Hesperia, Volume 59, Issue 1 - Proceedings of the First International Conference on Archaic Greek Architectural Terracottas

HESPERIA

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF THE JOURNAL ATHENS AT STUDIES CLASSICAL OF VOLUME

59:

NUMBER

1

JANUARY-MARCH 1990

FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS

DECORATED ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS FROM THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS: CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITION

AMERICAN

SCHOOL

OF CLASSICAL STUDIES

AT ATHENS

HESPERIA

(USPS

VOL. 59, No. 1.

112-590)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

Proceedingsof the First InternationalConferenceon Archaic Greek ArchitecturalTerracottas.......

1-323

CHRISTINAVLASSOPOULOU: Decorated Architectural Terracottas from the Athenian Acropolis: Catalogue

of Exhibition

American DcDoolof Clasofcal

Dtubtec at atbenf

COMMITTEE:Leslie P. Day (Chairman), Mabel L. Lang, Steven Lattimore, James R. PUBLICATIONS

McCredie (ex officio), Susan I. Rotroff, Michael B. Walbank.

Marian Holland McAllister. EDITOROF PUBLICATIONS:

HESPERIA. The annual subscription price is $40.00 net in the United States, $46.00 net in Canada and other countries, payable in advance in dollars. Published quarterly. Single fascicules (current and back numbers when available) $11.00 in the United States, $12.50 in Canada and other countries, postpaid. Volumes I-XLI, Index Volume I (Hesperia 1-10, and Supplements I-V), and Supplements I-XI should be ordered from Swets and Zeitlinger, B. V., P.O. Box 801, 2160 SZ Lisse, The Netherlands, Volume XLII and following and Supplements XII and following from the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, c/o The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0631, U. S. A. Single fascicules of Hesperia 59.1 available at $40.00 plus postage. Index to Hesperia, Volumes 11-20, Supplements VII-IX. vi + 434 pages quarto, paper, 1968. Supplement XII: The Athenian Constitution after Sulla. By DANIEL J. GEAGAN.1967. Supplement XIII: Marcus Aurelius, Aspects of Civic and Cultural Policy in the East. By JAMES H. OLIVER.1970.

SupplementXIV: The Political Organizationof Attica. By JOHNS. TRAILL.1975. Supplement XV: The Lettering of an Athenian Mason. By STEPHENV. TRACY.1975. Supplement XVI: A Sanctuary of Zeus on Mount Hymettos. By MERLEK. LANGDON.1976. Supplement XVII: Kallias of Sphettos and the Revolt of Athens in 286 B.C. By T. LESLIESHEAR,JR. 1978. Supplement XIX: Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History and Topography. 1982. Supplement XX: Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography. 1982.

1986. SupplementXXI: Excavationsat Pylos in Elis. By JOHNCOLEMAN. Supplement XXII: Attic Grave Reliefs that Represent Women in the Dress of Isis. By ELIZABETHJ. WALTERS.1988. Publication office: c/o The Institute for Advanced Study, Olden Lane, Princeton, New Jersey. Produced at 242 S. Eden Street, Baltimore, Md. 21231. All communications for the Editor should be sent to THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS c/o

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ISSN 0018-098X ISBN 87661- 500-0

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS DECEMBER

2-4, 1988

EDITED BY

NANCY A. WINTER

n

AMERICAN

SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS . GLOSSARY . WILLIAM

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D. E. COULSON:Opening Remarks

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NANCY A. WINTER: Defining Regional Styles in Archaic Greek Architectural Terracottas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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CHRISTIANLE ROY: Les terres cuites architecturales de Delphes vingt ans apres la publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

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JOACHIMHEIDEN: Die archaischen Dacher von Olympia MARY C. ROEBUCK:Archaic Architectural

NANCY K. COOPER:Archaic Architectural MARIE-FRANyOISE

Terracottas from Corinth

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d'Argos et d'Epidaure.

BILLOT:Terres cuites architecturales

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47 65

Terracottas from Halieis and Bassai .

Notes de typologie et d'histoire . . . . . . K.

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KOLOKOTSAS: AppuoVLKESXapa4e?L (rra apXaLKa apXLTreKTrovKa 7r7Xlva rov . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . .. 'Apyovs KaL Ts27 Erbapov

Antefixes from the Argive Heraion . . . .

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CHRISTOPHERA. PFAFF: Three-peaked BERIT WELLS: The Asine Sima.

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VERONIKA MITSOPOULOS-LEON:Ein neuer Antefixtyp

aus dem Heiligtum

der

Artemis in Lousoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

163

HUBNER: Die Dachterrakotten

der archaischen Tempel von Kalapodi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 . (Phokis) F. DAKORONIA: ApXaiLK' KEpa/dles, a7TrOT77VAvaToALK . . . . . . 175 r AoKpa

GERHILD

AENNE OHNESORG:Archaic Roof Tiles from the Heraion on Samos . . . . . . .

181

EVA SIMANTONI-BOURNIAS: Chian Relief Pottery and its Relationship to Chian and East Greek Architectural Terracottas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193

JACQUES Y. PERREAULT:L'atelier de potier archaique

de Phari (Thasos):

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PETER SCHNEIDER:New Information from the Discovery of an Archaic Tiled Roof in Ionia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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La production de tuiles .

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KONRADZIMMERMANN: Archaische Dachterrakotten MADELEINE MERTENS-HORN

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aus Histria

AND LUISA VIOLA: Archaische

griechischer Typologie in Delphi und Olympia VOLKERKASTNER:Scheibenformige

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west-

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Akrotere in Griechenland

und Italien

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

An East Greek Master Coroplast at Late Archaic Morgantina JOHN F. KENFIELD: CHARLOTTE The Artemision Sima and its Possible Antecedents . WIKANDER:

265

. . . . Archaic Roof Tiles: The First Generations. ORJANWIKANDER: ERNST-LUDWIGSCHWANDNER: Uberlegungen zur technischen Struktur und Dachterrakotten . . . . . . . . . . ... archaischer Formentwicklung

285

RAINERC. S. FELSCH:Further Stamped Roof Tiles from Central Greece, Attica, . and the Peloponnese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLATES 1-56

CHRISTINA Decorated Architectural Terracottas from the Athenian VLASSOPOULOU:

Acropolis:Catalogue of Exhibition

275

291 301

ABBREVIATIONS In additionto the abbreviationslisted in the AmericanJournalof Archaeology90, 1986, pp. 384-394 and 92, 1988, pp. 629-630, the following are used: = A.Akerstr6m,Die architektonischenTerrakottenKleinasiens,Lund 1966 = E. Buschor,"AltsamischerBauschmuck,"AM 72, 1957, pp. 1-34 = N. K. Cooper, The Developmentof Roof Revetment in the Peloponnese,diss. Universityof Minnesota, 1983 (Studiesin MediterraneanArchaeology,forthcoming) CorinthIV, i = I. Thallon-Hill and L. S. King, Corinth,IV, i, DecoratedArchitecturalTerracottas, Cambridge,Mass. 1929 = NFGH G. Dontas, Dontas, "Denkmalerund Geschichte eines kerkyraischenHeiligtums,"NFGH, pp. 121-133 = E. Dyggve Dyggve, Das Laphrion.Der Tempelbezirkvon Kalydon,Copenhagen 1948 = 1979 R. C. S. Felsch, "BoiotischeZiegelwerkstattenarchaischer Zeit," AM 94, 1979, Felsch, pp. 1-40 1987 R. = C. S. Felsch, "Berichtiiber die Grabungenim Heiligtum der ArtemisElaphebolos Felsch, und des Apollon von Hyampolis 1978-1982," AA (JdI 102) 1987, pp. 1-24 Felsch and Schuler, = R. C. S. Felsch and H. Schuler, "Apollonund Artemis oder Artemis und Apollon? 1980 Bericht von den Grabungen im neu entdeckten Heiligtum bei Kalapodi 19731977,"AA (Jdl 95) 1980, pp. 38-112 = E. D. Van Buren, GreekFictile Revetmentsin the ArchaicPeriod, London 1926 GFR GM = L. Shoe, Profilesof GreekMouldings, Cambridge,Mass. 1936 = J. Heiden, KorinthischeDachziegel. Zur Entwicklung der korinthischenDacher, 1987 Heiden, Frankfurt 1987 1975 = G. "Dachterrakottenim Magazin des Museums von Nauplia," in Tiryns. Huiibner, HuAbner, Forschungenund BerichteVIII, Mainz 1975, pp. 117-136 Koch = H. Koch, "Studienzu den campanischenDachterrakotten,"RM 30, 1915, pp. 1-115 = K. A. Rhomaios, "Die Dachterrakotten,"in G. Rodenwaldt,Korkyra,I, Der ArteKorkyraI mistempel, Berlin 1940, pp. 97-162 = C. Le Roy, Fouilles de Delphes, II, Les terrescuites architecturales,Paris 1967 Le Roy, 1967 Martin = R. Martin, Manuel d'architecturegrecque I, Paris 1965 Mertens-Horn, 1978 = M. Mertens-Horn, "Beobachtungenan dadalischen Tondachern,"JdI 93, 1978, pp. 30-65 NFGH = Neue Forschungenin griechischenHeiligtiimern,Tubingen 1976 = W. Dorpfeld and R. Bormann,in E. Curtius and F. Adler, Olympia.Die Ergebnisse Olympia II der Ausgrabungen,II, Die Baudenkmiler, Berlin 1892 Orlandos = A. Orlandos,Les matefriauxde constructionet la techniquearchitecturaledes anciens grecs I, Paris 1966 = K. Rhomaios, Kcpaot rijs KaXAv8avos, Rhomaios Athens 1951 = H. S. Robinson, "Roof Tiles of the Early Seventh Century B.C.," AM 99, 1984, Robinson,AM pp. 55-66 = H. S. Robinson, "Temple Hill, Corinth,"NFGH, pp. 239-260 Robinson,NFGH = H. S. Robinson, "Excavationsat Corinth:Temple Hill: 1968-1972," Hesperia 45, Robinson,TH 1976, pp. 203-239 Schwandner,1985 = E.-L. Schwandner, Der dltere Porostempel der Aphaia auf Aigina (Denkmiiler antikerArchitektur16), Berlin 1985

ATK Buschor, 1957 N. Cooper, 1983

6

ABBREVIATIONS

TdA I, II

= E. Buschor, Die Tonddcher der Akropolis, I, Simen, II, Stirnziegel, Berlin 1929-1933

Vlassopoulou

= C. Vlassopoulou, Decorated Architectural Terracottas from the Athenian Acropolis:

C. Wikander, 1986

= C. Wikander, Sicilian Architectural Terracottas. A Reappraisal (Skrifter utgivna av SvenskaInstituteti Rom, 80, 15), Stockholm1986

Catalogueof Exhibition, Princeton 1989 (also appears in Hesperia 59, fasc. 1, 1990)

0. Wikander,1-988 = 0. Wikander,"AncientRoof-tiles-Use and Function,"OpAth17, 1988, pp.203-216 = C. K. Williams, II, "Demaratusand Early CorinthianRoofs,"in 17tj-r. TOplOSels Williams, -TT']\1 NutKoXaov KoVroXAeoVro,Athens 1978, pp. 345-350 lAvri,rlT

GLOSSARY Acrotere.See Akroterion. AyeXaL'a KepatLs.See Plain tile. See Antefix. AKpoKe'pap,o. AKROTERION (Fr. acrotere, Germ. Akroterion, Gk. aKpOTnptov). A decorative element, such as a

statue, placed at the edges of the roof, either at the cornersof the pedimentor along the ridge. See Ovolo. A1AV'yaXo. AvayAv7rra fv4XXa.See gadroon.

