5 g5'(

ZW[

A C B

B R

c%%P SVPVU g5',1'8.725\ f(5 t$+0(1 t 75>*7 (,1( u38/( %(.$117(5 y,1'81*69>&+( 81' .$11 0,77(/6 '(5 c&+6( c *('5(+7 :(5O '(1P f(5 >8M(5( t$+0(1 e .$11 80 ',( c&+O 6( d *('5(+7 :(5'(1P

h@5 ',( o(6681*(1 '(5 j25,=217$/,17(16,7>7 j J81' $8&+ '(5 x(57,.$/,17(16,7>7 |K :85'( 921 yP y(%(5 SZWT '(5 g5',1'8.725 Jc%%P SVPVUK (17:,&.(/7 81' =86$0O 0(1 0,7 (,1(0 %$//,67,6&+(1 i$/9$120(7(5 9(5:(1'(7P d(, 9(57,.$/ *(67(//7(5 c&+6( c :,5' '(5 c33$5$7 62 $8)*(67(//7N '$66 ',( u38/( 0,7 %(.$117(5 y,1'81*69>&+( ,0 t$+0(1 t 6(1.5(&+7 =85 j25,=217$/.20321(17( '(6 g5')(/'(6 67(+7] '$11 :,5' '(5 t$+0(1 t 0,7 '(5 j$1'.85%(/ 80 SZR@ *('5(+7 81' '(5 u3$1181*6672M *(O 0(66(1P y,5' '(5 >8M(5( 48$'5$7,6&+( t$+0(1 e 0,77(/6 '(5 c&+6( d 62 9(567(//7N '$66 ',( u38/( +25,=217$/ /,(*7N '$11 .$11 0,7 (,1(5 SZR@Of5(+81* 80 ',( c&+6( c ',( x(57,.$/,17(16,7>7 | %(67,007 :(5'(1P c86 %(,'(1 y(57(1 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( k1./,O 1$7,21 k *(0>M 7$1 k 3 |BjP f,( ',5(.7( o(6681* '(5 k1./,1$7,21 k (50?*/,&+7 (,1( o$*1(71$'(/ 0,7 +25,=217$/(5 f5(+$&+6(P |85 o(6681* '(6 f(./,1$7,216:,1.(/6 f :,5' ',( t,&+781* (,1(5 m203$661$'(/ 0,7 '(5 =P dP '85&+ u7(513(,/81* %(67,00O 7(1 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 p25'5,&+781* 9(5*/,&+(1P k1 *87(5 p>+(581* ,67 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' $1 '(5 g5'2%(59>&+( %(6&+5(,%%$5 $/6 '$6 h(/' (,1(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f,32/020(17(6 Jc%%P SVPVVKN '$6 ,0 g5'0,77(/381.7 /2O .$/,6,(57 81' *(*(1 ',( t27$7,216$&+6( 80 SSPV@ *(1(,*7 ,67P f(5 c&+6(1'85&+672MO 381.7 /,(*7 %(, Y[PYp YSPZy JkithOSR\ k17(51$7,21$/ i(20$*1(7,& t()(5(1&( h,(/'N g32&+\ TRRWKP f$6 0$*1(7,6&+( f,32/020(17 ,0N& %(75>*7 ZPR 6 SRTT c0TP k0 c%O 67$1' 5 920 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f,32/N 817(5 '(0 y,1.(/ ) =80 0$*1(7,6&+(1 }48$725 +$7 '$6 dOh(/' '(1 d(75$* d 3 J,RBV@K ,0N& JS 1 U 6,1T )KSBTB5U]

JSVPT[K

) ,67 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( d5(,7(1*5$'P Jd(, '(1 ,1 c%6&+1P UPVPV *(*(%(1(1 h250(/1 )@5 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 f,32/ ,67 b '(5 r2/$5:,1.(/ 81' '(0(17635(&+(1' 6,1' u,186 81' m26,186 9(57$86&+7PK c86 i/P JSVPT[K )2/*7 0,7 5 3 t& . XUYS .0 J0,77/(5(5 g5'O 5$',86KN '$66 '$6 g5')(/' $0 *(20$*1(7,6&+(1 }48$725N :2 (6 +25,=217$/ ,67N '(1 d(75$* j 3 US =v %(6,7=7N 81' $1 '(1 *(20$*1(7,6&+(1 r2/(1N :2 (6 9(57,.$/ ,67N '(1 d(75$* | 3 XT =vP h@5 '$6 q%6(59$725,80 p,(0(*. J%(, r276'$0K 0,7 '(5 *(2O 0$*1(7,6&+(1 d5(,7( 921 WS@ WUA ,67 j 3 S[ =v 81' | 3 VW =v] '$6 (5*,%7 ',( v2O 7$/,17(16,7>7 h 3 V[ =vN f,( '257 *(0(66(1(1 (5'0$*1(7,6&+(1 x$5,$7,21(1 '(5 /(7=O 7(1 TV u781'(1 6,1' ,0 k17(51(7 (,16(+%$5P c86 +,6725,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 :,5' ',( 1$&+ p25'(1 =(,*(1'( u3,7=( '(6 m203$66 $/6 ,+5 NNp25'32/DD %(=(,&+1(7P f,( d(,%(+$/781* ',(6(5 d(1(1181* +$7 =85 h2/*(N '$66 6,&+ ,1 '(5 p>+( '(6 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 p25'32/6 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( u@'32/ %(71'(7 81' 80*(.(+57P p$&+ 816(5(1 m219(17,21(1 )@5 ',( t,&+781* 921 f5(+,038/6(1

ZXR

SV o$*1(7,6086 geomagn. Achse magnetischer Südpol

Rotationsachse geographischer Nordpol

11.4°

geomagnetischer Äquator geographischer

magnetisches Dipolmoment

magnetischer Nordpol

c%%P SVPVV f,32/)(/' '(5 g5'( ,1 (,1(0 u&+1,77N '(5 t27$7,216O 81' f,32/$&+6( (17+>/7 J1$&+ yP m(567KP f(5 *(20$*1(7,6&+( p8//0(5,',$1 ,67 ,1 '(5 c%%,/'81* '(5 /,1.( j$/%.5(,6 =:,6&+(1 '(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 r2/(1] '(5 *(2*5$3+,6&+( p25'32/ /,(*7 $/62 $8) '(5 *(20$*1(O 7,6&+(1 n>1*( 921 SZR@P

Jt(&+766&+5$8%(K 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(1 J921 u@'32/ =8 p25'32/K 6,1' f5(+O ,038/6 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 '(5 g5'( $11>+(51' (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 *(5,&+7(7P h@5 (,1( 12&+ %(66(5( d(6&+5(,%81* 0866 0$1 $8&+ d(,75>*( +?+(5(5 o8/7,32/( %(75$&+7(1P y,( ePhP i$8M SZUT 0,7+,/)( '(5 r27(17,$/7+(25,( =(,*7(N ,67 ',( d(O 6&+5(,%%$5.(,7 '(6 h(/'(6 '85&+ m8*(/)81.7,21(1 ,1 (,1(5 o8/7,32/Og17:,&./81* (,1 d(:(,6 '$)@5N '$66 ',( s8(//(1 '(6 g5')(/'(6 ,0 k11(5(1 '(5 g5'( /,(*(1P f(6+$/% 635,&+7 0$1 920 (5'0$*1(7,6&+(1 k11(1)(/'N $8&+ :(11 0$1 '$6 921 ',(6(1 ,11(5(1 s8(//(1 (5=(8*7( >8M(5( o$*1(7)(/' 0(,17P g6 *,%7 $8&+ (,1 (5'0$*1(7,6&+(6 c8M(1O )(/'N '$6 '85&+ u75?0( ,1 '(5 ',( g5'( 80*(%(1'(1 o$*1(7263+>5( (5=(8*7 :,5' 81' 67$5.(1 u&+:$1.81*(1 817(5/,(*7N $%(5 =85 h(/'67>5.( $1 '(5 g5'2%(59>&+( .$80 S@ %(,75>*7P f$6 g5')(/' ,67 =(,7/,&+ 1,&+7 .2167$17P f,( /$1*6$0(1 x(5>1O '(581*(1 :(5'(1 $/6 u>.8/$59$5,$7,21(1 %(=(,&+1(7] '$6 f,32/)(/'N '$6 ZZ@ '(6 g5')(/'(6 %(6&+5(,%7N ,67 '$921 :(1,*(5 %(7525(1 $/6 '$6 t(67)(/'P f,( c&+6(15,&+O 781* '(6 f,32/6 +$7 6,&+ 6(,7 '(5 (567(1 *(1$8(1 d(67,0081* '85&+ i$8M JSZUWK .$80 9(5>1'(57N 185 '(5 d(75$* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 o20(17(6 +$7 (,1,*( r52=(17 $%*(1200(1P Jy(11 ',( c%1$+0( $1+,(/7(N :@5'( '$6 g5')(/' ,1 (7:$ TRRR l$+5(1 18// 6(,1PK t(67)(/'Ox(5>1'(581*(1 %(:,5.(1 ',( y$1'(581* '(5 r2/(\ f(5 $5.7,6&+( o$*1(732/ /$* %(, 6(,1(5 g17'(&.81* '85&+ lPeP t266 JSZUSK $8) '(5 .$1$',6&+(1 j$/%,16(/ d227+,$P k1=:,6&+(1 ,67 (5 80 (,1,*( SRR .0 925:,(*(1' 1$&+ p25'(1 *(:$1'(57 81' +$7 '$%(, r5,1&( 2) y$/(6 k6/$1' @%(548(57P c8&+ ',( f(./,1$7,21 817(5/,(*7 '(5 u>.8/$59$5,$7,21\ g,1( 0$5.$17( x(5>1'(O 581* ,67 ',( y(67'5,)7 '(5 62 *(1$117(1 c*21( J$*21,& 25 ,62*21,& /,1(KN '$6 ,67 ',( n,1,(N $8) '(5 ',( f(./,1$7,21 '(1 y(57 f 3 R +$7P u,( 9(5/>8)7 =85 |(,7 125'O6@'/,&+

SVPV o$*1(7)(/' '(5 g5'(

ZXS

'85&+ ',( d81'(65(38%/,.N /$* $%(5 S[UR 12&+ ,1 y(,M5866/$1'P x25 g,1)@+581* '(6 m5(,6(/.203$66(6 :$5(1 f(./,1$7,216.$57(1N ',( ',( NN0$*1(7,6&+( o,66:(,O 681*DDN 'P +P ',( c%:(,&+81* '(5 t,&+781* '(5 o$*1(71$'(/ 921 '(5 t,&+781* =80 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 p25'32/ $1*(%(1N )@5 ',( u&+,5$+57 921 *52M(5 d('(8781*P g,6(1(5=( ,1 '(5 g5'.5867( 75$*(1 1,&+7 :(6(17/,&+ =80 *(6$07(1 g5')(/' %(,N 9(5856$&+(1 $%(5 0(66%$5( /2.$/( c%:(,&+81*(1N $86 '(1(1 i(23++( '(6 e85,(381.7(6 6&+21 (,1 6(+5 6&+:$&+(6 h(/' $865(,&+7N 80 ',( y(,66Od(=,5.( $86=85,&+7(1P d(, :(,7(5(5 c%.@+O /81* %/(,%7 ',( c865,&+781* (5+$/7(1 81' ',( 63217$1( o$*1(7,6,(581* :>&+67P }+1O /,&+ :,5.7 $8&+ ',( u(',0(17$7,2165(0$1(1=N :(,/ ',( ,0 y$66(5 6&+:,00(1'(1 0$*O 1(7,6&+(1 v(,/&+(1 6,&+ /(,&+7 ,0 g5')(/' $865,&+7(1 .?11(1 81' '$11 ',(6( t,&+781* %(, '(5 d,/'81* '(6 u(',0(17$7,216*(67(,16 %(,%(+$/7(1P f,( 0$*1(7,6&+( w17(568O &+81* 62/&+(5 i(67(,1( ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 5$',2$.7,9(5 c/7(56%(67,0081* +$7 =80 h256&+81*6=:(,* r$/>20$*1(7,6086 *()@+57N 0,7 '(0 9,(/ />1*(5( |(,75>80( (5)$667 :(5'(1 $/6 %(, '(1 9(5)@*%$5(1 o(66'$7(1 =85 u(.8/$59$5,$7,21 '(6 g5')(/'(6P c86 '(5 5(0$1(17(1 o$*1(7,6,(581* '(5 i(67(,1( ,67 =8 (5.(11(1N '$66 6,&+ ',( t,&+781* '(6 g5'Of,32/)(/'(6 ,1 '(5 g5'*(6&+,&+7( +>87* ,1 815(*(/0>M,*(1 |(,7$%67>1'(1 80*(32/7 +$7N (7:$ ZRO0$/ ,1 '(1 /(7=7(1 TR o,//,21(1 l$+5(1N '$6 /(7=7( o$/ 925 (7:$ YZR RRR l$+5(1P %(5 ',( ,0 k11(5(1 '(5 g5'( /,(*(1'(1 s8(//(1 '(6 (5'0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 *,%7 (6 .203/,=,(57( v+(25,(1N =P vP *(67@7=7 '85&+ 80)$1*5(,&+( e20387(5Ou,08/$7,21(1N $%(5 12&+ .(,1( 9?//,* (,1'(87,*( g5./>581*P r(50$1(17(5 h(5520$*1(7,6086 6&+(,O '(7 $86N :(,/ ',( v(03(5$785(1 ,0 k11(5(1 '$)@5 =8 +2&+ 6,1'] 3(50$1(17( u75?0( 6&+(,'(1 (%(1)$//6 $86N :(,/ 2+06&+( x(5/867( 6,( 6&+1(// $%./,1*(1 /$66(1 :@5'(1P c8M(5'(0 .?117( .(,1( ',(6(5 j8M(5(1 g5'.(51 $1 '(5 i5(1=( =80 g5'0$17(/P c/6 g1(5*,(48(//(1 .200(1 u(',0(17$O 7,216925*>1*( ,0 g5',11(5(1 ,1 d(75$&+7N :,( 6,( '85&+ g170,6&+81* %(, =81(+O 0(1'(5 x(5)(67,*81* '(6 g5'.(516 $8)75(7(1\ f(5 )(67( ,11(5( m(51 ,0 t$',$/%(5(,&+ 5 ] RPT t& %(67(+7 @%(5:,(*(1' $86 g,6(1 81' +$7 (,1( f,&+7( 921 STPY %,6 SUPR *B&0UN '(5 9@66,*( >8M(5( m(51 JRPT t& ] 5 ] RPWW t&K %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 g,6(1O u&+:()(/On(*,(581* 0,7 '(5 *(5,1*(5(1 f,&+7( 921 SRPR %,6 STPS *B&0UP h@5 ',( c%O :(,&+81*(1 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 c&+6( 921 '(5 t27$7,216$&+6( *,%7 (6 12&+ .(,1( @%(5=(8*(1'( g5./>581*P

SVPVPT o$*1(7263+>5( '(5 g5'( y(11 0$1 0,7 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u21'(1 921 '(5 g5'2%(59>&+( :(* ,1 '(1 t$80 +,O 1$86*(+7N '$11 71'(7 0$1 (,1 0,7 '(5 g5'( 9(5%81'(1(6 o$*1(7)(/'N '$6 6,&+ @%(5 (,1 *52M(6 i(%,(7 '(6 ,17(53/$1(7$5,6&+(1 t$80(6N '(5 g5'0$*1(7263+>5( (5675(&.7

ZXT

SV o$*1(7,6086 Magnetopause

Plasmamantel

CleftRegion

Plasmaschicht

Erde

Magnetschweif

Sonnenwind

Bug-Stoßwelle

Van-AllenStrahlungsgürtel

magnetische Feldlinien

her tisc

gne ma r o e o g uat Äq

abgelenkte Sonnenwind-Teilchen

c%%P SVPVW o$*1(7263+>5( '(5 g5'( J6&+(0$7,6&+KP f85&+ '$6 o$*1(7)(/' '(5 g5'( :,5' '(5 u211(1:,1' 80 ',( g5'( +(580*(/(1.7P f85&+ u75?0( *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 (5+>/7 '$6 g5')(/' ',( $1*(*(%(1( h250P

81' $1'(56 $866,(+7 $/6 0$1 (6 =8(567 9(5087(7 +$77(\ (6 ,67 .(,1 f,32/)(/'N '$6 ,0 d(75$* 0,7 Jt&B5KU 1$&+ i/P JSVPT[K $%1,007N 621'(51 +$7 (,1( 9?//,* $1'(5(N 67$5. $65( (5=(8*7 81' 817(5/,(*7 u&+:$1.81*(1N ',( 921 '(5 u211(1$.7,9,7>7 $%+>1*(1P y,( ',( u75?0( *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 6,&+ ,1 '(5 o$*1(7263+>5( 9(57(,/(1 81' '$6 o$*1(7)(/' '(5 g5'( 02',7=,(5(1N ,67 .203/,=,(57P j,(5 62// 185 $8) (,1,*( ,17(5(6O 6$17( r+>120(1( +,1*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1P u&+21 S[US 9(5087(7(1 uP e+$30$1 81' xPePcP h(55$52 (,1(1 |86$00(1+$1* =:,6&+(1 6325$',6&+ 921 '(5 u211( $86*(O +(1'(1 v(,/&+(1675?0(1 81' 3/?7=/,&+(1 x(5>1'(581*(1 '(6 g5'0$*1(7)(/'(6P f,( x2567(//81*N '$66 921 '(5 u211( 67>1',* 1$&+ $//(1 t,&+781*(1 r/$60$7(,/&+(1 Jg/(.7521(1N r52721(1N j(Om(51(K (0,77,(57 :(5'(1N :85'( (567 o,77( ',(6(6 l$+5O +81'(576 (17:,&.(/7\ S[WS (5.$117( nP d,(50$11N '$66 '(5 u75$+/81*6'58&. '(5 (/(.7O 520$*1(7,6&+(1 u211(1675$+/81* 1,&+7 $865(,&+7N 80 ',( 921 '(5 u211( :(**(5,&+O 7(7(1 /$1*(1N $86 ,21,6,(57(5 o$7(5,( %(67(+(1'(1 m20(7(16&+:(,)( =8 (5./>5(1P f,( $8) ',(6( u&+:(,)( :,5.(1'( m5$)7 .2117( 185 '85&+ (,1( u75?081* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/O &+(1 =867$1'( .200(1P c86 '(1 |(,7',5(5(1=(1 =:,6&+(1 '(0 d(*,11 %(621'(5(5 u211(1$.7,9,7>7N '(1 (567(1 c86:,5.81*(1 $8) m20(7(16&+:(,)( 81' '(0 g,16(7=(1 NN0$*1(7,6&+(5 u7@50(DD $8) '(5 g5'( .2117( ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 u211(1:,1'O v(,/&+(1 $%*(6&+>7=7 :(5'(1P n,&+7 %(1?7,*7 Z o,187(1 921 '(5 u211( =85 g5'(N

SVPV o$*1(7)(/' '(5 g5'(

ZXU

'(5 u211(1:,1' TRAWR u781'(1P f(5 u211(1:,1' ,67 9$5,$%(/\ f,( v(,/&+(1*(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 6&+:$1.(1 =:,6&+(1 TWRAZRR .0B6N ,1 '(5 p>+( '(5 g5'%$+1 /,(*(1 ',( v(,/&+(1',&+7(1 %(, U 6 SR2X %,6 SR2W 02U 0,7 (,1(0 j(/,80$17(,/ 921 UAV@P o$66(1$86:@5)( $86 '(5 u211(1.2521$ )@+5(1 =8 u211(1:,1'Oi(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 921 %,6 =8 TRRR .0B6 0,7 +2+(0 j(/,80$17(,/ ,1 h250 921 j(11P f,( u211(1:,1'Oi(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 6,1' 9,(/ *5?M(5 $/6 ',( u&+$//*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,0 u211(1:,1'Or/$60$P f(6+$/% (1767(+7 %(,0 c8)75(5(1 $8) '$6 o$*1(7263+>O 5(13/$60$ (,1( 67(+(1'( d8*Ou72M:(//(N $1 '(5 ',( u211(1:,1'Ov(,/&+(1 7+(50$/O ,6,(57 :(5'(1P j,17(5 '(5 d8*Ou72M:(//( 6(7=7 6,&+ '(5 u211(1:,1' $/6 w17(56&+$//O 675?081* (,1(6 +(,M(1 ',&+7(1 r/$60$6 )257P f$6 %(5*$1*6*(%,(7 =:,6&+(1 d8*O u72M:(//( 81' '(5 >8M(5(1 i5(1=( '(5 o$*1(7263+>5(N '(5 o$*1(723$86(N :,5' o$*1(726+($7+ *(1$117P k1 ',(6(0 i(%,(7 +(556&+7 +()7,*( v85%8/(1=] ',( u75?081* (5)2/*7 81*(25'1(7 81' '$6 o$*1(7)(/' >1'(57 +>87* 6(,1( t,&+781*P f(5 u211(1O :,1' .2035,0,(57 $8) '(5 v$*6(,7( '$6 g5'0$*1(7)(/' $8) (7:$ SR g5'5$',(1N :,5' 80 ',( g5'( +(580*(/(,7(7 81' =,(+7 $8) '(5 p$&+76(,7( '$6 g5'0$*1(7)(/' =8 (,1(0 /$1*(1 u&+:(,) 921 0(+5 $/6 SRRR g5'5$',(1 ,1 ',( n>1*(P k1 '(5 o,77( '(6 u&+:(,)(6 ,67 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 6(+5 *(5,1*] '257 6$00(/1 6,&+ *(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 $1 Jr/$60$6&+,&+7KP f,( u75$+/81*6*@57(/N (,1 ,11(5(5 r52721(1Oi@57(/ ,1 SRRRAWRRR .0 j?+(N '(5 r52721(1 81' $8&+ g/(.7521(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 %,6 =8 SRR .(x (17+>/7N 81' (,1 >8M(5(5 g/(.7521(1Oi@57(/ ,1 SW RRRATW RRR .0 j?+(N '(5 g/(.7521(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 %,6 =8 (,1,*(1 o(x (17+>/7N :85'(1 S[WZ '85&+ lP cP x$1 c//(1 (17'(&.7 81' ,1 '(1 6(&+O =,*(5 l$+5(1 0,7+,/)( 921 u$7(//,7(1 *(1$8(5 817(568&+7P f$6 :$5 '(5 d(*,11 '(5 '85&+ ',( t$80)$+57 (50?*/,&+7(1 o$*1(7263+>5(1Oh256&+81*P f,( u75$+/81*6*@5O 7(/ 6,1' )@5 t$80)$+5(5 (,1( i()$+5P u,( 0@66(1 6&+1(// '85&+92*(1 :(5'(1] (,1 URO67@1',*(5 c8)(17+$/7 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 u75$+/81*6*@57(/ :>5( 7?'/,&+P g,1 v(,/ '(5 (1(5*,(5(,&+(1 v(,/&+(1 '(6 u211(1:,1'(6 '5,1*7 ,1 '(1 r2/*(%,(7(1 Je/()7Ot(*,21(1N c%%P SVPVWK ,1 7,()(5( u&+,&+7(1 %,6 =8 SRR .0 j?+(N (5=(8*7 +,(5 (,1( .5>)7,*( k21,6$7,21 Jk21263+>5(K 81' '$0,7 (,1( }1'(581* '(5 c86%5(,781* (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 y(//(1 62:,( '$6 r2/$5/,&+7P g,1 $1'(5(5 v(,/ '(6 u211(1:,1'(6 :,5' 920 o$*1(7)(/' '(5 g5'( $%*(/(1.7 81' (,1*()$1*(1P k1 '(1 x$1Oc//(1Ou75$+O /81*6*@57(/1 Jx$1 c//(1 %(/76K :(5'(1 ',( v(,/&+(1 @%(5 />1*(5( |(,7 '85&+ '$6 o$*O 1(7)(/' =86$00(1*(+$/7(1 81' :,( ,1 (,1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/$6&+( *(63(,&+(57

