Handbook of Detergents, Part A - Properties (Surfactant Science Series)

Contents

Handbook Introduction Preface v Contributors ix

iii

1.

Detergents: Technical and Practical Challenges Guy Broze

1

2.

Surfactants: Classification 7 Louis Oldenhove de Guertechin

3.

Surface Activity Patrick Durbut

4.

Surfactant Solubility Robert G. Laughlin

5.

Anionic—Cationic Surfactant Mixtures Ammanuel Mehreteab

6.

Polymer-Surfactant Interactions: Their Behavior at the Solid-Liquid Interface 157 Anne-Marie Misselyn-Bauduin

7.

Emulsions 181 Alain Jacques

8.

Microemulsions 253 Jean-Louis Salager

9.

Equilibrium and Dynamics of Surfactant Adsorption Monolayers and Thin Liquid Films 303 Krassimir D. Danov, Peter A. Kralchevsky, and Ivan B. Ivanov

47 99

10.

Foam in Consumer Products Germaine Zocchi

11.

Surfactant Interactions with Skin Thomas G. Polefka

133

419 433 vii

viii 12.

Models for Studying Surfactant Interactions with the Skin Marc Paye

13.

Properties of Builders: Nonphosphate Builders 511 Daniel Joubert, Robert Gresser, and Jean-Pierre Cuif

14.

Polymers in Detergents Paolo Zini

15.

Oxygen Bleaches Vince Croud

16.

Hypochlorite Bleach John A. Church

17.

Applications of Hypochlorite Michel Julemont

18.

Detergent Enzymes: A Challenge! 639 Andre Crutzen and Miriam L. Douglass

19.

Perfumes in Detergents John Ramsbotham

20.

The Use of Colorants in Soaps and Detergents Robert L. Mahaffey, Jr.

21.

Disinfection and Preservation in Detergents Frangoise Siquet

22.

Rheological Modifiers for Aqueous Solutions Amjad Farooq

Index

787

559

597 619 631

691 721

743 757

469

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Index

Acyl glutamate, 20 Acyl peptide, 20-21 Acyl sarcoside, 21 Adhesion improvement in coating, 22, 23, 24, 27 Adhesion tension, 72, 74, 91, 93 method, 89 Adsolubilization, 177, 178 Adsorbant for granulate solid detergents, 512-513 Adsorption of anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures, 144 under barrier control, 316-319 under diffusion control, 312-316 driving forces, 47-48 effectiveness, 52 electro-diffusion control, 319-322 free-energy, 54-57 at interfaces, 104 isotherm most frequently used equations, 3 0 9 310 van der Waals-type, 307-308 from micellar solutions, 322-326 polymers, 164-165 on laundry fabrics, 566-567 surface excess concentration, 49-54 surfactants on solids, 7, 24, 27, 29, 30 thermodynamics from surfactant solutions, 305-308 and wetting, 74 AEOS, 11-12, 15 AES, 11-12 Alcohol ethoxy sulfates (AEOS), 11-12, 15 Alcohols {see also Alkanols or Fatty alcohols), 3 0 - 3 1

Alfen process, 30 Alfol process, 30 Alkanol influence of, on microemulsion, 274-279, 287, 294-296 lipophilic linker role, 276, 294-296 Alkanolamides, 35-36 Alkanolamide sulfates, 12 Alkyl amines, 21 Alkyl aryl sulfonates, 14-16 Alkyl carbohydrate esters, 37, 39-40 Alkyl ether phosphates, 18-20 Alkyl ether sulfates (AES), 11-12 Alkyl phosphates, 18-20 Alkyl polyglucosides (APG), 34-35 Alkyl sulfates, 10-11 Alkyl sulfonates, 13-14 a-Aminoglutaric acid, 20 a-Olefins, 13, 30 a-Olefin sulfonates (AOS), 13-14 a-Sulfo fatty acid esters (ASME), 17-18 a-Sulfo methyl tallowate (ASMT), 18 Alumina, 783 Amido-amines, 22, 26 Amine oxide, 28, 40, 633-634 Amino acid, 20 Amphiphilic character, 7 Amphiphobic character, 42 Amphoglycinate, 28 Amphopropionate, 28 Amphoteric surfactants, 28-30 acyl ethylenediamine, 28-29 disinfection, 745-746 JV-alkyl amino acid, 29-30 JV-alkyl imino acid, 29-30 Analysis of hypochlorite, 620-622 Anionic—amphoteric complex, 28 787