Antefissa.See Antefix. ANTEFIX (Fr. antefixe, It. antefissa, Germ. Stirnzie-

gel, Gk. aKpoKepapo).The plaque which closes

the lower end of the bottommostcover tile of each row of overlapping cover tiles running from the ridge down to the eaves. ANTHEMION.A floral chain pattern.

Baguette. See Torus. Bandeau.See Fascia, Taenia. Bastoncino.See Torus. Bec de corbin.See Hawksbeak. Becco di civetta.See Hawksbeak. Blattstab.See Tongue pattern. Blattstabsima.See Cavettosima. Canale di gronda.See Waterspout. Cavet. See Cavetto. CAVETTO(Fr. cavet, It. gola, Germ. Kehle, HohlA concave molding. kehle, Gk. KoLAXcoJLa). CAVETTOSIMA(Fr. sima en cavet, Germ. Blattstab-

sima). A rakingsima with cavettoprofile,generally carryingthe painted decorationof a tongue patternabovea single or doubleguilloche. Chainette. See Guilloche. Colmo. See Ridge. TILE (Germ. Flach- und Deckziegel, COMBINATION Gk. KEpap,se7rTLvyos). A tile which has the pan

and coverelements manufacturedin one piece. Corinthiansima. See Ovolo sima. Couvre-joint.See Cover tile. COVERTILE (Fr. couvre-joint, Germ. Deckziegel, Gk. KaAv7rTTpas). The tile designed to cover

the space between adjacentpan tiles, to protect the interstices and the wooden beam below; it sits on top of the two pan tiles.

Dachziegel. See Roof tile. Deckziegel. See Covertile. Doric leaf. See Tongue pattern. Doric tongue. See Tongue pattern. EAVES(Fr. egout, rive, Germ. Trauf). The bottom edge of a sloped roof. EAVESTILE (Fr. tuile d'egout or de rive, Germ. Traufziegel

or Traufrand,

Gk. o-TpwT7pas

The bottommostpan tile of each row -qyE?oWv). of overlappingpan tiles running from the ridge down to the eaves. Ecailles. See Scale pattern. Egout. See Eaves. See Volute. 'EXLKaS.

Emissaired'eau. See Waterspout. Engobe. See Slip. E7raeTs O-4l,J.See Raking sima. E7re'bvvrvo.See Revetment plaque. See Slip. E7ridXpLrua.

Faite. See Ridge. Falz. See Flange. FASCIA (Fr. bandeau, It. listello di base or di zoccolo,

Germ. Plattenborte, Sockel, Gk. aro-a).The flat, verticalpart of the plaque at the bottomof a sima. Feuille dorique.See Tongue pattern. Filet. See Taenia. First. See Ridge. Firstpalmette.See Ridge palmette. Firstziegel. See Ridge tile. Flach- und Deckziegel. See Combinationtile. Flachziegel. See Pan tile. FLANGE (Fr. recouvrement, Germ. Falz). A tongue

projecting from one edge of a piece (pan tile, raking sima) to overlapthe next lower piece on the slope. Flechtband.See Guilloche. Frontleiste.See Taenia. GADROON

(Gk. avayAv7rra fvXA\a). A tongue in

convexrelief. Gargouille. See Waterspout.

GLOSSARY

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GEISONTILE (Germ. Geisonziegel). An eaves tile

with a curvedsoffitforminga drip. Geisonziegel.See Geison tile. GewohnlicheZiegel. See Plain tile. Giebelsima.See Raking sima. Gola. See Cavetto. GUILLOCHE (Fr. chainette, tresse, It. treccia, Germ. A cable pattern. Flechtband,Gk. 7rAoXoXM). Half-round. See Torus. HAWKSBEAK (Fr. bec de corbin, It. becco di civetta, Germ. Uberschlagskarnies, Gk. KovKovf,ayta).

A concaveprofile which resemblesthe beak of a hawk. HIP ROOF(Fr. toit a croupe or a aretier, Germ. A doubleWalmdach, Gk. o-reyry TpLp'lXrT7). roof with a third at one short end sloped slope in place of a pediment. Hohlkehle. See Cavetto. KaXov7tir.See Mold.

KaAv7rrT rpas. See Covertile. Kehle. See Cavetto. See Raking sima. E7raETrs. KepaCigs Kepa,usl7rapaerLT.See Lateral sima. See Combinationtile. KepapIlsE7rLCvyos. Kepa/LisKopvfala. See Ridge tile. See Roof tile. rs o-re-yrys. KepaLt'Is See Cavetto. KoLCXwOia. Kopv4'. See Ridge. KovKov/3ayta. See Hawksbeak. See Molding. KViALTLo. Languette.See Tongue pattern. Lastra. See Plaque. Lastre. See Plaque. LATERALSIMA(Fr. sima laterale, sima d'egout or de

rive, It. sima laterale, Germ. Traufsima, Gk. 7rapaeTist crLM7r,KepaMiL 7rapaeTIV). The sima which runs along the sides of a roof at the bottom of the slope. Linguetta.See Tongue pattern. Listel. See Taenia. Listello di base. See Fascia. Listello di coronamento.See Taenia. Listello di zoccolo.See Fascia. Listello superiore.See Taenia. Aovpita. See Taenia.

Matrix. See Mold. Matrize. See Mold. Megarian sima. See Ovolo sima. M?rpa. See Mold. MOLD(Fr. matrix, moule, Germ. Matrize, Gk. ,IjTpa, KaXovTL). The form into which clay is

pressedto manufacturemultiple copies. (Fr. moulure, It. sagoma, Germ. ProfilA contouredornamenton leiste, Gk. Kv/uaaTLo). the visible face of a piece. Moule. See Mold. Moulure. See Molding.

MOLDING

-rovAos. See Terracotta. OT7r6 Ove. See Ovolo. OVOLO (Fr. ovolo, It. ovoloor ove, Germ. Wulst, Gk. A convex molding forming almost aju1vybaXo). one quarterof a circle. OVOLOSIMA (also Corinthian or Megarian sima,

Germ. Wellensima). A raking sima with an ovolo profile above a fascia, over which is generally painted an anthemion. PAN TILE (Fr. tuile courante, Germ. Flachziegel, Gk. mrTpwTrjpaS). The tile designed to carry

rain water off a sloped roof. HIapaerisipor4j.See Lateral sima. PLAINTILE (Germ. gewohnliche Ziegel, Gk. ayeXala KEpa,isA).The ordinary tiles of the roof

slope. HXdaKa.See Plaque. PLAQUE(Fr. lastre, It. lastra, Germ. Platte, Gk. 7rXaKa).A vertical element which can be sepa-

rate or attachedto one end of a covertile (forming an antefix) or a pan tile (forminga sima). Platte. See Plaque. Plattenborte.See Fascia. o. See Guilloche. mIAoyx Profilleiste.See Molding. Pa/38oyXvfo. See Torus. RAKINGSIMA(Fr. sima de rampant, sima rampante,

It. sima di rampante, sima rampante, Germ. Giebelsima,Schragsima,Gk. E7raerT?lr4A7r,KEpadl's E7TaErTL).The sima which runs along the

edge of the pediment (the rakes). Recouvrement.See Flange.

GLOSSARY Revetement.See Revetmentplaque. REVETMENT PLAQUE(Fr. revetement, It. rivestimenGerm. to, Verkleidungsplatte, Gk. e7rEvbv0-?)).

A plaque which is generally nailed to a wooden element to protectit. RIDGE(Fr. faite, It. colmo, Germ. First, Gk. Kopvrin). The apex of a sloped roof, at the ridge beam. RIDGEPALMETTE (Germ. Firstpalmette). An updecorated with a palmetteon both right plaque to the attached faces, ridge tile. RIDGE TILE (Fr. tuile faitiere, Germ. Firstziegel, Gk. Kepacld Kopv(ala). The uppermost pan and/or cover tile which overlapsthe ridge of a sloped roof.

Rive. See Eaves. Rivestimento.See Revetmentplaque. Roll. See Torus. ROOFTILE (Fr. tuile, It. tegola, Germ. Dachziegel, Gk. K?pap,tlsr7ts orreyqy). A piece of fired clay, generally laid on the roof to overlap and be overlappedby another, to protect the building below.

Rundstab.See Torus. Sagoma. See Molding. SCALE PATTERN (Fr. ecailles, It. scaglie, Germ. Schuppenmuster, Gk. fvAX\a foXtbOdra).A painted design resembling overlapping fish scales.

Schragsima.See Raking sima. Schuppenmuster.See Scale pattern. Scaglie. See Scale pattern. SIMA. A pan tile with a vertical plaque attached

along one edge to divertrain water off the roof. Sima d'egout.See Lateral sima. Sima de rampant.See Raking sima. Sima de rive. See Lateral sima. Sima di rampante.See Raking sima. Sima en cavet. See Cavettosima. Sima laterale. See Lateral sima. Sima laterale. See Lateral sima. Sima rampant.See Raking sima. Sima rampante.See Raking sima.

Sockel.See Fascia. Erey,? TpLplXTr?.See Hip roof.

Stirnleiste.See Taenia. Stirnziegel.See Antefix. See Pan tile. -rpworTpaS. TrpwT7rpasr?ye/ucov.See Eaves tile. TAENIA(Fr. bandeau, filet, listel, tainia, It. listello di

coronamento, listello superiore, Germ. Stirnleiste, Frontleiste, Gk. 'ralvia, Xovplba).A flat band running across the top of a sima or the front edge of an eaves tile. Tainia. See Taenia. TaLvla.See Taenia. Tegola. See Roof tile, Tile. TERRACOTTA (Fr. terre cuite, It. terra cotta, Germ. Fired clay. Terrakotta,Gk. OTTOd wXAods). Terre cuite. See Terracotta. TILE (Fr. tuile, It. tegola, Germ. Ziegel). See Roof tile. Toit a croupeor a aretier.See Hip roof. Tondino. See Torus. TONGUEPATTERN (also Doric leaf or tongue, Fr. or feuille dorique, It. linguetta, languette Germ. Blattstab, Zungenmuster,Gk. fvAXxo). A row of panels with roundedends at the top. Tore. See Torus. TORUS (also half-round, roll, Fr. baguette, tore,

It. bastoncino, tondino, Germ. Rundstab, Wulst, Gk. pa/,b6'yAvfo).A convex,half-round molding. Trauf. See Eaves. Traufrand.See Eaves tile. Traufsima. See Lateral sima. Traufziegel. See Eaves tile. Treccia. See Guilloche. Tresse. See Guilloche. Tubo di gronda.See Waterspout. Tuile. See Roof tile. Tuile courante.See Pan tile. Tuile faitiere. See Ridge tile. Tuile d'egout.See Eaves tile. Tuile de rive. See Eaves tile.

