Hiatus Hernia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

IATUS ERNIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N...

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IATUS ERNIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hiatus Hernia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83985-9 1. Hiatus Hernia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hiatus hernia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIATUS HERNIA ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hiatus Hernia ............................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIATUS HERNIA.............................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hiatus Hernia .............................................................................. 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 48 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIATUS HERNIA ....................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 General References ....................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HIATUS HERNIA ........................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 55 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 56 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 56 Chapters on Hiatus Hernia .......................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON HIATUS HERNIA ............................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 59 Bibliography: Multimedia on Hiatus Hernia............................................................................... 60 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 The Genome Project and Hiatus Hernia ...................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 75 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 75 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 81 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 81 HIATUS HERNIA DICTIONARY................................................................................................ 83 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 107

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hiatus hernia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hiatus hernia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hiatus hernia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hiatus hernia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hiatus hernia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hiatus hernia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIATUS HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hiatus hernia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hiatus hernia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Excess Gastroesophageal Reflux in Patients with Hiatus Hernia Is Caused by Mechanisms Other Than Transient LES Relaxations Source: Gastroenterology. 119(6): 1439-1446. December 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 19106-3399. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Esophageal acid exposure is higher in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with hiatus hernia that in those without hernia. This article reports on a study that investigated the effect of a sliding hiatus hernia on the mechanisms underlying spontaneous gastroesophageal reflux (return of stomach acid back up the esophagus) over 24 hours. Twelve GERD patients with and 10 GERD patients without hiatus hernia were studied for 24 hours. Combined esophageal pH and manometric

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recordings of the pharynx, lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and stomach were performed. Results showed that patients with hiatus hernia had greater esophageal acid exposure (7.6 percent versus 3.3 percent) and more reflux episodes (3.1 versus 1.8) than those without hernia. LES pressure, the incidence of transient LES relaxations (TLESRs), and the proportion of TLESRs associated with acid reflux were comparable in both groups. Both groups had equal numbers of reflux episodes associated with TLESRs and swallow associated prolonged LES relaxations. Patients with hiatus hernia had more reflux associated with low LES pressure, swallow associated normal LES relaxations, and straining during periods with low LES pressure. The authors conclude that the excess reflux in GERD patients with hiatus hernia compared with those without hernia is caused by malfunction of the gastroesophageal barrier during low LES pressure, swallow associated normal LES relaxations, deep inspiration, and straining. 5 figures. 2 tables. 43 references. •

Acid-Induced Esophageal Shortening in Humans: A Cause of Hiatus Hernia? Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 14(10): 847-850. November 2000. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. Fax (905) 829-4799. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly coexist, and there is pathophysiological evidence that the presence of a hiatus hernia contributes to abnormal acid reflux (return of the stomach's gastric acid to the esophagus). However, the cause of hiatus hernia remains unclear. This article reports on a study undertaken to determine whether luminal acid produces esophageal shortening in humans (to replicate previous studies that demonstrated in animals how acute acid injury to the esophagus results in esophageal shortening and perhaps hiatus hernia). Twelve volunteers were each studied on two occasions, 1 week apart, in a double blind, crossover trial. The location of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), as well as the LES resting pressure and axial length were determined at baseline and then again after 20 minutes of either acid or saline perfusion. Results showed that acid perfusion did not induce significant changes in resting LES pressure but resulted in proximal migration of the LES (i.e., esophageal shortening) by an average of 0.5 cm, with the largest proximal migration being 1.8 cm. In contrast, saline perfusion resulted in slight distal migration of the LES (i.e., esophageal lengthening). The authors conclude that intraluminal acid perfusion caused longitudinal axis shortening of the esophagus and suggests that gastroesophageal acid reflux may contribute to the cause of hiatus hernia. 4 figures. 19 references.

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Survey of Hiatus Hernia: Newly Developing Hiatus Hernia: A Survey in Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17 (5): 542-544. May 2002. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science. 54 University Street, Carlton South 3053, Victoria, Australia. +61393470300. Fax +61393475001. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: This article reports on a cross sectional study that was performed in a large population of consecutive patients undergoing endoscopy in order to assess the yearly incidence of hiatal hernia in this population. Consecutive patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in whom no macroscopic abnormalities were seen and who, in addition, underwent a second endoscopy were included in the study. The presence of newly developed hiatus hernia was noted, as well as the time elapsed between both

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endoscopies. Over a period of 8 years, 12,122 endoscopies were performed in 9,580 patients. Ninety patients developed a hiatus hernia; this was not the case in a control group of 353 patients. Patients who developed a hiatus hernia were significantly older than those who did not. The number of women who developed hiatus hernia was higher than the number of men who developed hiatus hernia. The authors calculate that 19.9 percent of the studied population would develop a hiatus hernia per year. 1 figure. 1 table. 9 references.

Federally Funded Research on Hiatus Hernia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hiatus hernia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hiatus hernia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hiatus hernia.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hiatus hernia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hiatus hernia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A composite operation for repair of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Marks C. Source: The American Surgeon. 1973 July; 39(7): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4710536&dopt=Abstract

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A four year reappraisal of hiatus hernia repair by intraperitoneal gastric fixation. Author(s): Ziperman HH, Lau BM. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1965 December; 110(6): 903-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5846041&dopt=Abstract

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A new hazard of Eder-Puestow dilation: enlargement of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Delpre G, Leisser A, Glantz I, Kadish U. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1983 August; 29(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6618135&dopt=Abstract

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A new surgical technique for the silicone gastric band in the presence of a large hiatus hernia. Author(s): Anderson PG, Watson DI. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 1999 April; 9(2): 202-4; Discussion 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340780&dopt=Abstract

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A new type of sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Myllarniemi H, Saario I. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1985 August; 202(2): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4015220&dopt=Abstract

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A possible genetic role in esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Goodman RM, Wooley CF, Ruppert RD, Freimanis AK. Source: The Journal of Heredity. 1969 March-April; 60(2): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5800995&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of the results of the Boerema anterior gastropexy for hiatus hernia over a 4year period. Author(s): Davies CJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1975 January; 62(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1111670&dopt=Abstract

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A thrilling case of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Gleadle J, Dennis M. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1989 November; 65(769): 832-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2616418&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormalities of gastric emptying and pyloric reflux in uncomplicated hiatus hernia. Author(s): Donovan IA, Harding LK, Keighley MR, Griffin DW, Collis JL. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1977 December; 64(12): 847-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=588981&dopt=Abstract

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Acid secretion in symptomatic sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Williams CB, Lawrie JH, Forrest AP. Source: Lancet. 1967 January 28; 1(7483): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4163124&dopt=Abstract

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Acid-induced esophageal shortening in humans: a cause of hiatus hernia? Author(s): Dunne DP, Paterson WG. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 November; 14(10): 847-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111106&dopt=Abstract

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Active and passive opening of the cardia and its relation to the pathogenesis of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Johnson HD. Source: Gut. 1966 August; 7(4): 392-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5917427&dopt=Abstract

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Acute gastric dilatation in an incarcerated hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hopkins CS, Leith S. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1989 January; 62(1): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2917104&dopt=Abstract

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Adjunctive techniques in the operative management of sliding esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Smith RS, Talboy GE. Source: Northwest Med. 1968 January; 67(1): 21-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5638151&dopt=Abstract

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An 80 year old woman with intermittent severe vomiting. Giant intrathoracic hiatus hernia. Author(s): Shaw IS, Hearing SD, Probert CS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 May; 77(907): 345, 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320289&dopt=Abstract

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An appraisal of the methods for treating hiatus hernia and its complications. Author(s): Collis JL. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1970 June; 46(6): 338-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5420582&dopt=Abstract

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An evaluation of the bile acid binding and antacid properties of hydrotalcite in hiatus hernia and peptic ulceration. Author(s): Watters KJ, Murphy GM, Tomkin GH, Ashford JJ. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1979; 6(2): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=467092&dopt=Abstract

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An infradiaphragmatic clue to the diagnosis of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Isard HJ. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1968 May; 41(485): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5647997&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual presentation of hiatus hernia with esophageal stricture. Author(s): Bahl L, Bahl DV, Sharma V. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1989 September; 26(9): 942-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2634013&dopt=Abstract

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An upside-down view of an upside-down organ: endoscopic appearance in paraesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Groarke JF, Hirschowitz BI. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1977 August; 24(1): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=892394&dopt=Abstract

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Anaemia and hiatus hernia: experience in 450 patients. Author(s): Windsor CW, Collis JL. Source: Thorax. 1967 January; 22(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6031918&dopt=Abstract

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Anaemia in patients with oesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Silvola H, Laustela E, Heinonen J. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn. 1969; 58(3): 230-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5380303&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of 266 hiatus hernia operations by Husfeldt's method, compared to 134 transthoracic operations and 140 gastropexies. Author(s): Harjola PT, Tala P, Ketonen P, Uramo E. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn. 1967; 56(3): 286-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5591930&dopt=Abstract

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Anemia and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Windsor CW, Collis JL. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1968 March; 61(3): 213-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5645949&dopt=Abstract

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Antenatal detection of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Chacko J, Ford WD, Furness ME. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1998 March; 13(2-3): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9563035&dopt=Abstract

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Areae gastricae traversing the esophageal hiatus: a sign of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Gelfand DW, Ott DJ. Source: Gastrointest Radiol. 1979 April 15; 4(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=456825&dopt=Abstract

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Artificial pneumoperitoneum in the diagnosis and treatment of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Geffen N, Maisel B. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1966 December; 42(494): 765-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5981052&dopt=Abstract

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Association of aspirin ingestion with symptomatic esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Smith VM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1978 January; 71 Suppl 1: 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=628874&dopt=Abstract

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Association of hiatus hernia with postero-lateral diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek's hernia). Author(s): Takamatsu H, Akiyama H, Noguchi H, Tahara H, Adachi Y. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1991 August; 1(4): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1931848&dopt=Abstract

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Asymptomatic hiatus hernia. Author(s): Fry A. Source: Lancet. 1969 May 10; 1(7602): 984-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4180830&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioural techniques in the management of aerophagia in patients with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Calloway SP, Fonagy P, Pounder RE, Morgan MJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1983; 27(6): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6363680&dopt=Abstract

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Benign peptic strictures of the oesophagus in the absence of hiatus hernia. Experiences from Nigeria. Author(s): Ofoegbu RO. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1984 January; 29(1): 1821. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6707987&dopt=Abstract

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Benign ulcer in a hiatus hernia complicated with a pericardial fistula. Author(s): Oosterbosch L, Vandebroek A, Holvoet J, Vaerenberg M, Nagler J. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1996 October-December; 59(4): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9085627&dopt=Abstract

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Bilious vomiting after gastric surgery: a symptom of sliding esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Turner FP. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1969 May; 14(5): 297-304. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5768389&dopt=Abstract

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Boerhaave's syndrome with paraesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hines GL, Faegenburg D. Source: N Y State J Med. 1980 July; 80(8): 1294-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6931318&dopt=Abstract