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788 Anionic-cationic complex, 21, 23 Anionic surfactants, 8 - 2 1 acyl-amino acid salts acyl glutamate, 20 acyl peptide, 2 0 - 2 1 acyl sarcoside, 21 carboxylate salts (or soaps), 8 - 9 disinfection, 745-746 ester carboxylates, 9-10 ether carboxylates, 10 phosphate esters, 18-20 sulfates, 10-12 alkyl ether sulfate, 11-12 alkyl sulfate, 10-11 sulfonates, 12-18 alkyl aryl sulfonate, 14-16 alkyl sulfonate, 13-14 fatty acid isethionate, 18 fatty acid tauride, 18 sulfo fatty acid ester, 17-18 sulfosuccinate, 16-17 Antibacterial products, 750-751 Antifoaming agent, 20, 41 Antimicrobial agent (see Germicidal surfactants) Antistatic effect, 19-20, 22, 23-24, 29, 37, 40 AOS, 13, 14 APG, 34, 35 Applications adhesion tension, 90—93 microemulsions, 297-298 triglycerides, 91 Aromachology, 711 Aromatherapy, 711 ASME, 17, 18 ASMT, 18 Autodigestion, 669, 671, 673 Beta (see Interaction parameter) Betaines, 25-26 Binding of surfactants, 443-444, 453, 470 Biocidal efficacy of TAED, 612-615 Biodegradability, 27, 34, 39, 42 Biomolecules enzyme, 447-448, 459, 475 extraction, 446-447, inflammatory mediators, 459 natural moisturizing factor, 451 Bleach(es) activators, 602-615 cleaners, 634-635 decomposition reactions, 626-627

Index [Bleach(es)] disinfection, 746-747 European business, 631-635 hypochlorite, 619-637 oxygen, 597-617 peracids, 615-616 scented, 633 thickened, 633-634 Bleach resistance of amine oxide, 40 Bleaching mechanism, 599-600 Bleaching systems, 4, 597-637, 643, 657, 673 Block copolymer, 26, 31, 33 Branched copolymer, 565 Builders, 4, 511-595, 672, 675 basic functions, 512-517 calcium and magnesium ions, 530-543 enviromental aspects, 517 future, 584-587 incrustration build up, 541-542 physico-chemical properties, 518-530 silicates, 543-557 soaps, 542-543 synergisms, 573-574 Ca ions, 672-673, 675 Carboxylate salts, 8 - 9 Castor oil, 35 Catalyst, 14, 30, 36 Friedel-Crafts, 14 Cationic surfactants, 21-28 alkylamines, 21-22 alkylimidazolines, 22-23 disinfection, 744-745 esterified quaternaries, 2 7 - 2 8 ethoxylated alkylamines, 2 6 - 2 7 quaternary ammonium salts alkyl betaine, 25-26 heterocyclic, 24 tetraalkyl(-aryl), 23-24 Chemical potential, 107-109 Chlorine (see Hypochlorite) Clay, 778-781 Cloud point, 8, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 115-118, 134-135, 186 of anionic-cationic surfactant complexes, 145-148 Coalescence, 186 Collagen, 20, 437, 471 Colloidal dispersion, ripening of, 105-106 Color history in soaps and detergents, 724-726 measurement, 736-738 representation, 722-724

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Index Colorant, 598, 721-742 classes, 726-732 nomenclature, 732-733 polymeric, 729-730 regulated, 730 selection, testing and performance, 7 3 3 736 toxicology and safety, 738-740 Color Index, 732-733 Comb-like surfactants, 41 Concentration, 657, 661 Consumer product, 434, 442 Contact angle, 71-74, 82, 89, 347-355 Contact line, 347-351 Copolymer synthesis and structure description, 562-565, 759 Corneocytes, 435, 489 Corrosion inhibition, 19-20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 40 Cosurfactant, 30, 254, 255, 272, 274-275 Creaming, 187-188 Critical micelle concentration (CMC), 5 8 - 6 0 Critical point, 260, 263 Critical surface tension, 42 Crystal factors affecting solubility, 114-115 hydrates, 113 metastable, 113 solubility (see Krafft boundary) Curvature, 267, 268 DEA, 9, 27, 35 Denaturation, 669-674 Deodorization, 635-636 ,r. Dermis, .43.7 Detergency, 69, 81, 90 Detergent(s) effect of builder, 513-516 enzymes, 639-690 perfumes in, 691-720 powder, 512-513 technical and practical challenges, 1-5 Diethanol amine (DEA), 9, 27, 35 Diffusion coefficient, 104, 152 through unstirred boundary layers, 103 Dimethicone, 42 Dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 273, 294 Dipole moment in amine oxide, 40 in ethylene glycol chain, 32 Discontinuous cubic phase (see Liquid-crystal)