Trajektorie eines gefangenen Teilchens

ProtonenDrift

enElektron Drift

Spiegelpunkte magnetische Feldlinie

c%%P SVPVX i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1N ',( ,1 '(1 x$1Oc//(1Ou75$+/81*6*@57(/1 *()$1*(1 6,1'P f$6 =85 g5'2%(59>&+( +,1 67>5.(5 :(5'(1'( h(/' :,5.7 :,( (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(5 u3,(*(/P

ZXV

SV o$*1(7,6086

Jc%%P SVPVXKP f,( ,1 c%%P SVPVX (%(1)$//6 (,1*(=(,&+1(7( /$'81*663(=,76&+( f5,)7%(O :(*81* 80 ',( g5'( .2007 $8) .203/,=,(57( y(,6( '85&+ ',( .20%,1,(57( y,5.81* '(6 o$*1(7)(/'Oi5$',(17(1N '(5 m5@0081* '(5 h(/'/,1,(1 81' '(5 *$6.,1(7,6&+(1 m233/81* 921 k21263+>5( 81' r/$60$63+>5( $1 ',( c70263+>5( '(5 527,(5(1'(1 g5'( =867$1'(P f,( 817(5( i5(1=( '(5 r/$60$63+>5( /,(*7 %(, SRR .0N ',( 2%(5( i5(1=( .$11 (7/,&+( 7$86(1' m,/20(7(5 %(75$*(1P f$ '(5 u211(1:,1' ,1 (7:$ SRR .0 j?+( (,1( .5>)7,*( k21,6$7,21 9(5856$&+7 81' '$'85&+ ',( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)$+,*.(,7 '(5 u&+,&+7 :(6(17/,&+ (5+?+7N 9(5856$&+7 (5 $8&+ ',( u&+:$1.81*(1 '(5 c86%5(,781* '(5 (/(.7O 520$*1(7,6&+(1 y(//(1N ',( ,1 '(5 k21263+>5( 5(9(.7,(57 :(5'(1P c8&+ '$6 r2/$5/,&+7 Jc8525$K :,5' '85&+ '(1 u211(1:,1' 9(5856$&+7P f,( ,0 g5'0$*1(7)(/' *()$1*(1(1 g/(.7521(1 Jc%%P SVPVXK 5(*(1 ',( u7,&.6725O 81' u$8(56725$720( '(5 2%(5(1 c7O 0263+>5( JSRRAVRR .0 j?+(K =85 n,&+7(0,66,21 $1P f$ ',( g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '(5 g/(.7521(1 0,7 '(0 u211(1:,1' 9$5,,(57N 9$5,,(5(1 $8&+ ',( c15(*81*6%(',1*81*(1 81' ',( '$5$86 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 h$5%(1 '(6 r2/$5/,&+7(6\ *5@1 JWWZ 10N qOc720(KN 527 JXUX 10N qOc720(K 81' %/$8 JVTX 10N p1Ok21(1KP u&+21 /$1*( .(117 0$1 '(1 |86$00(1+$1* =:,6&+(1 '(0 c8)75(7(1 921 r2/$5/,&+7 81' '(5 c86%5(,781* (/(.7O 520$*1(7,6&+(5 u7?581*(1 JNN0$*1(7,6&+( u7@50(DDKP f,( 815(*(/0>M,*(1 u&+:$1.81*(1 '(6 g5')(/'(6 6,1' ,1 '(1 r2/$5*(%,(7(1 :(,7O $86 $0 67>5.67(1P y>+5(1' ,1 |(,7(1 0$*1(7,6&+(5 t8+( '$6 r2/$5/,&+7 6(+5 6&+:$&+ 81' ',586 ,67N *,%7 (6 ,1 '(1 |(,7(1 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u7@50( /(%+$)7 :(&+6(/1'( 81' +(//( r2/$5/,&+7(5P f,(6( +$%(1 (,1( j?+( 921 SRR %,6 SUR m,/20(7(51N :>+5(1' '(5 58+,*( 81' '81./(5( r2/$5/,&+7'8167 (,1( j?+( 921 0(+5(5(1 +81'(57 m,/20(O 7(51 +$7P f,( %(67( r2/$5/,&+7Ou,&+7%$5.(,7 (;,67,(57 ,1 (7:$ SRRR .0 g17)(5181* 920 0$*1(7,6&+(1 r2/P k1 f(876&+/$1' .$11 0$1 185 (7:$ ,1 S@ '(5 ./$5(1 '81./(1 p>&+7( 0,7 %(2%$&+7%$5(1 p25'/,&+7(51 5(&+1(1P r2/$5/,&+7(5 75(7(1 ,00(5 ,1 %(,O '(1 j(0,63+>5(1 */(,&+=(,7,* $8) J$8525$( %25($/,6N $8525$( $8675$/,6KN :(,/ ',( *(O /$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 =:,&+(1 '(1 r2/$55(*,21(1 +,1 81' +(5 5(9(.7,(57 :(5'(1N :,( (6 ,1 c%%P SVPVX '$5*(67(//7 ,67P y(,7(5)@+5(1'( d(+$1'/81*(1 ',(6(6 v+(0$6 6,1' ,1 d'P Y Jg5'( 81' r/$1(7(1KN m$3P S Ji(23+1=81*\ ovu u(1625 v(&+12/2*,( A h,50(1=(175$/( ,1 o,11($32/,6N wucN (17O :,&.(/7 81' 352'8=,(57 0$*1(72675,.7,9( r26,7,2166(1625(1\ +773\BB:::P0766(1O 625P'( 0 m/,&. $8) d,/' JNNovu u(16256DDK 0 v(&+12/2*,( 3 n,1. SVAX h(55,7(P h$,5Ot,7( r52'8&76 e253PN y$//.,//N p{ STWZ[N 7+( 7567 &+2,&( ,1 &267 (5(&7,9( )(55,7( &20321(176 352'8&(' ,1 $ :,'( 5$1*( 2) *(20(75,(6 $1' 0$7(5,$/6\ +773\BB :::P)$,5O5,7(P&20 0 r52'8&76 NNc872027,9(DD 3 n,1. SVAY g,16$7= 921 h(55,7(1 ,0 rmy

SVPWPT o$*1(72:,'(567$1' t,(6(10$*1(72:,'(567$1' J*,$17 0$*1(7,& 5(6,67$1&(N iotKP kdo t(6($5&+P +773\BB:::P5(6($5&+P,%0P&20B 0 o$7(5,$/ u&,(1&( 0 o$*1(7,& o$7(5,$/6Bo$*1(O 7,60 NNo$*1(72(/(&7521,&6 $1' u3,17521,&6DD 3 n,1. SVAZ y(,7(5 0,7 0 i,$17 o$*1(725(6,67$1&( JiotKN 0 o$*1(7,& v811(/ l81&7,216N Jovl6KN 0 o$*1(7,& t$1'20 c&&(66 o(0251=81*\ nqtf +$6 %((1 ,1 7+( */2%$/ 0$5.(73/$&( )25 ZR 5( '(5 g5'(P n$1&$67(5 w1,9(56,7+5 */(,&+ 3523257,21$/ .$57(6,6&+( m225',1$7(1 '(6 q5765$80(6 |(,7Om225',1$7( 9(.725,(//( 3+1*(K '(6 x(.7256 m20321(17(1 '(6 x(.7256 c u.$/$5352'8.7 x(.725352'8.7 3 JRKN SN TN U "N 326,7,9( *$1=( |$+/ h81.7,21(1 921 J K 3 UPSVSW[" 3 TPYSZTZ"N d$6,6 '(6 1$7@5/,&+(1 n2*$5,7+086 3 (J K 1$7@5/,&+(5 n2*$5,7+086 '(.$',6&+(5 n2*$5,7+086 J'85&+ v$6&+(15(&+1(5 @%(59@66,* *(O :25'(1N $%(5 12&+ 1,&+7 $86*(6725%(1K f,5(5(1=Ou1*,*(1 x$5,$%/(1 c%.@5=81* )@5 TP c%/(,781* 921 < u800$7,21 k17(*5$/ J K @%(5 ';

O 6(17,(57] *(1$8(5 *(6$*7N ',( m26,186 '(5 y,1.(/ =:,6&+(1 '(5 t,&+781*6*(5$'(1 81' '(1 '5(, c&+6(1 6,1' '85&+ (;BnN (1*(19(.725 ,0 q5765$80P k1 '(5 r+6(17,(57 (,1 m5$)79(.725 '(1 d(75$* 81' ',( t,&+781* (,1(5 m5$)7N $%(5 $86 '(0 %(75$&+7(7(1 3+1*( '(1 d(75$* '(6 x(.7256 5(35>6(17,(57P x(.7253)(,/(N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 |(,&+181*6(%(1( *(5,&+7(7 6,1'N :(5O '(1N :(11 6,( $86 '(5 g%(1( +(5$8675(7(1 '85&+ (,1(1 m5(,6 0,7 r81.7 '$5*(67(//7 J$ )@5 ',( r)(,/63,7=(K] :(11 6,( ,1 ',( g%(1( +,1(,175(7(1N '85&+ (,1(1 m5(,6 0,7 /,(*(1'(0 m5(8= J' )@5 '$6 *(7('(57( r)(,/(1'(KP d(, '(1 *5$3+,6&+(1 f$567(//81*(1 ,0 q5765$80 0,7 '(1 .$57(6,6&+(1 m225',O 1$7(1 ;N < 81' = *,/7 ',( u.$/$ '(5 q576.225',1$7(1 185 )@5 n>1*(19(.725(1P h@5 $//( m5$)79(.725(1 =P dP *,/7 (,1( *(0(,16$0( m5$)76.$/$N '(5(1 *5$3+,6&+( t(35>O 6(17$7,21 ,0 q5765$80 )5(, :>+/%$5 ,67P d(, 62/&+(1 x(.725(1 ,67 ,0 q5765$80 185 ',( r26,7,21 '(6 r)(,/(1'(6 '85&+ '(1 y,5.81*6257 925*(*(%(1] $1 :(/&+(0 q57 ',( r)(,/63,7=( =8 /,(*(1 .2007N ,67 %('(8781*6/26 :(*(1 '(5 %(/,(%,*(1 u.$/(1:$+/P y,5 '(021675,(5(1 ',( *5$3+,6&+( f$567(//81* 921 m5$)79(.725(1 ,0 q5765$80 $0 r)(5'O81'Oy$*(1Od(,63,(/ 921 c%%P SWPSP y(5'(1 ,1 (,1 d,/' x(.725(1 )@5 3+)7( 81' i(*(1.5>)7( =8 '(87(1N :,5' '(0 ,17(5(66,(57(1 n(6(5 @%(5/$66(1P

SWPT c/*(%5$ 0,7 3+1*( '(5 r52-(.7,21 921 5 $8) 4 2'(5 80*(.(+57 Jc%%P SWPT$KP f$6 x(.725352'8.7 (5*,%7 '(1 x(.725 6 0,7 '(5 n>1*( 86 8 3 84 4 5 8 3 84 8 85 8 86,1J4N 5K8N

JSWP[K

ZYZ

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/ C*A,B

B

B

A Winkel (A,B)

Winkel (A,B)

B cos

(a)

(A,B)

A

(b)

c%%P SWPT i(20(75,6&+( f(8781* '(5 o8/7,3/,.$7,21 921 x(.725(1\ J$K u.$/$5352'8.7N J%K x(.725352'8.7P g5/>87(581*(1 ,0 v(;7P

',( '(5 h/>&+( '(6 921 4 81' 5 NN$8)*(63$117(1DD r$5$//(/2*5$006 (17635,&+7 Jc%%P SWPT%KP f(5 x(.725 6 67(+7 6(1.5(&+7 =8 4 81' 5 81' ,67 62 *(5,&+7(7N '$66 4N 5 81' 6 (,1 t(&+7661'1,6 '(5 3+1*(\ r2/$5( x(.725(1P l('(5 ',(6(5 x(.725(1 5(35>6(17,(57 (,1( (,1'(87,* *(5,&+7(7( 3+&+(P k0 t$80 0,7 0(+5 $/6 '5(, f,0(16,21(1 *,%7 (6 =8 (,1(5 h/>&+( 0(+5 $/6 (,1( u(1.5(&+7(PK c1 '(1 x(.725Ou*+(,76020(17(N ',( $1'(5(1 o$75,;(/(0(17( 6,1' */(,&+ 18//P

ZZR

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/

v(1625,(//( i5?M(1 %(6&+5(,%(1 $1,627523(6 3++,*(5 ,67 ',( x2567(//81*N '$66 ',( ;Oc&+6( NN*(:,&+7(7DD ,67N 'P +PN '$66 -('(6 c&+6(167@&. (; '$6 NNi(:,&+7DD )J;K 6 (; +$7P f,( h81.7,21 )J;K ,67 +,(5 (,1( NNn,1,(1',&+7( '(6 i(:,&+O 7(6DD] ',( k17(*5$7,21 921 ; 3 $ %,6 ; 3 % (5*,%7 '$6 NNi(6$07*(:,&+7DD '(6 ;Oc&+6(1O c%6&+1,776 Jc%%P SWPVKP f,( h81.7,21 )J;N 1'(57 6,&+ ',( h81.7,21 ) 80 ')P f,( }1'(581* ') :,5' $/6 727$/(6 f,5(5(17,$/ %(=(,&+1(7 81' (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(1 3$57,(//(1 c%/(,781*(1 81' '(1 f,5(5(17,$/(1 '(5 x$5,$%/(1 :,( )2/*7\ ')J;N 667 6,&+ 181 $8&+ '$6 n,1,(1,17(*5$/ /(,&+7 9(567(+(1P g6 ,67 ',( u800,(581* Jk17(*5$7,21K '(5 *(:,&+7(7(1 m859(167@&.( ) 6 (6, J, 3 SN T "K (17/$1* (,1(5 925*(*(%(1(1 n,1,( ,0 t$80 Jc%%P SWPY$KP f$ ',( m859(167@&.( ,0 u,11( '(5 k17(*5$/5(&+181* +,15(,&+(1' ./(,1 6(,1 0@66(1N 9(5O z z E4 y

ds 3

5

y

-4

(a)

E3

ds 4

17

E2 ds 2 ds 1

x

(b)

E1 x

c%%P SWPY |80 n,1,(1,17(*5$/\ J$K *(:,&+7(7( 6.$/$5( n,1,(1(/(0(17( (17/$1* (,1(5 n,1,( ,0 t$80] J%K ',( i(:,&+7( (5*(%(1 6,&+ $86 '(0 u.$/$5352'8.7 (,1(6 h(/'9(.7256 0,7 '(0 9(.O 725,(//(1 n,1,(1(/(0(17P

ZZX

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/

:(1'(7 0$1 67$77 (6 %(66(5 '$6 6.$/$5( n,1,(1(/(0(17 '6P f,( u3(=,7=,(581* '(5 k17(*5$7,216/,1,( 0866 (,1'(87,* 6(,1N .$11 $%(5 $8) ,5*(1'(,1( *((,*1(7( y(,6( (5O )2/*(1N =P dP 3$5$0(75,6,(57 $/6 ;J&+(1',&+7( )J;N &+(1 ,0 t$80 (5:(,7(51P c/6 k17(*5$7,2169$5,$%/( .?117( 181 (,1 6.$/$5(6 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 'c 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SWPZ$KP c%(5 '(5 )@5 ',( x(.725$1$/&+(1(/(O 0(17 '4N '$6 6(1.5(&+7 $8) '(5 h/>&+( 67(+7] *(1$8 :,( 2%(1 %(,0 n,1,(1,17(*5$/ .$11 181 '$6 i(:,&+7 '(6 ',5(5(17,(//(1 h/>&+(167@&.(6 $/6 u.$/$5352'8.7 (,1(6 h(/'9(.7256 0,7 '4 (5+$/7(1 :(5'(1P d(,63,(/\ f(1.7 0$1 6,&+ ,5*(1'(,1( 925*(*(%(1( h/>&+( 4 =(5/(*7 ,1 ./(,1( h/>O &+(1(/(0(17( '4 81' %(75$&+7(7 ',( u7520',&+7( W (,1(5 u75?081* 6(1.5(&+7 '85&+ ',(6( h/>&+( $/6 NN9>&+(1+$)7( i(:,&+76)81.7,21DDN '$11 (5*,%7 (,1( k17(*5$7,21 921 W @%(5 ',( h/>&+( 4 '(1 i(6$0767520N '(5 6,( 6(1.5(&+7 '85&+6(7=7P k0 c//*(0(,1(1 ,67 ',( u75?081* 1,&+7 6(1.5(&+7 =80 %(75$&+7(7(1 h/>&+(167@&.N $%(5 '$6 u.$/$5O 352'8.7 '(6 u7520',&+7(Ox(.725)(/'(6 W J_K 0,7 '(0 9(.725,(//(1 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 '4 *,%7 '(1 6(1.5(&+7(1 c17(,/ Jc%%P SWPZ%KP |85 t,&+781* 921 '4\ d(, (,1(0 %(/,(%,*(1 h/>&+(167@&. 6,1' %(,'( t,&+781*(1 (17/$1* '(5 h/>&+(11250$/(1 */(,&+%(5(&+7,*7P y,5' ',( t,&+781* 925*(*(%(1N ',( '(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 u75?081* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 ,67N '$11 0$&+7 6,&+ '$6 '85&+ (,1 1(O

15 5

z

-32

29

z

18 -12

y (a)

y x

(b)

x

c%%P SWPZ |80 h/>&+(1,17(*5$/\ J$K (,1( *(.5@007( h/>&+( 0,7 NNi(:,&+7DD %(/(*7] J%K '$6 i(:,&+7 '(6 h/>&+(167@&.(6 ,67 '85&+ '$6 u.$/$5352'8.7 (,1(6 h(/'9(.7256 0,7 '(0 9(.72O 5,(//(1 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 *(*(%(1P

SWPV x(.725$1$/&+(1,17(*5$/(1 @%(5 *(6&+/266(1( j@//9>&+(1 ,67 '4 ,00(5 1$&+ $8M(1 *(5,&+7(7P x2/80(1,17(*5$/(P c0 %(.$117(67(1 6,1' ',( $8) '$6 x2/80(1 %(=2*(1(1 i(:,&+76O )81.7,21(1N ',( $//*(0(,1 $/6 NNf,&+7(1DD %(=(,&+1(7 :(5'(1P f$6 x2/80(1,17(*5$/ @%(5 ',( o$66(1',&+7( J3 o$66(Bx2/80(1K (,1(6 m?53(56 (5*,%7 6(,1( i(6$070$66(P f(5 u$7= 921 i$8MP y(11 '$6 h/>&+(1,17(*5$/ @%(5 ',( u7520',&+7(N (5675(&.7 @%(5 (,1( *(6&+/266(1( j@//9>&+(N (,1(1 326,7,9(1 J%=:P 1(*$7,9(1K y(57 (5*,%7N '$11 +(,M7 '$6N '$66 6,&+ ,1 '(0 806&+/266(1(1 x2/80(1 (,1( NNs8(//(DD J%=:P (,1( NNu(1O .(DDK %(71'(1 0866P f(5 y(57 '(6 k17(*5$/6 *,%7 ',( NNs8(//(167>5.(DDP f,9,',(57 0$1 ',( s8(//(167>5.( '85&+ '$6 80+@//7( x2/80(1 x 81' 0$&+7 '$6 x2/80(1 ,00(5 ./(,1(5N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 6&+/,(M/,&+ $/6 i5(1=:(57 )@5 (,1(1 ,0 x2/80(1 /,(*(1'(1 r81.7 ',( NNs8(//(1',&+7(DDP y,( i$8M *(=(,*7 +$7 J$%(5 +,(5 1,&+7 %(:,(6(1 :,5'KN ,67 ',(6(5 i5(1=:(57 *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( f,9(5*(1= '(6 u7520',&+7(Ox(.725)(/'(6\ gg