SLIP (Fr. engobei Germ. Uberzug, Gr. e7rlXpl-r,uLa).

A thin layer of purified clay spread in liquified form across the surface of the piece before firing.

9

Uberschlagskarnies.See Hawksbeak. Uberzug. See Slip. Y8poppo'?.See Waterspout.

10

GLOSSARY

Verkleidungsplatte.See Revetmentplaque. Voluta. See Volute. VOLUTE (Fr. and Germ. volute, It. voluta, Gr. EAtKas).A band which coils into a spiral. Io-ra.See Fascia. 4>vAAafoXtbora. See Scale pattern. See Tongue pattern. 1X>vAAo.

Wasserspeier.See Waterspout. WATERSPOUT (Fr. emissaire d'eau,gargouille,It. canale or tubo di gronda, Germ. Wasserausguss, Wasserspeier, Gr. vbpopport).The opening through a lateral sima or akroterionbase at the eavesthroughwhich rain water is discharged. Wellensima. See Ovolo sima. Wulst. See Ovolo, Torus.

Walmdach.See Hip roof. Wasserausguss.See Waterspout.

Ziegel. See Tile. Zungenmuster.See Tongue pattern.

Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of the American School of Classical Studies, I would like to welcome you to the School this morning to this First International Conference on Archaic Greek Architectural Terracottas. The conference is sponsored by the American School, and I thank you all for coming.

This conferenceis important for two reasons. First of all, it is the first international conferenceon Archaic Greek architecturalterracottasto be held anywhere. As such, it brings togethera truly internationalgroup of scholars.The talks reflectthe wide variety of work that is presently being accomplishedin the study of Greek terracottas.In the past, finds of terracottashave been relativelyneglectedby excavators,but the situation is beginning to change,as this conferencereflects.Great interestis now being shown in the field, for, in the Archaic period especially,the presenceof architecturalterracottasoften providesthe only evidencefor the existence of buildings. Further, the typologies now being established can provide criteria for dating. On a broaderscale, the study of early terracottasprovides material that adds to the discussions on the developmentof the form and material of the Greek temple and its decorativeadornment. The papers of this conferencerange widely and cover most of the ancient world from mainland Greece and the islands to Ionia and the western colonies. The concentrationis, however, on mainland Greece. The first day containspapers on material from sites principally in the Corinthiaand the Argolid.The terracottasfrom Delphi and Kalapodialso play an importantpart in the program.The secondday expands the topic to include the Aegean islands and sites furtherafield, such as Didyma, Histria, and Morgantina.The topic has by no means been exhausted, but we hope that we have made a start by bringing together scholarsfrom the United States and Europe to presentand discusstheir material and ideas. Since the material presented in the papers is of the utmost importanceand urgently needs to be brought before the public in order to further scholarly research, we plan to publish the proceedingsof the conferencein a forthcomingissue of Hesperia. We hope that the discussionsscheduledafter every one or two papers will be extensive and will also contribute much to increaseour knowledgeof the developmentof Archaicterracottas. The two excursions that follow the conferencehave been planned so that sites where importantdiscoverieshave been made can be visited. The first trip goes to Corinth, Nemea, Argos, and Tiryns, and the second to Delphi and Kalapodi. You will, therefore, have a chanceto examine the physical remainsafter the presentationof the evidencein the papers. The second reason for the importanceof this conferenceis that it is the first one to be held by the AmericanSchooland thus marksan importantevent in the historyof the School. Since membersof the AmericanSchoolhave long been involvedin the study of architectural terracottas,I cannot think of a more appropriatesubjectfor the School'sfirst international conference.I believe that the School should play a more active role in bringing together

WILLIAM D. E. COULSON

12

scholars from different parts of the world, and we hope to invite you back for other conferencesin the future. We have in mind a second internationalconferenceon the Archaic architecturalterracottasof Magna Graecia. The conferencecould never have been made possible without three factors. First and foremost is the anonymous donor who has providedthe funds for the conference;to this donorwe must remain deeply grateful.Secondis the initiativeof the librarianof our Blegen Library,Dr. Nancy Winter, whose idea this conferencewas and who has taken chargeof its organization.As you can appreciate,this has entailed a lot of work, and on behalf of the School, I would like to thank Nancy Winter for making it all happen so smoothly. And third, I would like to thank the staff of the Schoolwhich has workedextremelyhard for this conference. Dr. Robert Bridges, the School Secretary, has supervised the audio-visual equipment. Mrs. loanna Driva, our business manager, has handled all the financial arrangements;the Director's secretary,Mrs. Maria Pilali, has done much of the secretarial work; and our principal receptionist,Christina Traitorou, has done the translationsof the abstractsfound in the conferencepackets.To all of these and to the other staff of the School whose names it would be impossiblefor me to mentionindividually,we are all very grateful. The staff of the Schooljoins me in wishing this conferenceevery success. WILLIAMD. E. COULSON

Director AMERICAN

SCHOOL

OF CLASSICAL

54 Souidias Street GR-106 76 Athens, Greece December 2, 1988

STUDIES

AT ATHENS

DEFINING REGIONAL STYLES IN ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS (PLATES 1, 2) T

WO MAIN SYSTEMSof tiled roofshavelong beenknownto have dominatedthe

architectureof the ancient Greek world: they are called Laconian and Corinthian, names which are documentedin epigraphical sources of Classical and Hellenistic date.1 Laconian roofs (Figs. 1, 2) are characterizedby large, concavepan tiles which drain rainwater from the slopes and narrower, convex cover tiles, so called because they cover the spaces between pan tiles. Corinthian roofs (Figs. 3, 4) have relatively flat pan tiles and pitchedcovertiles. This simple and straightforwarddistinctionbetweenthe two systemshas long been acceptedas providinga clear pictureof the tiled roofsof ancientGreece,and every roof with curvedtiles has been labeled as Laconian,while those with flat and pitched tiles are called Corinthian.I would like to suggest, however,that the picture during the Archaic period is considerablymore complex and that various regions evolved their own roofing systemswhich are characterizedboth by technicaland by decorativefeatures.The situation has been obscured by the fact that many roofs are found outside their originating city or region. In order to clarify the picture, one must determinethe features that characterize each roof within a given city and then associate the roofs of identical type which occur elsewhere. In general a regional picture emerges, except for the examples found further afield in internationalsanctuariesor in places with politicalties to the originatingcenter.In sanctuaries,small buildings such as treasuries often used roof decorationcharacteristicof the dedicatingcity, probablyso that it would be readily identifiable. The Laconiansystemis well documentedin the numerousfragmentsfound in the excavationsof the sanctuaryof ArtemisOrthia at Sparta,many of them stratigraphicallydatable thanks to the flooding of the near-by river, an event which was probably greeted by the ancient Spartans with less enthusiasm than by modern archaeologists.These fragments demonstratethat Laconian-systemroofs, as known at Sparta, have a limited range of elements. The pan tiles are large and concave,the covertiles narrowerand convex, the ridge I First identifiedby W. Dorpfeld, "Die Skeutothekdes Philon,"AM 8, 1883 (pp. 147-164), p. 162; Martin, pp. 67, 70-72; Orlandos,pp. 82-83. I would like to thank Kostis Iliakis, who made the drawingspublished here. In no case is the entire roof preserved, and so the reconstructionshave been made accordingto the available information. Most often lacking are the plain tiles and the full widths of the raking simas and eaves tiles. Frequently cited works are abbreviatedas follows: Daux = G. Daux, Guide de Thasos,Paris 1968 Dawkins = The Sanctuaryof ArtemisOrthiaat Sparta (JHS, Suppl. 5), R. M. Dawkins, ed., London 1929 Launey = M. Launey, Etudes thasiennes, I, Le Sanctuaireet le culte d'Herakles a Thasos, Paris 1944 Rhomaios, 1957 = K. A. Rhomaios, ,'ApX'Eo 1957, pp. 114-163