789 Dishwashing, automatic, 587-594 bleach, 599 use of enzymes, 685 use of TAED, 611 Disinfection, 597, 743-755 by bleaching agents, 597, 623, 746-747 efficacy testing, 747-750 germicidal surfactants, 8, 21, 22, 24 surface, 635-636 surfactants used in, 744-746 Distribution in EO chain length (see also Ethoxylation degree), 31, 37 DLVO theory, 183-185, 358-363 DTDMAC, 243-249 Dye (see also Colorant), 728-730 Edible surfactants, 38 Electrical double layer, 183-184 Emulsion(s), 181-251 applications fabric softener, 243-249 hair conditioner, 249-250 definition, 181 formulation, 188-231 carbon number method, 196-197 HLB method, 192-196 phase diagrams, 199-204 solubilization method, 197-199 instability, 186-188 processing, 231-243 low energy emulsification, 240-243 mixing, 232-240 sequence of ingredient addition, 2 3 1 232 rheology, 217-231 stability, 182-186 evaluation, 204-217 Enthalpy, 55-57, 64 Entropy, 48, 55-57, 64, 163, 256, 258, 266 Enzyme(s), 5, 447-448, 459, 475, 639-690 activity determination, 654-657 units, 654-655 amylases, 642, 647-648, 675 bleach, 653-654 catalysis mechanism, 668-669 cellulases, 642-643, 651-653 deactivation, 643, 669-673 development gene technology, 678-679 hybridization, 676-677 protein engineering, 677-678 lipases, 648-651

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790 [Enzyme(s)] production fermentation, 679-680 granulation, 680 proteases, 641-642, 644-645, 675 protection, 673-676 stability, 641, 660-661, 672 stabilization systems chemical, 674-675 physical, 662, 675-676 structure, 674-675 EO/PO block copolymer, 31, 33-34, 41 Epidermis, 434-436 Equilibria in hypochlorite solutions, 622-623 Equilibrium surface tension (anionic -cationic complexes), 148-152 surfactant adsorption monolayers and thin liquid films, 303-418 Essential Oils, 695 antimicrobial properties of, 701 semiochemical properties of, 701-702 Ester(s) alkyl carbohydrate esters, 39-40 of carboxylic acids, 9-10 of ethoxylated fatty acids, 36-37 glycerol esters, 3 7 - 3 8 glycol esters, 3 7 - 3 8 sorbitan esters, 38-39 sorbitol esters, 38-39 Esterified quaternaries (Esterquats), 27-28 Ether(s) alkanolamide ether sulfates, 12 alkyl ether phosphates, 18-20 alkyl ether sulfates, 11-12 alkylpolyglucosides, 34-35 carboxylic acid, 10 ether carboxylates, 10 ether carboxylic acids, 10 fatty alcohol ethers, 31-33 of oils and fats, 35 Ethoxylated alcohols, 31-33 cloud point, 32 degradation by oxidation, 32 HLB number, 32 Ethoxylated alkyl amines, 26-27 Ethoxylated fatty acids, 36-37 Ethoxylation degree, 12, 26, 31 Ethylene diamine, 26 Ethylene oxide (EO), 12, 26, 31-32 Fatty acid isethionate, 18 Fatty acid tauride, 18