* 6 W 3 /,0

xSR

W 6 '4

x2/80(1 x

P

x

JSWPTVK

f,(6( /(,&+7 92567(//%$5( i5(1=:(57%,/'81* /,()(57 ',( $16&+$8/,&+67( f(8781* '(5 i5?M( NNf,9(5*(1= (,1(6 x(.725)(/'(6DDP o,7 ',(6(5 k17(535(7$7,21 '(5 f,9(5*(1= (5O *,%7 6,&+ '(5 i$8MI6&+( u$7= 62)257 '85&+ k17(*5$7,21 921 i/P JSWPTVK @%(5 (,1 %(O 75$&+7(7(6 0$.526.23,6&+(6 x2/80(1 x\ ggg

x2/80(1 x

* 6 W 'x 3

gg

x2/80(1 x

W 6 '4 3 lP

JSWPTWK

f$6 9(.725,(//( h/>&+(1(/(0(17 '4 =(,*7 1$&+ $8M(1P f$6 k17(*5$7,21692/80(1 $8) '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7( 921 i/P JSWPTWK ,67 *(1$8 '$6 x2/80(1N '$6 921 '(5 j@//9>&+( 5(&+76 806&+/266(1 :,5'P f,( i/P JSWPTWK /,()(57 '(1 i(6$0767520 l $86 '(0 x2/80(1 +(O 5$86P f,( c1(,1$1'(55(,+81* '(5 '5(, k17(*5$/( ,1 '(5 i/P JSWPTWK /,1.6 62// ',( '5(,',O 0(16,21$/( k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 '$6 x2/80(1(/(0(17 'x 9(5'(87/,&+(1P q)7 71'(7 0$1 $%(5 ',( 63$56$0( u&+5(,%81* 0,7 185 (,1(0 k17(*5$/ 81' 0866 '$11 ',( f5(,',O 0(16,21$/,7>7 $1 '(0 x2/80(1(/(0(17 'x (5.(11(1P i(1$862 62//(1 ',( =:(, 0,7 (,1(0 m5(,6 '85&+6(7=7(1 k17(*5$/( 5(&+76 '$5$8) +,1:(,6(1N '$66 (6 6,&+ 80 (,1( =:(,',0(16,21$/( j@//9>&+( +$1'(/7P c8&+ ,1 ',(6(0 h$// :,5' 2)7 185 (,1 k17(*5$/ +,1*(6&+5,(%(1 81' (6 '(0 n(6(5 @%(5/$66(1N ',( |:(,',0(16,21$/,7>7 $86 '(0 h/>O &+(1(/(0(17 '4 =8 (5.(11(1P f(5 u$7= 921 u72.(6P }+1/,&+ :,( '(5 i$8MI6&+( u$7= (,1 =:(,',0(16,21$/(6 j@//O 9>&+(1Ok17(*5$/ 0,7 (,1(0 '5(,',0(16,21$/(1 x2/80(1,17(*5$/ 9(5.1@3)7N /,()(57 '(5 u72.(6I6&+( u$7= (,1( x(5.1@3)81* 921 (,1(0 (,1',0(16,21$/(1 t$1'.859(1Ok17(O *5$/ 0,7 (,1(0 =:(,',0(16,21$/(1 h/>&+(1,17(*5$/P y,( u72.(6 *(=(,*7 +$7 J$%(5 +,(5 (%(1)$//6 1,&+7 %(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 62//KN ,67 ',( m20321(17( '(5 t27$7,21 (,1(6 x(.725)(/'(6 5N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =80 %(75$&+7(7(1

ZZZ

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/

9(.725,(//(1 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 *(5,&+7(7 ,67N )@5 (,1(1 %(75$&+7(7(1 t$80381.7 '85&+ )2/*(1'(1 i5(1=:(57 *(*(%(1\ L* 4 5bm20321(17(ic 3 /,0

cSR

S c

g

h/>&+( c

5 6 '`P

JSWPTXK

g,1 x(.725)(/'N )@5 '$6 '$6 t$1'.859(1Ok17(*5$/ 1,&+7 9(56&+:,1'(7N ,67 1,&+7 :,5O %(/)5(,P f,( t27$7,21 '(6 x(.725)(/'(6 .$11 1$&+ i/P JSWPTXK $/6 NNy,5%(/',&+7(DD $8)O *()$667 :(5'(1P f(5 u72.(6I6&+( u$7= )2/*7 $86 '(5 k17(*5$7,21 921 i/P JSWPTXK\ gg

h/>&+( c

L* 4 5b 6 '4 3

g

h/>&+( c

5 6 '`P

JSWPTYK

f,( t,&+781* '(6 h/>&+(1(/(0(17(6 $8) '(5 /,1.(1 u(,7( 81' '(5 w0/$8)6,11 '(6 t$1'.859(1,17(*5$/6 $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( (5*(%(1 =86$00(1 (,1( t(&+766&+5$8%(P %(5*$1* 921 k17(*5$/O $8) f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*(1P f,( d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 g/(.752O 0$*1(7,6086 0,7+,/)( '(5 x(.725$1$/&+(1,17(*5$/ 80 '$6 x2/80(1 xN $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( (,1 '5(,',0(16,21$/(6 k17(*5$/ @%(5 '$66(/%( x2/80(1 67(+7P f85&+ c1:(1'81* '(6 i$8MI6&+(1 u$7=(6 />667 6,&+ 181 $8&+ ',( /,1.( u(,7( ,1 (,1 x2/8O 0(1,17(*5$/ 9(5:$1'(/1P c8) >+1/,&+( y(,6( (5+>/7 0$1 2)7 1$&+ c1:(1'81* '(6 u72.(6I6&+(1 u$7=(6 (,1( i/(,&+81* 0,7 h/>&+(1,17(*5$/(1 $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1P m$11 0$1 %(, i/(,&++(,7 921 k17(*5$/(1 */(,&+(5 c57 $8&+ =:$1*6/>87* ',( i/(,&++(,7 '(5 k17(*5$1'(1 $11(+0(1 81' ',( k17(*5$/( $8) %(,'(1 u(,7(1 (,1)$&+ :(*/$66(1a k0 c//*(0(,1(1 1,&+7P p85 :(11 ',( k17(*5$/*/(,&+81* )@5 %(/,(%,* :>+/O %$5( x2/80,1$ Jj@//9>&+(1KN %=:P )@5 %(/,(%,* :>+/%$5( h/>&+(1 Jt$1'.859(1K *,/7N '$11 ,67 $8&+ ',( i/(,&++(,7 '(5 k17(*5$1'(1 *(*(%(1P

SWPW m203/(;( |$+/(1 c//( 0(66%$5(1 3+5( |$+/ $/6 r52'8.7 (,1(5 5((//(1 |$+/ 81' NN,DD '$5*(67(//7 :(5'(1P f,( g/(.7527(&+1,.(5 %(925=8*(1 NN-DDN :(,/ 6,( %(, NN,DD (,1( x(5:(&+6/81* 0,7 '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 %()@5&+7(1P g,1( .203/(;( |$+/ ,67 ',( u800( (,1(5 5((//(1 81' (,1(5 ,0$*,1>5(1 |$+/P f,( $/*(%5$,6&+( h250 )@5 ',( u&+5(,%81* .203/(;(5 |$+/(1 ,67 & 3 $1,% t(J&K 3 $N k0J&K 3 %P

JSWPT[K

t($/7(,/ $ 81' k0$*,1>57(,/ % 6,1' 5((//( |$+/(1P |:(, .203/(;( |$+/(1 6,1' 185 '$11 */(,&+ *52MN :(11 62:2+/ ,+5( t($/7(,/( :,( $8&+ ,+5( k0$*,1>57(,/( */(,&+ 6,1'] ',( d(=,(+81*(1 NN./(,1(5 $/6DD 81' NN*5?M(5 $/6DD 6,1' )@5 .203/(;( |$+/(1 1,&+7 '(71,(57P f,( =8 & 3 $1,% .21-8*,(57O.203/(;( |$+/ ,67 '(71,(57 $/6 &" 3 $2,%

JSWPURK

81' '$6 c%62/8748$'5$7 921 & $/6 8&8T 3 & &" 3 $T 1%TP

JSWPUSK

d(,0 c'',(5(1 Ju8%75$+,(5(1K .203/(;(5 |$+/(1 :(5'(1 ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 t(O $/O 81' k0$*,1>57(,/( $'',(57 J68%75$+,(57KP d(,0 o8/7,3/,=,(5(1 :(5'(1 .203/(;( |$+/(1 :,( $86 =:(, u800$1'(1 %(67(+(1'( h$.725(1 %(+$1'(/7P r27(1=(1 921 NN,DD :(5'(1 80*(6&+5,(%(1\ ,T 32S ,U 32, ,V 3 S ,W 3 ,P

JSWPUTK

s827,(17(1 0,7 .203/(;(0 p(11(5 :(5'(1 0,7 '(5 =80 p(11(5 .21-8*,(57O.20O 3/(;(1 |$+/ (5:(,7(57N '$0,7 6,&+ (,1( .203/(;( |$+/ ,1 '(5 h250 921 i/P JSWPT[K (5*,%7\ $1,% $1,% &2,' 3 &1,' &1,' &2,' 3

$&1%' %&2$' 1, T P T T & 1' & 1'T

JSWPUUK

|85 *5$3+,6&+(1 f$567(//81* .203/(;(5 |$+/(1 :,5' ',( i$8MI6&+( |$+/(1(%(1( 9(5:(1'(7 Jc%%P SWP[KN ',( (,1( +25,=217$/( 5((//( c&+6( 81' (,1( 9(57,.$/( ,0$*,1>5( c&+6( %(6,7=7P

Z[R

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/ Im imaginäre Achse

a Ú

i

b

Ê --1

0

1

Re reelle Achse

Einheitskreis --i

c%%P SWP[

m203/(;( |$+/(1 ,1 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 |$+/(1(%(1(P

c8) '(0 g,1+(,76.5(,6 ,1 '(5 i$8MI6&+(1 |$+/(1(%(1( /,(*(1 $//( .203/(;(1 |$+O /(1 0,7 '(0 d(75$* (,16P t($/O 81' k0$*,1>57(,/ 6,1' 3523257,21$/ =80 m26,186 %=:P u,186 '(6 y,1.(/6 DP f$6 )@+57 =85 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h250\ 0,7 81'

& 3 $J&26D1, 6,1DK $ 3 8&8 3 J$T 1%TKSBT &26D 3 $B$N 6,1D 3 %B$P

JSWPUVK

f,( )@5 '$6 t(&+1(1 0,7 .203/(;(1 |$+/(1 6(+5 :,&+7,*( g8/(5I6&+( h250(/ /$87(7 &26D1, 6,1D 3 (,DP

JSWPUWK

y(,/ '$6 (,1( 62 9(5%/@5(1'( 81' :(,75(,&+(1'( h250(/ ,67N 62// +,(5 $8&+ $8) (,1(1 d(:(,6 +,1*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1\ f,( r27(1=5(,+(1Og17:,&./81*(1 Jv$*( 08/7,3/,=,(57N ',( y,1.(/ $%(5 $'',(57 :(5'(1C &S 6 &T 3 $S $T (;3L,JDS 1DTKbP

JSWPUZK

|85 x(5'(87/,&+81* '(5 p@7=/,&+.(,7 ',(6(5 h250 6(, +,(5 185 $1*('(87(7N :,( /(,&+7 6,&+ ',( c'',7,2167+(25(0( )@5 ',( 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h81.7,21(1 *(:,11(1 /$66(1\ (,J314K 3 &26J314K1,L6,1J314Kb] (,J314K 3 (,3 (,4 (,J314K 3 J&2631, 6,13K J&2641, 6,14K (,J314K 3 &263 &26426,13 6,141,L&263 6,1416,13 &264bP

JSWPU[K

i/(,&+6(7=(1 '(5 t($/O 81' k0$*,1>57(,/( $8) '(1 5(&+7(1 u(,7(1 ,1 '(5 (567(1 81' /(7=7(1 |(,/( )@+57 =8 '(1 %(.$117(1 c'',7,2167+(25(0(1P }+1/,&+ (/(*$17 /$66(1 6,&+ c86'5@&.( )@5 *$1==$+/,*( x,(/)$&+( (,1(6 y,1.(/6 *(:,11(1\ J&2631, 6,13KU 3 &26U31, U &26T3 6,132U &263 6,1T32, 6,1U3 3 (, U3 3 &26U31, 6,1U3P

JSWPVRK

f$6 i/(,&+6(7=(1 '(5 t($/7(,/( %(,'(5 |(,/(1 /,()(57 &26U3 3 &26U32U&263 6,1T3 3 &26U32U&263JS2&26T3K 3 V&26U32U&263P

JSWPVSK

o,7+,/)( '(5 g8/(5I6&+(1 h250(/ /$66(1 6,&+ $8&+ ',( 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h81.O 7,21(1 '85&+ g;321(17,$/)81.7,21(1 0,7 ,0$*,1>5(1 g;321(17(1 '$567(//(1\ &26; 3 J(,; 1(2,;KBTN 6,1; 3 J(,; 2(2,;KBJT,KP

JSWPVTK

m203/(;( |$+/(1 ,1 '(5 s8$17(10(&+$1,.P f,( u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* (5+>/7 ,+5( )81'$0(17$/( d('(8781* 8P $P '$'85&+N '$66 6,( '$6 g1(5*,(63(.7580 '(6 y$66(5O 6725$7206 /,()(57P f,( g1(5*,(:(57( 6,1' 5((//( i5?M(1N ',( $/6 NNg,*(1:(57(DD =8 %(67,007(1 NNg,*(1)81.7,21(1DD '(5 u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* *(+?5(1P n(7=7(5( 6,1' ,Pc//*P .203/(;( h81.7,21(1P c1'(56 $/6 %(, '(5 y(&+6(/675207+(25,( ,67 '$6 +,(5 .(,1 v5,&.N 80 ',( c'',7,2167+(25(0( '(5 75,*2120(75,6&+(1 h81.7,21(1 =8 9(5O 0(,'(1N 621'(51 (,1( 819(50(,'%$5( g,*(16&+$)7 '(5 u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81*P g,1( 3+1'(1 %(6&+5(,%(1P

SWPX u&+:,1*81*6*/(,&+81* x25%(0(5.81*(1P i/(,&+81*(1N ,1 '(1(1 3$57,(//( c%/(,781*(1 (,1(5 h81.7,21 $8)O 75(7(1N :(5'(1 3$57,(//( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*(1 *(1$117P i/(,&+81*(1N ,1 '(1(1 185

Z[T

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/

c%/(,781*(1 1$&+ (,1(5 x$5,$%/(1 $8)75(7(1N 6,1' *(:?+1/,&+( J25',1$5+/(1 :,5 ',( h81.O 7,21 ?J7KP f,( i/(,&+81* /$87(7 $T ?fJ7K1$S ?^J7K1$R ?J7K 3 )J7KP

JSWPVUK

f$6 ,67 (,1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*N ',( 1(%(1 '(5 *(68&+7(1 h81.7,21 ?J7K $8&+ '(5(1 (567( J^K 81' =:(,7( JfK c%/(,781* 1$&+ '(5 81$%+>1*,*(1 x$5,$%/(1 7 (17+>/7P f,( $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 67(+(1'( h81.7,21 )J7K :,5' $/6 925*(*(%(1 $1*(1200(1P |85 0$7+(0$7,6&+(1 v(50,12/2*,(\ i/P JSWPVUK ,67 (,1( *(:?+1/,&+( f,5(5(17,$/O */(,&+81*N :(,/ 185 c%/(,781*(1 1$&+ (,1(5 x$5,$%/(1 J.(,1( 3$57,(//(1 c%/(,781*(1K 925.200(1P g6 ,67 (,1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* =:(,7(5 q5'181*N :(,/ ',( =:(,7( c%O /(,781* ',( +?&+67( 925.200(1'( ,67P f,( i/(,&+81* ,67 /,1($5N :(,/ ',( h81.7,21 81' ',( %(,'(1 c%/(,781*(1 ,1 9(56&+,('(1(1 u800$1'(1 67(+(1N 81' +$7 .2167$17( m2(5,=,(17(1N :(,/ ',( $, 1,&+7 $8&+ 12&+ h81.7,21(1 921 7 6,1'P y(*(1 '(6 c8)O 75(7(16 '(5 h81.7,21 )J7K $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 921 i/P JSWPVUKN +$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ 80 (,1( ,1+202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*] ',( '$=8*(+?5(1'( +202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,O &+81* ,67 $T ?fJ7K1$S ?^J7K1$R ?J7K 3 RP

JSWPVVK

n?681* '(5 +202*(1(1 f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81*P |8(567 :(5'(1 =8 (,1(0 J5,&+7,* *(5$O 7(1(1K $//*(0(,1(1 c16$7= )@5 ?J7KN 1>0/,&+ ?J7K 3 (8M(5(DD m5$)7N ',( $8) '$6 6&+:,1*81*6)>+,*( u)7( 3523257,21$/ =8 &26J67KP u&+:,1*81*(1N ',( ',(6(5 i/(,&+81* *(1@*(1N :(5O '(1 $8&+ +$5021,6&+( u&+:,1*81*(1 *(1$117P h5(,( J+$5021,6&+(K u&+:,1*81*(1P h5(,( u&+:,1*81*(1 (5*(%(1 6,&+ )@5 )J7K 3 RP f,( +202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* %(6&+5(,%7 ',( )5(,( *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*P f(5 u3(=,$/)$// $S 3 R %(6&+5(,%7 ',( )5(,( 81*('>03)7( u&+:,1*81*P f$)@5 /,()(57 i/P JSWPVYK =:(, ,0$*,1>5( 1.(1N '$11 0@667( 0$1 '(1 g;321(17,$/$16$7= 921 i/P JSWPVWK 9(5:(5)(1 81' 0,7 (,1(0 c16$7=N '(5 u,186O 81' m26,1867(50( (17+>/7N 1$&+ (,1(5 5((//(1 h81.7,21 $/6 n?681* 68&+(1P f$6 *(+7 $8&+N ,67 $%(5 0@+6$0(5P y,5 %/(,%(1 %(, '(0 (;321(17,(//(1 c16$7= 81' .200(1 0,7+,/)( .203/(;(5 m2O (5,=,(17(1 =8 '(1 *(68&+7(1 5((//(1 n?681*(1P h@5 $S 3 R /,()(57 i/P JSWPVXK %=:P JSWPVYK <SNT 3 u ,6R 0,7 6R 3 J$RB$TKSBTN

JSWPWUK

81' '$6 )@+57 =85 $//*(0(,1(1 n?681* ?J7K 3 c (;3J,6R7K1d (;3J2,6R7K 3 Jc1dK &266R71,Jc2dK 6,16R7 3 e &266R71f 6,16R7P

JSWPWVK

f,( m2(5,=,(17(1 e 81' f 6,1' 12&+ 81%(67,007P f,( i5?M( 6R +(,M7 m5(,6)5(48(1= '(5 81*('>03)7(1 )5(,(1 u&+:,1*81* 2'(5 $8&+ g,*(1J.5(,6K)5(48(1= '(6 81*('>03)O 7(1 q6=,//$7256P c/6 1>&+67(6 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 '(1 h$// R"$S "TJ$T $RKSBTN )@5 '(1 '$6 f>03)81*6*/,(' 12&+ ./(,1 *(18* ,67N 80 '(1 y85=(/$86'58&. 921 i/P JSWPVYK ,0$*,1>5 :(5'(1 =8 /$66(1P o,7 g,1)@+581* '(6 f>03)81*6)$.7256 % 3 $SBJT$TK

JSWPWWK

81' '(5 g,*(1J.5(,6K)5(48(1= )@5 '$6 *('>03)7( u+17(1 m5,(&+O )$// /,(*7 '(5 i5(1=)$//N &+$5$.7(5,6,(57 '85&+ % 3 6R 2'(5 $S 3 TJ$T $RKSBTP f$6 ,67 '(5 u21'(5)$//N )@5 '(1 ',( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( i/(,&+81* (,1( f233(//?681* /,()(57P j,(5)@5 /$87(7 ',( $//*(0(,1( n?681* ?J7K 3 Jc1d 6 7K (;3J2%7KP

JSWPXRK

k0 i5(1=)$// .2007 '$6 1$&+ c86/(1.81* 2'(5 c1672M(1 6,&+ 6(/%67 @%(5/$66(1( 6&+:,1*81*6)>+,*( u667 6,&+ '$11 ',( ,1+202*(1( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* :,( )2/*7 6&+5(,%(1\ ?f1T % ?^16TR ? 3 % (;3J,67KP

JSWPXSK

f(5 m2(5,=,(17 $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( ,67 ,0 h$// (,1(5 26=,//,(5(1'(1 o$66( *(*(%(1 '85&+ '$6 x(5+>/71,6 920 c03/,78'(1)$.725 '(5 >8M(5(1 m5$)7 =85 6&+:,1*(1'(1 o$66(P x21 %(621'(5(0 k17(5(66( ,67 ',( 67$7,21>5( n?681* ',(6(5 i/(,&+81*N ',( '$6 x(5O +$/7(1 '(6 u8M(5(1 m5$)7 %(6&+5(,%7P g,1 925+(5 58+(1'(6 2'(5 )5(, 6&+:,1*(1'(6 u8M(5(1 m5$)7 0,7 g,16&+:,1*925*>1*(1N ',( 1$&+ |(,7(1 7 + SB% $%*(./81*(1 6,1'P h@5 ',( 67$7,21>5( n?681* 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 '(1 c16$7= ?J7K 3 cJ6K (;3J,67K

JSWPXTK

81' *(+(1 '$0,7 ,1 ',( i/P JSWPXSK 80 ',( c03/,78'(1)81.7,21 cJ6K =8 %(67,00(1P g6 )2/*7 c3

% 6 26 1, T%6 T R

c3% c3 0,7

T

J6TR 26TK2, T%6 J6TR 26TKT 1V %T 6T %

|J6 26 K 1V % 6 T R

T T

T

T

(2,3

JSWPXUK

7$13 3 T %6BJ6TR 26TKP

JSWPXVK

f,( 67$7,21>5( n?681* ,67 J'(5 t($/7(,/ 921K ?67$7 J7K 3

% |J6 26 K 1V %T6T T R

T T

(,J6723KP

JSWPXWK

Z[X

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/

h@5 '(1 h$// 6&+:$&+(5 f>03)81* /,(*7 '$6 o$;,080 '(5 t(621$1=.859( cJ6K ',&+7 %(, 6R] (;$.7 /,(*7 '$6 o$;,080 %(, 60$; 3 J6TR 2T%TKSBTP