14

NANCY A. WINTER

o

FIG.

~~~~~0,50

1. Roof of the Heraion at Olympia. Drawing by K. Iliakis

tiles convexwith openings for the covertiles; all are paintedwith blackor red glaze.2At the apex of the pediment, capping the end of the ridge tile, sat disk akroteriawith numerous molded elements;the earlier examples are monochromeblack, the later ones polychrome, 2 Dawkins, pp.

142-143 (pan and covertiles), no. 37, p. 141, fig. 100 (ridge tile).

REGIONAL STYLES IN ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS

Filln

I

K

FIG.2. Roof of the Heraion at Olympia. Drawing by K. Iliakis

15

NANCY A. WINTER

16

0

0,50

FIG. 3. Roof of the secondTemple of Apollo at Corinth. Drawing by K. Iliakis

and they carrymany of the same patternsfound on Laconianpottery,a fact which helps in dating them (P1. 39:a).3Along the edges of the pediment ran a colorful raking sima. The bottommostrow of cover tiles along the eaves consisted of curved antefixes with painted designs of primarily geometricpatterns (P1. 1:a); moldedtoruses were eventually addedto an otherwise flat, painted face.5Occasionallyantefixes were coveredby a lateral sima, an I

Dawkins, nos. 15-19, p. 137, fig. 90 (monochromeakroteria);nos. 1-14, pp. 135-137, figs. 87, 88,

pls. XXII-XXIV (polychrome akroteria). 4

Dawkins, nos. 30-33, pp. 139-140, pl. XXVI.

5Dawkins, nos. 20-28, pp. 137-139, figs. 92-94, pl. XXV.

FIG. 4. Roof of the secondTemple of Apollo at Corinth. Drawing by K. Iliakis

18

NANCY A. WINTER

unusual concept.6Geison tiles seem neverto have been an essentialpart of the canonicalLaconianroof, as only one fragmenthas been publishedfrom the Orthia excavations.7 Sparta has producedclose to half the known examples of disk akroteriaand is thought to have manufacturedmost of the similar examples found elsewhere, at near-by Amyklai and the Menelaion, and further afield at Kynouria, Bassai, and Olympia (P1. 39:b, c).8 Antefixes with crescent patterns, the earliest style of Laconian antefix, occur only fairly close to Sparta, at the Menelaion, Amyklai, and Epidauros Limera in Lakonia, and just north of Lakonia at Kynouriaand Bigla near Tegea.9 Other types of decorationnot documentedin Sparta, however,occur on roofs with Laconian-styletiles. Should these be considereda manifestationof the same system, which an accidentof history has left unrecordedin Sparta itself? I think not. A series of small disk akroteriawith proportionatelyheavy molded decoration,often thought to be antefixes because of their scale, are found on roofs in Arkadia,for example, and may indicatea regional variation. They occur at Bigla and Methydrion, with an archaizingversion from Lusoi.10 An Arkadian regional system may also favor curved antefixes with molded figural decoration, not documentedat Sparta, such as the heraldic sphinxes from Bassai discussedby Nancy Cooper (pp. 87, 89 below, figs. 19, 20), and the Gorgoneiafrom Alipheira.IIAnother feature of the Arkadian system may be a geison tile with a cavettoprofile and painted tongue pattern, examples of which have been found at Bigla, at Alipheira along with the Gorgoneionantefixesjust mentioned,and at Olympia, where they occur on the Bouleuterion togetherwith semicircularantefixes also decoratedwith Gorgoneia.12 The same approachto the Corinthiansystem produceseven clearerresults. I will give here only the most general outline of Corinthian roofs at Corinth, as Mrs. Roebuck discusses these pieces in greater detail (pp. 47-49 below). Terracottaroofs at Corinth13down 6 Dawkins, no. 33 A, B, p. 140, fig. 98. 7 Dawkins, no. 36, p. 141, fig. 99, shown upside down. This fact might indicate,however,that geison tiles were not recognizedas such and thereforewere not saved. 8 H. Lauter-Bufe, "Entstehungund Entwicklungdes kombiniertenlakonischenAkroters,"AM 89, 1974 (pp. 205-230), pp. 213-214. 9 Menelaion: Dawkins, p. 122, fig. 95. The Amyklaion examples are more canonical,though also larger than most of the Sparta antefixes: W. von Massow, "Vom Amyklaion,"AM 52, 1927 (pp. 34-63), p. 43, fig. 22; Dawkins, no. 11, p. 122. Epidauros Limera: Koch, p. 95, fig. 46. Kynouria:K. A. Rhomaios,<JIEpLohELa Kara r712VKvvovpL'av>>, fIpaKrLKa1953 (pp. 250-257), p. 253, fig. 2. Bigla: Koch, pp. 87-88; Rhomaios, 1957, pp. 117-118, fig. 3; N. D. Papahatzis, IIavo-av'a, aAXLK KaL APKabLK& Athens 1980, p. 382, fig. 419. The same fragmentsare publishedas being from Pallantion:BCH 83, 1959, pp. 626-628, fig. 18. 10 Bigla: Rhomaios, 1957, pp. 118-119, figs. 6-7; Papahatzis (footnote 9 above), p. 381, fig. 418. Methydrion:F. F. Hiller von Gaertringenand H. Lattermann,ArkadischeForschungen,Berlin 1911, pp. 35-36, figs. 9, 11; GFR, p. 180, no. 8, fig. 107 center. Lusoi: W. Reichel and A. Wilhelm, "Das Heiligthum der Artemiszu Lusoi,"OJh4,1901 (pp. 1-89), pp. 61-62, fig. 128; Koch,pp. 90-91; GFR, p. 180, no. 6; LauterBufe (footnote8 above), p. 213, said to be too small for an akroterionand classifiedas an antefix. ' A. Orlandos, 'H 'pKa8LK % 'Aa'4ELpa KaLT% , Athens 1967-1968, pp. 78-79, 112-113, rplAC figs. 52, 85-87. 12 Bigla: Rhomaios, 1957, p. 123, fig. 14. Alipheira:Orlandos,op. cit., p. 114, fig. 88. Olympia:OlympiaII, pi. CXVI:3-4. 13 The generalizationsgiven here refer to the overall patternpresentedby the majorityof pieces at Corinth. Exceptionsto the patternare the antefixesof two roofswhich I would classifyas part of the Argive system (see

REGIONAL STYLES IN ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS

19

a

0

b FIG. 5. Roof 9 from Delphi. Drawings by K. Iliakis

~~~~o,so

20

NANCY A. WINTER

o

0,50

FIG.6. Roof of the Megarian Treasury at Olympia. Drawing by K. Iliakis

to the third quarter of the 6th centuryB.C., if I am correct,are characterizedby the use of combinationtiles, that is, tiles in which the pan and coverelementsare formedas one piece. As mentionedbefore, Corinthianpan tiles are relativelyflat, while the cover tiles rise to a peak at the center. During the first half of the 6th century B.C. (Fig. 5:b), the decoration below, Fig. 9:a, b, and P1. 5, FA 547 and FA 24). The first of these antefixeswas found in the Demeter Sanctuary and so could representthe dedicationof a building by a pious Argive. The secondrtype comes from later fill in the city site and cannot be associated with a specific building or sanctuary, but virtually identical examples come fromArgos, Delphi, and the AthenianAkropolis,so that Corinthdoes not have exclusiveclaim to the type.

FIG.7a FIG. 7. Roof of the Megarian Treasury at Olympia. Drawing by K. Iliakis

22

NANCY A. WINTER

0

0,50

FIG.8. Roof from the sanctuaryof Aphaia on Aigina. Drawing by K. Iliakis

along the slopes of the pedimentconsistsof a raking sima with a cavettoprofile,on which is painted a tongue pattern abovea single or double guilloche. Along the eaves of the roof run pentagonal antefixes with floral motifs molded in relief and painted,joined to eaves tiles carryinga paintedguilloche (P1.5, FA 101). There is no decorationalong the ridge. During the second half of the 6th century (Fig. 4), a new style of raking sima consists of an ovolo moldingabovea flat fascia;the face of the sima is decoratedwith a doublechain of palmettes and lotus flowers, rendered in paint only (P1. 6, FS 101). At the lower corners of the pediment, akroterionbases are attached to the back of the sima, with drainage from the slope provided through lion's head spouts. Along the eaves are antefixes whose plaques projectabove the cover tile and take the form of a lotus and palmette (P1. 7, FA 3) or palmette and double volute (P1. 6, FA 16), molded in relief. These antefixes are attached to eaves tiles decoratedwith a painted guilloche (P1. 6, FT 231) or, later, a maeander.The

REGIONAL STYLES IN ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS

23

ridge covertile is now surmountedby a plaque painted on both faces with a palmette and double volute (P1. 6, FR 3). By the Late Archaic period (Figs. 6, 7), the plain tiles of the slope are separately made pan tiles and cover tiles, but the pieces at the ridge and eaves continueto be made as combinationtiles. Therefore,these combinationtiles are a consistent featureof roofs in the pure Corinthiansystem. The Corinthian system as it is documentedat Corinth thus shows a coherent style. Enough material is preservedthere to suggest that it is representativeof the Archaic production of this very important center. Many examples of roofs consistent with the style found at Corinth are found outside the Corinthia, primarily at sanctuariessuch as Delphi and Olympia. Once again I would suggestthat the roofsfoundoutsideCorinthwhich do not conformto the style as seen in Corinth itself shouldnot be consideredpart of the Corinthian systemproper. In some cases similar clays have been used, and the roofs were possiblyeven executedby workmentrained at Corinth, but the designs and conceptsare foreign to those of the pure Corinthiansystem producedat Corinth. The roofs of Aitolia, from its famous sanctuariesat Thermon and Kalydon, have long been consideredto represent stages in the developmentof the Corinthian system, stages which, by chance, are not documentedin Corinth itself. Dr. Madeleine Mertens-Horn has disputedthis interpretation.14 I too preferto see the Aitolian roofs as examples of a regional roofing system with its own characteristics.The pan and cover tiles are in most cases separately made, even at the ridge and eaves, a completedivergencefrom the practiceat Corinth. In addition,the region shows a distinctpreferencefor figural decorationin the form of human heads applied to the front of the antefix and lion's heads used as spouts all along the eaves.15The close grouping of antefixes and waterspoutson the two successiveroofs from Thermon creates the effect of a continuous sima along the eaves, a concept which is formalized into the only known Archaic lateral sima from Greece, at Kalydon.16Not only is this conceptdifferentfrom that of roofs in the pure Corinthiansystem, but most important, no similar pieces exist at Corinth. I would also separate from the Corinthian system the roofs from the Argolid. Dr. Nancy Cooper first suggestedin her master'sthesis on the Halieis roofs that a special regional systemexisted in the Argolidand on Aigina, an island with politicalties to Argos,but later in her doctoraldissertationshe viewed the style as part of the Corinthian system.17I agree with her earlier assessment.Typical of this Argive system, as she had noted, are the separatelymade pan and covertiles, includingthe elementsof the ridge and eaves. The tiles consistof flat pan tiles and pitchedcovertiles similar to those of the Corinthiansystem, but the fact that they are always separatelymade precludestheir belonging to the Corinthian 14

Mertens-Horn, 1978, pp. 30-31. See especially G. Kawerau and G. Sotiriades,"Der Apollotempelzu Thermos,"AntDenk 2,1902-1908, pp. 1-8, pls. 49, 53, 53A. 16 Dyggve, pp. 169-190, 214-225; Rhomaios, pp. 53-80. 17 N. K. Cooper, "Three Roofs from the Sanctuary of Apollo: Halieis," M.A. thesis University of Minnesota, 1977, pp. 7-30; eadem, The Developmentof Roof Revetment in the Peloponnese,diss. University of Minnesota, 1983 (SIMA, forthcoming). 15

NANCY A. WINTER

24

LtS?2 a

b

c

d

e

FIG. 9. Typology of Argive system antefixes. Drawing by K. Iliakis

REGIONAL STYLES IN ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS

FIG.

25

10. Kalapodiantefix. Drawing by K. Iliakis

system. The earliest roofs of this system, examples of which are found in the Argolid at Halieis (P1. 9:b), Mases, and the Argive Heraion (discussed by Mr. Pfaff [pp. 149-156 below, P1. 12]), and at the sanctuaryof Aphaia on Aigina (Fig. 8), with similar pieces at Delphi and Olympia,18have simple undecoratedantefixes which rise at the top to three peaks. Unlike the Corinthiansystem, a nearly contemporaryexample of which is shown in Figure 5, the antefixesare not attachedto the eaves tile but insteadsit on top of the upwardcurvingside edges of the underlyingeaves tiles and thus have a finishedbottomedge with a characteristicdouble curve. This same technical feature can be observed on a series of antefixes (Fig. 9:b) from Delphi, the AthenianAkropolis(Vlassopoulou,nos. 5, 6), Corinth (P1. 5, FA 24), and Argos (Billot, p. 105 below, fig. 2, P1. 1O:e,f), where the three peaks have now been enlargedto carry a stampeddesign. A terracottamodel of a roof of this type comes from the Athenian Akropolis (see Vlassopoulou,no. 10 bis); it has a hipped end like that of the early Temple of Zeus at Nemea which carried a similar series of antefixes (Fig. 9:c). A furtherstage in the developmentof this regionalstyle occursboth at Nemea and at Tiryns (Fig. 9:d). Dr. Billot (pp. 105-107 below) describesthese and other examples of this systemwhich preservethe three peaks at the top and the doublecurvealong the bottom, even when the decorationon the plaque face changes. Equally characteristicmay be the raking simas, which prefera flat verticalface to the cavettoof the Corinthiansima, as noted by both N. Cooper (p. 68 below) and Billot (p. 130 below, fig. 7, and P1. 10:d). For references, see the papers by C. Pfaff (pp. 149-156 below), N. Cooper (pp. 65-93 below), and J. Heiden (pp. 41-46 below). Note that some of the tiles from the Olympia roof are dated by context no later than the third quarterof the 7th centuryB.C. 18

26

NANCY A. WINTER

a

M.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M

0

b FIG. 11. Roof 12 from Delphi. Drawings by K. Iliakis

0,5f0

REGIONAL STYLES IN ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS

0

27

0,50 M. FIG.