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Candida albicans ulcer within hiatus hernia sac presenting as an ulcerated mass. Author(s): Binder RJ, Nelson JA. Source: Gastroenterology. 1975 March; 68(3): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1112461&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinoma of the gastric fundus within a hiatus hernia. Case report. Author(s): Fuenfer MM, Whelan JG Jr, Temes GD. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1978 April; 76(4): 169-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=641408&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac compression and decompensation due to hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hunt GS, Gilchrist DM, Hirji MK. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1996 March; 12(3): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624980&dopt=Abstract

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Cholelithiasis and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Benjamin IS. Source: Lancet. 1979 June 30; 1(8131): 1411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87876&dopt=Abstract

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Cholelithiasis and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Honore LH. Source: Lancet. 1979 April 28; 1(8122): 927-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86699&dopt=Abstract

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Cholelithiasis and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Baldwin JA. Source: Lancet. 1978 November 4; 2(8097): 992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=82012&dopt=Abstract

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Cholelithiasis in a 2-year-old child with reflux esophagitis and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mock DM, Perman JA, Rosenthal P, Harrison MR, Thaler MM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 May; 96(5): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7365594&dopt=Abstract

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Cholelithiasis, diverticular disease and hiatus hernia in a Rhodesian African. Author(s): Levin L, Wapnick S. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1972 February; 18(2): 25-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5034236&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to hiatus hernia. Surgical correction using the Belsey repair. Author(s): Berry WB. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1971 October; 58(10): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5315504&dopt=Abstract

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Chronically incarcerated hiatus hernia. Author(s): Bell JW. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1972 June; 104(6): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5029415&dopt=Abstract

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Cinefluorography and symptoms after surgical repair of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Linna MI, Scheinin TM, Viikari SJ, Lehtinen E. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1966; 356B: 99-104. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5224222&dopt=Abstract

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Classifying hiatus hernia. Does it make a difference to management? Author(s): Blamey S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 June; 27(6): 481-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648314&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and manometric investigations of the lower esophageal sphincter and its reactivity to pentagastrin in patients with hiatus hernia. LES-pentagastrin-test. Author(s): Siewert R, Weiser F, Jennewein HM, Waldeck F. Source: Digestion. 1974 April-May; 10(4-5): 287-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4421010&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical picture. Constipation and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Smith G, Dempsey M, Falk G. Source: Lancet. 2000 October 14; 356(9238): 1306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073018&dopt=Abstract

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Comments concerning esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Humphreys JW Jr, Halsell JT 3rd. Source: Military Medicine. 1966 January; 131(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4954873&dopt=Abstract

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Common gastroenterological problems. II.--Sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Salter RH. Source: The Practitioner. 1975 February; 214(1280): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1079940&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of crural repair and Nissen fundoplication in the treatment of esophageal hiatus hernia with peptic esophagitis. Author(s): Woodward ER, Thomas HF, McAlhany JC. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1971 May; 173(5): 782-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5091580&dopt=Abstract

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Complications of intrathoracic gastric ulcer associated with hiatus hernia. A description of five cases. Author(s): Macarthur AM, Wright JE. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1969 March; 56(3): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5776675&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Congenital duodenal membrane as cause for hiatus hernia, stricture of the oesophagus, and stricture carcinoma in an adult with Down's syndrome. Author(s): Ammann J, Scharli A. Source: Prog Pediatr Surg. 1977; 10: 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=141055&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital hiatus hernia. Author(s): Vella LA, McCann P, O'Donnell B. Source: J Ir Med Assoc. 1967 August; 60(362): 274-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6074850&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital microcephaly with hiatus hernia and nephrotic syndrome in two sibs. Author(s): Galloway WH, Mowat AP. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1968 December; 5(4): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5713646&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital microcephaly, hiatus hernia and nephrotic syndrome: an autosomal recessive syndrome. Author(s): Shapiro LR, Duncan PA, Farnsworth PB, Lefkowitz M. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1976; 12(5): 275-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=953231&dopt=Abstract

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Conservative treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Guggenbichler JP, Menardi G. Source: Prog Pediatr Surg. 1985; 18: 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927434&dopt=Abstract

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Controversies regarding the management of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Ellis FH Jr. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1980 June; 139(6): 782-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7386733&dopt=Abstract

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Coronary syndrome in the clinical picture of esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Kopylow A. Source: Pol Med Sci Hist Bull. 1968 October; 11(4): 152-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5703261&dopt=Abstract

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Death from paraesophageal hiatus hernia: post-mortem assessment and forensic relevance. Author(s): Janssen W, Klotzbach H, Puschel K. Source: Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2003 March; 5 Suppl 1: S267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12935607&dopt=Abstract

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Dental extraction in a mentally handicapped quadriplegic with a hiatus hernia. Author(s): Fairfield MC, Hadi N, Taggart P. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 May 3-16; 53(9): 479. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613726&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of hiatus hernia by computed tomography. Author(s): Lindell MM Jr, Bernardino ME. Source: J Comput Tomogr. 1981 March; 5(1): 16-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7273822&dopt=Abstract

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Different prevalences of reflux oesophagitis and hiatus hernia among dyspeptic patients in England and Singapore. Author(s): Kang JY, Ho KY. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1999 August; 11(8): 845-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10514115&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Pearson JE, Wilson RS. Source: Thorax. 1971 May; 26(3): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5089496&dopt=Abstract

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Does a sliding hiatus hernia constitute a distinct clinical entity? Author(s): Kramer P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1969 October; 57(4): 442-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4951149&dopt=Abstract

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Does hiatus hernia affect competence of the gastroesophageal sphincter? Author(s): Cohen S, Harris LD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 May 13; 284(19): 1053-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5553194&dopt=Abstract

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Early recovery from laparoscopic repair of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Orr KB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 May 4; 156(9): 670. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1385641&dopt=Abstract

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Early recovery from laparoscopic repair of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Falk GL, Brancatisano R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 March 16; 156(6): 440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1532048&dopt=Abstract

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Echocardiographic characteristics of diaphragmatic hiatus hernia. Author(s): D'Cruz IA, Hancock HL. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 February 1; 75(4): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7832152&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of hiatus hernia repair and truncal vagotomy on human lower esophageal sphincter pressures. Author(s): Balison JR, Woodward ER. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1973 May; 177(5): 554-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4704040&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Buscopan on gastro-oesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Rajah RR. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1990 April; 41(4): 250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340695&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of posture in hiatus hernia as studied by oesophageal pH measurement. Author(s): Habibulla KS, Ammann JF, Collis JL. Source: Thorax. 1971 November; 26(6): 689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5144646&dopt=Abstract

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Electrical potentials in the normal esophagus and in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Goodman EN, Flood CA, Sandler BT, Sullivan MR. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1968 June; 96(6): 924-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5647571&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Two cases with incidental hiatus hernia. Author(s): Lane RE. Source: Northwest Med. 1967 April; 66(4): 357-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6046691&dopt=Abstract

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Erosion as the presenting symptom in hiatus hernia. A case report. Author(s): Howden GF. Source: British Dental Journal. 1971 November 16; 131(10): 455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5289435&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal hiatus hernia after fundoplication. Author(s): Takahashi T, McElvein RB, Aldrete JS. Source: The American Surgeon. 1994 November; 60(11): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7978684&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal hiatus hernia and mental retardation: life-threatening postoperative metabolic acidosis and potassium deficiency linked with a new inborn error of nitrogen metabolism. Author(s): Kluge T, Borresen HC, Jellum E, Stokke O, Eldjarn L, Fretheim B. Source: Surgery. 1972 January; 71(1): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5007568&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal hiatus hernia in infancy and childhood. Author(s): Humphreys GH, Wiedel PD, Baker DH, Berdon WE. Source: Pediatrics. 1965 September; 36(3): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5829328&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Taylor RM, Feikes HL. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1967 October; 64(10): 64-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6073752&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Woodward ER, Rayl JE, Clarke JM. Source: Current Problems in Surgery. 1970 December; : 1-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4924733&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal hiatus hernia: considerations in the selection of patients for operative correction. Author(s): Parsons JT. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1969 February; 62(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5304597&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal leiomyoma associated with an epiphrenic diverticulum and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hodge GB. Source: The American Surgeon. 1970 September; 36(9): 538-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4989773&dopt=Abstract

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Esophageal reflux: massive hiatus hernia on hepatobiliary study. Author(s): Peracha HU, Sziklas JJ, Spencer RP. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1988 October; 13(10): 772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3180607&dopt=Abstract

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Esophagitis, hiatus hernia, and cancer. Author(s): Boyd DP, Norton RA. Source: Geriatrics. 1968 November; 23(11): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5682920&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Esophago-gastric invagination in patients with sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Ghahremani GG, Collins PA. Source: Gastrointest Radiol. 1976 November 30; 1(3): 253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1052468&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for an association between cholelithiasis and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Capron JP, Payenneville H, Dumont M, Dupas JL, Lorriaux A. Source: Lancet. 1978 August 12; 2(8085): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=79706&dopt=Abstract

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Excess gastroesophageal reflux in patients with hiatus hernia is caused by mechanisms other than transient LES relaxations. Author(s): van Herwaarden MA, Samsom M, Smout AJ. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 December; 119(6): 1439-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113064&dopt=Abstract

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Exchange of orotracheal tubes in a patient with difficult airway and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Asai T. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 December; 48(11): 1171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744602&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with surgical treatment of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Malm A. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1966; 356B: 83-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5224219&dopt=Abstract

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Failures after surgical treatment of patients with hiatus hernia and reflux symptoms. A pathophysiological study. Author(s): Boesby S, Sorensen HR, Madsen T, Wallin L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1982 March; 17(2): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7134847&dopt=Abstract

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Familial hiatus hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Author(s): Chana J, Crabbe DC, Spitz L. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1996 June; 6(3): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817214&dopt=Abstract

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First operative series that documented and used posterior gastric fixation for the surgical correction of hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflux. Author(s): Bennet JM. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2001 September; 234(3): 425. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583006&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up examinations of conservatively and surgically treated children with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Bernhard UA, Shmerling DH. Source: Prog Pediatr Surg. 1985; 18: 118-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927416&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of swallowing in duodenal ulceration and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Calloway SP, Fonagy P, Pounder RF. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 July 3; 285(6334): 23-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6805798&dopt=Abstract

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Fundoplication alone will not prevent the recurrence of a hiatus hernia: a case report. Author(s): Ryan EA. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1973 September; 16(5): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4580119&dopt=Abstract

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Fundoplication for hiatus hernia. Author(s): Franklin RH, Iweze FI, Owen-Smith MS. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1973 January; 60(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685926&dopt=Abstract

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Further on hiatus hernia. Author(s): Urschel HC. Source: Pediatrics. 1970 February; 45(2): 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5413407&dopt=Abstract