JSWPXXK

f,( 92//67>1',*( n?681* )@5 '(1 +,(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 h$// (,1(5 >8M(5(1 m5$)7 0,7 m26,186Oc%+>1*,*.(,7 921 '(5 |(,7 (5+>/7 0$1 '85&+ c'',7,21 '(5 $//*(0(,1(1 n?O 681* '(5 +202*(1(1 f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* Ji/P JSWPWZKK )@5 ',( )5(,( *('>03)7( u&+:,1*81* =85 67$7,21>5(1 n?681* 921 i/P JSWPXWKP g567(5( %(6&+5(,%7 '(1 921 '(1 c1)$1*6%(',1*81*(1 $%+>1*,*(1 g,16&+:,1*925*$1*P f,( )@5 7 + SB% *@/7,*( 67$7,21>5( n?681* ,67 921 '(1 c1)$1*6%(',1*81*(1 81$%+>1*,*P

SWPY h285,(5Ot(,+(1 81' Ok17(*5$/( f,( g17:,&./81* (,1(5 3(5,2',6&+(1 h81.7,21 '(5 |(,7 $/6 h285,(5Ot(,+( /,()(57 0,7 '(1 m2(5,=,(17(1 )@5 i581':(//( 81' q%(5:(//(1 '$6 '$=8*(+?5(1'( NNh5(48(1=O 63(.7580DDP f$6 :$5 6&+21 )@5 ',( c.867,. Jd'P SK 1@7=/,&+ 81' ,67 )@5 ',( (/(.752O 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 (%(162 :,&+7,*P h@5 '(1 i5(1=)$// (,1(5 81(1'/,&+ /$1*(1 r(5,2'( (5+>/7 0$1 '$6 '$=8*(+?5(1'( .217,18,(5/,&+( h5(48(1=O 63(.7580 $/6 h285,(5Ok17(*5$/P f,( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( d(=,(+81*N ',( 921 (,1(5 1,&+7O 3(5,2',6&+(1 h81.7,21 '(5 |(,7 =80 .217,18,(5/,&+(1 h5(48(1=63(.7580 )@+57N :,5' h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 *(1$117P j,(5 :,5' $8&+ ',( .203/(;( f$567(//81* (,1*()@+57N ',( =8 6(+5 (/(*$17(1 81' 1@7=/,&+(1 h250(/1 )@+57N $%(5 '(1 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(1 5((//(1 3+667P h285,(5Ot(,+(1P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 3(5,2',6&+( h81.7,21(1 ) 921 185 (,1(5 x$5,$%/(1N )@5 ',( :,5 +,(5 ',( |(,7 7 :>+/(1P f,( r(5,2'(1'$8(5 6(, v] '$11 ,67 6R 3 T@Bv ',( m5(,6)5(48(1= '(5 i581':(//(P Jf(5 h285,(5Oh250$/,6086 />667 6,&+ $%(5 $8&+ $8) 5>80/,&+( r52%/(0( $1:(1'(1N )@5 ',( (,1( n>1*(1.225',1$7(N =P dP ;N ',( y(//(1O />1*( + $/6 5>80/,&+( r(5,2'( 81' ',( m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ . 3 T@B+ ',( $1*(0(66(1(1 i5?M(1 6,1'PK |:(, h81.7,21(1 )S J7K 81' )T J7K :(5'(1 $/6 =8(,1$1'(5 257+2*21$/ %(=(,&+1(7N :(11 '$6 k17(*5$/ ,+5(6 r52'8.7(6N (5675(&.7 @%(5 '(1 x$5,$%,/,7>76%(5(,&+ vN 9(56&+:,1'(7\ 1vBT

g )S J7K 6 )T J7K '7 3 RP

2vBT

JSWPXYK

f,( x(5:$1'76&+$)7 '(5 h81.7,21(1Oq57+2*21$/,7>7 0,7 '(5 @%/,&+(1 f(8781* NNq5O 7+2*21$/,7>7 3 t(&+7:,1./,*.(,7DD :,5' (7:$6 ./$5(5N :(11 0$1 6,&+ =:(, =8(,1$1'(5 ,0 5(&+7(1 y,1.(/ 67(+(1'( x(.725(1 92567(//7\ f(5(1 q57+2*21$/,7>7 :,5' '$'85&+ '(71,(57N '$66 ,+5 u.$/$5352'8.7 9(56&+:,1'(7N :,( '$6 k17(*5$/ @%(5 '$6 r52'8.7 '(5 %(,'(1 h81.7,21(1 ,1 i/ JSWPXYKP

SWPY h285,(5Ot(,+(1 81' Ok17(*5$/(

Z[Y

h@5 ',( u,186O 81' m26,186)81.7,21(1 0,7 '(1 c5*80(17(1 1FR7 J1 3 RN SN TN U " ZK *,/7 T v g 6,10 6R 7 6 6,11 6R 7 '7 3 %01N vR T v g &260 6R 7 6 &261 6R 7 '7 3 %01N vR T v g 6,10 6R 7 6 &261 6R7 '7 3 RP vR

JSWPXZK

i(1$862*87 +>77( (,1 $1'(5(5 k17(*5$7,216%(5(,&+ '(5 i5?M( vN =P dP 921 2vBT %,6 1vBTN *(1200(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P k1 i/P JSWPXZK ,67 601 '$6 m521(&.(5Ou/7P f,(6( 61'(51N ,1'(0 0$1 185 '(1 d(5(,&+ 0,7 )J7K 3 R 9(5/>1*(57N '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ '$6 h5(48(1=63(.7580 *J6K 0,7 ',&+7(5 %(,(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1'(1 h5(48(1O =(1 '(5 q%(5:(//(1N $%(5 '(5 */(,&+(1 g,1+@//(1'(1 J,1 c%%P SWPSS ',( 0,77/(5(1 d(,63,(/(KP k0 i5(1=)$// (,1(5 (,1=(/1(1 r(5,2'( )J7K X R :,5' ',( g,1+@//(1'( =80 ,17(*5$/(1 h5(48(1=63(.7580 *J6K Jc%%P SWPSS 817(1KP w0 181 )250$/ '(1 h285,(5Oh250$/,6086 )@5 ',( ,0 k17(59$// v 3(5,2',6&+(1 h81.7,21(1 $8) 81(1'/,&+ *52M( r(5,2'(1 $86=8'(+1(1N *(+(1 :,5 $86 921 i/P JSWPYWKN 6&+5(,%(1 '(1 m2(5,=,(17(1 &1 Ji/P JSWPYXKK (;3/,=,7 ,1 ',( u800$7,216O */(,&+81* 81' 1(+0(1 )2/*(1'( u8%67,787,21(1 925\ SBv 3 6RBJT@K S (6BJT/KN 16R S 1(6 S 6N 1 S 6B(6P

JSWPZSK

f$6 (5*,%7 '(1 c86'58&. )J7K 3

1Z

s

FB(F32Z

S T@

2

1vBT

3

g )J7K (2,67 '7 (,67 (6N

2vBT

JSWPZTK

%(, '(0 $%6,&+7/,&+ '(5 h$.725 SBJT@K 925 ',( (&.,*( m/$00(5 *(6&+5,(%(1 81' '$6 (6 $1 '$6 g1'( *(67(//7 :85'(N 80 .200(1'( w0)25081*(1 925=8%(5(,7(1P f(5 i5(1=@%(5*$1* v S ZN (6 S '6

81' s S g

)@+57 =8 )2/*(1'(0 k17(*5$/\ )J7K 3

S 1Z g *J6K (,F7 '6P T@ 2Z

JSWPZUK

SWPY h285,(5Ot(,+(1 81' Ok17(*5$/( ƒ(t)

[RS

g(ˆ)

0

1

2

3

t /s

--10

0

10

ˆ /s--1

c%%P SWPSS k//8675$7,21 '(6 %(5*$1*6 921 (,1(5 h285,(5Ot(,+( J2%(1K =80 h285,(5Ok17(*5$/ J817(1KP n,1.6\ =(,7$%+>1*,*( u&+:,1*81* J921 2%(1 1$&+ 817(1\ r(5,2'( 3 S 6N T 6N V 6N ZKN 5(&+76\ c03/,78'(163(.7580 J1$&+ uPiP 81' jP n,3621N q37,&$/ r+1*( '(5 t(&+7(&.Oh81.7,21K ,67N '(672 6&+0$/(5 :,5' '$6 h5(48(1=Ou3(.7580 81' 80*(.(+57P f$6 1>&+67( d(,63,(/ ,67 ',( i$8MI6&+( i/2&.(1.859( )i J7KN '$5*(67(//7 ,1 '(5 c%%P SWPSU )@5 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1( d5(,7(1 1N ',( 921 '(5 h(+/(55(&+181* +(5 NNu7$1O '$5'$%:(,&+81*(1DD *(1$117 :(5'(1P f,( h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( *i J6K ,67 $8&+ (,1( i$8MI6&+( i/2&.(1.859(C f,( t(&+181* (5*,%7N '$66 *i J6K (,1( u7$1'$5'$%:(,&+81* %(6,7=7N ',( =8 '(5 921 )i J7K 5(=,352. ,67P h@5 '$6 r52'8.7 %(,'(5 u7$1'$5'$%:(,&+81*(1 *,/7 1L)i J7Kb 6 1L*i J6Kb 3 SP

JSWP[SK

n>667 0$1 ',( i$8MOm859( )i J7K ,00(5 6&+0$/(5 :(5'(1N '$11 :,5' ',( i$8MO m859( *i J6K ,00(5 %5(,7(5 81' 80*(.(+57P k0 i5(1=)$// 9(56&+:,1'(1'(5 d5(,7( :,5' )i J7K (,1( f(/7$)81.7,21 %(, 7 3 7R 81' ,+5( h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( (,1( )5(O 48(1=81$%+>1*,*( m2167$17(P k16758.7,9 ,67 $8&+ '$6 d(,63,(/ (,1(5 =(,7/,&+ %(*5(1=7(1 .26,186)?50,*(1 u&+:,1O *81*N %(6&+5,(%(1 '85&+ )t J7K 6 &26\ 7P c/6 h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( (5*,%7 6,&+ *t J6 2 \K1*t J61\KN '$6 +(,M7N ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( '(5 t(&+7(&.)81.O 7,21 75,77 181 1,&+7 0(+5 %(, 6 3 RN 621'(51 )5(48(1=9(56&+2%(1 %(, 6 3 u\ $8)P h@5 '(1 i5(1=)$// (,1(5 =(,7/,&+ 81%(*5(1=7(1 m26,1866&+:,1*81* J+ S ZK %(67(+7 ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( $86 =:(, f(/7$)81.7,21(1 %(, 6 3 u\] ',( h285,(5Om2O

[RV

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/

1 2 Û 2

ƒ(t ) ƒ(t ) =

1 exp [ (t--t ) 2J2Û 2 ] 0 2 Û

Û2 1 2 Û 1 Û1

0

t

c%%P SWPSU i$8MI6&+( i/2&.(1.859(P f$6 k17(*5$/ @%(5 ',( m859( (5*,%7 '(1 y(57 SP f,( d5(,7( 1 ,67 ',( NNu7$1'$5'$%:(,&+81*DDP d(, 7 3 7R u1 /,(*(1 ',( y(1'(381.7( '(5 m859(P

6,18675$16)250,(57( %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 f(/7$)81.7,21 %(, 6 3 \P u2 %(75$&+7(7 6,1' ,1 $//( n,1,(163(.75(1 $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( 921 c%%P SWPSS 6&+21 h285,(5Ov5$16O )250$7,21(1N ',( )@5 3(5,2',6&+( h81.7,21(1 )J7K $86 (,1(0 u3(.7580 921 f(/7$O )81.7,21(1 %(67(+(1N '$6 0,7 *5?M(5 :(5'(1'(5 r(5,2'( ,00(5 ',&+7(5 81' 6&+/,(MO /,&+ .217,18,(5/,&+ :,5'P

SWPZ u&+$/7$/*(%5$ f,( u&+$/7$/*(%5$ ,67 (,1( c1:(1'81* '(5 d22/(I6&+(1 c/*(%5$ Jd22/($1 $/*(%5$K 2'(5 $/*(%5$,6&+(1 n2*,.P y(,/ (/(.75,6&+( u&+$/7(5 185 ',( %(,'(1 d(75,(%602'(1 NN*(6&+/266(1DD 81' NN25(1DD %(6,7=(1N %(67(+7 (,1( c1$/2*,( =:,6&+(1 u&+$/7(51 81' /2*,6&+(1 x$5,$%/(1N ',( 185 ',( y(57( NN:$+5DD 2'(5 NN)$/6&+DD $11(+0(1 .?11(1P j,(5 9(5:(1'(1 :,5 ',( f8$/=,5(51 R 81' S )@5 NN25(1DD 81' NN*(6&+/266(1DD %=:P NN)$/6&+DD 81' NN:$+5DDP f,( m2167$17(1 '(5 u&+$/7$/*(%5$ 6,1' ',( y(57( R 81' SP f,( x$5,$%/(1 '(5 u&+$/7O $/*(%5$ :(5'(1 0,7 *52M(1 d8&+67$%(1 cN dN e " '$5*(67(//7 81' .?11(1 185 ',(6( %(,'(1 y(57( $11(+0(1P f,( i581')81.7,21(1 '(5 u&+$/7$/*(%5$ 6,1' wpf Jm21O -81.7,21K 81' qfgt Jf,6-81.7,21K] 6,( :(5'(1 0,7 4 81' 5 61'(57 m2167$17(1 2'(5 x$5,$%/(1 ,1 ,+5 i(O *(17(,/\ R S S 81' S S RP p(*,(57( x$5,$%/(1 :(5'(1 @%(5675,&+(1P f,( p(*$7,21 (,1(5 x(5.1@3)81* =:(,(5 x$5,$%/(1N =P dP NNpkejv Jc wpf dKDD :,5' (17:('(5 '85&+ %(5675(,&+(1 '(6 c86'58&.6 c4d 2'(5 185 '(6 u7 =:,6&+(1 m21-81.7,21 81' f,6-81.7,21 :,5' %(621'(56 '(87/,&+ ,1 '(1 f( o25*$1I6&+(1 v+(O 25(0(1\ c4d4e 3 c5d5e c5d5e 3 c4d4e

JSWP[VK

|80 d(:(,6 '(5 (567(1 d(=,(+81* 9(5:(,6(1 :,5 $8) v$%P SWPUP 0,7 9,(5 u3$/7(1 921 h81.7,216:(57(1\ SP h@5 ',( m21-81.7,21 c4d4e *,%7 (6 (,1( $86*(=(,&+1(7( y(57(.20%,1$7,21N ',( $/6 (,1=,*( '(1 h81.7,216:(57 S (5*,%7N 1>0/,&+ c3d3e3S JNN$//( x$5,$%/(1 */(,&+ (,16DDN /(7=7( |(,/(KP

[RX

SW o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/

TP h@5 ',( f,6-81.7,21 c5d5e ,67 ',( y(57(.20%,1$7,21 c3d3e3R $86*(=(,&+O 1(7N ',( $/6 (,1=,*( '(1 h81.7,216:(57 R (5*,%7 JNN.(,1( x$5,$%/( */(,&+ (,16DDN NN$//( x$5,$%/(1 */(,&+ 18//DDN (567( |(,/(KP UP y(5'(1 %(, '(5 f,6-81.7,21 ',( x$5,$%/(1 1(*,(57 Jc5d5e S c5d5eKN '$11 (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 $86*(=(,&+1(7( h81.7,216:(57 R )@5 ',( y(57(.20%,1$7,21 c3d3e3RN */(,&+%('(87(1' 0,7 c3d3e3S JNN$//( x$5,$%/(1 */(,&+ (,16DDN /(7=7( |(,/(KP VP f,( p(*$7,21 '(5 (%(1 %(+$1'(/7(1 x(5.1@3)81* Jc5d5e S c5d5eK 1(*,(57 ',( h81.7,216:(57( JVP u3$/7(K 81' /,()(57 6&+/,(M/,&+ ',( k'(17,7>7 0,7 '(5 m21O -81.7,21 JSP u3$/7(KN ',( =8 %(:(,6(1 :$5P k1 (17635(&+(1'(5 y(,6( />667 6,&+ ',( =:(,7( d(=,(+81* 921 i/P JSWP[VK 9(567(+(1P v$%P SWPU

y(57(7$%(//( =80 d(:(,6 '(6 f(o25*$1Ov+(25(06P

81$%+>1*,*( x$5,$%/(1

h81.7,216:(57(

c

d

e

c4d4e

c5d5e

c5d5e

c5d5e

R S R R S S R S

R R S R S R S S

R R R S R S S S

R R R R R R R S

R S S S S S S S

S S S S S S S R

R R R R R R R S

f,( $//*(0(,167( h2508/,(581* '(6 f8$/,7>76*(6(7=(6 '(5 u&+$/7$/*(%5$ ,67 J2+1( d(:(,6K )2/*(1'(\ )JcN dN 4N 5N GN 8K 3 ) JcN dN 5N 4N 8N GKP

JSWP[WK

SWP[ k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SW y(/&+( 0$7+(0$7,6&+(1 j,/)60,77(/ :(5'(1 %(1?7,*7a NNo$7+(0$7,&6 )25 r+7 w/0\ +773\BB:::P81,O8/0P'(B 0 u758.785 81' q5*$1,6$7,21 0 h$.8/7>7 )@5 p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 0 r+'(1 '85&+ 9(5$17:25O 781*6%(:8667(1 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7 ,0 3+'(1 $1 '(1 c33$5$785(1 '85&+ d/,7=6&+/$*N p(7=63$1181*6$86)$//N o$7(5,$/9(56$*(1 2'(5 h(+/%(',(181* 0@66(1 '85&+ $33$5$78563(=,76&+( o$M1$+0(1 9(5+,1'(57 :(5'(1] 6,( 6,1' 1,&+7 i(*(167$1' ',(6(6 m$3,7(/6P f(5 d/,7=6&+87= :85'( ,1 c%6&+1P SRPUPV %(+$1'(/7P

SXPS y,5.81*(1 $8) '(1 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(5 f(5 m217$.7 0,7 185 (,1(0 63$1181*6)@+5(1'(1 n(,7(5 ,67 816&+>'/,&+N :,( ',( $8) j2&+63$1181*6/(,781*(1 6,7=(1'(1N )5?+/,&+ =:,76&+(51'(1 x?*(/ %(:(,6(1P f(5 */(,&+=(,7,*( m?53(5.217$.7 0,7 =:(, n(,7(51 $8) 9(56&+,('(1(1 u3$1181*(1 9(5O 856$&+7 -('2&+ u75209866 '85&+ '(1 m?53(5N 81' ',(6(5 u7520 ,67 $% (,1(5 %(67,00O 7(1 u752067>5.( 6&+>'/,&+ Jc%%P SXPSKP d(621'(56 *()>+5/,&+ 6,1' u75209@66( 48(5 '85&+ '(1 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(5N :(,/ 6,( ',&+7 $0 j(5=(1 925%(, )@+5(1 Jc%%P SXPTKP d(, f$8(5(,1:,5.81* 0866 $% (7:$ WR 0c 0,7 '(0 :(,7(5 817(1 $86)@+5/,&+ %(O 6&+5,(%(1(1 j(5=.$00(59,00(51 *(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P y(11 ',( g,1:,5.81*6=(,7

[SR

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7 Strom

Wirkung schwere Verbrennung, Lungenblähung, Herzstillstand

1A

Bereich der elektrischen Defibrillation

100 mA

Herzkammerflimmern, Bewustlosigkeit, Verbrennungen Vorkammerflimmern, Strommarken, Blutdrucksteigerung Erträglichkeitsschwelle Atmungsbeschwerden Krampfschwelle

10 mA

Loslassen nicht mehr möglich

schmerzhafte Wirkung auf Muskeln Krampfgefühl von Hand bis Oberarm Blutdrucksteigerung schwache Versteifung in Hand und Arm Gefühl wie Einschlafen der Hand

1 mA

Wahrnehmungsschwelle

c%%P SXPS r++5 '(5 n26/$666&+:(//(P

SXPS y,5.81*(1 $8) '(1 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(5

[SS

c%%P SXPT u7520)>'(1 '85&+ '(1 m?53(5 %(, j$1'Oj$1'O 81' j$1'Oh8MOm217$.7(1P k1 %(,'(1 h>//(1 :(5'(1 ',( j(5=086.(/1 0,7 (5)$667P

5 2 Einwirkzeit in ms

10 3 5 2

Wahrscheinlichkeit des Herzkammerflimmerns ≥50 %

des 50 % eit s < chk ern inli mm che rfli hrs me Wa kam des % As z 5 r eit s < He m chk ern 10 inli mm che rfli hrs me Wa rzkam He

10 mA

10 4

keine physiologisch 10 2 keine Reaktion gefährliche Wirkung 5 Sicherheitskennlinie 2 101 10 --1 2