12. Roof of the temple at Halai. Drawing by K. Iliakis

Anotherregional system with some of the same technicalfeaturesfound in the Argolid, but with a differentdecorativevocabulary,occurs in Central Greece in the areas of Thessaly, Phthiotis, Lokris, Boiotia, and possibly Euboia. Connectionsbetween these areas and Aigina, which shares the early Argive system, have already been shown by Dr. Felsch's publication of tile stamps,19and so this similarity in roofing systems should not come as a surprise. As in the Argive system, the plain tiles are separately made, flat pan tiles with pitched cover tiles, and the antefixes have a double curve along their bottom edge. The earliest example of this system thus far known occursat Kalapodi;it is discussedbelow by Dr. Htibner (pp. 167-174). Although the antefixeshave a decorationwhich is unparalleled in the Argolid, they rise at the top to three peaks and have the double curve along their bottomedge which allows them to straddletwo eavestiles (Fig. 10). One of the raking simas from this site (P1. 16:c) also has a flat verticalprofile like some found in the Argolid. Two nearly identical roofs from Delphi (Fig. 11) and the Athenian Akropolis20 may also belong to this Central Greek system, although they bear resemblancesto both the 19

Felsch, 1979, pp. 1-40. Delphi, Roof 12: Le Roy, 1967, pp. 45-47, pls. 7, 98. AthenianAkropolis:TdA I, pp. 8-10, Sima II and III, figs. 1, 9; II, p. 35, Antefix V, fig. 46, pl. 2; Vlassopoulou,nos. 20-23. 20

28

NANCY A. WINTER

Corinthianand Argive systems. Both have a raking sima with a cavettoprofile and painted tongue pattern (Vlassopoulou,nos. 21-23), characteristicof Corinthian-systemroofs of the first half of the 6th centuryB.C. Both also have palmetteand double-voluteantefixes (Vlassopoulou,no. 20a-b) which can be paralleledin the Corinthiansystem.The Delphi antefix, however,preservesthe double curvealong the bottomedge that indicatesthat the tiles of the slopes and eaves edge were separatelymade.A comparisonbetween the Delphi roof and the nearly contemporaryTemple of Apollo at Corinth (Figs. 3, 4) demonstratesthe differences between the two systems.I would suggestthat the same Greek city dedicatedboth Treasury XV at Delphi, aroundwhich the fragmentsof this roof were found, and the small building on the Akropolis. The suggestion that this city might be located in Central Greece is based on the existence of some very similar roofs of later date from that area, the best preservedof which comes from Halai in Lokris (Figs. 12, 13, P1. 1:b-d), dated ca. 490 B.C.21 Although the raking sima, ridge palmettes, palmette and double-voluteantefixes, and eaves tiles with a painted guilloche again resemble those of the Corinthian system, the plain tiles and the ridge and eaves tiles are separatelymade and so cannotform part of the Corinthiansystem. Two examples of the antefix, it must be admitted,are attachedto eaves tiles, which would qualify them as being part of the Corinthiansystem;22both the width of the antefix and the height of the eaves tiles differ fromthose of the other examples,and so these pieces cannotbe part of the original roof.23I would view this roof as the continuationof the system encounteredhalf a century earlier at Delphi and Athens, and even earlier at Kalapodi. Very similar antefixes have also been found at Theotokou in Thessaly and on Skyros, where separatelymade pan and covertiles were also excavated.24A ridge palmettefrom Kyparissi in Lokris25can also be consideredan element of this Late Archaicregional system. Attica, apart from the Athenian Akropolis,has producedsurprisinglyfew examples of Archaicarchitecturalterracottas.Althoughthe Akropolismaterialmay not be characteristic of Attica in general, it does display some peculiaritieswhich might indicate a local system. The earliestexamples belong to the pure Corinthianand Argive systemsrespectively(Vlassopoulou, nos. 1-4 and 5-7), after which time the roofs show a more distinctivestyle, not 21 A.

L. Walker and H. Goldman, "Reporton Excavationsat Halae of Locris,"AJA 19, 1915 (pp. 418437), p. 433, figs. 8, 9; GFR, pp. 85-86, no. 51, 148, no. 20, fig. 97; H. Goldman, "The Acropolisof Halae," Hesperia 9, 1940 (pp. 381-514), pp. 440-442, nos. 1, 4, 5, 7, figs. 100, 102, 104. 22 Goldman,Op.cit., p. 440, no. 3, fig. 103. 23 These attached antefixes are very similar to those of the stoa from Opous, discussed below by Mrs. Dakoronia (pp. 175-180); perhaps they decorateda stoa in the sanctuary at Halai, somewhere near the temple. 24 Theotokou:A. J. B. Wace and J. P. Droop, "Excavationsat Theotokou,Thessaly,"BSA 13, 1906-1907 (pp. 309-327), p. 314, fig. 5; GFR, p. 148, no. 17. The pieces describedand illustratedin GFR, pp. 147-149, nos. 16 and 21, figs. 101 and 102, are identicalto the fragmentsfromTheotokouand either are mistakenlysaid to be from Gonnoi or the wrong photographs have been substituted for the Gonnoi examples. Skyros: D. Euangelides,, AeAr 4,1918 (1921), Hapapnrila (pp. 34-45), pp. 3637, figs. 4, 5. 25 AeXT 33, 1978, B' 1 (1985), p. 140, pl. 47:e.

FIG.

13. Roof of the temple at Halai. Drawing by K. Iliakis

30

NANCY A. WINTER

0

0,50

FiG. 14. Roof of the Polygonal Building in the sanctuaryof Herakles on Thasos. Drawing by K. Iliakis

representedelsewhere. The cavettoraking simas with painted tongue and guilloche (Vlassopoulou,nos. 11-15) have long been recognizedto be under Corinthianinfluence,but they possess some individualtraits, such as the use of cornerakroteriaattachedto the top edge (Vlassopoulou, no. 13), which is a divergencefrom canonical Corinthian-systempractice but may be typical for Athens: several corner-simafragmentshave insets along the back edge for the insertionof anotherelement,now missing (Vlassopoulou,nos. 11 and 14). Note that the so-called Olive Tree Pediment from the Akropolis shows a small building with a roof hipped at both ends and cornerakroteria.More distinctlylocal are some of the antefix types. Buschor's Antefix II (Vlassopoulou, no. 8), for instance, recalls the three-peaked antefixesfrom Kalapodi,but, unlike the antefixesof the CentralGreek system,it is attached to the eaves tile ratherthan having the double curveon the bottomedge. One final regional system is thus far documentedat only a few sites of northeastern Greece. Both in forms and in decorationthis system draws mainly upon East Greece. One roof (Figs. 14, 15), from the Polygonal Building in the Herakleion on Thasos, features figural decorationunparalleled in any of the other regional styles of mainland Greece: a raking sima with horse-riders(P1.2:a) and, along the eaves, the well-known antefixeswith relief decorationof Bellerophonon Pegasos (P1. 2:b) which alternatedwith ones showing the Chimaira (P1. 2:c).26Figural terracottafriezes, such as chariot races, are common in 26 Raking sima: C. Picard, "Une cimaise thasienne archafque,"MonPiot 38, 1941, pp. 55-92, figs. 1, 2, pl. V; Daux, p. 101, fig. 48. Bellerophonantefixes:Launey, nos. 1-8, pp. 39-43, figs. 12-14, pls. VIII:1, 2 and IX:1, 3; Daux, p. 101, fig. 45; GreekArt of the Aegean Islands, New York 1979, no. 166, p. 208. Chimaira antefixes:Launey, nos. 9-11, pp. 43-44, fig. 15, pl. VIII:3; Daux, p. 101, fig. 47.

FIG.

15. Roof of the Polygonal Building in the sanctuaryof Herakles on Thasos. Drawing

32

NANCY A. WINTER

East Greece, especially at Larisa on the Hermos, while pentagonal antefixes with figural decorationoccur at several sites of Asia Minor, such as Didyma and Miletos, as well as on the island of Lesbos.27Other examples from Thasos include a marvelous fragment of a raking sima with centaursand antefixes with gorgoneia(Pl. 2:d).28The Gorgon heads are East Greek in style, their closest parallels being the gorgoneionantefixesfrom Miletos and from the near-by sanctuarydiscussedby P. Schneider(pp. 211-222 below) which have the same placementof the fangs, closeto either side of the tongue, and disk earrings.29A Gorgon antefix has also been found at Torone in the Chalkidiki.30 There may be even more regional roofingsystems,or further refinementsof the ones I have proposed,still to be recognized.The overall picture which emerges is far more complex than a simple distinctionbetween buildings which use Laconian-styleroof tiles and those which use Corinthian.Scholarshave long recognizedthat each Greek city-statehad a political identity and characterof its own, and often its own regional style of pottery and sculpture.To these I would add regional styles of architecturalterracottas. NANCY A. WINTER AMERICANSCHOOLOF CLASSICALSTUDIES

54 Souidias Street GR-106 76, Athens, Greece 27 Figural friezes from Larisa on the Hermos: ATK, pls. 19, 21-25. Pentagonal antefixes with figural decoration:ATK, pls. 12 (Mytilene), 53 (Miletos), 56, 57 (Didyma). 28 Raking sima with centaurs:B. Holtzmann, "Une nouvelle sima archaique de Thasos," BCH-Suppl. 5, Thasiaka,Paris 1979, pp. 1-9; The Human Figure in Early Greek Art, Washington 1987, no. 30, p. 110. Gorgon antefixes: C. Picard and C. Avezou, "Les fouilles de Thasos (1913)," CRAI 1914 (pp. 276-305), p. 295, fig. 6; Launey, pp. 44-45, pl. X:3; Daux, p. 101, fig. 49. 29 ATK, no. 3, p. 103, pl. 53:2. 30 "Epyov 1978 (1979), pp. 28-29, fig. 33; A. Cambitoglou, > de Delphes, comme,je le crains, a logique et museologique?Lors de la . Cette coupureest cependantloin d'etretotale. Le profil survit quelque temps au ve siecle,3' et les motifs decoratifsde ce que j'ai appele le sont tres prochesde ceux de la fin de l'archai'sme.32 L'executionreste d'une grande qualite, et ce bien avant dans le ve siecle.33Et F'interethistorique des tuiles d'epoqueclassique est reel. II ne faudraitpas que cela soit oublie. CHRISTIANLE ROY UNIVERSITE DE PARIS - PANTHEON - SORBONNE

17, rue de la Sorbonne 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France apres sa destructionpar la Stoa Sud, a ete decouvertun depot de monnaies dont l'enfouissementn'est pas anterieur a la derniere decennie du Ive siecle. Cette datation est en gros confirmeepar les memes auteurs ("Corinth1972, The Forum Area,"Hesperia 42, 1973, p. 27). Cf. a nouveau Ch. K. Williams, II, "Corinth Excavations, 1979," Hesperia 49, 1980, p. 107 : la constructionse place apres le milieu du Ive siecle et peut descendrejusqu'a 320 av. J.-C. La complexite du problemeest bien marquee par Ch. K. Williams et J. E. Fisher ("Corinth1975, Forum Southwest,"Hesperia 45, 1976, p. 116 et note 20): on a au moins une, et peutetre deux destructions,l'une vers 330, l'autre pas avant la dernieredecenniedu Ive siecle. Et les reconstructions des troisieme et dernierquarts du Ive siecle ont ete causees par quelque chose de plus importantque la simple donationmacedoniennepour la constructionde la Stoa Sud. On notera cependantque la date de Broneer (350-330) est maintenue en gros par G. R. Edwards (Corinth,VII, iii, CorinthianHellenistic Pottery, Princeton 1975, p. 197 et note 12). 30 J. J. Coulton, The ArchitecturalDevelopmentof the GreekStoa, Oxford 1976, p. 228. 31 Cf. Le Roy, 1967, toits et series 49 a 53, p. 121-127. 32 On compareraLe Roy, 1967, pl. 35 (fin du vIe siecle) et pi. 43 (). 33 Les analyses d'A. Mallwitz rappeleesci-dessusnote 15 ont bien marque l'interetesthetiquedes simas en terre cuite d'epoqueclassique.