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Further on hiatus hernia. Author(s): Carre IJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1970 February; 45(2): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5413406&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric acid secretion in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia and effect of a modified Belsey MK IV repair on gastric acid secretion. Author(s): Boesby S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977; 12(4): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=882826&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric ulceration within hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hocking BV, Alp MH, Grant AK. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1976 August 7; 2(6): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=979849&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric volvulus and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Ruckley CV, Fraser J. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1968 July; 13(4): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5674106&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric volvulus and obstruction in paraesophageal hiatus hernia. A surgical emergency. Author(s): Babb RR, Peck OC, Jamplis RW. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1972 February; 17(2): 119-28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5013491&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric volvulus within a hiatus hernia. Author(s): Yedinak PR. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1973 July; 70(7): 23-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4716621&dopt=Abstract

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Gastroesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia in children: experience with 70 cases. Author(s): Kim SH, Hendren WH, Donahoe PK. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1980 August; 15(4): 443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7411355&dopt=Abstract

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Gastro-esophageal reflux and hiatus hernia--endoscopy. Author(s): Roesch W. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 April; 50(582): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4449767&dopt=Abstract

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Gastro-oesophageal acid reflux in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia and effect of a modified Belsey MK IV repair on acid reflux. Author(s): Boesby S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977; 12(5): 553-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=21444&dopt=Abstract

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Gastro-oesophageal reflux, hiatus hernia and the radiologist, with special reference to children. Author(s): Steiner GM. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1977 March; 50(591): 164-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=321066&dopt=Abstract

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Gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure, motility and acid clearing. A study of hiatus hernia patients and normal subjects and of the effect of a modified belsey MK IV repair on the results of the manometric and acid-clearing tests. Author(s): Boesby S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977; 12(4): 407-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=18788&dopt=Abstract

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Gastropericardial fistula--a complication of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Monro JL, Nicholls RJ, Hately W, Murray RS, Flavell G. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1974 June; 61(6): 445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4835195&dopt=Abstract

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Gastropexy-gastrostomy. Use in poor risk elderly patients with symptomatic esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Zeifer HD. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1968 September; 116(3): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5675924&dopt=Abstract

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Gastroplasty and Belsey hiatus hernia repair. An operation for the management of peptic stricture with acquired short esophagus. Author(s): Pearson FG, Langer B, Henderson RD. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1971 January; 61(1): 50-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5540462&dopt=Abstract

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Giant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, associated with esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Miyauchi T, Ishikawa M, Nisioka M, Kashiwagi Y, Miki H, Sato Y, Endo N, Uemura T, Inoue S, Hiroi M, Kikutsuji T, Ohgami N. Source: J Med Invest. 2002 August; 49(3-4): 186-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12323009&dopt=Abstract

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Giant paraesophageal hiatus hernia with intrathoracic stomach and colon: the case for early repair. Author(s): Wichterman K, Geha AS, Cahow CE, Baue AE. Source: Surgery. 1979 September; 86(3): 497-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=473036&dopt=Abstract

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Haematemesis from a coronary artery caused by penetration of a gastric ulcer in a hiatus hernia. Author(s): Matthews HR. Source: British Heart Journal. 1974 November; 36(11): 1141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4615728&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia and esophageal contraction abnormalities. Author(s): Ott DJ, Chen YM, Richter JE, Wu WC. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 April; 82(4): 859-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3565442&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia and esophageal contraction abnormalities. Author(s): Clouse RE, Eckert TC, Staiano A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 September; 81(3): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3752146&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia and intrathoracic migration of esophagogastric junction in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Mattioli S, D'Ovidio F, Pilotti V, Di Simone MP, Lugaresi ML, Bassi F, Brusori S. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 September; 48(9): 1823-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14561009&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia and reflux esophagitis. Author(s): Condon RE. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1987; 9(5): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664548&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia and the location of mallory-weiss lesions. Author(s): Dagradi AE. Source: Gastroenterology. 1977 May; 72(5 Pt 1): 987. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=849830&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia and the respiratory tract. Author(s): Lomasney TL. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1977 November; 24(5): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=921377&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia as a postgastrectomy problem. Author(s): Palmer ED. Source: American Family Physician. 1977 October; 16(4): 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=910664&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia causing CT gastric mass lesions. Author(s): Cassel DM, Young SW. Source: Comput Radiol. 1983 May-June; 7(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6617179&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia in an obese woman. Author(s): Steele K, Garstin I. Source: The Practitioner. 1986 February; 230(1412): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3703805&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Kaul B, Petersen H, Myrvold HE, Grette K, Roysland P, Halvorsen T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 January; 21(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952449&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia in infancy and childhood. Author(s): Rode H, Davies MR, Cywes S. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1981 April 4; 59(15): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7221755&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia in infants and children: a long-term follow-up of medical therapy. Author(s): Prinsen JE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1975 February; 10(1): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1117398&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia in Johannesburg blacks. Author(s): Segal I, Solomon A, Ou Tim L, Rabin M, Walker AR. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1980 September 6; 58(10): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7404165&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia reflux syndrome. Author(s): Edwards DA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 April; 50(582): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4449765&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia repair combined with the construction of an anti-reflux valve in the stomach. Author(s): Bingham JA. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1977 July; 64(7): 460-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=922302&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia repair. Clinical and radiological results of a new combined thoracoabdominal technique. Author(s): Kennedy MC, Sutherland HD. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 March 16; 1(11): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4829550&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia with and without esophageal stricture. Experience with the Belsey Mark IV repair. Author(s): Donnelly RJ, Deverall PB, Watson DA. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1973 September; 16(3): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4728611&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia. Author(s): Ellis FH Jr. Source: Clin Symp. 1986; 38(5): 2-31. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3542343&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia. Author(s): Bates M. Source: Nurs Mirror Midwives J. 1975 September 4; 141(10): 50-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1042784&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia. Report of three cases requiring immediate surgical intervention. Author(s): Hoier-Madsen K, Bodker A, Rasmussen E, Hebjorn M. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1982; 148(5): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7180345&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia. The postoperative stomach and respiratory problems. Author(s): Palmer ED. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 July 7; 233(1): 85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1173433&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia: (a 20-year retrospective survey). Author(s): Allison PR. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1973 September; 178(3): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4729751&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia: a comparison between two methods of fundoplication by evaluation of the long-term results. Author(s): Nicholson DA, Nohl-Oser HC. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1976 December; 72(6): 93843. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1032945&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia: a complication of postero-lateral diaphragmatic herniation (Bochdalek hernia) in infants. Author(s): Cohen MD, Beck JM. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1980 March; 31(2): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7363554&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia: is it preventable? Author(s): Burkitt DP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981 March; 34(3): 428-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6259926&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia: slip sliding away. Author(s): Sagor G. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1982 March 31; 154(13): 39-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6918009&dopt=Abstract

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Hiatus hernia-reflux esophagitis complex: current concepts. Author(s): Herschlag A, Argov S, Barzilai A. Source: Current Surgery. 1978 September-October; 35(5): 299-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=309382&dopt=Abstract

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Hydropneumopericardium with tamponade as a late complication of surgical repair of hiatus hernia. Author(s): de Bruyne B, Dugernier T, Goncette L, Reynaert M, Otte JB, Col J. Source: American Heart Journal. 1987 August; 114(2): 444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3604908&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothesis: how might oesophagitis cause hiatus hernia? Author(s): Christensen J. Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 2003 October; 15(5): 567-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507356&dopt=Abstract

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Iatrogenic paraesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Streitz JM Jr, Ellis FH Jr. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1990 September; 50(3): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2400267&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and mechanism of delayed esophageal acid clearance in subjects with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mittal RK, Lange RC, McCallum RW. Source: Gastroenterology. 1987 January; 92(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3781181&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo measurements of the gastrointestinal tract. Hiatus hernia and achalasia. Author(s): Meredith JH, Bradshaw HH, Smith LC. Source: The American Surgeon. 1967 December; 33(12): 927-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6061916&dopt=Abstract

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Incarcerated sliding esophageal hiatus hernia with Schatzki's ring simulating carcinoma of the esophagus. Author(s): Herrington JL Jr, Butterworth JS. Source: The American Surgeon. 1968 June; 34(6): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5651493&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and coincidence of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Pridie RB. Source: Gut. 1966 April; 7(2): 188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5934259&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of hiatus hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux in 1030 prospective barium meal examinations in adult Nigerians. Author(s): Bassey OO, Eyo EE, Akinhanmi GA. Source: Thorax. 1977 June; 32(3): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=882953&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of hiatus hernia in asymptomatic subjects. Author(s): Dyer NH, Pridie RB. Source: Gut. 1968 December; 9(6): 696-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5717971&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Vestby GW, Aakhus T. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1966 September-October; 1(5): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5970636&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of Zenker's diverticulum with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Gage-White L. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1988 May; 98(5): 527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3129629&dopt=Abstract

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Incompetence of the cardiac sphincter without radiologic demonstration of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Field P, Stalker MJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1968 October; 11(4): 412-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5683598&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathoracic perforation of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Stilwell JH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 August 26; 2(6137): 605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=698611&dopt=Abstract

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Iron absorption and blood loss in patients with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Holt JM, Mayet FG, Warner GT, Callender ST, Gunning AJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 July 6; 3(609): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5301883&dopt=Abstract

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Is hiatus hernia responsible for reflux? Author(s): Santos GH. Source: Chest. 1983 September; 84(3): 242-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6884096&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated head and neck symptoms due to hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hallewell JD, Cole TB. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1970 November; 92(5): 499-501. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5506061&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for hiatus hernia: a case report. Author(s): Teh CH, Teoh TA, Chua CL. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1996 September; 25(5): 717-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8924012&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic repair of a paraesophageal hiatus hernia without fundoplication. Author(s): Watanabe G, Tanaka J, Odashima S, Kitamura M, Koyama K. Source: Surgery Today. 1997; 27(11): 1093-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9413069&dopt=Abstract

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Large hiatus hernia compressing the heart and impairing the respiratory function. Author(s): Ueda T, Mizushige K. Source: J Cardiol. 2003 April; 41(4): 211; Author Reply 211-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728542&dopt=Abstract

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Late results after operations for hiatus hernia. Author(s): Menardi G, Auer G, Ehrlich P. Source: Prog Pediatr Surg. 1985; 18: 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927436&dopt=Abstract

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Late results of paraoesophageal hiatus hernia repair with fundoplication. Author(s): Luostarinen M, Rantalainen M, Helve O, Reinikainen P, Isolauri J. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1998 February; 85(2): 272-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501834&dopt=Abstract