Index Fatty acid(s), 9, 16, 18, 35, 36-37, 39 isethionate, 18 natural sources of, 9 tauride, 18 Fatty alcohols, 10, 16, 18, 3 0 - 3 1 Fatty amines, 21-22, 26 Fatty ester sulfonates (FES), 17 Films, of uneven thickness, 356-357 Fire-fighting foam, 30 Flocculation, 187 Flotation, 79, 81, 82 Flotation process, 22, 43 Fluorosurfactants, 42-43 Foam feel of, 421 resistance to soil, 421, 422, 426 rinsing of, 421, 422 as a sensory attribute, 419, 421, 422 as a signal of efficacy, 419, 421, 423 tests to measure and characterize, 423-426 dynamic methods, 425-426 specially developed methods, 426 static methods, 424-425 Foam control antifoams, 426-429 choice of, 427 hydrophobic material, 428 mechanisms, 427 surface-active material, 427, 428 in automatic dishwashing machine, 429 in automatic laundry washing machine, 422, 428-429 foam stabilizers, 429-431 electrolytes, 430 polymers and proteins, 430-431 surfactants, 430 inhibition, 20, 33-34, 37, 41 mechanism of foam stability, 429 Foam description quality, 420, 423 quantity, 420, 423 terminology, 420 Foam in consumer products, 419—432 Foam profile according to product application, 421-423 automatic dishwashing, 423 bar soaps, 421 facial cleansers, 421 foam baths, 421 hand dishwashing, 422 hard surface cleaners, 423 household cleaners, 422 laundry cleaning, 422-423 shampoos, 421

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Index [Foam profile] shaving foams, 422 shower gels, 421 toothpastes, 421 overfoaming, 423 quick breaking foam, 422 Foam properties with respect to product function, 419-420 in automatic dishwashing machines, 420, 423 in automatic laundry washing machines, 420, 422 in hard surface cleaners, 420, 422, 423 in shaving foams, 420, 422 in toothpastes, 420, 421 Force(s) depletion, 372-374 electrostatic, 663, 670 fluctuation wave, 377-379 hydrodynamic, 381-394 hydrogen bonding, 663, 666 hydrophobic interaction, 666, 667 ionic correlation, 366—367 London's dispersion, 663 oscillatory structural, 367-372 peristaltic, 379 protrusion, 377-378 repulsive hydration, 363-366 steric polymer adsorption, 374-377 undulation, 378-379 Fragrance {see perfume) Free energy Gibbs', 108-109 microemulsion, 256, 258-260 partial molar, 108-109 Free oil, 14 Fungicide, 22 Germicidal surfactants, 8, 21, 22, 24 Gibbs dividing surface, 49-50 Gibbs equation, 51, 152, 305 Glutamic acid, 20 Glycerol esters, 37-38 Glycinates, 28-29 Glycol esters, 37-38 Hexagonal phase {see Liquid-crystal) Historical background, 253-256 HLB (Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance), 8, 19, 31-32, 37, 276, 281 HLB number, 32, 281 HLB temperature, 282 method for emulsion formulation, 192-196 required HLB, 281

791 Hydrolysis, 7, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 37 Hydrophilic character, 7, 11, 26 Hydrophobic character, 7, 22, 41, 42 Hydrophobic effect, 48, 64 Hydrotrope, 15, 19, 25 Hypochlorite analysis, 620-622 applications, 631-637 bleach, 619-629 chemical reactions, 622-628 history, 631 Imidazoline, 22-23, 24, 27, 28 In vitro tests, cell culture, 477 corneosurfametry, 478 enzyme inhibition, 475 hemolysis test, 474 penetration test, 449, 475-477 pH rise test, 473 Skintex, 479 swelling test, 471 zein test, 471 In vivo tests, cumulative irritation test, 485 ethics, 481 extraction test, 489 flex wash test, 487 forearm wash test, 486 Frosch Kligman soap chamber test, 484 hand soaking test, 487 home use test, 488 modified soap chamber test, 485 occlusive patch test, 483 open application test, 482 stripping test, 489 Incrustation, 532-533 Indane, 14-15 Inhibitors corrosion, 19-20, 21, 22, 23, 27 crystal growth, 539-540, 569-573 Interaction parameter, 149-151 Interactions hydrophilic, 267-269, 293, 294 lipophilic, 267-269, 293, 294 Interface adsorption at, 104 thermodynamics, 332-342 Interfacial tension, 266, 285-286, 290 detergency, 67-69 liquid-liquid, 66, 67 methods, 87, 88