DIE ARCHAISCHEN DACHER VON OLYMPIA (PLATES D

3, 4)

IE SAMMLUNGARCHITEKTONISCHERTERRAKOTTEN,diedieolympi-

schen Ausgrabungenergaben, dtirfte was Reichhaltigkeitund Mannigfaltigkeitanlangt, und mit Hinsicht auf die Erhaltung der gefundenen Stuicke,jede andere derartige Sammlungtibertreffen." Mit diesen Worten leitete R. Borrmannbereitsim Winter 1878/79 ein erstesVerzeichnis der in Olympia gefundenen Dachterrakottenein. In Olympia wurde damals erst im vierten Jahr gegraben and R. Borrmann, der unter anderem die Aufgabe uibernommen hatte, die Dachterrakottenzu bearbeiten, war in dieser Grabungskampagnezum ersten Mal vor Ort. Heute kennenwir nebender olympischenSammlungnochdie reichenBestandevon Korinth und Delphi. Bezuglich der Vielfalt und der guten Erhaltungder Dachterrakottenbehalt BorrmannsEinschatzungauch 113 Jahre nach Grabungsbeginnnoch ihre Guiltigkeit. Seit der Alten Olympiapublikationwurde durch die weiteren Grabungendie Anzahl der Dachterrakottenwesentlich erh6ht, so dass heute deren Bearbeitung,die sich auf die Ordnung von A. Mallwitz stuitzt,aufgrund der breiteren und damit aussagekraftigeren Materialbasisleichtermoglich ist. Aus archaischerbis hellenisticherZeit stammen ungefahr 4000 dekorierteZiegel der Dachrander,die sich auf uiber50 Dacher verteilenlassen. Diesen Dachern steht eine Liste mit ebenso vielen Gebaudengegenuiber,die ein Tondach getragenhaben mtissen.Auch in zeitlich aufeinanderfolgendeGruppen unterteilt,entsprichtjeweils die Anzahl der Dacher ungefahrder Anzahl ihrer urspruinglichzugehorigenGebaude. In Olympia birgt gerade die Zuweisung der Dacher grosse Schwierigkeitenin sich, da die Dachterrakottenmeist verschlepptoder in spaten Mauern verbautund nicht bei ihrem Gebaudegefundenwurden. Ist eine solche Fundsituationdatierbar,kann sie h6chstensAufschlussdaruibergeben,wann das Gebaudeabgedecktwurde und das Dach in die Erde kam. Von den ca. 50 Dachern Olympias gehoren 19 in archaischeZeit. Sie sind in die drei grossen Gruppen der korinthischen,lakonischenund westgriechischenDacher zu trennen. Anhand von ausgewahlten Beispielen soll im folgenden ein Uberblick tiber diese archaischen Dacher gebotenwerden. Die Reihe der korinthischenDacher beginnt mit zwei fruhen Walmdachern.Leider haben sich in Olympia nicht so viele Ziegel wie von den protokorinthischenDachern aus Korinth und Isthmia1 erhalten, aber die wenigen vorhandenen Stuickemuissenzu zwei Dachern gehoren, da Massunterschiedebestehen. Das kleinere Dach mochte man wegen I Mit der alteren Literatur:Robinson,AM, S. 55-66; Heiden, 1987, S. 17-27. S. M. C. Roebuck,S. 47-63 unten.

42

JOACHIM HEIDEN

seiner geringen Ziegelabmessungengerne einem fruhen Schatzhauszuschreiben,das gr6ssere entsprichtin seinen Massen etwa den erwahntenTempeldachern. Ein fast vollstandigerWalmziegel, Flachziegelfragmente,Kalyptere,und Walmkalyptere lassen die Rekonstruktioneines Walmgrateszu. Der Walmziegel (P1. 3:a) hat an seiner Oberseiteeine rechteckigeAussparung,in die der Falz des nachtshoherenZiegels eingriff. Sein untererFalz ist abgebrochen,erganztman ihn, misst die Seitenlangeknapp 65 cm. Ein in seiner gesamtenLange erhaltenerKalypter misst 63.1 cm. Die an den Walmziegel anstossendenFlachziegel waren an ihren Randern sehr stark aufgebogen,um von der seitlichen zur hinteren Dachneigung zu vermitteln. Diese durch ihre Dicke sehr schweren Flachziegel sind notwendig,da der Walmziegel an seiner Unterseite vollig plan gearbeitetist. Nur seine Oberseitezeigt den Walmgrat und damit die beiden Dachneigungen. Solche ausgleichenden Flachziegel muss es auch fur das Dach des ersten korinthischen Apollontempel gegeben haben, denn dessen Walmziegel zeigen ebenfalls die plane Unterseite. Das olympischeDach entsprichtnicht v6llig den bislang bekanntenprotokorinthischen Dachern. So sind z.B. Flach- und Deckziegelnicht als "combinationtiles"gearbeitetund an den untersten Deckziegeln scheinen bereits einfache Hornerantefixe,wie wir sie aus anderen Grabungenkennen,3gesessenzu haben. Das Hornerantefix(P1.3:b) tragt wie auch der Firstkalypterkeine Verzierung. Durch den Scheitelwinkeldes Firstkalypterslasst sich eine sehr schwache Dachneigung von 12.5 Grad errechnen. Wegen der Antefixe mochte man zeitlich etwas von den protokorinthischenDachern abrucken.Dennoch ist das Dach in das 7. Jh. v. Chr. zu datieren:ein Fragmentwurde im Fundament des alteren Schatzhausesvon Sikyon gefunden. Das Schatzhausist um 600 v. Chr. errichtet worden. Andere Flachziegelfragmentestammen aus dem spatestens im 3. Viertel des 7. Jh. v. Chr. verftilltenBrunnen 118 im Suidostendes Grabungsgelandes.Diese schon sehr frtih in die Erde gekommenenZiegel muissennicht das Ende des Daches und seines Gebaudes angeben. Sie konnen schon beim Versetzen beschadigtworden sein. Der gr6ssere Teil des Daches stammt aus Fundschichten,die in die Jahre um 500 v. Chr. zu datierensind, und uns damit vermutlichdie Zerst6rungszeitdes Gebaudesanzeigen. Welches Gebaude Olympias dieses Walmdach einst deckte ist nicht zu erschliessen. Gab es-in Analogie zu Korinth,Isthmia und Delphi-vielleicht docheinen Vorgangerdes fruhklassischenZeustempels? Erstaunlicherweisegibt es in Olympia kein einziges Fragment einer korinthischen Hohlkehlsimamit Blattstabdekor,wie sie uns in anderenHeiligtumern in der Zeit um und nach 600 v. Chr. so haufig begegnen.4 2 Robinson,AM,

S. 65, Abb. 5. Vor allem in der diagonalenSchnittzeichnungzu erkennen. I Zusammenstellungder H6rnerantefixebei: N. Cooper, 1983, S. 62-65, Taf. 20, 21. 4 Heiden, 1987, S. 29-45.

DIE ARCHAISCHEN DACHER VON OLYMPIA

43

KorinthischeDacher treten in Olympia erst wieder in der zweiten Halfte des 6. Jh. v. Chr. auf. Sechs Dacher mit abgesetzter Wellensima und Palmettenantefixen-darunter das bekannte Dach des Megarerschatzhauses-reprasentieren das normale korinthische Dach und werfen weniger in der Rekonstruktionund Datierung als in der Zuweisung Problemeauf. In der ersten Halfte des 6. Jh. v. Chr., in der korinthischeHandwerker anscheinend nicht in Olympia arbeiteten,haben vor allem lakonischeund ftir ihre Schatzhauserauch westgriechischeWerkstattenDacher hergestellt. Dennoch konnen aus der Menge der lakonischenZiegel als erkennbareDachzusammenhange nur drei Stuck angesprochenwerden. Es sind dies die Dacher des Heratempels (Winter, S. 14 oben, fig. 1) mit seinem gewaltigen Firstakroter(Kastner, P1. 40), das mit seinem Durchmesservon fast zweieinhalb Metern ein Meisterwerk der Brenntechnik darstellt, des Bouleuterions mit seinen von Gorgonen geschmuicktenScheibenantefixen (P1. 3:c), und ein Dach, dessen Stirnziegel ein sichelformiges Ornament tragen. Die Dacher des Heraions und des Bouleuterionssind durchdie Fundsituationihren Gebauden zugewiesen.

Alle ubrigen lakonischenZiegel gehbrenentweder nicht in archaischeZeit oder konnen-da sie keine Verzierungentragen-nur sehr schwer als einzelne Dacher identifiziert werden. Sie werden uns unbekannte,weniger bedeutendeGebaudegedeckthaben. Die dritte Gruppe umfasst sieben westgriechische Dacher. Ein besonders reich geschmiicktes Dach ist durch die Fundumstande-die Ziegel waren gemeinsam mit den Geisonbl6ckenin der Herulermauerverbaut-dem Geloerschatzhauszugeschrieben.Vermutlich geh6rt zu der spaterenVorhalle dieses Schatzhausesein Dach, das im Sinne einer verkleinertenund vereinfachtenWiederholungden alteren Dachrandzitiert. Als Hypothese fur die folgendenUberlegungen zu den tibrigen fuinfwestgriechischen Dachern gilt, dass fur deren Zuweisung nur die sizilischen und unteritalischenSchatzhauser in Frage kommen. Der reiche Komplex der Dacher mit verzierten Hornerantefixenumfasst knapp 350 Stiicke und kann in drei einander ahnliche Dacher, die sicher in der gleichen Werkstatt angefertigt wurden, untergliedertwerden. Die Dacher muissenmehr oder weniger zeitgleich sein, denn stilistischeUnterschiedesind nicht feststellbar. Diese Dacher weichen vom sizilischen Dachsystem-wie etwa dem Dach des Geloerschatzhauses-vor allem dadurchab, dass sie keine Sima mit R6hrenwasserspeiernan der Langseiten der Gebaude haben. Hier schliessen die Hornerdacherganz wie die korinthischen Dacher nur mit Traufziegeln und Antefixen ab. Unter den Traufziegeln verkleidet eine Terrakottaplattedie Geisonstirn. Diese Verkleidungsplattenziehen sich um den gesamten Dachrand herum und schmtickenso auch an der Giebelseite das Schrag- und das Horizontalgeison.Die Giebelsimawird wie die Traufseite von Hornerantefixenbekront. In Olympia haben sich drei verschiedene Giebelsimen mit H6rnerantefixen, drei Traufziegel, zwei Antefixartenund vier verschiedeneGeisonverkleidungsplattenerhalten.