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Lesions brought on by vomiting: the effect of hiatus hernia of the site of injury. Author(s): Watts HD. Source: Gastroenterology. 1976 October; 71(4): 683-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=955356&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: A clinical sign in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hazell K. Source: Lancet. 1973 November 24; 2(7839): 1218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4127605&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Does hiatus hernia affect competence of the gastroesophageal sphincter? Author(s): Johnson HD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 November 8; 289(19): 1039-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4742208&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Does hiatus hernia affect competence of the gastrooesophageal sphincter? Author(s): Johnson HD. Source: Lancet. 1974 September 28; 2(7883): 787. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4143053&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Hiatus hernia and competence of gastro-oesophageal sphincter. Author(s): Johnson HD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 December 7; 4(5944): 593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4434153&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Relation of hiatus hernia to esophageal sphincter competence. Author(s): Sturdevant R. Source: Gastroenterology. 1974 March; 66(3): 476-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4813514&dopt=Abstract

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Life-threatening complications of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Neumann L, Poulton B, Ridley S. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 January; 54(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10209389&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of peptic strictures managed by dilatation, modified Collis gastroplasty, and Belsey hiatus hernia repair. Author(s): Pearson FG, Henderson RD. Source: Surgery. 1976 September; 80(3): 396-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=960006&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of fundoplication in hiatus hernia and cardio-esophageal chalasia in infants and children. Report of 112 consecutive cases. Author(s): Bettex M, Kuffer F. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1969 October; 4(5): 526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5366328&dopt=Abstract

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Low-residue diets and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mullard KS. Source: Lancet. 1973 August 25; 2(7826): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4124939&dopt=Abstract

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Low-residue diets and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Edwards H. Source: Lancet. 1973 August 11; 2(7824): 329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4124819&dopt=Abstract

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Low-residue diets and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Cleave TL. Source: Lancet. 1973 August 4; 2(7823): 268. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4124464&dopt=Abstract

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Low-residue diets and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Burkitt DP, James PA. Source: Lancet. 1973 July 21; 2(7821): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4124047&dopt=Abstract

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Management of intrathoracic stomach with polypropylene mesh prosthesis reinforced transabdominal hiatus hernia repair. Author(s): Carlson MA, Condon RE, Ludwig KA, Schulte WJ. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1998 September; 187(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9740178&dopt=Abstract

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Management of oesophageal perforation associated with benign stricture and hiatus hernia by oesophagoplasty and fundoplication. Author(s): Cooper DK. Source: Thorax. 1981 July; 36(7): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7314026&dopt=Abstract

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Manometric studies of esophageal motility in infants with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Kehrer B, Oesch A, Bettex M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1972 October-November; 7(5): 499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5083157&dopt=Abstract

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Manometric study and prolonged pH monitoring of esophagus in patients with hiatus hernia before and after operation. Author(s): Iwai N, Kaneda H, Tsuto T, Yanagihara J, Kojima O, Nishioka B, Fujita Y, Majima S. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1984 August; 19(4): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6489691&dopt=Abstract

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Manometric study of the lower oesophageal sphincter in adult Nigerians in relation to the rarity of hiatus hernia and symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux. Author(s): Bassey OO, Elebute EA. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1977 December; 6(4): 193-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=97947&dopt=Abstract

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Massive hiatus hernia: evaluation and surgical management. Author(s): Maziak DE, Todd TR, Pearson FG. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1998 January; 115(1): 53-60; Discussion 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451045&dopt=Abstract

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Massive paraesophageal hiatus hernia containing colon and stomach with organoaxial volvulus in a child. Author(s): Senocak ME, Buyukpamukcu N, Hicsonmez A. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1990 January-March; 32(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2288019&dopt=Abstract

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Maximal acid output and oesophagitis in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Squire BH, Glick S, Benn A. Source: Thorax. 1968 November; 23(6): 683-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5711777&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of gastroesophagela reflux in the evaluation of hiatus hernia and chest pain in fliers. Author(s): Skinner DB, Camp TF Jr. Source: Aerosp Med. 1967 August; 38(8): 846-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6049247&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of gastro-oesophageal acid reflux: its significance in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Lichter I. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1974 April; 61(4): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4598976&dopt=Abstract

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Medical and surgical aspects of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Shatz B, Baue AE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 October 5; 214(1): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5469050&dopt=Abstract

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Medical thoughts on the “hiatus hernia-reflux” syndrome. Author(s): Edwards DA. Source: Trans Med Soc Lond. 1970; 86: 147-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5528151&dopt=Abstract

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Medical treatment of symptomatic hiatus hernia with low-density compounds. Author(s): Beeley M, Warner JO. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1972; 1(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4589019&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality after operation for hiatus hernia. Author(s): Bettex M, Oesch-Amrein I, Kuffer F. Source: Prog Pediatr Surg. 1979; 13: 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=523656&dopt=Abstract

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Newly developing hiatus hernia: a survey in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Author(s): Loffeld RJ, van der Putten AB. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 May; 17(5): 542-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084026&dopt=Abstract

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Nissen fundoplication for hiatus hernia repair. Author(s): Simmons S, Given B. Source: Aorn Journal. 1981 July; 34(1): 35-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6167202&dopt=Abstract

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hiatus hernia, and Helicobacter pylori, in patients with oesophageal ulceration. Author(s): Shallcross TM, Wyatt JI, Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 August; 29(4): 288-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379044&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational indications for early surgical repair of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Thurer RL, DeMeester TR, Johnson LF. Source: J Occup Med. 1973 October; 15(10): 786-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4748534&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal and cardia function in patients with paraoesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Zaninotto G, Costantini M, Anselmino M, Boccu C, Molena D, Rigotti P, Merigliano S, Ancona E. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1997 August; 84(8): 1163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9278669&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal hiatus hernia in three generations of one family. Author(s): Carre IJ, Froggatt P. Source: Gut. 1970 January; 11(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5435270&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal hiatus hernia. Follow-up studies after surgical correction. Author(s): Hallgrimsson JG, Thorarinsson H, Hallgrimsson S. Source: Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1970; 4(3): 271-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5494670&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal hiatus hernia: long-term results of the conventional thoracic operation. Author(s): Pearson JB, Gray JG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1967 June; 54(6): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5338168&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal reflux and sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Bassett HF. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1980 January; 23(1): 70, 72-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7357130&dopt=Abstract

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Open repair of hiatus hernia: abdominal approach. Author(s): Moores D, Hill LD. Source: Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1998 May; 8(2): 411-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619313&dopt=Abstract

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Open repair of hiatus hernia: thoracic approach. Author(s): Allen MS. Source: Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1998 May; 8(2): 431-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619314&dopt=Abstract

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Opening of the cardia and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Johnson HD. Source: Surgery. 1967 February; 61(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6066747&dopt=Abstract

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Operations for hiatus hernia. Author(s): Silber W. Source: Lancet. 1972 November 18; 2(7786): 1091. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4117419&dopt=Abstract

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Paraesophageal hiatus hernia in the aged. Author(s): Weinstein EC, Kohn BS. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1976 January; 24(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1244387&dopt=Abstract

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Paraesophageal hiatus hernia, which has progressed for 8 years: report of a case. Author(s): Tsuboi K, Tsukada K, Nakabayashi T, Kato H, Miyazaki T, Masuda N, Kuwano H. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 July-August; 49(46): 992-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143261&dopt=Abstract

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Paraesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Ellis FH Jr, Crozier RE, Shea JA. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1986 April; 121(4): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3954587&dopt=Abstract

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Paraoesophageal hiatus hernia: an important complication of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Author(s): Dubois F. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 October; 82(10): 1435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489190&dopt=Abstract

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Paraoesophageal hiatus hernia: an important complication of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Author(s): Watson DI, Jamieson GG, Devitt PG, Mitchell PC, Game PA. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 April; 82(4): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613901&dopt=Abstract

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Paraoesophageal hiatus hernia: surgery for all ages. Author(s): Hallissey MT, Ratliff DA, Temple JG. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1992 January; 74(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1736789&dopt=Abstract

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Patient education. Hiatus hernia. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1992 June; 21(6): 822. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1622368&dopt=Abstract

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Penetration of a gastric ulcer into the right ventricle. A complication of paraoesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mellet JS, Cilliers PH. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1987 July 4; 72(1): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3603292&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic ulcer in hiatus hernia penetrating the heart. Author(s): Nickels J. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1974 October; 68: 273-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4457099&dopt=Abstract

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Perforation of a peptic ulcer in an hiatus hernia into the left ventricle. Author(s): Hamer AJ, Sheffield E. Source: West Engl Med J. 1991 June; 106(2): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1814384&dopt=Abstract

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Pericardial systolic sound mimicking peristalsis--a clue to hiatus hernia. Author(s): Desai PV. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1994 April-June; 40(2): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8737566&dopt=Abstract

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Phrenoesophageal-cardia-crural fixation in hiatus hernia repair. Author(s): Zeifer HD. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1967 September; 114(3): 480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5340069&dopt=Abstract

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pH-tested reflux without hiatus hernia. Author(s): Lewicki AM, Brooks JR, Meguid M, Membreno A, Kia D. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1978 January; 130(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=413415&dopt=Abstract

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Physiological repair for sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Maciver DA, Chapman GW, Letts RM. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1968 October; 11(4): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5683597&dopt=Abstract

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Planning surgery for reflux esophagitis and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Bombeck CT, Helfrich GB, Nyhus LM. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1970 February; 50(1): 29-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5412576&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative bilious vomiting. Treatment by repair of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Turner FP. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1973 May; 106(5): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4734091&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative evaluation after correction of oesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Hallgrimsson JG, Linnet H, Jonasson H, Filippusson H, Thorarinsson H. Source: Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1976; 10(3): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1006228&dopt=Abstract

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Present concept of the Belsey mark IV procedure in gastro-oesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Singh SV. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1980 January; 67(1): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7357237&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of diverticular disease, hiatus hernia, and pelvic phleboliths in black and white Americans. Author(s): Burkitt DP, Clements JL Jr, Eaton SB. Source: Lancet. 1985 October 19; 2(8460): 880-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2864589&dopt=Abstract

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Pyloromyotomy, a new technique in conjunction with esophagectomy or repair of hiatus hernia with vagotomy. Author(s): Chung EP, Lawson RA, Blesovsky A, Barnsley WC. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1971 February; 61(2): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4927174&dopt=Abstract

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Pyloroplasty in the management of sliding oesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Gunn GG, Miller JK. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1969 March; 56(3): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5776676&dopt=Abstract

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Radiological diagnosis of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Saini M, Berry JN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1968 December; 16(12): 933-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4977408&dopt=Abstract

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Recognising hiatus hernia. Author(s): Graham JR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 July 24; 2(6029): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=974517&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between endoscopic hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Author(s): Petersen H, Johannessen T, Sandvik AK, Kleveland PM, Brenna E, Waldum H, Dybdahl JD. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991 September; 26(9): 921-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1947783&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between posterior pharyngeal pouch and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Smiley TB, Caves PK, Porter DC. Source: Thorax. 1970 November; 25(6): 725-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5494681&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of hiatus hernia to reflux oesophagitis. A prospective study of coincidence, using endoscopy. Author(s): Berstad A, Weberg R, Froyshov Larsen I, Hoel B, Hauer-Jensen M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 January; 21(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952452&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of overweight to hiatus hernia and reflux oesophagitis. Author(s): Stene-Larsen G, Weberg R, Froyshov Larsen I, Bjortuft O, Hoel B, Berstad A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988 May; 23(4): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3381064&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of sliding hiatus hernia to gastroesophageal reflux disease: a possible role for Helicobacter pylori infection? Author(s): Manes G, Pieramico O, Uomo G, Mosca S, de Nucci C, Balzano A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 February; 48(2): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643607&dopt=Abstract