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792 [Interfacial tension] and micellar structure, 68 microemulsion, 68, 88 middle-phase ultra-low tension, 285-286 and surfactant isomers, 285-286 International Fragrance Association (IFRA), 694 Inversion temperature (PIT), 282 Ionic polymers {see Poly electrolytes), 161 Ionic surfactants, 8-30 amphoteric, 28-30 anionic, 8-21 cationic, 2 1 - 2 8 Irritation evaluation barrier function measurement, 449, 4 7 5 477, 495-497 colorimeter measurement, 493-495 hydration measurement, 497-499 instrumental, 493-499 self perception, 499-500 visual, 491-492 factors affecting, 457, 500-504 histological changes, 460 prediction of, 445-446, 471-475 subclinical, 488-490 surfactant-induced, 457, 463 Isethionate, 18 Iso-NOBS, 604-605 Isoelectric point (IEP), 25, 28, 29, 78, 172 Isomer distribution in LAS, 14-15 Isoquinoleine, 24 Keratin, 21, 435, 443, 445, 470 Krafft boundary, 111-115 point temperature, 134 L3 ("sponge") phase, 117-118 LAB, 14 Lamellar phase {see Liquid-crystal) Langmuir adsorption isotherm, 305-307 Lanolin, 35 Laplace equation, 86 LAS, 14-16, 33 Line tension, 347-351 Linear alkylbenzene (LAB), 14 Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), 1 4 16,33 Lipids epidermal lipids, 434, 437-442 extraction, 453, 475 molecular architecture, 440-442

Index [Lipids] role, 440, 475 skin surface lipids, 442 Lipophilic character, 7 Liquid-crystal(s), 261-263 cubic, 262, 263 discontinuous cubic phase, 119-120 hexagonal, 262 hexagonal phase, 119,122-123 isotropic, 263 lamellar, 261 lamellar phase, 120, 122-123 transition lyotropic, 262 thermotropic, 262 Liquid-liquid interface, 66, 67 Lower consolute boundary {see Cloud point) Lower consolute temperature (LCT), 32 Lucassen-Reynders equation, 74 Malodorants chemical nature, 706-708 Malodors in products, 706 base malodors, 713 malodor-neutralizing chemicals, 710 perception mechanism, 708 Mass-balance equation, 310-312 MES, 17 Metastable crystals, 113 Krafft boundaries, 113 Methyl ester sulfonates (MES), 17 Micelle(s) growth, 379-381 polymer-surfactant interaction, 159 reverse or inverse, 67, 273 rod-like, 68, 262 Micellization effect of structure (chain length symmetry and branching), 138-140 free-energy, 63-65 model, 60-63 surfactant structure relation, 57-60 Microemulsion and alkane carbon number (ACN), 2 8 4 286 bicontinuous structure of, 264, 265, 268, 283, 297 components, 269-271 free energy, 256, 258-260 hydrophobic effect, 257 intermolecular forces, 256-258 middle-phase, 264, 265, 268 solubilization parameter, 290-292

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Index [Microemulsion] salt effect, 283 surfactant to cosurfactant ratio, 274-275, 277- 279 terminology, 254-256 Winsor classification, 263-269 Microorganisms, 676, 679 Mineralization, 532-533 Mixed micelles, 25 Mixture, anionic-cationic surfactant, 133— 155 Molecular diffusion, 186 Monolayers, 303-418 flexural properties, 332-342 Morpholine, 24 Myristic alcohol, 30 Nonhydrocarbon surfactants, 40-43 alkoxylated polysiloxanes, 40-42 fluorosurfactants, 4 2 - 4 3 Nonionic polymers EO/PO copolymers, 31, 33-34, 41 polymer-surfactant interaction, 160, 161 Nonionic surfactants, 3 0 - 4 0 alcohols, 3 0 - 3 1 alkanolamides, 35-36 ethoxylated alkanolamide, 36 amine oxide, 40 esters, 3 6 - 4 0 alkyl carbohydrate ester, 39-40 of ethoxylated fatty acid, 36-37 (ethoxylated) glycerol ester, 37-38 (ethoxylated) glycol ester, 37-38 (ethoxylated) sorbitan ester, 38-39 (ethoxylated) sorbitol ester, 38-39 ethers, 31-35 alkoxylated alcohol, 31-33 alkyl polyglucoside, 34-35 EO/PO block copolymer, 33-34 ethoxylated oil and fat, 35 Non-phosphate builders, 511-595 Oleum, 12, 14 Omega ester sulfonate, 17 Organic acid, 9, 16, 22 Organosilicones, 40-42 Oxidizing agents {see Bleaching systems) Oxo-alcohols, 30 Oxo-process, 30 Oxygen bleaches, 597-617 Packing, 52, 57, 68 Paraffin sulfonates (PS), 13-14