44

JOACHIM HEIDEN

Die Giebelantefixe(P1.3:d) sassenjeweils am unterenEnde des Ziegels uber den Uberlappungsfalzen. Der an den Hornerantefixender Traufseite sitzende Kalypter weist im Querschnittdie typische korinthischeForm auf. Die Sima ist nicht wie bei den korinthischenund sizilischen Dachern eine hoch aufgebogeneRinne, in der das Wasser zu den Gebaudeseitenabgeleitetwird, sondernbestehtnur aus einem leicht uiberden Ziegel erhabenenRand. Die Stirn der Sima und die untere Zone des Antefixes sind mit einem einfachenMaanderbandverziert. Eine Eigenart der Hornerdacherbesteht darin, dass die Ornamentbandermit einem Rollstempelin den weichen Ton gedrticktsind, so dass ein sehr feines Relief entsteht.Diese Reliefierungdiente wahrend der Bemalungals Begrenzungslinien. Von den vier verschiedenenVerkleidungsplattenhaben drei eines gemeinsam:sie zitieren in Ton Elemente der dorischenOrdnung. So ist der Aufbau der ersten Platte (P1.4:a) mit den fur Dachterrakottenublichen Elementenwie Rundstaben,Flechtbandund Maanderdurcheine Reihe von Regulae mit Guttae unterbrochen.Hierzu gibt es in Delphi ein sehr ahnlichesVergleichsstuick.5 Bei der zweiten Verkleidungsplatte (P1. 4:c) ist zwischen zwei Doppelrundstabe ein Triglyphenfries gesetzt. Darunter folgen noch Regulae, diesmal ohne Guttae und ein Maanderband. Die dritte Platte zeigt unter einem gegenstandigenAnthemienbandwieder die Regula mit den Guttae. Von einer Verkleidungsplatte(P1. 4:b) sind bei weitem die meisten Fragmente gefunden worden. Auch fur ihr Spiralbandist der Rollstempel benutzt worden. Sie ist niedriger als die tibrigen und ist nicht durch Elemente der dorischen Ordnung bereichert. Daher nehme ich zur Rekonstruktionder Eindeckungenan, dass diese Platte an allen drei Dachern in gleicher Weise die Schraggeisaschmtickte,denn die Verkleidungsplattenmit den architektonischenMotiven, die alle in horizontalerRichtungden Tempel gliedern,sind nur schwer am Schraggeisonvorstellbar. Die Hornerdachertreten nicht allein in Olympia auf. Ein sehr eng verwandtes-oben schon erwahntes-Dach wurde in Delphi gefunden. Ch. Le Roy stellte bereits die beiden Dacher nebeneinanderund vermutete,dass eine der machtigenunteritalischenStadtezwei Schatzhauser-eines nach Delphi und eines nach Olympia-gestiftet hat.6 Ich mochte D. Mertens folgen, der das Produktionszentrumsolcher Hornerdacherin Kroton lokalisierte und fur das bislang unbenannte Fundament auf der olympischen Schatzhausterrasseeinen Thesauros dieser unteritalischenStadtvorschlug.7 Die Dachterrakottenaus Krotonund dem nahegelegenenApollonheiligtumvon Crimisa lassen sich sehr gut mit den delphischenund olympischenSttickenvergleichen.8 Auch hier ist die Giebelsima mit den Hornerantefixennur als schwache Leiste angelegt. Die Verkleidungsplattensind durchMotive der dorischenArchitekturwie Triglyphen I

Le Roy, 1967, S. 80 (G.19), Taf. 25:1. Le Roy, 1967, S. 81-84. 7 D. Mertens, "I santuari di Capo Colonna e Crimisa,"Atti del 23. convegnodi studi sulla Magna Grecia, Taranto 1983 (1984), S. 215-217. 8 Ebd., S. 208-223, Abb. 5, Taf. 27, 28. 6

DIE ARCHAISCHEN DACHER VON OLYMPIA

45

und Tropfenleistenzusatzlich verziertund die Ornamentbandersind mit einem Rollstempel in den Ton gedrtickt. Die drei olympischen H6rnerdacher,die sich durch ihre angeftihrtenEigenarten als Gruppe zusammenschliessenund sich von den sizilischen Dachterrakottenabheben, werden die unteritalischenSchatzhauservon Sybaris, Metapont und vermutlich Kroton gedeckthaben. Aus der Gruppe der westgriechischenDacher bleibennoch zwei aus der 1. Halfte des 6. Jh. v. Chr. tibrig, die zu den Schatzhausernvon Syrakus und Selinunt gehoren muissen. Einstweilen kann nicht entschiedenwerden, welches Dach welches der beiden Gebaude deckte.Uber das Schatzhausvon Syrakuswissen wir von Pausanias nur, dass Gelon nach der Schlacht von Himera drei Linnenpanzeraus der Punierbeute in das Schatzhaus stiftete.9Das sagt uns nichts tiberdie Entstehungszeitdes Schatzhauses. Das altere von beiden ist das sogenannteRosettendach(P1. 4:e). Eine einfache Sima, deren Hohlkehle einen Blattstab ziert und auf deren oberen Leiste die namengebenden Rosetten zu finden sind, steht uibereiner Geisonverkleidungsplattemit kraftigen Rundstaben. Fur den Wasserabflusssorgeneinfacher6hrenf6rmigeWasserspeier. Der Rand des letzten zu erwahnendensizilischen Daches wurde von einer den ganzen Bau umspannenden Blattstabsimaund Verkleidungsplattenmit einem Lotos-Palmetten Dekor geschmtickt(P1. 4:f). An jedem Traufsimablocksitzen zwei Wasserspeier.Als Besonderheitliegen uiberden Stosskantender Simablockekleine Kopfantefixe(P1.4:d), die als in die Literatureingingen. Leidergibt es bis heute keine weiteren Funde, "Gorgonenk6pfe" die uns das Untergesicht zeigen k6nnten, dennochscheint es sich mir wegen des schmalen Gesichtsschnitteseher um Frauenkopfantefixeals um Gorgonenzu handeln. Ein archaischesDach, das sowohl korinthischewie auch westgriechischeEigenarten aufweist, ist sicher dem Schatzhausvon Epidamnoszugeschrieben. Die Anlage des Daches ohne Traufsima und ohne Verkleidungsplattenist rein korinthisch, das reich gegliederteProfil der Sima und der Traufziegel erinnerteher an westgriechische Dacher. Diese Situation entsprichtder Stadt Epidamnosals korinthischeKolonie, die aber aufgrundihrer Lage starke Kontaktenach Westen unterhielt. Die Nagell6cher in den Traufziegeln haben den gleichen Abstandund die gleiche Gr6sse wie die Nagelreste in den Geisonbl6cken,die dem Schatzhausvon Epidamnoszugeschiebensind und bestatigen so die Zuweisung. Zusammenfassendsoll ein Blick auf die historischeSituationOlympiasim 7. und 6. Jh. v. Chr. das Auftretender verschiedenenDachartenerklarenhelfen. Die altesten Eindeckungen Olympias-die zwei korinthischen Walmdacher der 2. Halfte des 7. Jh. v. Chr.-fallen in die Regierungszeitder Kypseliden. Die guten Beziehungen dieser korinthischenTyrannen zu Olympia sind bekannt.Sie weihten dem olympischen Zeus die noch von Pausanias bestaunte Kypseloslade (Pausanias, V.17.5) und ein I

F. Eckstein,Hrsg.,Pausanias, Munchen1986, VI.I9.7, Anm.58.

JOACHIM HEIDEN

46

goldenes Zeusbild (Pausanias, v.2.3), das wegen seiner Pracht beruihmtwurde. Die ersten korinthischenOlympioniken sind schon im spaten 8. Jh. v. Chr. in den Siegerlisten zu finden.10 Moglicherweise stifteten die Korinther ein Schatzhaus in das Heiligtum, denn die wertvollenWeihgeschenkewird man nicht unter freiemHimmel aufbewahrthaben. Dieses friihe, uns nicht mehr bekannte Schatzhaus konnte mit dem kleinen Walmdach gedeckt gewesen sein. In der Zeit zwischen ca. 600 und der Mitte des 6. Jh. v. Chr., in der es in Olympia keine korinthischenDacher gibt, steht das Heiligtum unter starkemspartanischemEinfluss. Die beeindruckendeReihe der spartanischenOlympionikensprichtfur sich.11 So verwundertes nicht, dass der dominanteHeratempelmit einem lakonischenDach gedecktwar. Die westgriechischenDacher sind ausschliesslichfur die SchatzhauserSiziliensund Unteritaliens hergestelltworden. Die Forderungnach einem Schatzhausvon Krotonund der Anwesenheiteiner krotonischenDachwerkstattin Olympiawird mit einem Blickauf die Siegerlistenum so verstandlicher:aus archaischerZeit sinduns nichtwenigerals 20 Krotoniaten als Olympionikenuiberliefert,davonsiegten 11 allein in der2. Halfte des 6. Jh. v. Chr.12 Die Reihe derspartanischenOlympionikenbrichtimJahre 552 v. Chr.derartjahab, dass sogardie Meinung vertretenwurde, Spartahatte an den Spielennichtmehrteilgenommen.13 Die darauf folgende zweite Jahrhunderthalfteist genau die Zeit, in der die korinthischen Werkstattenmit den Dachern mit abgesetzterWellensima wieder fur Olympia zu arbeitenbegannen. Die korinthischenDachern lassen sich von diesemZeitpunktan bis in den Hellenismus verfolgen. JOACHIM HEIDEN

Deutsches Grabungshaus 27065 Olympia (Elis) Greece

1

A. Honle, Olympiain der Politik der griechischenStaatenwelt,Tiibingen 1968, S. 49-51. I Honle (Anm. 10 oben), S. 128-130. 12 Honle (Anm. 10 oben), S. 80-87. 13 Honle (Anm. 10 oben), S. 124-128.