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Relative frequency of esophagitis and gastritis in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia. Author(s): Schuman BM, Rinaldo JA. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1966 February; 12(3): 14-6 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5903071&dopt=Abstract

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Repair of hiatus hernia by an abdominal semi-fundoplication technique. Author(s): Refsum S Jr, Nygaard K. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1979; 145(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=433515&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory function in esophageal hiatus hernia. I. Spirometry, gas distribution, and arterial blood gases. Author(s): Senyk J, Arborelius M Jr, Lilja B, Ohlsson NM. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1975; 32(2): 93-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1118679&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory function in esophageal hiatus hernia. II. Regional lung function. Author(s): Senyk J, Arborelius M Jr, Lilja B. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1975; 32(2): 103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1118674&dopt=Abstract

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Response of the gullet to gastric reflux in patients with hiatus hernia and oesophagitis. Author(s): Woodward DA. Source: Thorax. 1970 July; 25(4): 459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5485007&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal detachment with a hiatus hernia. Author(s): Wilson S. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 February 16-March 1; 51(4): 176. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8012680&dopt=Abstract

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Retroesophageal hiatal plasty and gastropexy in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux with or without hiatus hernia in childhood. Author(s): Hecker WC. Source: Prog Pediatr Surg. 1985; 18: 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927414&dopt=Abstract

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Roentgenologic diagnosis of sliding esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Chen XR. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1980 February; 93(2): 78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6768516&dopt=Abstract

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Role of hiatus hernia and gastric mucosal atrophy in the development of reflux esophagitis in the elderly. Author(s): Amano K, Adachi K, Katsube T, Watanabe M, Kinoshita Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 February; 16(2): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207891&dopt=Abstract

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Role of vagotomy and pyloroplasty in the therapy of symptomatic hiatus hernia. Author(s): Pearson FG, Stone RM, Parrish RM, Falk RE, Drucker WR. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1969 January; 117(1): 130-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5782746&dopt=Abstract

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Rudolph Nissen and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Friedell MT. Source: Int Surg. 1972 December; 57(12): 947. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4566716&dopt=Abstract

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Rugal hypertrophy simulating neoplasm in a hiatus hernia. Author(s): Kerr RM, Sherlock P. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1967 August; 14(1): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5633381&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous pyloric and colonic obstruction associated with hiatus hernia in a weightlifter: a case report. Author(s): Casey P, Casey MT. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1999 June; 42(3): 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372020&dopt=Abstract

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Sinus bradycardia with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Marks P, Thurston JG. Source: American Heart Journal. 1977 January; 93(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=831408&dopt=Abstract

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Sliding esophageal hiatus hernia and reflux peptic esophagitis. Author(s): Woodward ER. Source: Proc Inst Med Chic. 1974 October-December; 30(5): 160-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4477654&dopt=Abstract

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Sliding hiatus hernia assessed by oesophagogastric pH and manometric measurements. Author(s): Aune S, Normann E. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1970; 136(4): 319-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5518326&dopt=Abstract

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Sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Smith SW. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1967 April; 41(4): A-79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6042380&dopt=Abstract

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Sliding hiatus hernia. Endoscopic and radiologic correlation. Author(s): Ortega Borjas JA, Carrillo N. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1973 December; 60(6): 568-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4773466&dopt=Abstract

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Some anatomical considerations in sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Melcher DH. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1969 December; 56(12): 904-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5358961&dopt=Abstract

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Some aspects of esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Vogl A. Source: Proc Rudolf Virchow Med Soc City N Y. 1968-69; 27: 24-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5317123&dopt=Abstract

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Some problems in surgical management of children with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Lari J, Lister J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1972 April; 47(252): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5023466&dopt=Abstract

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Strangulated para-oesophageal hiatus hernia with gangrene and perforation of stomach. Author(s): Brume J, Driscoll P, Meehan SE, Pringle R. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1986 March; 40(3): 127-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3707839&dopt=Abstract

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Student's forum - let's look at a problem: hiatus hernia. Author(s): Iveson-Iveson J. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 September 30; 153(14): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6913021&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery for and surgical prevention of reflux esophagitis in sliding hiatus hernia. Author(s): Lhotka J, Borek Z, Dvorakova H, Langer L. Source: Int Surg. 1969 May; 51(5): 371-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5781284&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery for esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Ellis FH Jr, Leonardi HK. Source: Adv Surg. 1979; 13: 263-301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=517311&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery for esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Zeppa R, Polk HC Jr. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1971 February; 58(2): 26-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5540553&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery for oesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia. Long-term results in 250 patients. Author(s): Singh SV. Source: Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980; 14(3): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7221507&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical considerations in esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Parsons JT. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1969 September; 66(4): 127-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4243262&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical control of reflux in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Collis JL. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1968 April; 115(4): 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5642725&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management of esophageal reflux and hiatus hernia. Long-term results with 1,030 patients. Author(s): Skinner DB, Belsey RH. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1967 January; 53(1): 33-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5333620&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Sellu D. Source: Nurs Times. 1985 September 4-10; 81(36): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3850515&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management of hiatus hernia. A new lease on life. Author(s): Harris A. Source: Nurs Times. 1985 September 4-10; 81(36): 42-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3850516&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Sensenig DM, Sher MH. Source: Del Med J. 1967 January; 39(1): 6-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6039686&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of hiatus hernia and reflux esophagitis--introduction. Author(s): Belsey R. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1977 July; 1(4): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=910449&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of hiatus hernia, WVU medical center (1960-65). Author(s): Currie RA, Cueto J. Source: W V Med J. 1967 April; 63(4): 101-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5233004&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of oesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mustard RA. Source: Mod Trends Surg. 1971; 3: 14-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5120459&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic hiatus hernia and associated esophagitis. Author(s): Adams HD. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1966 July; 40(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5945684&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic hiatus hernia: a study of the pyloro-duodenal region and the rationale of vagotomy in its treatment. Author(s): Burge HW, Gill AM, MacLean CD, Lewis RH. Source: Thorax. 1966 January; 21(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5934844&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic hiatus hernia--surgical treatment without regard for the esophageal hiatus. Author(s): Sifers EC, Tretbar LL. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1970 September; 71(9): 355-7 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5455369&dopt=Abstract

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Syndrome of hiatus hernia with torsion spasms and abnormal posturing (Sandifer's syndrome). Author(s): Gellis SS, Feingold M. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1971 January; 121(1): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5539815&dopt=Abstract

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The acid perfusion test. A study in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia, and of the effect of a modified Belsey MK IV repair on the test. Author(s): Boesby S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977; 12(2): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=847392&dopt=Abstract

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The antrum cardiacum in infancy, its site and shape in normal individuals and in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Holthusen W. Source: Ann Radiol (Paris). 1967; 10(7): 529-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5613316&dopt=Abstract

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The association of esophageal hiatus hernia with Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Author(s): Sato H, Takase S, Takada A. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1989 June; 24(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2744343&dopt=Abstract

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The causes of the variable response to gastric reflux in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Collis JL. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1970 March; 15(2): 77-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5434340&dopt=Abstract

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The De Carvalho test in the demonstration of gastro-oesophageal reflux, of a “silent” hiatus hernia and of reflux oesophagitis, with a review of the factors influencing the gastro-oesophageal junction. Author(s): Govoni AF. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1973 December; 17(4): 375-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4786189&dopt=Abstract

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The diaphragm and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Collis JL. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1966 April; 59(4): 354-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5937687&dopt=Abstract

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The endoscopic diagnosis of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Rozen P, Hanscom DH, Fruin RC. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1968 January-February; 4(1): 60-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5661133&dopt=Abstract

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The hiatus hernia saga. Ups and downs in gastroesophageal reflux: past, present, and future perspectives. Author(s): Bettex M, Oesch I. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1983 December; 18(6): 670-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6363666&dopt=Abstract

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The hiatus hernia-esophagitis-esophageal stricture complex. Twenty-year prospective study. Author(s): Palmer ED. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1968 April; 44(4): 566-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4868278&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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The incidence of gas bloat syndrome and dysphagia following fundoplication for hiatus hernia. Author(s): Walls AD, Gonzales JG. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1977 November; 22(6): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=604461&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure on the outcome of hiatus hernia repair. Author(s): Brennan TG, Trindade LM, Rozycki ZJ, Giles GR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1974 March; 61(3): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4820996&dopt=Abstract

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The management of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mieny CJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1967 April 8; 41(14): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6024389&dopt=Abstract

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The medical management of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Avery-Jones F. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 April; 50(582): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4449768&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between hiatus hernia and tricyclic antidepressants: a report of five cases. Author(s): Tyber MA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1975 June; 132(6): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1124813&dopt=Abstract

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The role of psychiatric factors in symptoms of hiatus hernia or gastric reflux. Author(s): Nielzen S, Pettersson KI, Regnell G, Svensson R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986 February; 73(2): 214-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3518340&dopt=Abstract

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The stenosis of the terminal esophagus after surgical repair of the hiatus hernia. Author(s): D'Amico DF, Favia G, Zacchi C, Bassi N, Tropea A. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1977 May-June; 76(3): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=19909&dopt=Abstract

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The surgery for hiatus hernia: is vagotomy rational? Author(s): Marchand P. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1970 January 10; 44(2): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5411164&dopt=Abstract

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The surgical treatment of esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mustard RA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1970 June; 119(6): 674-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4910954&dopt=Abstract

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The surgical treatment of hiatus hernia. Author(s): Flavell G. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1967 October; 12(5): 3279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6083035&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of hiatus hernia and coexisting duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Jacobson MJ, Whitehill JL. Source: Int Surg. 1970 March; 53(3): 197-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5416035&dopt=Abstract

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The use of a whole-body counter in the measurement of chronic blood loss with studies in hiatus hernia, ulcerative colitis and partial gastrectomy. Author(s): Holt JM, Callender ST, Truelove SC, Warner GT. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1970 April; 43(508): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5445339&dopt=Abstract

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The use of Dacron velour patches in the repair of a hiatus hernia. Author(s): Keshishian JM. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1974 December; 62(6): 534-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4280872&dopt=Abstract

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The use of gastropexy in the management of esophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Vollenweider ER. Source: Surgery. 1966 August; 60(2): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5915451&dopt=Abstract

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The value of simple tests for peristaltic activity in hiatus hernia. Author(s): Powis SJ, Collis JL. Source: Thorax. 1970 July; 25(4): 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5485006&dopt=Abstract