793 Particle size determination, 210-217 Particulate soil, 7 Pearlescent agent, 37 PEG, 31, 33, 36-37 Pentaacetylglycoluril (PAG), 604-605 PEO alkylethers (polyoxyethylene alcohols), 51, 74, 91, 93 Peracids, 615-616 Perborates, 601 Percarbonate, 602 Perfume(s), 5, 691-720 absorption on inorganic solids, 700-701, 713-714 adaptation to the base, 704 antimicrobial properties of, 701 biodegradation of, 694 brief, 692 chemical and physical properties, 695-702 chemical reactions in perfumes, 695, 696 with product base, 696, 697 chemical stability of, 696, 697 classification of, 693 color association with, 712 composition of, 691, 695 description of, 693 discoloration on storage, 716 in formulations, 713-718 containing hypochlorite, 717 fabric conditioner, 714-715 hard surface cleaners, 715-716 heavy-duty laundry powders, 713-714 light-duty laundry, 715 manual dishwash liquids, 716 soaps and syndet bars, 717-718 functionality: control of product base odor, 705-710, 716 impact of, 705 influence of on moods and emotion, 711 interactions with product base, 691 long-lasting, 703-705 microencapsulation, 698, 700-701 models, structures and jargon descriptors of odors, 702-705 natural, norms and guidelines, 694 as oil phase of microemulsion, 716 phase partition of, 698, 699 physical chemistry of, 698-700 postaddition impact on physical stabilty, 698 impact on viscosity, 698, 715 quality control of, 692 release, 701

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794 [Perfume(s)] safety issues, 694 selection, 693 semiochemical properties of, 701-702 solubility in oil, 698 solubility in water, 698 stability testing, 694 substantivity, 699, 703-705, 706 toxicity issues, 694 volatility, 699 back, base, middle, head notes, 702-705 malodor counter action, 708-710 malodor masking, 709 Persalts, 600-602 pH, 643, 645, 657, 670 Phase behavior, 263-269 diagram CMC tie-line, 265 critical point, 263 tie-line, 263, 264 tie-triangle, 265 inversion temperature (PIT), 8, 282, 2 0 5 206 middle, 264, 265, 268 miscibility gap, 258-260 pseudo-ternary phase diagram, 277 ternary phase diagram, 259 transition, 258-260 Phase diagrams in emulsion formulation, 199-204 Phosphate {see Builder) Phosphate esters, 18-20 Phosphating agents, 19 Phosphobetaine (Phostaine), 25 Pigment {see Colorant) Poloxamines, 26 Polyacrylate, 559-595 Polydimethylsiloxanes, 40-42 Polyelectrolytes {see Polymers), 157-179 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 31, 33, 36-37, 160 Polymer(s) adsorption, 164-165 on laundry fabric, 566-567 amphoterics, 767 for automatic dishwashing, 587-591 anionic, 764-766 basic description, 559-565 cationic, 766-767 in detergents, 559-595 in low-phosphate formulations, 574-579 natural, 770-777

Index [Polymer(s)] nonionic, 762-764 rheological behavior of water-soluble polymers, 759-762 steric adsorption, 374-377 surfactant association, 157-179 in zero-phosphate formulations, 579-584 Polymer-surfactant interaction, 157-179 applications, 177-178 binding ratio, 160, 161 classification, 158 complex formation, 159, 160, 169 electrostatic, 161 free energy, 160 hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 167 hydrophobic, 162, 166 lithium dodecylsulfate, 174, 175 polyacrylamide, 165 polyethylene oxide (PEO), 160, 169, 170 polystyrenesulfonate (PSS), 166 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 168 polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), 159, 168, 172-178 sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 175-177 sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), 159-161, 163-166, 170-173 surface tension, 159 Polypropylene glycol (PPG), 31, 33, 36 Polysiloxanes, 4 0 - 4 2 PPG, 31, 33, 36 Preservation, 5, 743-755 evaluation methods, 753-754 principles, 751-753 Processing agents, 512-513 Propoxylated alcohols, 31 Propylene oxide (PO), 31 Protein denaturation, 445-446, 471-475 helix, 666-667, 678 structure, 663-667 PS, 13-14 psi-Sulfo fatty acid ester, 17 Pyridine, 24 Quaternary compounds, 23-28 betaines, 25-26 heterocyclic ammonium salts, 24 tetraalkyl(-aryl)ammonium salts, 2 3 - 2 4 Quateraizing agents, 27 Random copolymer, 564 Research Institute for Fragrance Raw Materials (RIFM), 694