5

10 0 2

5

101 2

5

10 2 2

5 10 3 2

5

10 4

Stromstärke in mA

c%%P SXPU r+1*7 920 u7520:(* $%\ u7520:(*

m?53(5:,'(567$1'

j$1'Oj$1'N j$1'Oh8M j>1'(Oh@M( j>1'(Ot@&.(1 Jd5867K

&$P SURR / &$P XWR / &$P URR /

f(5 j$87Bn(,7(5O%(5*$1*6:,'(567$1' tj$87 ,67 $%+>1*,* 921 m217$.79>&+( 81' d(5@+581*6'58&.N 62:,( 921 $1'(5(1 >8M(5(1 3+&+( =80 7,()(5 /,(*(1'(1 i(:(%(P f(5 u&+:(,M )@//7 ',( %(, 752&.(1(5 j$87 925+$1'(1(1 w1(%(1+(,7(1 $86N :2'85&+ ',( :,5.6$0( m217$.79>&+( %(75>&+7/,&+ 9(5*5?M(57 :,5'P w17(5 81*@167,*(1 w067>1'(1 %(75>*7 '(5 j$87Bm217$.7O%(5O *$1*6:,'(567$1' .$80 0(+5 $/6 SRR /P i()$+5 '(5 x(5+$50/2681*P h$67 -('( r(5621 .$11 6,&+ $1 (,1,*( 6(/%67 (5/,77(1( NNu75206&+/>*(DD (5,11(51N ',( =:$5 020(17$1 6&+0(5=+$)7 :$5(1N $%(5 .(,1( %/(,O %(1'(1 u&+>'(1 =85@&. /,(M(1P u7520 9,(M7 '85&+ '(1 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(5N :(11 =:(, $8) 9(56&+,('(1(5 u3$1181* /,(*(1'( n(,7(5N 0(,67 (,1 $.7,9(5 TUROxOn(,7(5 81' (,1 g5'/(,7(5N */(,&+=(,7,* ,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 m217$.7 0,7 '(0 m?53(5 .200(1P f,( 9(56&+,('(1(1 c57(1 921 m217$.7 +$%(1 *$1= 817(56&+,('/,&+( j>87*.(,7 81' i(5)>+5/,&+.(,7P g,1( 6(+5 +>87*( c57 '(6 u75206&+/$*6 ,67 '(5 u75209866 '85&+ (,1( h,1*(5.833(P f$6 ,67 020(17$1 6&+0(5=+$)7N $%(5 6&+1(// :,('(5 9(5*(66(1P f,( d(5@+581* '(5 %(,'(1 n(,7(5 0,7 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 h,1*(51 (,1(5 j$1' ,67 '(87/,&+ 6&+0(5=+$)7(5 81' (5)25'(57 (,1( />1*(5( g5+2/81*6=(,7P

SXPS y,5.81*(1 $8) '(1 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(5

[SU

y,5./,&+ *()>+5/,&+ .$11 (6 :(5'(1N :(11 ',( %(,'(1 n(,7(5 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 j>1'(1 %(5@+57 :(5'(1N '(5 u7520 $/62 48(5 '85&+ '(1 q%(5.?53(5 9,(M7P c%(5 :(11 ',( %(7525(1'( r(5621 '$6 i/@&. +$7N h,1*(5.833(1 0,7 ',&.(5 752&.(1(5 j251+$87 =8 %(6,7=(1N '(5(1 y,'(567$1' '(1 u7520 $8) (7:$ SR 0c %(*5(1=7N '$11 ,67 $8&+ ',(6( c57 '(6 u75206&+/$*6 185 (,1( u&+5(&.Og5)$+581*P c86 '(5$57,*(1 g5)$+581*(1 0,7 u75206&+/>*(1 (1767(+7 '(5 $//*(0(,1( g,1'58&.N '$66 u75206&+/>*( =:$5 81$1*(1(+0N $%(5 1,&+7 :,5./,&+ *()>+5/,&+ 6,1'P g6 )(+/7 '$6 d(:86676(,1N '$66 A $1'(56 $/6 %(, '(1 /$'81*6%(*5(1=7(1N :,5./,&+ +$50/26(1 u&+2&.6 '85&+ (/(.75267$7,6&+( c89$'81*(1 A '$6 (/(.75,6&+( TUROx2/7Op(7= (,1( 35$.7,6&+ 81(56&+?39,&+( u752048(//( 0,7 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1(0 k11(1:,'(5O 67$1' ,67P g/(.75,6&+(5 m217$.7 0,7 '(0 p(7= ,67 620,7 ,00(5 *()>+5/,&+C k1 '(5 u,&+(5+(,767(&+1,. 5(&+1(7 0$1 %(, '(1 7//(1 3$86&+$/ 0,7 u75209@66(1 921 WR %,6 WRR 0cN (17635(&+(1' '(5 x$5,$7,216%5(,7( '(5 i(6$07:,O '(567>1'(P d(, u75209866 '85&+ '(1 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(5 Jj$1'Oj$1' 2'(5 j$1'O h8MK 6,1' 6&+21 WR 0c 0(',=,1,6&+ 6(+5 (5167 =8 1(+0(1N WRR 0c .?11(1 7?'/,&+ 6(,1P j(5=.$00(59,00(51P f,( +>87*67( v2'(6856$&+( %(, (/(.75,6&+(1 f85&+675?081O *(1 ,0 p,('(563$1181*6%(5(,&+ ,67 '$6 j(5=.$00(59,00(51 J9(175,&8/$5 7%5,//$O 7,21KP f(5 *(25'1(7( t+57N '$66 ',( (/(.75,6&+( f85&+675?081* '(6 j(5=(16 =85 d,/'81* 9,(/(5 ,55(*8/>5(5 g55(*81*6=(175(1 ,1 '(1 j(5=086.(/)$6(51 )@+57P f,( *(O 6&+>',*7(1 |(//(1 :(5'(1 */(,&+6$0 ,+5( (,*(1(1 u&+5,770$&+(5P c8M(5'(0 :,5' '85&+ '(1 9,00(5$86/?6(1'(1 t(,= ',( 5(,=O81(0371'/,&+( g5+2/81*6=(,7 '(5 |(//(1 67$5. 9(5.@5=7N 62'$66 6,( )>+,* 6,1'N '(1 +2+(1 h/,00(5)5(48(1=(1 =8 )2/*(1P f$6 9,00(51'( j(5= .$11 185 '85&+ (,1(1 *(1$8 '26,(57(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 i(*(1O 6&+2&. 921 :(1,*(5 $/6 RPT 6 f$8(5 (179,00(57 J'(7%5,//,(57K :(5'(1P x25$866(7=81*

[SV

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7

)@5 '(1 g5)2/* '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 g179,00(581* ,67 -('2&+ ',( c8)5(&+7(5+$/781* '(6 m5(,6/$8)6 %,6 (,1( 48$/,7=,(57( r(5621 0,7 f(7%5,//$725 =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+7P |85 7+(O 5$3(87,6&+ :,&+7,*(1 f,$*126(N 2% j(5=.$00(59,00(51 2'(5 j(5=67,//67$1' 925O /,(*7N 6,1' f(7%5,//$725(1 ,1 '(5 t(*(/ 0,7 (,1(0 gmiOo21,725 $86*(67$77(7P h5@+(5 '85)7(1 f(7%5,//$725(1 185 921 }5=7(1 %(',(17 :(5'(1P y(,/ $%(5 ',( 1$&+ g,16(7=(1 '(6 m$00(59,00(516 =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+(1'( |(,7 185 :(1,*( o,187(1 %(75>*7N ,67 0$1 +(87( %(0@+7N f(7%5,//$725(1N ',( 921 *(6&+8/7(1 n$,(1 %(',(17 :(5'(1 .?11(1N $1 9,(/(1 q57(1 9(5)@*%$5 =8 +$%(1N =P dP ,1 r$66$*,(598*=(8*(1P u(,7 (,1,*(1 l$+5(1 *,%7 (6 35(,6:(57( n$,(1'(7%5,//$725(1 JrcfN r8%/,& c&&(66 f(O 7%,5//$725KN )@5 '(5(1 d(',(181* 0$1 ,1 f(876&+/$1' 81' ~67(55(,&+ (,1(1 (7:$ VAXO67@1',*(1 g5*>1=81*6.856 =85 g567(1 j,/)( 81' (,1( g,1:(,681* %(1?7,*7P h81.7,21(//( d(6&+:(5'(1P d(, '(1 1,&+7 7?'/,&+ 9(5/$8)(1'(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 w1)>//(1 .?11(1 $8&+ )2/*(1'( d(6&+:(5'(1 $8)75(7(1\ 6(+5 6&+0(5=+$)7( 81' /(,&+7 (17=@1'O /,&+( u75200$5.(1 81' x(5%5(1181*(1 %,6 =80 UP i5$' $1 '(1 d(5@+581*667(//(1N j(5=6&+>'(1 Jc1*,1$ 3(&725,6 (/(&75,&$KN 62:,( u7?581*(1 '(6 p(59(16',*(1P k11(5( x(5%5(1181*(1 (1767(+(1 '85&+ ',( y>50(:,5.81* *5?M(5(5 u75?0( %(, j2&+63$1181*681)>//(1N $%(5 $8&+ %(, p,('(563$1181*681)>//(1 0,7 /$1*(5 g,1O :,5.=(,7P d(7525(1 6,1' 925 $//(0 ',( m?53(57(,/( 0,7 *(5,1*(0 s8(56&+1,77N $/62 c50( 81' d(,1(P f85&+ '(1 u7520 :(5'(1 m?53(5=(//(1 (/(.752/&+67 .$80 d(6&+:(5'(1 9(563@57N 0866 5(&+7=(,7,* (,1( >5=7/,&+( d(O +$1'/81* 9(5$1/$667 :(5'(1N :(,/ $1'(51)$//6 12&+ 1$&+ v$*(1 '85&+ p,(5(19(56$*(1 (,1( 7?'/,&+( j$519(5*,)781* (,175(7(1 .$11P j2&+63$1181*681)>//( 6,1' 0(,67 0,7 (,1(0 n,&+7%2*(1 $1 '(5 u7520@%(5O *$1*667(//( 9(5%81'(1P u(/%67 :(11 '(5 0(16&+/,&+( m?53(5 1,&+7 ,1 '(5 u7520%$+1 /,(*7N .?11(1 u&+>'(1 '85&+ '$6 n,&+7 81' ',( 8/75$9,2/(77( u75$+/81* $8)75(7(1\ NNx(5%/,7=(1DD '(5 c8*(1 J67$5.( c8*(16&+0(5=(1 @%(5 9,(/( u781'(1KN '$8(51'( u&+>',*81* '(5 p(7=+$87N ,1 6&+:(5(1 h>//(1 g5%/,1'81*P

SXPT u&+87=0$M1$+0(1 SXPTPS p(7=$16&+/866 81' g5'81* f(5 p(7=$16&+/866 %(67(+7 $86 '(1 '5(, $.7,9(1 n(,7(51 nSN nT 81' nU J)5@+(5\ tN u 81' vK )@5 '(1 f5(,3+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520 Jf5(+67520K 81' '(0 p(875$//(,7(5 2'(5 p8//(,7(5 p J)5@+(5\ o,77(/381.7On(,7(5 o3KP f(5 p(875$//(,7(5 ,67 *((5'(7 '85&+ c1O 6&+/866 $1 ',( d(75,(%6(5'(\ '$6 ,67 (,1( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* =8 '(0 ,16 g5'5(,&+B i581':$66(5 5(,&+(1'(1 h81'$0(17(5'(5P |:,6&+(1 -( =:(, '(5 '5(, $.7,9(1 n(,7(5 /,(*7 (,1( (5(.7,9( y(&+6(/63$1181* 921 VRR x J9(5.(77(7( u3$1181*(1N f5(,(&.O u&+$/781*K] =:,6&+(1 -('(0 $.7,9(1 n(,7(5 81' '(0 p(875$//(,7(5 /,(*(1 TUR x

SXPT u&+87=0$M1$+0(1

[SW

J. VRR xB|UN nOpOu3$1181*(1N u7(516&+$/781*KP y(5'(1 ',(6( '5(, r+$6(1 ,1 u7(51O 6&+$/781* 0,7 */(,&+(1 x(5%5$8&+(5Ok03('$1=(1 %(/$67(7N '$11 9,(M7 ,0 p(875$/O /(,7(5 .(,1 u7520N 2%:2+/ g1(5*,(@%(575$*81* 920 p(7=$16&+/866 =80 x(5%5$8&+(5 67$7771'(7P k0 c//*(0(,1(1 ,67 ',( d(/$6781* '(5 '5(, r+$6(1 -('2&+ 81*/(,&+N 81' '(6+$/% ,67 '(5 u7520 ,0 p(875$//(,7(5 9(56&+,('(1 921 18//N $//(5',1*6 ,67 (5 0(,67 '(87/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( u800( '(5 '5(, @%(5 nSN nT 81' nU 9,(M(1'(1 u75?0(P d(5@+581*66&+87=P |80 u&+87= 921 r(5621(1 81' j$867,(5(1 6,1' (/(.75,6&+( c1O /$*(1 81' g/(.752*(5>7( 62 *(%$87N '$66 ',5(.7(6 d(5@+5(1 $.7,9(5 n(,7(5 1,&+7 0?*O /,&+ ,67P i()$+5 )@5 r(5621(1 (1767(+7 '(6+$/% +$8376>&+/,&+ '85&+ 62 *(1$117(6 ,1',5(.7(6 d(5@+5(1] '$5817(5 9(567(+7 0$1 '$6 d(5@+5(1 /(,7(1'(5 v(,/(N ',( 185 ,1)2/*( (,1(6 h(+/(56 817(5 u3$1181* 67(+(1P l('(6 NN(/(.75,6&+( d(75,(%60,77(/DD Jg/(.752*(5>7K ,67 921 (,1(0 i(+>86( 80*(%(1P o(7$//*(+>86( :(5'(1 ,1 '(5 g/(.7O 527(&+1,. NNm?53(5DD *(1$117] 6,( 0@66(1 *((5'(7 6(,1P u7(&.9(5%,1'81*(1P d(, 75$163257$%/(1 g/(.752*(5>7(1 0,7 m$%(/$16&+/866 0866 ',( g5'81* '(6 m?53(56 @%(5 '$6 m$%(/ (5)2/*(1] '$=8 ',(17 ',( u&+8.2Ou7(&.9(5%,1O '81* Jc%%P SXPVKP m81676725*(+>86( 0@66(1 +,15(,&+(1'( 0(&+$1,6&+( u7$%,/,7>7 81' (/(.75,6&+( f85&+6&+/$*)(67,*.(,7 %(6,7=(1] ',( g5'81* (17)>//7 %(, ,+1(1P k1 9,(/(1 $1'(5(1 n>1'(51 :85'(1 (,*(1( n?681*(1 )@5 '(1 6,&+(5(1 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7 (17:,&.(/7P w1*($&+7(7 '(5 (8523$:(,7(1 g,1,*81* $8) TUR x y(&+O 6(/67520 0,7 WR j= *,%7 (6 J12&+K .(,1( *(12507( (8523>,6&+( u7(&.'26(C g,1( =8O .@1)7,*( g,1,*81* ,67 6(+5 81:$+56&+(,1/,&+ :(*(1 '(5 +2+(1 w067(//81*6.267(1 81' '(1 (17*(*(167(+(1'(1 :,576&+$)7/,&+(1 k17(5(66(1P f$6 t(,6(1 0,7 c'$37(5O u7(&.(51 :,5' 816 9(5087/,&+ $8&+ ,1 |8.81)7 1,&+7 (563$57 %/(,%(1P Schleifkontakt federnd

nicht federnd

c%%P SXPV TO32/,*( u7(&.9(5%,1'81* 0,7 6(,7O /,&+ $1*(25'1(7(1 u&+87=.217$.7(1 Ju&+8.2O u7(&.'26(N Ou7(&.(5KP

u&+87=/(,7(5P f,( /(,7(1'(1 x(5%,1'81*(1 $//(5 m?53(5 0,7 '(5 d(75,(%6(5'( :(5'(1 u&+87=/(,7(5 *(1$117 81' 0,7 rg J3527(&7,9( ($57+K 65:,&./81* '(6 c%63$11Ov5$)26K ',5(.7 *((5'(7 ,67] '$6 NNpDD *,%7 $1N '$66 $//( m?53(5 @%(5 u&+87=/(,7(5 ',5(.7 0,7 '(5 *((5'(7(1 m/(00( '(5 s8(//( 9(5%81'(1 6,1'P

[SX

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7

f,( 12&+ ,1 >/7(5(1 c1/$*(1 =8 71'(1'( NN./$66,6&+( p8//81*DD 817(56&+(,'(7 1,&+7 =:,6&+(1 '(0 u&+87=/(,7(5 rg )@5 ',( g5'81* '(5 m?53(5 81' '(0 p(875$//(,7(5 p )@5 ',( u75205@&.)@+581* ,0 g,13+$6(1%(75,(% 81' )@5 '(1 c86*/(,&+667520 '(5 f5(,3+$6(1Ou7(516&+$/781*P f(5 n(,7(5N '(5 %(,'( h81.7,21(1 +$7N :,5' 0,7 rgp *(.(11=(,&+1(7P f$6 ,1 c%%P SXPW 6&+(0$7,6&+ 6.,==,(57( j$861(7= (17+>/7 185 =:(, x(5%5$8&+(5\ f$6 f5(,3+$6(1Oi(5>7 .?117( =P dP (,1 g/(.752+(5' 2'(5 (,1( y$6&+0$6&+,1( 6(,1P f,( u&+8.2Ou7(&.'26( *$1= 5(&+76 5(35>6(17,(57 $//( 0,7 g,13+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520 %(75,(%(1(1 i(5>7(P p250$/(5:(,6( %(67(+7 '$6 j$861(7= $86 0(+5(5(1 0,7 TUR x JnOpOu3$1181*K %(75,(%(1(1 p(7=7(,/(1N ',( (,1=(/1 0,7 (,1(0 %(567520Ou&+87=O 6&+$/7(5 )@5 =P dP SX c $%*(6,&+(57 6,1'P |85 q37,0,(581* '(5 n$679(57(,/81* $8) ',( '5(, r+$6(1 :,5' %(, '(5 k167$//$7,21 '$5$8) *($&+7(7N '$66 )@5 ',( p(7=7(,/( 0,7 nOpOu3$1181* ',( '5(, r+$6(1 JnSN nTN nUK 81*()>+5 */(,&+ +>87* 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P d(, '(5 k167$//$7,21 921 n(,781*(1 0,7 NN02'(51(5 p8//81*DD :,5' '(5 rgOn(,7(5 0,79(5/(*7] (6 :(5'(1 $/62 )@5 f5(,3+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520 JNNm5$)767520DDK ,00(5 WO$'5,*( m$%(/ JnSN nTN nUN pN rgKN )@5 g,13+$6(1Oy(&+6(/67520 UO$'5,*( m$%(/ JnN pN rgK 9(5:(1'(7P

L1 L2 L3 PEN

N Trafostation

Gebäudeanschluss

Sicherung

L1 L2 L3 N PE

Zähler kWh

PEN

Potentialausgleichschiene

Betriebsmittel Rohrleitungssysteme etc.

FundamentErder

Steckdose

Körper

c%%P SXPW g5'81* ,0 vpOp,('(563$1181*61(7= 0,7 NN02'(51(5 p8//81*DD J1$&+ cPlP u&+:$% NNg/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( x(575>*/,&+.(,7DDKP f(5 +,(5 (,1*(=(,&+1(7( c86%5(,781*6:,'(567$1' '(6 h81'$0(17(5'(56 /,(*7 0(,67 817(5 RPS q+0P

SXPT u&+87=0$M1$+0(1 Brauchwasser Heizung

[SY

BadeDusche wanne Blitzschutzanlage

Frischwasser

Warmwasser

BadPotentialausgleich

Antennenanlage

Fernmeldeanlage Heizung Isolierstück

HA Gasinnenleitung

Verbindung bei TN-Netz

Potentialausgleich-Schiene

Abwasser

Fundamenterder

Blitzschutzerder

c%%P SXPX j$837327(17,$/$86*/(,&+\ c//( /(,7)>+,*(1 v(,/( '(6 j$86(6 6,1' $1 =(175$/(5 u7(//( 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5%81'(1 J1$&+ fkp xfg RSRRKP

k1 '(5 NN02'(51(1 p8//81*DD 6,1' u&+87=/(,7(5 JrgK 81' p(875$//(,7(5 JpK ,0 *(O 6$07(1 p(7= 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117 Jc%%P SXPWKP c//( m?53(5 6,1' 0,7 '(5 d(75,(%6(5'( 9(5%81'(1N :2%(, $8&+ $1'(5( *((,*1(7( n(,781*(1 :,( y$66(5O 81' i$6/(,781*(1N j(,=81*652+5( (7&P $/6 u&+87=/(,7(5 0,7 (,1%(=2*(1 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SXPXKP f,( p87=O 675?0( ,0 g,13+$6(1%(75,(% J81' '(5 c86*/(,&+667520 ,1 '(5 f5(,3+$6(1Ou7(516&+$/O 781*K 9,(M(1 185 @%(5 '(1 p(875$//(,7(5P

SXPTPT u,&+(581*(1N u&+87=6&+$/7(5 %(567520Ou&+87=6&+$/7(5 6,1' +$8376>&+/,&+ *(0(,17N :(11 921 NNu,&+(581*(1DD *(O 6352&+(1 :,5'P u,( /,(*(1 ,1 $//(1 $.7,9(1 n(,7(51 Jc%%P SXPWK 81' 817(5%5(&+(1 '(1 u7520.5(,6N :(11 '(5 (5(.7,9( y(&+6(/67520 (,1(1 %(67,007(1 p(11:(57 J=P dP XU c )@5 ',( j$8376,&+(581*N SX c )@5 ',( u,&+(581* 921 p(7=7(,/(1K (,1( %(67,007( |(,7 /$1* J=P dP (,1,*( u(.81'(1K @%(56&+5(,7(7P c1/>66( '$)@5 6,1' %(5/$6781*(1 '85&+ c16&+/866 921 =8 9,(/(1 x(5%5$8&+(51 2'(5 +2+( h(+/(5675?0(P u&+0(/=6,&+(581*(1 0@66(1 =85 y,('(5+(567(//81* '(6 d(75,(%6=867$1'(6 $86*(:(&+6(/7 :(5'(1] (/(.752O 0$*1(7,6&+( u,&+(581*6$8720$7(1 :(5'(1 0,7 f58&.O 2'(5 m,336&+$/7(5 :,('(5 NN,1 d(75,(%DD *(1200(1P p(875$//(,7(5 81' u&+87=(5'( '@5)(1 1,&+7 '85&+ %(567520O u&+87=6&+$/7(5 817(5%52&+(1 :(5'(1C %(567520Ou&+87=6&+$/7(5 J',( NN1250$/(1DD u,&+(581*(1K 6&+@7=(1 ',( c1/$*( 925 |(567?581* '85&+ +2+( u75?0(N ',( $1'(51)$//6 =P dP =8 m$%(/%5$1' )@+5(1 .?117(1P