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Torticollis with hiatus hernia in infancy. Sandifer syndrome. Author(s): Murphy WJ, Gellis SS. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1977 May; 131(5): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=855842&dopt=Abstract

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Transmural potential difference in patients with hiatus hernia and oesophageal ulcer. Author(s): Beck IT, Hernandez NA. Source: Gut. 1969 June; 10(6): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5786144&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of hiatus hernia and peptic esophagitis through abdominal approach. Author(s): Gemer M, Hermann G, Luttwak EM. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1966 March; 92(3): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5906827&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual oesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Gautam HP. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1970 July; 24(7): 301-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5471310&dopt=Abstract

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Vagotomy and pyloroplasty in the surgical treatment of hiatus hernia in children. Author(s): Coupland GA, Rickham PP. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1967 November; 37(2): 1214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5235131&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIATUS HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hiatus hernia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hiatus Hernia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hiatus hernia” (or a synonym): •

Effects of Buscopan on gastro-oesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, London. Source: Rajah, R R Clin-Radiol. 1990 April; 41(4): 250-2 0009-9260

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Laparoscopic repair of a paraesophageal hiatus hernia without fundoplication. Author(s): First Department of Surgery, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Watanabe, G Tanaka, J Odashima, S Kitamura, M Koyama, K Surg-Today. 1997; 27(11): 1093-6 0941-1291

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIATUS HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hiatus hernia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hiatus hernia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hiatus hernia: •

Application of bu zhong yi qi tang according to TCM differentiation of syndromes. Author(s): Xie S. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 June; 22(2): 99-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125502&dopt=Abstract

•

Behavioural techniques in the management of aerophagia in patients with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Calloway SP, Fonagy P, Pounder RE, Morgan MJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1983; 27(6): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6363680&dopt=Abstract

•

Double atrial parasystole. Case report. Author(s): Cotoi S, Suciu S.

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Source: Acta Cardiol. 1976; 31(3): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1088034&dopt=Abstract •

Endoluminal therapies for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Galmiche JP, Bruley des Varannes S. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 29; 361(9363): 1119-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672327&dopt=Abstract

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Fiber as protective against gastrointestinal diseases. Author(s): Burkitt D. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1984 April; 79(4): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6324574&dopt=Abstract

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How to manage constipation with high-fiber diet. Author(s): Burkitt DP, Meisner P. Source: Geriatrics. 1979 February; 34(2): 33-5, 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=104901&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of fundoplication on bolus transit across esophagogastric junction. Author(s): Kahrilas PJ, Lin S, Spiess AE, Brasseur JG, Joehl RJ, Manka M. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1998 December; 275(6 Pt 1): G1386-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9843776&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms after laparoscopic Hill repair. Author(s): Wright RC, Rhodes KP. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 May; 185(5): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727567&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to hiatus hernia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Comfrey Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HIATUS HERNIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hiatus hernia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hiatus hernia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hiatus hernia: •

Power of Your Plate: A Plan for Better Living Source: Summertown, TN: Book Publishing Company. 1995. 255 p. Contact: Available from Book Publishing Company. Mail Order Catalog, P.O. Box 180, Summertown, TN 38483. (800) 695-2241. Wholesale orders available from Book Publishing Company. P.O. Box 99, Summertown, TN 38483. (615) 964-3571. PRICE: $12.95 plus $2.50 shipping. ISBN: 157067003X. Summary: This book provides detailed information on how food choices can improve health, emphasizing the benefits of a vegetarian diet. Eleven chapters cover topics including cholesterol, food, and the heart; tackling cancer; new strategies for weight control; foodborne illness; common health problems that are related to diet; food and the mind; the evolution of the human diet; lessons from Asia; recommendations; will power; and food ideas and recipes. The book also includes an interview with Dr. Michael DeBakey, a cardiovascular surgeon and pioneer in heart transplants. The

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chapter on common health problems covers constipation, hemorrhoids, hiatus hernia, diabetes, osteoporosis and kidney disease as problems related to food. A brief discussion of Dr. Denis Burkitt's work with dietary fiber is included. 83 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hiatus hernia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hiatus hernia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hiatus hernia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Colour Atlas of Transthoracic Repair of Hiatus Hernia (Single Surgical Procedures, Vol 43) by Robert Pringle; ISBN: 081516842X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081516842X/icongroupinterna

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All About Hiatus Hernia and Its Treatment Without Drugs by David Potterton; ISBN: 057202164X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/057202164X/icongroupinterna

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Coping Successfully with Your Hiatus Hernia by Tom Smith (1997); ISBN: 0859697819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859697819/icongroupinterna

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Esophageal hiatus hernia : rationale and results of anatomic repair by Thomas Gahagan; ISBN: 0398034893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398034893/icongroupinterna

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Hiatus Hernia by David Potterson, David Potterton; ISBN: 0572018592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0572018592/icongroupinterna

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Hiatus Hernia (The New Self Help Series) by Joan Lay; ISBN: 0722512228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722512228/icongroupinterna

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Positive Options for Hiatus Hernia: Self-Help and Treatment by Tom Smith; ISBN: 0897933184; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897933184/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5 5

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed

Books

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•

Esophageal hiatus hernia [by] E. R. Woodward, John E. Rayl [and] John M. Clarke. Author: Woodward, Edward R. (Edward Roy),; Year: 1970; Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1970; ISBN: 0815199031 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815199031/icongroupinterna

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Hiatus hernia in children; a radiologic-clinical study comprising 58 cases. [Tr. from Danish]. Author: Thomsen, Gregers.; Year: 1955; Copenhagen, Danish Science Press, 1955

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Oesophageal hiatus hernia. Author: Barendregt, Adam,; Year: 1960; [Arnhem, 1960]

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The cardia and hiatus hernia. Author: Johnson, H. Daintree (Harold Daintree); Year: 1968; London, Heinemann [1968]

Chapters on Hiatus Hernia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hiatus hernia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hiatus hernia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hiatus hernia: •

Problems in the Upper Digestive Tract Source: in Balch, J.F. and Walker, M. Heartburn and What to Do About It. Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1998. p. 15-28. Contact: Available from Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757 or (516) 741-2155. Fax (516) 742-1892. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $10.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0895297922. Summary: This chapter on problems in the upper digestive tract is from a book in which the authors tell readers how to banish heartburn and other digestive symptoms once and for all, using natural therapies that are gentle on one's system. The authors emphasize that a lack of balance in the digestive tract, caused by improper diet and the stresses of modern life, is at the root of most people's intestinal upsets, and they explain both the problem and the solution in clear, nontechnical language. In this chapter, the authors note that ulcers and hepatitis are two of the most common disorders in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The authors first offer a quick review of the organs and functions of the upper GI tract, then look at the disorders that affect this part of the body. The upper GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Disorders covered include mouth, throat and esophagus disorders, including inflammation of the mouth, dry mouth

in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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(xerostomia), swallowing disorders, esophageal varices (enlarged veins), heartburn (stomach acid reflux), and hiatus hernia; stomach and duodenum disorders, including peptic ulcer, gastritis (irritation of the stomach lining), nausea and vomiting; and liver, gallbladder, and pancreas disorders, including hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), cirrhosis (chronic liver disease), gallstones, cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation), primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). The authors offer an overview of each of these disorders, but note that some of the more serious disorders are beyond the scope of this book. However, many of the more common disorders, such as heartburn and ulcers, respond well to the treatments recommended in other chapters of the book. 6 references. •

Gastrointestinal Disorders Source: in Falvo, D.R. Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishing Company. 1991. p. 111-135. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishing Company. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701. (800) 234-1660 or (301) 698-7140. PRICE: $51 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0834202387. Summary: This chapter, from a book about the medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability, reviews gastrointestinal disorders. The chapter provides information about the normal structure and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; disorders of the mouth; disorders of the esophagus, including dysphagia, strictures, achalasia, and dyspepsia; hiatus hernia; gastritis; peptic ulcer; inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; diverticulitis; irritable bowel syndrome; hernia (rupture); pancreatitis; cholecystitis; and hepatitis, including acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, and cirrhosis; diagnostic procedures, including the barium swallow (upper GI), barium enema (lower GI), esophageal manometry, gastroscopy, proctoscopy and sigmoidoscopy, cholecystography, cholangiography, abdominal sonography, computer tomography (CT scan), radionuclide imaging, biopsy, abdominal paracentesis, and laparoscopy; and treatment modalities, including medication, hyperalimentation (total parenteral nutrition), stress management, and the treatment of each of the disorders outlined earlier in the chapter. The author also discusses psychological issues, lifestyle issues, social issues, and vocational issues. 30 references.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON HIATUS HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on hiatus hernia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on hiatus hernia is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “hiatus hernia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on hiatus hernia: •

What You Really Need to Know About Esophagitis and Hiatus Hernia Source: [Toronto, Ontario, Canada]: Videos for Patients. 1994. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Medical Audio Visual Communications, Inc. Suite 240, 2315 Whirlpool Street, Niagara Falls, NY 14305. Or P.O. Box 84548, 2336 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario M6S 1TO, Canada. (800) 757-4868 or (905) 602-1160. Fax (905) 602-8720. PRICE: $99.00 (Canadian); contact producer for current price in American dollars. Order Number VFP021. Summary: This patient education videotape provides information about esophagitis and hiatus hernia. The videotape begins with a brief sketch featuring comedian John Cleese and narrator Dr. Robert Buckman illustrating the difficulties sometimes experienced by patients during the traditional doctor's explanation. Topics include a definition of esophagitis, how esophagitis is caused, the contribution of hiatus hernia to esophagitis, the symptoms of esophagitis, diagnostic considerations, drug therapy for esophagitis, and dietary and lifestyle modifications that can reduce problems with esophagitis. Dr.