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Index Rheological modifiers, 5, 757-785 Rheology, 217-231 of adsorption monolayers, 326-332 of anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures, 144 creep, 221-224 oscillatory testing, 224-226 simple shear, 218-221 surfactants, 757-770 viscoelasticity, 220 of water-soluble polymers, 759-762 Rinse aid, 34 Ripening of colloidal dispersions, 105-106 Safety allergy, 641, 680-681, 683 of colorants, 738-740 environment, 643, 683-685 human, 641, 680-683 irritation, 680-683 textiles, 643, 683 toxicity, 681 Salting-out effect, 25 Sanitization (see Disinfection) Saponification, 9 Saponin, 39 Sarcosinate, 21, 28 SAS, 13-14 Schiff's Base, 695, 716 Secondary paraffin sulfonates (SAS), 13-14 Sedimentation, 187-188 Self-assembly structures, 271-276 polymers, 273 vesicles, 273 Sequestration calcium and magnesium ions, 567-569 criteria for efficacy of builders, 534-535 Shampoos (see Surfactant(s), in personal care applications) Silicate adsorption at liquid-solid interfaces, 557 builder properties, 543-557 physical chemistry, 544-553 Silicon dioxide (amorphous), 781-783 Skin animal skin, 448, 476 barrier function, 437-442, 448, 453-457, 475, 495-497 cells, 435-437 condition, 502 dryness, 450, 492 erythema, 491, 493 excised, 477, 479 function, 437-442

795 [Skin] inflammation, 458 lipids (see Lipids) penetration, 448 redness, 491, 493 roughness, 452 sensitivity, 501 site, 502 structure, 434-437 tightness, 452 SLS, 10-11 SNOBS, 604-605 Soap, 8-9, 17 as builder, 542-543 bar, 9, 14, 18 Sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate, 74-76 Sodium dodecylsulfate, 76, 79 Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), 10-11, 462 Sodium paraffin sulfonate, 93 Sodium xylene sulfonate (SXS), 15 Soil removal, 641-642, 659 mechanisms of, 642, 650, 668-669 Solid-liquid interface, 69-82 alumina, 166, i74, 175 hematite, 172-174 polymer adsorption, 164, 165 polymer-surfactant interaction, 165-177 alumina, 166, 174, 175 hematite, 172-174 quartz, 167 silica, 169, 170 quartz, 167 silica, 169, 170 silicate adsorption, 557 surfactant adsorption, 162-164 Solubility all-or-nothing, 126-127 boundaries in aqueous surfactant systems, 110-124 dodecyldimethylphosphine oxide, 125 of ethoxylate nonionics in water, 32 fundamentals of, 106-110 in hydrogen-bonding solvents, 126 liquid (see Cloud point) liquid crystal, 118-120 iV-dodecanoyl-n-methylglucamine, 121-122 nonaqueous, 124-127 nonionic surfactants, 123-124 product, 112-113 qualitative aspects, 107-110 quantitative aspects, 106-107 small crystals, 114 sodium palmitate, 122-123

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796 [Solubility] surfactants, 99-131 variation with temperature, 120-124 Solubilization, 289-297 polymer-surfactant interaction, 178 triglycerides, 296-297 Solubilization capacity, 293-298 influence of alkanols, 294-296 Solubilization parameter, 290 Sorbitan esters, 37, 38-39 Sorbitol esters, 37, 38-39 Spreading coefficient, 71 driving force, 72 Stability of builder properties over time, 516-517 of hypochlorite, 623-628 Stain removal {see Soil removal) Stratum corneum structure, 435, 437, 440, 451 swelling, 446, 471 Sucrose esters, 37, 39-40 Sugar esters, 39-40 Sulfation, 10-11 Sulfobetaine, 25 Sulfonation, 12-14 Sulfone, 14 Sulfosuccinamate, 16-17 Sulfosuccinate, 16-17 Sulfur trioxide (S0 ), 12, 14 Sultaine {see Sulfobetaine) Sultone, 13 Superamide, 35 Surface activity: effect of structure (chain length symmetry and branching), 138-140 aggregates, 92 excess concentration, 50-52, 56, 77, 92, 152 forces electrostatic, 361-363 in thin liquid films, 357-381 van der Waals, 358-361 high-energy, 76-81 layer saturation, 103 low-energy, 70, 73-76 pressure, 5 4 - 5 6 roughness, 90 viscosity, 327-332 Surface tension, 181-182 dynamic, of anionic-cationic complexes, 152-153 equilibrium, of anionic-cationic complexes, 148-152