[SZ

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7

h@5 (,1(1 o(16&+(1N '(5 ,1 (,1(5 w1)$//6,78$7,21 921 g/(.75,=,7>7 '85&+675?07 :,5'N %,(7(1 ',(6( u,&+(581*(1 .(,1(1 u&+87=C f,( p(116752067>5.( J7*(1 u,&+(581* J%,6 =8 TR 6K 6,1' 9,(/ =8 *52MP hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 Jt(6,'8$/ e855(17 r527(&7,9( f(9,&(N terKP hk %('(87(7 NNh(+/(5O 67520DDP g,1 =(175$/(5 hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 .$11 =:,6&+(1 j$8376,&+(581*(1 81' .y+O |>+/(5 ,167$//,(57 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SXPYKP f(5 hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 817(5%5,&+7 ',( $.7,9(1 n(,7(5 nSN nT 81' nUN $%(5 .(,1(6)$//6 rgN :(11 ',( 3+$6(1*(5(&+7( u800( $//(5 p87=675?0( @%(5 nSN nT 81' nUN $%=@*/,&+ '(6 NNt@&.675206DD @%(5 pN 0,7 ,+5(0 g5(.7,9:(57 (,1(1 %(67,007(1 i5(1=:(57 @%(56&+5(,7(7P h(+/(567520Ou&+87=6&+$/7(5 635(&+(1 $/62 185 '$11 $1N :(11 (,1 v(,/ '(6 u7520(6 921 '(1 $.7,9(1 n(,7(51 @%(5 rg J67$77 @%(5 pK =85@&.9,(M7P f(6+$/% .$11 '(5 i5(1=:(57 Jp(11:(57 '(5 hkOu,O &+(581*K 9,(/ ./(,1(5 6(,1 $/6 '(5 p87=67520 81' =P dP 185 SR 0c %(75$*(1P f,( 1250$/(1 u,&+(581*(1 :>+/7 0$1 $%6,&+7/,&+ NN75>*(DDN '$0,7 '(5 d(75,(% 1,&+7 %(, -('(5 u752063,7=(N :,( 6,( =P dP %(,0 g,16&+$/7(1 (,1(5 i/@+/$03( JSVO)$&+(5 p(11O 67520CK 2'(5 (,1(6 o27256 $8)75,77N 817(5%52&+(1 :,5'] %(,0 c8)75(7(1 921 h(+/(5O 675?0(1 0?&+7( 0$1 '$*(*(1 '$6 p(7= 0?*/,&+67 6&+1(// $%6&+$/7(1P f,( c1635(&+O =(,7(1 '(5 hkOu,&+(581*(1 /,(*(1 %(, RPT 6 2'(5 :(1,*(5P |85 y,('(5+(567(//81* '(6 d(75,(%6=867$1'(6 '(5 hkOu,&+(581* 0866 (,1 m,336&+$/7(5 %(7>7,*7 2'(5 (,1 f5(+O .123) 1$&+ 5(&+76 *('5(+7 :(5'(1P f$6 h81.7,21635,1=,3 (,1(5 hkOu,&+(581* =(,*7 c%%P SXPZP k0 hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 ,67 (,1 u&+$/7(5 0,7 (,1(0 u7520:$1'/(5 .20%,1,(57P f,( u(.81'>5638/( '(6 y$1'/(56 /,()(57 '(1 d(7>7,*81*667520 )@5 ',( t(/$,6638/( '(6 u&+$/7(56P f85&+ '(1 y$1'/(5 :(5'(1 6>07/,&+( y(&+6(/O 2'(5 f5(+67520=8/(,781O *(1 +,1'85&+*()@+57P c8&+ '(5 p(875$//(,7(5 0866 +,1'85&+*()@+57 :(5'(1N :(,/ (5 %(, 816+,*(1N 1,&+7 =80 d(75,(%667520.5(,6 *(+?5(1'(1 v(,/( @%(5 u&+87=/(,7(5 JrgK *((5'(7N 62 9,(M7 (,1 h(+/(567520 @%(5 ',( g5'( $% Jc%%P SXPZ%KP f,( u75?0(N ',( '85&+ ',( r5,0>5:,&./81*(1 '(6 y$1'/(56 )@+5(1N (5*>1=(1 6,&+ 1,&+7 0(+5 =8 18//N :(,/ '(5 t@&.67520 80 '(1 h(+/(567520 ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 j,167520P f,( u7520',5(5(1= (5=(8*7 ,0 y$1'/(5.(51 (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(6 y(&+6(/)(/'N '$6 ,1 '(5 u(.81'>5:,&./81* '(6 y$1'/(56 (,1( u3$1181* ,1'8=,(57N ',( (,1(1 u7520 ,1 '(5 t(/$,6638/( '(6 u&+87=6&+$/7(56 =85 h2/*( +$7P g55(,&+7 '(5 h(+/(567520 '(1 925%(67,007(1 p(11Oh(+/(567520N 62 635,&+7 '$6 t(/$,6 $1 81' '(5 hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 817(5%5,&+7 '(1 u7520.5(,6P hkOu,&+(581*(1 5('8=,(5(1 ',( i()$+5 921 r(5621(16&+>'(1 (5+(%/,&+N :(11 '(5 p(1167520 UR 0c 2'(5 :(1,*(5 81' ',( c1635(&+=(,7 RPT 6 2'(5 :(1,*(5 %(75>*7P c//(5',1*6 *,%7 (6 $8&+ i5@1'( )@5 '(1 g,1%$8 921 81(0371'/,&+(5(1 hkOu,&+(O 581*(1\ c8&+ ,0 1250$/(1 d(75,(% .?11(1 +?+(5( c%/(,781*6675?0( $8)75(7(1N =P dP ,1 )(8&+7(1 t>80(1N 81' 62 ',( x(5:(1'81* (,1(5 (0371'/,&+(1 hkOu,&+(581* 9(5O %,(7(1P y2 ',( k167$//$7,21 (0371'/,&+(5 hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 1,&+7 925*(6&+5,(%(1 ,67N :(5O '(1 2)7 hkOu,&+(581*(1 0,7 (,1(0 p(11:(57 921 RPU c 2'(5 RPW c ,167$//,(57N ',( '(1 r(5621(16&+87= 1,&+7 9(5%(66(51P f,( *(6(7=/,&+(1 t(*(/81*(1 6,1' 5(*,21$/ 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+] 62 6,1' =P dP ,1 (,1,*(1 d81'(6/>1'(51 (0371'/,&+( hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 0,7 UR 0c h(+/(567520 185 %(, p(8,167$//$7,21(1 ,1 d>'(51 925*(6&+5,(%(1P

[TR

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7

f,( hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 0,7 SR 0c p(11)(+/(567520 :85'(1 (17:,&.(/7N :(,/ 0(O ',=,1,6&+( x(568&+( *(=(,*7 +$%(1N '$66 6,&+ %(, SR 0c m?53(567520 12&+ [[PW @ '(5 x(568&+63(5621(1 6(/%677>7,* /?6(1 .?11(1N %(, UR 0c 6,1' (6 :(1,*(5 $/6 RPW @C f$6 p,&+7On26/$66(1Om?11(1 %,6 '(5 c1*676&+:(,M '(1 j$87:,'(567$1' 62:(,7 +(O 5$%*(6(7=7 +$7N '$66 (,1 :(1,*(5 (0371'/,&+(5 hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5 %(, UR 0c $1O 635,&+7N ,67 (,1( 6(+5 81$1*(1(+0(N $8&+ 0(',=,1,6&+ (5167 =8 1(+0(1'( g5)$+581*P

SXPTPU g5.(1181* 921 f()(.7(1 d(, '(1 0?*/,&+(1 f()(.7(1 ,1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 c1/$*( 817(56&+(,'(7 0$1 u&+/@66( J81%($%6,&+7,*7( /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81*(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, n(,7(51 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 h81.7,21(1K 81' d5@&+( J81%($%6,&+7,*7( w17(5%5(&+81* (,1(6 n(,7(56K\ A m85=6&+/866 3 /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* =:,6&+(1 =:(, n(,7(51 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(5 d(O 75,(%663$1181*P h2/*(\ n(,781*66&+87=Ou,&+(581* 817(5%5,&+7 '(1 u7520.5(,6P A n(,7(56&+/866 3 /(,7(1'( %(5%5@&.81* (,1(6 u&+$/7(56P h2/*(\ x(5%5$8&+(5 .$11 1,&+7 $%*(6&+$/7(7 :(5'(1P A m?53(56&+/866 3 /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* =:,6&+(1 $.7,9(0 n(,7(5 81' o(7$//.?53(5 Ji(+>86(KP h2/*(\ y(11 m?53(5 1,&+7 *((5'(7 ,67N %(67(+7 i()$+5 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+/$*6 %(,0 d(5@+5(1C y(11 m?53(5 *((5'(7 ,67N /,(*7 g5'6&+/866 925P A g5'6&+/866 3 /(,7(1'( x(5%,1'81* =:,6&+(1 $.7,9(0 n(,7(5 81' rgpO 2'(5 rgO g5'(P h2/*(\ %(567520O 2'(5 hkOu,&+(581* 817(5%5,&+7 u7520.5(,6P A n(,7(5%58&+ 3 w17(5%5(&+81* (,1(6 $.7,9(1 n(,7(56 J2)7 $/6 NNy$&.(/.217$.7DD $8)O )>//,*KP h2/*(\ x(5%5$8&+(5Od(75,(% ,67 1,&+7 0?*/,&+ J2'(5 *(67?57KP A p(875$//(,7(5%58&+ 3 w17(5%5(&+81* '(6 pOn(,7(56P h2/*(\ x(5%5$8&+(5Od(75,(% ,67 1,&+7 0?*/,&+ A u&+87=/(,7(5%58&+ 3 w17(5%5(&+81* '(6 rgOn(,7(56P f,(6(5 f()(.7 ,67 6&+:(5 =8 %(0(5.(1P h2/*(\ d(, 1$&+)2/*(1'(0 m?53(56&+/866 :,5' '(5 u7520.5(,6 1,&+7 817(5%52&+(1P f$'85&+ (1767(+7 ',( i()$+5 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+/$*6 %(,0 d(5@+O 5(1C

SXPU x(5+$/7(165(*(/1 f,( t(*(/1 )@5 '(1 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7 ,0 n$%25 6,1' 185 g5:(,7(581*(1 '(5 t(*(/1N ',( -('( r(5621 ,0 (,*(1(1 j$86+$/7 %($&+7(1 62//7(P n(,'(5 .$11 1,&+7 *(1(5(// 925$86*(6(7=7 :(5'(1N '$66 '(5 9(5$17:25781*6%(:8667( w0*$1* 0,7 '(5 j$86+$/76Og/(.75,=,7>7 6&+21 ,1 '(5 u&+8/( 9(50,77(/7 :85'(] '(6+$/% 0866 '$6 +,(5 1$&+*(+2/7 :(5'(1P c&+781* r+7 ,1 '(5 u&+8/(P f,( t,&+7/,1,(1 '(5 u&+8/%(+?5'( 6,1' 81%(',1*7 (,1=8+$/7(1P

SXPU x(5+$/7(165(*(/1

[TS

SXPUPS w0*$1* 0,7 j$86+$/76(/(.75,=,7>7 d(, 25'181*6*(0>M(5 k167$//$7,21N (,1:$1')5(,(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 i(5>7(1 81' 9(5$17O :25781*6%(:8667(0 x(5+$/7(1 '(5 d(:2+1(5 6,1' (/(.75,6&+( w1)>//( ,0 j$86+$/7 6(+5 81:$+56&+(,1/,&+P p(8(5 j$86+$/7P d(,0 g,1=8* ,1 (,1 j$86 2'(5 (,1( y2+181* 0,7 12&+ 81%(.$117(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 c1/$*( 6,1' )2/*(1'( h5$*(1 =8 %($17:257(1\ A y2 %(71'(1 6,&+ ',( u,&+(581*(1 %=:P u&+87=6&+$/7(5a y,( .$11 '(5 u,&+(581*6O .$67(1 $8&+ ,1 f81.(/+(,7 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1a Jy2 6,1' v$6&+(1/$03( 2'(5 m(5=( 81' u75(,&++?/=(5 *(/$*(57aK y,( :(5'(1 ',( u,&+(581*(1 $86*(:(&+6(/7a Jy2 /$O *(51 g56$7=6,&+(581*(1aK y,( :(5'(1 ',( u,&+(581*6$8720$7(1 :,('(5 NN$8) d(O 75,(%DD *(6&+$/7(7a y2 ,67 ',( |825'181* '(5 (,1=(/1(1 u,&+(581*(1 Jc8720$7(1K =8 '(1 p(7=7(,/(1 %(6&+5,(%(1a A d(6,7=7 ',( c1/$*( (,1(1 =(175$/(1 hkOu&+87=6&+$/7(5a i,%7 (6 '(=(175$/( hkO u&+87=6&+$/7(5N =P dP )@5 ',( u7(&.'26( ,0 d$'a A i,%7 (6 $8&+ '(=(175$/( %(567520Ou,&+(581*(1N =P dP h(,16,&+(581*(1 ,1 '(1 0,7 f,00(5 $86*(67$77(7(1 n,&+76&+$/7(51a Jy2 6,1' g56$7=Oh(,16,&+(581*(1 0,7 '(5 5,&+7,*(1 p(11O%(56752067>5.(aK y(5 ,1 (,1 $1'(5(6 n$1' =,(+7N '$5) 1,&+7 '$921 $86*(+(1N '$66 p(7=$16&+/866N g5O '81* 81' u,&+(581*(1 *(1$862 *(67$/7(7 6,1' :,( ,1 f(876&+/$1'P f,(6%(=@*/,&+( g5.81',*81*(1 %(, p$&+%$51 2'(5 j$869(5:$/7(5 6,1' 6,1192//P u3$1181*635@)(5P f,( c16&+$581* (,1(6 u3$1181*635@)(56 ,67 6(+5 =8 (03)(+/(1 J81' %,//,*(5 $/6 ',( (,1(6 x2/70(7(56KP f,( %(,'(1 $86 '(1 ,62/,(57(1 j$1'*5,5(1 +(592567(+(1'(1 o(7$//63,7=(1 :(5'(1 0,7 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 n(,7(51 ,1 d(5@+O 581*6.217$.7 *(%5$&+7P g;,67,(57 =:,6&+(1 '(1 n(,7(51 (,1( u3$1181*6',5(5(1= 921 SRR x 2'(5 0(+5N '$11 /(8&+7(7 ',( ,0 r5@)(5 %(71'/,&+( i/,00/$03( +(// $8)P y(1,*(5 (03)(+/(16:(57N $%(5 %(66(5 $/6 *$5 1,&+76N ,67 (,1 35(,6:(57(5 u3$1181*6O 35@)(5 ,1 '(5 h250 (,1(6 ./(,1(1 u&+5$8%(1=,(+(56N :,( (5 )@5 ',( o$'(16&+5$8%(1 ,1 NNn@67(5./(00(1DD %(1?7,*7 :,5'P k1 '(0 ,62/,(57(1 i5,5 ,67 (,1( ./(,1( i/,00O /$03( (,1*(%$87P j>/7 0$1 '(1 u&+5$8%(1=,(+(5 $1 '(1 =8 35@)(1'(1 n(,7(5 81' %(5@+57 0$1 0,7 '(0 h,1*(5 '(1 o(7$//.123) $0 g1'( '(6 u&+5$8%(1=,(+(5*5,5(6N '$11 /(8&+7(7 ',( i/,00/$03( $8)N :(,/ '$11 NN,0 p250$/)$//DD '85&+ '(1 0(16&+O /,&+(1 m?53(5 (,1 k62/$7,21667520 ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 =c 9,(M7N '(5 +$50/26 ,67N $%(5 )@5 '$6 n(8&+7(1 '(5 i/,00/$03( *(1@*7P p$&+7(,/\ d(, *87(5 k62/$7,21 '(5 r(5621 Ju&+8+( 0,7 ',&.(1 i800,62+/(1N 6$8%(5 81' 752&.(1K .$11 '$6 n(8&+O 7(1 62 6&+:$&+ 6(,1N '$66 (6 %(, v$*(6/,&+7 1,&+7 0(+5 =8 (5.(11(1 ,67P f(6+$/% ,00(5 i(*(1352%( 0,7 (,1(0 7$76>&+/,&+ $.7,9(1 n(,7(5 0$&+(1C x(5$17:25781*6%(:8667(6 x(5+$/7(1P f$=8 *(+?57N '$66 A %(6&+>',*7( i(5>7( 2'(5 m$%(/ 62)257 ,167$1'*(6(7=7 J2'(5 (17625*7K :(5'(1N A d(75,(%667?581*(1 '85&+ h$&+.5>)7( 80*(+(1' %(+2%(1 :(5'(1N A x(5>1'(581*(1 $1 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 c1/$*( 921 6$&+.81',*(1 r(5621(1 '85&+*(O )@+57 :(5'(1 81' A h(+/9(5+$/7(1 921 m,1'(51 '85&+ |8*$1*6%(6&+5>1.81*N c8)6,&+7 2'(5 g5=,(O +81* $86*(6&+/266(1 :,5'P

[TT

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7

g5167=81(+0(1'( x25%27(1 921 d(75,(%667?581*(1 6,1' '$6 81(5./>5/,&+( :,('(5O +2/7( c1635(&+(1 921 u,&+(581*(1 2'(5 (,1 NN.5,%%(/1'(6 i()@+/DD %(,0 c1)$66(1 (,1(6 g/(.752*(5>7(6P f(5 f()(.7N '(5 =80 c1635(&+(1 '(5 u,&+(581* *()@+57 +$7N 0866 %(6(,7,*7 :(5'(1N %(925 ',( c1/$*( :,('(5 ,1 d(75,(% *(1200(1 :(5'(1 .$11] $1'(51)$//6 635,&+7 ',( */(,&+( u,&+(581* :,('(5 $1P |85 n2.$/,6,(581* '(6 f()(.7(6 (037(+/7 (6 6,&+N $//( u7(&.(5 $86 '(1 u7(&.'26(1 =8 =,(+(1 81' $//( y$1'6&+$/7(5 $8) cwu =8 67(//(1N '$11 '(1 p(7=7(,/ :,('(5 ,1 d(75,(% =8 1(+0(1 81' ',( x(5%5$8&+(5 1$&+(,1$1'(5 (,1=86&+$/7(1N %,6 ',( u,&+(581* :,('(5 $1635,&+7P h@5 127:(1',*( x(5>1'(581*(1 $1 g/(.752*(5>7(1N =P dP i/@+/$03(1:(&+6(/ ,1 (,1(5 u7(+/$03(N *,/7\ x25+(5 u7(&.(5 $86 u7(&.'26( =,(+(1C A h@5 '$6 c16&+/,(M(1 921 f(&.(1/(8&+7(1 *,/7\ x25+(5 ',(6(1 p(7=7(,/ '85&+ j(5$86'5(+(1 '(5 u,&+(581* Jc86/?6(1 '(6 u,&+(581*6$8720$7(1K $%6&+$/7(1C |80 f85&+)@+5(1 62/&+(5 c5O %(,7(1 2+1( v$*(6/,&+7 ,67 (,1( c5%(,76/$03(N ',( @%(5 (,1 x(5/>1*(581*6.$%(/ 921 '(5 u7(&.'26( (,1(6 $1'(5(1N 1,&+7 $%*(6&+$/7(7(1 p(7=7(,/6 %(75,(%(1 :(5'(1 .$11N 6(+5 1@7=/,&+P d(,0 c16&+/,(M(1 921 f(&.(1/(8&+7(1 ,67 '(5 m$%(/Oh$5%&2'( =8 %($&+7(1\ (,1 rgOn(,7(5 %(6,7=7 ,00(5 *5@1O*(/%( k62/$7,21N (,1 p(875$//(,7(5 ,00(5 +(//%/$8( k62O /$7,21P Jf,( $.7,9(1 n(,7(5 +$%(1 ,1 '(5 t(*(/ 6&+:$5=( 2'(5 %5$81( k62/$7,21PK c&+781*\ u(/%67 %(, $%*(6&+$/7(7(5 u3$1181* .$11 '(5 p(875$//(,7(5 '85&+ t@&.O 675?0( $86 $1'(5(1 p(7=7(,/(1 (,1( 80 o,//,92/7 921 18// 9(56&+,('(1( u3$1181* %(6,7=(1] '$6 *(1@*7N 80 %(,0 9(56(+(17/,&+(1 |86$00(1%5,1*(1 921 p 81' rg (,1(1 g5'67520 =8 75(,%(1N '(5 ',( =(175$/( hkOu,&+(581* $1635(&+(1 81' '$6 *(6$07( j$861(7= $%6&+$/7(1 />667P f$11 67(+7 0$1 8PwP 3/?7=/,&+ $8) '(5 n(,7(5 ,0 f81.(/1C y,( %(, '(1 c86)@+581*(1 @%(5 '(1 j$87:,'(567$1' '(87/,&+ :85'(N ,67 ',( i(O )$+5 (/(.75,6&+(5 w1)>//( $0 *5?M7(1N :(11 ',( j$87 )(8&+7 ,67P f(6+$/% 6,1' ',( j$837Oi()$+5(1%(5(,&+( ',( p$66*(%,(7( '(6 j$86(6\ m@&+(N d$'N **)P j2%%//7 ,16 y$66(5N u7520 9,(M7 921 h?+1 '85&+ %$'(1'( r(5621 =80 *((5'(7(1 y$6O 6(5$%9866K 1,&+7 0(+5 7?'/,&+P i()$+5(1 )@5 m,1'(5P i()$+5(148(//(1 )@5 m,1'(5 6,1' (55(,&+%$5( u7(&.'26(1N ',( '$=8 (,1/$'(1 NNp>*(/ ,1 %(,'( n?&+(5 =8 67(&.(1DDP f,(6( i()$+5 .$11 '85&+ g,1%$8 (,1(5 hkOu,&+(581* 1,&+7 *(%$117 :(5'(1C g6 *,%7 c%'(&..$33(1 )@5 u7(&.'26(1N ',( 185 0,7 (,1(0 NNm8167*5,5DD @%(5:81'(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P |80 u&+87= 921 m/(,1O .,1'(51 ,67 '$6 u,&+(51 921 u7(&.'26(1 6,1192//P n$1*)5,67,* ,67 ',( g5=,(+81* =80 9(5$17:25781*6%(:8667(1 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7 -('2&+ 81(5/>66/,&+P i()$+5(1 '85&+ 816$&+*(0>M( k167$//$7,21(1P g6 %(67(+7 ,00(5 ',( o?*/,&+.(,7N '$66 x25*>1*(5 k167$//$7,21(1 925*(1200(1 2'(5 =8*(/$66(1 +$%(1N ',( 1,&+7 6$&+*(0>M 6,1' 81' 63>7(5 185 '85&+ |8)$// 2'(5 %(, '(5 c8)./>581* (,1(6 81(5./>5/,&+(1 f(O )(.7(6 (17'(&.7 :(5'(1P u2 .$11 =P dP )@5 ',( u&+$/781* (,1(5 n$03( )>/6&+/,&+ '(5 p8//(,7(5 $167(//( '(6 $.7,9(1 n(,7(56 =80 u&+$/7(5 *()@+57 :25'(1 6(,1] 2'(5 $.7,9( n(,7(5 921 =:(, *(75(117 $%*(6,&+(57(1 p(7=7(,/(1 :85'(1 9(56(+(17/,&+ ,1 (,1(5 x(5O