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Buckman presents the medical facts, using models, simple diagrams, and graphics to supplement his explanation, and avoiding medical jargon as much as possible.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Hiatus Hernia The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in hiatus hernia (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on hiatus hernia: •

Gastroplasty & hiatus hernia repair [videorecording] Source: Videosurgery; Year: 1978; Format: Videorecording; Don Mills, Ont.: Southam Business Publications, [1978]

•

Hiatus hernia: fact or fancy [videorecording] Source: Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University. [et al.]; Year: 1976; Format: Videorecording; Hamilton, Ont.: The University, 1976

•

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and hiatus hernia repair [videorecording] Source: from the Film Library and the Clinical Congress of ACS; produced in cooperation with Sherman Hospital; Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; Woodbury, CT: Ciné Med, [1992]

•

Repair of hiatus hernia and aortic aneurysm [videorecording] Source: produced by Ciné-Med; Year: 1987; Format: Videorecording; Woodbury, Conn.: Ciné-Med, 1987

•

Transthoracic repair of sliding hiatus hernia with reflux esophagitis by the Mark IV technique [motion picture] Source: Arthur E. Baue. [et al.]; produced by Davis and Geck; Year: 1970; Format: Motion picture; Danbury, Conn.: Davis & Geck; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1970

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

7

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3216 48 590 2 1 3857

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

9

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

10

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Hiatus Hernia In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and hiatus hernia. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).17 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 14 Adapted 15

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 17 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for hiatus hernia: •

Microcephaly, Hiatus Hernia, and Nephrotic Syndrome Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?251300

•

Sucrosuria, Hiatus Hernia and Mental Retardation Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?272000 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease,

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Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html •

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

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To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database18 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database19 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

18

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 19 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hiatus hernia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hiatus hernia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hiatus hernia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hiatus hernia”:

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•

Other guides Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/abdominalaorticaneurysmloader. tml Aneurysms http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aneurysms.html Gastroesophageal Reflux/Hiatal Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroesophagealrefluxhiatalhernia.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hiatus hernia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

All About Heartburn and Hiatus Hernia Source: London, England: British Digestive Foundation. 1993. 3 p. Contact: Available from British Digestive Foundation. 7 Chandos Street, London W1A 2LN England. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education brochure provides basic information about heartburn and hiatus hernia. Written in a question-and-answer format, it covers topics including definitions of heartburn and hiatus hernia; the causes of heartburn; how hiatus hernia is treated; symptoms; and how to avoid heartburn. Specific suggestions for weight loss, diet, sleeping, posture, clothing, and pregnancy are given. The brochure includes an insert summarizing guidelines for the early diagnosis of digestive disorders. This insert, entitled 'When Should I See My Doctor' lists symptoms that suggest a health care provider should be consulted. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the activities of the British Digestive Foundation. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate

Patient Resources

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in some way to hiatus hernia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hiatus hernia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hiatus hernia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hiatus hernia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine.

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To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hiatus hernia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hiatus hernia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hiatus hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hiatus hernia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

81

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

83

HIATUS HERNIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Aerophagia: A condition that occurs when a person swallows too much air. Causes gas and frequent belching. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble

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substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium enema: A procedure in which a liquid with barium in it is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray. [NIH] Barium swallow: A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called an esophagram. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus

Dictionary 85

pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Belching: Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. Also called burping. [NIH]

Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short

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period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH]

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Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholangiography: Radiographic examination of the bile ducts. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystography: Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium. [NIH]

Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of gallstones. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the

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alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]

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Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the

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back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which

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covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Manometry: A test to measure muscle tone inthe esophagus. [NIH] Esophageal Stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus often caused by acid flowing back from the stomach. This condition may require surgery. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagectomy: An operation to remove a portion of the esophagus. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagram: A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called a barium swallow. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in

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carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Fundus: The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrooesophageal: Pertaining to the stomach and oesophagus, as the gastrooesophageal junction. [EU] Gastroplasty: Surgical treatment of the stomach or lower esophagus used to decrease the size of the stomach. The procedure is used mainly in the treatment of morbid obesity and to correct defects in the lower esophagus or the stomach. Different procedures employed include vertical (mesh) banded gastroplasty, silicone elastomer ring vertical gastroplasty and horizontal banded gastroplasty. [NIH] Gastroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy, or surgery of the interior of the stomach. [NIH]

Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU]

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Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH]

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Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH]

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Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]

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Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paracentesis: A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument. [NIH] Parasystole: A cardiac arrhythmia caused by the interaction of two foci independently initiating cardiac impulses at different rates. Generally one of the foci is the sinoatrial node (the normal pacemaker) and the ectopic focus is usually in the ventricle, but can occur in the sinus and AV nodes, atrium and ventricle, and AV junction. Each focus - and thus each rhythm - is protected from the influence of the other. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH]

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Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pentagastrin: A synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of

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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postero: Amygdala region involved in sexual activity. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Proctoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the rectum. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not

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working properly. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyloroplasty: An operation to widen the opening between the stomach and the small intestine. This allows stomach contents to pass more freely from the stomach. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiologist: A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy. [NIH]

Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radionuclide Imaging: Process whereby a radionuclide is injected or measured (through tissue) from an external source, and a display is obtained from any one of several rectilinear scanner or gamma camera systems. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph. [NIH]

Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial

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remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Sinoatrial Node: The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle to the ventricle. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle

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displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body

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cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxic Hepatitis: Hepatitis with inflammatory changes around small bile ducts causing obstructive jaundice; the disease may be due to intoxication by certain chemical substances, e. g. manganese. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Truncal: The bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and

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mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border

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of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 32, 36, 45, 58, 72, 83, 89, 92, 95, 98, 99, 104 Abdominal Pain, 83, 92, 95, 99, 104 Acidosis, 16, 83 Aerophagia, 10, 51, 83 Airway, 17, 83 Algorithms, 83, 85 Alimentary, 83, 89, 98, 99 Alkaline, 83, 84 Alternative medicine, 83 Ampulla, 83, 90 Anal, 83, 91 Anatomical, 38, 83, 84, 94, 102 Anemia, 9, 69, 83, 95 Anesthesia, 83 Anorexia, 83, 92, 105 Antibody, 83, 87, 94 Antigen, 83, 87, 94 Anti-inflammatory, 31, 84 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 84 Anus, 83, 84, 90 Aorta, 84, 105 Aortic Aneurysm, 60, 72, 84 Arrhythmia, 84, 98 Arterial, 36, 84, 100, 103 Arteries, 84, 85, 88, 96 Aspirin, 9, 84 Asymptomatic, 9, 25, 84, 98 Ataxia, 68, 69, 84, 104 Atrial, 51, 84 Atrium, 84, 98, 102, 105 Atrophy, 37, 68, 69, 84 Autodigestion, 84, 98 B Bacteria, 84, 85, 91, 92 Barium, 25, 58, 84, 91 Barium enema, 58, 84 Barium swallow, 58, 84, 91 Basal Ganglia, 84 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 84 Base, 85, 89, 95, 105 Belching, 83, 85 Benign, 10, 29, 85, 91, 95, 97 Benign tumor, 85, 95 Bilateral, 85, 104 Bile, 8, 85, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100, 104 Bile Acids, 85, 92

Bile Acids and Salts, 85 Bile Ducts, 85, 87, 92, 100, 104 Biliary, 85, 93, 98 Biliary Tract, 85, 98 Bilirubin, 85, 92 Biopsy, 58, 85 Biotechnology, 5, 56, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 85 Bladder, 85, 100, 105 Bloating, 85, 95 Blood vessel, 85, 86, 95, 99, 102, 104, 105 Body Mass Index, 85, 98 Bolus, 52, 85 Bolus infusion, 85 Bone Marrow, 86, 96, 103 Bowel, 83, 86, 90, 95, 103, 105 Bradycardia, 38, 86 Branch, 79, 86, 99, 103 Breakdown, 86, 89, 92 C Cannula, 86, 98 Carbon Dioxide, 86, 92 Carcinogens, 86, 98 Carcinoma, 10, 13, 25, 86 Cardia, 7, 31, 32, 33, 57, 86 Cardiac, 10, 26, 86, 89, 92, 97, 98, 102 Cardiovascular, 20, 24, 29, 35, 40, 55, 86 Case report, 10, 15, 18, 26, 38, 51, 86, 87 Case series, 86, 87 Caudal, 86, 100 Cell, 68, 69, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 104 Cell Division, 68, 84, 86, 99 Cerebellar, 84, 86, 101 Cerebral, 84, 86, 103 Cerebrum, 86, 104 Chest Pain, 30, 87 Cholangiography, 58, 87 Cholangitis, 58, 87 Cholecystitis, 58, 87 Cholecystography, 58, 87 Cholelithiasis, 11, 17, 87 Cholesterol, 55, 85, 87, 92 Chronic, 11, 44, 58, 68, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105 Chronic renal, 87, 100, 105 Clear cell carcinoma, 87, 89 Clinical study, 57, 87 Clinical trial, 5, 65, 87, 88

108 Hiatus Hernia

Cloning, 85, 87 Cofactor, 87, 100 Cognitive restructuring, 87, 103 Colitis, 87, 95 Complement, 87, 88 Complementary and alternative medicine, 51, 53, 88 Complementary medicine, 51, 88 Computational Biology, 65, 67, 88 Computed tomography, 14, 88 Computerized axial tomography, 88 Computerized tomography, 88 Connective Tissue, 86, 88, 91 Constipation, 12, 52, 56, 88, 95, 99 Consumption, 88, 92 Contamination, 88, 93, 94 Contraindications, ii, 88 Control group, 5, 88 Coronary, 13, 21, 88, 89, 96 Coronary Thrombosis, 89, 96 Cortex, 84, 89, 101 Cranial, 89, 105 D Databases, Bibliographic, 65, 89 Decompensation, 10, 89 Degenerative, 89, 93 Density, 30, 85, 89, 98, 103 DES, 52, 89 Diagnostic procedure, 58, 89 Diaphragm, 42, 89, 94 Diarrhea, 89, 92, 95 Diarrhoea, 89, 92 Dietary Fiber, 56, 89 Digestion, 12, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90, 95, 96, 99, 103 Digestive tract, 57, 89, 102 Dilatation, 7, 28, 89 Dilation, 6, 89 Direct, iii, 89, 101 Dissection, 89, 104 Distal, 4, 89, 92, 101 Diverticula, 89 Diverticulitis, 58, 89 Diverticulum, 16, 26, 89 Dorsal, 89, 100 Duct, 83, 86, 87, 90, 91, 102 Duodenal Ulcer, 18, 44, 90 Duodenum, 57, 85, 90, 92, 98, 103 Dyspepsia, 58, 90 Dysphagia, 43, 58, 90 Dysplasia, 69, 90 Dyspnea, 89, 90, 101

Dystrophy, 68, 90 E Ectopic, 90, 98 Edema, 89, 90, 97, 105 Electrolyte, 90, 98, 100, 105 Emulsion, 90, 92 Endoscope, 90 Endoscopic, 8, 35, 38, 42, 90, 93, 100, 102 Endoscopy, 4, 6, 8, 19, 30, 35, 36, 37, 90 End-stage renal, 87, 90, 100 Enema, 90 Environmental Exposure, 90, 98 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 90 Enzymes, 89, 90, 97, 98 Epigastric, 90, 98 Epithelium, 90, 92 Erythrocytes, 83, 86, 91 Esophageal Manometry, 58, 91 Esophageal Stricture, 8, 23, 42, 91 Esophageal Varices, 58, 91 Esophagectomy, 35, 91 Esophagitis, 11, 12, 16, 21, 24, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 59, 60, 91, 92 Esophagram, 84, 91 Esophagus, 3, 4, 15, 20, 25, 29, 43, 57, 58, 84, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103 Essential Tremor, 68, 91 Evacuation, 88, 91, 92 Exocrine, 91, 98 Extraction, 14, 91 F Family Planning, 65, 91 Fat, 85, 86, 91, 98 Feces, 88, 91, 103 Fibroid, 91, 95 Fibrosis, 69, 91, 101, 102 Fistula, 10, 20, 91 Fixation, 6, 18, 33, 91 Flatus, 92 Foodborne Illness, 55, 92 Fovea, 92 G Gallbladder, 58, 83, 85, 87, 92 Gallstones, 58, 85, 87, 92 Gangrene, 39, 92 Gas, 9, 36, 43, 83, 85, 86, 92, 94, 95, 97 Gastrectomy, 44, 92 Gastric, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 33, 36, 37, 42, 43, 84, 92, 93, 95, 99 Gastric Acid, 4, 19, 92, 99 Gastric Emptying, 7, 92 Gastric Fundus, 10, 92