Index [Surface tension] isotherm, 51 methods, 83-87 Surfactant(s) adsorption on solids, substantivity, 7, 8, 10, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 42 affinity difference (SAD), 281, 288-289 aggregation, 57 in agrochemical applications, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 27, 41 alkyl chain length, 453 amphoterics, 8, 2 8 - 3 0 anionic(s), 7, 8 - 2 1 , 651, 671, 673 anionic-cationic mixture, 133-155 adsorption, 144 rheological behavior, 144 soluble pseudononionic complexes, 1 4 5 153 based on (poly)glycosides, 3 4 - 3 5 , 3 9 - 4 0 beneficial associations, 33, 40 cationic(s), 8, 21-28, 643, 673 chemical potential, 280, 288 classification, 8-43 colligative properties, change in, 58 compatibility with skin, mildness, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25-26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 40 -critical association concentration (CAC), 159 ethymology , 7 in fabric softening applications, 8, 22, 2 3 24, 27, 29 in food industry, 38, 40 in hair conditioning applications, 8, 10, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 42, 43 in household liquid cleaners, 10, 12, 14, 15, 20, 26, 30, 33, 36, 37, 40 in industrial and institutional applications, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 27, 29, 33, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43 in laundry detergents, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18, 26, 33, 34 in textile industry, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27, 37, 40, 41 interaction with skin, 442-464 molecular weight, 453 nonionic(s), 8, 30-40, 673 occupied area, 51 in oral care applications, 12, 14 parameters, 284, 285 partition into phases, 276, 289 in personal care applications, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42

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Index [Surfactant(s)] phase diagram of insoluble complexes, 136-138 polar head group, 453 polymer interaction {see Polymer-surfactant interaction) self-thickening, gelling effect, viscosity builders, 7, 11, 12, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40 sensitivity to water hardness, 7, 12, 18, 19, 20, 25, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37 solubility, 99-131 of ethoxylate nonionics in water, 32 practical utility, 101-104 role in product performance, 101 structure, 133-134, 285, 286 suppliers list, 43-46 surface excess concentration, 50-52, 56, 77, 92, 152 usage as foam inhibitors, 20, 33-34, 37 SXS, 15 Syndet bar, 18 Synesthesia, influence on perfume selection, 711-713 TAED, 606-615 biocidal efficacy, 612—615 TAGU, 604-605 Taurate, 18 Tauride, 18, 28 TEA, 9, 15, 21 Temperature, 658, 661-662, 669-670, 676 solubility variation, 120-124 stability of colorants, 734 Terpenes, 715-716 Tests on animals, 480 Tetraline, 14-15 Thickeners associative, 777-778 inorganic alumina, 783 amorphous silicon dioxide, 781-783 clays, 778-781 organic, 770-777

797 Thin liquid films, 303-418 hydrodynamic forces, 381-394 stabilized by surfactants, 342-357 surface forces in, 357-381 thermodynamic description, 343-346 Tie-triangle, 265 Toxicology of colorants, 738-740 of perfumes, 694 Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), 454 Transitions lyotropic, 262 thermotropic, 262 Winsor diagrams, 263-269 Tricritical point, 260, 293 Triethanolamine (TEA), 9, 15, 21 Triglyceride(s), 35, 73, 75, 91, 296-297 Upper consolute temperature (UCT), 32 Vesicle(s), 273, 297 of anionic-cationic surfactant complexes, 140-142 Water hardness, surfactant sensitivity, 7, 12, 18, 19, 20, 25, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37 Wave, capillary, 394-404 Wetting, 69-82 capacity, 42-43 and cleaning process, 81-82 nonpolar surfaces, 72-76 polar surfaces, 76-81 thermodynamics, 69-72 Whitening, laundry, 635 Winsor diagrams, 263-269 Young's equation, 71 Zeolites {see Builders) Zeta potential determination, 206-210 Ziegler process, 13, 30 Zwitterionic behavior, 25, 28, 30