SXPU x(5+$/7(165(*(/1

[TU

7(,/(5'26( 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5%81'(1P g6 ,67 62*$5 0?*/,&+N '$66 (,1 *5@1O*(/%(5 rgO n(,7(5 =:(&.(17)5(0'(7 :85'( 81' 181 $8) u3$1181* /,(*7C r(5621(16&+>'(1 '85&+ 816$&+*(0>M( k167$//$7,21(1 '(5 x25*>1*(5 .?11(1 185 '85&+ (5+?+7( y$&+6$0.(,7 81' x256,&+7 9(50,('(1 :(5'(1\ A l('(6819(567>1'/,&+( h(+/9(5+$/7(1 '(5(/(.75,6&+(1 c1/$*( 0866$8)*(./>57 :(5'(1C A x25 '(0 d(5@+5(1 921 n(,7(51 0866 ,1 -('(0 g,1=(/)$// '(5(1 u3$1181*6)5(,+(,7 0,7 (,1(0 u3$1181*635@)(5 )(67*(67(//7 :(5'(1] (6 *(1@*7 1,&+7N '$66 (,1 u&+$/7(5 $8) cwu *(67(//7 2'(5 (,1( u,&+(581* +(5$86*(6&+5$8%7 :85'(C

SXPUPT |86>7=/,&+( t(*(/1 )@5 '$6 n$%25 j2&+63$1181*P u(+5 *()>+5/,&+ ,67 j2&+63$1181* ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 (,1(0 9(5O 6&+:,1'(1' ./(,1(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' '(5 s8(//(N :(,/ 6,( =8 6752067$5.(1 f85&+O 675?081*(1 '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 m?53(56 )@+5(1 .$11P u2/&+( i()$+5(1%(5(,&+( 6,1' =P dP (/(.75,6&+( h(51/(,781*(1 81' ',( u7520=8)@+581*(1 )@5 (/(.75,6&+( d$+1(1P c8&+ ,0 3++/52+O 5(N o8/7,3/,(5N g/(.7521(10,.526.23(N o$66(163(.7520(7(5 81' 9,(/( $1'(5( c3O 3$5$785(1 )@5 g/(.7521(1O 2'(5 k21(1675$+/(1 .200(1 0,7 (,1(0 j2&+63$1181*6O u7520 921 :(1,*(5 $/6 SR 0c $86P p,('(563$1181*P f,( 0(,67(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 i()$+5(148(//(1 ,0 n$%25 6,1' '(1(1 ,0 j$86+$/7 6(+5 >+1/,&+P p85 :(1,*( n$%25*(5>7( 6,1' *()>+5/,&+(5 $/6 ',( p(7=67(&.O '26( 0,7 TUR x u3$1181* 81' '(0 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' '(6 ?5(17/,&+(1 p(7=(6P c8) ',( k167$//$7,21 (,1(5 =(175$/(1 hkOu,&+(581* :,5' ,1 '(1 0(,67(1 n$%256 $86 )2/*(1'(1 i5@1'(1 9(5=,&+7(7\ A h256&+81*6$33$5$785(1 +$%(1 ,1 '(5 t(*(/ v(,/(N ',( 0?*/,&+67 ,00(5 ,1 d(75,(% 6(,1 62//(1N $8&+ '$11N :(11 $1 $1'(5(1 v(,/(1 '(5 c33$5$785 x(5>1'(581*(1 925*(1200(1 :(5'(1P f$6 c%6&+$/7(1 $//(5 u3$1181*(1 '85&+ '$6 c1635(&+(1 921 hkOu,&+(581*(1 ,67 '(6+$/% 81(5:@16&+7P A f,( 0(,67(1 u3$1181*(1N ',( 9(56(+(17/,&+ %(5@+57 :(5'(1 .?117(1N :(5'(1 921 ,5*(1':(/&+(1 p(7=*(5>7(1 (5=(8*7 81' /,(*(1 62=86$*(1 NN$8) '(5 u(.81'>56(,7( '(6 p(7=75$)26DDP u,( *(+?5(1 1,&+7 =8 '(1 35,0>5(1 y(&+6(/675?0(1N '(5(1 92//O 67>1',*( t@&.)@+581* '85&+ (,1( =(175$/( hkOu,&+(581* @%(5:$&+7 :,5'P A f(5 =81(+0(1'( g,16$7= 921 p(7=7/7(51 =80 u&+87= '(5 o(66$125'181*(1 925 +2&+)5(48(17(1 u7?581*(1 (5+?+7 ',( .$3$=,7,9( u7520%(/$6781* '(6 rgOu&+87=O

[TV

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7

/(,7(56N 62'$66 ',( ./(,1(1 p(11)(+/(5675?0(N :,( 6,( )@5 r(5621(16&+87= :@1O 6&+(16:(57 6,1' JUR 2'(5 *$5 SR 0cKN 1,&+7 (,1*(+$/7(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P c8&+ g;3(5,0(17$/3+7(1 '(5 c1/$*( (17/$'(1 81' .85=6&+/,(M(1N A $//( p(7=/(,7(5 (5'(1 81' ,1 u,&+7:(,7( 921 '(5 c5%(,7667(//( .85=6&+/,(M(1P y(11 c5%(,7(1 817(5 u3$1181* 819(50(,'/,&+ 6,1'N '$11 0866 ,62/,(57(6 y(5.=(8* 9(5:(1'(7 81' )@5 (,1(1 )(67(1N ,62/,(57(1 u7$1' '(5 $5%(,7(1'(1 r(5621 *(625*7 :(5'(1P g,1( =:(,7( r(5621N ',( :(,MN :,( ',( c1/$*( ,0 p27)$// $%=86&+$/7(1 ,67N 0866 6,&+ ,1 t8):(,7( $8)+$/7(1P

SXPV g567( j,/)( l('(6 3+77(5 @%(5 NNg567( j,/)(DDN +(5$86*(*(%(1 921 d(58)6*(1266(16&+$)7(1 2'(5 '(0 t27(1 m5(8=N +(5$1O =8=,(+(1P p$&+ (,1(0 u75206&+/$*N '(5 62 */,03)/,&+ 9(5/,()N '$66 .(,1 p27$5=7 *(58)(1 :(5'(1 08667(N ,67 ',( %(7525(1( r(5621 2)7 *(1(,*7N '(1 w1)$// =8 %$*$7(//,6,(5(1P f$6 ,67 )$/6&+C p$&+ (,1(0 $/6 6&+0(5=+$)7 (03)81'(1(1 u75206&+/$* 62//7( 925O 625*/,&+ ',( g567(Oj,/)(Ou7$7,21 (,1(6 m5$1.(1+$86(6 $8)*(68&+7 :(5'(1] '257 :,5' 921 }5=7(1 (176&+,('(1N :(/&+( 0(',=,1,6&+( o$M1$+0(1 ,1 '(0 h$// $1*(0(66(1 6,1'P p$&+ '(5 g567(1 j,/)( *,%7 (6 12&+ $1'(5( x(539,&+781*(1\ k1 '(5 t(*(/ :,5' (,1 6&+5,)7/,&+(5 w1)$//%(5,&+7 9(5/$1*7P p$&+ -('(0 w1)$// ,67 =8 35@)(1N :,( '85&+ =86>7=/,&+( u,&+(5+(,76925.(+581*(1 >+1/,&+( w1)>//( ,1 |8.81)7 9(50,('(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P

SXPVPS u2)2570$M1$+0(1 u7520 62)257 817(5%5(&+(1C k1 p,('(563$1181*6$1/$*(1 ,67 =81>&+67 ',( %(75(5(1'( n(,781* 63$1181*6)5(, =8 0$&+(1N '$ (,1( 925+(5,*( d(5@+581* '(6 x(581*/@&.7(1 '(1 j(/)(5 6(/%67 *()>+5'(7P k67 '$6 1,&+7 0?*/,&+N '$11 .$11 0$1 '(1 x(581*/@&.7(1

SXPV g567( j,/)(

[TW

921 (,1(0 *87 ,62/,(57(1 u7$1'257 $86 J752&.(1(6 j2/=N m81676725K 921 '(1 n(,O 781*(1 2'(5 i(5>7(1 :(*=,(+(1] '$%(, 62// 0$1 81%('(&.7( m?53(57(,/( 1,&+7 0,7 81*(6&+@7=7(1 j>1'(1 %(5@+5(1N 621'(51 752&.(1( f(&.(1 2'(5 m/(,'(5 9(5:(1'(1P d(, d(:8667/26,*.(,7 '(6 x(581*/@&.7(1\ h(6767(//(1N 2% c7(067,//67$1' 925/,(*7P o(5.0$/(\ m(,1( d(:(*81* '(6 d5867O .25%6N (,1 925*(+$/7(1(5 u3,(*(/ %(6&+/>*7 1,&+7P d(, c7(067,//67$1' 0?*/,&+67 */(,&+ p2758) 9(5$1/$66(1 81' 62)257 0,7 c7(063(1'( J%(6&+5,(%(1 ,0 1>&+67(1 c%6&+1,77K %(*,11(1P p$&+ =:(,0$/,*(5 d($7081* r8/6O .21752//( $0 j$/6 '85&+)@+5(1] %(, 1,&+7O7$67%$5(0 r8/6 0,7 j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5O %(/(%81* J%(6&+5,(%(1 ,0 1>&+67(1 c%6&+1,77K %(*,11(1P h(6767(//(1N 2% j(5=Om5(,6/$8)Ou7,//67$1' 925/,(*7P o(5.0$/(\ d(:8667/26,*.(,7N c7(067,//67$1'N .(,1 r8/6 $1 '(5 j$/66&+/$*$'(5N r83,//(1 67$5. (5:(,7(57P d(, j(5=Om5(,6/$8)Ou7,//67$1' 62)257 0,7 j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5%(/(%81* J%(6&+5,(%(1 ,0 1>&+67(1 c%6&+1,77K %(*,11(1P g,1(0 %(:8667/26(1 x(5/(7=7(1 '$5) .(,1( h/@66,*.(,7 9(5$%5(,&+7 :(5'(1N $8&+ 1,&+7 %(, %(67(+(1'(5 %(/.(,7 2'(5 g5%5(&+(1P Jg,1(0 %(:86676(,16./$5(1 x(5/(7=O 7(1 .$11 6&+/8&.:(,6( y$66(5 2'(5 v((N $%(5 $8) .(,1(1 h$// c/.2+2/N 9(5$%5(,&+7 :(5'(1PK x(5+$/7(1 %(, x(5%5(1181*(1P d5(11(1'( m/(,'(5 62)257 0,7 y$66(5N '85&+ g,1:,&.(/1 ,1 f(&.(1 Jn?6&+'(&.(K 2'(5 >+1/,&+(6N 127)$//6 '85&+ t2//(1 '(6 x(5/(7=7(1 $0 d2'(1 /?6&+(1P f,( m/(,'81* @%(5 '(5 d5$1':81'( (17)(51(1N 62)(51 6,( 1,&+7 )(67O ./(%7P n2.$/( m$/7:$66(5$1:(1'81*\ c%%5$86(1 2'(5 %(5*,(M(1 '(5 %(7525(1(1 u7(//(1 0,7 .$/7(0 y$66(5P i/,('0$M(1 62)257 ,1 .$/7(6 y$66(5 (,17$8&+(1 2'(5 817(5 9,(M(1'(6 y$66(5 +$/7(1N %,6 '(5 u&+0(5= 1$&+/>667 J0,1'(67(16 SW o,187(1KP f$6 c8)75$*(1 921 ~/N u$/%(1N r8'(5 2P >P ,67 9(5%27(1P i52M9>&+,*( x(5%5(1181*(1 62)257 ,1 d5$1':81'(19(5%$1'7@&+(5N (56$7=:(,6( ,1 (,1 6$8%(5(6 n(,1(178&+ (,1+@//(1P d(, *52M9>&+,*(1 2'(5 7,()*5(,)(1'(1 x(5%5(1O 181*(1 62)257 '(1 1>&+67(1 c5=7 9(567>1',*(1P f(1 v5$163257 ,1 '$6 1>&+67/,(*(1'(N )@5 ',( d(+$1'/81* 921 6&+:(5(1 x(5%5(1181*(1 (,1*(5,&+7(7( m5$1.(1+$86 9(5O $1/$66(1P }5=7/,&+( d(*/(,781* ,67 (5)25'(5/,&+P

SXPVPT c7(063(1'( 81' j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5%(/(%81* c7(063(1'(P f,( c7(063(1'( ,67 (,1( o81'O=8Op$6(O 2'(5 o81'O=8Oo81'Od($7O 081*P y(11 c7(067,//67$1'N $%(5 .(,1 j(5=67,//67$1' )(67*(67(//7 :85'(N '$11 *(1@*7 c7(063(1'( %,6 =80 g,16$7= '(5 g,*(1$7081*P A x(5815(,1,*81*(1 81' h5(0'.?53(5 $86 '(0 o81' (17)(51(1P A x(581*/@&.7(1 9$&+ $8) '(1 t@&.(1 /(*(1P A j(/)(5 .1,(7 6(,7/,&+N '5@&.7 0,7 6(,1(5 (,1(1 j$1' m,11 1$&+ 2%(1N 6&+,(%7 (6 1$&+ 9251 81' 6&+/,(M7 o81' %=:P p$6(N '5@&.7 '(1 m23) $1 '(5 u7,51 1$&+ +,17(1 Jc%%P SXP[$KP

[TX

SX i()$+5(1 ,0 w0*$1* 0,7 g/(.75,=,7>7

a

b

c%%P SXP[ g567( j,/)(\ J$K d(8*(1 '(6 m23)(6 ,1 '(1 p$&.(1N J%K >8M(5( j(5=0$66$*( ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 o81'O=8Op$6(Od($7081* J1$&+ tP o@//(5 NNu&+87=0$M1$+0(1 *(*(1 =8 +2O +( d(5@+581*663$1181*(1 "DDK

A j(/)(5 $70(7 (,1N 67@/37 6(,1(1 :(,7 *(?51(7(1 o81' @%(5 p$6( %=:P o81' '(6 x(581*/@&.7(1 81' %/>67 ,+0 n8)7 (,1 J(97/P v$6&+(178&+N $%(5 .(,1 r$3,(57$6&+(1O 78&+N @%(5 p$6( %=:P o81' /(*(1KP A j(/)(5 1,007 m23) =85@&. 81' $70(7 :,('(5 (,1N %(2%$&+7(7 '$%(, '(1 d5867.25% '(6 x(581*/@&.7(1N '(5 '85&+ '$6 |86$00(16,1.(1 '(6 d5867.25%6 6(/%677>7,* $86$70(7P A p$&+ =:(,0$/,*(5 c7(063(1'( r8/6.21752//( $1 '(5 j$/66&+/$*$'(5P d(, 7$67%$O 5(0 r8/6\ d($7081* 1$&+ (,*(1(0 t+8M(5(5 j(5='58&.0$66$*( $0 *(6&+/266(1(1 d5867.25%P u,( ,67 $1=8:(1'(1N :(11 j(5=67,//67$1' )(67*(67(//7 :,5'P j(5='58&.0$66$*( 81' d($7081* 0@66(1 ,00(5 ,0 y(&+6(/ (5)2/*(1P i581'O 6>7=/,&+ :,5' 0,7 '(5 c7(063(1'( %(*211(1P y,('(5%(/(%81* 0,7 185 (,1(0 j(/)(5P |8 d(*,11 T .5>)7,*( d($7081*(1 81' '$1$&+ SW o$66$*(67?M(P f$11 h2576(7=81* 0,7 $%:(&+6(/1' T d($7081*(1 J0,7 h5(48(1= URAVR 352 o,187(K 81' SW o$66$*(67?M(1 J0,7 h5(48(1= ZR 352 o,187(KP f(5 %(5O *$1* 921 c7(063(1'( =8 j(5=0$66$*( 81' 80*(.(+57 0866 -(:(,/6 6&+1(// 81' 2+1( r$86( (5)2/*(1P y,('(5%(/(%81* 0,7 =:(, j(/)(51P y(11 0?*/,&+N 62//7( (,1( ,1 g567(5 j,/)( *(6&+8/7( r(5621 +,1=8*(=2*(1 :(5'(1P f(5 (567( j(/)(5 %(*,117 0,7 T .5>)7,*(1 d($7081*(1P f(5 =:(,7( j(/)(5 6(7=7 810,77(/%$5 '$1$&+ 0,7 ZR j(5='58&.0$66$*(1 352 o,187( (,1P f(5 (567( )@+57 1$&+ -('(0 WP o$66$*(672M (,1( c7(063(1'( '85&+N 2+1( '$66 '(5 =:(,7( ',( o$66$*( 817(5%5,&+7P j(5='58&.0$66$*(P A x(581*/@&.7(1 $8) +$57( w17(5/$*( Jd2'(1K /(*(1P f(5 0,7 '(5 j(5=0$66$*( %(O )$667( j(/)(5 .1,(7 6(,7/,&+ ,1 d5867+?+( Jc%%P SXP[%KP

SXPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SX

[TY

A f(1 j$1'%$//(1 '(5 (,1(1 j$1' $8) '$6 817(5( f5,77(/ '(6 d5867%(,16 J(7:$ U h,1O *(5 %5(,7 920 817(5(1 g1'( (17)(517K /(*(1P f(5 f58&.381.7 ,67 :,&+7,*P y,5' (5 =8 +2&+ $1*(6(7=7N %(67(+7 ',( i()$+5 '(5 u&+>',*81* '(6 d5867%(,16N =8 7,() ,67 *()>+5/,&+ )@5 n(%(5 81' o,/=N %(, 6(,7/,&+(5 x(56(7=81* .?11(1 t,33(1 %5(&+(1P A f(1 j$1'%$//(1 '(5 $1'(5(1 j$1' $8) '(1 j$1'5@&.(1 '(5 (567(1 j$1' /(*(1P c//( h,1*(5 +2&+5(&.(1P A o,7 '85&+*('5@&.7(1 c50(1 '85&+ i(:,&+769(5/$*(581* '(6 m?53(56 58&.$57,O *(1N 6(1.5(&+7(1 f58&. $8) '$6 d5867%(,1 $86@%(1N '$6 6,&+ VAW &0 6(1.(1 0866P f$0,7 6,&+ '$6 j(5= 0,7 d/87 )@//(1 .$11N 0866 '$1$&+ '(5 f58&. 92//.200(1 *(/2&.(57 :(5'(1N 81' '(5 d5867.25% 0866 1$&+ -('(5 m2035(66,21 ,1 6(,1( 125O 0$/( r26,7,21 =85@&..(+5(1 .?11(1P j$1'%$//(1 %(,0 c8)5,&+7(1 1,&+7 920 d5867%(,1 $%+(%(1P f(5 f58&.381.7 0866 %(,%(+$/7(1 :(5'(1P A f58&.O 81' g17/$6781*63+$6( 0@66(1 */(,&+ /$1* 6(,1P A f85&+ |:,6&+(1.21752//(1 )(6767(//(1N 2% g,*(1$7081* :,('(5 (,1*(6(7=7 +$7 81' r8/6 $1 '(5 j$/66&+/$*$'(5 )@+/%$5 ,67P d(, j(5=Om5(,6/$8)Ou7,//67$1' )@+5(1 .@167O /,&+( d($7081* 81' j(5='58&.0$66$*( 2)7 6&+21 ,1 .85=(5 |(,7 =85 y,('(5%(O /(%81*P A d(, (5)2/*5(,&+(5 y,('(5%(/(%81* x(581*/@&.7(1 ,1 u(,7(1/$*( %5,1*(1P c7(0 81' m5(,6/$8) 67>1',* .21752//,(5(1P A y(11 1$&+ (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 w1)$// ',( j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5%(/(%81* 1,&+7 ,1O 1(5+$/% :(1,*(5 o,187(1 =8 (,1(0 63@5%$5(1 j(5=6&+/$* )@+57N %(67(+7 '(5 x(5O '$&+7 $8) j(5=.$00(59,00(51P u2)257 p27$5=7 0,7 f(7%5,//$725 58)(1C k1 '(1 (567(1 @%(5 n(%(1 81' v2' (176&+(,'(1'(1 o,187(1 $0 w1)$//257 />667 6,&+ *$5 1,&+7 )(6767(//(1N 2% 7$76>&+/,&+ j(5=.$00(59,00(51 925/,(*7P m5(,6/$8)67,//O 67$1' 81' d(:8667/26,*.(,7 .?11(1 $8&+ '85&+ (,1( 0,1,0$/( h?5'(5/(,6781* '(6 j(5=(16 +(5%(,*()@+57 :25'(1 6(,1P f,( 2%(1 .85= %(6&+5,(%(1(1 g567(Oj,/)(Oo$MO 1$+0(1 $0 w1)$//257 9(50?*(1 =:$5 1,&+7 '$6 j(5=.$00(59,00(51 =8 %(+(%(1N :2+/ $%(5 '(1 m5(,6/$8) 81' '$0,7 ',( u$8(567259(5625*81* '(5 (0371'/,&+(1 |(/O /(1 %,6 =80 g,175(5(1 '(6 p27$5=7(6 0,7 f(7%5,//$725 J2'(5 (,1(5 )@5 '(1 g,16$7= (,1(6 n$,(1'(7%5,//$7256 *(6&+8/7(1 r(5621K ,1 i$1* =8 +$/7(1P