Index 109

Gastric Juices, 92, 99 Gastric Mucosa, 37, 92, 99 Gastrin, 92, 94, 99 Gastritis, 36, 58, 92 Gastroenteritis, 15, 92 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 3, 4, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 35, 36, 37, 42, 72, 92 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 3, 4, 21, 22, 36, 92 Gastrointestinal, 4, 6, 8, 11, 20, 24, 25, 30, 36, 37, 52, 57, 58, 84, 91, 92, 93, 95, 103 Gastrointestinal tract, 25, 84, 91, 93, 95 Gastrooesophageal, 27, 93 Gastroplasty, 20, 28, 60, 93 Gastroscopy, 58, 93 Gastrostomy, 20, 93 Gene, 56, 69, 70, 85, 93, 98 Gland, 93, 98, 100, 102 Glucose, 68, 93 Governing Board, 93, 100 Growth, 68, 85, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99 H Heart failure, 93, 101 Heartburn, 57, 72, 93, 94 Hemoglobin, 83, 91, 93 Hemoglobinuria, 68, 93 Hemorrhage, 93, 104 Hemorrhoids, 56, 93 Hepatitis, 57, 58, 93, 94, 104, 105 Hepatitis A, 57, 93 Hepatobiliary, 16, 93 Hepatocytes, 93, 94 Hepatovirus, 93, 94 Hereditary, 94, 102 Heredity, 6, 93, 94 Hiatal Hernia, 4, 72, 94 Hormonal, 84, 94 Hormone, 89, 92, 94 Hydrogen, 83, 85, 94 Hypertrophy, 37, 94 I Id, 48, 52, 73, 78, 80, 94 Immunodeficiency, 68, 94 Impairment, 84, 94, 96 Incompetence, 26, 92, 94 Indicative, 56, 94, 99, 105 Infancy, 16, 22, 41, 45, 94 Infarction, 89, 94, 96 Infection, 36, 92, 94, 96, 103 Inflammation, 57, 84, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105 Inflammatory bowel disease, 58, 95

Ingestion, 9, 87, 95, 100 Intermittent, 8, 95 Intestinal, 57, 95, 96 Intestine, 85, 86, 95, 99, 105 Intoxication, 95, 104 Intracellular, 94, 95, 100 Intramuscular, 95, 98 Intraperitoneal, 6, 95 Intravenous, 95, 98 Intrinsic, 95, 99 Intrinsic Factor, 95, 99 Involuntary, 85, 91, 95, 97 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 58, 95 Ischemia, 84, 95 J Jaundice, 95, 104 K Kb, 64, 95 Kidney Disease, 56, 64, 69, 95 L Laparoscopy, 58, 95 Large Intestine, 89, 95, 101, 102, 105 Leiomyoma, 16, 91, 95 Lesion, 96, 104 Leukemia, 68, 96 Library Services, 78, 96 Ligament, 96, 100 Liver, 57, 83, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 100 Localized, 91, 94, 96, 99, 104 Loop, 94, 96 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 4, 12, 15, 92, 96 Lymphatic, 94, 96 Lymphoid, 96 Lymphoma, 68, 96 M Malabsorption, 68, 96 Malignant, 68, 96, 97 Malnutrition, 84, 96, 97 MEDLINE, 65, 67, 69, 96 Melanocytes, 96 Melanoma, 68, 96 Membrane, 13, 88, 96 Mental Retardation, 16, 68, 70, 96 MI, 11, 81, 96 Migration, 4, 21, 96 Molecular, 65, 67, 85, 88, 96, 104 Molecular Structure, 96, 104 Motility, 20, 24, 29, 97 Motion Sickness, 97 Mucus, 97, 105 Muscle Fibers, 97, 102

110 Hiatus Hernia

Muscular Atrophy, 68, 97 Muscular Dystrophies, 90, 97 Mydriatic, 89, 97 Myocardium, 96, 97 Myotonic Dystrophy, 68, 97 N Nausea, 58, 92, 97, 105 Necrosis, 94, 96, 97 Need, 3, 55, 57, 59, 74, 87, 97 Neoplasia, 68, 97 Neoplasm, 37, 97 Neoplastic, 96, 97 Nephropathy, 95, 97 Nephrosis, 97 Nephrotic, 13, 68, 97 Nephrotic Syndrome, 13, 68, 97 Nerve, 83, 84, 97, 102, 105 Nitrogen, 16, 92, 97 Nucleic acid, 97 Nutritional Support, 93, 98 O Oesophagitis, 14, 24, 30, 35, 36, 42, 98 Oncogene, 68, 98 Opacity, 89, 98 Ophthalmology, 92, 98 Osteoporosis, 56, 98 Overweight, 36, 48, 98 P Pacemaker, 98 Pancreas, 57, 83, 98 Pancreatic, 68, 92, 98 Pancreatic cancer, 68, 98 Pancreatic Juice, 92, 98 Pancreatitis, 58, 98 Paracentesis, 58, 98 Parasystole, 51, 98 Parenteral, 58, 98 Parenteral Nutrition, 58, 98 Paroxysmal, 68, 99 Pathogenesis, 7, 99 Pathologic, 83, 85, 88, 99 Patient Education, 59, 72, 76, 78, 81, 99 Pelvic, 34, 99, 100 Pentagastrin, 12, 99 Pepsin, 99 Pepsin A, 99 Peptic, 8, 10, 12, 20, 28, 33, 38, 45, 58, 99 Peptic Ulcer, 8, 33, 58, 99 Perforation, 26, 29, 33, 39, 99, 105 Perfusion, 4, 41, 99 Peristalsis, 33, 99 Peritoneal, 95, 99

Peritoneal Cavity, 95, 99 Peritonitis, 99, 105 Phallic, 91, 99 Pharmacologic, 83, 99, 104 Pharynx, 4, 92, 99, 105 Pigment, 85, 96, 99 Plants, 86, 93, 99, 104 Poisoning, 92, 95, 97, 100 Polycystic, 69, 100 Polypeptide, 99, 100 Posterior, 18, 35, 83, 84, 90, 98, 100 Postero, 9, 24, 100 Postmenopausal, 98, 100 Postoperative, 16, 23, 34, 100 Potassium, 16, 100 Practice Guidelines, 66, 100 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 58, 100 Proctoscopy, 58, 100 Progressive, 87, 93, 97, 100, 101 Prospective study, 35, 42, 100 Prostate, 68, 100 Prosthesis, 29, 100 Protein S, 56, 69, 85, 100 Proteins, 84, 87, 90, 97, 99, 100, 104 Proteinuria, 97, 100 Proximal, 4, 89, 101 Psychiatric, 43, 101 Psychiatry, 43, 91, 101 Public Policy, 65, 101 Pulmonary, 14, 88, 101, 105 Pulmonary Artery, 101, 105 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 14, 101 Pupil, 89, 97, 101 Putrefaction, 92, 101 Pyloroplasty, 35, 37, 45, 101 R Race, 96, 101 Radiological, 23, 35, 101 Radiologist, 20, 101 Radiology, 8, 15, 20, 24, 25, 42, 44, 48, 101 Radionuclide Imaging, 58, 101 Rectum, 84, 89, 92, 95, 100, 101 Recurrence, 18, 101 Red Nucleus, 84, 101 Refer, 1, 87, 91, 101 Regurgitation, 92, 93, 101 Remission, 101 Retinoblastoma, 68, 102 Retrospective, 23, 102 Risk factor, 100, 102 S Saline, 4, 102

Index 111

Salivary, 98, 102, 106 Sclerosis, 68, 102 Screening, 87, 102 Secretion, 7, 19, 97, 99, 102 Seizures, 99, 102 Semen, 100, 102 Senile, 98, 102 Sex Determination, 69, 102 Side effect, 102, 104 Sigmoid, 102 Sigmoidoscopy, 58, 102 Sinoatrial Node, 98, 102 Small intestine, 57, 85, 90, 94, 95, 101, 102 Smooth muscle, 91, 95, 102, 103 Social Support, 102, 103 Sound wave, 101, 102 Spastic, 95, 103 Specialist, 73, 89, 103 Species, 92, 96, 101, 103 Sphincter, 14, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 43, 103 Spinal cord, 87, 103 Sporadic, 102, 103 Stool, 95, 103 Stress, 58, 92, 95, 97, 103 Stress management, 58, 103 Stricture, 13, 20, 29, 103 Stromal, 20, 103 Subacute, 94, 103 Subclinical, 94, 102, 103 Subcutaneous, 90, 95, 98, 103 Substance P, 102, 103 Symphysis, 100, 103 Symptomatic, 7, 9, 19, 20, 29, 30, 36, 37, 41, 98, 103 Systemic, 84, 94, 103 Systolic, 33, 103 T Tamponade, 24, 103 Telangiectasia, 69, 104 Thalamic, 84, 104 Thalamic Diseases, 84, 104 Thoracic, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 40, 89, 104, 106 Thrombosis, 100, 104

Time Management, 103, 104 Tissue, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104 Tomography, 58, 104 Torsion, 41, 94, 104 Toxic, iv, 58, 90, 104 Toxic Hepatitis, 58, 104 Toxicology, 66, 104 Toxins, 84, 94, 104 Trachea, 99, 104 Transfection, 85, 104 Trauma, 85, 91, 97, 98, 104 Tricyclic, 43, 104 Truncal, 15, 104 Tuberous Sclerosis, 69, 104 U Ulcer, 10, 12, 21, 33, 45, 90, 99, 104 Ulceration, 19, 31, 104 Ulcerative colitis, 44, 58, 95, 104 Unconscious, 94, 105 Uraemia, 98, 105 Urethra, 100, 105 Urine, 85, 93, 100, 105 Uterus, 91, 95, 104, 105 V Vagina, 89, 104, 105 Vagotomy, 15, 35, 37, 41, 44, 45, 105 Vagus Nerve, 104, 105 Vascular, 94, 105 Vasculitis, 98, 105 Veins, 58, 85, 91, 105 Venous, 89, 93, 100, 105 Ventricle, 33, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 105 Viral, 58, 105 Viral Hepatitis, 58, 105 Virus, 105 Vivo, 25, 105 Volvulus, 19, 29, 105 W Windpipe, 99, 105 X Xerostomia, 58, 106 X-ray, 84, 88, 91, 101, 106

112 Hiatus Hernia

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