PLATE 3

t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ai a. Walmziegel und Flachziegel lK32, lK33, 1K34

b. Hbrnerantefix 1K29

c. Bouleuterionantefix3L34

&,~~~~~~A

d. Hdrnerantefix4W24

PLATE 4

b. Geisonverkleidungsplatte4W96

a. Geisonverkleidungsplatte4W171

d. Kopfantefix3W42

c. Geisonverkleidungsplatte4W186

c.~ Beisnverleidngspamt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~un4W186rlednspat32 ~~~~~~f

e. Rosettensima 2W7

tS"_~JACI

HIE:

DI

W

RHASHNDAHRVN

LMI

ARCHAIC ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS FROM CORINTH (PLATES

5-8)

N DISCUSSINGTHE ARCHITECTURALTERRACOTTASof the Archaicperiod at Corinth I would like to show the stylistic developmentof some types originated there and, in addition, indicate some measure of the influence which the Corinthian industry exertedon other areas of Greece. At the outset we should understandthat Corinth cannot be equated with sanctuaries like Delphi and Olympia, nor with a city such as Athens. Corinth was essentially an industrial city. It did have a focal point in the early 7th-century city on the outcropping known as Temple Hill, but apparentlyan agorawas late to crystallize,and public buildings were few and scattered. Instead the city was composedof loosely knit centers combining houses and craft industries.1While relatively little material of high quality, manufactured at Corinth, has been found, it is clear that Corinth by the end of the 8th century was a flourishingcommercialcenterwith an extensivetrade in Greece and to the East and West.2 Any discussionof Corinthiantiles must begin with the roof of the Protocorinthiantemple, the predecessorof the 6th-century Temple of Apollo.3This temple was built ca. 680 B.C.4 and remainedin use for about a century,when it was destroyedby fire. Both their early date and their unusual form make the tiles important.They were in many ways precursors of later tile systems. The 7th-centuryroof (Fig. 1) is made up of combinationtiles except for a set of single covers.Both curvedand angular elementsare used in the tiles. They are undecoratedexcept for a reddishbrown or black glaze on some. The clay is coarsewith many grits and ranges from greenish or yellowish buff to reddishbrown in color. Usually the tiles have a smooth clay slip. In spite of the variationsall evidentlybelong to a single roof, although more than one period in its lifetime, includingrepairs,is probablyrepresented. 1 C. Roebuck, "SomeAspects of Urbanization in Corinth,"Hesperia 41, 1972 (pp. 96-127), pp. 96-105, 116-127; C. K. Williams, II, "Excavationsat Corinth,"AeAr 23, 1968, A', pp. 134-136; C. K. Williams, II, "Corinth1969: Forum Area,"Hesperia 39, 1970 (pp. 1-39), pp. 35, 38; C. K. Williams, II and J. E. Fisher, "Corinth 1970: The Forum Area," Hesperia 40, 1971 (pp. 1-51), pp. 5-10; eidem, "Corinth 1972: The ForumArea,"Hesperia 42, 1973 (pp. 1-43), pp. 14-17; Robinson,NFGH, p. 240 and note 5; Robinson,TH, p. 212 and note 28; J. Salmon, Wealthy Corinth, A History of the City to 338 B.C., Oxford 1984, pp. 99, 163-164,402-403. 2 J. N. Coldstream,GeometricGreece,London [1977], pp. 186-188; Salmon, op. cit., p. 62. 3 M. C. Roebuck, "Excavationsat Corinth; 1954," Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 147-157; Robinson, TH, pp. 205, 216-217, 224, 230-235; Williams, IrTAt, pp. 346-347; Salmon (footnote 1 above), pp. 59-61; A. Mallwitz, "Kritischeszur Architektur Griechenlands im 8. und 7. Jahrhundert,"AA (JdI 96) 1981 (pp. 599-642), pp. 637-638; Heiden, 1987, pp. 17-20, 23. 4Williams, Ir.Tfrt, p. 346; Robinson, AM, p. 57. [As pointed out by R. C. S. Felsch (footnote 40, pp. 313-314 below), the date of 680 B.C., providedby the pottery found in the working chip layers, provides only a terminuspost quem for the temple and its roof-Editor.]

48

MARY C. ROEBUCK

I

HI

P

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1. Reconstructionof Protocorinthiantemple roof (Corinth)

The roof had a central ridge with hips at one end, probablyat both. The slopes were coveredwith combinationpan and cover tiles, both left- and right-handed.The pans are concavein section, the covers convex. Over the junction of the pan tiles at the center were single covers. Combinationtiles also coveredthe hips. These are basically pan and cover tiles bisecteddiagonallyand thenjoined at an angle to fold over the junction of the tiles from the two slopes. This arrangementresulted in a square, cap-like cover at the lower corner made up of both curvedand angular elements.The ridge covertiles consistof a square cap, convex in form and curved in all directionsto fit over the coversfrom either slope and the adjacentridge tile. The ridge tile is folded at an angle to coverthe ridge and the tops of the pans on the slopes. At the eaves the pan tiles graduallyflatten out to form a flat underside,necessaryif the tile is to rest tightly on the woodenframeworkunderneath.An offset on the undersideforms a stop against the beam. On its free side the upper surface of the eaves pan tile slopes upward to form a slight peak with the adjacentpan tile and to fit tightly under the cover

ARCHAIC ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTAS FROM CORINTH

49

attachedto it. The cover,which graduallybecomesangular as it nears the edge of the eaves, is set back slightly from the pan sectionof the tile. There is a slight peak at the centertop. The tiles display an ingenious systemof oblique cuttings,notches,thinning, and offsets to hold them togethersecurely and also to lessen the weight. There is evidence,too, of iron pins used to hold the single coversin place. Clearly we are dealing with a fairly sophisticatedroofingsystem. How long the process of developmenttook we do not know. The temple models suggest that tile roofs were not commonfor very long beforethe Corinthroof was constructed.The Ithacamodelof the late 8th centurywith its painted black and white squareson the roof is the only one which may depict a tile roof.5But, given the long experienceof the Corinthiansin working with clay, once the idea of a tile roof was conceived,the actual implementationwould not have been difficult. The Corinth roof, although the earliest, was not the only roof of this type. Others existed at Delphi, Isthmia, and Perachora,possibly also at Olympia.6All the tiles are essentially the same. The clay of the tiles from the first three seems to be identical. It correspondsto clay from beds in the Corinthian area. Probablyall were made of Corinthian clay and either manufacturedat Corinth and exportedto the other sites or made from clay and molds shipped to the other sites, more likely the former. Thus, we find that in the first half of the 7th centuryCorinthhad alreadyestablisheda trade in architecturalterracottas.7It is interestingthat all the sites at which these tiles have been found, apart from Corinth, are sanctuaries.So, presumably,we should regard sanctuaries as significant points of diffusion in tracing stylistic influences of architecturalterracottas.Since travel to them was common,their buildingswith their new, at the time, roof styles would have become well known and would stimulate a wish to acquire such terracottasfrom the sourceor ideas of imitating and adaptingthem in other towns. It seems likely as well that both the angularCorinthianand the curvedLaconiantype of tiles were originally offshoots of this early roofing system. Obviously they developeddifferently, and some areas preferredone, others the other. As various places experimented, improved, and refined the forms, regional systems were developed.With the addition of I

M. Robertson,"Excavationsin Ithaca, V," BSA 43, 1948 (pp. 1-124), pp. 101-102, pl. 45:a-g; R. M. Cook, "The ArchetypalDoric Temple," BSA 65, 1970 (pp. 17-19), p. 17, note 1; Robinson,AM, pp. 58-59 and note 14; Salmon (footnote1 above), pp. 97-98; idem, "The Heraeum at Perachoraand Early Corinthand Megara,"BSA 67, 1972 (pp. 159-204), pp. 179-180, 185-187; Williams, I:r Wq,p. 346 and note 8; Heiden, 1987, p. 27. 6 Delphi: Le Roy, 1967, pp. 21-28; Heiden, 1987, p. 22. Isthmia: 0. Broneer, Isthmia, I, Temple of Poseidon,Princeton1971, pp. 40-55; J. J. Coulton, GreekArchitectsat Work,London[1977], p. 35; Heiden, 1987, pp. 20-21, 23. Perachora:Heiden, 1987, p. 21; Robinson,AM, p. 55, note 1. In the summer of 1937 there were many tile fragments of this type on the site, and others were reportedlyamong the Perachora material in the National Museum. At this time two pieces were broughtto Corinth from Perachoraand are now in the Corinth Museum, inventoriedas FC 102 and FC 103. 7 For a discussion of trade and the movementof workmen and materials see Salmon (footnote 1 above), pp. 120-126; Le Roy, 1967, pp. 54, 201. Heiden (1987, pp. 49-51) commentson the use of a top dressingof Corinthianclay in the tiles from Thermon and Kalydonand the use of molds in Olympia and Thermon. He concludesthat there were Corinthianworkshopsset up on the sites.

MARY C. ROEBUCK

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decorationthe processwas acceleratedas elementsof designwere selectedand mingled.The study of forms and decorationseems to reveal the influence of the Corinthian style at the outset over much of the Peloponnesosand West Greece. Olympia, Bassai, and some other sites using the curvedtiles soon developeda system quite independentof the Corinthian. But the use of a black wash on some of the Olympia tiles and on some of those from Thermon may reflectthe influenceof the early Corinthian roof.8 Some localities, for example Sicily, Corfu, Thermon, and Kalydon, used various hybridforms on some of their roofs, combiningelementsof both systems.The flat pans and angular covers used at the eaves of the early roofs were soon adoptedfor all the pans and covertiles in the Corinthianarea. Certain featuresof the early forms continuedto be used. The undercuttingof the pan tiles at the lower end to form an offset catching on the tile below becomes common practice.9Later this offset develops into a trough, although the simpler form also is found in later tiles. The slight curveupward of the upper surfaceof the pan toward the side is also used in later tiles. The undercuttingof the free side of the cover continuesin use as well. The notch cut on the upper end of the covertile appearsin the 6thcenturyTemple of Apollo at Corinth.Here its use has been extendedto the other side of the cover.10This is a feature which also occursin Roof B2 (the blassgelbenroof) at Kalydon.11 The oblique cutting of the lower end of the pan and of the upper end of the coverappear in the tiles of the so-called Corinthian roof at Corfu and in single cover tiles at Thermon.12 The single three-peakedcoversat Halieis and Aigina which rest on eaves tiles with raised edges forminga triangle13have a surprisingresemblanceto the tiles of the eaves on the early temple at Corinth (P1. 5, FT 209). Evidently the flat and angular tiles adopted for the Corinthiansystem becamebasic for most of the areas using such tiles. Where there are differencesthey occurmainly in featuressuch as the semicircularridge covertiles and in decoratedtiles.14There varying influencesand differingtastes becomeapparent.Since elements from differentareas may be combinedin a number of ways, it is often difficultto trace the origins and disseminationof any given style. When the tiles were first decoratedthe system which was developedat Corinth consisted of a cavetto-type raking sima decorated with a painted tongue pattern and single guilloche, eaves tiles with single guilloche, and pentagonal antefixes with a design of 8

GFR, p. 50 for Olympia, p. 66 for Thermon.

9 Examples of this are to be seen in the tiles from Aigina: Schwandner,1985, pp. 73-74,

fig. 46, no. 207. The same is true at Halieis: N. Cooper, 1983, p. 29, pl. 16, no. 97. There are numerousexamples at Corinth. It is also found at Kalydon:C. A. Rhomaios,