SXPW k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SX SXPWPS i()$+5(19(50(,'81* t,&+7,*(5 w0*$1* 0,7 (/(.75,6&+(0 u7520P f$6 x(5%5$8&+(56&+87=Ok1)250$7,216O 67

n,1. SXAT y(,7(5)@+5(1'( j,1:(,6(\ NNu&+87=6&+$/7(5 )@5 '(1 j$86*(%5$8&+ 9(5+,1O '(51 g/(.75281)>//(DD

SXPWPT g567( j,/)( 1$&+ u75206&+/$* j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5%(/(%81*P f(876&+(6 t27(6 m5(8=\ +773\BB'5.P'(B 0 y$6 :,5 781 0 g567( j,/)( 0 p(8\ f(5 ./(,1( n(%(165(77(5 Jg567(Oj,/)(Ov,336Oq1/,1(K 0 u75206&+/$* Ju+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 0 j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5%(/(%81* 3 n,1. SXAU j(5=.$00(59,00(51P s8$/,0(',&P&20 ci ,67 f(876&+/$1'6 (5)2/*5(,&+67(6 k17(5O 1(7Oi(681'+(,763257$/ 921 }5=7(1 )@5 r$7,(17(1N t$768&+(1'( 81' m2//(*(1\ +773\BB:::P48$/,0(',&P'( 0 j(5= H i()>M( 0 j(5=O 81' i()>M(5.5$1.81*(1 0 m$00(59,00(51 3 n,1. SXAV y(,7(5 0,7 0 J,0 v(;7K f(7%5,//$725 n$,(1'(7%5,//$725 $/6 g567(Oj,/)(Oo$M1$+0(P n,1. SXAV 0 J,0 v(;7K n$,(1'(7%5,/O /$725 3 n,1. SXAW

SXPWPU w0675,77(1\ i()>+5'81* '85&+ g/(.752602* f$ k17(51(7Ou8&+(1 =8 ',(6(0 v+(0$ 925:,(*(1' =8 y(%6(,7(1 921 h,50(1 )@+5(1N ',( $0 g/(.752602* 9(5',(1(1 :2//(1N :(5'(1 +,(5 )@5 (,1(1 (567(1 %(5%/,&. =:(, 1,&+7O.200(5=,(//(N +>87* $.78$/,6,(57( k1)250$7,21648(//(1 (03)2+/(1\ g/(.752602*P y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVKN g/(.752602*\ n,1. SXAX y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 k1)250$7,9( u(,7(1\ NNu7(//81*1$+0( '(5 i(6(//6&+$)7 =85 y,66(16&+$)7/,&+(1 w17(568&+81* 921 r$5$:,66(16&+$)7(1DD g/(&7520$*1(7,& 5$',$7,21 +$=$5'P n,1. SXAX 0 c1'(5( u35$&+(1 NNg1*/,6+DD 3 n,1. SXAY y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 0 u(( $/62\ NNo2%,/( 3+21( 5$',$7,21 $1' +($/7+DD

SY j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1

SYPS %81*6$8)*$%(1 n(+5(1'(1N ',( ,1 ',(6(0 d8&+ %81*6$8)*$%(1 )@5 ,+5( x25/(681* 9(50,66(1N :(5'(1 ',( 9,(/)>/7,*(1 c8)*$%(1 81' ',( 6(+5 1$&+'(1.(16:(57(1 h5$*(1 ,0 n(+5%8&+ NNr+1'( '(6 d(5*0$11Ou&+$()(5 J6P g,1%$1'Ot@&.6(,7(K (03)2+/(1] $8) '(5(1 m$3,7(/ :85'( ,1 ',(6(0 d8&+ +>87* +,1*(:,(6(1P v+(25,( '(6 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086 h(7=(P f,( n$'81* ,67 A $%*(6(+(1 921 '(1 1,&+7 )5(, 925.200(1O '(1 s8$5.6 J9*/P d'P VN m$3P WK A *(1(5(// 48$17,6,(57 $/6 *$1==$+/,*(6 x,(/)$&+(6 '(5 g/(0(17$5/$'81* (] '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( h/866 ,67 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 6835$/(,7(1'(1 t,1*6 48$17,6,(57 $/6 *$1==$+/,*(6 x,(/)$&+(6 '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/86648$17806 IR Jc%6&+1P ZPVPTKN :2%(, '(5 t,1*67520 $86 .255(//,(57(1 g/(.7521(13$$5(1 Je223(5O r$$5(1K 0,7 '(5 n$'81* T( %(67(+7P f$6 r52'8.7 JT(K IR 3 + (5*,%7 '$6 r/$1&.I6&+( y,5.81*648$1780 +N ',( )81'$0(17$/( m2167$17( '(5 s8$17(17+(25,(P f$6 ,17(51$7,21$/( g,1+(,7(167 m5$)7 f58&. g1(5*,(N c5%(,7 g1(5*,('26,6 n(,6781* (/(.75,6&+( n$'81* u3$1181* y,'(567$1' n(,7:(57 m$3$=,7>7 0$*1(7,6&+(5 h/866 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'67>5.( k1'8.7,9,7>7 n,&+767520 d(/(8&+781*667>5.(

t$',$17 u7(5$',$17 j(57= d(&48(5(/ p(:721 r$6&$/ l28/( i5$< y$77 e28/20% x2/7 q+0 u,(0(16 h$5$' y(%(5 v(6/$ j(15< n80(1 n8;

5$' 3 0 02S 65 3 0T 02T j= 3 62S d4 3 62S p 3 0 .* 62T r$ 3 p 02T l3p 0 i< 3 l .*2S y 3 l 62S e3c 6 x 3 y c2S / 3 x c2S u 3 c x2S h 3 e x2S y% 3 x 6 v 3 y% 02T j 3 y% c2S /0 3 &' 65 /; 3 /0 02T

v$%P SYPU

x256>7=( )@5 g,1+(,7(1N ',( %(67,007( |(+1(5327(1=(1 '$567(//(1P

p$0(

|(,&+(1

d('(8781*

p$0(

|(,&+(1

d('(8781*

o,//, o,.52 p$12 r,.2 h(072 c772

0 = 1 3 ) $

SR2U SR2X SR2[ SR2ST SR2SW SR2SZ

m,/2 o(*$ i,*$ v(5$ r(7$ g;$

. o i v r g

SRU SRX SR[ SRST SRSW SRSZ

[UT

SY j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1

|85 d(=(,&+181* (,1(6 '(=,0$/(1 v(,/6 2'(5 x,(/)$&+(1 (,1(5 g,1+(,7 :(5'(1 x25O 6>7=( 9(5:(1'(7 Jv$%P SYPUKP k1 ',(6(6 u7=( f(=, J' 3 SBSRKN |(17, J& 3 SBSRRKN f(.$ J'$ 3 SRK 81' j(.72 J+ 3 SRRK 1,&+7 +,1(,1P g,*(17/,&+ :,5' '$921 185 12&+ '$6 |(17, %(,0 |(17,0(7(5 9(5:(1'(7 $/6 (,1 t(/,.7 '(6 &*6Ou7=(1 ,67 $8&+ h2/*(1'(6 =8 %($&+7(1\ .0T 3 J.0KT X .J0TKN =62S 3 SB=6 X =J62SK P h250(/1N ',( g,1+(,7(1 (;3/,=,7 (17+$/7(1N =P dP $/6 h$.725 JgB(xKSBTN :(5'(1 9(5O 6&+,('(17/,&+ )@5 35$.7,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 $1*(*(%(1P k1 '(5 :,66(16&+$)7/,&+(1 r+*/,&+(1 n(%(1 1,&+7 :(*=8'(1.(1 6,1' Jv$%P SYPVKP v$%P SYPV

g5*>1=81*6(,1+(,7(1 =80 ukP

i5?M(

g,1+(,7

|(,&+(1B w05(&+181* $8) ukOg,1+(,7(1

(%(1(5 y,1.(/

i5$' y,1.(/0,187( y,1.(/6(.81'( o,187( u781'( v$* n,7(5 v211(

S@ 3 @BSZR 5$' S^ 3 JSBXRK@ Sf 3 JSBXRK^ S 0,1 3 XR 6 S + 3 XR 0,1 S ' 3 TV + S n 3 SR2U 0U S 7 3 SRU .*

|(,7 x2/80(1 o$66(

g,1,*( $1'(5( g,1+(,7(1 Jv$%P SYPWK 6,1' 925@%(5*(+(1' =8*(/$66(1N 62//7(1 $%(5 $//O 0>+/,&+ $8)*(*(%(1 :(5'(1P

SYPU g,1+(,7(1 v$%P SYPW

[UU

g,1+(,7(1N ',( 925@%(5*(+(1' 12&+ %(187=7 :(5'(1 '@5)(1P

i5?M(

g,1+(,7

|(,&+(1B w05(&+181* $8) ukOg,1+(,7(1

n>1*( h/>&+( f58&.

cA1*675?0 d$51 d$5 3+5( v255 m$/25,( e85,( t?17*(1 t$'

S cA 3 SR2SR 0 S % 3 SR2TZ 0T S %$5 3 SRW r$ S $70 3 SRS UTW r$ S v255 3 SRSUTWBYXR r$ S &$/ 3 VPSZXZ l S e, 3 UPY 6 SRSR d4 S t 3 TPWZ 6 SR2V eB.* S 5$' 3 SR2T i
50(0(1*( c.7,9,7>7 k21(1'26,6 g1(5*,('26,6

|:(, )@5 ',( v(,/&+(13+&+81* 921 u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1KP |85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(6 n(,6781*69(5+>/71,66(6 rBrR :85O '( '(66(1 '(.$',6&+(5 n2*$5,7+086 (,1*()@+57 81' 0,7 '(5 g,1+(,7 NNd(/DD J1$&+ i5$+$0 d(//K *(.(11=(,&+1(7P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 +$7 6,&+ $//(5',1*6 ',( 80 '(1 h$.725 RPS ./(,1(5( g,1+(,7 NNf(=,%(/DD J'dK '85&+*(6(7=7P f,( c1*$%( NNz 'dDD %('(87(7 2'(5

rBrR 3 SRzBSR 'dOy(57 z 3 SR /* JrBrRK P

JSYPSK

f(=,%(/Oc1*$%(1 :(5'(1 )@5 x(5+>/71,66( *5?M(5 81' ./(,1(5 $/6 (,16 9(5:(1'(7P k1 '(5 t(*(/ :,5' '(5 'dOy(57 $/6 326,7,9( |$+/ $1*(*(%(1 81' '(0 d(187=(5 ',( |825'181* '(6 5,&+7,*(1 x25=(,&+(16 @%(5/$66(1P k1 /(,6781*6352327,21$/( i5?M(1 921 u&+:,1*81*(1 81' y(//(1 *(+7 ',( u&+:,1O *81*6$03/,78'( =80 s8$'5$7 (,1P f,( s8$'5$7:85=(/ $86 '(0 n(,6781*69(5+>/71,6 (5*,%7 $/62 '$6 '$=8*(+?5(1'( c03/,78'(19(5+>/71,6P k1 '(5 g/(.7527(&+1,. ,67 ',( c03/,78'(1*5?M( 0(,67 (,1( u3$1181* wP g6 *,/7 '(01$&+ 2'(5

wBwR 3 JrBrRKSBT 3 SRzBTR 'dOy(57 z 3 TR /* JwBwRK P

JSYPTK

o,7+,/)( (,1(6 v$6&+(15(&+1(56 /$66(1 6,&+ n(,6781*6O 2'(5 u3$1181*69(5+>/71,66( A ,0 r5,1=,3 A /(,&+7 ,1 'd 805(&+1(1 81' 80*(.(+57P f$%(, .?11(1 $//(5',1*6 t(&+(1)(+/(5 $8)75(7(1] =85 m21752//( 62// ',( )2/*(1'( y(57(7$%(//( ',(1(1P 'dOy(57

n(,6781*69(5+>/71,6

u3$1181*69(5+>/71,6

R S U X SR TR UR VR

SP[[W \S SPTW[ \S SP[[W \S UP[ZS \S SRP[[W \S SRRP[[W \S SRRRP[[W \S SRRRRP[[W \S

SP[[W \S SPSTT \S SPVSU \S SP[[W \S UPSXT \S SRP[[W \S USPXTU \S SRRP[[W \S

d(, c%6&+:>&+81* ,67 '(5 5(=,352.( y(57 '(6 x(5+>/71,66(6 =8 1(+0(1P

SYPV p$785.2167$17(1

[UW

k1 '(5 r+5.( ,1 r+21P |85 u&+$//0(6681*N *(0,77(/7 @%(5 (,1(1 *52M(1 v21)5(48(1=%(5(,&+N :(5O '(1 (/(.7521,6&+( x(567>5.(5 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 *(12507(1 h5(48(1=7/7(51 9(5:(1O '(7N ',( '(0 )5(48(1=$%+>1*,*(1 n$8767>5.((0371'(1 '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 q+5(6 )@5 %(67,007( h5(48(1=%(5(,&+( %(621'(56 *87 $1*(3$667 6,1'P u&+$//'58&.Oo(6681*(1 0,7 '(0 )@5 NN1250$/(1 n>50DD *87 *((,*1(7(1 cOh,/7(5 :(5'(1 ,1 'dJcK $1*(*(%(1P g5* Jg1(5*,((,1+(,7 $86 '(0 &*6Ou80( >1'(51P d,6 -(7=7 *,%7 (6 .(,1(1 j,1:(,6( $8) ',( p,&+7.2167$1= ,5*(1'(,1(5 p$785.2167$17(P x(5%,1'81* =8 0(66%$5(1 i5?M(1P p,&+7 $//( p$785.2167$17(1 6,1' NN',5(.7DD 0(66%$5] ',( 0(,67(1 .?11(1 $8) 9(56&+,('(1( y(,6(N 2)7 ,1 r52'8.7.20%,1$7,21(1 0,7 $1O

[UX

SY j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1

'(5(1 p$785.2167$17(1 (5+$/7(1 :(5'(1P w0 ',( x(5%,1'81* =8 0(66%$5(1 i5?M(1 =8 =(,*(1N :,5' ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(6&+5,(%(1N :,( A ,0 r5,1=,3 A ',( p$785.2167$17(1 *(0(66(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P g,1,*( $1'(5( o(660?*/,&+.(,7(1 :(5'(1 $/6 h8M127(1 $1*(*(%(1P h(+/(5$1*(%(1P f,( |$+/(1 ,1 m/$00(51 6,1' ',( JuKOw16,&+(5+(,7(1 '(5 /(7=7(1 $1*(*(%(1(1 u7(//(1P f$6 6,1' 1,&+7 ',( o(66)(+/(5N ',( %(, '(5 $1*(*(%(1(1 o(66O 0?*/,&+.(,7 (5+$/7(1 :25'(1 6,1'N 621'(51 ',( g5*(%1,66( (,1(5 80)$1*5(,&+(1 c86O */(,&+65(&+181*N %(, '(5 $//( o(6681*(1 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 :85'(1P m2167$17(1 '(5 )81'$0(17$/(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1P k1 v$%P SYPX %(6&+5>1.(1 :,5 816 $8) i5$9,7$7,21 81' (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81*P f,( NN6&+:$&+(DD 81' NN67$5.( y(&+6(/:,5.81*DD Jd'P VN m$3P WK :(5'(1 +,(5 1,&+7 %(75$&+7(7P f,( 62 *(1$117(1 3+,6&+(1 p250(1 gp XRXSY Jv(,/ S %,6 SUKP f,( )5@+(5(1 '(876&+(1 p250(1 (/(.75,6&+(5 u&+$/7=(,&+(1N fkp VR[RROT %,6 VR[RROSUN 6,1' '85&+ gp XRXSYOT %,6 gp XRXSYOSU (56(7=7 :25'(1P l('(0 u&+$/7=(,&+(1 ,67 (,1( |$+/ =8*(25'1(7N ',( 921 '(5 kgeOp250 @%(5120O 0(1 :85'( 81' $86 '5(, |,5(5*5833(1 ,1 '(5 h250 zO{O| %(67(+7P u,( +$7 )2/*(1'( d('(8781*\ z 3 p800(5 '(6 v(,/6 921 gp XRXSYN { 3 p800(5 '(6 j$837$%6&+1,776 921 zN | 3 p800(5 '(6 u&+$/7=(,&+(16 ,1 z2{P

[VR

SY j,1:(,6( 81' v$%(//(1

d(,63,(/\ f$6 u&+$/7=(,&+(1 )@5 '(1 m21'(16$725 Jc%%P SYPSK +$7 ',( p800(5 RVORTO RS] ',( (567( p800(5 JRVK %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) v(,/ V Jgp XRXSYOVK NNu&+$/7=(,&+(1 )@5 3$66,9( d$8(/(0(17(DDN ',( =:(,7( JRTK %(=,(+7 6,&+ $8) j$837$%6&+1,77 T NNm21'(1O 6$725(1DD 81' ',( '5,77( JRSK $8) ',( /$8)(1'( p5P S NNm21'(16$725(1N $//*(0(,1DDP d(, '(5 c1*/(,&+81* '(5 '(876&+(1 p250(1 $86 fkp VR[RR +$%(1 6,&+ x(5>1O '(581*(1 (5*(%(1] (,1,*( >/7(5( '(876&+( |(,&+(1N %,6+(5 $/6 c/7(51$7,9(1 $.=(37,(57N 6,1' 181 :(**()$//(1 Jc%%P SYPSN 5(&+7( u3$/7(KP f,( *@/7,*(1 p250(1 81' 9(5$/7(7( |(,&+(1 )@5 ',( i$77(5 '(5 (/(.7521,6&+(1 n2*,. 6,1' ,1 c%%P [PT[ =86$00(1*(67(//7P |80 x(575$87:(5'(1 0,7 '(1 ,1 '(5 r++,*.(,7 A g/(.752/581* VVZ o,77(//$67 TXW o,77(/381.7675$+/ U[X o,77(/:(57N 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(5 VYW 0,77/(5( )5(,( y(*/$Q 1*( WST 0,77/(5( n(%(16'$8(5 '(5 k21(1 XTR 0,77/(5( u72M=(,7 WST 0,;(' 67$7( 683(5&21'8&725 WVW oq V[T 02%,/( d|6 )8Q 5 h$+5=(8*( YXW 02%,/,7< WSSN WXS 02%,/,7< 2) &+$5*( &$55,(56 YYX o2'8/$7,21 UWZ o2'8/$7,216*5$' UW[ o2'8/$7,216,1'(; UXT o2/$/,7$Q 7 YUR o2/$5,7$Q 7 YUR 02/(&8/$5 %($0 (3,7$;< XRV 02/(&8/$5 25%,7$/ V[T o2/(.8Q /%,/'81* V[V o2/(.8Q /25%,7$/( V[T A %,1'(1'( V[V o212&+520$725N g/(.7521(1675$+/ XZZ o21232/( A (/(.75,6&+( YT A 0$*1(7,6&+( SUZ o212=(//( YVZ o225(I6 /$: W[R o225(N iP W[R o25/(1'( SSW r$5$//(/675$+/ U[W 3$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u725( ZTTAZTV r$5$0$*1(7,6086 ZSYAZTV A '(5 n(,781*6(/(.7521(1 ZTU 3$5$0(75,& ',2'( WZR 3$5$0(75,6&+( x(567$Q 5.81* WZR 3$5(/(.75,6&+( u725( Y[SAY[U r$5(/(.75,=,7$Q 7 Y[S r$5.,1N uP ZWU A d,2*5$3+,( ZXZ 3$57,(// 32/$5,6,(57(6 n,&+7 VTZ 3$57,(//( c%/(,781*(1 ZZU r$6&$/ [US r$6&+(1N hP VYZN XUT A d,2*5$3+,( XXR r$6&+(1Om859( XUT r$8/N yP YR[N YST A d,2*5$3+,( YTW r$8/Oh$//( YST r$8/,Or$5$0$*1(7,6086 ZTU r$8/,Or5,1=,3 VZZN WRV r$8/,N yP VZ[N ZTU A d,2*5$3+,( WRY 3$86&+$/( o$*1(7,6,(581* ZUV rfc YXW rfr XWYN YRS rg SSZN XVUN [SW r($. y$77 XRT r(/7,(5Og5(.7 WUVAWUX A 7+(25(7,6&+( f(8781* WUX r(/7,(5Og/(0(17( WUWN WWW r(/7,(5Om2(5,=,(17N $%62/87(5 WUW r(/7,(5N lPePcP WUV A d,2*5$3+,( WWX 3(1(75$7,21 '(37+ WVW r(11,1*Oh$//( YSS r(11,1*N hPoP YSS r(5(*5,186N rP SS[ r(5,2'(16

Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik: Elektromagnetismus

Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik: Elektromagnetismus

Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik Bd. 2. Elektromagnetismus

Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik Bd. 2. Elektromagnetismus

Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik: Band 2: Elektromagnetismus (German Edition) (v. 2)

Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik : Festkoerperphysik